CHANGES IN DYNAMICAL METEOROLOGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200080003-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 7, 2012
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: July 3, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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CHANGES T.N 1)!NAMICAE METE CROLO
author: B. Neis
Source: Zeitschrift fUr Meteorologic, Vol 5, Nos 7-8,
Jul/Auk; 191, pp 193?200
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(Cv)1^~r^+r~rJ~, Iq n ! fa;~~~,y 'ti, ,.y-
i0.1.
t'?.::'t;moi"n)h
' r' r; 1V'. !'r'r.'j (a _,1~' :.,'1 ? . 2! ,
'
i nr9 si }it hl:! n
r
i
n()i
'1" 1?;lY't:i r1ri
i H 1 r i f ' t b' t' b,h :1.: '
" a F") '.r1 'mb? t.."l.i^Ic''} bhf! .arlri La;vf o' Thf~:r-
fi
r11 Co'1" "iiar1~F' i)c n`t ropy :.Y1 "' i~ t 1 ".1TL :roc s
.
) c ' t c' r'j ,at ri,l r ' e ~ rz ...nt ., ., . .
?
,.~ ~ ,.~ ~~~.(1't .i~l ,,.? ~~ Il(~) is (a her t,ha~J ~ he bhp o: y c3 ..Lmospbe:.t mot:Loi7. h.s rob yet ho r con
~
~
.. G~lt~,eGeorol ~
a defii~te ansyJex. Attention may be called to a conclusion here.
In the absence of external forces Euler t s hydrodyna~riC equation is
based on the lair of general dyl~auCS, which states that he magni-
tude of motion is r equal to the Mane integral of force. This is the
which is to be used in the investigation
second law in integral form
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of collision processes to which fluid motions also belong. The
force applied to a mass particle in the X~direction is equal to
the difference between the pressure forces which act on the two
surfaces which are vertical to the X-direction. If f is the size
of the surfaces,'then d P = dp r1 where dp denotes the pressure
differential. Thus the following equation exists:
since the motion is opposed to the gradient. Since dp~~ e dx,
the expression to be integrated with respect to t becorr~s
Here, however, clx and f have been chosen arbitrarily, so that their
product
zflay be placed in front of the integral signs Then,
however, it is cancelled out in the equation as a result of the
volume of the mass particle s p, cL + , and we obtain:
Jx
In order to isolate the pressure gradient, both s:Ld.es must be dif-
ferentiated with respect to t, which results in
Ar) a,
' ax
Only if p is independent of t, then with:
_ap
c~k_
~' ~ Lt ax
Euler f s hydrod,mairv.c equation follows in its siren lest form, The
investigations of turbulence have shown that molecule aggregates
12?
C'rl , i ..
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occur during flow. These .imtist be thought o: in such a way that vari.a~
dons in density are also involvad. The density is thus not inclependent
of time s o that the general applicability of Euler ' s hydrodynaII1ic
equation during flow investigationis disputable. A generally valid
criterion for the changes of state of ideal gases corresponding to
the afarementionecl impulse law of mechanics, is the state equation
f
RT. This law enables us to express the density in the
equation of motion by the pressure and temperature. Thus every flow
problem is at the s ame time a thermodynuiiuc problem. This report
differs essentially from the statement's of H. Philipps on The IY1ain
Problems of Theoretical 1\'ieteoro7.agytt D- e Naturwi.ssenschaf~ [The
Natural Sciences] 1939, No. 2/26, as the result of the necessity to
include implicitly from the very beginning the change with time of
the density into the basic equation of motion of elastic mediums.
D y T 1 U 1 L L c meteorology T i u t experience a still greater change
if the arbitrary assumption of the size of the mass particle is not
warranted, In that case the volume of the mass particle which ape-
pears on the right in the integrancl may not be placed in front of
the integral sign. The basic relation between the magnitude of
motion and the pressure gradient cannot then be simplified by re-
moval of the volume on both sides of the equation. This equation
is moreover a linear homogeneous integral equation with respect to
the volume. Such an equation is soluble only for representative
values C eigenvalues ] of the magnitude of motion. and will yield
possible volumes only for these. A still unsolved question is the
one dealing with the determination of the fundamental region over
which the integration with respect to time is to be performed. An
answer to this may y be provided with the aid of statistical mechanics,
If such a method is found, a quanturi1. Statistical investigation of
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?lowin; masks would ba possible and a union with the newest branch
o;' theoretical physics would be attained.
(h) Small Ordered Motions
The mass particles carry out small ordered laerioclic motions
around an equilibrium position during; oscillation, so that only
small variations o?' pressure, density, and temperature are produced.
To every oscillation belongs an oscillator to which energy mmist be
conducted from outside in some way. The energy radiated by this os-
dilator spreads in wave form thoughout the entire medi.ume The wave
equation may be derived with certain simplifications from Euler ' s
hydrodynamic equations. The right to assume tI'ie wave equation as
valid without this derivation is obtained from the elastic nature
of air. Contributions to this phase of dynamic meteorolo~r were
made by; H. v, Helmholtz atmospheric waves, I. Marg.iles, 1390 (semi.-.
daily pressure wave, for which an acceptable theory, however, has
not yet been submitted); J~ Bartels (tidal variations), A. Befant
(variations of a doubly stratified atmosphere), L. V1'eic1 nann (waves
in the air'ocean), G. Lyra, 19113 (theory of sea waves), The last-
named work specially is at the level of a modern theoretical investi-
gation of waves.
7. The Atmospheric Cycle,
It is known that at every location on earth the atmosphere
in the course of a year passes through a sequence of states which
are repeated in their overall trend after a complete revolution of
the earth around the sun. This justifies an attempt to study weather
phenomena with the aid of the cyclical concept formed in thermo-
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dynaa'lda The same mass whose ohanges of state are investigated
under the addition or re~iova1 of heat as involved in thermodynamics.
The atmospheric cycle is ixrlmeasur b1y more complicated, even ii
G sz.o J here the addition of heat from the ground which is heated by
insolation takes place at a higher temperature and the removal of
heat by radiation in the upper layers of the atmosphere takes place
at a lower temperature, Dynamic metcorology has been unable to
answer, for the most part, the questions arising here,
The changes of state are accompanied by local movements of
the masses, PThm the continuity of the atmosphere it follows that
within the entire medium a spatially joining c-aeries of masses must
also move with time change of location of a mass, so that they will
form a closed chain, or an imaginary linen If a certain velocity
is assigned to the individual mass-points of the lane, the product
of mass tames tangential velocity may be formally integrated over
the entire curve, The value of the integral is called circulations
The derivative of circulation with respect to time, naanely circula~
Lion acceleration, is significant for dynamic meteorology, With
the aid of Fuler t s hydrodynamic equations the pressure and density
differences of t1'ie atmosphere may be expressed with it, V. B jerknes
has shoe n that the circulation acceleration is zero when the isobars
and isosteres run parallels lie calls this condition barotropic,
if these lines of state cross the baroclinic state -~ the cir-
culation acceleration differs from zero. A square tube which is
enclosed by the two pressure surfaces? ,) and by the two isosteric
surfaces is called a solenoid by V. Bjerknes, For quasi
static conditions this representation leads to a clear calculation
of the kinetic energy content, A critical examination of how far
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the concept Qf a matc~ria1 liquid iixi and tho assumed orderly motion
of its mass particles agree s witli the concepts of turbulence and is
still outstanding.
A second ob joct of cycle investigations is the ca,:Lculation
of the efficiency during heat addition and removal at different
terrxperatures or pressures. 1,1. liargules calculated it in 1901 from
t~
an imaginary Carrot process by plausible assumptions about the :level
of the addition and ,cerrloval of heat and the accompanying; ternperature,
and obtained a :Cig~ire of 21 percent. Somewhat smaller values were
found by A. Refsdal from measurements, A considerably sma:L ler value
of B percept was found by H. U. Sverdrup during his trade wind
study using the same method. R. iG'renger in 1916 suggested the Eric
son cycle for the calculation of efficiency in whicl-i the addition
and removal of heat occurs at different constant pressure. This
concept corresponds rilore closely to atmospheric reality than the
Carrot process. H. V. verdrup also calculated the efficiency in
another manner by equating the difference between the added and reM
moved heat of an isolated stationary flow system to the ,producedl
frictional heat. For the north Atlantic trade w:Lnd he obtained
on:Ly 3.2 percent. H.. reel has arranged this calculation in a more
exact fashion and even obtained a value of greater than 1 percent
on the basis of atmospheric friction numbers. This method of cal
culation is, however, questionable since it is assumed that an isolated
stationary circulation in the atmosphere takes place,
According to thernroclynar?.c theory the difference between ad-
ded and removed heat is proportional to the work produced by the
system. This work is equal to the available mechanical energy in
the form of kinetic as well as potential gravitational enemy. In
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19O , 1v1, Nar u1es showed that the potentici,1. gravitational enerj
a.M the cause of all winds occurring on earth and contradicted the
assumpti.on that it is to be nought in the horizontal pressure dif-.
Terence s o Latex J. Litt? d n at the suggestion of Iiw Kosehrni.eder
extended these trains o:L' thought to the di:~f'erent cases aF strati.
Fieation of Taoist air, All wind energy thus originates during the
restratification of the air as the result of unstable Formation,
which is a link of an atmospheric cycle, The 1'Iarg1ules question as
to low such cons1derab1c; potential energies can be foraged without
the earlier development of compensating air currents has not yet
been ansi~eredo At this point; of the system the atmospheric vortex
could also be studied? Its theory is also still outstanding,
The invest - gation of the relation between air and sea cup^N?
rents also belongs to the field of the atmospheric cycle. Corm-prehensive and important statistical Works are already available
for long-range forecasts. From a theoretical standpoint the 10th
chapter of the work by H. U. Sverdrup, l9Li.3, oceanography for Mete.
0219~;a.sts, especially the section HThe oceans and the weathers'
represents a considerable improvement. The closing sentence may
serve as the goal for the formation of the analytical relationships
which are to be set up. 'every change in the circulation of the
atmosphere rrrust lead to a change of the ocean, which again must af'~
foot the atmosphere
processes which are connected. with one another and must therefore
shoe surges and phase displacements which shed a bright light on
frequently unexpected weather phenomena.
On the basis of the above the ",general circulation of the at~
mosphere" must b
interpreted as the totality of all restratifica-
.. 17
Thus two circulations are involved, two cyclic
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Yid
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. 'u 0~ th~ ~tr~1~~p~'l~1nG ~xoln
rorn the va'ytn brc altii,a
t?a,ans rG~u;~?h,i.n~ a1ada,at~.on~
s
~ in the 1~her ~.ovo~. by
~~r b i,nsa~.atioaa and ccaol.a..a and ~~~^~~~ ectr0 com oaents, they tropic~
Its three rat p ~1~cnoraena
led c'~her and p~^oduc~~ ,
?r~sPhea^a.cc?~rcua.ata.on are cou~? to~; ~ the ~reatl~e~s
?~i.Qazed ~ 'the r1~yt of ~'
si.rnilar to ?~1,~O e dust mon ~ .. ;~e~e~^enccs are ~;a,~rcn
?l~o '~his coup:1:1n* i~uxGher
causa,ti.'srely related
such as li.ncof equal
by '~ a ~I~Ip , ~.~~ ~ fence tipper
21. hour p resotiu^e ~ 1a ~ ~ m Gorn~J.ex ~armGZ ~ta.ons, ^ cuxw
claan~es (N.
)
E .`.ro aapause (~ ~ Palmeri
. and oscillati.ons in the
rents (1.e ~acherha~) ~ ^ relationsl~~.ps.
on the basis o~ these enez
ght be e~laned
chanical nerhnf_.Forms
-. Nan~m _M.,_._,w.~
Under ?t enero~ water and water
?LhiS heading came the laten
- a~ the e ez?~~h, and ?~hc a?~mo ap~leri
vapor ~ c
^ , the elet;tromti?c ~'a.cl~.1 : ? ?va,n~, T at the outer
axe the solox radiation a.
~^ada.at~.an enEa ~r~' Chiding ~n
ms the deter^a~.nata.an of
case a all t1 CC .cox
atmosp ~ for
hel^e ? III the "
~? r'
their properties in the last l 'oars has been the object o~ e'
? s whose x^aauJ.'~s can~~ot re
e e1er1mea~ta7, a.nvesti at:~on
peca.ally subtle ~ ,e ouh these a.nvesti~
e because o the lack of spat,
i.ndi.co:ved hex aduci.n~ the tr~.ns~ota.Qals
been opened for yntr
~~' . ,atins the way has o d cc ~1eteoralob
e.~named ener forri I~s ntY
of the abov
' .. '
went ?Ener gY or Water Va Qr
The problem of peat of condensation or the
h eress1n the h y aouLx~ o ~~hez
'ch i.s supp~-a.ed to the atrao~~
? liquid and solid eater w1~~. ~
i
an d time, had a1x'eadd' con~:~^al~.ted
every ^e
I
second as. a ;~u;nctlon .off place been tackl~%d ~
,
end
~,,: V. Sverdru,~ in ii s trade study. It has not be
expressa:oL?a efi.sts or the.. ~.
~or~,~`spondin~
elsewhore~ No azaalTt1cal I
f~u
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2_.__.__
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~quantit a,n the various 'Qrnts which is supplied
,~.e s Q~. precipitation
every sond a. different times to diffCrent places Qf the earth.
at
promising 'sing theories in this respect are the works of T. 1ergerOn
Candensa n arks of the Air I,ss and
MY n rrns as Identificatio,wwM.,.w,w_w_..Nw..w~.~~...~..,,~w.?n .?Y
'.on ''o
~..w?rMMN..MwMwYx..w.wNVrN.N.w.N.M...rM.M'M?...Y'"'w'~-. we
~.ier
by W. . Wundt tE' The Concept of the Water Cycle on the w,,... ~. basis ~ of w 1a ~- arw~?n.M.,
?~ k...rMr.___,____tt___&__w.Mr.NWM.wMNw Nw&4iwwwlF.w.R.MM...Y~~ Y
sti atiorls,' The specific hunJ.dity and the density
and accent :Cave g..w....,N..w.w..?
y....w.n.K.NM.w...w.rw..+wwr.4wYMY wYwYFY.
of dry air are coupled with the air currents as function,3 of the
pl ne may y assume that these may be described by di place and time ~ 0
?al. equations s The necessary limiting conditions iu st then
~'e~en~a.
e:lf sha~ ed by the forraatian of :precipitatian residues
be extens ,iv ,~
though an alnlQst quasi static State must be
and their changes' even
assuraed for the condensation.
The r~~;leetromagnet1~,c ~~~-eld off' ~~he Barth
b)
..r.,,,?,,.u.+,ew.a.ww..~a..nww.r u.~..+w.+.r..w...i.
The questions still unsolved twenty years ago, of the cause
of the maintenance of the negative surface charge of the earth in
defiance of neutralization by the positive vertical conduction cur-s
~'
he meantime been solved according to the interpreta.w
rent, has ~~ ? ~.n t the
',1QI1 of A. Wigand. According to this/generator of electricity is
in the thunderstorms distributed all over the earth,
to be sought
tbrough whose discharges positive electricity is constantly supplied
to the ionosphere and negative electricity to the earths See the
encl section of the te th~book by Hang. and Suring, nth edition. The
vier that the electrical currents in the ionosphere or in the earth's
this cause the earth's magnetic field
crust which are related to
has not been dis scussed much because of the efficiency of the Gauss
theory'. The electric and magnetic field strength of the earth are
also functions s of time and pa ce which are coupled with the motions
of the air. -Because of the large velocity of propagation of
-l9
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la ers aa;~ot~t statiar~ary Ganda,t~,ons a~~e
electricity in the conduct "
grove to be ~~.c?~~.?t~.~,us when exact measure-s~.mul.ated wh~.ch, however, 1
~, ?the ~a,^esex~t:ty oy suspected ca~,p~.in~
rrtents are made w As a result o.~ 1
eld with the air curren~'a' the atanaaphex^ic
thG electro~ma~netbc a, e
at the thunderstorm on in must therefore nali
disturbance appe ar.l.n~
sequence of the aa,xwe~.ac?~xa,a s.nd e
itself noticeable in the,
alaaus to the eftec'ts of sea.smalaga.ca~. wages
neta.c olements , an
c~c~~^ama~ne~:~c ~a.eld stxenEtl~ cap, thus be-
(m:i.cxasea.smalo~l') . The el
C ' in the number othe functians wh:a.cY~ arc
came an ~r~~or pant membcx a.
emat?.cial operations a~ dynar~.c meteara1o~ym
subject to thC math
ada.at~On 1!~nCr~r
(c~ The
The most important receiving surface for insolated sol..ar
? uid surface of the earth. It 7.s the main
enexis the sa3.a.d and l~.q
atmos?rD1~e:Ce. Since -the atmosphere is of an
11,eata.n~ sur face of the 1
be set to oscillate by an external action
elastic nature, it can
.; .~~n This osc~.lla~~~.on c~.~ became especa.al~Y
such as solar rad~.at~.o .
the result of the effect of the external
strong if the frequency, as
the frequency of the natural period o.~
disturbance, becomes equal to
?t'ltie atmosphere, Dra~nng a bow across a violin string shows that an
acts steadily upon the elastic body, ll
external CauSea even if it
It is here postulated as a task for dy,.
set the body to oscillate A " r w tiow to what extent the results O; preseiatdaY
nari.c meteorol.o to s al
st:i..~at~.on may be s hoin the e axth 's at~-
oscil:l.at~-az~ and 'rave ~.nvc ~~
e y have to be r~adi:~~-ed, ,oecausp off'
mosphere ~ or in what way th y
~.cated
? mos hexe This task is very cornpl,
the pecul.iar~.ty of the at p
d s ectra1 enex~y distribution, and the ex-
ta.becncta.ause an of and the a.appeararlnvolve
c~ p
e of the secondary radiators earth and at-
.
)
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-000398000200080003-9
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x^e~ov~n
rnasphe1^e , es-peciaii since not enouf~1
ta.on ax' ouch an
1,lec'ted as yet. orml1a
has been ca. ~.~us'~'~ ~'es be:l?
oa turbidity factor by F.
concept a~ 'th
a sclut1an to be possible.
.-hooks on 1~~~a~o~G TV'~~cax
/~ !~ `L~. ~y1 ~ , a.E Several ~.rwwr ?~ ..a.ww+w'.'r'nnrw.?.wr?r.r/rru+'.'nw
The p were first 'treated by F.
- xoble1ns of d~rnar1~.c ineteorolo~kl
M
? ~;-t been e.(eel:led in ~luality. Isis tex't
117. ~;x~.1er. His book has nar, y d stxu~~~lex ~
faithful repo)o a seekc;r an
bank is the 11ve7.~' and
n'ts was guided to the
ied by hopes and disappoint1ne
whop accampan truths This ac~.en~, '
- e tizn ' eld~.ng vaill to d:~scover the truths
by ~,h y~?
ho crit llY exncd 1ia.s own work never hesitated Gti~ter an ~un-
w
,, ~.ca__ ,
. ,1er ~~robab le intex:~~elaan 11ci1g
~,U.CCCS,;Eul attempt ?to asslflne a~.atl ~. f the
.,
in order to fnd the laws gpVEr17n~
me te or olo is al phen.am~,na
weather ., and from c or~~
us~.o1 ~ D.
Y ?ar as a whole from the conc,l to be
physical and UynC?-Gal ~~leteaxa~a~ Y
,~ar~,son with realyty. 1 hy?; ~,~a? ~__......~ ~ent a:C inves
a.
in its cxt
nd also
~
c a
E
s
,
p
this
Brunt is similar' in this .~ xc,
his use o~
gated pltienomena. H. l;o;clama.eder is more reserved in 1~~.~
~lYAo r sub-tle defin~-bons and s?tep-
a ticulaxily stresses theses and p ~, . Ertel has
uations and their solu'tiori,a, ~ ~ ?
'
~I
k .
'
eq
..ste devclopment off
by p henomen,a with the aid
mos'~f cansequen'ta.a:Lly thought thrauweather p
~ '.s uncovers the
arcs or termodynsa--cs.
lassical hyclxad .
iences
o, c
--dons defined in these sc
extent and l~.mitata.aras a~ the eclua,
~m the viewlaain't of the dai7:~r
s~ pry
s
]
,
~a
?y
~a~thaen p~^esen~ts his ana
d thus st ax~ts
terrinolog' , ai1
4
introduces his
o tica.st,
word of the syn p
very noteworthy f~^om
'r
~
}.
also
. . . ~.sa-n~ path. His rk IS al
out cn a new prar
he H~xaandndbook o~ Creaphysics by
' nt. G. S.~. ~uve in t -.--a didactic - stanclpo~- thesis. He
5 ~.enta .Ea.c syn:
sc
ct ta
c
s
,
.
p
Gutenb erg receded him with re
~.
C L
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he advances of tie Norwegian meteao1o ic~al
espec~.aJ~1.y pruscn~c.d t ~
school, as they had already read' been collec'tecl in the book by V. and J.
B lerkne s s , J ? and T? Bergeron. The table ~r11 show the im~
S o ~,1a er~ ~
the dif~ererit authors assign to the individual areas
portance tirha.ch
of dynamic metearalo~Y: , measured accordin' to the number of pages
in their works.
__,__ ____._._w_,--_-- *____ __,____e.___?__? -
Statics Iryclro- Radia- 1L1ectra- Dust
- d zanU.cs Lion magnetic Content
Author TY~~ 1nr?0 ~
.field and visi-
dynama-cs
bility
____
._.----
r, er
36 360 6
80 230
Brunt
"
:LLi.9 230
lcaschntl.eder
4B 4,
Ertel
260 21
Raeth jen 1:L1~
Stuve 1i2 2?
iC i?r..teorolo as a Science of ~1tr~t.ospheric r.~rs:formatiors
n e ~.e.
of Energy.
_-----
1:n conclu,~ Sion let me give a brief preview of the working areas
ry the com.ng years , as deterr~.ned by the evo-
lution af clynar~~. off c physics. axoa_o~ in Colr~on to all atmospheric phenomena is their
s ~7.
r of the sung Wind, a factor so important
origin in the rad~.ata,an energy'
n earth moat be ca:mpreY~ended in its intensity
f. or living c anda.t~ ons O fl
, ~ '1 utian as a form of enex^~~' of defina.te
its di~~ecta.on, and .Lts d~.stra, ~
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/07: CIA-RDP82-00039R000200080003-9
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/07 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200080003-9
THIS :E1\ID
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/07 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200080003-9
trax1sforniataon value, indeed as a part o:' the radiated solar energy.
For this purpose the First Law o:' Thermodynamics may be used, which
Indicates the division of the supp1ic~d rcliataon energy' into heat
axed mechanical work. But how Gh.is quantity of work is transformed
into potential ;ravatation.ai eney has not been quantitatively
answered despite investigations on convections, exchange, and the
studi.e of glider meteorologists on anabatic wind. A cause for the
zonal and meridional distribution of the wand fields must be found.
An acceptable theory oi' the semi. -daily :Pressure wave as still lack-
112g. The problem of stratospheric currents and their dependency on
the tropospheric disturbances has not been solved yet. The ava1-
ab1 e theories of the stratosphere are considered unsatasi'actory.
i'inal1y, a law is needed in the field of Zreather prediction which
regulates the sequence and. duration of the various weather situaM
Lions an the mean latitudes, This would be bhe cro~ming dory of
dl)ic meteorology. It as the aim of R. Sur i-ng 1 s self-sacriiicial
struggle of over lialf a century to provide the prerequisites for
understandin the truth vrhach concerns all of mankind.