TODT ORGANIZATION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 120
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 15, 2012
• Sequence Number: 21
• Publication Date: May 9, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

TOQT O ~Cx A
and ConstruCta.on organization)
(Engineera.n
WINTER SERVICE MANUAL
i91i3
Todt Orgaalization Central Office
Ej.ted by the
Chief Engineer
action, Traffic and inter Ser~riCC
Road Constr
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
ISTAT
(Engineering and Construction Organization)
WINTER SERVICE 1L NUAL
19)43
Edited by the Todt Organization Central Office
Q.Chief Engineer
Road 'Construction, Traffic and Winter Service
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 FOR'+ 4RD
Based on t he experiences gained during the winters of 191/2
and 19L2/L.3, successful methods of combatting snow and ice on the
roads in Russia and northern Scandinavia have been developed; this
information is here made available to all concerned in the second
edition of the OT Winter Service Manual, The combatting of snow
drifts by y means of snow protection installations as well as the
mechanized clearing of snow from the roads have reached a signifi-
cant degree of perfection in a short space of time as a result of
the systematic work of the OT winter service. A new addition is
ction of snow roadways by means of rolling and compres-
the consl,ru
sing of snow. This procedure, in addition to being more advantageous
for cornmunication, also adds a further protective layer to the road-
ways of the east, which are continuously exposed to frost, and
thereby reduces freezing during the spring thaws.
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 In general, the snowfall in the eastern regions is not any
heavier than that in the Reich. However, it causes considerably
more d:ifficuity because as a rule snow falls in the east at lower
temperatures; it is powdery and more susceptible to being blown
by the wind into formidable snowdrifts. The unusually low temperW
atures combined with icy winds make it nearly impossible for man
or beast to remain in the open. In comparing air temperatures in
the east with. those in the Reich it must be considered that in
the eastern regions the cold. is less penetrating, because of the
greater dryness of the air, than is the case in the Reich at equal
temperatures where the air is generally more humid due to th.e
proximity of the sea coast0 It is further significant that there
is comparatively little change from day to day in the Russian winter
climate and the frost period, which lasts for months, is rarely
interrupted by thaw.
Based on the winds prevailing during the winter months,
European Russia is divided into two parts ~? the northern part with
westerly, and the southern part with easterly air currentsa It is
interesting to note that easterly winds cause snowdrifts at lower
wind strength than winds from other directions, and further, that
winds which are particularly dangerous with regard to the creation
of snowdrifts appear toward the end of the winter when the blanket
of snow has reached its maximum depth and the wind can stir up
considerably larger masses of snow than at the beginning of wintere
on the south and in the southeastern steppes which are free of
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forest, the wind carries tremendous masses of snow and therebl
creates drifts0 As a result considerably greater snowdrifts can
form in the south even if' it has had a lighter snowfall because
of the steppe like character of the terrain which is free of
forests. Because the snow is swept away, the frost penetrated
particularly deeply into the ground in this area.
The most advantageous temperatures for the formation of
snowstorms in the west and south of European Russia are from M2
degrees Centigrade to s.)-! degrees Centigrade; for the central,
north, and southeastern parts, at ?6 to -10 degrees centigradeo
The regions most likely to be endangered by storms are the north-
east and in the central. The danger of snowdrifts, however, is
considerably less as there is a great deal of forest in this area.
The Caucasian region adjoining in the southeast, while
situated quite far to the south, is affected by the cold of the
Russian winter to a considerable degree and consequently has quite
severe winters with mean low temperatures of between -10 to -20
degrees centigrade, with the exception of the inuiiediate coastal
areas and the northern forelando In the western and southwestern
parts of this region, frequent and hearty snowfalls are to be
expected, while the eastern part has little precipitation, The
"
mountai.nous character of the area affects snow conditions very
ununiformly and unpredictably, and causes great differences in
snow conditions within comparatively small areas. It can be
stated generally that the depth of the snow and the duration of
the snow cover increase with the rise in sea level; however, the
mentioned difference in precipitation between the west and
above
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the east is a factor. Just as in the highlands of the Alps, the
incidence of the greatest snow depth of the winter in the Caucasus
moves with increasing sea level more and more from the middle of
the wa.ntex toward springo Similarly, avalanches which are particularly'
Common in the mountain road areas and which because of the bou3d ers
A
and rubble carried along, demand particular care during removal
with snow clearing equipuient, are known to occur here as late as
spring; and in deep valleys avalanches occasionally occur even in
~.ng, an
In areas which are climatically milder occasionally have
summer.
between the seasons and consequently' there is increased
thaw periods
formation of ice.
The condition of the most unimproved or little improved
Russian roads depends upon winter weather conditions to a far
greater degree than is the case in central or western Europeo
the course of the year four distinct road conditions can be
During
d uisheds Dust and sand in the summer, snow and ice in the
~.sting
the transitional seasons. In many parts of the
wintery and mud in
the winter road conditions prevail practically half
eastern regions
of the entire year. The discussion which follows will deal with
the condition of the winter road and its demands on traffic.
w1rA'i' EVERY TOUT ORGANIZATION MAN SHOULD KNOW ABOUT SNOW
When the temperature of the air drops to or below 3 degrees
entigrade, precipitation as a general rule appears in the form
c
snow. There are conditions under which it still rains at
of
below Q degrees Centigrade. Such is the case when
temperatures
prec?p inates in air zones which are warmer than precipitation originates in air zones which are warmer than those
I
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above the ground. However, those are rare occurrences with which
we are not concerned here. The widespread opinion that very low
temperatures make it impossible for snow to form is not correct.
But it must be noted that during low temperatuTes there is less
for snow to form. Snowfall is most likely at tempera'
of a tendency
Lures around 0 degrees Centigrade.
Snowfall occurs an many different forms. The first snow
usually is wet and heavy. Large snowflakes fall to the ground
in the manner of raindrops, though somewhat slower, and melt away.
is not considered real snow. Regular snow consists of smaller
This
flakes which are so light that they sway back and forth and dance
during their descent. Under microscopic examination of the small
particles which make up the snowflake, we find that they are crystals
which appear in a great variety of forms. When there is little or
.
no wand the snowflakes on the ground combine into a layer of snow
flakes, the blanket of snow. This snow blanket after a period of
time forms a uniform. mass consisting of a mixture of snowy air, and
water in which individual snowflakes are distinguishable only with
difficulty or not at all; this is caused by the changes which occur
because of changes taking place on the ground resulting from
temperature, humidity, and wind. Science has not examined in detail
.
the processes which occur during the formation of the snow blanket.
If there is a strong wind during a snowfall, there occurs a snow-
storm which with the increasing wind strength can turn into a
blizzard or hurricane, One talks about drift snow (also known as
sweeping surface snow) when snow on the ground is being swept along
the wind0 Other forms of solid precipitation which occur
by
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infrequently and which have no significant effect on winter main
tenance of roads are hail, hailstones, ice needles, and freezing
sleet0
meter.
Snow may be thick and heavy or light and looses It is therefore
desirable to determine not only the thickness of the snow blanket
but also its water content (density). This isdone by measuring
the water column in millimeters which results from the transforma-
tion of layer of snow to water. It becomes obvious how widely the
different kinds of snow can vary when one sees that the weight per
unit volume can be anything between O and 300 kilograms per cubic
It is of utmost importance for the road winter service to
determine how much snow falls on the roads. But it is not always
possible to express the quantity in depth of snow because snowfall
varies greatly and the formation of the snow blanket is not uniform.
Freshly fallen snow weighs between o and 100 kilograms per
cubic meter, Snowdrifts weigh from 200 to 300 kilograrris per cubic
meter, Older snow deposits have been determined to weigh 160 kiloM
grams per cubic meter in November, 200 in December, 220 in January,
and as much as 270 in March, New glacial snow weighs about 500
kilograms per cubic meter; very wet glacial snow can weigh as much
as 700 kilograa~.s per cubic meter. The volume per weight of snow
can be determined in many ways. The water content of the snow blanket
is determined by melting the snow and measuring the water colwnn in
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the measuring flask or a sample of the snow is weighed in a measuring
cylinder which holds exactly one liter. The result is expressed in
kilograms per cubic meter or in grams per liter.
 II
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o sttion o:' the snow must always be notedp
The ffoxing comp
We mush know whether the snow is powdery or wets whether it is icy
s ush a Dependa.ng on its corpositaon the manner
and compressed, or 1 y
traffic will di.f fer and that will determine
an which it wal1 obstruct
em to eda powdery or loose snow tends to cause
the measuras to be p y
be cleared by fast snowplows; compressed
snowdrifts and the latter can
'.canes baps and unevenness in the road
he,~^d snow causes ruts and ~ ,
which are difficult to remove.
From the above it is obvious that consc~.ent~-ous and systematic
observation and recording of snawfalis is necessary. Only observation
over a period of years presents a complete picture of snow condi.tion5
in a given area and in prevailing wand conditi-afSo
HOW DO SNOW DRIFTS I'OM?
a,rl ~ difficult obstacles to traffics
Sno~rd^~-:Ets present parl,.cul y
, d and the wide flat areas of Russia to
They occur in or ay, F.~nlan } ,
central and western Europe, and present the
a degree unknown a.n
f i c in the winter. A few basic facts about
greatest danger to tr ar ,
the are the ref oz?e in order here a It ~.s of
f ar~lation of snowdrifts
course impossible to establish definite ruleso
W11en the average speed of the wind exceeds meters per
second -w that is, when its tractive force is sufficiently strong,
it can carry with it loose (powdery) snow particles which have been
packed up directly during a snowfall (snowdrift or stormy or which
.
are whirled up from an existing snow blanket (driven snow); this
.
latter manner of movement of snow forms by far the greatest number
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^
 a:f $nawdr ftse The higher the speed of the wind the more snow
1
particles it can carry along with it. Such movements of snow
When the sky is clean and temperatures are
frequently take place
lawn When the temperate is above 0 degrees Centigrade, no snow
b the wind because the snow particles are then
movement is caused y
stuck together and form a snow blanket0 During this movement of
the snow the coarser heavier particles are swept away immediately
abo ve ground as driven snoW ( ground layers), they jump or are rolled
above ground, while the finer, lighter particles move as snow
flurries and are freely suspendede The largest part of all masses
of snow transported by the wind is carried in the ground layers.
loaded with particles of snowy meets a sudden
If this wand,
r~ surd.Face, i.e., such small or large protruding
change in the earth's
houses trees, bushes, unharvested fields, stone or
objects as dawns, 1
ed es or if it encounters indentations
sand piles, snow. walls, and h g ~
such as ditches, gullies, dips in the road, and valleys, a full or
partial deviation occurs and the speed of the wind is suddenly
or.
reduced (braked) This sudden impact sudden ability of the wind
o
whirls which are called accumulations of wind
to expand creates oar
an front of the obstacle and wakes behind the obstacle or depression.
tin windless 7aones, the exi.,stence of which
Snow particles wrucl~ appear
? or the formation snowdrifts, are not carried
.s the basic cond. tzars f
i
is and fall to the ground of their own weight.
along by the wind curs en
rmed? their extent, eontaurs, and distance from
know deposits are .~o ,
the obstacle, that is, change in tern?ain, depend, in addition to the
outline of the obstacle itself an the wind's strength (wind velocity)
and the compasitaon of the driven snow itself. It has been determined
by measurement that snow deposits show an incline of approximately
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1: to 112 on the side facing the wind (the windward or weather
side), and an incline of from i8 to 1:10 on the side away from the
wind (leeward side). The greater the wind velocity, the steeper
the incline of the snow deposit on the windward side0
In the wind free zones of a dense obstacle, snow is deposited
both sides; however, primarily on the windward side and not
on
iinnnediately near the obstacle but at some distance from it; this
d.stance is greater the higher the wind velocity. Gradually the
=~
snow pales up on the windward slide until it reaches the height of
the obstacle, Then it is swept over the upper rim and is deposited
in greater quantities 'behind the obstacle because of the calm which
xi..sts there until there too it reaches the upper rim of the obstacle.
e
he angle of the decline of the snow deposits becomes lower and lower
T n
until finally the obstacle no longer obstructs the drifting of the
snow
Illustration 10 shows how snow is deposited in the calm zone
of the windward portion of the depression, forming so-called "cornices~t,
If the deposits continue, the entire depression will be' filled, unless
its depth is too great.
In the case of obstructions which partially let the snow pass
through (fences, hedges, etc.), snow deposits form immediately on
both sides0 The wind partially passes through these obstructions
and a considerable increase in its velocity (nearly 100 percent)
takes place as a result of the cross-sectional contraction which
takes place (nozzle effect); its tractive force also increases
calm zones of the leeward side of such obstructions wind
In the
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 and the ren1ainder of the snow is deposited
velocity falls off sharply
some distance behind tho obstruction, not immediately behind it.
~.
Finally the naW deposit on both sides reaches the height of the
a
obstruction. As a result of the wind accumulation on the windward
side, the snow IS more firmly and densely packed on that side than
an the leeward side. When walking across a newly formed snOW
deposit, the foot would hardly sink in at all on the windward side,
while it would sink through on the :leeward sided The composition of the so-?cailed Foreland of the road and its
immed.].ate va.c:txdty are of great significance in the formation of
snowdr.iftso If the wind cannot sweep over this foreland because of
exLsting forests, hedges, fences, settlements, etc, there will
generally be no snowdrift formations on the roads
In addition to general climatic conditions, the layout of roads ip
m ortance to their' susceptibility to snowdriftso
is of great
roads become snowbound, while others
do noto poor layout may even cruse roads in areas of low snow fall
to become snowbound. Based on a number of examples of drift-free
road layout proves that it is passable to build a road, taking
advantage of the terrain, in such a manner as to reduce drifts to a
minimlthl. There follows a classification of different terrains based
on their susceptibility to drifts.
Within the same area, certain
Mostly endangered are:
1. Long, r and narrow depressions (dips). The Snow deposit
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surface between the upper rim o C the incline and the road surf ace
all and formation of "s?lf-cloaningt' air whirls
is particularly sm
i s ?irnpo s sible.
2 Dips in curves, in which the wind is caught.
o
34 Daps up to a depth of 6 to 8 meters. The deeper the
depression, the less is the danger of it being comple tely fine d'
because then the clearing e:Cfect of the whirl Trmation has room
for action. Depressions can be artifiraa~.lY deepened and thereby
made drift-free by building of banquettes near the upper rim of the
inclines.
L. Both ends of the depression.
The transition between depression and darn.
Also endangered are:;
1. Darns up to a height of l meter.
2. Very high dams (over 12 meters). High dams force the
wind blowing from the side to a change of direction. This reduces
of the wand over the rim of the darn which in turn
the velocity
results in snow deposits on the road surface ~ The limit of 12
meters is not cries depending on local conditions and,
firm, but v
on the degree of incline. The thickness of the snow
particularly,
blanket must also be taken into considerationo
3. Roads cut on the side of a hill, unless they are located
on mildly sloping inclines.
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rjhe following are generally drift free:
1. Depressions deeper than 6 to 8 meters, since there is
more of a possibility for the snow to be deposited on the greater
surface area of the slope, before it reaches the road surface.
In a deep depression, the air whirl created by the friction of the
snow?carryi-ng wand with the upper air layers of tip depression fills
nearly the entire cross-section of the depression and prevents the
deposit of snow. The steeper the slopes, the less snow is deposited.
The depth at which a depression no longer can be filled with snow
is not determined, but depends on wind velocity and composition of
the snow as well as the peculiarities of a given area; this depth
increases toward the southern, eastern, and southeastern areas of
Russian
2a Roads whici are at the same level as the surrounding
countryside, when the wind can blow across them without encountering
natural or artificial obstructions such as snow fences.
3. Darns, more than one meter in height (up to 12 meters).
Snow is deposited at the foot of the dam on the windward side to
about the middle of the dam height. Snow is blown off the edge of
the slope acid the crown of the dam because the wind currents are not
significantly diverted herein On the leeward side of the darn, snow
deposits will form because there is a calm zone here. The Russians
have made their roads free of drifts by artificially raising them
above the level of the terrain.
1~. All sections of roads in wooded areas..
p.12
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5. Roads with vary flat slopes having an incline of no more
than 1t8 to 1;10. When the road slopes this slightly the wind can
blow across it without changing its direction.
Roads through valleys and wooded areas are well-protected.
In mountainous terrain, slopes facing the direction of the prevailing
winds should be avoided, It is further desirable that road sections
should be laid out in the direction of the prevailing winds (the
angle between the street axis and the direction of t he prevailing
winds should be less than 30 degrees) and not perpendicular to the
direction of the prevailing winds. Dips in the terrain or the edges
of forests in the vicinity of roads frequently affect the wind
direction unfavorably and cause the road to be covered by drifts.
Roads in mountainous areas and near watersheds are frequently
covered for the following reason; a watershed causes the narrowing
of the effective passage cross-section of the air current which
increases the latterts velocity so that even if the wind in the
valley does not reach the velocities which would cause a snowstorm
the velocity necessary is reached at the watershed. In addition the
composition of the foreland is of great significance in the formation
of snowdrifts.
Il the above-mentioned principles are observed it is possible
to lay out a road through terrain, with regard to which the danger
of snowdrifts can be reduced to a minimum.' Tall trees, if planted.
in the foreland, as well as bushes can effectively prevent the drift
snow from reaching the road.
It is frequently necessary in winter., when a road has become
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Qxtreme snowdrifts, to look for, new traffic
impassable because of
There is o:C course the danger that the
rain?s (winter roads).
snow wails created by the snow plows would make the new route
susceptible to drifts and the new road would have to be abandoned
after the thaw set ins only the snow deposits
again. Shortly
remain for any length of time. When building
caused by snowdra.f is
new roads this ?s most favorable time to lay out draft-free
is the m
detours for the new roads
pRELIMINARY WORK ON ROADS
By far the greatest part of the roads in Russia are not
ate/ 3 million kilometers of roads in Russia
re~.nfarced; of appro'~"n Y
before the war only i.S percent had a gravel bed whale the rest
consisted of dirt roads of various kinds. During the rains of the
d between fall and winter, these unrpe ra.a
transitional
t u. When the deep ruts and hales freeze the
roads were heavily cu p
road becomes so uneven that the use of snow plows is no longer
possible becaus re snow plows are damaged and become useless, The
roads therefore must be smoothed out before the first snowfall9
be evened and hole s should be filled with sand,
the ruts must
cinders, or other suitable material. Road graders are particularly
.taole for this purpose. There Is frequent:l.y very little time for
su~.
these tasks because the transitional period is frequently very
chart and the frost sets in quite suddenly. Therefore the roads
must be smoothed out quickly and in accordance with a definite plans
Specaf after insPection of the section of road which is to be
~.cally, maintained, the points of greatest danger must be attended toy later
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 1
111
wdth. fluring the period of nigh
the remaa.ning secti.o? can be deaf
e time when continuous freezing weathe
frosts as well as during th
moist or a~^tifa.c~.a~.ly moistened sand can be
has set ana naturally mo~.
placed in the depression. If this sand is well packed, the subs
~itute a relatively good passable road.
s?quent freezing will cans
to drain the water from the road surface.
care should be taken
In the case of roads handling little traffic the crest of the
:ura.n: the fall before the frost sets ino
road should be flattened d ~
'n~ sand or earth from the center of the road
This is done by grading
? essayy because the center of the road
toward the sides. This as nec
st and thus the arch in the road would
is raised during the fro
become too great
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on work in Russia is carried out during
Most road constructa
that it will frequently occur that at the
the swruner. Because of
beginning of wn,nter not all of the materials supplied for the road
ravels etc.' have been used up and are
construction such as sand, g
? g the road. These piles even if they are very lows
still paled along
c must be removed before winter sets in.
an cause snowdraftsa They
Sand and gravel can be utilized to fill the holes in the road
be distributed evenly along the ground.
Macadam and stones must
Q
he edge of the road can cause snowdraft5 Such
Even high grass at t
he growths remaining in adjoining fields such as
grass as well as t sunflower and corn stalks must be removedp Hedges and fences which
~
are immediately on the side of the road must also be removed
drainage canals under the road. should be secured against freezing
covers, rush mats, or thatching.
by means of wooden
of great importance for traffic as well as the execution of
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a.ch indica'~e
wintex eexv the cqurse
the xoad markexs wh exs
mark
~-c6 duties are
~raes ) cuxbs'~anes ox
which are reCtional sins suc as h roada~ the
o~ the road. ~~ ua11y absent on Russ'
,n winter known, an Germs roadsus
ditches along the road are usually fi11ed with snow in so that ne ~he~'s:Goti"e be
them. Road markers muse
of be gua.ded by cannot d be between 2 and 2e
o os?ts shoal
'~ er
installed. ~1~e he~,~h of these p 0 meters; in some cases, low
ckness at least .l
insta~.lEd at a distance
meters and. the thi
posts are to be
r? ~a will su~~ice? the intervals o50 meters
o one meter from the pasts ar
t raiic lane and at at
must b e shortened an both sides o~ the roado T11ese intervals
d in areas where Inc .eme
is af poor ~r~,sibili?ty an ad makers
curves or porn nt
ina.ta~~latlon o xa
frequent. In those cases acts.
.~eather 1s to grouping o~ marking p
r e~erabl .e to 't he altexna
?n pairs is p s,d, markers are also to
~. through iocalltaes road
At paints 0~ passage
.ti~~icial structures
must ailed. A11 abstructians caused by erected at
be a.nst posts muillt also be
rked similarly? Marking
be ma card (schr~n~nbox"d) 4
al struct,,~res which to not have a g, .. suppgrts o
any artl~~?c~ the xa~.l.in~
aStS are erected near
In .these cases the p
be in short supple in
Finished 00d en posts viii probably
w 1n
shed wooden posts will have to be used poorly
most cocas un~~.n~.
wrested ,icult to proCuTe lumbe
will
areas It probably be dti e these marking pasts
ement must start earlyn r it is
thereore pr?c~ r'
e desixa yinc
str~.er for aid in nib
prop ht dra.v~-n~
al,o ~.n the round. Of courae
ar
the a,t$ permanently in the ~
er to install th p d for use as :l'irewoad.
be remove
the ' dander ex:i.Sts that they ol.e
. They nd should have a
set in suilcient depth
must therefore be en suf ficlent time is
bgtto
r branch s`tu~lp at the
crossbar a
9~~'ti~ Fn:.4 ~i~r~y7~a?d~i~~l
LI
 avaalab ^ are to be equipped, with a wisp of straw
available the pats
nd in the case of unfinished l,umber,
twigs or they may be tared. a ,
the top branches shauld be left on them so that they present a
uniform appearance aria their significance will be pointed up.
This may be further aided by installing posts of equal height and
an a stx al o prevent theft, the posts should not lie
ght line . ~
around the edge of the road in a disorganized manners
ROAD WEATHER SERVICE
It is the purpose of the roa(- weather service to keep all those
th trans portatbon informed about the condataan
who are concerned wa ~
of the roads at all to 'meso It is of great ,:importance for convoy
'ndividual vehicles to knave at all times9
traf f is as well as for a
during the ~nnter as well as during the spring mud period, when the
weather changes and to know bef'al^e staar^ting on a trip whether a road
is passable and in what condition it is~
For this reason the Todt organizatior1 has established a
ndividual roads are ded into reporting
road weather se;rva.ce. I .
sections of between 60 and 120 kilometers in l.eng"th, with approximately
uniform climatic condition Se A number of these reporting sections
is the area of jurisdiction (rand section)
for~rt a reporting area which
roads Reporting area as well as reporting
of the line chief of
sectiazas are identified by two digit numbers (for example Ol) a A
number of reporting tiofare assigned to a message center
. s,ec
int which transmits the individual messages.
(cammunacar,aon~ po )
Transmission of telephone messages takes place daily at specified
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 %' 4
? for each reporting section. Should
Only one report ~.s given
'thin one repartin~, section, the worst
weather candi?tions var. y within
weather will form the basis of the report. Each road weather report
report date and the reporting seC~-1az~
cantains9 in addition to repo
more digits, of which the first'' one denotes cand~.?tion
the three mar
~~eca7~d one road main,tcnaricey and the third
of theroad9 the ,~ . deg of
1 g deg
c, Y These three digits further denote varyn
pa5,~aba.lx.tyd
to soft road surf aces from normal level
road condition; from normal
'ntenonce machinery' and from '~traf fie
ofmaintenance to absence of ms,~-
normal" to 'traf'fic impassib1&
at these reports must be clear and concise
It is obv? ~-ous ~h
ctuala Incorrect reports or so-called
as well as regular arid pun
se ha. her echelons to make erroneous
utaa.loz^ed" reports may eau g
in irrevocable mistakes in operations;
dec~.siorls and may result ' ~.
are subject to severe punishmEnt~
besides they
us sec?tians may be equipped by the road
particularly hazarda
most ~nt road crass:~ngs, ~-th a road information
masters at the most ~.mportd
date by the OT. road weather services from
sign baax'd' kept up to
which the drivers can learn the road conditions in the imm.cdiate
ViClni.tyr
t
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SNOW PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS
snowfalls in which raids are exposed
In areas subject to heavy
to frequent snaw~sifts, the installation of protective devices is
? construction of such artificial a'astructians
absolutely essenta.alp The
at a sufficient distance from the roads and facing the prevailing
M i8
{ h~r~a.rc~atnl ~~Mi~ `zt U ,zli `iy1~U ~~7.~t , ~y ?r r, ?.
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
will purposely cause snow deposits at these obstructions,
winds, that is, tha w will be freed of snow and the road surface proper wind wa.
will remain free of snow.
Of particular importance in all snow protection installations
is the cox ?rect ratio between their. height and their di.stafce from
~,
the road Z. they are too close, the snow will be deposited right
on the roads If they are too distant, their effectiveness is
neglig they are too low they will be covered too quickly,
negligible. If
if ' :' they are too high, snow deposits may extend to the road proper.
There arcs
A. permanent snow protection installations
B. Temporary (auxiliary) snow protection installations
C. portable snow T fences erected only during the winter)
r
A. PERMANENT SNO 4 PRO TECTION INSTALLATION
1. Live Hedges
~.
+vergreens and trees of the leafy variety may be planted in
E
oars. Particulary suited to the north of Russia is the fir;
several r
to the climate in southern Russia is the acacia, If the
and suitable
's to serve against snowdrifts without the addition of shields,
hedge ~.
it must be planted at a distance from the edge of the road which is at
least 10 times the height of the future hedge. The hedge must be dense
from the ground to the tip. For this reason it is best to plant only
two rows of f since when. three or more rows are planted, the center firs rows are in the shade and will not thrive because of lack of sunlight.
19 ~.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
The distance between the individual rows shoua.d be .7 to 1 meter;
the distance between firs within a row should be .L~ to o~ meters0
A continuous double row hedge of fir trees, on both sides of the road,
will require 9,000 fir plants per kilometers
To achieve the necessary density, hedges must be cut regularly.
They are cut for the first time when the hedge has reached a height of
approximately l meter. The life span of hedges which are well kept
and taken care of, may reach 100 years. In selecting the varieties
of trees only those species should be utilized which retain their
foliage or needles during the winter and the branches of which will
not break as a result of wind or snow load, They must be able.. to
continue their growth with little sunlight, must have needles or leaves
all the way to the ground, and must be able to withstand trimming
well, as this aids in the formation of new branches. A properly cut
hedge w11l, in 6 to 8 years, constitute a good shield against snow
drifts.
Protective hedges act in the same manner as do snow fences;
however, the snow deposits are higher and more dense. One disadvantage
is that because of their low'height they are covered relatively
quickly and so become ineffective,
Forest Strips as Snow Protection
These consist of a large number of tall evergreens or trees of
the leafy variety, or a mixture of both; their edges are planted with
bushes which initially catch the snow. Between rows of taller trees,
rows of smaller trees are planted in order to create advantageous
V
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
conditions for the deposit of snow as a result of the fornnation of
whirls which are formed by the difference in the height off' the tree taps. In addition rows of bushes are planted which' orm a thick
underbrush and thereby lend a certain density to the lower zone of the
protective planting.
Such forest strips, if their width and distance between trees
are correct afford complete security against snowdrifts and are
advantageous because of their long life-span and. low maintenance
costsa This life-span may reach 50 to 60 years in the case of fir
trees and as much as 100 years in the case of trees of the leafy
variety. Such plantings are effective only after many years; careful
planning and consultation with forestry experts as well as establish-
ment of large tree nurseries are therefore necessaryo
3. Permanent Artii7idal Fences
As a rule, these are utilized only in mountainous regionso
(a) Solid Fences
These cause particularly strong damming and suction, and
therefore, short and sizable deposiso The result is that they are
covered very quickly and therefore become ineffective, since when
the snow reaches the top of the fence' its protective action is
minimized. Solid fences of this kind are not any more advantageous
than slatted fences; they also require greater quantities of materials
and are therefore used only infrequently
b) Slatted fences
These cause snoi deposits in the same manner as the portable
~2l
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
snow shields described below. Snow, deposits are more flat than those
caused by solid fences, and the fences are never covered completelY
by the snow. They are built of slats in horizontal and vertical
rows. Between the slats the distance is proportionate to the width
of t he slats but shout not exceed 7 centimeters. The height of the
fence should be between 3 and G..~ meters; exceptionally, it may be
as much as 6 meters but should not be larger than 1/12 to 1/111. of
the distance of the fence from the edge of the road.
(c) permanent Mesh fence
These are made, depending on materials available, of
branches, reeds, rush, etc.
B. TEMPORARY SNOW PROTECTION INSTALLATIONS
This category includes walls built of snow blocks, snow walls,
fences built of reeds or fir branches.
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Walls of snow blocks are constructed at a rninimum height of
2 meters and utilize snow which has become firm under exposure to
repeated thaws and frost. Loose crumbly snow is unsuitable for the
construction of snow walls since during strong winds it would be
the road. and would cause snowdrifts there. The best time
carried to
for the construction of snow walls is the second half of winter when
snow storms and snowdrifts are most frequent. During this period the
Briow as a result of thaw becomes fir nd lends itself to the
formation of blocks of uniform size. Blocks 3 x 3 x 20 centimeters
in size are cut with a wooden shovel from a ditch outside of the
planned wall on the side of the exposed fie]. The first lower
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Corv Arroved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved
two blacks th~cl~. The
sats o a solid walk h in
~.ayex, a~. b~,ocks con. ~. 3 of a block long wh~c
~.th saps
n layers are erected t~ed
fal~.ow~. the sucCe6 layer
vexed over by blocks in
turn are co
otir the snow
wall (d) is erected wall. ~'h
is suf'icient to per When the cans~.stencY o
~ sn
tt C0n5txuCtlan of a snow block
,~ than a snag wall
not e
d, e
?khogapS and is wide r a lera
'Gea w7 is constxuc d ? ing a sno~r dam tp
considerable `aun laboI can be save b o ~
of .the ustwa blades of wh.ic
~
nd of reverse .~r~anp lows c.vid.ua7.
This is a k~ 'five to s~.x
iron rode , cone.st oI
coXr~~Xected by h~
b cirCUl~nected at their po~:~nts o
j.Ch are CpX
es 1 w 1~ meter's high, w end there is an
blades ~ ~t he pay-need back
over la means of a bait ~ to l~ meters
over p by ~ u h which the snow damp up
meter Wide thy.o ~
tl~.e snaw d8fl1 s~~ap~-ex is
opan~-n~ abaut 1
high, is on its 5~.Ze,
~~ormed? Depends-n~
pulled. by one or more tractox^s or by horsos~
epressi.ons in the road
of snodams along d
the cane.~ruct~.on ression and thereby makes
ethe depth o the dep
~t,ic~-ally enlar ~
it safe from snowdriftsm
te'ct:~-on ~.ns~allatian iS a
? form of temporary. snaw pro
~nather s found along the roads
an the road
in le the Uk earth dam' such as c sometime be
s~.mp tends on both sides of
raine, this type o~ dam ex e ends-n~ an the
i
d diatance of between 1 [r earth sY~oul
at a re~u~re is effec-~,ivene,~a,
height of the earth dam. To increase i 1 and 2~ rnetel ~, dp
. furtYtE r
'~?
be dug b side. To
increase to their prpva.de ma~,erial for earth the dam, dams should on the field side?
du be p1.anted or equipped
effec~iveness~
...
5un'1ower stalks ?
with
naw ~'enceN made of reeds'
ruCion ofempo,!rary
.r~ ~,he con,
 t -.. , . , ,. ,,? ~.
1
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branches and twigs, strong posts must be installed at not too great
a distance from each other before the beginning of the frost period.
wire is available, the posts may be installed at intervals
zf baling
of between 2 and 3 meters and may be interconnected with several
rows of ware into which leaves or branches are then woven` However
wire is not available, the posts must. be set closer together
if
so as to make it possible to weave the reeds in horizontally Rush,
can also be used as material for this. At
sunflower stalks, etc.,
points which are relatively safe from snowdrifts, reeds and fir
s at least l4 meters long can, 1$ necessary, be stuck directly
twig ti
into the ground or into the snow, the latter being preferable since
in that case the branches even if they were to be covered up to 3/L
of their height9 can be pulled out and again inserted into the newly
created snow dam,
24
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 C PORTABLE SNOW i'ENCES
Portable snow fences are among the best snow prctectiat
~ de
vices since they are alike, require little rnatariaJ., and can be
moved arid reins taj,led without great d1ff1c?
ltYa
(l) Snow Shields Made of Wood
_____._____. ,..n-,...M...~._ ....~...,.~.... ~~.
~J:'J1ese are Constructed of vertical posts or of horiza
~ n tal
slats or bards, with air spaces between them. lliust
xdt.Lan .ll
shows haw they functi.on
The horizontal arrangernent of slats is
preferable to the ve:rtical. arr~tr~ge;~~ent because they cause the snow
deposits to form more uni?'arrn prai'il.es a?
an she othe.r 'nand, the
raising of the shields is made :Wore
.~ :~. ~,ult a
The tats:/. air space between the ,irrrli,
va.dual slats should be
about L~0 to >U percent of the entire Surface
of the shield, The
lower the total arnou.nt of air space,
the closer is the snow dew
posit to the fence )the shorter :is tyre length of .
b its tongue, and
the greatex'its height,
There must be a gap of about 20 cent:imeters b ~.
e ~wcen the
Shield, and the ground to prevent the shields from freezing to the
ground and to prevent the lower part L'roi11 being
completely covered,
Taus the shielcla remain access7.ble
and are not subject to the prey w
sure of the snow which is important when
later, they have to be
moved or reinstalled,
(2) Snow Shields Made of Reeds,
.,.._.....~.__..___..._..~ .~....M.......-~-....~.,.,. Birch Branches,
.- ~..~ _....4..._. _etc
---
In the Ukraine, a reed-.like material caller It~~..a,G, ~ozh.
~ 1 a it is
loomed into mats one -miter wide and
14/2 meters high, 2 of wh-i.ch
~4 a
c~ ix
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy A
 are combined into a snow shield 2.20 meters wide and a meter and a
hall' high and installed into., reed or wood slat frames, which are
diagonally a~,sonally stiffened against the pressure of the wind. 't'he indi '
vidual band a are about 10 centimeters wide. `'heidth oi' he gaps
differs and increases from the ground upward gradually ?'rom L to iL.
centimeters. Such reed ma'bs could last through at least one winter.
Wicker mats which are also quibe durable, also serve as snow
shields. They are 2'i/2 meters long, :L-1,'2 meters high and as a
rule consist of 5 Vertical stronger WOOd i osts of L.-5 centimeters
in diameter, between which apI:: 2> centimeter intervals thinner posts
of two to three centimeters in diameter are woven. The upper and
lower band as well as the upper slit are 20 centimeters wade wl i ie
the remainder of the slits and bands are L5 centimeters wide. In-
davidual wicker twits, bent upwards, prevent the ind~l.vadiial bands
from sliding oi' after the twigs have dried out. Snow shields
made of fir and birch twigs have also proved themselves. Far or
birch branches, centimeters thick, are made into a 2 x 2 meter
frame.with 5-millimeter nails. `i'ho twi is are then woven into this
:['rare. Such mats are then mounted on posts to form a snow fences
In areas where lumber is scarce but where suf:L'iciently
strong wooden poles can be obtained such, as for example the western
southern Ukraine, snow fences made of straw ropes may be constructed.
Straw ropes up bo 2~ meters in length and 5 centimeters thick
can be made with special straw rape machines. Since bhe individual
straw ropes made of short Ukrainian straw are not sufficiently
strong to withstand the winter storms, the individual ropes are
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
Fastened into bands consisting of three ropes each, The ind?vidua1
ropes are tied together ~aLth crOSS W?se tied wire in such a mauler
that the width of each band is lay centimeters. This means that the
ropes are not lined up close together. The remaining small gap is
closed by the fuzzy edges of the straw ropes so that they act as a
solid band, These bands are easily tied to the supporting posts
with wire or string; gaps of between 10 and 20 centimeters (Illus~
tration L6) are left between the separate bands depending on the
density desired. Materials needed for each kilometer of fence are
282 kilograms of straw and 52 kilograms o?' strong smooth 142 milli-
meter wired
based on experience so far one machine can produce in the
course of a 10-hour work day a minimum of 1,500 meters of straw
rope which in turn will ;or. oduce d0 meters of snow fence = This out-
put can be raised considerably with good straccThe preparation
and installation of the posts as well
ropes is not included in this estimate,
transportation of the straw
In fasten:Lntg the rotes, he wire ends should not be com-
pletely twisted but ~Mcentimeter-long ends should be left so that
when the bands are to be removed or raised, the wire can easily be
untwisted. The posts are made somewhat longer than necessary and
must be at least three meters long. During the initial instal
lation the fence is constructed at a height of 1,70 meters above
ground, whereby the posts are some 70 to 80 centimeters higher
than the fence, If the fence is covered, by snow up to 2/3 of its
height, the lower bands can be removed and fastensd at the top.
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 Construction of portab:Le snow fences
___________.,._n.r._...___........._.,
It not possible 'to e,tablish firm rules for to correct
is na
snow fences. Only long obervatian of the pre-
construction of
vailing wind directions and the locaJ.itY determine what is neces?
this inf orlnation is avai:Lable, one must daunt
sary; but even when
an surprises because snow storms appear suddenly from a direction
in which no snow fences have been erected.
Erection of snow fences must take place during the time of
bhc first frosts. `r'he Russians have successfu:LiY used special
post hole diggers. The depth of the post holes should generally
meters long. Posts are inserted into the around before it freezes
posts on the field. side, arid are fastened with soft wire, reeds
L
softened in steam, or with bast.
Snow fences are always erected perpendicular to the pre
1'he necessa.rY distance between the fences and the outer edge
of the road- ditch can be determined with reasonable exactness from
the following formula which is based on experience:
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poles during an b-hour work day. The shields are mounted on the
be l/5 to l/L of the length of a post and should be at least .65
~
and they then freeze in the ground. Only then the shields are
hung. Based on Russian experience two men can insert 220 to 250
 A is tl'ie distance of the fence in meters, h M., the height of the
fence, and k 1.s a ('actor dependent on the degree of fill f (ratio
of the solid 'ence area to total area), calcu:Lated in brie fol1owLng
Degree of fill (f) 0.30 O13f O,L~O 0.L O.() O.5 0.6o o.6a o.(O O.rS
Factor (k) O.7L~ O.L~o O.b6 0.93 1.00 1.07 1.1).x. 1.22 1.29 10 3
Example: The required distance for a fence :L.5O meters high with a
degree of fill of O.L~ is equal bo:
Figure L1.Li. shows distances required for snow fences of up to
2. meters in height and a degree of i'ill (f) equal, to 0.30 to 0,70.
The distance can be reduced on the windward side only in cases of
steep slopes: i'ho above data are reduced somewhat for solid fences.
Tkie number of roars of fences to be erected is deterrnLLned by
the size of the area and its terrain (bare, f':Lat, or partly wooded
surfaces ) . Not only the road itself but particularly the (ores
field must be secured by a number of fence rows standing 30 to 50
meters apart so tliat bhe snow will not be deposited en masse near
the road itself. The large masses of snow must be held back and
made harmless in bhe forefield,
In areas with changing wind direction fences must be erected
Erection of snow fences between houses which are less than
20 meters from the road has proved to be useless because it has
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
s drifts. Such rows o?. houses are protected better by
caused sexou
fence rows erected at suf ficierrt distance from
means of crarrtarruous
them.
Natural but undesirable deflectors of wind are formed by
mountain top s edges o?' forests, and buildings winch deflect, the
,
its main cirection and force it against the road so that
Wand from
s?.ncow is deposited in areas which are not noranally in danger. 'row toc t.. ?i on .i.s obtained by means of fences erected per)enchcu:Larly to
wind direction. Areas wliere depressiozw and dams
the deflected
occur frequently are well known as danger spots.
~~ r
From the beginning of the installation of snow protection
1:~ ro
devices the estlablishment of a regular inspection service, cony
sisting of skiers, i.f possible, who will observe the condition of
the protection installations and the correctness of the distance
selected from the roads, is necessary. Snow fences were erected
correctly if toward the end of the winter there remains along the
outer edge of the road a narrow strip not covered with snow.
Based on RUSSi &fl ex?oerleflce snow fences are effective only
so long as the snow deposits on the leeward side reach a height
of abut 2/3 of the fence height, since then the snow begins to
fill the fence ditch, if at that point further drifts are exM
pected, the shield must be moved. The first move CGnajst5 of
mounting the shields, by sections, at a higher point on the posts,
whereby the fence ditch which is located under the shield is filled
with snow up to about 20 centimeters under 'the lower edge of the
shield. During consequent moves, the shield is placed in a ditch
the width of a shovel and. 2 to Ii.O centimeters deep at the crest
of the dam. After the shields are installed, the ditch is filled
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
with snow arid the s'ni.elda freeze firrf1.y. Ii' strof.g winds are exM
pec beri every sixth shield is covered with snow up to a height of
rrcavidual shiea.d$ are fabened togei,her attire
one meter and the a.
up ~r, edge witTh. wire. A second series of posts are kept upper ovex1.~ a,
:i.n readLfless.
This caoV:lrlg oi' shields iS continued and re pealed through
ou.t the winter or until such time as the snow walls which have
been built on toP of each other have reached, such a height that
the road section which is to be protected begins to form a deep
drift~f ree depression. The most important r.)o:utt i_n moving snow
Fences is the selection o? the correct cti stance of the first row
of snow fence from the edge of the road. `t'hat is based. on the
number' of /doves necessary every year which fact is based on local
oerierrce. In cases of :five annual moves, not unusual under
exp
Russian candi tions, a ctlstance of L~.o to O meters is generally
Sllii1.' ent If the width of the 'orciarrct is insui'i'iCient :for the
snow deposits, the first rflove is made not in line with, but
opposed to tyre wind direction, at a distance of about 10 meters
from the first fence row whereby the first row initially is
erected only about 30 meters from the edge of the raa(10
At road sections where shields frequently have to be moved,
shields may have to be remounted on the posts after strong thawsp
Snow funnels
In the mountains, particularly in the far north, normal
,protective instal1_ations and snow clearing machinery are not sui'fi_-dent to keep the roads open for traffic in high mountain plateaus
and moors where snow storms and blizzards of great intensity occur.
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1
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Roads may be rendered :i), s.ssa?k~~.e r)ec4luse of :Lack off' va.sa.b.'.~.ty
m~
u ?n~ :[raiil these jni onse srio?w E torras
s~.~ua.,
In such cases, and also where roads on the side of a mountain
be protected akanst ava:Lanche$, the safest device that can be
~;;?t . .,i
the , ,,.....~~ C rolling is a woor~.en snow tuirnel. These
provided to l~.ee~~ ttlc, t:r. ~5,i~.~
enc1irlg, arl trai'fiC to be d.CCOi7loda.ted, as sinr;le~
tunne:Ls are built, dc)? W
~ r space ~.t r~e~;u1a~~ :i.zruezva:l.s, or as a doub'le~
track tunnels with pa~~~~~~~~.n,r ..,
track tunnel. 1b is important to cony truce these tunrle:LS as weather"
bie to prevent rin(I~dra.verl STOW 1'rorn entering. The
tif;ht as possa.
er:Lc.~ on the s:i.dewal.a.,s, ar'ld must be tit~;lltly
outer covering must ov ~
Trlside the tunnel there must be a rood roadbed
packed on the roof,
.. ~
ant good d.ra.irrage, so that the road can be used during the thaw
periods S?nL7_.l.r~ ? - az.L the wooden ?'ramework must be secured against the
~..Y~
dan~,Er o? being jarred by the frost since the entire structure could
then easily collapse in the springs
Active Snow Protection.
The acLzve snow ):)rotection method. utilizes certain deVi ceS
which change the wind direc Lion; the increased w ncl, velocity is
then utilized to guide the snow :i.nto the desired dir. ectiona
Snow protection shields are designed and installed in such
a manner that they increase the velocity of the wind and. direct it
so that it a.ntcrlsivel blows the snow across the road or blows it
y
off the surface of the road and thus prevents snow deposits from
f orming.
However, this method is presently still in its experimental
stage and should be applied only with caution.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
E 'LOYM1 Trj OF SNOW SHOVEL COLU~'iNS
In spite of all precautions taken to prevent snow drifts and
in spite o?' all preparations ?or the utilization of mechanical snow
clearini?; eau:i.pment, it ?'rer.;t,iently becorrtes necessary to reirlove the
snow manually. Manual labor b600mes necessary both as auxiliary
work in conjunction with machine clearing but is also employed
separately in cases when mechanized equipment cannot be used bey
cause of road conditions or when adequate equipment is not avai l.a-
ble, It is recommended to employ manual labor on bridges where the
residual blanket of snow should not be bhicitier than centimeters?
In the east, manual labor is st:Ll1. the predominant method
employed and it is safest when all. other facilities break down,
The tools necessary are easily obtainable, or can be inanufactured
:from materials available in the east, 'I'he i ollowin tools are used
to loosen, shovel and load the snow: wood or metal snow shovels,
picks, hoes, and srnoca saws. Wood shovels are being used with good
results in Russia; they are also used to cut blocks of snow. It
must be noted, however, that
compressed and icy snow cannot
easLiy be handled by wood shovels a Picks and crow-bars have to be
employed as well,
In general, the civilian population - men and worrrenM are
to be employed in manual snow clearinrr operations. Since the use
of civilians is a matter of organization which has to be solved
differently in ?.ffering local conditions and must be determined
under conditions existing at the time labor is to be recruited, no
definite guide lines or principles can be laid down,
The roadraaster must make all necessary preparations in time
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
and must take advantai;e of the poss;Lbil.ity ~f t:.ta.ii21ing avaiiabie
labor. Arra i emerLts must be worked out in cooper&t:.ion with Crr,rman
civil and ndlitai t authorities, afrricultural. leadcra, Cerma.rr Police
tl~a.t
authorities, and tree mayors of: tl:~e separate z'nt:uiicipa?i. ties SO
the population, und.er the leadership oi' German or native super
. isar,,r ~ z personnel , will proceed to previously dete'rrni.rzed designated
v;~.
areas without spy ciaJ., Iiatii'10ation by bhe road.ntaster and will pro
coed with cle~ ri zl ; oa)eI' LtionS, 't'hese Operations are to be carried
out in such a manner as to clear initially a sinle track, with
the necessary passing zones, so that ?t:ra?fic can proceed and the
roadn'taster can rriiake a tour ref his section in order to determine
the Situ:Ltiori and to be able to utilize bhc oauipmen; and labor
at his disposal to the fullest extent.
After a. Single track with passing zones has been cleared on
the leeward side of the road, the passing zones are extended,
widened, arid, if necessary, new ones are added by the second work
shift. The third work shift clears then the entire road. 1)e-
pending on the extent of the snow-bound area and the labor avai.la~
ble, tree o :.)eraions of bile second and third work siiifts may be
combined, The fourth and. last work shift wilLthen proceed to grade
the snow walls resl.lting from the clearing operation; the grade
will be in the ratio of l ; 1, If the snow iS compressed arid
hard., cubes iblocksi will be cut and moved aside. Ii' necessane,
the snow will be carted away. to last work shift is important
because, i..f the snow is riot removed from the side of the road, it
will only cause new and higher snow drifts and will make later
removal more df f:f'iculta There is :i'requently only a short period
of time available to carp out these ckiiri_ng operations, because
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
 areas in Rus'w,ia, snaw dri?''t periods are ?'requent, and work
i.n many
must be accomplished dur'ira,r', the few days betwcen dri:Lt per:i.odS, a.f
good. results are to be oUtained, Therefore all available resources must be employed, and must remain in constant opera.t:i.on for days.
.Lyle; work groups are to be emplo-reel at such distance from
~.nc.va.cl.u~1 ,~
each other tliat they re able to comp1ete their assigned section
Vrithin one day, otherwise traf?'ic is endangered by the presence of
not yet cleared areas along the road. For this reason the road
sections are kept relatively short, and rork sliifts are rotated,
must be made sure 'tha't the laborers remain at tx7,eir work
throughout the day and they wore at an adecuate distance From
each otli.er (about 2 rileters) , An adec;uate nj.n~ber of supervisory
perso'Znel rma t be assigned (at least one :('or every 20 workers)
In addition, portable fences for' protection of the laborers
against the wind must be erected, so trial the wind cannot 'blow the
SnOW from their shovels.
Snow drii'ts are cleared only when 'erne storm has abated
somewhat, since other~rlse cleared areas would i:~ll ieciiately be covered
over afa.in. Use o.~ a wedge plow to break u.i,., drifts, 0.00 to 1x00
meters in. height is advantageous, Initially, an area twice the
width 0f a shovel is cleared in the center of the drift, with
cleared cross paths, 1.0 to l,a meters wide, at intervals of 8
to 12 meters, depending on the height of the snow; this is done
-to provide a space for the SnOW which has been loosened. by the
plow and to prevent the plow From getting stuck,
Ruts and ridges on the road must oe fi:Lled wLth snow or
smoothed with picks and removed, ]xi sting holes are filled with
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
rro sand and arc 1T cle to freeze solid. b,r addition o?' water,
r,
a~r,
.L'o increase work output it :i_s nEC;es,~,~,r r o pr ovide the
.~itii. hot soup or beveral-ea. iaaokinra, i'acii.ities must be
r
.l. ,s ~
~box cx
provided and sorae provisionk; arid tlermos f'ishs are to be held
~.ac,
in readiness. Such insta1latior1s can be 1'i1ade tri villa 'e or
l which can also serve to provide houses alon tA.,.e l heated
houses road,
-
~uartezs and storage ?or slrovelS, hoes, and other tools; other
warm-u.a ,na.cl's or at least waa,:LS a'or protection
asc, tem)orazr ~
w..c,
aP;a:inE>t the wind must be erected of lumber and snows
()1' Si~iOW w.L`1.LI )(DUD 1~I,Oi'iIS A.i)D IjORSES
Nonrr1ecl1a1iZ,ed removal of snow witlrtle aid o:C wood pio~rs
and horses can be effected. successfu.11Y i?y the snob is riot very
deep not, deeper than 20 centiraeterS, and is not very :firm, This
method has the advarrtage of providing; excellent snow surfaces on
the road. if he snovr has been removed reaching not quite to the
su.I' ice o?' the road. However, the speed with which snow is rcr
moved is moderate and the radius o?' action is small.
As a rule two successive work operations are carried outs
Initially, preplowing is carried. olrt ~>j.th the aid o:L a small plow
which clears a track of about one meter in width; the second
operation cons fists of wider plowing, to a width of about 2 meters
Ilardwoocl is most suitable in bhe construct on o:[' these plows.
The plowing
angle is between 30 and h.0 degrees. The point and
the lower edge of the moldboard are covered with sheet metaio
`i,111e sides are conrlecteci with. boards. The plow is guided by the
laborer by means of a pole in the rear of the plow. These plows
are weighed down with sand or stones or, better, by laborers who
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
 carry out various additional jobse Shovels and picks arc to be
carried alonf, l'or this iaurpose. The f'orepiow is pulled by one
horse, the widening ;plow M.. by two hoz'ses0
Wider alows niay he used :i.,f more horses are available.
Wood ):Lo 1s can be used with excellent results when these
are tied to rnotor vehicles. In this way lengthy road section;
can be cleared in short order. Tliese wood plows can be heavier
and wider than those ulleci. by horses. The jaws of the triangle
may 'be as wide as 3 to a meters; the plowing angle may be as high
as ;o degrees. The points must be entirely covered with sheet
metal; the lower edge of the moldboard must also be covered with
sheet metal or an-le iron. :Lure 51~. depicts a ;plow with ad~
;justable jaws. This design is advantageous because one side of
bhe :pl.o ~ nay be s~ning out of the way when other vehicles are en-
countered on the roado Because of the side wings, the center of
gravity of these plows is located toward the rear. The front
part must therefore be balanced and here gain laborers may be
used to weigh it do~axr.
These lieavi.er wood p:tows may also be pulled by horses if
proper arrangements can be made.
Snow removal results in the creation of snow walls on the
aides of the road which may cause the road to be covered by snow
drifts if these walls are not rerrioved in time. It is therefore
necessary bo grade thenii immediately after the snow plow has
gassed,.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Aproved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
d plow also serves to smooth dowl uneven roads, and
1.11c, woo ,,
when ' weighed down, wood pio,jrs cars gradually smooth out the
heavily ~~
road sur :'ace so that speeds up to O kLLometers, per noun can be
Ana! ?a"is
atta:irled, Such winter of't,en cons b i.tutc bhe best road conc:bio"I of
the entire year0
SNOW PLMS ITH CA1fElipIILA]:u Ti CTO]S
There is considerable utilization of caterpillar tractors
in the east :ior iiiai riberlartce of the 1~u.ssian dirt roads; these
bracbors are o1 treat irrlr7or'bCfCe also for the vrinber servi.Cea
}.30t1i types o?eciuiprnerlt are rlla ii'i y Col)iCS oIIili"ier~i..Can r acnines.
In addition 'bo t;:le _Litt?te-lmowrl CorliintErn and Cor(unurlar types,
the Soviets Jroduce two basic types : the heavy Stai.nets
caterpiJ.lar tractr)r an(. the new iiilter NAi'l caterpiLLar tractor.
The S?bailn(ts trac'i;or' :Ls tt1C co;'";- c? an Axeri man iiachino
and, i_5 ec1U1.iJped r:a h a heavy r aso?i.rle Carburetor en` ino or a
11]:ie diesel eni.._ie is started rteans of a. two-
C>c.esel engine .
c,ilindel carbureted ells; .ne.
'11o iTATI tractor is of Russian d.esi ;n, developed with the
aid of foreign engineers, and. has a heavy gasoline engine vrhioh
can be started with i:Lc2ht r asoiine and which is e()uip]aed with a
heated carburetor,
Since both ~iuodeis are encou.?ntered f'reouently and their
CharaCteriS1C6 are not too wet} known y the Todt Organization,
the basic technical data are ,iven below:
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
'i'echni.,c,a,j, :oa't& on the
S baj:i.nets> 'i:) esea, CaberM is ATI Caterp ~.:a.:lar tractor
(52 HP)
3 '1'VPe S Ii '.l' 3
Chelyab....tia.~: T'ra.CLCi' P'lan't KharkoV Tractor Plant' or
Length
).!.60a3 meters
rrdid.tb.
2,f.16 rn,e te.r's
IIe:L'F1't
2,b03 I'G~ tiu1'S
:Radiator He:Lat
2.151 motors
'J'o'i;at weight with ?uel
l 1.., UU
220 or ii hour
1uei. COflSUmPD1Ofl
(At YI1aX:LI(1'U.fi OUtf)ut~
approx:? ma ue:L r , f
F.Lr s t, car
Second gear
Third gear
Furth near
Reverse gear
xi._Lo~rrarns .;:)fir hour'
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
S'caL:Lngrad ~1'raCtC)x' Plant
3,c)>'b 1,1eters
:i;$ ; )C r H1'/hour
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~,L~J1.A.O'.:O.N AT D11.\.W ,f t~f4
IciiLogram)
Li OO()
}ljrt
near
Second gear 2,BOO
a ? 1,bOO
Fourth gear.
2 , OO
2, 000
L, 6(JO
:L,000
iUCr U?' i1iad1 S 0?' each tractor have been equipped for
A nllrn
11~:r s):enerao:r { c3.S, RUSSi1an1 'W11e.~. 'ter L C Gors need plot be
C Sed here beCau.Se ' hey are alr'aost :c Lusive:LY uti.IzeCi in
r.l1..,, Cu~.a ~a
ct" C11 ~ .c;~ r ;d .,L'ot- (j tfCi.1..r 11CC nfCi l,hC
i)..' ~.'GlI.;C'C ' ".` ').c~. cI:' rt1 (~t co r'l~i~l
' 1r1U( r 5e1J.Ce o
si a.n r~ao uor )ioWS, f)L.SLied~ r.)L ,jul]l.ect by 120we%'uL CiJ(~r
Russian "~
Lv. , heen1 used to good adv~arlua"e :in snow removal
.L`Z~, 'L"~J.)1 , ,.lcl G
c. ~
pillar
operations , 1fj 'Li",,C1 Or fl Q '!.5 adv:'.. lta ;e )ILS DeCaUSC 1 1LC, )0~1C; C f C' O !fakes :Lu usEI.L).LC evof u:LideY' 'Ghe fiics Ci:i.y'I LCu.L"u work-
rl': Co idj1-'L1Ofl3, su.C.i1 .S deeD si0, in 'GI.1e re0' :~..L o:L hGa'vy snow
denosibs, 5:1.nce ico51i cthe 'bractor used in. ro4'.C coStr'LlCt1On
are o.L the rata l l,ne-b5 type, most o ')he try?+.C'car~Plows eflCOUfl erC;C1
are adap~ed for 11se w'wth b1 1C Sa_L1netS and oar't1.CL..Lr'J/ Lo:c "Uho
Sta:LLrie bs 60, th.e ("'.e3vieSt t:\rPC. '1.~he GraCQr-.2I0W too has been
...ed of he
I
r
CQpl..CCA .L'roAmen .)..cn, prototrpes. The operalJir1!., 5e
bi'ctor-we( e 1L o th.ri?.';isrnc'; .'r Clear in( o era bio
rnately 3 a~iJor+leters )er jiOUt a 11w0 ~r~er1 arc required .Gc operate ?b:ie1-a,
P11~0. [PRJ 4 DI 11
Overa.-Li 1 en['th
6,6o
OveraLL wid bh d.u.rirl ; trar1Spo:L?bJ 3, 6)40
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
3,150
)vor'a:l.L h i.p;h'G
c:1.earan,ce cf' Li~ie lore-plow
Or ' Latest c1Learn,ce w.i,dult. ~ri.th side s :%uJ.lY extended
CJ
j'.iax 811]:111 we:tit
3,300
6, OUO
a, 200
1C'GUr-p.Low CC)n1S'CS of 'Gne Clearin`r &'ares, the
rji ( :r.
kl .
,ra.~^rlra ~ ~1IE:
~. '~,~~~
ra I.S:).f&nCi 1owo 'ifcleviCL ~, arid the Lr~1e~c..,)Z1 .
blade eacil :.Ls ~tckdraCt in rear o:t' 'C1le w de k W on botb SL(.O3 01
c~,ri.o.'~~'1 to ~:;~;'G>.c~~; the
- i.nCrC3, 17110 ClGt"L'I.' '.c Ce
..
'~llc, tractor to
l' .'C1e S.~~C,~~.(~., ~'Ili S
S boLii, ii. ~. c s ~)
~'r l iU'4J Ta:l:..L W lich a1' :~o rr:lcd 0 n
rd s full ut:LL'I?zr~.t:l.Url o1 i,n.e j1ea
Clear:i.ilr; oj?E r' i,D1Or1Se
~l.i.cle .ece in vertical
')''`.l.l(_ . ''1.de blades iUvc a.Lor'1; ~. .a
' 'i
,, i~. +
11
,1.r rod-.i. i. .. .1~r:~a.~ r .~. ua LC:I~,e~.7. L'o t1i(G ? kJrCn~.J ~1_U1'~ 1.'y'nrl~G 'J
sup ors w17.ct1 are a
~'. snout L)l0W Wi1lCi: i S ,,).Lacocl arowid the ca-b ru)iiiar LraCO:C.
1J} 1
`life side-win ;s Can DC raised. cr ..Lowered 11C~7CI J.l.C ~..LV or
C' af?_Ca.l.~ ~r by is ens of a 'i;iJo-drlmi. w_i.nci'1 Wi'U.C.rl :LS mounted on
C.t1 ~
n
l,i1 4^ ri.n~~
the rear 0? the tractor . iaen 'boL,~, ~.rC; f'~:11.!.:y' E~)~:t.el'1CieCl
the over-a..i.JL clea.xrlce wiutii. .. a U meters.
Tr,P tn'r'i re snoclea.rinr?~ C}.f;Vl Ce is mounDed on the traction
r;iC StOC,.L C`raxne c: rv: C0f:LSL1f ; () . Ue 'ms E.nd ant;-Le--ji_rons. rJiU
~r ~l1: .,ll
fa.cilitabe a.ttaC;h1Or1L o:i the srlo ~ earirlajr~..~~~llti~.iJ to tile ,J .ta.~._
7mtLar Gract;Ur, the rear vea~iaC the frai'no is CletachaLii.CThe
-- oar n ' cater )i_LJ.T' 'braCL0i ' 'l,i:l.ei7. CQ1'il1CC CCCI 00 'the rear
draw oar 01 I,aae A
bean off: the LractiOn f'raine a?' he snow cle8r11~.rr apparatus; the
latter is not i:)ushc d, b :r the caterr_ilar tractor, even though it
is rnounl;ed in front of :i.t, out :i..s being pUIed by it.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
The 1:~1lssi,an. caterpi ll.ar trac'tor's :nenttone(J ~,bc)ve are :Lre-
c)uerltly rr:Lso used to ,pitli grade.r ~tl:Lcb, 're c:t' two 1 :i,ncls, t1iose
?G'1i.t11 ~nc1 wic;uL J '-proUl.siof. As a r~11c; only non-sel:L`-pro-
pel:Led road graders ar'e J'oui7Cl. i;ii 1LclSsia; t.iieir use in snow clear-
j_n,work is liiui.tc d, s:Li~rc? ~i.t clepericts on whet ter or not the tractor
wii.~ch :i.s :i..n 1'ro. t of the road r'rador nets stuck in u1ie snow. .L'here-
:L'ore tii.c; trader' i.s sl ,table of..Ly tar n,e clearin4; of raoder~.te quo.n-
tit:i.e3 t)a: snow, ai' ro.cls ~~.nclr tliaw con.c~.itiois, clearance oi"
e3:nban4r~ter1tS, reir,oval of paced Uown layers of snow:,rilootii:i.nof
uneven road sur:L'aces as well as L'or pre1Jaration O?' the dirt roads
:L'or si10W cl+Lrarlce, T :.e trader ~ Lade shoulc. hive a lerr~-th of
three to tour meter, Under certain coridi:ti ores ttiat blade can be
lc n ~:theneci by iiouu1ti.ti. o1 an win.
Self -propelled road rirach rs G.re 1~,ore siaitble :L'or snow
clearance; ear~orr; therrt~ne Amer:ic>,7..~.te draa..rla~e
o r., Cv.x~ , this f'a.};ure reaC~l~ s L.~ centi,'e>t;erS.
is available, ~~ tc; s, th?a.Crinc:ss of o:.e cezlit~
available, the layer a~ "J_GG u:: ?
meter remO na~as s~a,bl.e .
~'~ 'OaCa~S ~a11OW^'~Ce i~.Oadu~y
.... , _
`YD:T'e( w7.t1.1 SI1O:C'O~.dS, have a Con-
'~Ce track roads, GO1~1p
e1Ore ,b~-Y
aJi e lower traC G1~1e resis'G=tt1Ce they'" CCns:l.U.era
S~, Cher
be '~ '~ 5~arted O~rer' ilileI11 "~^J'7.~~i eG;l1.r~~. 't1~c'.C~~iVe
~;rea,tcr loads can lac, Lr~~a1, ; construct
'
er they ta, Le a great deal more eor to c
~E:)a~,rer. I~Iowc.,v ,
and ,,Ck w.~..dtrl can be used an these roads.
..
and only sleds of ec,~.~.a1 tr~~
"ads .-4f,-1 order to cans~crl~.Ctthese roe:. , 'ialle snow must be earn
rl~?c~o tracks are
~~ e tracks nuiSt be cut and iced over.
resscc~, ~n
iv
~r
a
~
~> >G) Gter in the )3 Cked layer of snatir the
Ord"1:t1.L a? 1, 1:.C.~-l.
cut
^ ~ ~
iiCh was described above. The packed layer
~~~epara~c~_an of v1~ ~~~~~,~~he tracks s are cut at bast
must be 1() to centimeters thick, ~.
wide for parse-drawn sleds,
lp ce :L5
a 17 cent t.r1eters
:.tl.meters deep and ~
the w,
~?ltime:ters deep or tractor drawn
and at least 12 ce
' cTtth o1 the sled. rur,??ersTracks on
tra.c:~-,_~,ci de~~enci;7 on the slec
,;,ulz w l.
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021 5
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/15 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200020021-5
r , are, at least cloU'Die the dtli rah' tile rur~rner~~
tlie st7, aight road
easb : t.rnS trrc; wIdtxr of tie runnexs'
ad are 'be curveu ~- at .I.,
To aclrie:ve tie desired depth, he cutti,n~ c:if tracks I
Abcu~b 10 ki;1,ometers of track
carried out In three or I'aur stela,
. a ~,racic r~u~r;tc;rTThe base of the track
, , ., . ,.;.i
road (fl be cut cl,~.a.141 ~i. ~
must be hal,lowwraund, (concave) in crass~sect:iarh. Afber he tracks
tl~" e are t.~c ~ted d.owith water from
have been cub ~ I1 the ,a ,,110w, I: ,Y
jater Contain ;' mounted an sleds.
l.rle ice a is most serviceable wherr tare snow under. neat
track k ~.
it is l etel~ soaked ~rir;xl water, so ftl't the ice :Ls it'~uue-
WLBWeJ-Y an I~tie ~ rou.nd.,.
to obtain -che correct track cross s? ction, it is
In order
~ the track 7'ch ~~ special atrack sled
recaz~~renrJ.cu to drive across
wetted do~an and before it ?'reeZes. `'racks
af'te.:r tr~e track has bc;c,ri
,.. ci.a rs when i;r~~i'1'ic; is hea.vy, otherwise Miley
must be sac~kecl evc,~v 1~2
'~ to i.l: (aa;rs'. S:'Lnle track ice roads ~rhich
can be wctfJed clo~Jn every ~_ ~
carry tractor-Sled trai'fic 4V LL.. require a water consurr1f)t10n oi:' aO
' oU cubic meters per lci..:~ar~lcter ar :co-.d, and ~~ha;~e Urit~~ horse-
drawn TAU sled ~d tra,?'fic -- 30 to 60. CubiC meters of water per kilometer.
vcrs , la.kc: s a.nd wells n~J.~~t be available a.pprox a.ma?beiy every one
to 2 kilometers to 1'i.irnish a source of water which can be counted
an throughout 'rater. When wells are drilled, it must
throughout the w~.
c:leterrni ned wilc,to -~ . -c they can be raunl,e~.l on to provide suit'i.c.rynt
.
water and 1ie:thcr the groundwater does not freeze in winter,
-
Continuous of ice trade roads consists in the
~~,~ .~nUls .~ p
repair arid fil:l.:i.n[o: C holes and, rubs, local repairs of the tracks
and repair of blze waves in the center of the road caused by horse'
..
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hooves a' t1~? lec, traaks ~ In the sprifl~s' when
dacclae to the .ra4.d bec,nrnGS lnar
Cd ou'b a~ na.~lr~ or eax~~.r ~a~ the rnGZ~ri~.r.
~~~~~G~,~,rS c~ra only be c~,. ~r.-r.
'ro repair 1ie layer i' snatia c1ariiageci. by horses ~ hor,1rc,;a, uht':; above-
snow traC Gar and 'narraw are usedo
rentiatled
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CONSTRUC'T'ION OF SASS FOR THE WINTER SERVICE
To assure uniform administration of thy: winter road service,
it is necessary to assign a winter service officer to each road
construction administration or, where, such an organization does not
exist, an officer should be assigned to each larger region. This
officer will be fully responsibly for timely preparation and render-
ing of the winter service. A mechanical engineer should be assigned
to him to keep winter service equipment and vehicles in running
order.
During the summer months, it is the task of the winter ser-
vice officer to construct facilities for the winter service, as well
as to carry out preparatory operations (detailed preparation of
action plan). Depending on climatic conditions, bases and facilities
must be established along the roadways at intervals of 30 to
5o
kilometers. These usually consist of a service building with accom-
odations for the entire personnel and the necessary sheds and storage
buildings to house the winter service vehicles and equipment, and
storage sheds for fuel, building materials, etc.
Methods of temporary construction should be employed as a
rule, Locally available materials should be used. In heavily for-
ested areas, particularly in central and northern Russia, as well as
in Scandinavia, the blockhouse method of construction is recommended
along with the regular method of barracks construction. The block
house method uses round timbers, and roofs are covered with reeds,
straw, wood shingles, etc.
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avaiiablc, as, ior example, in the south o
If iuraber is no
clay
Russia, unobtainable i'or the productian o1: brick, Russia, oz' coal is s ,~
constructa,an may be employed. The thickness of the walls should be
about 1.0 c;enta.metex s . Sand or other aggregate or straw must be
added to facty clay to ''thin'' it sufficlent ly.
It is of particular importance to keep the vehicle shed well
.
heated even during the coldest winter days, so that the vehicles and
~.ng t
instantly used. During the coldest outside tempe~^a-
~.pmer~t can be instantly tur'e, the temperature in
the center of 'the vehicle shed should be at
least * 10 degrees Centigrade, so that the temperature above the
x.11 be near + 5 degrees; the temperature in the shop
door will st
should be somewhat higher, near 12 or 1S degrees Centigrade. To
maintain such temperate, phe heat supply should be about ~.0 to 60
therrilal BTU?] units per hour per cubic. meter of volume in the vehicle
[ ... ..
shed
of several brick ovens is recommended so that the
Installation
t
rimaril ~'.
heaping of the lower levels of the shed is assUx'ed, since p y {
engines and gears of the vehicles must be kept warm. Experience, as
well as theoretical and practical experiments with brick ovens during
the last winter have shown that the horizontal brick oven, in par-
tic ular was most suitable. The 'oven is installed as a pa .rtit~.on
,
lad
between two vehicle stands a. ~ n the shed and is heated rom the outside.
heating stove which, though primitive, is very effective, ,I
drum. Its disadvantage is that it is heated
is one made of agasoline
inside the shed and there'ore pllex'e exists a fire hazard in cane. of
carelessness however, the primitive and simple construction method
,
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has advantages over more complicated systems. Two used gasoline
drums, placed one on top of the other, form the heat chamber; the
firebox is made of brick or, better yet, of fire brick. Dampers and
oven doors can be made of scraps of metal. 11'he openings must be
tight and, -'the store must be carefully fitted to the chimney'.
In placing the stoves, attention. must be paid so that the heat
radiation can penetrate unobstructed in as many directions as possible.
Contrary 'to the brick oven, the gasoline drum stove does not store
heat.
The best and most effective heating system for vehicle sheds
is the hot air system. The hot air blower (Wagner System) has
proved itself exceptionally suitable for heating of temporary vehicle
sheds. The heater has a capacity of Ii.0000 or 80,000 thermal units.
and can be fuelled by gasoline, wood, coal, or pressed coal. It
consists of a firechamber, air heater, fan with motor., and warm air
ducts. The hot air, which is free of combustion gases, is forwarded
into the shed with the aid of a pipe or flexible duct. `The heater
is installed in a small lean-to shed (about 3 x 3_meters) in the rear
of the shed; the hot air ducts are piped into the shed from the out-
s id.e m
The heater can be equipped with either an air recirculating
device (the fan sucks the inside air in), or a fresh air system,
whereby the cold outside air is sucked in; the former system, of
course, :saves more fuel. The warm air ducts or pipes must be placed
inside the shed in such a manner that the warm air will be evenly
distributed over the floor or will be blown directly underneath the
vehicles and a complete changeover of air can take place,
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In the heating of sra 11er spaces the (Y~_bunkex~st0V0 has been
ounC1 to be very sat. ctox'Y It can be fuelled with all hard
f~ ~sfa
fuels and a.s economical. heating capari~ty normally is 2,f.00
Its th crmal uri a,b s pe x ho ur and is sut'ficient f or a roorrl of about ~Q cubic
meters.
in-
In the construction of vehicle sheds care must be taken to in-
sul ar~d snake them tight to avoid heat loss. Doors
sulate outside walls -s
and windows must shut tightly. Cracks and openings must be filled
with hemp or moss. The roof can be insulated with clay or other in-
sulating material. Several layers of newspaper or wrapping paper
will improve the insulation of the shed. The height of the garage
doors and that of the shed should be relatively low, so as to avoid
heat loss Garage doors should be placed opposite the main wind di-
rection.
In cases where, due to lack of suitable building materials, or
hide sheds or parkin, places carlriot be construC
for other seasons vc}
construction of simple carsheds of straw, grass or reed mats
ted, the c0"11strLlC~. ~
has proved quite satisfactory. Heather and other long fiber materi-
als which are locally available can be used. Such compressed mats
also suitable for irnpro i-i g the installation of temporary vehi-
are
cle shedss, they ; t}1e~ are nailed on the interior walls and the ceiling.
~,lc,
window shutters and erection as protection against
Additional uses are
the wn.nd for vehicles which must be parked in the open. In particular,
these mats are used to cover engine hoods, to hang across garage
vehicle sheds, to insulate truck cabs as well as living
doors in
quarters, as floor and wall coverings.
74-
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Because they are stropg1Y compressed these mats are relatively
noncomoust they can be easily plastered with clay, lone or
~.b~.e, t
cement mortar this can c. ~ laaninate fire hazards in vehicle sheds and
;
works hopsses) are used
~scomp/etelY. Specially designed machines (presses)
a.n the manufacture o.L' these compressed mats.
The rnatera.al used in the manufacture is smooth straw or reeds
' ed ~to~~tather with thin wire in one of
which are woven together or tied ~
many different ways.
bunkers in the ground can also be used for vehicle
Ordinary
ge of ground water and surface water seeping in from
sheds. Draa.na~, ~
above is of great importance.
pits , vehicle sheds should also have
In addition to the working
.
of concrete or bricks as well as a simple ramp
a ca~^ washing are made . oa.
which can be constructed of finished lumber. The entire road ser-
vice facility is strongly fenced with either a wood or barbed wire
Only one entrance for pedestrians and vehicles should be pro-
fence . Or~w ~
easily be guarded by a sentry and overlooked from the
ded which can
va.
office of the roadmaster.
To repair ^ and maintain vehicles and 'equipment stationed in the
a small shop with repair stand and built-in
road service facility,
a small shop with all the necessary tools and
workpit as well as
equipment. must be provided. A mechanic and necessary auxiliary per-
sonnet must be 'provided here
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FINAL ACTIVITIES O TItE WINTER SERVICE
In the spring rin~~ there are two separate stages of road condita.onc
l.. The period of thaw
2. The period when the roads are soft after the snow has
thawed.
There is a direct cornflection between the condition of dirt
roads in the spring and that during the winter.
The duration of the thaw as well as extent of the period dur-
traffic is impossible as a result of the softening of the
ing which
roads in spring depends on the thicimess and density of the layer of
snow on the roadway. During the thaw which usually takes place very
rapidly the snow on the surface of to road losses its bearing abil-'
ity and can no longer support vehicles. .'given if the layer of snow
were l~ centimeters thick, motor vehicle traffic during the thaw
period would no longer be possible.
A prerequisite for establishment of favorable traffic condi-
tions during the thaw period is he correct snar removal during the
winter; for example high snow banks should not be left on the sides
of the road. If two separate traffic lanes are located on a road
such as is the case in Russia sometimes, ib is advisable to route
winter traffic over the unimproved dirt lane and to leave bhe im-
proved dirt lane closed to traffic. At the beginning_ of the thaw
period, the latter rnus t be quickly ~ cleared of snow so that ik has a
~ ~
chance to dry out while traffic is still routed on the clean dirt
road. At the point where tl4lean dirt road begins to soften,
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11
~t road.. :Ccnay pne lane is
S routed aver the improved da~
traff is a. at the
de' osi'ted behind the ditches, a
available the snoc~ must be ~ ~ sP the melted
e t oi' the thaw period, ,Since: othezwi
latest, at the ons soak and so~'Len it.
drained of tYLe road and would
;avow could no's be hem oxaxY cJ.ose
dirt roads it is unavoidable to p
In the case oht -limit for
,iC or at lease to establish a weg
the road to txa~.f
vehicles.
care must be taken to keep
th .one onset of the thaw per iorl'
Wi
all dra ,sped. `the ditches, drains~
page facilities free and uncla
y. flag
etc Wa ~ to twor?thirds o~ their depth.
muse be cleaned of snow and ice up n
' :~ ~+Jxounc1. begins to melt o
..ex' cannot draiif n o:~' since the fro n ~en ~.~ ed
geed
a:radua~.7.y. f~ielting of the ice in tie drainage pipes can be s1
~' ' :Lo rams) a.n'to the top opening.
sack of salt ( about 5 k g
up by hanging a
The soluble s ~ ~ ~~in again at ni~hto
alt preverts the water from fre~ g
air which is an be opened with an ice drill
'completely fxo Zen c
dx pipe
This can be done even more
or a;special ice pick with land hanr.1le.
C a steam kettle mounted on a truck
ltlu' by applylZl~ hat steam from
cut
or 1~ on;~ pipe. vrail~ge slits should be
and fed tY~ro u~;Ya a ho s e o.c
in the snow banks on the side of the road.
, at 7~' more c~ui-ckly in the sunshine,
Since dark surfac,e~, ~ he up eed up
~, or sand can be spread on the road to sp
earth, caaldust ashes ~ o
of bridges must be loosened,
at pillars floods
the msl~~i.ng. Ice collcc'ting
? so that it can be floated away' and
by blasting, if ncce,r ~sary,
can be prevented.
To speed up the drying of the surface of dirt .:roads,. it is
them after the snow has melted by
sometes advisable to resurface
r
r
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using road graders. This is to be repeated until an even and firm
surface is obtained after the road is completely dry? These opera"
tions can be begun only when the surface dirt of the road is moist.
r!'he softened road surface, damaged by traffic and effects of
the frost must, where necessary, that is where traffic can not be
rerouted, be repaired and maintained in passable condition by cover-
ing it with branches, sand or by construction of corduroy roadways.
Snow is removed from the road ditches either by hand, or with
wooden or metal ditch cleaners. The snow must be removed from the
roadway beyond the road ditches, especially in low spots or places
which are in the shade.
At points-which-are, exposed to frost, the sides of the road
must be cleared of snow immediately after the end of the frost
period so that the ground at the edges will thaw out at the same time
as the ground under the clear roadway. Thus better drainage and dry-
ing of the road bed will be achieved.
At this time also the portable snow fences must be removed.
Snow shields which are still usable as well as those which were
damaged and repaired, are stored in piles of up to 50 and are placed
on saw horses so that the shield will not begin to rot. Such shields
can ordinarily be used an average of from 5 to 6 years.
The poles are removed after the ground has completely thawed
out, and those which are still usable are arranged in cone shaped
bunches of 100 to 150 each; they are stored near villages to prevent
theft. The bunches are tied together with wire up to 3/Li. of their
height.
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The pile; off' shields and poles are surrounded by a 30 centi-
raeters deep ditch to provide for drainage,
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11
II
APPENDIX
1vfl NS OF CLOTHING, FE1JDING, HEALTH AND ORIENTATION IN WINTER
~31YY~h~~rG"Fatia( dQ ~f6'X~ 1 ~rrdj ~~P i~r ~~~ dnC~4W~~~4~~ ~ {
Cloth9
Good usable winter clothing does not necessarily mean that
one must clothe oneself with particularly thick and heavy materials;
it is much more important that several layers of air are provided
near the body and that they be surrounded by air- and water-tight
outer covering, whereby complete water tightness is undesirable
because of the collection of evaporation moisture (condensation
water). Winter clothing should be warm, light, loose, comfortable,
yet porous, that is, permitting the passage of air or retaining the
air; in addition it must leave-sufficient freedom of movement for
work. For these reasons wool and cotton should be used as under-
clothing, and sailcloth, leather, etc, as outer clothingo
gyro avoid a tight fit, trousers, coats, etc, are worn two
sizes larger than under normal conditions. In the case of riding
breeches particular attention must be paid to freedom of movement
at the calves and at the knee. Loose clothing is good protection
against pneumonia, freezing, etc; pieces of clothing soaked with
sweat should not stick to the body.
To prevent and reduce the moisture created by the evaporation
of one's one perspiration, only absolutely necessary clothing should
be worn when working or moving inside or outside, so that more pieces
of clothing can be put on during periods of rest, precipitation, wind,
or greater cold. Perspiration of the feet must, be avoided by all
available means such as washing, rubbing with f'ormalin and frost-
bite salves, , as well as frequent changing of socks.
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r2he best protectiaf against cold is a second set of under-
clothing under: the l ? ? f it t in outer clothing ? Wide-meshed under-
c~e1y
shirts allow or an air-filled space which keeps one war v usual
.~
long-'leeve pullover should reach below the waist. This way or by
s
fur-lined body wraps diseases of the abdomen and
means off. wool or
kidney area can be `avoided. When driving in motor vehicles it is
recommended to stuff . br ousers with newspapers as protection against
cold; similarly the chest should be protected against the wind with
several layers of newspapers.
As protection against the entry of snow, sleeves are tied
or straw wrapped around the Loot inside the boot,
o.FL, paper, hay,
and the trouser leg is woi"n over the boot and tied at the bottoms
.vIarcha.r~ and ski boots or felt boots should be two sizes too
~,g b
large so that two or more pairs of clean socks and inner soles made
o:t cloth or paper can be worn. Feet and toes should be able to move
comfortably. An additional pair of felt boots can be worn over the
socks when marching or ski boots are worn; foot wrappings of news-
paper or straw provide good protection against the cold. Tf felt
boats are not available, straw shoes may be worn. In the case of
rubber soles are better than leathers Leather soles
leather shoes,
should not have heavy hob nails since the nails attract the cold and
fall out easily in severe cold. Generally particular attention
should be paid to the danger of frost bitten feet; the wet foot is
particularly exposed to freezing.
Of great importance is correct shoe care. Shoes should be
cleaned QL dirt daily with brush or ran. The shoe is to be lightly
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 greased up to ankle height; the crease should be slightly warm and
should be vaporously rubbed into the leather with a rag or the palm
of the hand. Under no circumstances should so much grease b~ used
that it wall penetrate the leather and soil socks and feet. It is
recornmcnded that leather be creased only during the thaw period
because greased leather conducts cold better bhan ungreased
bing leather with kerosene will prevent it from freezing at very low
temperatures, r[Ib groove between shoe and sole should be well
greased to make it waterproof. Application of leather fat will keep
shoe leather soft. Shoe polish alone will render the leather hard
and brittle and will stop up the leather pores so that inside the
boot the moisture resulting from evaporation will condense arid bring
about freezing. Special preparations for iritpregnation of the soles
(leather soles only) make them more waterbighb and resistant to wear.
Felt boots are best for snow and very low temperatures; how-
ever tlier must be kept dry and may not be worn as soon as the snow
becomes watery, because wet felt boots no longer offer the foot pro-
tection against the cold and may cause freezing even at relatively
minor cold temperatures.
If possible, wet shoes should be changed. The :inside of the
boo~hou!ld be wiped with a rag and should then be filled with paper,
straw, or other moisture absorbing materials. Shoes should be dried
gradually in moderately warm places; the wetter the shoes are, the
greater is the danger that as a result of rapid drying in very hot
places, such as ovens or near the open fire, the leather will become
brit t.
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 .iI
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and ears arc; protected, in addition to the regular head
Head
gear, by a_hood or fur caps
Mattens ~ made. of sailcloth or leather are worn over regular
.
woolen gloves. Dr require a farm fur-lined glove of sailcloth
or ...Leather . All gloves should be long and wade enough 'to reach over
yes have to be temporarily removed one should
the sleeve. If g1o
insure against loss, which can have very unpleasant results, by tying
~
the gloves to one's clothing' Knitted wrist-warmers also afford successful protection against the cold.
The only eye protection against snow-blandness are snow
emergency such glasses can be made from a piece of
glasses. In an eme~,
birch bark or cardboard l/7 centimeters in size into which two slits
or 2 to )4 millimeters are cut. A cut out for the nose is necessary
at the lower edge , and on the sides, holes are punched for the strings.
The inside of the glasses should be covered with cloth.
~.
Warm boots can be made of felt and old blankets. The boot
tops can be sewn by hand or by machine, and the sole is sewn with
shoemakers thread. To make the boots moisture resistant, old inner
be attached around the foot of the boot. Similarly, very
tubes can
can be made out of old overcoats, 'ur coats, or fur
useful caps
p0 S sible a thin inner layer of wool should be included.
pieces, i_f
Fe edin
Normal rations issued to troops in the field or in camp are
for issue to winter-service personnel. It is desir
equally suitable
able to is sue hot. food at leash twice daily and to always keep warm beverages ready. Food-carr"Yang containers and thermos bottles have
::..
been found to be adequate. Unpeeled fruit, raw meat, or milk are
J~~!fiYr~a{~)dliq
~~I~~~'j~, N~3{ h re~llrrie~~t~r~ (~tt~V117.1~li~lh~4RV~B~d
f~msiYr~~tiiJj'e
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,erns. I~ water filters are not avail-
frequently carriers o~ disease
for thinking even in the wa.ntex
able, only boiled water should be used
The widespread opinion that alcohol is the beat protection against
sous. Frequent consumption of alcohol renders
cold is comple?Le.Ly erroneous.
old alcohol should be used only in ex-
the "wady less resistant to c ,
Cep tional cases ?or medicinal purposeso
stimu-
Grape sugar and similar :Goods in small quantities are stimu-
lat is the supplementation of rations with
lating; equally desirable
vitamin C (tt Cebion't pills) Also of great importance is dry storage
,. :
of food suppl tection_agains~t frosts Consumption of
~.es and ?the~.r pro
prov:l.sions having a temperate lower than 3 degrees Centa.grade is
bread can be best protected against cold by
harmful. Ready-baked
carrying it in the trouser packet.
Health Care
In addition ton to correct clothing, sanitary measures are of
great importance.
Countless cases of frostbite of the face and hands result from
the fact that the skin been made sens:itihre before being e.Lposskin had b.,c-~~~
to the cold by washing (particularly with warm water). One should
not was with' water an extreme cold. .- Cleaning with fats has been found
to be best. The safest protection against freezing is the treatment
of the skin with animal fats (frost protection. salves, park fat,
goose fat, etc), vegetable fats should be used only in emergenciese
The fats must be unsalted. Since perspiration cannot be avoided
-
era-tures, special care must be. taken to
even during extreme low temp
void catching cold during rest periods.
a.
do:Y?1x41"d1i. :'%? '!t,.iFGrru Flif fA Hh~.I;1~J~, I~'.i -0.,