INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF SWINE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 197
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 3, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 8, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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and to Improvo the breed and productivity of the swine ,, while at
the sarrc tirne complete unconcern Ls d.i.sp1ayec1 for prntectinr the
sOVk Q (;E; t^Oa~l the trtix1s~rissioz1 cx tnfectior1 ?rom the outside.
1rlhen tfOCUJ.ra.tign is psrforined, sari.itary measures arid the
need for increasi xrE; the resistance of the arg;anisrns oi:LLloculated
aniiria.1s are often. forgo ten.
It 18 an urgent and ir~Lportant task to root out then; faults,
The Piannin~~ ~ `' Mc s~i..res.
The correct and, ikiift1l p1annin of prophyir ctic and rani '
Lary veterinary aea.sures 13 ue.7tined to piay an exceptionally
important part under he conditions of our saciali at national
eCOriO ty.
The possibility of carryi.ig out planned measures based an
the latest aehi vez!ierrts of =cwence and on government directives
w5th respect to the campaign against infectious diseases is one
of the grsatr;st advarrtages that the socialist soviet system has
over the capitalist system.
It is the mission of veterinary specialist's to know how to
mace full use of this advantage of ours.
For tlzi.s reason the zx st serious attention should be ddE.
voted to the planning of veterLnEGry measures. It is essential
decisively to suppress the well~'kno n underesti.rn::.tion of piamiing
that is current here and there arrng del our veterinary organs and
)racticing veterinaries. It i neceesary for every ahninistrator
and every practicing veterinary worker to be clearly conscious of
the practical importance of having measures planned.
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?~ r of vel;ex~,naxy rac~asuxes de~nar~ds above
The correct p1.a11n~.z
.0U t knaw1ec1ge of xaohygiene, apt~aatalogy"
all the good and cJ.ear
and partjaularly of the iz~f ectious diseases of swte, with ful'
? n raven to the latest data and achieve*
lest cons3.derat~,on bee. ~ ~
rnents of science In he field of the maintenance and management
of swine and the pxeventton of disease among them.
Moreover, planni.nshould be concrete and applicable to the
? ?sta1~ in the Rayon or an the farm, and the
actual c;irclflmsta.nces exa.,r~,
.
d should be differentiated in accordance wi,th
measures to be adopted
tuatiarx
the sanitary and by gien?c conditions and the epizootic si
on each separate farm.
? uality planning work should regard
e consider that h_ghq
W
~ uanti~
t element of skilled leadership, not only q
as an im;.~ortan
also envisage the qua1.itat3.v? side of
tative indices, but should
the measures and take account of all the factors above brought
out.
The plan should not confine itself to the figures on oper??
irnals such as a.noculat3.ans ar diagnostic
ata.ons carried out on an. ,
,.? but should also envisage such important
exam7.nati~.ans performed, trictl observed time~limi.ts and methods
elements as fixed ands y
of a.nocula tion and iinatians time limits and methods for dis~
e~a~
rehabilitation of farms, adequate aqu~.p..
? .~.~?r,~.a ~,~, and sanitary
~.ris.~~~y,,
.m ,--- isolation quarters,
s,
merit or canstructiarl of new quarantine pauses,
hospitals, camps, etc.
The pla Rns jr~uat ~ provide spedai measures for preventing the
importation of infection onto the farm hand the Rayons ,her animals
newly brought in: specifically, selection of market sites, time
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limits and rr&thods of examination and inoculation of animals at
the places of preparation for delivery (marketplaces), the de-
tails of transportation, the place and regulations for quarantine,
etc. Tese important plan ineae urea should be arranged with an
ample time margin with the animal technicians of the producers
and confirmed by the administrative management of the au,thoritiea.
In planning the rneaeures of sanitary rehabilitation after
the liquidation of infectious disease on hograising farrni, the
shortest possible timeuli1mtts must be enforced and no dragging
out of these measures should be tolerated. Such measures should
prescribe, besides the specific measures of control (irnrnunization,
ex.rninations) the necessary complex of housekeeping and sanitary
hygiene measures,
II. THE PROPHYLAXIS OF INFECTIOUS DISLAS +S OT SWINE.
The slogan of Soviet medicine: "It is easier to prevent
disease than to cure it" w should be the basic principle in
veterinary tart is well.
This vitally important slogan is fully applicable to the
Infectious diseases. Their prevention, when organized
oy proper
methods, is, beyond the slightest doubt, incomparably more
effective, besides being less costly than the control of disease
that has already appeared and is spreading.
Very serious difficulties that arise in the course of this
control are due to the imperfectly developed methods of:' diagnosis,
to the frequent incidence of mixed infections and the lack of
biological preparations fully adequate for preventive and curative
inoculation. The generally unsatisfactory veterinary-sanitary
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condtttons on farm and he neglect of prophylactjc questions
l-lm.mpers and not infrequently disrupts to rapid liquidation,
in their early stages, of epirootics of hog cholera erysipelas,
irrfiuerize and Other important infectious diseases of swine,
In addition to further study of the biology of the
causative agents of infectious diseases, and of the patho?
logical pxoces?es provoked by them in the orgarrisiis of swine,
together with the perfection of diagnostic methods, Soviet
veterinary medicine should in my opird,on concerxtrate its prin?
cipal attention on questions of prophylaxis.
In this extremely important field, in spite of repeated
authoritative pronouncements by the veterinirr authorities of
the country, and of a number of measures undertaken, matters
are still very far from satisfactory, This is indicated by the
repeated incidence, year after year, of hog cholera, erysipelas,
influenza, bronchopneumonia, and other infectious diseases among
swine. The spread of these and other infectious diseases is
mainly attributable to lack of attention to questions of pro.
phylaxis on the part of the managers and workers on hogbreeding
farms and, undoubtedly, on the part of many veterinary workers
as well.,
THE CONDITION FOR T(-iE SUCCESSFUL CONTROL
O INFECTIOUS DISEASE
The decisive victory gained- by the tong &b e .. in the
USSR under the leadership of the All?4lnion Communist Party in the
matter of the socialist construction of our country has created the
necessary preconditions for the mighty expansion of animal, husbandry,
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Soc.ta.l hbaradrY, organized according to plan and
~,s t; a,.rnal
deVe1U~7irr according io plan, has art imirnse~ adVantw;e over the
~a ~
:, ca. ai'I~a11t Mock farms of bourgeois CO'untr'l.eso
An the socialist farm the control of tfectious disease
among the agricultural cultural animals is fncluded in the general oper"
. ,n};, .~ plan of that farm. On such, a faun the maala~e~~ cit and
ata,
of animals is rlro z~ rtacIili attainalal. a , tlaL~S
hygienic inaintena,nce
Y ' rener 1l resistalcee It is easier to carry cut
~.ricreasa.r~~ , ~,he~..x ~,
uararat:r.'nl~ng9 isolation! veterifrarY sup ;x'visiOf of the an>.m ls.
c,
y
It is a completely indisputable fact for us that on a
organized socialist stock' farrf, with Bolshevist leader-
properlar oa. ~,
should be no infectiOUs disease at all among the
slnip, there
anirsrnls.
The socialist organization of the econO Y of our country:
in why ' ch not the narrow personal interests of individuals are
dncisiVe, bu't the planning, regulating and organizing activity
of the governrraent itself, opens up exceptionally favorable
es for the organization and execution of prophylactic
posS1bil1ti
rnta.sure~ both Un . national scale and in the plan of the separate
stock?farms.
It must, at the 58111C time! be emphasized that for the
realization of the principles of prophylaxis it is
successful
fjrst1-cr to have the systematic, extensive and persistent
p egulating work of the directing veterinary agencies of planned r ~
the countrY secondly to have the energetic participation and
~
support of our public ~... primarily of our kolkhozes and sovkhozes
public and of the national economic agencies that conduct animal
w
husbandry in this most important matter; thirdly the provision of
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the cQrrespcndin.; organizational azid material Mies.
The prophylaxis of animal diseases, especially of infectious
diseases, cannot be successful when only isolated, assorted mean
surer, inconsistent among themselves, ara applied outside of a
general plan; but such prophylads shuuid have all its ele?.tents
part of a broadly thought~ut sy,ter, executed according to plan
on the separation farms as well as cn the Rayon, Oblast and Kray
seale;3.
In view of all we have said, it is now necessary to el.u-
cidate briefly the most important questions of organization and
technique of the prophylactic measures that can be recomitlended
toda~r for use by large scale hogbreeding sovkhozes and kolkhozes
piggeries,
GEN1L1LAL SC liENE )F PROl'ffYLACT'IC MEASURES FOR
HOG FAI1iS
In the orga,niwatiora of the territory of a hag fari71, stoop
taking of the factors of animal hygiene and veterinary sanitation
is mast indispensable. The site of a hograising sovkhazes or
kol.khozes farm should be selected sorr~e distance away from highways
and main thoroughfares used by the public, in view of the rear
frequent spread of infection through the ground routes of comau~
nication.
Public thoroughfares passing through the territory of such
farms or even through their outhouse areas are especially im
permissable, and through the cooperation of the RAYISPOL.CMs
should be chased or by..passed.
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Tyre territory of a pigwi"arra should, moreover, be isolated as
well Sa possible from other fauns, and the pastures and exercise
areas for the swine, 1ooated on this territory, together w:tth to
water sources and reservoirs, should be reserved for he exclusive
use of the farm in question, so as to exclude the pos8i bil ty of
contiguity or contact with swine and other animals belonging to
neighboring farms or to outside parties,
In order to protect the farm area, especial?,y the outhouses and
p .gwaik3 and pastures and watering places of the swine frorl the
:Lntrusjorr Cf' othc:r animals, thFa construction of every kirld of fence,
hurdle, ditch and ether barrier may be recornrnended,
The section of land for a pig.farm should rivet the basic de~.
Iaand~3 cif animal hygiene, and should be spacious enough to avoid
excessive crowding of the outhouses and leave enough room for
exercise and pasture grounds` The organizers and builders rust
bear in mind that unless adequate space i left between the pig
pens, conditions will be unfavorable with respect to epizootics,
and the isolation and successful quarantine of separate pens
will be very difficult in case infectious disease should appear
arrong the animals.
The presence of marshes and small puddles of stagnant water
accessible to the animals is very undesirable and unfavorable
from the zoohyienic and sanitary points of view.
The area of a pigMfarrn should be studied and cleared up
in relation to veteririary-sanitary requirements, so that there
are no dumps, manure piles, offal or excrement to be found on it,
Systematic disposal in these respects must also be kept up in the
future,
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It is very important to check tta amiitary rarid?.ti.an of the
water 3Ourcas arld .ruiturnl ponds i.u ed for waterinL, places and
bath?nF~ iDf the sw:1.ue Ofl th( , Gait?rciro ~1ra~13 acid pastures.
The construction of the pigpens rand the ; peciaiized buiid~
i,ngs should meet zoohygien c and veterinraryi?sanitarirequirements.
In this respect correct construction of the drains for sold and
liquId wastes, slt'ficient iaol.tion of the bays front each oblzer,
good ventilation and proper heating and lighting are all of uhw
stantial i.lnportarace. apecia11y Fierlc)us abtentian shou1ci be
t)aict to bhc construction of quarant .rxe quarters fors d..ne newly
arrived on the premises. These quarters must be constructed in
a separate area, on one side from the structures used by the
)roducifg herd, and must have a separate hog-lot for the
quarantined pigs, together with all the necessary authauses
(barns for feed and material, kitchen, living quarters for 'thc
personnel. ) The method of deiivcary of the newly arrived pi
admitted to quarantine should be thought out and organized in
such t way' as to avoid any possibility of infection occurring
en route. Tsoi3.tion auarters for isolating cases of suspectec1
or actual disease should be constructed as separate bu:iidin;s
of sufficient capacity located a certain distance away from
the pigpens. The area of the isolation quarters should be
sufficient to accommodate s .multaneously not less than percent
of the entire herd on the hrm.q Inside the isolation quarters a
number of bays or sections, each hermetically isolated from the
other, must be constructed, together with a smell room for
clinical examinations and post mortems.
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T'hc~ di s?ao Sal ?a fax' tiac burial of carat>ce 1r>.u ;t bo t&t
; :)liiO c1i3tar1c ! :f rvarl 't}ie 1Xa1.I 1 Lri.Os QI' the- ? .11T1 (no ncarGr than
1 kiiorlleter), Oar cas~aes and all types Qf filth requirirt dis?
pos~-Mt1c)n by burning or buritil rin.ict+ be conveyed there l y peci.al
carts or sleda lined i~1h ~a1vanized iron in the form of a bo:r:
with a cover.
'r ie C()n(i i.ti.anel of rani" 7 r1Fant, feeding and bree;diri ; of
swine arc) '.)f ieaiaenae ilaporta.rlcae f:.,r, the prop}iyla;ds of in
fectLo11;3 and ir1vcls".'Its di~aeacss wilort}om? Above all "crup1.i
bans ciea.nline33 nu,3b be mC 1nLairled iii all quarters for swine
bar r ;acis of rawguiL.r hou$ekeeping and making up, accompanied by
periodic dis .refection, A 2 percent NaOH solution, or quicklime,
rrlay be recolm riendc cl for disinfection. Special attention must be
paid to the feeding racks, which must be washed with hot water
(boiling water) to wldch 1-2 percent of lye leas been added, and,
in sunnier, they should also be dried in the sun. AccurmuJ.atton
of dung in the pigpens or outside them is iarnssible. Manure
and soi1c d bedding must be conveyed daily to a separate place
set aside for a manure pile, located not less than 100 meters
from the pigpengs, where it should becomes ha less as a resuit
of the spontaneous heat developed in it.
The feeding of swine should be organized on the basis of
feed norms and rations, worked out by considering not only
nutrient value in calories, but also the need for providing
good asc~irrdbi1ity of the nutrients and the necessary content
of mineral salts and vitamins, As a result of gross violation
of the rules of dietetics, gastrointestinal disorders develop
among swine, especially young pigs, and lead to bhe breakdown
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of the barrier of the intestinal mucous membranes. The latter,
i,n consequence, afford passage to the m.Lcrobes that inhabit the
intestinal tract in very large numbers, including also repre'.?
sentatives of the coliwparatyphoid group and other pathogenic
causative agents.
Diseases of the metabolism and of the gastro-intestirxal
tract, which originate as a result of wrong feeding, lead to a
sharp lowering of the general resistance and to the infection
of the organism by tie sernipathogenic bac,eria inhabiting the
intestines, whose virulence becomes intensified under these con-
ditions, Gastroenteritis prepares the ground arid creates
favorable conditions for the entry and development of pathogenic
microorganisms as well M the causative agents of erysipelas,
paratyphoid, tuberculosis and other infections. In this respect
it leads to the saddest results when swine, particularly young
ones, are given inferior feed, like rotten vegetables, zno4 y and
stale oil-cake, grain and flour, half-boiled kitchen refuse, not
infrequently containing half-decomposed remnants of at and
vegetables.
Such practices, which are still to be observed, as allow-
ing swine to root up every kind of dump, garbage pile, manure
heap etc. d do an immense amount of damage. This practice should
be decisively suppressed in all hogbreeding establislnnents, for
it leads to the maximum possible degree of invasion by intestinal
worms and infection of swine by colossal numbers of _.e~r ry possible
kind of microbes, including pathogenes
The most serious attention should therefore be devoted to
the feeding of swine as an extremely important link in the chain
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of prophylactic reasures.
In the matter of breeding, likewise' certain definite factors
of prophylaxis of very considerable importance ray be noted. Timely
elimination from mating of chronic carriers of infection, exclusion
of sick or enfeebled animals from coupling, and preliminary exaaiw
nation far bruce11osIs of ali nciwly acquired sips and darns, and of
all suspected cases of disease, before coupling .'' all these me.
sums are far frorrt exhaus.ng all the possibilities along, this line.
The prophylaxis of the infectious diseases of young swine
should commence with the moment of coupling, with the rational
management and feeding of the dams and the correct organization
of the farrowing, for which the proper hygienic conditions should
be assured. The prophylaxis of infectious abortion demands timely
isolation of the pregnant sows showing signs of incipient abortion
and of those that have aborted and delivered dead or premature
farrows. In the interests of creating a healthy herd which is
more resistant to ever;c kind of unfavorable influence and in~
fection, it .s necessary to avoid too chase in-breeding, to
freshen the stock with new blood, and not to allow pampering
and oversensitivity of the animals,
ecialized Veterinary Proph lactic Measures.
These include:
(1) Thoroughgoing and continuous veterinary supervision
of the animals, clinical examination and taking the temperature
of all suspected and actual cases of illness, followed by iso~
lation of all adult pigs and sucklings that have fever or coughs,
or have aborted or show any other symptoms of disease;
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( 2) Timely preventive diagnosis of new or assured infections,
by way of post mortem, bacteriological, serological and allergic
met}lode of exam ma ti on;
(3) Clinical examifati()n arid quarantining of all newly
arriving animals, using other methods of exama.nation as well where
necessary;
(!4) Adrri:Lnis tration of the corresponding inoculations, at
the direction of the veterinn.ry and under his supervision, as
soon as possible after definite diagnosis;
() Period-lc disinfection of all quarters used by swine
and of all objects of equipment;
(6) DeheimLnthization [elimination of deparasitiation or
intestinal worrns3 of the entire herd of swine.
parasitization of swine, which is widespread under the
conditions of pig; sfarms, favors t,o an enormous extent the
lowering of the general resistance of the organism and is rew
sponsible for malting the barrier of the mucous membranes passable,
thus opening the portals to infection (Skryabin). In view of this,
coprological exarrrinations should be periodically conducted to re-
veal the existence of any helminthiases, Dehelmintliization of
the swine should then be carried out by trans of a whole integrated
aggregate of medical and sanitary measures, and the worm eggs ex?
pelled by the swine during this process should be painstakingly
destroyed (by burning the excrement and nf'ectin).
The registration of morbidity and mortality of swine, by
separate groups and pigpens, should be organized on every pigwfarm
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and the causes, exai'.rI& 1uri find.Lxi ;$, etc.9 precisely entered in
the vetertnrtry~sanitary jOUrna.l Orry the ?arrrx.
These measures should be pu.t into effect in the fcarr of a
continuously operating sy;atem, under the supervision of the
senior ve,terin=pry specialist of tahe farm, or of the District 'or
Rayon veterinary.
The rules of internal nature on a pig farm should be for
mutated with full consideration of the demands of prophylaxis,
They should prescribe individual prophylactic measures to be
taken by the workmen attending the swine herds on the sovkhozes
and by the members of the kolkhozes on their pig farms, namely:
wearing of overalls and special clothing during work in the
pigpe !s and 1irsli.tation or coruplete prohibition of access to the
isala.tic)11 rauarterand, quarantirie areas of the farm tr all persons
not employed in such quartars and areas.
The access of outside persons to any part of the pi farm
&houid be strictly limited, and, Shen there are dangerous swine
epizootics anywhere in the Rayon, forbidden altogether. The
same rules should apply to Outside animals as well, but even
more atrictly
infections,
**- and particularly to dogs, who often bring in
with respect to the cart and autombbile transport serving
the farms certain sanitary measures should be taken an their
retlarn fromn trips autside, especially after they have visited
other livestock farms, markets, railroads tatiorms, acid other
places from which infection might possibly be spread. The
wheels and bodies of the machines and the carts, as well as the
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horses' feet are washed of with water before they enter the
grounds Of the Carr. This Measure is prrticu1ar1y important when
there are epizootics of hod; cholera, erysipelas, foot~ncl-nouth
disease, anthrax or other diseases in the Rayon. The necessary
:Lniormat1on abut veter:i,nary sanitation and the prophyi&xis of
the infectious diseases of sw:!.ne should be imparted, t at least
the technical utni.mum necessary, to all workers on a pig farm,
not excluding the subordinate tecluilcal personnel, such as
chatd'feurs, stablo..men, cart.-drivers, housekeepers, storekeepers,
etC.
The questions of prophylaxis should become the subject of
discussion at technical and production conferences of the
3ov1ci1ozes, at the general aaeetings of workmen, at the board
meetings of the kolkhozes and at the general assemblies of
their members.
ri'al? failure to observe the established measures of prophy.
laxis should be followed by the appropriate administrative
penalties, going nS far as discharge and criminal prosecution
in especially important cases, if the infection was brought into
the farm or spread on it through the fault of definite persons.
Such is the scheme of general prophylactic measures for
a pig farm which can be recommended for speediest realization,
In cases of immediate danger of the carriage of infection
from gory nearby `neighboring) points
especially in cases
involving hog cholera the administration of the pig farm,
together with the veterinary specialists, should discuss and
work out the most effective and concrete measures (applicable to
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the condi.t on of the farm) to protect they farm from the mrici-
dence of these diseases and to mobUi a all workers of the Farr
to carry aut such rneasL~res.
The appearance of hod; cholera or xys:Lpe1as on a pig fare
usually invo1VE,8 such considerable losses and unproductive ex-
pence thf't r)ne should not si'irink 'hack even from such rneasures
as these to prevent the transport of such infections onto the
farm.
Such a peculiar and character $tic "state of ie; " with
ti-ie object of propiryla.cis s~'ould prescribe, in such a case;
(1)
points;
Complete interruption of all aonnecti-Oils with af',f'ected
(2) Prohibition of access tic) the farm, or passaf e through
it, to outside persor13;
(3) Intensification of all sanitarywprophyia.CtD.C measures
d. t1ain the farm;
()~) Temporary interruption of pasturage and exercise for
the pigs, if the hog;"?log could possibly prove to be infected;
(;) intensified veterinary surveillance over all pigs
on she farm;
(6) Organisation of emergency watch duty and stationin
of posts for surveillance over the observation of the veterin~.,ry
sanitary rules.
(7 ) Administrati of preventive inoculations.
~.
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are able to state, from bi'.f, experience c:~f the most
o:Gl;winizecl and adv'anc ;d pi?armsa that the rea1istion of the
entire complex of general sanitary' prophylactic measures will
rio't be siaw in producing the necessary effect both on the in-
di,?v:iduai farm and the tional scale.
PROPHYLACTIC Mt ACU)R.ES ON TFE INI)IVIDUAL FARM
T)'ie L mple:(rxentatiion of prophylactic rriea;~ure$ on the tart e?.
scale pi; f&rrris should not encr)wi er $'1CUS difficulties nor
require ;rent expenditures . With the improvement in the general
situEti.on and the organizational and economic siren theniwr:tg of
the hor rai.s i.ri ; sovkhozes ad koikhozes, the sanitary hygienic
conditions on them are steadily improving and are creating all
the neceary pre conch tioxis for tiac; widespread intro ductiin and
realization of the basic measures of prophyl.axi.
The coverage of the idilions of swine now subject to
individual use by a single system of sanitary and prophylactic
measures involves considerably greater c3ifficultieso It is
entirely obvious that the scheme of prophylactic measures we
have just considered carmot be applied in this case The local
veterinary agencies should find other forms and develop other
rtgi)irernents to assure compliance by individual citizens who are
owners of the swine for private use tidth the basic veteri?nary
and s tntary rules.
According to the GLAVVE UFR of the Ministry of Agriculture
of the USSR, and to numerous communications from the localities,
the greatest number of violations of these rules is observed
1i.2
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i.rL the casc+ cif' auc1'i f, r~ :f.$y who ktre dither un cgAla tnted
prcci.c,1.y
with t':e ri.acs in g1lc3at1on Or CILJ let understrrrtd them, and. by, their
aeti()als sorrt1rn.e encourage tale spread of contagious dieases of
sir 1.ne .
p r
f
of The manage:rent of s~rLxie on ;Lndivictua1 2anne Q ten fkrl~J1
to rfCCt tll requi.rerrtG ribs of gei.era.l veterinary a~'ld cant bax'y
~~e; arou>id the ~at.rE;ets,
firroptiy1axis s the swine srarnt:t;','~~ ~ rui1u'ilat~}
clumps and places of co'auaon u.e t iaLrInoS? ) . Their dt'ulg Lea
scattered irol,ind and 1e.t~t whereve" it 1"l.appefs to fall, the
i ~c].~~rO ?the) Ca
f'~W.C~~:r.".y i1,'C3'l,lCYlt.t,~~' ya 1 ~t~ cl~ .,~:~uGS Of disease that
tIic y note y sick ?1(;s aria not &'mt :t r:i and wander arol:Lnd the
viii.age, .irifc,ctirig other pigs and readinta Infection,
The COC'ipU.i ()ry d(a, trUCt1O;1 tapeit swine iw often
pract~iceci. by owners on. the f'ax~rrs ?u 1leriiseiwes, wlthout taking
any step.3 to prevent spread ::f the virus. The carcasses of
deatrc)yect swne a:r'e, in whole or in part, taken out and eo1d
a
:Li the ba, aa. aror on the f arrT3s, not infrequently without th?
k,fO?r'lcr(i;e, c)naent or rispoetinn of the veterinary spec ira;L1td3
and wItircult preliminary boi1irit;: f)r c1i.s1trfect1on.
The existing District Veterinary system is still, ver~r
naturally, unable to eli.mtnate ail tizesa abnormal conditions
and to exercise supervr.Lsion and surveillance over the actions
ref: the n1nnercaus private swine owners.
It is entirely obvrious that to achieve success in this
direction ?w ll require the aid G.nd c ?clperatton not only of the
local authorities but that of the urban aid village activists
axriong the owners themse .vesa
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measures and rules of veterinary and sanitary
The necessary
are compulsary for all owners of animals, and have
nature, which ar
out b~ the organs of veterinary surveillance in con?
been worked
f orma.ty with the local 0ond1t1on8 , should be widely publicized
and explained to general Bath ,aX,int;s of citizens, at n~eettgs of
act kolkhozes members, villa;e soviets, etc. The
:~viats among
workers should not be the only ones to watch over
veteri.raary
nt of the rules, but the urban and vi11a,e soviets
Wulf illrne
hould also p~art~ cipate In this surveillance through their
s
authorized representatives and members of their livestock sec Lions. Those guilty Puilty of violatii~E these rules should be fined
and in especially serious cases taken before a court to answer
~.
for their actions
The growth of general and technical literacy and the en'
t of the cultural level of they broad masses of the
hancemen
khozes farmers and of all toilers is creatin?, the necessary
lcol
Its for the successful introduction of veterinary and
preconaitia
sanitary' literacy among the populatior.
f ol1owinmay cue noted as basic measures for preventing
The
the spread of infectious diseases among swine under individual
use ;
Observation of the sanitary and hygienic rules of
ho v management by the separate owners 6 good treatment arid feeding,
~
na ante of cleanliness in and around quarters for swine, col-
lection and disposal of dung in one definitely indicate dace,
keeping careful track of the animals, not ailewing them to rwunage
around places of common utilization or thmipss confining therri to
quarters' whenever infectious disease appears in the village, and
periodic dis;.nfectiori.
Lti
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( 2) Compulsory and ti.rae1y reporting of disease and death.
(3) Isolation of pigs taken iii, disinfection of swine
quarters, fenci.rtg etc, 9 to prevent infection from neighbors.
()4.) Corpulsox7 submission of the carcasses of pigs that
have died, and cif' the carcasses and organs of pigs that have
been destroyed, to veterinary viewing.
() Disinfection Of the offal and other procluc bs of
s1aughter1ng after destruction of animals infected with hag
cholera, erysipelas and other infectious diseases.
(6) 'transportation of swine or the products of their
slaughter beyond to village (or city) limits and to the bazaars
only with veterinary or village soviet certificate that the low
cality is free from ini'ectioiie disease.
(7) observation of quarantine where imposed.
During the period of origination and spread of a swine
epizootic, the veterinary surveillance of bazaars, railroad
stations of routes of swine transportation should be intensified
to the maximum extent.
Pc! xPG Cr3U I A! l~S~ rf'15 SUUM
Schweinepest, VirusSchweinepest, Peste du poreHog cholera,
Swine fev9'- Typhoid fever Pe- porca.r.
..-...., to cholera is a very contagious disease of swine caused by
a filtrable virus, and characterized in acute cases by the picture
of hemorrhagic septicemia. in the course of rare chronic cases,
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the pr.ra~3.r,yr disease is Complicated by inflarruilaLOry and neCrotic
processes in both gastrointe8t.i.na1 canal and lungs, under the
influence of bacteria o1y the paratyphoid group (moss,, B.
$uipostifer) but also S. Suisepticus.
Hog cholera originated in North J\merica. In 1833 it was
first noted, in the state of Ohio, and spread more and more every
year iuntil by i8 it had spread over the entire country.
At the beginning of the 60s of the past century, hog cholera
began to be observed in England, whence it was spread through
pedigreed sires to Sweden, and then to Denmark, Almost simul'
taneausly it ap()eared in Marseilles, France, to which it had been
carried by swine from Algiers. But it possibly may have existed
here before this (in 18L6). From the south of France, hog cholera
rapidly made its way to Italy and Spain, In Germany (Posen and
Silesia) it was first observed in 1893.
From Germany, hog cholera gradually spread to the neighboring
countries (Austria, Hungary, Russia, Rumania etc.)
Thanks to the successful solution by Soviet veterinary
science of a series cif theoretic?,.l and practical questions and
the development, by it, of an effective system of measures for
the control of hog cholera, significant successes in liquidating
this dangerous disease in the USSR could be achieved,
A,t the present time hog cholera appears only in the form of
isolated epizootics.
L.6
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]() LD &
,. ~, :~,ra the study cif the et~,c~~.a
Three main periods rn y k nQt
d
of hog cholera.
all by the disca?Ya in
The first period was raa^lcc~, d above
,7e~~ts of two a,cGta~us diseases v
lC~f:~ j?~?C~clta of the caua~,'t:~.v~ ~~~ B
~ 'j,~Qp't~.CU~9~!
t fe') and epticernia
swine ~ hog chcalexa (I~..}u7 -~)E3s
the dua~.~."ts ~ who ma.~.ntained
lively di,s~au~e between ~
~`.lawed by ~ et1dent d~.seases ~ and
that Sept .cerft1a and hog cholera were two jndep
to the oppraaite point of? view.
the rzton].5t~, who held
hided with the vlctar;T of the
The first period was conc
dualists.
" ~,9O when a ~'~.ltrabl~~ ~,.rus was
secan~~ period ~q~~~~1 in c~a.sc.overed to be the true
camsative agent Of hog cholera.
Y c.~,dered to have crarnmenced with
Tx~e 'third period, may be cc~~~~
~
the . mc~~LCa.rl xeseaa?cll workers in bac~
.,~ , ublication by Gex'rna~t~ and ,~
p
. to the ~;ffect that the filtrable virus
'~~rLq.~G of CgTITCrIUX'11,C~tlans ' ~C
nathin else than a spirochete.
was
W ~ ~ ~ ts rnc~ rphQl0g?c and cultural
. su~.pest~.fer~ acc~ard~.n~ to ~ ~ .. . ~3.
B
is ba,c~tc~r~identical w:~ t~l
Uical.agi.cal properties , repr esen a ~ the
This ~kaa.cter~,um was considered to be
pG~.ratvphus of roan. Tha. But
aM cholera. for about two ctecades?
causative agent of h ~~
is began to have doubts as to the
gradually many ba.ctera.olc~~is
speca~ f cholera.
' fic i'ty of this bacterium for hod
wexe based on the fnllawing facts.
These doubts
red by cultures of 13. suipes'tix,
Swine that had been imm-
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and wex' thus Insusceptible w.Lt1lr respect to tlii.s or ant.hrrl, did not,
however' thereby acquire i~imwitiiy to ru~tural in eotiori durIrg
epi?optics of hog cholera. Such :lmmunity was acquired only by
swine that had had the natural cii 3ease. Th?; ada-,in?str Mon of
serum against D. suipest?fer did not give particularly great
reific?t' in the treatment of hog cholera. Subcutaneous inoculation
of B. s'ari.pesti.fer produced infection only on administration of
large anaants of the culture, and even then not invariably, while
even relatively tms.igniiicant anoints of blood from swine that
had died of hog cholera were sufficient to cause lethal infection.
And, finally, 1:3, supes titer could not rv~y any :ran be found in
all epizoo.bics of hog cholera.
In view of these circumstances, further researches into
the etioloj' of hog cholera were undertaken on the initiative of
Salmon. During an outbreak of a diea,se resembling; had; cholera in
Iowa in 1903, tlc Schweinitz and. riorset conducted experirnents in
infecting hcaltlar swine with serum and blood from diseased swine,
first filtered through a plug of burnt clay. These experiments
indicated the existence of an ultramicroscopic f1:ltrablr; virus
as the original cause of swine contracting hog cholera. As for
B. suipestifer, the American scientists advanced the hypothesis
that it leads a harxn:Less saprophytic existence in the organism
O1' sw:1.ne before their infection, and only displays its pathogenic
activity after the resistance of the organism has been lowered under
the influence of the filtrable virus.
In 190, Dorset, Dolton and Bride published a paper with an
introduction by Salmon in which he frankly admitted the incur.
redness of his farmer views on the role of D, suipestifer in hag
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chc1 z1?J.?T1ae auUlor uuirnar:icci L11c; rc3uiL3 r~,f their :1,, nvuL1.'tio xi
In tltt.) Le11owing Inarmr~
(1) '']1e ftitcr d blood otd:i,cea~ed arltrncls, when . uccea sivo1y
ifOc1.11r1tFd from one pid> to arxatlacr, r2
mlcron3 (Figure L7) arid, in
',he othrar it was 2.31 rricrons (F E ure
Sv)irochc;teJ of the uu(:r~,r;)c. ~a.sca
c):J: the comma, reach:Lrzg i.1h :L.2 nxicrons, The sptrochctcs of the
.for111(;r 4 the completely corrCS?:)Qfderl to the spirochetes fou~.c1 in
t1i?,a.iimtmtary canal of swine. These of the latter type recalled
ti?xe sptrochotos found to the blood i,,ti.e above' ncntioravd authors
n
I3 it.+t. ?~ ~E?rl~a& ~ ? r it;)1127,{.,,. ~ bo 1i~ ~1 ~,, "Y 1:f~~ :..n - ' ~1. o:f t)1
.ld.7, . y~G~~S f ~... ,. ~
a1. mentctry canal in both he.lthy awirxe arid eiio e affected by 'riot
ChOlera (Figurc':)l to 66
Ho obta iJicd mi. cod ci,xlt~.ar'e~a c):f tli. e spirochetes :Cram
ntatr:rUCl talccil from the rnuco u~~ irirabrne
1 3:.a~c
of
1M:C V~.~ { heY' M rectums o~: b..
w:tt1'i hog cholera, nnc1 by successive reinoculatian he succeeded in
i.x'rg three generations of viable, spirochetes under anaerobic
CCU xxii tia UN
Figure ~a.7. Spirochetes from the ~rexm:'o ^n appenclex ref sw:1.ne dead.
of hog cholera. (A,ftE;r P? V 13ekenskiy).
.
Figure li.6. Spir?ochiL~ s from mixed cultures. (After P. 14? Eekenskiy)
Nikhin examined the feces of swine on farms affected try hog
cholera axed found l,rge numbers of spirochetes? 1020 in the field
00
00
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 aff 'U 1.5..(!11
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.,,l T p' ,r he l.J .xl i wile on ?ar1iaJ ,A, k~ \.r f o A
l
, ? ; ta y.~ >w~.nc fcccs wero fc,xu'~cl only r4Gre1y ar~d
C;1
~ ' ?wl~~.~ for tie di.a~nosl.s of
r , ~~r ;Q~. ,
ACES Fi J t the a,?;K iua
]: ~1 ~ i1e U
cut a Y~c~c,.t~l. '~u,.,.CtIc; f'a~.^ e~tia,..n .xI,~' a'eca~~ to
,olcr~~ ~ lie r ~~o~^k~d
c,Y)
d :Liacov4'Jr. i3pirochc tE?f-q
OllcYxi1'Lt1-Lx~ ' kav (1933 ) almost ,nvariably f ouncl spiroches to
l,)e, Y')rece:la~ in the fecee of swine with hog cholera, while t the
dace :G healthy Yly swine they Were eitiicr absent or occurred only
s
.
u ~ . n ~ inal.~.
in occasional ar1i111{?,i$ , kind ha C~'~ ~ numbers 1 ~fY~on aI't~~.w
'a.eia1 infection spirochetes appeared in the feces from he 3rd,
,
5th or 7th c 1y X11 cases a?cid pCristed until the nh day. The
~.y j ,..
conc11cic;1l f'x'or;i these observations that there is
author ciraw;3 ti;c;
~ a,f:'fc
CiO"e re13.to11 betW?;erl ti:.e Aresexlce of pirocllcts and a ~
., chalEraa H? w~uCCE:eOCcl 7..n growth, spirOC',~~ 'yes in an
x:.,73;1 by kLq
?i.rufxasiorx a , ho , ..t, ~sitesteG1a~'~icx~l.
~, ,ecas n~ te.r n brc,t'ri f ' rl
and ,rr'i76Aacter1st.c for hog
}' nn II r~i 'y o ci^~.,,, Wl~~
~?,?~, tJ~1~i 4tij. J~+y~ J,!~~ ~ ' . ry1 1+.~ .~t~l.~
cholera, ,,a observed by the authr]r in suckling pigs infected
1r~
< r chute cultures, which gave him occasion to advance the
rl' ~1Zaothesis that the; u,iphther s changcs that take place .n the
,
,,. durilx'~ 1ao: ca~lol.are caused by spirochetes or their
l.x~uca ~:Lnes ~~
r
biologic products
The hypotheses as to the specificity of va.rLnua microbes
'~
wvr hod cholera are still unConf:L'rner down to the present moment.
~
of the scientific data above presented in this connection
Many
^e now only of historical interest, It would be expecliorxt to base
ay
gxiosi$ of hod; choicra today exclusively on the finding of
the clia~~
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^
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'Q zoel . . in a.1 :rLaie
irG~,llFa:~ca~~+ x;'eu.~:1.2]~ C1l~,i;iiy 1, ,
'takers :;,aLJ.~ but 'bhei.r futh x' tu.dy is necessary.
lbure jc,ftif'1C search T~iay elucidate their true charac.
t(~r and significance for the etiology ,afd patx)or;enc a,s off' hog
cholera,
It be t1iat soine relation of a1icbiQ~Dhcai~ ..a,, s:i.ri:Li~xr to
; f i a t c l:uid by ccnc fiporary uctcr'Li. 7t$ Vi i ; e i t between ;onec i.c oia( C &.LiLd u.1 Lraari1:1.C:CObes ;Caar/ be e t,abli a1i,cG. between t11e
~~ ~. ~, I as
i,Lxochete8 a:.ld ~i.aEs ?i1trable v~..r.ti of 1'iog cho cra.
,fit thr; present uirae i.'l, a,)pearerrtire17 incii~:.utabie hat
I M A I
tl.iE true ca'Lrsat:ive agent cf hog cholera is a. f:Lltrable Virus'
to the tud,r of which the greatest atten'bioi'i heu1d be devoted.
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Ti111 LOLOGY T1li . VIRUS
The k)i.ola~ y' Oi, th( vi.ruS ui hio cholera, like ti~.t of the
othor, ?'i.it'r ble viruses, 1x3. ; xxot 't received adequate study.
At thee: ;)re3erLt tiJar~ it still rc~naicxs in dispute 'whc c,hor
ll.,l~u virus is .tike otlie:r ir,icroor~ aLl;.,stns a J.i_V1fl , & E 1t or i8y 'ia1
stead, a peculiar chcraicai sub: Lance.
Kuci'Lorenko (V J:V) lxas succeeded in obtaini~xg the virus oi' hod
cho1cwa in tl'xe: form ,L of a cry'ta11irLe protein, a ;3oiution of wl'xich
induced the clisoase i.rx swine.
1Lccord:lrxg to c1ie: r:; c~r:trclxc,e Of Kcrn~camp, Ghe zc of tide
virus i).irti.Cle;5 dof,5 Ltot e:,,ate'
however, the
of 'the f iltrahla virus alone y the
finder the a.nflucnce o
ra
1a 5 (the pure Form of ho chole from the
ce~,~,zcelfarm deve p
etio1Ag.cal point of view)
~' the acti.nn of other bacteria that are ~~Y1e causative a,enta
1
ed ~i.,tY~ the px~:~Inaxy artisan of the
of a~;candazAy ~'~;ct~,gl1 7.9 fain di.n to the nature of these bacteria,
f' 11t x'able vi.x'us , them ac cca~' i'or~n of the disease rr guys (with ~
e~.ther the ~.ntest _nal the
thoracic form (} . sui uepticus) , 'Ulxder
sui~Y~~;s~;~.f er} or the the
$ll~. eft".~i'ex'rl.nd B. 311~.5C~)~i~.CLlr>)
joint Actigll of both (B. ~
mixed f?r)rrn deve1OPs
'tl.c o:? hog cholera appears an a fr~xmg
Usually when aIl e~yiuaA
x?et 0bez?ve~., next tY~tYLOx^~ac;i.c form,
the septicer-~~.r for r~~ is ' ~ ~ ~'~.
and sti1 later the 1nte3tirlal forms
prgp~rt~-~, to tY~s
direc'~;~
Mortality t hog cholera is
i.nten~lty of the ir1'ection$ while the duration of the disease
' versel~r proportipnal to it9 lntenaityr
is I'1
ho cYl,nlera usually cam;r~enc,e~ ~ri,th
!gin attach of any farm of
a ,. ne and a. who~.e serieS of rr~.Ix~.fcstations
feverish rise in temperautux
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clue to fever and indicating disturbance of the ganera1 condition
(impairment of the appetite, slugishnesr, burying itself in the
bedding at some pomrit away from the other swine, prolonged lying
there, slowness of gait, hanging of head and tail). In severe,
acute cases th~.t terx-niriate fatally, the temperature holds at
almost the carne level throughout the entire period, while in
cases where he course of he disease is dower and the outcome
favorable, file teBrfaerature, ixi spite of a few slight relapses,
falls gradually and firiaily reached normal.
In contrast bo erysipelas, thE; temperature in hog cholera
seldom
goes above 1.2 degrees o Before death the temperature often
drops glow normal, especially with suckling pigs and young pigs.
Other symptoms usually show up 2?'3 days after he fever begins.
In some eases of acute hog cholera the other clinical
symptoms (diarrhea, for instance) may begin before fever sets
in.
In isolated oases no fever at all can be detected in the
affected swine, if the temperature is only taken once a day.
The Acute Septicexrde form of Hog Cholera.
The particularly grave hyperacute form is rather infre'
quently observed. It manifests i t:self in high fever, depression,
extreme general debility, especially of the hind legs, flow of
blood from the nose and exitus letalis in sometir ea only a few
hours.
Usually the acute farm also takes a rather severe course,
but it is far from being as fast.
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B$8iCle8 fever, one of the first syrrtptoms of the acute form
is conjunctivitis with a rnucous or mucopuruient discharge.
A rnucopurulent nasal discharge, occasionally mixed with blood,
18 al,sa not infrequently observed, which in very acute and grave
fora goes as far as a strong flow of blood from the nose. Vomiting,
and also constipation, may soon occur after onset of ,the clLsease;
the corlStik)at1On subsequently fives way to diarrhea, som~'tirnea with
bloody"! he stools,
Figure X49. Shote with hog cholera.
Blood sometimes flows in the urinary passages, coloring the
urine red.
Red spots are noted on t}"re skin. In contrast to erysipelas,
they do nob turn pale an digital palpation, and are dues to
hemorrhages located close together.
There is also a rash over the entire body, similar to that
in human scarlet fever or in swine erysipelas. The points
favored for the appearance of the rash are the ears, trunk and
joints. The rash has the character either of small red dots or
of larger diffuse areas not sharply defined. The appearance of a
red rash or spots is sometirrtes tki; first clinical manifestation
of hog cholera (Figure )49).
In some cases a general yellow jaundice is observed.
it marked somnolence is also constantly encountered and is a
very important clinical symptom of the acute form of hog cholera.
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Disturbances in the nervous system may also be observed in oon~
sequence of the hemorr}uagee between the pia mater and dura motor,
or even i.ii the modu11ary' substance itself s twitching, involun
tary move nent$, shakirig of the hi ndquarter-~ in walking, etc.
In pregnant sows that rc)ntract hog cholera, miscarahiagee
are very often observed. In an infected herd this may take an
mass character. It is due to septa cernic eradometritis.
All thc; wyrl1ptQxr1$ enutneratec1 usually characterize the
septicexrric ?a?Irl of the diseei~e, If they are riot alleviated with
t11e passage of time, the disease terminated fataily in L.~7 days,
sameti.i?ies even sooner (2!.. hours),
Mortality is very high in acute hog cholera s~ up to 80
percent s- especially among suckliri; j:3it s below the ae of 2
rncnbhu, the neur~:1o ;ica,1 fi'ci r~ c.J cho1er'aa A large number
of investigators have noted, a ser,Lc;s of clinical symptoms in the
acu. Ge trod hyperacute farms of hOg cholera, pointing to a serious
involvement of tho perahera1 sand central nervous systems, and
consisting of manifestations of irritation or depression. Dizzi-
nos s, spasilodiC twitching of separate muscle groups, movements of
exhaustion, paralysis of the hindquarters, nervous excitement
going as far as attacks recal.ling rabies, or, on the other hand,
marked apathy and somnolence are obser^ved, in sortie countries
and sortie years, the neurological form of the disease has been the
predominating one in epizootics of hog cholera,
in most cases where pronounced neurological symptoms are
present, death occurs dth extraordinary speed (2 L 8 hours),
In some cases the disease strikes almost like lightning. The
oa as
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anirn 1 ;ive ~ a sharp scream of terror, f a1i s to the floor a
though idled by a blow, and dies
Cases of recovery from the neurological tarm of hog choi,er
are rare, The survivors pass rapidly into a condition of complete
ernacation.
'Sj sul3Acu'r''C{{: ND ciil `.i ~:fc; FOR'LS OF HOG CNU;LI iA
The subacute and chronic forme of hog cholera deVelop acre
;slowly and are unaccompanied by such prolonged said high fever as
in ti.ie acute form. In the latter st.ges of the disease there is
not invariably fever. The fever lasts a few weeks, sometimes
(in young pigs) for months, These forms of hog cholera are mainly
characterized by to ippcarance of complications due to the pathos
geriJJ.c activity of ti-ie secondary infections that usually accompany
hog cholera.
The development of the st conclary infections usually takes
place from the 7th to 10th day after infection.
After shotes had been subcutaneously infected with vir^us,
the exGsterice of secondary infections among them was observed as
follows in 33 percent, after days; in 0 percent, after the 6th
day; in 71 percent, after 7 40 days ire 03 percent, after iiwl
rlaya.
The following secondary infections were found t 176 sliotee
exaniirrad, paratyphoid in Sp, B. suisepti.cus in 31., B. pyocyaneow
in 12, erysipelas in 5, B. cola and other bacteria in 7,
8 7
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Accordtrrg t-a 1OCa1.ity affeCbed, these reconclar~r eornpliCativl,s
are ctivicled into iritesti.nctil, pulm,OnfrY and mix? d forms c;f subacute
or chror~ i.c ho; cho1erct.
The intest.fal form develops slowly and causes less marked
i?ndispoaitio:n of the animal. rfe corrstjpati,on that appears at
ttl?le outset is replaced in a few days by diarrhea, and in a little
tt:U.e thi..s in turn yields to conrtiPrtion Fiigain.
';this alternation of constipation and diarrhea i one of the
typical si.cnu of the intc,stifa.l forii~ of hog cholera, and does not
occur in a few ocher irrt;e$t:~.ntiai da,.AC~rde)^s Uf swirt$ (pt~rat'y~)hoid,
for i.rah>t.,~ance).
The diarrheal stools are yehiow or greenish, though some
tunes (from adrni.xture . of blood) they may be reddish or dark brown,
and are diotinguished by their very; revolting odor. In evere
diarrhea they are ejected in streams. In the area of the mouth,,
scabs and sores are noted on the lips, ton;.~e and ton3i1s, indi~
eating the development of cr~Oupc,US-di.plltheri.al processes.
r!'lrc; outCOrne of the jntest:i.nai form of hog cholera may pro
deed in one of two ways. In some cases the acute symptoms of
,a
intestinal disorder gradually cttsappc ar, the appetite is re
established and the animals finally recover.
In the other, more sev+.~re cases, owing to the pro.Loi'iged
loss ()t' appetite a.nct the exhausting; diarrhea, the diseased
animal: m~ mostly young pigs -~ pees tto a state of extreme
ernaciation, and anemia and chronic cachexIa develop.
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do the fat and part o.fi thc y~xuscu1a'
~~ t:l.ma passes, not, ox~l~r
?tu'ratrophy in. them, but even to soanc extent the skin, which 3.s
drawn ?ixLto foic1s and co~Tred Tl th scabs.
and shotee with she :i.ntest1nai f orxn of hod,
The yc~un~y pig 5
Formed to t~ta,r?~e~..ngs :' w :l.?tli t1~~ outward ap.~
are tx arxs~
cholera
of the' ~a ha.nizaf; head and tang curved
pe a.ranc,( charactcx^i. sta.c
~, ~?tcrs hs,x~a.rxf~,al~b~,ly', rr~ar :l.e~as tuc;~cr~d.
s~.p'~.n~aa po 3.n.~. ~ec~ h~ ~.ncZrtaa~
~ re e~,.tr~~;x'~e~.~r~ with m~~rk~;d
under the body The a
with d ~~ i'~.cult~ry anal
retardation in ro th and dcve:Lcij)xrn't, move wi
are ;shaky' an their legs
R ;cover r oi' starv'e1'i..n?rs a.s relatively rare.
,,., b ~ M cholera corrPondZ in it's symptoms
r chronic form of s'wthe plag~ie and, appears as a cam
to the r3.cll~~ Jr
of ~ .c corm a~ hog cholera by a p,~st;eure:l..asie
p~, .cat~.on of the sept.c,em
jn:eection,
P the rpirat0rY car.? a.ris come to the foreground Disturbances s of .
ti ~ bronchitis, bronchopnetiunon, manifested
in "1;tC~l Ccases ~ x'~'.1.xY.L`t,l~~~ g
difficult respirat ion and d rspnea.
by hea,d colds, colAgh.tn
esta'ttans in the alimentary canal, or such
There are no lna.nl.
as there may be are oi: minor impnrtancA.
of hog cholera, together with symptoms of
In the mixed form
.. (due to the action of B. s~.x~.eeptic~rts) d~,c.;raraexs
p~?monary' involvexnent
of the r w ntesttn.l tract, induced by paratyphoid infection,
. ~,s~~ro~.
are. obser.veCL
very freqently affected in hog cholera. In the
The skin is acute sept focal conestive hyperemia and herorrhae is
~.cex~.c form,
noted.
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In tlae $ubaCuLC ~.'orm o:C lto ; cho1c;ru, ,f,.urwaeuious cter~,L1tis
note a.rrt~rucr~uy cleve~.oas. In `Ux:?s eonc.tion, roufd sweUings
the C of m 1r kopek piGcc~ First appear on the sites of the
c.ora yestive ilypcrer~ta, al.rld fi orr these, pustules filled tid th a
yellowish :Lrl2?1trate are developed. Pui.s woori x~dng1ed With
this Infiltrate. When the pu rbuies+ break open, scabs rare
foiined on their sites, and af?tG,r these have fallen off, soars
or sores are left, which are some t:Lures deep and do not Ixeal for
a long t:Lrne (Figu,res O and 1)
FL ure O. Furunculous c c~rr,tat w ui.s ir1 a swine dead of the a,uhI.
acute f(r.z1j of hod; cholera. Flat round defects in the si:in occupy
tiie sitc;3 of scab; that have ?aiicn of.
I~';i f ure SiA Furuncul,()us d?rr~i.t1Ltis on tt: udder o1' a swine i.dth
subacut.e C) Choi Crfi a
In. oti:L r cases s numerous exaxitheraata s i.miiar to those of pax
api?)ear over the whole hocr, or nccrosis QCCUra on separate areas
of ttae ski (on t1iG ears, tai ad legs) a The rxc;crosis is due to
the L)roiorl;ed stns Ls of the blood and inii1tration into such areas,
or else .it arises ill. localities subjected to prolonged pressure
(in lying) or to trauua..
The necro cJ.e parts become dry and touch, and acquire a
brow,nish~red color.
Necrotic sores tars sometimes noted on he ].elks?- ..
The atypical f~ereepingtl form of hod cholera Is cornet uzes
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olascarvea on a iew pig :Carus that have long been affected by this
ixii"GCU,Of.
hi conerquer1ce of a certain attenuation in tree Viru1ef
~, to its prolor~r;;e~cl ~aG~ssa? through the or'
Y owin~.
of ulxo vax u"sq
r c)It man.y ~Zundreds of an:! rnals (inciudixx; also tho& artt''
Y ~ in consequence consequence of a Wei~t~l~in
irailJ.~r a.rrurxuni,cad} a or
i a of ~
ti.c swixae nerds to the in~~'l'?Ctioi,, QVE3 thC~ 1of ;el` period
il~~iurni.rati.can
~~ and Qt'~w; ' rifl.ucxice of the
c,asa.s~Lsric;e on tine ~~,rm,
car Y f d out/ ail eP1ZOo'L1c Ott: 1i~, Ct1O.Lera on E;uch a f aii11i GL4~si.lrneS
p,Cruli.azY Chai?actc:r, udlU5uk~1 ::UI' 'l;%iiy iriiCcti.Un. In SUCK cases,
over a aaer' rioiitlisg it (1068 not induce the acute or
~.oa of. some ~
subacute ori115 of the disease, tidthOUt pronounced syrpto)ns or
s.{;nij'jcarx't i1X) rta:L1ty.
' ases where the reeistaixcof the organisr~t has been
uta t, in c
~ ] the raas of the animals under the influence of r evere
lowered a.n
cUidu ~3 ; t t v( c tst"urbafces, inocUiatiOris againk t erysipelas,
a ci..~,ea
such a emolderint; epizoCa laic may be aggravatod
ar o than xeasQiis,
and l recruit in substantial aortal-i.ty a'mrant, the aidmals.
Such cases also oecuI in infected herds that had been
eriti.rely healthy for a year and even longer.
ictuzf3 o? the iri ectinn of young pigs by hog cholera
The p
on lone affected farms is fairly indsterri.nate ? Usually not later
thar the ment o.i weaning, almost all the young pigs of the same
~ 4M.4~
lager begin to pine and develop eczema, red spots like flea?bites appear ear on the skin, followed by brown scales and crusts.
C,
? /.,j, ?.
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F;tgure 52.
chcl,c~r'a? ik Morrh, ' jon t1ic~ ~iauco is rru
t ^
ra~rr1lze
the a~tttr oi~ hog
a~~ ~' Y
~
1
.
W
r .,~ l.orzs ) o:L t!~) .)J.ds of
y~ ,. ~ 'the mucous rrl
rar~e e
(After Jwdree' ~ ) ?
Figure 5;3 . hog Cholera . .I~.u. a: u,~.~e hez1orrkra ;es
ir1te, ?ti.ne. (After Andreev) e
Figure >~a.e Herncrrha~sic fij?L~.un of the starnach in the acute
form o.`.' hog cholera. (After Anclrcov
)
Figure 55b firm chalera. PZrnc?+:,'as.tE: hemorrhages in the srnajj.
intestine
in the acute forrn of hod' cholera,
(After Arrclxeev)e
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?lgure S6, Hod c}}ci(Af tors Jl ndreoir)
.Q
PvfCtur?.t ; hEr>lari^h~az e In the x'ecnt
e
F:Ltr:r'e 57~ Horr chra1er'r3. 1'ur~c~~1
., 1c,2noxx+hes ors the rrrucou
m?mhrrrrle of t!~e b`!ec:der. (Af'uc,r Arid
reoV) e
EfE?r!1a is . r,
post oftea~ locrl~cad on the befly, spine, extz'ama.
r7d can tl?ae farehes.d, where sepco, x"a~e crus~;s unite into large sales
and scabs, formed over a red hac}.~~,
Such e.GGG~i11a are sQlrletS fC)rrneCi
as a resu].~ of gastrQ
i.rrtestjna1 disor'd~xs and of srar'tze o~,h~ .~ Other .~ , ,
r~'ec~xorYSe .
Except - for a sk.1rl rash,..and terrrpor rry lass of a .,
ppe ~-:~?~~. , you pigs with chronic had chcal~2som ~ .~
ctjjrrGs display no vis.i,1aJ.o sym ton~
of disea,seA but the~,r develo~ mend ' p s
.~ a.s a 'hole month heh,tnd that of
other pigs of to same agee
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' 01e; 1i.'utc;r aic;tc~cl in ?xi~ ~aUy
Not U r l '~^~i-`~;3k:-r~ a(i '~e"?lkt; $ a CU U~'E1
ta:1.~~a-;C? '~11G ~1~ex~' a ~a~"a~
The k11 'jOkfl ucoivL gray ' nd puc~kexea and ac,li.ctLy covered
,~ eP cx0ue~ G ft,~rrt~d (a:a ' ipS
4 'th '.L11C;;r'ua~+a a1G?ua ?
a1 c;tixa^vau~~ u~aa~ beL;~y a.~ dxatrY~ uY~~
'CGCC:r;iR:r~u
' t~l"i:i."~~:~.~ '~iil(:
enp ., ~ ~u~?~ ,l~ r i~c~ ~ ~e ~Yxe x i w ~h tY~~~.e d mur; a ~~u~.^u~,en. d is
r~~~ 'k~l~~e eye~..u.~ ~~.., ~ ~i, +.. ~~
0
,, ... ~ ;l~ ie much ad finally die ~ ~.e . P
laE.r~~e~a 1 The ar~..ml~ eat ~.L~-~~, g p ~
9
r.. y noel 1~.l~u~~ the ~,;~E,~;enerattc~n oi:' ~~l~~e c7rl,a~S
~~xor~w~~~ often c~;~~c10~~.~ ?, . , ~~ mexn?
. he r~z~onouncer~ pa1enesS of the ~nucou~
manifee I U~ei,~ in ~
r^ ~~~?? ?~ G7.~1`d ~ liver.
b?~TxU$ ~) ~; !e 1.l1tC;~tl.al(~a 9 n..L ~'
p c~ : i, )'LOGIC A i\\I\'::)MY C HJ NGES
C::CM 8I1Ci~l~''c~l'Li..USI (~:~ ~le
In accar'C~At1C('. ~~Ja..'Lh the varied
,
~., ~ho1.oJ"c azla~oc0h~.ni;es ~'ol~nr~ on ~ ~0$~
wlaa~
iretcS of swine ;ruarl:}id ~~racesses, the k~a~ ., are
that have ~ uc cui~c d tca hog ch01t ra
varied?
the
^ oj' 1io cholera i C11aractie1'1Zed y
'J,~11e ~,~j:~u~,G~;li1.lG ~.(31tf1
. ~~ >mc~ x'r~lxEtis cl.i.rxt~li, namely ap~~ear~,nce
?ypioal ~~,c;Y-h,~e as ~,ti~ ~~0 x~~ ~ ~~ '
of 1rrhage on the C"er'ioU>;3 and !tiiUCCU$ ?flei brarles, in the ]. Yoh
r'iode ajia ax'gan p aild on tlx , skin.
~~~ skin are somet,i.m~a~ ~.c~ca.Wec~ s0 close
"~lle }lei~-x~~~ha~;e~ on t1~~.
.~~~ to a t~ni~ox*~n color ~ in scarlet
.
together r -LYx~,i~ the skin is aeci~,0nru
are sometUt~ 0bser'vved in the 3ubCU~aneouS
fever. t s 3uoa and in the mu cleS?
? 1Ctute homor'I'ha ;e$ are found in the
~xoeedLnl,~.y ~rna~.~, , ~vr
xn t''t~;~xl'~E;` ~i ~+1.Tlw canal, not Q l'l,~y in t1
uCC~u~ rcu~ar~e.x~le of the ~ ~:ra
a l intestine as well (Figure ~2)?
~.ntee~inee Yru~ in the ~m 1
large
d
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i ey aax'c ?u ua11 i 1o 'O 1 ui1G, . ;;, (Jr1. ;ft~uGUu
Very o.C'Lei h .L'o and in ~llo vac Lt~e (i? i ;ure %) s in vjh1e i
zy~ u J. 'riJ~,U q d . B~~(?i:l, dEJ a a i ;ii
iX
case :c fece5 nay ntct.izl ac1fl'' ^ f u ~i
113Iii''J.'~lae~ ,,. U~3e bl~cdii~ oi" the x~ucous marnbrale;s Of
,~ L
taornaeh azi~~^~Li.A~.c; r~,J1u, lac.rnoxryxh1ez~;i.e; ~t~i.or~ of ~t~~esa?
sc~ large ~.rx~c,~
' also no Legit (F .gure 2 aced EL).
~
a iorm of fiJJaS or thin coat
,l''J.u7':La1 zflsby be C;ie~)t~a1?'Le~(.l i.1 'U.iier
s a:1 the su.rf'ce of the mu.cou,3 niembrane:~ of the riLesti.t~C.
$rmal1 hcmorrhage$ are also located on the rrcucau
the bladder (Figure 7 ) and somc:t i,x;s also under' the serous
enve1oj a of idle :! nbst.lt;s ad on he parrieLal laarid of the
peritone ull'1.
Large heMoz"I'i1cl~ e~ lnay also be fou d on the mucous rnembrane
)i' the larynx sxid urinary bladder.
Sra ll aur~c ate hemorr1.i. CS arc very freque,zitly observed. :2w
in ~iC .l.y~QC the 'X a..??ieys, When located only in tii??ie
'~ ~;rcy ao:C ,
gJ.omerui.c s , these henorrh sharply pr'ajc;et onto the p 1e
background Q11e o:C to kidneys The extravasatiafs on a 1aI1gex'
scale in the gray sub$ LaLLCe os.` 'wile kidneys proceed much more
sharps-y, and also in the pelvis o C the kidney acid renal capsule
(Figure ~8).
Figure rer .a 8. Hog cha lemhorra .'es and atrophtc necrosis in the
,~.arra . ~
kidneys. (A:C Ler Andreev).
Figure 5 Hof cholera. iernorrhagic infiltration of tl~e .ymph
!~'. t~
nodES. (Af'r Ant1oev).
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 b1 c piN r .~.t , r
t1?'.) CU' r.` form o tic ; chciic ra o
Fi'urc 61,
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ho g
~bi diphtherO.~ r
r, , ~~'rrIh Y' iflE.
C
al ' ~~.~ ~ l ~:G.x~
,uI"Lk~ same mcbre ,
G t ~ 1.p1~ Uhe ria L i [ J_ :
i y~1 ~~? :~L
` r~ /y tissues of ~1,11e: ~~~~O?~,~~~,~,i~ lYl11CU~~'~e
. ~. of tie ~~rop.~.~.ie" ~n~i,OO.Low
~~nC~'~"11(rO ~, u f, ~ su,
(.Af :1er iost).
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Hemorrhages in the lungs are usually found under the
pleura j the pulmc'nary parenchy to themBeives, arid, less fre-
quently, on the costal pleura.
The endocardium and, partiCU1arlY, the pericardium, are
also frequently covered with sn,ll hemorrhages. Diffuse hemor-
rha es?as well are observed beneath the endocardium, here is
sometimes a lame quantity of serous fluid in the pericardial
cavity z ;cth punetate and diffuse hemorrhages may also occur in
the dura mater and pia mater. The lyiiph glands are enlarged
and perforated by hemorrhages, giving them a dark red color
es 9 and 6o) o The $olitary f'o1lcles and Peyer' a patches
are in a state of inflammatory intumescence, ulceration and crust
formation. The cancellous tissue is colored dark red,
intestinal Form
The changes observed in the intestinal form of hog
cholera are primarily localized in the cecum and colon, and
in the stomach; and less frequently in the small intestine and
oral cavity.
Where the gastro-intestiTlal canal. is affected, the most
varied stages and forms of inflammation may be observed the
usual serous catarrh, and hemorrhagic, c'oupous and diptheritio
inflammations (Figures 61 and 62).
Figure 62. Hog cholera, Stomach, Pseudo diphtherial formations
(croupous, s.diphtherial inflation). (After Andreev).
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Croupous (dtphbheratd) and diphthexia3" nflamsnatiofls are
the most tractOxtst~.c for the intestinal form of hog aho1ara,
and are observed during its subacute and chronic course.
I n croupous infiaThxrttian (croupaus.dtphtherial, according
to Mar ek) a a caa gulabie exudate cU.ffuses through the surface lay
01' of th ? e mucous membrane and reachE;s its surface. When the ex
udate coagulates, necrosis occurs a.n the infiltrated area of
mucous membrane (coagu1ati0n necrosis), while a false memp
the
bra,ne, the diphtheraid deposit, in close connection with the
underlying tissue and conwt ttng of f' brin and debris from the
necrotized tissues, is formed on its surface
:hi$ croupous i be observed in various
-Inflammation may
forms, depending on whether it is confined to separate sroa11
or is spread over a age area (diffuse form).
s,res,s (focal dorm) 0
r7he coavast form of croupous jnflantion ie the focal
J.~~
rannunced, it gives the most characteristic picture
form. When p
of hog cholera.
The primary centers of focal croupous j 1lafnmata.an usually
develop ari the site of Peyer 's patchess the solitary lymph f alli"
cles' or an areas of the mucous memtO?ane$ already visited by
hemorrhage.
follicles become enlarged, owing to herplasia of
The
their es and inf trati0n of exudate (Figure b3), Coagulaw
t ion accompanied by caseous degeneration, then follows
~.on ne
w 9/
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r' . The mucous membrane covering the folUclesa
6).. and a
(EurEB 6 6)
as le coaati011 of the ini'i1trated udate, which
a ~ exult of tk
often contains hrae tes ar ~rai19 undergoes necrosis in exact ly the same way (F'.gu^' e 66).
Figure 63 Hog cho1cra. Intumescence of so:u,,tary fo1:Lic?.e$ in
.
small. intestine. (After Andreyev)
Hag cholera. Intestinal ulcer. In the centor a
1{ iguxc~ 6)4. strutt?uxe1ess necrotic rnassa with included fatty v'acuoles'
r
from the follicle. On the right and left, a fissure
ems' grog
between the mu.co6a and the necrotic formation. In the subcaucou$
tissue the zlecl"o uic ?armrtion U3 separated from the healthY
tissue by an inf ammatory ridge of cellular eienen'ts. The
cellular ,tration into the adjo?iilg musc~.ature is also
~..fi~
zonQS of infiltration them is in-
noticeable. Outside the
flammatory byperGmia in the submucnus tissue. (Auer lost
Jost?)).
nation. of the caseous masses from the necrotic
After ellini
foJ.licle9 a socalled follicuular ulcers with sharp or intumescent
-
edges, is formed (P res 67, 68, 69 and 70). The bans of the
etimes covored by remnants of the caseous debris.
ulcer is som
l1icular ulcers s4 ?'oxmaed are very conveXd ent places
The fo
for the penetration of B. suipestifer and B. necrosis. Owing
of the urrounding healthy mucous membrane by the
to irritation
the activity of these bacteria, the croupous inf2am-
products Of
mation spreads more and mare arciurid~1e primary croupous focus
that has been formed.
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In this way, yellowish, brownish or entirely dark raised
ulcers are rormed, from the sie of a lentil to that of a fi,fty~
kopek piece, siight1y projecting above the level of the mucous
membrane and deep in the middle' at the site of the formE~r foili-
cle. The area of these lesionsxadually increases, and they
sometimes unite to form a sidle flat ulcer covering an extensive
area. Owing to the thickerdx~g of the intestinal walls, the
lumen of the intestine becomes more or less constricted. The
surface of these ulcers consists in the center of a it ble9
caseous mass. A reactive in11amzriation and thickening of the
submucous tissue or se'ou~ mea;ran proceeds beneath these
cersy according to the dth of their penetration. During re
active infiamrntions in the serous membrane, inflammation of
the peritoneum not infrequently occurs and results in anastom"
osis of intestinal loops.
Figure 6S. Hog cholera. Intumescence and initial stage of
necrosis of solitary follicles (formation of follicular ulcers)
in the large intestie' with intumescence of the mucous membrane
around it in the form of a ridge. (After Andreyev).
Figure 66. 'log cholera. process of necrosis of solitary foul-
des and more pronounced intumesoence of the mucous membrane
around them. (After Axzdrr rev).
. Figure 67. Diphtheria follicularia of the large intestine in
subacYit.e hog cholera (colitis diphth~roides foilicularis), The
large intestine has been subjected to inversion of the mucous
.
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m71embranc~ outwards. Abovthe ileocecal ( ?i valwa. 3/Li. rat.'
uvai sie. (After lost).
,Figure 6B. Hog cholera. Large intestine. Varl.ous stages of
necrosis of the solitary foiiicies. In some of the 1argx ul~
cers the deepening in the raiddle is clearly visible. '(Afer
Andreyc~V).
I' the necrotied follicle is not transformed tn.to an, u1-
cEr but preserves its own shape, then the as agulation necrosis
of the mucous membrarLe that takes place around it provides the
basis for the formation of a button-shaped ulcer with concentric
layers (Figure 73). Owing to the dercat?ng inflammation (an
accumulation of pnlynuclear ieucocytes)~ the raucous membranes
around these scars is 1ntumesced into a cylindrical form. The
demarcating inlarrriation deveiopa also beneath the necrotized
rmacous membrane (under the uicer)9 in consequence of which the
ulcer is raised above the level of the mucous membrane and ac-
quires a resiblance to a button. (Figures 71 and 72). The con-
necti,on between these button-like ulcers and the mucous membrane
is gradually 1o$t~ beginning with the edges, and. finaUy they
can drop of
,garo 69. Hog cholera. Superficial necrosis of the solitary
follicles in the large rote stine. Here and there the.c a are
small ulce on the sites of the solitary follicles. (After An-
dr eyev) .
lO2 w'
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iTLgure 70. Hog choiera, SSxiai1 intestine. Pronounced cU.ph..
thoroidal ch nge in to o:L tary follclc8 with ?armation of
1):Lcer8 :1.n vrious stages of development, The mucous riiembrane
around the ulcers is in the Form of an intumescent ridge. Plugs
representing the iiaflainatory product of follioular depressions
(pockets) are visible in he centers of most of the ulcers. in
the middle is a Purer ' s patch that has undergone diphtheroidal
change, At the top is the lr}wer portion of the end of that sec-
tion of the intestinal area witch is in a state of diphtheroidal
infamiiation0
Figure 71. Hog cho1erab Ileum and beginning of large intes..
tine. Among the small sears are large (nbutton.liken) ulc~xs
Consisting of friable caseous masses; in some of them concentric
layer formation ray be noted. (After Andreyev).
F gu,re 72. ~Sog cholera, Large intcstine~ Massive button-like
ulcer a (A. ter Andreyev),
Figure 73. Hog cholcrad Large intestine, Massive ulcers with
concentric layer structure. (Original).
Figure 7L. Hog cha1erar Diffuse diphtheroidal inflammation of
the large in.t(~stinea (After Andreyev)
Figure 7. Hag cholera. Hemorx1iagiai.djphtherja1 inflammation
of the rectum, (After Andreyev),
103 ~.
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:Lt;ur3 76. ;r Ss t3*)ctiOf uxwouah c1 ng cl wall Q. Vc 8BO18 it
ho choiat1a. 'ent1.;3chcrnati.c ,t,resex tat,i.,on, Various stags Of
thi.ekcmingd Hyalmnizati.ora and ka?yOrrhexis.
on the sits of ulcers that lave dropped off, ^azrnlation
tissue develops, foilow+d by a cicatrix the mlrfaae of which i.e
cradually covered by the ep ith~liaa The smooth, shxry and reddish
mucous membrane in this place is slightly raised' though sometimes
t it slightly depressecL
The process of necrosis is sonetirr~es not confined to the
mucous mribrane, but spreads deeper, down to the rltuocu1ar layer
and even to the s ou.s iiieii 'ane itself as a result of wbieh adw
heive intost l 1n1'1amiration may develop.
In the diffuse form of cro ipous inf Laarornativn of the inteww
tines (Figure 7h), the process of coagulation necrosis attacks
not the follicles, but irrbnediately attacks a great length of the
nucous membrane itself in the cecum or colon. The intestinal
wall in these places is considerably thickened (oe ..i cent.meter)
wbile the rrnicous membrane is folded along the transverse folds.
Diphtherial or necrotizing inflammation (what Marek calls
"simple necrosis") of the gastro.-i.nt . stinal canal ie for the most
part observed simultaneously with croupous or hemorrhagic in-
flamrria,tion (ire 75). In diphtherial inflanunation, as in
croupous, coagulation necrosis is occasionally preceded 'by in-
__~~xl o the r~ucc~us~mmbrar,e by a slightly coagiatixag ex,
udate, which never reaches the surface of the mucous membrane,
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however, Therefore, too', no fa Lse ?n branes, ,.nt ,~~~a t~ Nly
joined to the x .der TJ ng tissues, are farmed i.ri. this casoa
Necrosis hers occur in the mucous merrj,brane itself' and this
necrosis (Marek's "simple xiecrasi& ) may be coxafined to the
epithelia and surface layers of the raucous membranes but it
can also penetrate more deeply, down to the su1maueosa and
beyond. The latter form of necrosis is more typical for hog
cholera.
A branMlike coating forms on the surface of the necrosis,
while inside of it .k~co1ored~ dry, friable ~1eers of round or
oval shape are formed, When these ulcers fall off, sores resu b,
which heal by developing granulation tissue in thexxtselvee9 covered
by epithelia.
The Thoracic Form
Affect-on of the organs of the thoracic cavity (pleura
and lungs), ,dust as in hemorrhagic septicemia of swine, may
sometiinoc he he only change i.n pathological anatomy observed
on post mort? oEr inf with hag cholera.
Acute and chroni..c catarrh of the bronchi, with atelec
taxis of separate locale-s of the 1ung~ and also various farms
of 1ri1armnation of the lux s ( catarrhal, heruorrhagic9 croupous,
necrotizing), pleura and pericardium, usually develop owing to
secondary infect-.on by f3. suisepticusm but sometimes, besides
3t, suisepticus, I pyogenes or a large number of other bactia
(diplococci, streptococci, bacteria of the Typhus~coli group,
eta.) are found in the affected areas.
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itLr i1y, oro'us catarrh oL' -: rrara'lparts or even u,f'
rrho1o iobi.ii.er~ of the 1uxig ; can appareftiy be induced only by
the fiitra'b1c; virus. The at': ct?on of the tuns in hod; cholera
is, most often of all, of '1:,he ratwe of a catarrbal pneumonia,
which is primarily localized in the antarior lcbes of the lung.
rf huSp for i'nstance' out of 17]. cases of pneurionia ob ?v't d
in hog cholera, 120 were catarrbal pne arioriia, 23 acute fibrous
ne;crat&z!ng pnelmLonia and 18 gangrenous pneumonia.
Thra c racter of lung ,af f oct .ons Ls apparently depc~ndexxt
to a very great extent not ~cy much on the v'zulence of the hog
cholera virus and of the secondary microlora spreading through
the lunge as on the condition of the dieasod awls. The
better this condition isa the more rarely do fibrous and nrcrotiz-
ing pneumonia c ,ave1op. [ The author evidexatly is thinking of a
milder degree of necrosis than that indicated by the Ar,;erican
tears "necropneumonia", which is, of courses syroainous with
gangrenous pneumonia.)
The l1ntp1a nodes may be increased in size (h perplasia),
or Ln a state of hypere iaq or punctured by hemorrhages,
Necrotic :oci are formed in the lymph nodes only in
cases of secondary infection by B? paratyphi Buis or r3s enterit.
Gartner I.
in6
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Figure 77. sches~e o:C the 1y~m:ph noic ~.,.n hC'g Cho~.ct'
as Ac ?noid ti >su.e of the arenChynt.
b. Ce11MPcao' praX'E fC1 Tfl ti.c substance
C. T'rabecluae
de Follicles
e. peritrabecular sinus
Cortical (narginai) sinus
Capsule
h. Connective tissue cxwelope
The distribttiCJf of heraorrhages in the pareneh3mla of
the ore (in the early stage) is shown by snail circles.
lymph node
rratous degeneration is rater often observed, CLs a rosult of? a
prolonged state of feverp in addition, there is often a cangc.SM
tre hypea^amia In the ?i .V ?, accoripanied by atrophy of the
tissue. Small hemorrhages may also oCCUr in all these organs
during a more acute course of the disease.
In the iivr~ kidn ys, heart and. rtu cu?atuz?e, parcnc
"i. gur e 78. Infarcts in the sple~m .n bog choleraa (Original).
j"i re ?9m General view of art infarct at the edge of the spl3en9
with central necrotic foci and hemorrhagic marginal zone. A
c]ianged eel ruzis at the lase of the infarct in the directiaf
of the edge of the spleen. l38.
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gore 80. Infarcts in the spieen. On the horizontal $eetton
area of `uperPO$tan M are the s~.tes o the nec-
the ljghter
ro rie. (viV).
The +arN irs. hog cholera ri y be ether changed or die-
'play ? ntsalecexrce, (rosultLrg from hyperexfta or hy'perpla )
as
which ?s in no wa, diat ng 1i$hed from that in other ~.ni oetious
~ ~'
in some cases X - 3-Y in subacute cases, anei e
cli~eaeeBe flLit
and rcts, wkiich are of great pathognomonic sig;i,'tcance,
,.~a
These j.nfarc is are snare frequently ?brzned
ray be observed.
after a- ar C1al inaculati?a~ with hog cholera virus thaxx after
~~.~~.
a tu.rall contracting the dis e. (Figure 78).
n ~'
The rar tion of ini'arct$ takes place under the Influence
of the action of the virus on thca wails of the terminal vease18.
ubcu.taneous tnoculatiof w.ith hlghly active virU8 more
After s
farcts of hemorrhat;lc character ai}e fcrred, but
extensive jn
after natural xi1 CtIOA by normal vi.ru~- ~~c~r os, anemic and less
eLten~3.v ( .a of r~;ts result.
crascapicall these infarcts appear a.n the for~ of
sa ~'
c^k red9 more or lass sr rply defined foci on the surface of
Inc or ax and attain a diamet? of 1-2 ccntinet(;rs. In a trausy~
verse ectioxa tixc y are also d L tiuguished sbarply from the sur-
rounding . h ~
rounding tissue.
The infarcts are wedge~8haped in most ceases, but they are
often irregularly serrated at the edges, with spicew pointing towards the center (Fig ire 79). In their form and location they
to the areas supplied by profaundlY modified folliCU~
correspond
lar arteries.
-:108
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Tr f ,rct i us11iy '~'ormc~d iiii ar Gr 1 n1~rb :r ; 1nci (~~.a*?hti,ttc~d tm.in1y ,aia g the ecig s of the spleen (Figure 78).
Infarcts are also observed, though in lesser numbers, in
the 3p1ean parenchy itself.
in some infarcts seconclr.ry necrotic I'ocL, induced by
seconci.ry iifections9 mainly by B. paratyphi suir3, are encoun-
tc,red.
Fjgure 61. D htherCidai colitis in hog cholera.
a e M(uCO Sa
b4 Muscularis nuoosae
C. Submucosa
d. internal muscular layer
Ge ternal muscular layer
C. infiltrate of rr~~~nd cells between glandular epithelia,
penetrating deeply rto the ~bmucoSa
g, Coagulation necrosis of the mucous membrane, with
demarcation, ridge at h
1o A(ii'po;3e ti $s11e
k. Bloodvessels in the submuco8a
1a"ToLoGI CAl:
A detailed description of the histological changes found
in hog c:holExra was presented by us in the last edition of this
book (1936), to which we refer specialtsts interested Vin. this
uestion? At thls place we shaU give only ketches illustrative
p
?.109
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of thesd changes. The histological changes may be arized
a foUowa~
The principal changes which may be utilized for the puz
pose of the differential diagnosis of hag cholera and for the
elucidation of the pathologic changes observed in that disQaae
are found in the bloodvesseis, lymph nodes, kidneys, spleen and
central nervous system.
The capillaries and larger v?ssels undergo ,gross changes
very early. Under the influence of the virus, rtniltiply,ng in
the blood, degenerative changes in the endothoiial cells take
places together with hyaline degenctration and necrosis of the
walls of the bloodvossels. The latter Condition easily spreads
and causes hemorrhages. Owing to edema and the rmultiplication
oi' adventitious cells, the walls of the bloodveasels become
thickened, and not infrequently thrombi are formed. It is these
changes in the bloodvessels that are also mainly responsible for
the pathowanatomical changes characteristic for hag cholera,;
hemorrhages, necrotic foci, in the organs and anemic infarcts in
the spleen,
In the lymph nodes, which are intumescent and hyperemic,
there are not infrequently hemorrhagec infiltrations, with local
ization of the extravasated blood along the peripheries and in
the parencata of the nodes, and necrotic foci in chronic cases.
Pronounce d..trophy of the adenoid tissue of the lymph nodes a
spleen is also noted, which induces the leukopenia almost regular....
ly observed in hog cholera.
., 110
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This picture of hemorrhagic lympbadenitis is charaetaru.
istic for hog cholera.
riguxe 82. Glomerular and pE iglomerular hemorrhages in the
acute ors of hog cholera.
ar Hemorrhage with pyknotic nuclei in the glameuli
b{ Extensive periglomex'ular hemorrhage
c. Debris of the nuclei of the endothelia of the entrance
to the vessel
dr Degena^ation of the epithelia of the canaliculi of
the vessel.
The kidneys are relatively seldom affected in other in.
fectious diseases, but suffer greatly from the action of hog
cholera virus, which induces a sous or hemorrhagic diffuse
glomerulonephritis (1i? ]3o1' and. Rybiriskiy). } line arid fatty
degeneration is noted in the epithelia of the winding car~.li~
ouli~ together with a pronounced regressive change in the bloodN
vossels~ accompanied by hemorrhage, thrombosis, stasis and,
finally, necz?osis of their walls, Endovasculitis and perivas.
culitis is observed in some cases (B. Dal' and Rybinskiy)e
In mute cases of the neural form of hog cholera, diff~isea
nonsuppurating encephalitis is found in the central nervous
syst~na with marked degenerative changes of the nerve cells and
of the walls of the bloodvessels in the brain, together with
cellular accumulations in the form of sleeve'shaped formations
in the perivaecular lymphatic areas and in the areas stwrounded
by the hemato'encephalic barrisr. Vessels which are hardly
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natieeab1e in normal cases1 now tax 1 out in the form of a
1 atd of vessels of various thickness. Hcnaorrhages are noted
in the medullary substance and in the meninges. Ixx add,tion~
tissue reactions in the form of proliferation of the neuroglia
and formation of Hg1iogenous3 nodules" are also obsrrvod.
F.gure 83. Transcrerse section of 'the central portion of the
brain. Schematic repro sentat ion. Black dots indicate distri-
bution of encephalitic lesions in hog cholera. (Aftctr Zayfrid
CSeified?] )q
THE Q,UANTIIAU VE MW :t4ORPHOLOGI CAL CHANGES
IN THE BLOOD
In the red blood elements, the development of anemia is
observed. Tba.s is e cpressed in a fal1 in the number of erythrow
cytes and in the heznaglobin content; po1ychromatophilia, pa?kilo"
cytosis and increase in the number of blood platelets is also ob-
s ervod.
( aanges in the number of reticulocytes (granu1ofi1ocytc3)
are highly characteristic.
These are erythrocytes containing granular?fibrous matter
which are residues of the embryonic protoplasm.
In the blood of normal swine, up to the age of 3 months,
the constitute from 1.1 percent to 13.8 percent of the total of
number of erythrocytes and from 0.2 percent to h percent in
swine over 3 months of age.
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In hog cholera, the nuanber of raticulocytoa falls whop
fever first appears, and they disappear completely from the
blood when the characteristic clinical signs manifest themselvea.
ring eonvaloa coneo the retiouJ.ooyte count again risen sharply.
In the white blood elements as well, great changes are
noted. Pronounced ieukopenia has been noted in hog cholera by
both Russian and foreign authors. A fall in the leukoc ite count
below BOOO per cubic millimeter is a true sign of hog cholera.
It has been possible to note certain shifts in the eompos~
ition of the white blood corpuscles. In the initial stages of
the acute form of hag cholera, appearance of neutrophiia
GlevoroTry ?], eoSinopeni.a, increased basophie count and
lymphocytosis are regularly observed.
On complication of the disease by secondary infections,
or when the acute process changes over to the chronic form, the
white lQ ood count changes appearance of eosinophiles and
basophiles or increase in them, and pronounced lymphocybosis.
(13e1'kov, 1939)?
fl[AONOSI
The diagnosi6 of hag cholera is based on the epiz4ootologi-'
cal, clinical and patho-ar.atonn.ca1 findings, and should as a rule
be made on the spot, at the farm where the d3.sease occurs.
Bacteriological exaxmLnations, biological tests and histol-
ogical examinations play a aubordinate role and are tefu1 chiefly
for differential diagnosis.
..U3.
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The timely (early) dagnosis of hog cholera is exoeption-
ally important: not infrequently the success of the measures
:tor localizing and lquic39ting an outbreak depends on it. Each
additional day of delay in the dlagnosis costs the afi eeted
farm. dearly, e;peciai1y when measures to prevent transmission
of the ixlfOCtion and localize it are not taken as soon as the
first suspicions of the presence of hog cho1 ra arise.
The tptzootolagical data concerning the conditions under
which the infection appears and spreads, and its characters may
in numerous cases be decisive for the diagnosis.
Above all, it is exceptionally ?mportant to discover the
osB3.b1e source of the infection, so as to prevent further in.
p
fection of the herd from this source.
The cbaracteristic e iuootolagical features of hog cho1~
era rep swine of all ages are susceptible to it; it may appear
at any time of the year, regardless of definite predisposing
factors (such as are represented by head colds in influefl a or
hot weather in swine erysipelas); rarid development of? an en-
ootic where there is close contact between the an?mals, or there
is a common source of jnfectlon for a large number of ani1Aa1$.
The clinical signs of hag cholera are fairly weU marked
at the beginning of an enzootic, when the first oases of the
disease appear in the acute septtcemic form, with high fever,.nw
tense depession lose of appetite. and not infregueutly weakness
~'
in the~hi quarters.
14
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~'t. m,~.c4Us mem'b~anes~ and r:umGrous
dry eoro$tE3 of the tc~ thor cor~et~,~t~,te the ~y~ac~a 1 of
hr~rrin the ,, cata~~
which may' ~orve ~, 6 ~, true a rad~.
~~atxio~anatom~.ca~. alt at~on~ ..a in
~.Sa~Yr as cancern~ the diaoars~
of had cha~.eray at least a~
adult animals.
or ? ;,~ronr~unrcci patha?anatom~ca~.
k owev era such more oa: less 1 r
? re Of he:~`c aept~.c)
~.~tu o
a,~.tat~.cns (eapaoia~.l~' the p^
are ~a~.xa1y obeG'vc,d on1y at the begi1n7.n~ of an apiZQOt
rY ~I
susCe~'.t:ibl.a an~ls axe axfeotc a
when the rocs ?
di~~~.~:~~.ty ~.saasm~ch ~,~ ~~Y
e ja a,,~nosis a1readJ ~hoOoTa r~arc
~,h c~
"tEfl post r.ortCm8 disclose Qk'1y tluc~ chaos in the thoracic
t.~'~,~.~; or 5eticemia of one
cavity which are charac
rr c~croupoua or necroti1n pneu
mot:, as' scrof?sy", er~.ca.~?d~.t~.s)~ or in add~.t~.on
~.'~noup~.Qt~~'~.
often the c~~.pl~thex'ta~c~a~~,rrhs
~,',~eac the ord~.na' ( serous) or.
to ,
o~ t cctr.~~~.s~~~ ~
Y the a,?ro4nt0st.nal tract which arc not very
~t
Lor hog cholEirae
a cha~'ac~,(;r~.st~.c of had cho~.era
the ~.ntea t~.nal change
If
~, with the typical ptcturo of swine
are ~~xr~sant s~~,anoous ~' 'th
peiB of had cholera may be made ~~;~
sop~t~.ca, the d
aauranCea
ssa to fl1DlO bioloica~. t~;sta beM
It 3,s somet~.me~ nece r'y'
on c~~?~raact~r of the disease can be
~'a~~~ a ~~~~1 dec~s~.on an ~.aos~s
,de, in cases where the first and boat period for the d~
ba,r;ute a,ncl attonated forrns o~ the
xa's a1rea gassed, anal su
u6 M
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disease cre observed, recalling now paxaty~hoidy now enzootic
bronchopneumonia, now the subacute forms of one plague, and
affording no poasibiiity of ampifyl.ng the diagnosis an the
kJ L8 a?' clinical and anatox ica1 findings alone,
Filtered xnatrrial must be used or biologioal tests
blood serum or suspens:tons oi" material from parenchyinatous or-
gans or .nf'ectcd lungs ?? and tested on a healthy shote, fee
of hog cholera and weighing not less than LO kilogtaras.
A biological test gives a definite answer only when it is
positive, and infection results.
Biological tests must be conducted under oonditions that
commmpletol r e~cc1ude the possibility of the test animals contract.'
in,g any other .infection, collaterally' or an entirely contused pie.'
Lure may be obtained,
For this purpose a, well'constructed Pigpen, must be
available, It must have no other ax in al occupants, and must
be served by separate, we11~trained personnel. The sanitary
rules must be strictly observed. A biological test by itself
rewires about two weeks.
All these factors make the method of biological tests
very expensive and excessively slow.
Serum testo. The caruiderable difficulties not infrequent.'
1y involved ire the organization of bioiog~.cal tests make it possible
to use them relatively seldom. `the serum testy which is much ea s.'
icr to perform, may be recommxmended as a substitute.
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Three groups of yciimg ;pigs (two in aach group) are select..
ed for this purpose. The first group is passively irnniu i ed
aga'I?nit hag cholera,, the second against sw-1ne plague, while the
third ;1.s let uninoculated. All the ani.mala axe iept together.
On the following day all six young pigs receive sub..
cutaneous izioculatians of unfiltered blood taken under aseptic
Conditionis from pigs that have contracted the disease naturally.
The diagnosia is made in accorhnce with the results.
Finafya the immunizing serums against hog cholera, sepw
ticemia and eryaipelas$ which are administered on a farm for eura?
tive and prophylactic purposes at the very onset of an enootic,
may also be used for diagnostic purposes
The character of the infection in question may be judged
by the e.Lf'ectiveness of one serum or the others
Histological examinations. The veterinaries of the
affected farms should remove small samples of the organs and
brains of the fresh. carcasses for histological examination for
hog cholera; and should preserve these saannples in a 10 percent
formalin solution,
In the whale syndrome of clinical, patho.anatomical, bae-
terialogical and epi zootologjoal findings, the histological e x-
amiriation of the central nervous system may be of a certain amount
of service in formulating a diagnosis of hog cholera, It must
be borne in mind that the inflammatory changes in this disease
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eC'l n definlta portions of the brain, namely n the
are loca,l.iz
neighborhood o.f the irer any outer surfaces of the bra1n.
They are particularly pronounced in the neLghborhoad of the
in the vena~ts plexus and in the zones of the outer
ventricles,
surfaced
Changes in the bloodVCsse1S and the related changes in
kidneys and spleen, are more irri.portant for diagnosis,
~.ymph nodes,
a.nce they arL; almost regularly observed. Infarcts -In the spleen
sa,r e entrely sp Caific, buts unfortunately, are encountercd In
~. ,~
only LOO percent of all cases.
sarnovich has suggested using the allergy reaction in
the diagnosis of hag cholera. He used, as an allergen, blood
with this disease, mixing It with an equal quantity
ftom pigs
of costar ail. To render the virus harmless, 0.2 percent of
was first added to the defibrinated blood, which was
fornalin
than kept at room t emperature for three &.ys. After this, the
amount o ed for inoculaticn was mixed with an equal of blaod rec~u' ~,r
volume of castor oil, and the remaining blood kept under reftIg
eration.
The ailargin so prepared was Inoculated in doses of
cubia centimeters intradermally on the external sur~
face of the haunch.
If a general reaction -w :increased temperature and de~
occurs in the test pig, besides the local r^actican
pressicrn
inoculation -~ swe;iling and redness then,
at the site a
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C,cgrd 5arnovt.;h' d COxmr11an .c,~,t .?n9 . pOS~.tive diagnosis
of ~, to
of hog cho;t ra may be made.
c ctton of a triple dose - 1? cubic cen lmeters
into heck. thy pigs induces neither fever reaction nor
of allerg~,n
any other symptoms of disease over the period of a month?
ariments made by othr investigators showed that
Check eat
react on ie far from manifesting itself as regu1ar
the all.erg~.c
iy a in the experiments of Sarnovich himself. Nevertheless,
s
the check experiments showed that It might have a certain value
reaction. The application oi' this reaction to a
as a group
group of 6 suspected cases of hag; cholera, the exper ?menters
~~.~ ,
cgns might make it possible to render a diagnosis of
~.dexeda
hog cholera i' a positLve reaction were obtained, even though
only from a few of the animals inoculated.
as has been shorn by subsequent detailed experiments,
But9
of allergic reaction proposed by Sarnovich y?eld4 a
the method
negative result not only with healthy anixnal$, but also with
these affected by hog cho1erati A positive allergic reaction
~"
was observed only in animals that bad either recovered from
hog cholera or been irra~nnizod against it,
we observe the same 1phenamenon with respect to the
Thus
allergic reaction in hag cholera, as in sheep"pox and cowpox
of antigen induces an allergic reaction in animals
injection
active or passive immunity, and not in animal s haves
pq ssessinF;
ing the disease.
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to rnovtR~he rsazmn7~ni~;at .on, ,. positives d~.agriosi$
according
of hog cholera may be made.
Injection of a triple dose - l.; cubic ceant,jmeters of alle Ln into healthy pigs induces netthal? fever reaction nor
x
any other symptoms of disease over the period of a month.
Check experiments made by otb r investigators shaweci, that
c reaction is far from manifesting itse]i as regular-
the aller?gi
ly as in the experiments of Sarnovich bimse1f. Nevcrt11sss3
e eriments showed that it might have a certain value
the check
as a group reaction. The application of this reaction to a
group of bQ suspected cases of hog cholera, the eacp rimentors
~.
aonaidcxed, might make it possible to r. erndex' a diagnosis of
hog cholera r i' a posttive reaction were obtained, even though
~.
only from a few of the animals inoculated.
But, as has been shown by subsequent detailed gxperimentsg
the method of allergic reaction proposed by Sarnovich yields a
result not only with healthy animals, but also with
negative
affected by hog cholera. A positive allergic react-Of
those
was observed only an animals that had either recovered from
hog cholera or been ism nized against it,
we observe the ; me phenomenon with respect to the
thus
allergic reaction in hog cholera, as in shoe-pox and cowpox:
injection of antigen induces an allergic reaction in animals
possessing active or passive imrmtnity, and meaty?.. animals ..~r?,
r
. ,. i?1? the djeeaie
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Dnnastyen and Lestokar took those obsc;rvat~.ons as a
starting point, and fundarraentally modified the method of intra-
demoreaction proposed by Sarnovich. They recommend subcutaneous
Injection of 1 eubio centimeter antithog cholera serum par" kilo"
gram body weight into the, suspected animal before adiitLnistration
of the allergen. They also propose an original method I"or o l-
uating the local reaction obtained, which consists in deterrnin-
ing the ratio between the size of the swelling (nodule) immedi-
ately after administration of the allergen and its size after
2L. hours. The swelling on the site of the irnoculation is u iiaily
oval in shape, and for determining its area they take the product
of its major and minor di, ma eters its length and its width.
They judge the result of the reactions i. e., the extent
of the increase in the st of ling in the skin after a day has
elapsed, by the ratio ,,, , ~rhe A and E indicate the major
axb
and minor diameters of the swelling after 24 hours, while a and b
are the major and minor diameters of the swelling immediately
after injection of the allergen.
The reaction ny be considered positive if the ratio
Ax13
axb
Numerous experiments conducted on animals that were
healthy, diseased, naturally immune, passively immunized with
serum alone, and, finally, hyperirnnuan.zed against hog cholera
brought these authors to the conclusion that the intradermoreac~
tion in hog cholera is an inrmnity reaction.
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3 or> 3.
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Brt&O bas advised that tbi nsw and original method of
va.vo dia osi8 of hog cholera be termed xenoreactian.
in
If, for a rc..;a son, the xenon eaction cannot be carried
out by the veterinary an the spot' it is sufficient to send
blood samples taken., under sterile conditions, from swine that
fever and are suspected of having the acute form of
have high
hog cholera, to the nearest laboratory. The laboratory can then
make this teste giving the supplementary administration of scr-
im to the immune swine before they are inoculated with the castor-
oil eiTn21eion of the defibrinated blood,, sent to it.
Antigen from blood taken from swine in the acute stage
n hag cholera, that have succumbed to the disease or been
destroyed, gives better results than antigen from the organs
the same swine, but, on the contrary, antigen from the or.
of
Mnc of swine that have suffered from the disease for a long
Ba
tine .,- i. e. from a reanic cases - gives better results than
~
antigen from. their blood.
A fter making a thorough study of the reasons that may
erroneous results when the xenoreaction is used, Donas'yen
lid to
and Lestokar declare themselves compelled to modify them' original
view that this method is of extraordif Y simplicity. It has
that there are a number of reasons that could lead to
developed
mistaken diagnoses.
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The main reason for mistakes i8 inaccurate maa arement
of: the area of the swelling formed at the site of inoculation.
When the reaction is positive, the swelling consists of two
cancentrLc wnoe~ a central, ythamAtous portion and a pen-'
pharal, edematous portioxs. Both these zones must be moasured
er. To determine the boundaries of the edema, palpation
togeth
culation site must under all crcwiistances be resorted
of the lino
toy instead of merely det~;rmining the limits by ocular inspection.
Selection of the test awls also proved to be of great
importance. First of all, the swine used for the tests must
e a thin elastic skin. Besides this, their capacity for
reaction should be explored by prcliiiinary tests and only
animals giving the highe st index on maculation with one anti-
g en or the other of known activity used for the reaction.
It should also be borne in mind. that after some weeks
months the reactive capacity in some of the actively immun-
01
ized swane may be considerably impaired. Besides this, repeated
:tnoenations produce a thickening of the skin that gradually
ae ers the pig unsuitable for further use as a test animal.
The activity of the serum adrainistered to the test ani-'
also shows great influence on the result of the reaction.
mal
Only highly active serums capable' in doses of 0. cubic centi-
meters per kilogram body weights of protecting swine 1om in"
;Cection by hog cholera virus, should be used for the intradar-'
moreaction. _ .
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The antigen value of the virus contained in the blood
being tested is also a factor that deserves attention and aonm
ideration. So that the vus shoii.d have a sufficient antis"
genie a etivity and be power ft 3. enough ( co ntain the max m
number of units of virulence) , the blood should be taken from
sick pigs with the highest ternperatura and with the acute forma
of the disease, not from those that have been ill for a long
time, in which the virus may already have disappeared from the blood.
Thus three factors bear on the results obtained by the
xenoreactians the reactive capacity of the test pigs, the
quality of the anti "hog cholera inj ected9 and the antigen value
of the blood being tested. I: one of these factors is defective,
a negative reaction may be obtained. To find out what viruses
are weak antigenieaUy, it is necessary to dispose of swine
with pronounced reactivity, and also of serum of high activity.
Since the :results of the xenoreaction depend on a number
of conditions, this method can yield true indications only in
laboratories that strictly observe the des for carrying it out.
The serum diagnosis of swine cholera has been studied
by a large number of investigators, but up to the present it
has still not been possible to work out a method that could be
introduced into practice.
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V'ar&ous authors bave stuc1.ed the formaliu test (jelling
efft ct), the lipoidal react:Lon, .R SK C Couplement Fixation Test],
the precipitation reaction, etc.
The reason for the i.? ailure in the application o:i" scrum
reactions to the diagnosis of hog cholera has been the difficulM
ty of preparing an antigen contain:ng the virus of hog cholera
in relatively pure form without the normal ballast proteins o.'
swine. The latter are contained in large amounts in the blood,
$ex'um and organs of swine, and, when these liquids and organs
are, u~3ed as precipitogens, are responsible for the devclopmax
oi' uanerous rionwspecifio precipitins in the sera of the axiials
being processed,
Suring recent years a rtrbc;r of Soviet scientists
(Tsuverkalov, Kucherenko, Popov, Rostov, Ayrapet Cyan) have
used urine of animals with hog cholera instead of blood for
precipitation reactions. These studies, however, al8o yield.
ed no definite result 3. The study of this rriethod of diagnosis
should be continued.
Differential Dgnosis
A considerable number of other diseases paratyphoid
and ,rune plague, influena, erysipelas, anthrax; and others -~
may be confused with hog cholera.
l2 w
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these .sascs groan hod cholca, the
To
? ectecl to the charartortsttc
s,?bte:fta.an must be der
stgn O? these diseases.
Sw hold, as cornparefl with hog cha1~'aa occuri3
izle paratyp
more seidom and ~.s a chronic diseasc that exciustve1y af?'~Gts
ld. l~aaema an the ~.n ~.s often on~.~'
y~a~,~.; ~pi~s 3~~ months e ,.
oi' the cl~.~'~'use form, while he xorrha ;cs there are not observed.
1:~ altsravate with constipation bud
the ~l~.ar~^ho~. does riot u~ Y
hout, the attack Wtthaut ~:nterrupt
cont~ ? es ~1c>roug
'
athowaxaatnz cal alts ?ati0ns here' toot are
lthough the p
the 1ar~o tntstine9 they are s~.btanw
iora:a.~.zed pr.inar~.ly in
from those lxi hog cholera by the~X raseoW3
tially clist~.nguished
more acute cacu9 szc~llwcc~. ~.a~.:i~.tra~
ch~,ractex. Th~.s~ in the
t r~?
? ' walls accurS~, resulting in marked t1iik
~,on of the ~ ,ntsstt~l
r ctlnok In 1'iraxlSvirrSe sec t~.oYle ;Cn
c3n~.r~g and g3.v3.n~ them a ~'
and caseous degeneration of the lymph
clcronic; c,a se s enls,r gnmcnt
ted but according to roar r authors the
i'a~.~.c;Lcas i3 also l.so aab a
their sites never have a concentric lay
raised ulcers farmed on
t off" ramous mas3G3, at f';i.x"~~ of a horn"
~ structures and c~ins~,s
character, and subsequeftly tang on more
ogonous9 tallOta'like
dense canatSter~cy. The 1ntcstinal r i eous membrane is f requcMtlY
nacras~.s over a great lGngtha whilc be?
subject to superficial
Heath tt there an enc~',. ettc proltferatof cornec'bive tls~
is
.peg resulting ~.n narked thtckefliflg of the intostins1 walls.
are either simplY ~.ntu~aesaed (in acute eases) or
The Nymph nodes s,s
also contain casecaus foot. (tn chronic cases).
~.
.~ i26
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The of the lungs in paratraho&d is of a
caseous characters and not croupous, a^ n hog cho1a and swine
aia ue. Q,.seous foci are also encountered in the 8pleena kidneys
and epiploon.
Swine plague CpasteUX'Oilosis of swine, hemorrhagic sep~
ticcrniaj is distinguished from hog cholera by :its 1ciss acute
course and its preciorrunantly sporadic charaCtE;r,
Among the clinical s i rptoms, those indicating funct1.ona1
disturbance of the resp:~ratary orgafs are predominant.
Ne tae rnunerous he orrhages (UuE 'vu$ hemorrhagew are
sometimes i,n Mdence in the more acute cases of the dz.sea~3e
but it is relatively very seldom that seine plague assumes such
a character.) nor pox"like rashes are observed, but all the
more frequently, ?or that, does difftu3e or oca1, crustal eczema
orna crustosura) develop. Crustal cczeriia in hog cholera may
therefore serve as an indication of its complication by infection
with B. 3uisepticu84
in very acute eases of swine plague, as well as in chronic
M:1ne pp 1ague of young pigs, great dificu1tie8 may be encottnter ed
r
in making a post mortc~n diagnosis, since in such condit.on.s,
especially when young pigs are affected, aerou- catarrhs off' the
gastrointestinal canal, hemorrhages and superficta1 necroses of
its mucous membrane (bran-like coatings) are not infrequently
observed. In this case, in order to prevent mistakes in the
diagnosis, it is necessary to pay particu1aX attention to the
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chars cter of th~cr,.ur$e oI' the enzootic, and also to carry out
E3 air , aaible. Failure to find D4 tt;ui.3epti,"
a; many rao t moxt m ~
cad. exami.fltion. Ccc1u~.cas ihepostibi.iity
cuin the bactCi.olo~
t the finding of B. 6iepttCU6 :.8 still no
0?1 3~pttcemao proof oi the absence of hog cholera. In doubti'ul cares it is
xecorr~mended that 0 7 Pigs, too, should be inoculated with the
~'
blood 0?' the nine being czam?ned,
e both in i.ts septicemic form and with urtiear
ive caw?e for ronf'usin i.t with hog cholera.
:UL ~ may
The eept' cemic form af' eryripelas is di.stingu3 shed from
~
that of hog cholera by the more intense redding of the skin ax.
the absence o rr1~~ w e on ~.~,. The gastro?a~.`~e sti..~l catarrh hemo ~
observed as does not usi, iiiy spread bGyofd tiW s ll
;~.. r~ryai~~e~.
intestine. mall h emorr;s are more often round only in the
.
kadncys, in which case the 1ci.dnay~ ihemselveare colored r3k
?
.
brown.
Finally, the w question as to whether erysipelas is present
in this case or that can always be anEwered by a 'd ac-eriologi
in t
cal e,mjnation.
The swellings of the skin in urticaria are dlsti.n~~i.shed
cholera 1r them' rectaU;ular shape (in hog
from those in hod
cholera they l1. round) , 1r their larger size snd local-
ization an the spine and along the sides of the bock, while to
hog chal era they ar a to cat ed on ar ea s with mor e t endue' skin.
i8-
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The a I;, Cut. aCy o? the di.a o-~t;3 ? J be confirmed by .f"t'Cher
cbsrV~~ ~.ton of the d'tseaed antW~J S, and by the mortality (wh ~.ch
u~?
i nsj ljfic~ nt ,i.n urtioax?ia) ~ by post mortems, and `inaliy, by
cterioio gical exain.nat~-un of m*).t.erial taken from the st~,uothe ~~;x'urr>. should 1~ ~.~, ,. -' LSt~'~~-~
Jc '~s1 "uar~.'tf ~J' va.r'u~ n~~.y he ac~m~.n
rn.at~.~r~;e ~. cc~?ta. ~.
that ' a'~ as 9 a;;j+1~~;J.ta~lea~a6 ~ ~.z~~acul r1 r~
Ct1u. ~,t~.a a~''
~cxum, 'huh
~.t~YaE~UU~i~;~ ' t~~~ 't
Le crap:Loed
aus ~.nc~ cu:-ai't~.an hleh~~~c ~,S,v~.t~'
Y~ o~~ the ~iucccsof ~ ulta~~c a~xda.~
of high titre, an the c~a~~~
v.1uu must be uSccand also serum ti
7uttauk the ~7re~~axa'~lcr1 in cjue~
a'ted by the b~.o~?c~~,lc~,l fac'tar~'
c
ticn.
. i~.2~ percent or r~,~ ~'ccnt
cf~.bx~.n.~ted blood ccnta.~. ,
:tie ? if kept the dark at em-
~)than 12 degrees Cent :S xadc'
c~r~tur~~ ~1r,~ higher
act1Ve far p??64 days.
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The virus slaou3.d he 0:1:: such pO teno r' that l c bic cezatiaiLeter
T~rjLi :Lrrcuce an at~:,ack or t1~ca acute form ol'hog CILQ:.era in.L 6 days
o~:.t. subCutaxlCous inOCuiaUon into a young pig weighing f'ro~uii 16 to O
k:..o;ararns
The , serum and v 'u~a are injected into differerLt parts ox the
body and should he used in r~lac1 qu:: n'ba.t: arLC3. such potcncy as o
du.ce only mild att&Ck;a cap' the di.e sc'; in the animals
In Uiis case the reacti..orl off' tl~cr c)rgan1~3rn consist $ iai an iflw
,aj x,jfcaft, rise of 'tempcirature, accori'rpanied by impaired appEtite
and eakrie:35, beginning on the i" fifth day after aiwculatiorl, 13y t17c;
end t,rtU? second weck after .i.~iieeti.or~ t1',.e 1.'nocu1atE~d z.nirn.a1s already
4 )peaa: csorl~p1etk~ -y .;Cali arlu ha'u't a uorraaa..Lerap( rd Lure.
The use C )C virua with Cair1y active serurrr in Irnuitancraus
inoculatioa~ my pro1an; wlre incubation perIod to threc weeks and even
up to o:fit'.;lit weUkw~9 and since t1'tc 'pas6ive 'JJilfwi t f from tllo serum inw
j c ctic) ' ji1i 1'iave airOactyf cnd,ed y float times tlae LnCIcul.a Lc;d miiric~
can develop 11o; cholera, with resultant mortality jus t as scat a
runcnig uninocu1ated anir'aa1contracting, the disease naturally.
Thu; if inoculated s~dN~? develop hog cholera 20 days after
inoculation, this indicates weakness o.t the virus used. On the other
hands if illness develops in inoCulated swine during the first clays
after inoculation, it is duce to the serum laving been used too weak
and the vius too potent.
';ro attain favoraIlc rtias'~zlts From, simuitaneoi-u inoculation and
to dirnti.3h the percentage of possible complications and deaths fol-
lowing it, it i.~ veer important of have a ?a,vorable sanitary and
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x~ygien:Lc environ nt for i to pig; inoculated.
A more or less marked attack of illness in the inoculated
pigs as a reaalt of the injection of hog cholera virus, weakens their
organisms and reduces their resistance, and thus creates favorable
conditions for the subsequent penetration and development of secon~
dary infections by sonic microbe that is usually nonpa'thogenic for
swine, or not very pathogenic for them.
'fo a considerable extent this circi.unstance explains why swine
contract a whole series of infections after airaultarieous inoculation:
infections induced by B. paratyphus, 13. suisepticus (tire usual acM.
compan3inents of hog cholera), 13. coli, h. p ocyaneus, staphylococci,
etc? Graham found bacteria of the paratyphoid group, B. necrophorus,
etc, aun swine taken ill after simultaneous inoculation.
Mannin;er noted the development of severe cases of paratyphoid
in adult swine on the basis of sintuitaneous inoculation .t'rom which
they had recovered.
In this ccaxlnection, it Will be realized why general sanitary
~
measures to eliminate or reduce to a minimum the possibility of in
fection of inoculated swine are so immensely important. Good gen
eral hygienic conditions are no less important: proper management,
correct feeding, which assure a higher general resistarice of the
organisms of swine undergoing inoculation.
The worse the sanitary and hygienic conditions, to higxier the
percentage of complications ari mortality following inoculation.
It is for this reason that a basic general clean--up and
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measure of control against that disease. Preventive inw
compulsory
ocula tiara by this method is forbidden at points free of the disease
(and even. at points threatened by it).
Simultaneous inoculatiOrr should not be per.Lorrned on farms
where there are other acute infectious diseases of swine besides hog
cholera: erysipelas, foot and'raouth disease, sw .rxe pax, ini 1uenra
and acute outbreaks of paratyphoid, until they are liquidated.
In such eases passive immunization against hog cholera is
secomrrtended, it coniuriction with the aggregate of comprehenaive gym"
Brat veterinary and sand. nary measures for the liquidation of these
~'
~? . f action ?' pi;pefs with soda lye during the fiMrst weeks after
c;ulation contributes to its success, as does the immediate rew
ino
f all swine becom.irag ill after ixioculation, and the 1mp1emenw
moval a
f general hygienic measures with respect to management and
,r .. ? ran 0 ka
~~ >~~.
feeding of the animals. A clisproporti.0nate amount of grains should
not be fed, while the animals should not be allo~1ed to catch cold or
be fattened. concentrated feeds in the ration should be
v
e~ce~sa, e ~
cut i~. half, and a certain amount of green fodder or fresh vegetables
added to make up f or this cut.
Finally, the inoculated an una1s must not be allowed to suffer
hun r this C to exert a sharp i.rfavorable influence on the dew'
for
vel0pmerrt of ;immunity and can lead to an attack of hog cholor'a.
The procedure or giving simultaneous inoculations in the
US Bribed in the anstructiOf$ relative to the control of
-.~R is r ~ prescribed
h0 ara issued b.. the Ninistry of Agriculture of the USSR. rI1..ey
are to be a cried out only at points stricken by hog cholera as a
infectious diseases.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
has taken on a lingering character or whero it presents a constant
the initial period of thc~ epizootic is already pa,~t and lxo p cholera
f'aIras with a large number ol:' swine, and also on those f a1Tns where
scale (arras with a large number cif swine, and also on laargewscala
The plenum of the veterinary ~iection o.C Va ikh iil (1937)
recommended using the tocimique of s:unultax.eous inoculation on dirge
threat of nc,w imi ortation of infection. This raethod is recoar~tnended
for use together with passive imriunization where the veterinary,
sani.. tar, and zoohygienie environment of the f aryl is unfavorable and
it is difficult to count on its e1z?]r axnpravcment.
Si,Illuitaneoua" inoculation must be performecl by qualified vest
erinary workers.
'M`lle Technique oi' Simultaneous Inoculation
- _4..+wMw+r
On the basis of superficial clinical exanitriation and of two
temperature readthgs9 those swine with fever and suspected of &LS
ease arc Sej.)aaated (Tram the herd (as soon as the first syinptonis
appear) and giv(.n a curative dose of the serum alone. Those that
are clearly and gravels ill are removed and destroyed, followed by
d:Isinfection of the products of the slaughter.
5iultaneous inoculation is not recoimnmend.ed for pregnant sows
with hiss than a month before farrowing time, for suckling dams and
suckling pigs, nor for badly ernaciated animals. ~niuitaneous inoc~
ulation of animals in the last stage of fattening is also iexpedi~
ent. All these groups are passively iar tUfized with preventive closes
of sebum. To avoid their subsequent infection by the simultaneously
inoculated animals, they must; as Far as poss:Lble~ bc~ isolated from
the main group subjected to simultaneous Inoculation.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Al. the remaining swine, healthy and with normal tanperature
(not over 4O decrees ) undergo s ultaneous inoculatioxl. All these
anama1s are then placed under veterinary obsorv Lion and Uie;ir tarn
perature is taken daily. Condition and reaction to inoculation are
carefully followed up.
The normal reaction to inoculation should cozrurcence in L to
days and is e:pre; ssod in moderate Lever (not ovex? hi decrees),
which is not proiont;ed (it lists 34.. days), without perceptible
change in the general condition and without impairment of appetite.
:ti the f ever is higher and more prolonged, or if even the first s jF;n;
of more serious indispositions appear in the inoculated animals
(impairment or loss of appetite somnolence, neural ,yiaptoms, etc)
anti-hog cholera serarlx in therapeutic doses mu;rb be administered
without delay.
In view of the short pex'iad of action of tho anti~hog cholera
serum introduced into the organi tim at simultaneous inoculation,,
great care should be taken to avoid delayed reaction to inoculation,
which mr occur if the virus used is too weak and has an incubation
period of as long as 3 weeks and even as long as S weeks; for such
reactions take a more severe course and may end in death.
For this reason animal in wlLich fever develop, only on the
tenth day or l:.ter must receive a second serum injections this t:th'Le
in cu bative dosage. If the reaction to the inoculation is delayed
in most of the animals undergoing simultaneous inoculation, admini
stration of a second injection of serum, this time in therapeutic
dosage, is recommended 'or all of thenx (except those that have red
acted earlier and are already recovering).
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The absGncc C reciction to the inoculation for lU days or
1ont,er, or the appearance od' a dt~layed and weak reaction up to this
?t1:1jii in only an ir' sigrdiican't number of the; animals, should be eval~
uated as the rc;sult o:C using weak, intctive virus. In such Cases a
second, noculation with another ;aeries of virus air; reeonim.mdod~
Aniaa1w In which the illness after inoculation takes on a
lingering cl'iaracter in conseque11ce of complication of hod cholera by
secondary :Lnfec: tions should be segregated and des troyed4
i ursuarlt to the ins tructians, suckling, pi-g are subject to
aaanultancous inoculation be inn ing with the 2O'' nth day of life, and
:their dams (if they have: not already received Simultaneous inocula
tioru) are given repeated oyerurn injections up to the time wlien the
reactio'i in thc; suckling ha; tc;xminatedt,, at which time the di.ains
also receive simultaneous inocifltiOns.
In view of the cases noted in the literature of loss of pan
munity by simultaneous-inoculated sucklin; :.gigs, near weaning tame
or somewl'iat later, a second samu1taneous :Dejection is recommended
in cases where hog cholera appears aznon them.
During the entire period of combined inoculations and actual
existence of hog cholera on a farm, the animals that have been paS
sively irnniunized should receive repeated inoculations of serum at
-intervals of lO l,4 days, continuing until complete liquidation of
the disease on the farm, in order to r aintain their passive immunity.
If the disease lasts for a longer period, simultaneous inoculation
o most of the animals in this group z well is reconnnended (dams
onl.y after they have farrowed and their farrows have received simul
tapAous inoculations)
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The activo ?nwi li2atiOn of young pigs ahauld be d ,scnxatir>.ued
after liquidation ref tho hog cholera outbrk and the execution of
the necessary measures of votertrnary and sanitary rehabilitation.
Young pigs born after this time are given to their dams for suckling,
but isolated from the rest of the ;ierd.
~fhe careful and repeated cleaning and disinfection of the pjg~.
pens and all articles of equipment both before and after the inocu'
la?tions is absolutely essential for the succe-s of the inoculations
and for the most rapid liquidation of hog cholera
Vereshehagin gives exatiiples in which the irniu pity conferred
by siniultaneous inoculation was considerably, weakened as a result of
octrenlelky uafavorable conditions of management, combined with hunger,
and the inoculated swine again developed hag cholera,
The dosage of serum and virus to be used in simultaneous inoc
ulation must conform to the instructions of the biological factory
putting, out the preparation ixi question.
Thanks to the standardized properties o' these biological
preparations in the USSR, and their titration against each other at
the biological factories, post-inoculation complications due either
?to inadequate activity of the seem (excessively .severe..illness in-
duced by inoculation) or inadequate virulence of the virus (develop
ment only of passive irnrLunity, fol wad by an attack of the natural
disease) are now very rarely observed. The dosage of serum may be
somewhat increased if desired. It is however, apparently necessary,
in order to obtain active, stable immunity from simultaneous inocu1
la tian, to have a certain excess of virulent material, or, in other
words, to have a certain predominance of the active properties of
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the virus over the defensive forces of the serum in orckr to induce
a specilc reaction an the part of thi organism -~ a kind, oi' a shock
to set the inim.unizin;; forces of the organism in motion (ictus i rnu..
xrihrius).
Simultaneous inoculation induces a prolOng ed active u unity
in all ixiocuiated swine over three months of age, even in cases
wherc there haw been no appreciable reaction to the inoculations.
The extremely widespread application of the anethod o.:C simu1
taneous inoculation in the USSR during the past 1O.'1 years, together
with the method of passive i.xrununization, has allowed he attainment
of positive results in the sense of liquidating many centers oi' hog
cholera.
2is method can also be recorr wended for future use, although
we cannot but recognize that, at the present stage of development of
aocialst animal husbandry, with the general ;Uuprovc rLent evorywhorc
in the coxxditions of swine managerl7,ent and breeding , and the norrali
nation of the sanitary and hygienic environment in pig; farms, it will
doubtless be employed lees and less and will be displaced by the
method of passive immunization acid bar vaccination with avirulent vac
cines.
From the ep zootio1ogical paint of view, the method of simul-
?anr.ous inoculation has the following substantial drawbacks, which
must under all circunatances be taken into account under practical
conditions.
1. To perform these inoculations, live, urattenuated virus
is introduced into the farm, which may lead to its dissarraination grid
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turn the Cam into a stationazy center of hod; cholera.
2.
The app1i.catiorr of sirnultaneo s inoeulati.an is possible
only on pig farm that are infected by hag cholera.
3. some os' tho swiiie .rraculated by this nethod develop hog
cholera, sometimes with lethal termination.
L. in some cases inoculated swine may remain virus-'earr:Ler3
and ~raru-dischargers for as long; as 90 days after inoculation,
; . ,A i'axm rust bO placed under prolonged quarantine ai'ter
nultaneous injr;ctions have been given.
G. Thc; entire herd of swine cannot be inoculated by the
rnultaneous method (sows in farrow and suckling are not inoculated).
7 & In some cases simultaneous inoculation may be the cause
of spread'ing' liog cholera (errors in diagnosis, failure to observe
quarantine rules, etc).
o4 Simultaneous inoculation does not always confer immunity
upon suckling pigs.
9? This method, besides the expenditure of virus, requires
a considerable amount of expensive serum both I1or the inoculation
itself and for supplementary injection in case the reaction is
violent.
10. The reaction to the inoculations, even in normally re
acting swine, takes too long,, and return to the normal state cones
mences only after ,~~-,~; days have elapsed,
ll. In many cases the reaction is long drawn out, and return.
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to normal cornmences only after 20'2!, days.
12. A long period oi' veterinary observation is necessary
after the Inoculations, taking the temperature of each inoculated
ani(a1 daily, clinical inspection, etc.
13. The technique cif carryirl out simultaneous inocula Lion
on the non socialized sector has not yet been developed, and the
administration of such inoculations an separate ?arrns whk,.re veteri?
nary supervision and strict quarantine would be impossible may lead
to the disserizination of hog cholera infection.
Tak wng these fundamental drawbacks into consideration, and
bearing in frond a number of attendant circumstances, it is necessary
to draw the conclusion that the rnethod of hog cholera control by
means of simultaneous inoculation is a palliative measure, which is
not capable of leading to the complete liquidation of hog cholera,
( Korotich) .
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
INATION
The ~tt)Ove onuxnora?tcaci (J, ~3 dV'- ntage nvni~ ed. in Mite method
of Fig rn1)1t .moil I nocu1 "ttjon !""orced entin7 C wo'kers iayi:y
r
n , r: to e..., L ti i i t e1 o r t to ar de f ndi rig a vagina that,
'W'fboilt canta: n;,ng the rayt:~ ve virus of hog chciara, would ; ti.1i,
1)t`i capable oi' cOnforr:i rig; a t.zbie : nei
A t$UCri a vacr-e, some :i.nL't7~3tIg:itors hayo pi:ceoc~ Yor'ymo:L
VC:F 'i; ~.i O7tI the i {:~ci or ,,r~~~d e 9 G'}7 ; s o,~ J~,.,,n,:~ s of of t l ?1
K~~a~;r.ti~~, ...:~:w,.~~ ~~~'::11k~y 1~~:,...~,~.ed
''J.):'iritg t.ho .cute fevE'r':ish sty 'e of hog bc1e , ,,.,~ have prw
1:d teach a 'v tr;C; ,t'to :L'rfon 'U'te t:i. ?~ ue g klli:i.'cig the 1':irus i Y'i :1 w .k2'
ei..ea1:('ioil, u.tldf l L .t~t.Li ~r, .'C' . S ii,ve Leen ';wade ~t t t,~h -, : ~l1;01'").':i ce.
,t,i.'d v''ac~J I1Egym
Iii t11(:) I i, r3! a ~. or mol vr '? T
.,! ~ aino h;:t been been prepared. ~ae~. by r fCo?rotir;h
ancl, ?A lkoye'v from he o' Bans a'CIt;[ blood o::" sw:i r >rdth hog ChC'i.era,
it r)a 3 iEo been tested, by theme
'ihe resu1tt~ fr,^o:cn all t' ese v,c :Lri , 1iotev'er~ have i:~r ov'od
:na,ieqLt to %nd i.in~jat,i .fac;tory, ?itor becau,sQ he not
1:+eel7 '-^'?nderea com. LF.' ei'y hai' "i1e"
r ,s,~ or beca=awre of the :Lne1rr:i"ici.ent
yy~ y 1 /yogEgn1:c /~ ro /cj~~ lJ t~- ,
Im :r~ w. i~.etr'~ of t:,he vac
O1TfOi vacc;a,.nea ac:1iev'ed t 'c'ried,, itegr-:e c)f E~cxiera1 use .n
Japan, ait,hoit hx , a ti'se au ~tdbors ac:~~i1 a ed
~:~ ,, they. ~t:~.1?I
poiiee e a rturiber of disadvantages
t1 ie greelte t d ff1cu1t4ee i.n the l~irepr Lion of vaccines are
rr>,aJniy in f nd:ing a 3uper1or? tran of virus w'.th stable ant:i.ge c
prorert:t ES that are not subject to ub eque.n t iis1~ Lrmen; dux .~ ng
prolonged pa raga and a ~ tenuatajc~zr of the virus,
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C~x$ta:~vioiet Vaccine
Dorset, who ct:. scovered the ff i:,rtahie virris of hog
rid cleveio:ed the method of s1r-zuit.neous ~l,nocu1ation, was
tyre initiator of the deveiopmont; of '~y1~f3 rie;1 type of va~c:tne
Aga:l ns t hog cholera.
,iA, .Li~teen-y(ar seat'c"h in th1:1s ,fat?1(.1 1.1n.la.er I,I.t i~iro',on
was c.rowr~t?ci i:~y c' r1.:,iete s , s ~,i'L1 ra:,a1n.? 1i1rig hi
1:.1' et:1. 'e
i'. 0
(,r?~r~aha ~...v:r?cl:l.ot vac:rio~ Y.,roposc,, by turn has proved
{'a r C'eo t::i.'rry ' e u ::7 : t.g 're' irtna. u. w r+ t :t r''tiA :
? .r,,.' wed! ~..e.~.V VJ W
.f'rurr: th?efI,br:' Ii.~t:: C. 1)1 r.:t:?. of ~i ~wtrs.aff'e~atc~~:t s~Ari ne, bled to
d?,a'l;h O;'1 he 7 tla Ali day after .1 nT o'tiorle iUC~ ci,c centi-
meters of O.a pc~rcer;.t, t~;J.ut~.on o:F" the dye crystal' violet are
a ~dc>ct to 'OO Cubic '.~eritiieters c' b1 ~ od. 1r~ :.ntens fy the
bac ter1dal a Lion of the ?ye, 100 cubic eritr~a ter r of a 3
1.;erCent solution of dibasic sodiurn phosphate ate also aetlcleci to ttM
gym' xture ( to alkali. i{ze ~;he rrredJ urn) .
"fhe swine used for the v:iri;.s should bav , the t:yiJ.cai Cilnlcal
1,)ictt1are, ,:'?.ld x::ost rnor tern shct\r1d show no suns of secondary 1x
fection. ThIs ;ih1d be confirmed. by bact,erioJ.~a exami.natton~
The mixture of blood and cure so prepared I.s kept for two
weeks at 37.S degrees, after which it Is tested for sterlllty, lack
of toxicity, and 1rmrunogenic properties. Each series prepared is
tested on )4 sw.lne.
The latest moctificata,on (19)4k,) is the crystaiwviolet'glycerin
vaccine, in which the sodium phosphate is replaced by glycerin, which
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
favors the coini fete sterility of the vaccne and, prevents bacteriax
Contairil.n. t1. (:gin.
GKtre.C'ul control stc.Ldie 3 have shown tliw vau a.nr to be com-
1y:i.Otei r J're off'' any cY1ger of spreading U>te vi.rus through the
a1 7.1a1s :'1.."'ociu1 ,oc,'i ~' th It, rJ,Tte 'c 1:i1" conta:~ tlet:~ In ?.t ~i so
t'ry;ii;r'r' 'e.L;y ak'(:'711,1,':;('hh~t, l.t s'ac 1c' .igor 1 ;e;es ~rirl1i~'nt 1'rJ
4i
The c:1na.ted. araii .1s r1is1;i,iy nelt;hnr ge~nera1 ,rio fever
reaction to 1:he lnoci lation,.
Inj ct; .on Is r"ecommencl.ed. as deep as
c bl.e under the sid.n on. the inwa.ril, s?i1'race of the haunch. ~Che
dose of vac ;.i.ne ..s C7ibic centl.metrs for weights up to 30 kl.lo~
grams and 10 cublc oent.xneters L'or heavier ,anirlal.s. The crystal
violet conta:7.nfad an tlae vac,lnne :i.nd'u,c,es a certai..n local react.On
at the 1a ce of tnocul tl.on, in. ,he trf" a rapa. ~11y ~p,assinr~
swel.lii ne,. W7 thc'?.i.t ian eness or oth(r pr?,thologi.oal phenomena. No
i oatvacr;1natlo corp?ications have ever been obsarved.
Vaccination results neither in ;i.r,3~lreed. i'esl. tance rlor in
a;rgravation of any other infections in the organisms of the
VLC ir1ated animals. rlhe vaccine can be used w~.th perfect safety
on fa'rT1s Lhat are free from hog cholera.
The vaccine still rerna:.l.ns ruitabie for use ? ven after l~ firer+.rss
pf storage under refr?igeratic n, and can dt1 stand a l.r~ng stay (up
to weeks) in a thermostat at 37 ci rees Centigrade. ?'ne of the
ser:les of vaccines wi thstood intentional ap1ination of a teinpera?tir'e of ~a degrees Centigrade for two weeks without los.ng any of
its proper tlas
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Immunity is developed in the vaccinatod ani.mais at the end
of 3 wheks. It ocnt?nues to i creso LOX' 2 to 3 months after in
oC'Lti Lt1Ofr. a:'ter
to B months, a,t c~or~nrOUt 6 pc~rce.('~t', 31 C~abed or
taut x"51
., ~.J.C'Gi). ~',~~1
6:er le~$t:tr yt3c..t :t n < L()1.i~ ooluti.'I1,Cifl
A c;ai'efgal st. .idy of this cpr~r: merit showed ti,etimes also difused
superficial necrosis bran" or iso-
lated yellow crusts
J
IL Intestinal norm.
intensive changes in intestinal area
b
c ecum and _ iarge intestine ) . Rind
in
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
[Ii
.;Gas- follicles and Peyor?s patches are
the solitary 1 ~
1.ntuBlesc..nt and the mucous membrane under them may
'ues be covered with small raised ulcers.and
s4meta
~
h tly intumescent and is
sores. The spleen is slightly
engorged pith blood.
Liver: badly swollen
Kidneys: ? badly wog ten with red dots an the corti-
cal layer glomeruionephritis
The kidney tissue is by _erenic.
v
II. Chronic form
Endocarditis verrucesa or ulcerosa. There are
piliform elevations or ulcers on the con-
small PaFr
vex s.. the enlarged cardiac valvesf and
surfaces of ~
clot fibrin cauliflcwer;t constricting the
+.s of orices.
Secondary changes due to disturbances of cardiac
estive h~-?oereird-a of
function: hydro thorax congC7 3
liver and spleen
lungs, r
More rarely: chronic enteritis, hypertrophy of
[21
and light gray ed areas alternate wi th
he~iataZ
c,.
tale yellow necrotic areas.
The ' tissue is expanded
~.., ~e~ ~.~nt .r~ ~ ,bar connective
' infiltrated by serum or blood. The legs have
the a Dream: e of marble.
1;..:r many
:1bri11ot7.s films, under which ~ee are rani, s all
hemorrhages or hei atic infiltratons,
s
its of the the a d . ~..fec t
ter ear an { ed Fa pleura.
~ in the thoracic cavity
~L~s esuda ve
Sero~.*brino
diuric. The ne ibronchaal
and on the P~. 1 "'r~Car.~ r -
i nT 3_ es~/~i ent and have small
lymph
nodes a L...r~ 1a. V~ hemorrhages. rrhai intw~escence of the
rrh~a~aes. ~~.
of stoniach and intestines,
mucous membranes
,.r ~..h = eroils s~.~sf'`'us?o sns of blood. Occasional
~ ~
ous .3eibranes. Epithelial ne-
L r0
.h~'3
delicate
the
art
crosis
large intestine . The solitary follicles Ya- irers patches are inturnescent
or may even show superficial lesions.
rpex.
Kidne rs hyperemic . Whitish-gray
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i3]
nodules cr uniform thickening in
the walls of the large intestine.
astomoses or incest; na.. loops.
y32L
Fla t
s
acute cases
rotmd, t7 crusts; serou
infiltrations and thickening of
the sucous and muscular layers
beneath them.
The follicles are swollen With
degeneration or ul ceraton.
casuaus
b chronic cases.
`hisk1 hard crusts -- buttons'
..,
on the internal surfaces of the
intestines.
Necrosis rosis of the mucous membrane of
the large intestines at first
"bran and then gruel1t.
Con tric t? on of }fie lumen of the
s
large intestine by thickening of
~.a Jrg v
the o?3t?r walls).
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
of lymph nodes tit .
,bout neti, r?tic foci .
Necrotic foci in ki
dneys chronic onic inflammation
~ of serous membranes and of ' individual
"
joints.
uecuestra in the thick?wa.led cavities,
and also many small necrotic foc
.,Zamvn
g
the extensively hepa tined areas of the
Gaseous foci in -e '
peribronchial and
~ resenteric lv~th nodes, tonsils, , joints,
v 5 ~ ones, and in the sut cut nec;us connective
tissue. i_n the large intestine:
croupous
r
inf1antion of the mucous membrane
)39R00020001
000 1-8
acute cases ;ntuescence, hyperemia
or herorrhap.e. s later followed by small
gray dots on a reddish bac? ound
and
in more severe cases, by hard swellings
casecus degeneration and necrosis).
a Occasionally there are also foci in other
organs.
The Fnucouz membrane o_ pharynx,
., tongue and
larynx is hemo~ = hagic_ ~ ai1 y inflamed and
has croupous false membrane
_ sand sores (ne-
crosis ! ? Limited or estensive necrosis of
skin and mucous membranes of gall b3.adder
s
urinary bladder and :agi n..
Acute croupous pneumonia,
more rarely ca-
tarrhal -ne1ii on_i a passing over into the
polynecrcti tFibrinous
a_~~% - or sP.ro-
fibrinous .Nrleurivi s less o r'
~ often ?c.lcardltiS.
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Diphtherial inu1rif t-? o11 of the mucous
ine Gf the story h.
~~.n
cases there are changes
In she i l~; of ~~
vast st i.r~? .~or_ ~
in the organs corresponding to those noted in
~-ins c .,or_respono~.ng
the er:neal and thoracic forms.
~.tc
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000 1-8
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Ii'.
.
.i 1. L: L.~
-w T RIlJS ?('Jj~3 ` OF ;.' E-"
~'S S~. .~Yl ~. ~_`I lli .. V. 'J iJ:J, : ,S
-rSEASES Cl iii: L..
ue 't,1CeI~11.C iori i
Picture ~ feverish ~:o?1Cy.t~G's1
n^[ + < s,L'.>
of Hemorrhagic septic e~ia or inf1a_t.,a~ t.~on with intensely
~c= as-ne:t :.x _
1
d to 12th month
infection from fr
occurs in hot season of year
. ' ~-
Epizootic
'?or hi erern a onestive ; hypermeia
Skin
e .c 'ha jc 5ept_cemia Bo Cholera
Erysipelas
z
Y.~y ~n t J" N~-
Congestive h r-
h .ereiflIa
r hage
Subcutaneous
cellular
tissue
Remorrha es Slight
very small
jr
n
at
a? l
~_ At all times of year
y_
ales
Paratyphoid_____
to ,- 3rd ? uth
month rarely up
wC.u ere EpiazoOttc
-~G~'.d1C or epizootic et?sPQs3ng factors exi s t
Edema _ thou~ ~ demo;?har?e Hemorrhage
~, ~ r r~
in region of throat
to 5 months
it izoOtiC 'where
area sposing
fac tors exist
Congestive
-. i~~ r0~1s ~;.i3.s?
e
Noneg or w x ew and 6light and
stomach, small
~.n
intestine and kidneys
r. y n.d f c
SmalI a few
Anthrax
bl
[61
At all ages
Sporadic
Co ge: vive hyhere
and hemorrhages
Edema ith hemorrhage
in throat region
tributed her on serous and mucouS
Ottre,bra Ile s and in
w ~..
kidneys
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R00020001
0001-8
ntimeroilz
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
(ll
[2]
[L
4d
~ ntur:esc ence and
Lyiiph nodes Intu~~escen;e and reddening Intumescence and Intumescence
and red en ng reddening
redden T!g ~
~
P. suiseptous,
Causal P eipela is suis , ~
agent r~T s s s
? otile ? imioti le
~~ 9 3
o iUve an?-ne ative
+ blue a blue
guinea pig + guinea f5. g
Fr1_ary agent
filtrable A paraty hi s is
v3 rusa ` Seondary
SePtIOUS and
r
ac ,era -t
motile grm
P. suitestifer negative;
guinea
?
r-- o
S sJ
subcutaneous
'! nnoc:l l atop
i;os.~ t~re and indicator reaction with methylene blue.]
~ y. ~~ and negative cv
+s Note: Presur~tbl~T + and - blue ~ree.n
fraaslator
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-000
000 1-8
Intumescence and
redder? "g
P. an hracis
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Er si elas
Catarrhal or hemor-
r c inflammation
of the small intes-
tine
I esenteric noes en-
lambed and h erek c
bluish red), more
rarely heiorrbagic
H E lasia of the
spleen
Hog Cholera
Serous catarrh and
hemorrhages in the
astr -intestinal
ion ofi ~ stomach
tract theroid or die-
therial iflaa
Superfic?a? necrosis tion of the large
r
of the :mucous inu- intestine (diffuse
brane bran-like necrosis follica-
3
coat , fibrinous lar ulcers and
layers)
4
butto like ulcers
layer structures)
nal =galls due to s: gall gi ,i s t th sores
cell i i ra t.ions a or tonsils
cased=us :f F la m tion
~sn am ~ies fi:d.7s.'`1r~g
~74T;'iej {l
l
crosis. Crusts with
out concentric la yer
s tr'ic tare which do not
appear on mucous ei
brave arid are surrounded
di phtherial nflam-
;nation of small in-
testine carbuncle
of intestine
Mesenteric nodes are
hemorrhagic With
neC rotlc foci
by flat spindle. Spleen shows strong;
by 3
hyperemia and int~~es-
~3
Ca$eLi,Zs foci _ in ~ rl: - cence3 or is lU state
.,eSeil
bleizing)
tizi inflammation
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R00020001
000 1-8
1i e:iio,Lrrshagi4 s U1. ocolitiz
thel al necrosis.
are edematous he or-
'ihe sofltary follicles
are enlarged. Neither
caseous de genera on
nor- necrosis.
Enlargement, hyremi a
ar1d edema, of mesenteric
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Iflfar c is in the
spleen
1
(formation of ~-~ , -r , of ~, er"jcs ot spleen
~'
epiploon. '
carbuncle).
sepUyer +.a,
Iii acute cases
picture of by ,:o , Yag.i~ S +
intestinal heiiorrhages
,yosa c liver'
1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R00020001
000 1-8
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Influenza
[Ii
Exudative tracheitis and
chopneumonia
Purple or dark-red areas
r
of inflammation on col-
lapsed portions of lunge
atelentasl 's)
_ , together ?th
emphysewa and interlobu-
lar edema of the lungs
EnlargementJ edema and
hyperemia of the lymph
nodes
Epizootic pneumonia
4 0 or rir e
!. 1 1 4 ii0~ ? O? ~~
M
Bronchitis and catarrhal
bronchopneumonia
favorable hygienic con-
the disease
Filtrable virus and B.
influenzae Buis With 6-
week piglets
i to a negative reaction to this in-
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R00020001
Hemorrhagic
Se ,ti cet is Bo Cholera Paratyphoid yobacillosis
[ul [Si [6]
Edema of the inter- Hi erenia and
lobar connective hemorrhages
tissue
Catarrhal or hemorrhagic-crout_;ous pneu-
monia with polynecrotic foci
tis.
Lymph nodes are intumescerxt and hemor- rIiagi c
Absence of B. suisep ticus excludes j_as-
Presence of B. susepti cus is not of de-
cisive etiolcgicaL significance
it is necessary to inoculate shotes with
filtered r~1 d n1 only a 1.~o1.7it 1r
material, Gi~11e
reaction is indicative of ho cholera
000 1-8
Bronchopneumonia Catarrhal pneumonia
with caseous foci wLth disseminated
necrosis erca -
Caseous or tallow-
sula ted abeesses
lure foci in Ian?gs
and also serofibrin-
and lymph nodes are
01_Is pleuritis arid
pericardi ti s
Gtr tneri and Breslau
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
[11 [2]
fibrinous pleuri ti s and
pericarditis, as well as
heznorrh is edema of the
lungs.
In secondary infection
' o
~ ~ n
with B. s?ise ticus
p , here
is croupous pneumonia and
the picture of hemorrhagic
septic emeia
Filtrable virus and
influenzae suis
[3]
inoculation the presence
of B. su:i.-
sep ti cus indicates pas teLitell
,, 1335
swine plague
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
[Si
 _2 /Cholera
ara hog
Catarrhal or heri10r1^haglc-croupous necrotizing t~ neu ~oriia ~
rGaGaseous and ~,~ ,
pneumonia ~. ~eo.zs inY1anati?n of the
with diptheroid of the large inx .es t_ne _
large :inyes t_ne and lymph
nOdes
In swine of all ages
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R00020001
 E "sl ?elas
erfcta of the skin {+r~. .
.~ch
In urticaria there is
exanthema in the form
of rectangular swellings;
is extensive necrosis
ban es on the skin frequently with other c ~~t3s of ~r
'} U ~ . c. ~ the 1e -+hi sal'-Cr.^s
e )
Hemorrhagic Se pticeria Hog olr,k a T
~ _ Parat,~~, r
_oid
Diffuse or rniiltifocal
the throat.
ox-like swell s
of round shape or
rultiple hemorrhage
throughout the
entire trunk
eczena
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
sulated abscesses throat region
in the thick and carbuncles
parts of the on the skin
 ii
Encephalon4jelitis
?
tro :ic filtrable virus
Neuro ~
Very varied picture of neural sy,~p?
tams
Brain symptoms are pronounced and accompanied ty fever
This dl sea a_~flic is not only swine
~.se d
but also rather species of domestic
and ':gals, together with. the
t.ld an2..
laboratory animals.
.~~cbyes (m al nl y at the s. ght of inoc-
ulation) produced in all animals
is except swine
It takes a irilder course in adult svne
and mostly shows the clinical ricture
of influenza
in the and
Deenera ~z=
changes gray
v t~ .e
white iYatter of the brain
NEURAL FORM
then ''i sease
es
In alomvreli tis of sw-nel
[Infectious en.rt ,e~~h .,
Lelitis.yeurotr o~~i.c filtrable
.mirnce ha~.. 'GmyF
virus, non~p Q athogenic for other domestic
,~.
animals. Infection
and laboratory
Luitures are
daral, in brain and rose. Acute, subacute blood and cere'rospina1
course. to tent infection is
and chronic
possible.
Listerellosis
are infected.
Acute form. Excitement of cen~:,ral Seriousys-
~iC:_i
spasms. Increased sensitivity
and clons.c
tonic
of se a1r's of skin and uscl es. Con-
sciousness is unaffected. No s.:niptomms in
~ther organs.
Subacute form.
excitement
Paralysis
hind legs and also of the esophagus and vocal
Chrini c form. are spasms, sluggishness,
weakness of hindquarters, staggering gait.
Paralysis "or weeks or months at ens o
^1
The infection is of
neurotroi is charac-
ter. Disturbance of
motor c - ordination,
muscular tremor, stilted
gait irith rear legs. Hem3 -
General weakness9 especial-
ly in the younger animals
uu to 2S kilograms).
Sh otes of 20 - 2S kiiop
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
flog Cholera
V
inflammatory changes in the
grey and white matter
siderabl r lesser extent
Shakiness of hindquarters ,
spasms9 compulsive motions,
depressionr more rarely
paralysis
Other clinical sy?mptcros
are found in sore animals ,
pat o-anatomical
and also she ~
changes charac teristic
for cholera
Severe feverish curse
and mass death among
animals of all ages.
 and neutrophilia
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R00020001
[ii 3
at, have no neural
may attack. gams f~
i 20 percent. : _ ..~.~~L,totess bu ; develop
Mortality
instead a septiceria s a h
~
Degenerative changes in the motor ganglions,
especially in the lumbar region of' the s3
`na1 Sleeve~ike formations
c ard.
coughing ' `n~ 3 di ar_rhea , ;ox-like
rash an squa ous eczema
are gonocz, ~ tasis9 _ Y ~ r~hov~os? s
.~ter N ~ ~.~.nl in the ~e :,. -.rev rnaV
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
EFizoctologi cal
xCharac ter ist
CS
[ii
Character of
Propagation
and course:
a In new7-
originatin
g
centers of
of
sease
Rapid epizootic
propagation to
sw1 ne of all ages
and at all sear
Sons. Its course
is acutei . th
up to 90 percent
Hog {cholera
appears for the
first time in
acute form then
app=ears in sub-
ttr
~" r`ds1 elaS (18
~' ___~te,...: 81.:_C! s3 $
Epizooti propagation Observed
very seldom as
manly among young sporadic ~ ~ ~ ~:orad.,_;, or enzoati
_c 4 on
swine 3 to 12 month a
s she basis of colds and
9
old, with r:orta1itj z unfavorable
concit~flns of
to 90 ercent,
influenza
Sometimes en?coti
c am- Rapid enzoo }Jic spread
ong young pigs up to
E months old
factors are present
which %eaken the
mr.nagenent. J n very acute resistance ~' their
_~~ of
.~
Sept cer7 c form :In the
organ i erns irh genic
and ~znsanir con-
d.It1onS of manage-
gent and feeding)
Nost often in the acute any^"~ :-
-tz_.Lm~s 7 Gtld? t !,h l ' -iC st re?
seL'tl.cemlc orir1. ?ore sistance, , others it
rarely n the sub-
`? c,lcurs in acute and
chronic forms.
Often as a CO]T::lx?a. '~ t
_ jon
of hog cholera
4ore rarely under
normal conditions
PIZOOO:~GOIO z~ L r. A A_C ' ER LL"TIrs
and rainy season. it
takes an acute septic
form with typical in-
flai maf on of the lungs.
or tall ty runs up to 10
percent (u
~ p to 30 percent
anion sho to
g s ) . Sometimes
 [27
acute and chronic
forws
[L1
[5i
peciall - pathogenic
strains of res t3 y er
Seldom in acute 3c r rns,
usually in Chronic
f or:1 s . Mortality
rns up' to 0 per-
cent.
In centers in stationary cen-
b
lcn affucted tern: concealed,
) creeping character
? oci
stationary ~ '
of an enzcoti :,
primarily aff& t..
in shoes from
2 w 6 ronths) s~~ ~ ,
she hrO fCs in-
testinal form
.ntF'' ari f :lines s i Rare
1 ~t~z
y (some-
M2nua.l
times 5. th n toi'-
r~~ ~pbons of t - 2
Steer ou.t--
bryears),
eaks of ervsa pelas
among swine 3
12
months old. Besides
ry cte form and
the ~.~. form
J
u'~" G-`.lei ar ~ a, there ti? Pi
also chronic ?orms
rt ~ilh_"1.1L;.~ .?4 e~ifIo?+
outbreaks ~rfla1S of disease Of u. ,
-~
also occur among
adult animal',
d- t an ` t '?y era .,.
c
.
necroses
Seldom is an indepen-
dent disease in the very
nu sep S ceThJ form,
more often in the acu t?e and chronic forms as an
se ual to colds and
loof general-
ea Gilr s g a 6i
and to a
resistance,
g- attack of cr~v-
precedin`J
? ~
pe las, hoe g cholera, or
si
a.n'1u.. ~ It is not in-
fr aefl?enT!~t :5a.1x young rigs
l i y z,
.ic
` rm of end. oy
in the f_
The same
Frequently in a less
,
r
roncuxised .~.Yi n1 r?ok yq~m9 vt
t' the creep charac
?e_ -
r of an enzootic;
tiri`~. a a lower mortality
ra to ?
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
[b)
Course is prolonged . in
she chrefliG form, and is
fr eo.ue complicated
rZ.y c ~
b he~orrha~.nic septi-
cemia chronic nul'nonary
-
inflammation.
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Causal Agent
es~.ec aliY in the
r~c~ .
c "` Iron ,.c m~1nu i ritiOI13 '.Ei =~f g '
the s~p~tG1.1e,r ~.~ ~ ~ ~
and cold and ;~~3~ sea- -~h
:~e arid . latent form of d1
son or when t~~ cc
yea~,n ty'1.oI1 and of
y4e?~ is e. a jnfec"
v~
' i f ~ ?~ ... ~'~~ Grp ~ ~
trenel hut, by
among flan??iJflJrtafle ca=r_ ers
andiTialsor, in
consequence
of kened organisms 5
~.~Zst3 among animals
~:~[ ~,
that have , r evlonslY had the disease or
"va been 1noculated?
ha vU
of " fil trabie ;v rus ?
The filtrable virus B. rhuslopattae s iso B. suisepticUs
~
hog cholera
of ~,
(plus secondary in-
fection by suI s'-
~ ~~.
e t s or B. suls-
es tifer ?
ra ' us A suis
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
 f!j
Conta iosit
Specific prew
disposing
Lac tors
General
prophylaxis
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
[2]
?r?*
nigh
Originates 1
and
spreads under
all conditions
Creation of
Fairly high
n~
in t;Fewarm season,
on infected lands
(ground) or as a
result of the trans-
port of the infec-
tion
Almost none
towering of resistance
of swine in consequence
of colds .nd unhygienic
conditions of management
[Si
There is some
Poor sanitary and h ygien c
frond < t? fins of mana%e :gent
anfeed` ng.
favorable hygienic conditions of management and feeding and Goff.~lipnc .,e with L~ the basic veterinary and
Caution in acgul-
sit l on of bedding
and feed. Scrape
of slaughter pro
ducts and table
refuse should be
fed only after
sanitary rules on the farms.
Do not use infected
pastures. Remove a
aver of earth iron
the ho; lots and
change to floors
'irr ng enzoot? c s e
Discovery and. re-
thorough boiling mova? by lest : uc --
~3lar dlsinfecti.0n
Rebw
Garters with
2 percent caustic
soda or percent
i-on
r
of
animals
chronically infected
with erysipelas.
Creation of hygienic co n-
._
L~,
_ 1
gh
Colds
Protection of swine
di. Lions of management and From the elements
feeding. C,eat ion of h -
rain, ;inn darnvness7
S 7
? M1
gienic condit ons or the cold).
J
oung cleanliness
v pigs
j
periodic
dl sanf ec t? on).
Separation and isolation
of the starvelings and.
irus-car? ers.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
I
 2]
31
chloride of lime
Special measures Passive immunization iim niza tion of swne
of prophylaxis
(inoculations)
of sw:?ie on the farms before '..hey are
threatened by ho turned out tows--
ch' lera ttire :in rayons and
3
farms infected 7fd 1 '.;h
o
erysipelas
Methods of
liouldatin?
the ddease
Careful,
imr?etate danger of infection
aj
none
?-),.ed cleaning ; . ~.g and r~divG~._. ~ l t'+sn... of hog houses and pig pens. lyolation
and 41 a:?.: :nvv~ie ~: house rree' +_. and at~ ~. e~'f .:~~ o Vil .~. F ~ 1 .J
re~et1
o of diseased and suspect cases and desr,ra=~:? on of severely
vR. v
q 111.
hopeles ii ) 1
of the infected ;; of animals, h og ~~ouses and farms from the uninfected herds, and infection-free
{3.C rCRrY'S 4i .,
~.
hog houses and farms.
(a) Sanitary
and Prophylactic
measures
b Inoculations
latons of feverish
l~ . ? ~,~ titre serum 7.?3GCT~?? - ' Oura ts.iv~'e inocla u ~ ons Preventive inoculation Inoculation with serum
of serum for animals
and
rimming a tempera-
tore or otherwise
suspect
anii al s Pre-
ventive senim inocu-
lations of the remain-
ing _ pigs. Subsec ent
Preventive inocUJ.tiOfl =t ih seTUJfl f there is
yh, serum, of the
swine
in the :in-
fected hag ho l.lSC e
'F
and vaccine. Use of a
bac teriop age t
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Cgnr :Mete isolation (quarantine)
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
11
[21
Active and passive active irrirnunization
mu Giza tie: of the of the latter group
herd.
Destruction of chronic
cases of v=rus-
carr ers
Period of f5.nal months
quarantine from
moment of last
flee (
case or
deaf
days
4
f
t4~
a's
[6J
days days
4
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
 Anthrax
B. anthrais
Acute Fora
1 .
Ur ticarsa
Chronic fora
N THTHrE~r~1 Ti 'J , e
_Y OF THE IN FE '. TIC US ) l SEkl3ES
`1 THE F
__4
ttEriysirelas"
Erysipelas
., r
. erysli-elatis suis
Pasteurg ]J82)
Se tice ni c form
Septic eida
Thoracic form of s4ne disease
3. suise ticas. L o tiler 1e82
Septicemia = hog cholera
. suisepticus = I . suipesti fer
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Y%F'' c.)
Anthrax" [ literally F "Siberian Ulcer" J
influenza
(filtrable virus +
bacillus of swine influenza
P obacillosis
4 B. yo eves suiS
Sep ticem_a
a ad tames
A disease ~~~~~ ch is dependent wdent of hog choler n
w ~~
a chronic Catarrh and su v'aratiOf in the
aLL mentar and respiratory trac ts.
p=ro enes ? L. suiseptic s ~ acute
" a d
septa enhla j
f
r
era_ (Viru8De~t
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
Se ,ti cernia
B. suisepticus
Fneurno-en teri ti s
lernorrhagic Se; ticerrda
\
Cholera Aieri;an} =
Plague (European)
Intestinal form of sWIne =flsease
i. suDestif r
_io Cholera
sui estifer
Ho Cholera
B. su.ioefi? ,. ts.fer ?k. soisep? ta^us * (s~ epticernia
Hog Cholera (rite able vfrus
 fiePti cer-i- = hog cholera
pticus = i . suipesti feP
B. Sua.Se.r
Influenza
(filtrable virus +
bacillus of swine influenza
vepticernia
B. suisePticus
o Cholera
Fg
. sus pestifer ? L.
P -obaaillosis
P. Pyogenes suis
Ho Cholera
. su?Festifer
sui sePUcus (septicemia)
Septicemia
A disease wh dependent of hog cholera and takes
'". ~,_ ch _ i s
a chronic course. ~ Catarrh and suppuration in the
alamentary and respiratory tracts.
tics ~ acute forty of
B D;; genes ? B. s ep,,
.~. u u.s
seFtceiiiia,
-
ri
Hog Uholers ~vruspest
`.
filtrable virus)
pure form
t
v: r sJ
(filtrable j
In.tes p~ or`
_ u
(filtrable virus ~ B.
suipesti: eT
1
L.
j{
z:.
'r!Ixed form
thorac..c ~ intestinal)
i1Trable virus i B. suipesj;/viler
1
B. s i seg.ti^us)
More of ten chroniic see Uicema.a
Catarrhal pnelLmt?rla of yolng rigs
1+B~..{{? st7 ~1s+ ept Uic Li:1a7 ~ ~~s ? B. pyog.nes
sup lurative foci!
t
d s overy of the filtrable v us of
Ihog ra sore renei ed doubts a s to whe tier
_ ~hoZe
p reall r an inde-'endent di. cease
!
se-~ce~..t .a ~s ~
Thorac T r m
Filtrable virus ?
1
P. suiseL ticus)
s
Paraty hold
Llaratj :hi suiS
S -
b. parat phi P or
suipestifer
Paratyphi suis
Epizoo Jlc broncho neizmsnia
rir e of young gigs
"trable virus + P. in-
_1 _l
fluenzae suis
=u trab e
virus
sentery
j-emO ic-ne:rotic gastrocoh tis
rrhagv
(Blood = black diarr heal discharge
:'imu - or complex etiology:
Filtable r
va rious bac teria
B. s~ . pipes ti fers B. necrophorus,
enteroeoc.us, B, Persz _ Wrens,
) of the
?r4c;,tijet8C ~s ;~3.~.- ? ? -rlos/
S>3~
I
ccli aerogenes gr .u,-'.
r
Ss rr3 iosis nth filtrable
u'~tsD?esiti `~
ti is
:i anti ;Jr1 c oli .
Bac- ~lQgen?as n hog . holera 1907 - 1909
uuva~ c,
. suipes tifer Volthgsen
t _
I
s
!~ hoi d
B. tiFha sous
F-. suipes Lifer Voldagsen B. T::hi
.
abdomifials
u clo e to bel B. p'arat'+
B r a t. i s-ils A
Paratyphoid of young pigs
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
More often chronic sen ticeni-a
g pigs
Catarrhal pneumonia of b youn~ .
T`? SU1Se ? B. pyog _ nes
1/
pti Cg ~S _ 6 c? suppurative foci
~'--
_. z
M.. ..i _.i.-SCG~T ? _ _Gf t
~- he iltrab1e vi , s 0T " -?
_tg 4I1?1Gra. SG?"! renewed doubts as to whe t her i
e d.
0 ~
,
sept em~~. -= ~ is really an independent t. see{se 1
i
Septicemia
factors B. wise pticus
Predi~posing ~
continuaily recurrent disease, more
rarer independent
Chr s;c form
(complications following acute
form of septicemia
p
Chronic Faratyhoid
''~"ag'a hi suss h
g ::
$. sirirestifer Voidagsen,
B. Enu.._~~i t eY ?iCz ' `3.s Gartner
B. ar~typhi Flu _ge-
KoenSche ;
Paratyphoid of young pigs
Acute arid chronic foist s
rats h('1d.
Various x of the p ~ -
representatives
group
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
'nixed fore
t;hOr2~, ciL c 1 intestinal)
ipestj#'er
~.1t~rable virus + ' ~. su _
?
?,:~
B1
~d
Para t ~Ir'hC~.
ur
ara t' '`hz sui s
ar ~~tr,~phi B or
y . pz
Su'! peStifer
pers.~ t 1phl Su1S b
Epizootic bronc ho : neumonia
grippe of young pigs
S litrable v1 r us * B. in-
fiuenzae SUIS
Predisposing factors ? Various
bacteria
B. stLiser tjic!ds
o ene , . StreDtococ pus
enterocec=,~;s, B. Fer :" r= ngefS,
spirochetes, vi~;rios of the
oil aerog ~ efes gr.u
-
c
s
Sometimes In symbiosis ith filtrable
190 1909~.
B. r r?.' ~i rends hag cholera
t,,~. ~la
,B? sa u 'p:esofer 'Jolaagsen
- I
Acute Parat hold
?
. S' Y `- i ?
~.hZ suiS B
%; coil, ::a aratyr
Staphylococcus,
~'p B. suiestifer
B. parat h.:; ss B. pro teus,
r
B. pyocyarieus
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
PJtTFIOLOGICAL W T'EIIIAL TC) 13E FORWARDED FOR DIAQNOSTIC
E MINATION TO I"n( 11ETER. NARY~LACTEIRIOLVOICAL LM. M'ATORY
10 Anthrax. Affected ly Kph nodes; smears of affected parts
or). slides.
2. Erysipelas o Entire carcass or spleen, altered parts of
organs (kidneys), and the tubular bone, with all flesh removed. In
summer, bits of kidney, spleen and the entire lymph nodes are for"
warded in 3O4.o percent glycerin, or in a saturated solution of comes
mon salt.
Blood in a sealed pipette. The affected parts of the s ldn,
The tubular bone and skin are packed in dry salt for shipment.
3. Hemorrhagic septicemia and epizootic bronchopneurionia.
Smears of blood or exudates on slides. Blood or exudate in a t ec t
tuba, closed with a stopper of cotton wool soaked in paraffin, or
still better, in a Pasteur pipette, sealed at both ends.
Altered lymph nodes are forwarded whole, and. also bits of he
affected :lungs and spleen, in 3()41.0 percent glycerine or a saturate
solution of cuirrton salt. The tubular bone9 freed of flesh (see
under "erysipelas'' ).
4pyobacillosis. Mood in sealed Pasteur pipettes. The
content of abscesses in test-'tubes. Smears of pus on glass slides.
Bronchial and med i astinal nodes from affected lungs.
. Influenza. Lungs and spleen. 20w$O cubic centirneter, s of
blood drawn under sterile conditions. Where young pigs are involved,
the entire carcass is forwarded.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8
(S. uog ebo1~ara. 'j o entiro cahc,a ac ~J ?'cward.ed ;LL po ; , ?blo,
or thc) 1ung;s, hoa:rt, ont::1re ~.x a.^o.Lr-r, ~;: a 1 exact, spi er and 1dcw
uL y's. Wxa)f tl~f,re have beoia rteura1 syrnptotru ,, the head a?1rao sozrt,.
;che of i ectod.. J'mph nodes, whoi, in 30 purcent
~1ycerin. (in she
third to ?caurth day cal` Mae disease, () cubic cent et,Gr$ ?;; drawn
from the bail during life.
7. Faratypho Id.
lar~ tr,e;mnteri.c lyrnfah nodes, wk).OJ_o, in 30
percent gl'cerl r. Luns show iaa~ changes , and espeelally tho sections
01' a.r?testine siiow ar lc sio i.aro eiat. Sp1eena iivcr, tubular bono,
Blood ii. scaled Pasteur pipettes.
80 Swine paw. ScrapinO?' pustu1e~a and ;aCab . Blood drawn
d'ua?i ag life fr?rn ciic to .1, in. a sterile test tube or a few large
sealed Pasteur pipettes.
9? 3rLLceiiosis. The af'f'ected. or ;ans. Tes~icie remoiaed by
castration. The swollen joints. 'Z'lac~ w wc:ilin;s. i`lie aborted fetus
arid placenta, and ti'ie d:.schar, es .L'rorar tiie dam. The milk. Blood in
be 3t~tube$ for the agiiXLi )~ "'uioxx reaction.
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/04/03 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000200010001-8