PROGRESS OF SOVIET NEUROPATHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100230026-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 31
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 10, 2012
• Sequence Number: 26
• Publication Date: March 10, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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PROGRESS OF SOVIET NEUROPATHOLOGY AND PSYCHIATRY
(Results of the Scientific Session of the Academy of Sciences
USSR and the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR Dedicated to the
Development of the Pavlov Physiological Trend)
Professor N. I. Grashehenkov
STAT
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PROGRESS OF SOVIET--NEUROPATHOLOGY ANT) PSYCHIATRY
OF THE SCIENTIFIC SESSION OF THIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
USSR AND THE ACADENY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES USSR DEDICATED TO tf~E DE-
VELOPMENT OF THE PAVLOV PHYSIOLOGICAL TREND)
Professor N. I. Grashchenkov
Tremendous historical significance is to be attached to
the recently held scientific session of the Academy o:Sciences
USSR and the Academy of Medical Sciences USSR which was devoted
to the Pavlov physiological. Trend, the problems and prospects
of its future development, and its deep penetration into various
fields of Soviet science, especially psychology and medicine.
In the last case the S ession was of extraordinary. significance
for the development of Soviet Neuropathology and. Psychiatry.
Reports ~re were given at this session
by Academician K. M. Bykov and Professor A. G. Ivanov-Smolenskiy
concerning the development of the idea, of I. P. Pavlov and the
directions of the development of I. P. Pavlov s ideas in the field
of tyre pathophysiology of the higher nervous functions. The
reports disclosed serious defects and errors in the work of a
number of scientists, among them people in the field of our science
neuropathology and psychiatry -- and indicated the directions for
the future development of the scientific ideas of Academician Pavlov.
The scientific session served as another step in the fight
for the spirit of the Bolshevik Party in Soviet science and for
raising its conceptual level on the basis of dialectical materialism.
STAT.
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 The keynote of the session was the elimination of all
possible deviations from the correct path of development of
physiological science, various obstacles to genuine progress,
and all possible antisci_en-tific fabrications serving as hidden
forms of resistance against the dialectic materialistic outlook
and against the militant materialistic teachings of Academician
Pavlov,
At the session the errors of native scientists and their
various attempts toward substituting unscientific theories
for the militant materialistic Pavlovian outlook were subjected
to resolute criticism. Individual tendencies in the person of
their leaders, such as the ~'schoolt' finding its support in L. S.
Shtern, have actively contended against Pavlov and repeated in
all keys various fabrications and slanders of foreign scientists
who have opposed Pavlovas materialistic teaching. This "school'
possesses all the negative features of cosmopolitanism and
deference to bourgeois science and. has been trying to establish
its unscientific theories in place of Pavlov's materialistic
teaching and. to introduce into various departrrients of clinical
medicine its anti-Pavlovian notions concerning pathogenesis of
and therapy for different illnesses, such as sock, ulcers,
hypertonic ailments, etc. Some Soviet clinical workers have
been caught in these nets and have tried to use such unscientific
formulations as a basis for the pathogenesis and therapy of various
ailments, among which are such things as virus encephalitis,
especially its mosquito form
An anti-Pavlovian position has been taken by the 'school)'
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of physiologists headed by Academician I. S. -; ff
Bez.~tashv~.l, . the
leader of this school carne out with. a
number of doubts concerning
Academician Pavlov's teaching even while Pavlov
was alive, and
has continued to adhere to them since Academician .Pau~r1ov! S death.
Beritashvi-li has constructed a theory concerning certain "psycho-
nervous" foundations for the behavior of animals because he con-
siders the theory of condi ti.orred reflexes to be
inadequate in its
explanation of the behavior of animals, Beritash ' .
~.1:~. has posited
that the essent:i.a1 factor in the behavior of animals consists
o certain "apprehensjons,, rich animals
possess rather than
conditioned or temporary connections;
The appearance at the session of Acad.em:tcian ~
D~ritas.hv~.1j r s
pup=il, Professor Dz:Ldzishvi.li., showed that neither Academician
Beritashvi li, as the leader of t.hcrou nor h'
y p~ his associates
perceived the defects and errors of his "teach.ingu
~, and had. taken no
decisive steps in the direction of a critical
conquest of their
errors it should be mentioned that Acader;'
ician I3eritas%vili has
not once made the attempt to establisrr a tonne
ct.LOn for his
erroneous theoreti.ca.i. assurrtpti_orls with a c: '
l~_nic, in particular,
with a clinic for nervous and psychic illnesses
e
The errors of Academician orbeli were Subjected to a
,rhU -de.b'a.ted criti cism. -1 j 5 `
~ He has not properly evaluated pavlovas
teaching and methodological foundations showing an instability
from the point of view of methodology, especiall,y in his genera
tions cance.rnirzg the valuable exp . erimental results with respect to
the physiology of sense organs and in his d' o';~ 6!
athe
- ~' ~secondary signa=l system as formulated by
2
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Academician Pavlov on the basis of his work during the last
years of his life at the Clinic for Nervous and Psychic Illnesseso
That same methodological instability in the problem of psycho-
physiological parallelism was responsible for errors by Academician
JOrbeli's pupil, Professor Gershun, in the study of physiologieai
-Y, ~, H t~
\organs with regard to subjective and. objective fgs- in man.
The inability to appreciate the importance of Academician Pavlov's
teachings and the attempt to proceed in.dependently in research
were also shown by other pupils of Academician Orbeli, such as
'
Professor Ginetsinskiy and Professor Lebedinskiy, a factha.t_w.as-
most clearly evident in their textbook on physiology.
Academician L. A. Orbeli was subjected to severe criticism
because of the fact that, although after I. P. Pavlov's death he
had headed a number of scientific institutions and an important group
of Pavlov's pupils, he had not organized. a systematic and productive
development of the main facets of I. P. Pavlov's scientific
heritage, especially with retard to problems of the physiology
G M a -\ G?'i
and pathophysiology of the higher nervous functions, bit had,\carried
r
on extensive research on the secondary signal system, which
simply a man-made addition to the physiology of the brain of
aninhals, Acadenici.an Orbeli came to understand the meaning of his
errors only toward the end of the session for he had in the middle
part of the session made strong attacks on his critics and tri-eci
to discredit the force of the criticism leveled at him both,..,
general h ' and individ.ual:ly,
This approach was subjected to criticisms concerning two
basic questions as first defended by Academician A. D. Speranskiy.
They included the disparagement of the role of Academician Pavlov
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in working out t1ie problem of nerve Win. This was especially
marked in the basic monograph of A. D. Speranskiy entitled
Ii;lemEnts for Constructing a 'Theory of I~ed o and in publications
and appearances of his associates, particularly during the first
stage of the discussion (Ostr, Br.onovitskiy, Durmish'yan, etc.)o
[The second question related to] the understanding of the nervous
system, in which there could be noted no specific breakdown into
individual divisions of the nervous system, especially the cortex
o:the large hemispheres of the brain, This resulted in the
incorrect conclusion that the nervous system organizes disease, thus
belittling the role of external factors and the historical approach
to the inception and develop7?ent of disease. It should be noted
to the credit of Academician A. D. Speranskiy that in his talk
he acknowledged the fallacy o ' such views and announced that he
and his associates would correct these errors in their scientific
research wor. k and in their' discussions o t
Professor Anokhin was subjected. to very sharp criticism fo:r
his great confusion concerning and outright rcvision of Pavlov's
d,a
basic assumptions t:;h~{aa'e~Fwax'??many years, Professor
Anokhin was critized for having inaccurately stated in 1910 in
reference to the scientific work carried on in Academician Beritashvili's
laboratory that he considered him to be one of the best authorities
on the physiology of the higher nervous functions even though
.Beritashvil.i at that time had already made certain statements
concerning Pavlov's basic views,
Professor Anokhin was also criticized for the fact that
he attributed to Pavlov not only mechanical but also analytical
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limitations, as if to imply Pavlov had not been able to make
full use of synthesis and the principle of unity Professor
Anokhi..n once said that the vulnerable point in Pav
lovt., theory
on conditioned reflexes was to be found in its brealr from foreign
ideas on neurology. Professor Anokhin sets himself as his main task
the review and revision of the basic concepts of Pavlov's teachings,
among which he included. the concept of the Conditi.arned reflex
itself. Professor Anokhin has tried to replace Pavlov's
materialistic synthesis accompanied by analysis with a concept
concerned with the integra'. character of uncond.iti.oned and
conditioned reflexes of animals (Professor Anokhin has borrowed
this theory from the English idealistic pbyy si oloUi Sherrington
whom Pavlov had criticizc;u more than once for his idealism and
mysticism as can be seen in Pavlovi s 1
~leclnec
.,d.ays), Soon after
I. P, Pavlovts death, Professor Anokhin subjected Pavlovas
Concept of internal inhibition, and even cortical inhibitions in
general to a radical reconsideration, Then, giving his own
basically inaccurate explanat_i.an for a number of phenomena
related to higher nervous functions, Professor Anokhin not only
did not contribute to the development of Pavlovrs ideas, s
, but in
essence d.ispara;ed his teaching. In l9L9 Professor Anokhin began
to speak of the frontal parts of the cortex in manifest contradict'
:.an
to all experimental investi gati.ors of frontal senents carried out
by Pavlov and his pupils. Examples of slavishness and kowtowing
to bourgeois (particularly Anglo-American) science were manifested
by Professor Anokhin in a number of his publications, especially
in his book From Descartes to Pavlov Published by Med iz in
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Professor Kupalov was also criticized for his mistaken
utterances on the mechanism of the so-called shortening reflexes
in which he deviated from a position of objective materialistic
study of higher nervous functions in the direction of zoopsycho
logical subjectivism. Kupalov admitted that the existence of
such forms of activity in a higher animal could be determined
neither by external nor by internal irritants, and consequently
could not depend on the reaction of the external or internal
environment of the organism and therefore must carry a spontaneous
character.. Such views are incompatible with the deterministic
concepts on reflex activity of Sechenov and Pavlov,
I. P. Pavlov was able to overcome the mechanistic explana-
tion of the activity of the brain by
conception of the development of the
mutual interrelation with the external enronmento
In this confection there should be mentioned the errors
of certain workers on the philosophica],. front dating back to 1930
and 1931, among which should be included my own. These errors
were particularly clearly expressed in statements by the heads
of the Institute of Red Professors in Philosophy and Natural
Science and by individual listeners, of whom I was one, who had
uncritically accepted the ideas of their leaders concerning the
methodological views of Pavlov. By making use of isolated
quotations in explaining the very complex higher nervous functions
of animals he was able to draw his own conclusion concerning
Pavlovts seeming mechanical outlook. Incidentally, a more-carefully
conducted study of Pavlov t s works as a whole ` later showed the
formulating a historical
animal world in its constant
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complete lack of justification for such a conclusion.
Such contradictions are at complete variance with Pavlov's
historical concepts and with his position as a militant materialist
concerning the basic questions of biology, among which should be
included the problems of the transmission of acquired characteristics,
the problems of the unity of the analysis and synthesis of the
subjective and the objective, and a mJl1ber of other both theoretical
perceptional and important physiological problems.
We can note with satisfaction that such an inaccurate
understanding of Pavlov's methodolozical views was completely
destroyed as early as L933e
Bet us turn to those parts of the reports and to those
taks which are directly related to neuropathology and psychiatry.
Academician Bykov' report particularly emphasized the
fact that pavlov1s teaching; serves as the foundation of contemporary
scienti:Eic inedicine. The report criticized that psychosomatic
tendency y which has achieved wide circulation in the US aril which
is completely and entirely idealistic in its methodology. It is
not accidental that this movement has Freudianism as its theoretical
foundation. rr'his direction is completely opposed by the teaching
of Academician Pavlov concerning he unified relationship of the
external and the internal environment of the organism and the role
of the cortex of the large hemispheres of the brain in the
realization of 'this unity. As is known, the idea of the internal
environment and of its unity with the central nervous system, the
basis for which was put forth by I. P. Pavlov, was most fully
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developed by Academician Bykov and his associates experimentally,
and to some degree clinically
It has been some time since Academician Bykov determined
the relation of conditioned reflexes or temporary connections
with internal organs, resulting from the combination of different
? stimuli reaching the internal organs under different conditioning
b
external f actor. s 6 Moreover, the most complex and widely
generalized functions of internal organs and of the entire
organism, such as the different fo ms of metabolism, are also
regulated in accordance with varying external environmental and
conditioned_reflex actions, T1~is part of the research was
widely made use of in the field of ecolo2'icai physiology, The
entire total of the investi7ations concerning the interrelation
of the cortex and internal organs is of tremendous significance
both for internal medicine aria for neuropathology, especially
psychiatry. Not on:Ly can different functional ailments of the
nervous system be found to be related to different disruptions
of the functions of the internal organs, but even organic ail
rents of the central nervous system may also take place in connection
with different forms of the pathology of certain internal organs.
It has been quite some time since that various Soviet neuropath-
ologists proved that an intimate connection exists between the
disease of the liver and certain degenerative ailments of sub-
cortical nodes, and that there is a connection between a stomach
.
ailment caused by disrupted blood circulation and de enera
g tjvF.
organic diseases of the brain, It has also been proved that
reactive connections, more precisely the onset of different forms
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of ailments of the internal organs, exist between the endocrine
glands and the disruption of different forms of metabolism in
connection with different organic diseases of the brain, `This
was shown in particular for virus encephalitis, especially that
caused. by the mosquito, for disruption of blood circulation in
different parts of the brain, inflammation of the brain, and for
traumatic affections of the central and peripheral nervous systems.
However, this should be considered as only the beginning in the
explanation of the pathogenesis both of different forms of ailments
of the internal organs in connection wit. ffeetions of the central
nervous system, as well as of the functional and organic ailments
of the central and peripheral nervous system in connection with
ailments of the internal organs.
Questions relating to cortico-visceral pathology were
presented in the form of concrete examples of the brain cortex of
the large hemispheres during the period of the inception and.
development of the pathological process which found their expression
particularly in the form of ulcers of hyper.tonic disease, in the
mechanism of neuroses, as well as in the therapy of these
illnesses through protective inhibition, shock therapy, hypnosis,
etc. These in truth speak of the transition to the new view of the
nature of the human organism as being a completely live personality
developing and showing in itself the concrete conditions of the
social environment.
Our native psychiatry, o.ating back to the time of S. S.
s.
Korsa]cov, started to transcend the rupture e sting between soul
and body, but this transcendence became possible only on the basis
t
of Pavlovts physiology.
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I.i
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of exceptional significance is Pavlov's theory concerning
the secondary signal system and of the necessity for further
concrete application and wide utilization of this theory in the
Clinic for Nervous and psychic Illnesses for the purposes of
diagnosis and therapy.
The essence of the secondary signal system was determined
by Pavlov in the following way: "If our perceptions and ideas
relating to the surrounding world. serve for us as primary
signals of reality, that is, concrete signals, then speech,
which is first of all a form of kinesthetic stimuli traveling
from the cortex to the speech organs, is also a special form of
secondary signals or signals of signals. They present in them-
selves digressions from reality and permit generalization, the
latter comprising our superfluous but specially human higher form
of thinking' (Pavlov, I
Pcy Sochineniyaa, tom ITT, page X20).
It is only natural, for the question to arise as to whether
or not it would be justifiable to include in the concept of the
secondary signal system not only the speech functions which belong
specifically to man but also complex apprehension and complex
activity (gnosis and praxis). Thanks to the presence of these
complex nervous functions, which likewise are peculiar to man,
man can be distinguished from other highly organized animals by
the activity of his brain. Most complex working activities are
peculiar to man only because of the development of the proper parts
of the large hemispheres of the brain; the same is true of a complex
recognition of his surroundings, which is made possible by the
operation of the brain in man.
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work which established the beginning
In his epoch making ,
o -'tics I. U, Stalin formulated with the
of a new stage in lx.nguls ,
~. of the identity of speech and thinking.
utmost clarity. she concept
This further empha5a2es the fact that pavlov+ s theory concerning
that
nai system is specifically limited to man and
the secondary s gig complex
tied in with thinking and, consequent.y, with
speech 1.C ~ ecog ni.tion of the surroundings. I. P.
actions and a complex r. l ~stemy
l .atiny his concept of the secondary signa. s~
p2,vl.ov, in fo!n`lxl e~~_sting
us step forward w]:1en he abolished the chasm
made an En.oxln0
of. ' the brain. in animals and functioning
between the functiong
~ah his concept of the secondary signal
oi' -the br. ain in man. Il~rou., hasiZed those features of the functioning
system. I. P. Pavlov e7np
man as contrasted with the functian1n.g
a f' the brain. peculiar to
o this concept of the secondary signal of the b rain in an:LmaJ_s . Puy ,
pointed out, was only a first, r~,xdzment Y
,y ~ ar
ctem as he himself pa.
appr farther develapn1E;nt. It was not accidental
oximation re~uirin~
the last years of his life spoke of the
that T:. P. Pajrlov ~n t,h
din people into artistic and t,hnnk? ~ng .types.
possibi.:l.i~ty of divi ~ NE considered t in~; hypothesis for use in the further
.~.~ia to be a work
of thesecandary signal system and,
investion of the concept
functions of the brain in man in
canwsequently, of the special
of the brain of highly evolved
comparison with the funct:~ans of
animals.
In studying disturbances of the functiani.ng of the brain in
man i ailments of the brain (hemorrhages,
'
in connecta.an with. certain those
tumors, neural infections),
which disrupt the activity of he brain! most closely cor~n.ected with
regions off' the cortex aft actions)
man (speech, complex perceptions and
functions peculiar to
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none else but neuropathology and psychiatry is in a position
to make a detailed study and further development of Pavlovts
theory of the secondary signal system.
Of much importance to the Clinic of Nervous and. Psychic
Illnesses is I. P. Pavlov's theory relating to the localization
and phases of development of traumatic processes and equally the
methods of rehabilitative therapy. In contrast with foreign
investigators, I. P. Pavlov established the th.cory of the
localization of brain functions on new neurophysiological
foundations and on principles of a strictly objective investiga-tion of higher nervous functions, By combining the method of
extirpation with the method of conditioned, reflexes, I. P.
Pavlov established a connection between the morphology of the
brain and the physiology he had created dealing with higher
nervous functions, that is he was able to establish a physiological-
anatomical correlation as the only correct materialistic inter-
pretation of the identity of the structure and the functions of
the brain in distinction to a psycho-anatomical, correlation,
which 'carried. to a significant extent a certain speculative
character -- a position which almost all foreign investigators
have taken and there remain
Stemming from an evolutionary approach to the formation
of functions of the nervous system, T. P. Pavlov, as early as
in 1913, took a sharp, dissenting position with respect to
representatives of formal idealistic genetics, adherents of
Weismann, Mendel, and Morgan, by assuming that certain conditioned
reflexes may through transmission later be transformed into
drwit
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 unconditioned. ones. The most complex manifestations of the external
and internal environment make up the basic function of the
large hemispheres of the brain and take place with the help of
analyzers of both higher and lower sense organs, including
extero- and interoceptors. The large hemispheres, according
to I. P. Pavlov, not only perform a most complex analyzing
function in relation to the external and internal environment,
but also connect "the analyzing function divided up in this way
with this or that activity of the organism". Consequently, the
hemispheres perform both complicated analysis and, complicated synthesis
or, more accurately, there is performed simultaneously in the
same cortical analyzer or in the higher sense organ both complex
analysis and synthesis of what is intercepted of the external or
internal environment, The synthesis performed by the cortex of
the large hemispheres of the brain determines the direction of
the work of the entire organism and. the value of the reaction
of both a part and the whole of the organism in relation to the
external and internal environment, I. P. Pavlov considered the
material substr. aturn that perforra.s only complex analyzing and.
synthesizing operations of the large hemispheres of the brain
as being, in his words, points of connection for neurones or,
as it is customary to say in contemporary neur.olo4cal literature,
synapses. "The occurrence, the formation of new connections,"
said I. P. Pavlov, "we consider to be functions of the dividing
membrane or simply of the attenuated branching existing between
neurones and b etween individual nerve cells,"
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This statement of I. P, Pavlov is of great significance at
the present stage of our understanding of the role of synapses in
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physiological and pathological processes, which not only a e
not in contradiction to I. P. Pavlov's statements, but which
serve to give greater concrete expression to Pavlov's ideas concern-
ing the morphological bases of complex analytical and synthesizing
functions of the :Large hemispheres of the brain. For this reason
Pavlov was justified in denying the existence of special associative
centers in the cortex of the large hemispheres by positing that
such combined activity is characteristic of the entire cortex of
the large hemispheres of the brain. Pavlov considered the under-
standing of such centers to be mainly different from the idea
of narrow locali Zatiols, which were on a purely mechanistic basis.
Moreover, I. P. Pavlov's ideas concerning the centers were far
removed :From those eauipoten.tial ( ekaipotuntsial' nyye ) idealistic
concepts which would separate the idea of centers and certain
functions of the brain from the material substratum or, more
accurately, from the structural-funct_onal interrelations which
were to be found in the large hemispheres of.' the brain.
I. P. Pavlov considered the cortex of the brain to be the
vehicle for the signal~switching, censor.-associ atives receptor-
combining. functions in the operation of which synthesis and
analysis take place. The functions of the brain are not only
permanent and strJ.ctly delineated dotlike centers, but, with
respect to functionally created states they include the lower
sections of the nervous system and terminate in different sections
of the cortex of the large hemispheres of the brain. The cortex
may be considered to be a unified whole in relation to these
temporary functional states. The representation of certain
Soviet neuropathologi.sts of a systemic local:ization of functions
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in the brain, formulated on the basis of analysis of traumatic
affections of the brain, is in complete accord with Pavlov's
ideas regarding the systemic localization of functions in the
cortex of the large hemispheres of the brain assisted by the
lower sections of the central nervous system.
While studying local interferences in the work of the brain
taking place when different sections of the large hemispheres
are injured, I. P. Pavlov established that with the removal of
the frontal halves of the large hemispheres there is a pronounced
disturbance of higher synthesis and analysis of skin stimulations
and motor activity. This fact is most important with respect to
resolving the problem of frontal leucotomy as a method of treating
certain types of schizophrenia.
Not1 accidentally, this question was
brought up for conside'rabion at the last session and was touched
upon in the report of Professor A. G. Tvanov-5molenskiy in
connection with the problem of the frontal parts of the cortex
of the brain. It was developed rather fully in the talLk of
Professor V. A. Gilyarovskiy who thought leucotomy to be an
antiphysioloical and an anti-Pavlovian method of treating
schizophrenia,
It should be mentioned that individual Soviet psychiatrists
who had made wide use of leucotomy truly showed a certain
superficiality. They started to give they method wide recommendation
while it was still undergoing a preliminary strict clinicaL and.
physiological, as well as a dynamic psychopathological, verification
and evaluation at a time when there had not yet been developed
clear positive and negative findings relative to the use of this
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method. Furthermore a careful neurological examination of
patients subjected to leucotomy had not been provided, nor had
a real investigation of the dynamics of the functions of the
vegetative nervous system been made, the cortical parts of the
brain, peripheral neural and somatic formations. All this led
to an unnecessarily wide application of leucotomy without the
necessary preliminary strict experimental clinical and physiological
verification, without which there could not have been a proper
evaluation of the method and the working, up of exact positive
and ne Mat:ive findings relating to its use.
all cases of extirpation there took place a disruption of percept:ion
I. i, Pavlov and his pupils noted that in all cases of
extirpation there was a disturbance of cortical synthesis and
analysis regardless of the localization of the intervention. In
and registration of different external and internal stimuli.
There always took place a disruption of the integrative functions
and various degrees of disruption of effector activity. It
should be pointed out that a detailed analysis of the disruption
of the brain functions as a result of injury to it in different
parts as well as the degree of severity has completely confirmed
those rules established by T. P. Pavlov concerning the functional
disruption of the large hemispheres of the brain. New qualities
inherent in the brain activity of man in the form of the presence
of the secondary signal system with its speech function naturally
determined the specific character of functional brain disruptions
as a result of brain injury. As is known, I. P. Pavlov set up
different stages in the development of the disruption of functions
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of the largo herni sspher. es after their cortex had been damaged,
beginni.n ; w:i. h di.i:'fused d Lsturbances, changing to deined.
ancf rc;gu:l_ar disturbances, and end:i-n;r with t}:ie once ?k, of ?v rjous
kinds o.f co,apenuatory rnarai_fi`esta'Li.of:in place o;f' the d:i.srulptecl
func t:i.ons.
4e %hou1d empras:i ze once more he complete concurrence of
the assurnot,ions made by IL. P. Pavlov (as ear.Ly as the first
decade o:f' his work: on conet:i:Ljonr~d.:rei:Lexr s) pertaining Lo pb~rses
in the d.i.srupL:ion and restorat:i.on of brain I'unc-tions after a
trauma with the findings that have been disclosed by c11.,nica:L
workers, raeu.ropatlloiogi,sts, and psychiatrists .f'o'r' wounds and
ConLuajons of the brain in man.
Even ~aca:r1 processes :i ri traiurnL.i.c a r`:L'ecti.ons of 'Lhr bra:Ln,
as estabi.:i 5~t!ed by S. P. Pavlov, are of great sign:i. i'icance in
theca undersLanfi.nfr of. the pathogenesi.s of difLerenL brain affect:ions
au :i.ndi.rec b ~resu Ls o:f trau.rria, at the bas:is of whi oh lies the
format:i on o l' a scar on the brain. Even after T . P. Pav1ov~ a
death a number of his pup: i..ss cont inued to make inves tigatiori 1
in this direction. Some of thorn at-,tempted to relate these
exper:ianr nt~(i:l. i.nveast:i.~ ations to the i_minediate needs of ciin:Lcal
practice. The eXj.)el imenbaa :.irnvesti ;aLions o:f.' Us:i_yev:L.ch, Asra-Lyan,
and others established the fact that t:raumat:i.c af:f'octjons of the
cortex o:f l;he large hemispheres of Lhe brain of the e.xl.arai~ne;ni;a~
an.i mat. resuIed in a dis.rupbion of L11~; carti:i.ac-vasc7al,,r, and
r. eSpi.ra L on systems, :ln d.isr. u.p-bins o:i varying degree of the vegetative
functioris, and In a v'erif,':Loati.on of thc.:.. role or sleeo therapy :in
tho restoatjon o.{ .'unctions. Through the efforts of Professor
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Asratyan, the concept of protective inhibition, as formulated
by I. P. Pavlov, was used as a theoretical foundation for the
therapy of traumatic shock. It should be remembered that
disturbance of the cardiac-vascular and respiration systems
and that disruptions in varying degree of the :functions of the
higher and lower sense organs and the vegetative nervous system
were also noted and studied by Soviet neuropathologists and
psychiatrists in the investigation of traumatic affections of
the human brain. However, one must completely agree with the
speaker, A. Cr. Ivanov-Smolensk:i.y, for reproaching the clinical
speakers because they had made such little use of the findings
made by I. P. Pavlovand his associates in the study of patho-
logical changes of higher nervous functions brought on by
extirpation methods in the large hemispheres of the brain and by
other methods for traumatic affection of the large hemispheresa
As is known, I. P. Pavlov, even while carrying out his early
extirpation investigations, placed before morphologists, who were
studying the structure of the brain, the problem of relating their
profound analytical work on the structure of brain tissue to
physiological investigations of higher nervous functions, In spite
of the important achievements of Soviet morphology in studying the
fine structures of the brain, there has not yet been achieved to
the fullest degree a cooperation between physiologists and
histologists for a joint solution of the more difficult problems
relating to the physiology of the higher nervous functions, so
important both for physiology and morphology of the brain and in
the clinic, especially clinics for nervous and psychic illnesses.
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A. G. Ivanov-Smolenskiy brought up in his report a problem
for Soviet morphologists studyi.nvery delicate structures of
the brain, This especially pertains to morphologists who are
studying the cyto-architectonics of the large hemispheres of the
brain and are carrying on experiments considerably removed from
physiologists studying the higher nervous functions. As a case
in point, there may be considered the work of the qualified.
group of associates of the principal institute, the Moscow Brain
Institute which, at least as far as words are concerned, is
trying "-to show the morphological basis for those, even fundamental,
rules of movement and interaction of cortical processes which
have beers described. by I. P. Pavlov and which are likewise very
important for the pathophysioiogy of the higher parts of the
nervous systems' (page 24 of A. G. Ivanov-Smolenskiy' report).
The writer correctly criticized those Soviet psychiatrists
who have been for a long time resisting in every possible way
attempts to apply Pavlov!s teaching to the problems of psychiatry.
Professor A. G. Ivanov-Smolenskiy considers such attitudes to
have a direct historical connection with the development of
psychology and psychopathology in the second half of the 19th
century. He shows that the basic concepts of psychology were
formed during the 19th century without any regard for the morphology
and physiology of the brain. To the degree that morphology was
developed at the time, psychologists made attempts, as the writer
says, to impose a psycholo rical and. psychopathological picture
on the morphological- canvas of the brain" (page 13). On such a
foundation was constructed the theory, bearing the impress of
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mechanism and idealism, of the localization of psychic functions
in the brain. Utilizing the psychoinorpho1o:ica1 approach, the
German psychiatrists Reinert and iernike (the latter was also a
neuropat'holoist) tried to rebuild psychiatry. 1'hese attempts,
as the writer shows, took place during the Twenties and Thirties
of this century in connection with an even more successful study
of the; morphology of the brain expressed. in the desire (again by
German psychiatrists, Kleist and. Petslya) to establish the so-
called "brain pathology". The writer correctly sees in these
attempts the manifestation of chauvinistic anti-Russian and anti-
Soviet tendencies of the German psychiatry of that time which
tried to separ~t, e itself from the tremendous achievements of
Russian and Soviet physiology of the central nervous systems as
expressed in the works of Sechenov, Vvedenskiy, Ukhtomskiy, Samoylov,
and especially the works of I. P. Pavlov and his school on the
physiology and the pathophysiolory of the higher nervous functions.
It is in this connection that the writer directs his criticism
against the attempts of certain Soviet psychiatrists to continue
to develop the sowcalle d "brain pathology" apart from the ideas of
Sechenov and. Pavlov. The writer points out that the psycho-
morphological movement in psychiatry, which has been introduced
by a number of leading Soviet psychiatrists who have ignored and
improperly evaluated the contemporary achievements of native
physiology and pathophysiology of the higher nervous functions,
cannot pretend to occupy the foremost progressive position in
Soviet psychiatry. Certain leading Soviet psychiatrists still
continue to conduct an intensified propaganda in favor of the
ideas of the so-called "brain pathology" without having acquainted
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themselves nor mastered Pavlov's teaching on the physiology and
pathophysiology of the higher nervous functions. "One cannot
remind oneself without a bitter taste that for a long time, even
quite recently, all attempts to apply Pavlov's teaching to the
problems of psychiatry were invariably met by unfriendly opposition,
were dubbed ~verbal peelingsf and considered to present a 'tremendous
danger of mechanism to Soviet psychiatry. At the same time
Pavlov's teaching was opposed by that notorious brain pathology'
(Shmar'yan), by that Td'ynanico~physiological conception', which
in the words of Professor Shmar Cyan seemed to have been created
by the joint labors of certain leading Moscow and Leningrad
psychiatrists who felt themselves called upon to make a new
reconstruction of psychiatry, and, finally, by that 'theory
concerning the integration, disintegration, reintegration, and
pathological integration', whose founders should include the
English physiologist Sh~rrington and. the Moscow psychiatrist
Professor Gurevich. Unfortunately, similar tendencies have not
been extirpated from our psychiatry to the present d.ay"' (pages
1;-16 of the report),
The writer secures this position with quotations from
monographs that have appeared in recent years on problems of
psychic disruptions resulting from brain tLimors and in newly
reissued textbooks on psychiatry.
Professor Gurevich in all his appearances completely
subscribed to the criticism of the defects of his textbook on
psychiatry.
The writer in analyzing the position of Soviet neuropathology
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objective study of the brain. processes comprising the physiological
'basis of psychic activity and against the acceptance of freedom
of will and for materialistic determinism. The study of patbo-
logical disruptions of the higher nervous functions by I. P.
Pavlov and his associates is of direct and. immediate interest
in the first degree to clinics for nervous and. psychic illnesseso
Whercas T. P. Pavlov was able to recreate examples of or7anic
traurriatic affections of the brain by use of the extirpation
method, with the method of overworking nervous processes and
z,
blocking stimulation and inhibition processes with experimental
animals, especially those with different types of nervous
systems and nervous functions, he was able to recreate examples
of :f'v.nctionaj neurotic and psychogenic ailments of the nervous
systerri and to explain the role of different somatic ailments,
especially those of endocrine origin, by the mechanism of the same
functional ail..ments that take place in man.
Especi.aLLy great was the service of the now-dead M. K.
Petrova in the study of these examples of exper. ime.rzta:L neurosis.
The concept of experimental neuros:i.s resulting from the last
sixteen years of Pavlova s scientific worl