CONTINUATION OF PLANT CULTIVATION IN THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 546
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 23, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 13, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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Sowings of spring wheat (varieties ezium 0111, Gordeiforme
010, and, admissible, Lyutestgens 062) can and ought to be expanded,
on new lands and replacing oats (Pobeda variety), Winter rye is
still very important. Of secondary crops, the sunflower (very
quickly-ripening varieties) ought to be greatly expanded in area,
as well as flax for linseed oil, potatoes, and peas. Present
sowings of buckwheat and millet could be eliminated.
Fodder crops here are less important than in the preceding
districts because of the general emphasis on grains. The most
important of them are: hybrid and yellow lucerne, f. ~ibrome
grass; for green fodder also rye and corn; for silage -- sunflower,
corn, sweet clover; root plants -- carrots, potatoes, beets.
on old ploughed lands yields 15-20 percent less than Triticum vulgare
subject to crumbling), and Melanopus 069 admissible. Durum wheat
x(l) Arid steppe on southern chernozems of the former Zilair Canton,
with a much more arid climate (120-135 millimeters of precipitation
for May-July, with relative humidity of L7-50 percent for June),
higher summer temperature (21-22 degrees for July), and a very long
frostless period (1)5-160 days).
Typical spring wheat - sunflower district. Spring wheat gives
on the average lower harvests than in the preceding districts, less
reliable, but with grain of better quality; recommended varieties:
'ezium 0111, Lyutestsens 062 admissible (better yielding but
wheat.
Spring wheat can be expanded, on present wastelands and
replacing oats and millet.
The group of crops sown in rows ought to be widespread here,
especially the sunflower (the variety Saratovskiy 169 and other
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more quickly-ripening), melons-cucumbers-squash, and corn: Bezenchukskaya
and Burli Kaunta.
Crops sown in rows -- i.e., for ploughing -- ought to play a
large role, not only for plant oils and foddors for pigs, in addition
to grain waste products, but also as the best precursor of spring
wheat.
Corn, because of the possibilities of cultivating early-ripening
low varieties here, is devoted to feeding (with standing corn
primarily) pigs.
Fodder crops ark the same as in X(3a).
X(~) District of the northern forest-and-steppe of the western
Siberian type, on podsolic and saliferous soils of the Trans-Ural
part of Bashkiriya (the former Argayash Canton).
Precipitation around 3504i00 millimeters yearly (May-July, 160
district analogous in natural conditions to the northern forest-and-
millimeters) with a July temperature of if degrees Centigrade. A
steppe of the Trans-Urals, with spring wheat the most important crop.
for the southern part of the district, due to their late ripening.
0321 and Lyutestsens 062, with Gordeiforme 010 and Mil'turum 0321 only
Varieties -- `ezium 0111, Gordeiforme 010, and, admissible, Mil'turum
The sowing area of oats (Pobeda variety) ought to be maintained,
because of its good harvests and the demands of the mining industry.
Potato cultivation, at present of secondary importance, ought
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Fodder crops ought to be very important because of the general
grain-milk emphasis of the economy; of perennial grasses here, these
frost-resistant types are more reliable: American couch grass, Grimm
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hybrid lucerne and other hybrid lucernes, brome grass, sweet clover;
potato, turnips (Brassica campestris rapifera and Brassica napus
rapifera).
for green fodder ?? winter rye, vetch-oats mixtures; for silage
sunflower, vetch-oats, and sweet clover; of root-tuberous plants
x(6) Mountain-forest (mixed and coniferous forests) district of
little agriculture, a mountain range section of the Ural highlands,
the former Tam'yan-Katay Canton, northern sections of the former
Zilair Canton, and part of the Mesyagutov Canton.
Poor soils of a podsolic character, often gravelly and very
often cannot be utilized for farming after their forests have been
cut down. Slopes and valleys with cher?nozem-like soils and degraded
chernozems are more suitable for farming.
Because of the great elevation (reaching as much a 1,00
meters in the north and 700 meters in the south) climate is humid
(the total yearly precipitation is 500 millimeters and more, of which
200.22 millimeters falls in the period lay-July; the average
relative humidity for. June is over percent), but cold (the average
July temperature, 1S-18 degrees), with a short frontless period
(100-12~ days).
In view of its metallurgical characteristics, this little
farmed area in the future must develop its plant cultivation in the
direction of vegetables and fodder crops and potatoes, from grains,
from oats and winter rye to spring wheat with the superior soils
of the southern section.
With a significant number of natural meadows and pastures,
development of the dairy economy requires additional sowing of clover,
sowing of mixed vetch and oats for green fodder, sunflower for silage,
and also fodder beets, carrots and. potatoes.
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Oats must keep its great significance for transportation
in mining, where a considerable number of horses move ore, coal
and timber. The varieties of bread grains must be quick ripening,
in view of the short duration of the frost-free period. With poor
soil, it is necessary to build it up with manure and mineral
fertilizer.
XI. THE URALS AREA
Just as in the Bashkir ASSR, the Urals area has a wide variety
of natural conditions in its various parts. In its overall field
economy, it is primarily a grain area which must be differentiated
by regions; emphasizing clover-potato (vegetable)-oat-rye crops
in mining areas, oats-rye-clover in the northern wooded pre-Urals,
rye-clover-oats flax in the southern wooded pre-Urals, in the
alluvial pasture areas rye-oats-barley, partly clover-flax in the
taiga part of the pre-Urals, with rye_wheat~oatspclover-flax in the
?datura" zone and various types of sprang wheat in the tremendous
area of forest steppes and beyond-the-Ural steppes and in the pre-
Urals forest steppes. In the future, and applicable for the
entire territory /ray7, a significant expansion must be planned
in sowing on new lands, with a grc,at increase in the areas under
spring wheat, fodder crops, flax and potato, while lowering the
sowings of oats.
The demands upon the agriculture of the region basically are
for an increasing and very fast growing mining industry, and for an
exceptionally rapid growing industrial population of numerous large
factory centers. Supplying dairy products and fresh meat requires
the organization of large fodder supplies, also vegetables and potatoes:
a vegetable economy. The existence of extensive new construction
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projects, of large wood-working activities and of a number of still
poorly mechanized manes which make use of a large number of horses,
requires that these be supplied with hay and oats. The development
of Urals industry, in turn, soon must be reflected in the
industrialization of agriculture in the area, bolstering up its
power capacity and mechanization, farther away from the mining
belt, parts of the area in some instances can widely develop industrial
flax production, and in other cases, grain growing can be developed
as independent branches,
In regard to natural conditions, which in turn influence the
composition of crops cultivated, the area is divided. sharply into
three zones, according to climate, geography and soil: western pre-
mountainous, middle mountainous, and the eastern beyond-the-Urals
plains. Each one of these zones, moreover, has a different climate
and soil in terms of latitude. This breakdown is well defined by the
borders between those areas where particular types of plants prevail,
xi(1) Northern forest pre-Urals. Big Upper-Kama Okrug and the middle
and northern part of Komi-Perm excluding the mountainous parts.
Swampy southern coniferous forests of Siberian corolite (largely
spruce-fir taiga). Pine forests in sand. The ground cover in the
woods is largely moss.
The growing period is short: the time without frost is
100-110 days, while the total wannth of the growing period is only
1,1400-1,600 degrees, The mean temperature for July is about 17
degrees, and in January from minus 16.5 degrees in the southwest
to minus 17,5 degrees in the northeast. Summer precipitation is
abundant, and winter brings a heavy snowfall (the average maximum
depth of snow cover, taking a period of many years, in Cherdyn was
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'i+
over 90 centimeters). The topsoil is definitely podsol, sometimes
with gravel, clay and sand, predominantly on what is the product
of exposure of Perm red colored strata. Along the Kama and Vishera
Rivers large quantities of sandy and alluvial soils are washed
into the valley. There is a great prevalence, particularly in the
northern parts of the region of mossy and less often grassy swamps.
The mining area has particularly great possibilities for
working potassium deposits. The area is heavily wooded and sparsely
tilled. The northern section is particularly without roads.
The basic distribution, because of economic conditions and
severe farming conditions here, should be crops which supplement
the relatively poor natural fodder available, guaranteeing the
development of dairy farming, supplying fresh milk and vegetables
to the industrial population and fodder for use in working the
forests and mines.
In the group of feed crops, aside from the assortment of
perennial cereal grasses, in order to improve natural meadow lands
and pastures, sowings of clover for single reaping, mixed with
timothy, must be extended to get more hay from land tilled long
ago and from lands again brought under cultivation. There must be
more extensive use of vetch-oats mixtures, of oats, of pea-vetch-
oats mixtures, of barley, rape and turnips with their tops, garden
waste and of tilled silage crops. So also, additional use must be
made of root-tubers such as potatoes, rape and turnips, and of
succulent green fodder of a pea-vetch-oats mixture and of singie-
crop clover, The wide demand for and extensive uses of potatoes
place it here in the category of additional crops.
Of those crops which here must supply grain and concentrated
fodder in far off parts of the region without roads, winter rye and.
ES TRIG TED
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 fore ,,
ir.
southwestern parts. There is a predominance of spruce-
h
h with a suf fa ?caently great prevalence of linden, also wit
~.~,,
g
birch and aspen trees mixed in. There are pane woody
da~ndua].
i
n
. in the sands along the Kama River. There is alluvial washing of
the Kama and Chusova. The region is tilled
the vegetation along
extensively.
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the Pioneer variety, and in the south
barley (in the north
Kol'khi 10/30 is permissible), are the most reliable crops.
Here oat grain as needed for the horses but an view of the short
counted an only in the southern half of
growing period, it can be
all in all this crop can have here in
the region, and. accord.~ngly,
aux~.l~-ate importance. But in the south
the group. of grains, only
it is basic (in the south. a perraissible variety is Gold. en Rain).
lhen necessary, an the southern part of the region, in terms of the
location of the place, spring wheat may be cultivated as a ,secondary
crop, making ~, ~ use of its earliest varieties (the varieties are not
established, but it is possible to use either Nov~.nk~- or Garnet).
Cultivation` of early pea varieties also must have its definite place
in the field cultivation of the area.
of the region, there can be an extensive
In the south
expansion and development of flax sowings based upon the forestry
sovkhozes, with a mechanization of reaping and cultivation processes.
t
b
u
Climatic and soil ondil~ions here are favorable for good fiber,
's crop is impeded by the absence of labor. and
development of this c
mechanical equipment.
XI(2) Central - forest ~ ,st pre-Urals. The southern part of the Komi-Perm
Penn Okrug without its mountainous and
Okrug and of the farmer sts
f
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The frost-free period is 110-125 days; the total warmth
of the growing period 1,600F1,800 degrees; the mean temperature
for July approximately 17.5-1.3 degrees;and during January it is
minus 15.S to minus 16.5 degrees. The amount of precipitation
during the summer and winter months is abundant.
Strongly podsol clayey soils, developed largely on the
products of exposed red-colored Perm strata, toward the south
change into faintly podsol, and in places, grey forest clayey soils.
Along the Kama, there are masses of sandy, and in the west, of
claylike soils. Alluvial soils are along the river valleys. There
are the mining regions in the east and there is the luunbering
industry region, with a number of large urban and industrial
populated points. The overall tasks in agriculture are the same
as in the former region, though with great relative emphasis on
I
flax and grain crops to supply the short supplied northern and
mountainous regions.
In spite of more favorable natural conditions and the
somewhat different type of natural pasture and meadows due to
the high degree of cultivation of the area, natural fodder is
limited and the development of dairy farming must be accentuated,
bringing less valuable land into cultivation and making use of
crop area for more intensive fodder production. Vegetable raising
must be developed with greater emphasis. The area used to supply
industry with raw material, in this region must produce flax and
potatoes, which although they remain among the auxiliary crops in
terms of size of area used, yet their development here must be
strengthened to correspond with the development of power equipment
and mechanization in agriculture.
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In grain crops, because of their highly dependable crop
yield, it is entirely possible not only to meet local needs for
grain, cereals, and concentrated fodder, materials for brewing
beer, etc., but it is possible also to arrange to supply the
mountainous and more northerly regions to a greater degree than
before. The little farmed roadless regions of the mountainous
zone and the northern part of the area are largely dependent upon
the local production of grain, particularly of oats which are in
great demand here in the mining and lumbering plants and in
transportation.
The mild degree and even distribution of heat and abundant
precipitation facilitate the growth here of an excellent barley
for beer, particularly in the clay and clayey soils of the south-
west portions of the region with its prolonged growing period.
These raw materials from here not only can be supplied successfully
to breweries in the Urals, but also to get good quality beers, this
crop can be developed on a larger scales Following our western
regions in importance for raising barley for beer, this Kamsk
barley growing area which includes a part of the Nizhegorodsk
territory, is one of the basic areas in the USSR for raising barley
for beer. Bearing in mind that barley yield here is not less than
that of rye, it makes sense to develop this crop here also for more
extensive use as concentrated fodder in fattening animals.
A rainy sin r and a. winter with a lot of snow assures here a
successful development of clover sowing. Perm clover with sowings
of timothy is the basis for the hay crop in the area. The southeastern
part of the region must extensively develop the so wing of clover for
seed. Ensilage can be based upon the use of sunflower, an oat-vetch
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waste from vegetables, and making use of the land
mixture, the under single crop.
In the group of root-tubers there are potatoes,
For succulent green fodder, use should be made
turnips and rapes
in clover mixed with timothy, vetch and pea-oats
of single-reap
rnixtur p . Oat mixtures must be used extensively to supplement hay
supplies.
Thebasic crops among g the grain group for the reason indicated
is Golden Rain variety in the north and Moskovskiy
above must bea oa (
03l in the south) and winter rye (Vyatka). Barley for brewing
~-
for fodder must occupy a place of no less importance on
beer and
that of an auxiliary crop, and in the southwestern
the whole than
section of the region, it must be basica(variety: Professor Viner,
permissible Y;ol 'khikn 1030) , ~lintering conditions here in
~
Individual locations permit the presence of less moist clay type
ful tilling of winter wheat (Moskovskaya 02111 and
soils, for a SUCCeaS
oskovskaya 02l60) and in the regions of less podsol soils in the
south: spring wheat (variety: temporarily permissible L~utestsens
o~2).
lthough they are only of secondary importance, the grain
a
beans: peas, beans (quick ripening, of the Perm exq)erimental
~ .
station), can be developed here quite successfully, and they are an
altogether valuable crop both for food and for fodder, particularly
the horsebeans (konskiye) which have high albumin content and are
-
used for feeding young cattle. Lupin should be used widely for
green fodder.
XI (3) Big Sarapulsk, southwest section
forest re-Urals.
Sauth ern p.._..........._.._.....
ofthee--Peen and northwest Kungursk Okrug, Mixed forests with a large
proportion of wide-leaf varieties and broad grasses are in the
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forest cover. Vegetation of the alluvial meadows along the Kama.
The region is very heavily tilled.
In spite of the southern location, the frost-.free period
is for only about 130 days, and the amount of warmth during the
growing period is 1,8OOw2,000 degrees centigrade. The mean
temperature f cr July.is 19 degrees, anufar January it is about
minus 1S..5 degrees. The amount of summer precipitation is already
significant (160-180 millimeters for May-July). In winter, typically,
there is deep snow.
The topsoil cover is predominantly turf podsol clayey soil,
with less prevalent sandy soils (subarea XI(3a)). In the south and
west, there are faintly podsol type soils and grey forest clayey
soils (subarea XI(3b)), But in general, because of the complexity
of geographic relief, topsoils are of a sufficiently large and
variegated number of different types, aside from the dominant ones
indicated, including podcols and. ,sands.
There are a number of large metal working and other industrial
centers in the area. Transportation services within the area are
relatively poor. For the future, however, this region lies along
the route of the Siberian super trunk-line, which. in the future
without doubt must be reflected in the tasks and trends of the
agriculture of the area, and primarily in grain crops.
Industrialization and the power supply for farming in the
area must in the first instance make itself felt in the extension of
laborious industrial crops. Of these, long-staple flax here has
entirely favorable natural conditions for development, and it must
be one of the leading crops, although due to a somewhat superfluity
of continental climate, long-staple flax here does not developpto be
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of very high quality, An auxiliary crop, which can be expanded,
must include potatoes for industriai uses. An industrial crop
of secondary importance here is hemp which also has a fiber of
relatively in?'erior quality. Experimentation with the oil-bearing
poppy, which tentatively gives good results, must be extended,
Industrial places must be amply supplied with a source for
vegetables and fresh dairy products,
The development of field grass sowing rotation, essential for
the development of the flax crop, calls for the development of dairy
farming animal husbandry? With conditions favorable for grain crops
,
and also with the possibility of using the waste of dairy farming and
expanded vegetable farming, the problem of hog raising becomes both
general and urgent,
The assortment of feed crops is more extensive here than in
the former region; for hay, Perm clover with timothy, vetch-oats
mixture, and in places bearded brome grass; for silage, sunflower,
corn, vetch-oats mixture, buckwheat, waste from vegetable raising
and tilled land; root-tubers, potatoes, rape, turnips;
s; succulent
green fodders, vetch-oats mixture and r ed clover.
As far as grain crops are concerned, here the basic ones are
t 7e (Vyatka) and oats ~iioscow A-0315, Victory as permissible, and
temporarily for use of the economy Belyak), But the reliability of
harvests and the use of oats here is somewhat less than in the
previous region, partly because of the less developed lumbering
and partly because of great distances from mountain regions. Of
no less significance than that of a supplementary crop, spring
wheat should be here, It is found in the regions with extensive
slightly podsol and grey forest clayey soils, which is completely
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suited to the conditions (a provisionally suitable type is
Lyutestsens 062), As fax as winter wheat is concerned, it is
necessary through extensive testing to determine clearly the
possibility and suitability of moving it here. Preliminary actual
experience and analysis of climatic and soil conditions indicates
that there is good hope for such places in the region, and already
at the present moment this crop can be planned araong the secondary
crops (permissible varieties are Moscow 02411 and Moscow 02L,60).
Here, analogous to the preceding region, in the clayey
soils of the northwest pre-Kama part of the region, located in the
zone where coniferous forests predominate and. where the Swedish
fly is less prevalent, there are favorable conditions for getting
large crops of high quality barley. Here is where the East-Kama
land area of barley for beer brewing, indicated above, comes to an
end. In this part of the region barley must occupy a significant
position among grains sown as one of the basic crops grown for
the earlier sort Koi'khikum 10/30, though it is less valuable as
of competing other valuable spring crops, in particular beans, and
on the other hand, because of the increasing effect of harmful
insects. Varieties of barley; the higher yielding and valuable
Professor Viner variety of grain is permitted, and where necessary
fodder, meal and beer, while farther south and farther east, the
significance of barley lessens, on the one hand, because of a number
The conditions of the region, particularly its southern part,
crops. All these crops must be developed here not only to supply
Here there are sufficiently suitable conditions for vetch and grain
are altogether favorable for developing peas and fodder lentils,
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also for shipping to other regions. In the
local needs, but
,1 in other regions, growing clover seed here
latter regard, supt. Y g
is of particularly great importance.
xI(~.) zonal, forest-steppe mass of the Kungursk Plateau. Big
Kungursk Okrug without the northwest and mountainous portion. The
island of forest steppe plant life of the trkolkov" type, surrounded
by coniferous and mixed forests.
With respect to climate, the region is similar to the former
fruitfulness, the complexity of terrain and
region XI(3) , though
proximity to the mountain range, is reflected in a somewhat shorter
t freezes, an average of about 11~ days),
growing period (w1thou
the sum of warmth (over the growing period
great variation in
,
i~rade)and somewhat lower temperatures
1,600-2,000 degrees, cent ,~ 9
with the central area. In the pre-Urals, there
even in comparison
is a large amount of precipitation during the summer months (the
es? and the total precipitation of
July average is about 18.~ degre ,
May-July is over 180 millimeters) .
The varied geographic relief gives quite a variation in soils.
ce of average black soils and dark grey and
With a general predam~,nan
clayey soils, there are some grey forest soils and even podsols
s ruce-fir forests, podsol~like conglomerate
under the islands o p
sandy soils on the watersheds. Sandy deposits along the rivers, etc.
Open spates predominate. The region is highly' tilled.
This region is less industrial than the former one, but its
' belt of the area and its good contact wa.tYa.
proximity to the m~.n~.ng
of communication, places upon it the task of
it through means
serving the mining industry in part with dairy products, fodder (hay and oats), potatoes and vegetable crops.
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. The cl to and soils of the region at the same time favor
~.ma
of feed and grain crops, which together with dairy
the development o._
make it possible to develop hog raising. The
products can
assortment of feed crops for, this region is the same as for the
1:---
Victory a permissible variety, and rye: Vyatka).
, -th Vz
5 ~
~~-03
1.
MOSCOW
The sail and climatic conditions of the region favor the extension
wheat sowings, which here should be increased by a
of spring
of areas sown to spring grey grains, with a change-aver
lessening
to the dominant crops (the variety rmitted provisionally is
The secondary grains should include winter wheat
Lyutestsens 062).
(MOSCOW 02111. and 4O SCOW 02160, the permissi)lE varieties most hardy
under tilintcrin~; conditions), barley (Professor Viner and a less
valuable though quicker ripening grain: Kol'khikum 1030), and
s: fodder peas and lentils must be developed to
buckwheat. Dean .
an extent which permits them to be shipped into neighboring regions.
onditions for them here are completely favorable.
The c
potatoes and hemp, to the extent of auxiliary crops, have
entirely favorable conditions here guaranteeing high yields. They
do not compete for space with other. basic crops; and they must
here to an extent permitting an adequately large
be widely developed
as industrial material. Flax may be considered as a
use Of them
secondary crop, among industrial crops.
for development. Then there is winter rye (oats;
s
sate
rere
qu~-
spring wheat and oats, which have both. the economic and t c
previous one.
In the group of rain crops, of primary significance are
g. ,.....
? ? h natural
~, mountainous gone of the U The complex terrain of
Xl(~) 1he ~~
ain chains is covered by coniferous forest coring,
worn down mount
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in the west - Siberian taiga (spruce, fir, cedar; in the north a
big admixture of larch, and in the south, pine and narrow-leafed
trees such as birch and aspen). There is a heavy concentration
of mining industry within the region.
Together with a tremendous longitudinal expanse, complexity
of terrain and variation of natural conditions, differences in the
distribution of mineral resources and the concentrated location
of mining activities all shows great variation in the region. The
region can be divided in general longitudinally, in regard to the
possibilities for field crops, into four subdivisions, in terms
largely of the duration of the period of warmth in the lower layer.
For each o[ these smaller areas, the basic task is the possibly
complete supplying of produce and fodder which is difficult to
ship and transport to the population and beasts of burden occupied
in mining and forestry. With large areas without roads and with
heavily broken terrain, this task is particularly important. With
rare exceptions, the possibilities for field cultivation of a
mountainous region are so poor, that in carrying out this task, the
possibilities are exhausted, and do not develop into some other
independent branches /f food production. A supply of fresh milk
REST LUCTED
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
and sour milk products, less often butter and cheese, supplying
potatoes and vegetables, and finally, local fresh pork, (obtained
from using the wastes from milk, vegetables, grains, animal
slaughtering and other scrap) and. along with this the grain obtained
from farming, all this requires the organization of feed supplies
and the development of a vegetable growing economy.
The role of grain crops in general is secondary, and they
and the proper components of the sowing rotation must be grown in
small areas or in leftover unoccupied spaces, to meet local demand
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
in particularly isolated roadless places. Potatoes are among the
food crops which are common for all parts of the region. As the
crop which hasthe most widely divergent uses, here it must give
way in extent of cultivation only to fodders taken together, and
accordingly it must be an auxiliary crop of field variety in each
subdivision of the region.
The assortment of fodder crops of this region, (rugged in
terms of climate and soil conditions) with the exception of the
mountain pastures of the northern pre-polar area (XI(Sa)}, generally
is the same for all the subdivisions of the region In using
improved additional sowings of perennial cereal grasses of natural
pastures and meadowlands, these sowings are for hay - single-reaped
clover with timothy and vetch-oats mixtures; for silos -- oat or
barley-vetch mixtures, vetch-pea-oat mixed, making use of vegetable
wastes and the waste from tilled land and wild vegetation; and the
root tubers -- potatoes, turnips and rape.
The expanding dairy products animal husbandry, on the basis
of the existing division of land, cannot get enough fodder.
Accordingly, here it is necessary to raise he question of changing
over a part of the natural meadows and pastures into plowland, and
the question of having crop meadows used more intensively in the
direction of fodder.
The assortment of fodder crops indicated above, of course,
must vary in accordance with the various conditions, distinguishing
the primary significance of one crop over others, not only by regions,
but inside the regions in accordance with the economic and natural
peculiarities of the particular hype of economy.
A significant differentiation in the composition of crops
may be indicated in the grain group. Their distribution largely
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
the duration of the vegetation period and warmth
according to
be indicated as follows for individual subdivisions
available, can
of the region:
(a) Northern bare-mountain, swamp-taiga (northeast part of
rkhne-Kamslc Okrug) . The basic more reliable grain crop
former Ve
here is only barley. Sowings of oats and winter rye as secondary
crops, can be grown only in the more favorable locationsa
,
ID) Middle mountain-taiga (southeastern part of former
Verkhne?Kamsk, northeast part of Perm and western Tagil Okrugs).
The basic grain crops are oats and winter rye. In addition there
The crop which is secondary in area, should be peas.
is barley.
(c) Middle coniferous leafy forests (western section of
ovsk, southeast Tagil and east Kumar Okrugs). The
former Sverd.1
basic grain crops are oats and winter rye. Barley and pe as are
secondary.
(d) Southern mixed forests of the southwest sections of
the former Sverdlovsk and Zlatoust Okrugs. The basic grain crops
are oats and winter rye. Spring wheat, barley and peas are secondary
crops.
Natural and field cultivation zones and subzones between
West-Siberian Kray
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
and the Altay mountains lie along belts which go from
the Urals
west to east. In most instances, moreover, each of them occupies
o
Therefore the sections of the Urals Oblast which are east of the
,
part of not only one kray, but also parts of neighboring krays.
Urals have characteristics in common with the regions of the West-
Kazakhstan go into the respective zones which go across also the
Siberian Kr ay and Parts of Kazakhstan. Most of the regions in North
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
accordingly, trying to avoid repetition, we endeavor to give
a detailed description of the natural conditions and the desired
e with an outline only of the first
direction of field cultur
region listed an each zone and only one of the krays. In sunilar
regions of other krays, where possible, we touch on only those
details by which differences are shown between analogous areas of
located in different krays in the table
the same zone, though
(see table No. 1).
pre polar north. The polar and pre-polar part of the oblast.
_tundra and northern coniferous forests (swamp
The tundra, .far. est
cedar), of the west Siberian taiga.
f vast expanse has extremely limited possibilities
This region o
for any development of field crops. It has an extremely
extensive
of natural condita-ons largely contingent upon the
wade variety
on and the nature of the terrain in the particular
geographic satuata
places.
Table 1
Nose of Rayons
Natural Field Crop East of Western
Re ions Zones the Urals Siberia
g
Southern belt of Rye-oats barley:
the western and alluvial
central Siberian pastures . . . . . X16 X111
taiga. ..
Western Siberian
mixed (in the north) pastures (with
Kazakhstan
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Table 1 (Continued)
Nos, of Rayons
Natural
Regions
Field Crop Fast of Western
Zones the Urals Siberia
and deciduous flax and clover
(in the south) in the south) .. X17
Western Siberian Spring wheat--flax
open and mountain- rye-oats, potato
ous taiga root tubers with
Meadow of salty Spring wheat grasses,
forest steppe oats, flax . . . . -- XII
3
Northern West Spring wheat, oats,
Siberian forest grasses, and in the
steppe of irregular northern sections,
mojsture flax . . . , , ? ?
Kazakhstan
Pre-mountain forest Spring wheat, oats,
steppe of the sunflower, hemp . --- XII-7c XIII-9
Altai. Mountains
Semi-dried southern Spring wheat, oats,
forest steppe and in the southern
section sunflower XI-9b
XII'-12a
XIII-1
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Table l (Continued)
Nos, of Rayons
Natural
Regions
East of Western
Field Crop
Zones the Urals Siberia
Dried variegated Spring wheat, sun-
grass-cereal black flower, oily flax,
millet. . ? ? X110
earth steppe
feather grass steppe millet
with chestnut soil
Xii-b
XII-12c
Kazakhstan
XIII-2
XII-8a
XII?12b xiii?3
XIII-3a
., Oasis agricultUI
dried Oasis agriculture
XII-8b
southern feather millet, wheat). -
XI z~.?~a
grass and cereal-
mugwort semidesert
e am litude of variation, these conditions
With a generally larg p
' are distinguished for their extreme
everywhere within the region the ossibilities of developing agriculturee
ruggedness in regard to p
's res ect is the very short duration of the
The major limitat~.an in the p
period of warmth and the small quantity of summer warmtho
section of the region the period free from
In the southern
but in the extreme north, through-
freezing weather is up to 100 days,
an days above freezing. It is the
out the year there are hardly y
of warmth during the growing period
same story in regard to the amount
(the period with average daily temperature above 10 degrees centigrade)
e alon the northern shore to 1, 200-1, 3aa
from zero degrees centigrad g
RESTRICTED
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
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7
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
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of the as yet poorly explored natural mineral resources? Connecting
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~
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,
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I
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Stalin; "Only with the development of national cultures can the
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
 '
~
,,
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
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The fodder crops ~~rhich should be grown ar.e hay from. sowings
~yq;
'~~
of clover with timothy; and for green fodder there shou1.d be winter
P
,
,
,
!'f
clover, and an oats vetch mixture. For fall and winter
rye
~
r,~
,~
,
;
~.
succulent feed, moreover,. there should be fodder potatoes, turnips,
~~
ra e and silage from an oats-vetch mixture, potatoes with stalks.
p
~
'
,
and Leaves and some sunflower,
`}
Let us proceed to a consideration of the zone of sprang wheat
9
growing w~.th its various combinations (from the mixed dairy farming
.
with heavy participation .Pram spring wheat in the north, to the
t
r
typical wheat in the south}, located in the south of the territory
of the Una.on relating to the Urals-Kuznetsk problems Tn this
~{
connection, it is necessary to consider the relative importance of
r
aW
,'
~ ~ -~
its various regions in terms of yield, reliability of crops a,na the.
,
a
ualit~ of wheat rains
~ ~ g
r.
,
z
f,,,
~,
7n order to illuminate this problem, we present certain
~,
material based on sta.t~istical data, showing the average harvests
,a,
.
~.
y
,,
'`
over a twenty year prewar period in the various sections of. the
'
I
area just east of the~Urals(Zaural~), Western Siberia and Kazakhstan,
~ti
,~
4
~
' s n with Middle and Lo~ller Vol a ivin.g the results of
zn compare o g ~ g
('~
~~
?,
~
~
`
the quali-ry analysis of wheat from the various regions, according
>`
t~
~~,
to the data of the Institute of Plant Cultivation;
,,
-
~
1 a The foothills (Urals and Kuznetsk) and the northern forest
~
~~
~~
steppes of beyond the Urals and West Siberia tal.so the Kungur-
Mesyatovsk Region of the Ural foothills} because of a climate of
s
,.
ode uate moisture re resents a zone of high average yield (a 'r-9
~ ~ p
`'~
~~
centner average over 20 years). This zone has dad good rel~.able
r`
~,:
~
yields for years (no years with crop failure) though with grain of
~;
C
'~'
?
only average quality (w.ith average chaz~acteriatics, average and
'~ ~
substandard lassiness snd rotein content and with. average suitability
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6
 V,
' Declassified and A roved For Release 2012/03/23 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100220001-6 3'rr; F' ~ ,'f
pP s ~u7, ~~
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~~~ ~~ ~~~
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` for baking).
~,
;- ,~ .
,f.
thern forest steppe of the beyond the Urals ~y
~: 2, The eau Mu
~:
`' ~ -ern Siberia, and Kazakhstan, and also 'the
area (Zaural ), y~est
~~ '?
ashkir Republic, and Middle Volga, with a
e a f the B t ~ ~~
forest Stepp
e ds sufficient7.y good crops (average
somewhat drier cl~na~e, y-~ 1
:~ P p thou h the
~~ ver 20 e~.rs of the rewar eriod), g G~
of b-7 centners o y
i
ears there were ore ar
' eld is less rel~.able (ave~ry these twenty y ,
~- means ~ J
allures . The grain is o~ goad quality. This ~
two bad crop f )
istics is very glassy, makes goad flour, but
it has goad character , ~
:~~ ~ ~~
aver ~e suitability to bread baking k
,.
it also is of only ~
ack sail steppe of beyond the U-ral.s, of Western ,,
3 The b1
z
;.
n which is subject to draught, and also of
' Siberia, and Kazal~hsta
~:
. ~ a Ives mediocre yields ~~ ,,
the Bashkir Republic and. Middy Valg , g
~~k
met1mes there are years without yield (2~3 ~~ ?.
(~-6 centners), and so ~~
7t A~A
i ~ Y
~.ves a very goad
of 20~ . This steppe area, however, g ~,
years out 7 ~4
, ~a
ain tall and large in size, very glassy, with jw~,
quality of gr
~~ M~ 4
v
field of flour, and well suited to
albumin content, giving a h~.gh y h
` '~ti!
. `;y
bread baking}. M
s ,' ,k~
there are the chestnut steppes of Kazakhstan
~~x:
~. Ii finally, '
? Uri
d
uy~
' which are very susceptible to drought. These f
and Western S~.beria ~~ ~ r
e centners, and to the south, ~. centners }
yield usually very l~.ttl (,~ , ~ ,.
1T ~ i
4 j!,' {
vests are very unreliable (3-?~t crap ~'ai lures
and the har ,,E ,
or less} ~ ~ h
but this rain in all respects is of excel~.ent ~~~~; ~ ~ ~ ~,~
over 20 ye a~ s) , g ~q ~~~
(~ r
quality.
,y
' out the rablem of the d7.rection of use of the
In woYksng p
,: .- is area
`~ ~~ teat r. oductian of .the various regions~~ of the beyond-the Ura ~ G,g
~.; ~ wI p
~~
" ~~~ ublic of Western Siberia and Kazakhstan, it is ,
~p
;, , , ~ of the Bashkir Rep ~,,
:~~ ~ the above indicated peculiarities `~
~, a essent7.a1 to take into Cans~.dera 7.on
t ,~.n the various parts off' the territory. These.
,;, ,
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~ ~ ~; ~ !^5,~..~I ?Sy,. ~ a. ~. ~ Vm~ ~ . ` 3 y ~ s~ ,SCI. , ::n ~ 4~M p- `.': ,?~ ~}s C^. L~~ae~t~ P, ~ it>"1`G ~Ip x~ ~~, r~ :~i ,'.' ~~ ,~, ~ i ~ ~ ... tr,p~.@ _r obtained
irrigation -- '.L ~pr1ng wheat per hectare. Under
~ from light eri~. o
., oh~3tnut soils with weak Solon
without irrigation the etz content
yield wA~
_ ~.e
B
acaordin ~-"~`~'' Lames lower, Moreover?
g to the
data furnished by this
in groan station, eery important
g wheat under irrigation factors
besides the seed selecta'on, are the
presence of sod from alfalfa
so
,
wingsf
ater a ro
creases up to 40 w cultjvated crop
percent as gam; ?A~. _ p (in
W
.. 9? they wheat crop), _ _ vyi1gs of wheat df real
p), a higher rate of Y after
of mineral seeding, and, apparentl
fertilizers? Y, the use
Finding a solution of
the problem of introduo?
as a supplementary crop to spr,t ~. Ong winter wheat
1- mpOrtant, t, for ga 5 lane 1s verJi --: lI4 accordin t very
Suffer t . g to the data of the same ~t~~-~
average yield over the _ --.J 'Iwo seasons out of 18, se 18 years was 50 and
percent higher than that
of
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Spring wheat. Under the candi.tions of dry farming in the trans-
Voiga, however, winter wheat is only slightly more productive
than spring wheat, failing far more frequently than under irrigation.
At the same time it is not so sensiti~re as
sprang wheat to the
influence of weeds, which grow profusely under irrigation, and in
case of failure of the winter wheat crop the fields can be reseeded
with spring wheat, which reacts favorably under irrigation to fallow
Cultivation . In view of all this, the question of winter wheat
should be subjected to large-scale ea ~erimental Study, the more
suitable winter .resistants non-bending,
rust-resista.nt varieties
should be developed.,
ethods of autumn winter proofing established.
The suffici.erltiy U~nter~resi.stant varieties of alfalfa should
unQuestionably be given first place among the forage crops in
irrigated cropotatiorrs, for a can proce the principal volume
of forage required by the animal husbandry of the tr
ans-Volga,
Under irrigation it usually gives three mowings and
s high yields are
possible for not less than three year, after Sowing. According to
the data of the Valuysk station its average annual
yield is 75-1Q0
centners per hectare. Alfalfa, under irrigation, also proves to
be an excellent component of the grain rotations
, increasing the
yield of wheat and preventing salinification of the sails, A.rn.ong the
other forage grasses, sweet clover may be important
to Supplemr:rrt
alfalfa; it is suitable for the short-term grain rotations, when
used primarily for silage and the i.m roveme
p nt of the nitrogenous cants
tent of the soil. It will be particularly useful as a forage crop in
the more southerly irrigated zone of the trans-Volga, since it is
more salt-tolerant than alfal:Fa.
Among the cultivated crops for the irrigated rog:>wons, corn
should take first place. The varieties Kor .
al Fa.lzpp Kas?tych and
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Braunlronti should be used for the zone o1 chestnut sally, and
Bezenchuk for the southern chernozerrls
of the Central Volga. It is
however , a n Lrerequa.sj.. t
for growing corn an large irrigated. tracts.
that its cultivation and especially its
harvesting be mechanized,
with machinery suitably adapted to the
peculiarities of irrigated
farming.
The sugar beet should under all '
c?rcl~nstances be included
among the cultivated crops for the irrigated farming of the trans-
Volga, for it responds to irrigation in a particularly favorable
manner and can give high rewards for the labor and expense of
irrigation, while it is also useful in
the zones of chestnut and.
complex soils as a relatively salt-tolera
nt Crop,
A certain amount of the area
of the cultivated fields .
~.elds
Should be devoted to the suffic'e '
~.ntl.y eax?ly~ma.turzn~; varieties of
soybean; which, under irrigation, yi.olc3
good crops, are valuable
predecessor craps anal in add.i_tian can be used for forage (including
silage),
It goes Without saying that proper space
should. be assigned
for forage root crops on t,'c.aarts o
parts of the irrigated area. that are
suitable for this purpose (close to or ,
Savkhazes)1 and in particular to fruit and vegetable growing,
The combination of crops on the irrigated lands of the various
natural zones of the trans~Vol a may g ~ be summara.zPd. as .t'ollows;
Zone of southern chernazems; 3
. years
of alfalfa (or two of
sweetclover); two years of wheat; a Cultivated crop (tarn, sugar beet,
Silage crops); and wheat -- with !~2
pel ten t of it in crap
rotation
In the more southerly zone of dark;..c}~e
stmt soi.ls1 while the
same general character of
, crop rotation should be retained
somewhat
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greater attention should be paid to sweet clover, and, on. the culti-
vated fields, to soy and sugar beet, with the possible
introduction of harvested (pozhnivnoye) proso millet into the second
raw
field before the cultivated c~~s a
In both zones, it is possible to allot a portion of the field
after alfalfa to winter wheat, sowing it on late fallow, after turning
under the stubble from the first alfalfa mowing.
Finally, in the third zone, with its light chestnut soils,
and especially in the last zone, with complex solonetz soils (to the
south of Kamyshin-Novouzensk, where the zone of irrigation will
probably overlap with the " liman" area) it is desirable to clarify
the possibilities of setting aside an area in rotation with the early-
ripening varieties of rice, and also with oil crops and bast-fiber
crops, while increasing the cultivation of forage and improving the
natural pastures. The question of whether rice and the bast-fiber
crops can be grown. here requires preliminary experimental work.
The realization of the Great Volga project will be very
essentially reflected in the direction of agriculture in the last
and most southeasterly natural region of the Lower Volga Kray: the
Vo1apAkhtuba flood plain and. delta' with the adjacent belt of semi-
desert steppe (embracing the former Astrakhan Okrug and the Leninskiy
and Central Sr.) Akhtubinskiy Rayons of the former Stalingrad Okrug)
The climatic conditions in this region are sharply continental.
The extremely scanty precipitation (annual average value for Astrakhan
only 160 millimeters, of which )47 millimeters falls during the May-
July quarter), the high temperatures (25,S degrees in Astrakhan in
July), the strong drying winds and. the evaporation, which exceeds
by several times the amount of the precipitation, combine to produce
extremely unfavorable moisture conditions, which permit agriculture
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(except on the Volta.-Akhtuba flood plain and the adjacent areas with
high ground water levels) only on the areas of depressed relief, or
padiny. The soil cower, too, is unfavorable to being
composed of brown and complex .soils of loamy and not infrequently
solonetz character, with grass-mugwort vegetation in the northern
part of the region; to the southward these soils gradually pass over
into sandy foams and drifting sands, with the mugwort-halophyte and
sand-habitat flora of_ the semideserts
Spring wheat is the ruling crop in lowland agriculture, and
gives extremely low yields. In the north of the region it has
averaged L centners per hectare over many years, while in the South,
in the former Astrakhan Okrug, this drops to 3 centners and below,
with 11 years of crop failure during the past 37 years, Winter rye
holds second place, especially on sand-loamy soils, and also gives
I
poor yields, Gourds, proso millet and mustard are supplementary crops,
On the whole, animal husbandry is and will remain the leading
branch in the semid.esert part of this region, while farming is of
very little importance, What there is is purely of a subsistence
nature
r
However, there are tracts within the confines of this region which
can be of exceptional interest, under the influence of the Volgostroy
and with proper reclamation, not only for the economy of the kray, but
also on ,~ . scale,
This is the Volga-Akhtuba flood plain anci. delta, which is subject
to the excess watering by the waters of these rivers and is covered
to a considerable extent and for a long period (20-60 days) by their
floodwaters, and represents, in its various parts, various types of
land, according to the relief: (a) the elevated., unflooded crests
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(and the delta hillocks), occupied by settlements and fields requiring
irrigation; (b) the terrace along the flood plain, only slightly
subject to inundation, with peaty, saline and solonchak soils, used
for vegetable gardens and orchards; as well as considerable expanses
of: (c) the inundated flood plain between the Volga and Akhtuba
Rivers, with alluvial soils having surplus moisture and of meadow
bog character; and (d) the delta, at the mouth of the Volga, with
transported bog-meadow soils, some of which are lightly saline in
the most depressed locations, with il'men (lakes remaining from the
floodwaters).
Proso millet, potatoes and. a few late garden vegetables are
the only crops that have time to ripen if sown after the recession
of the floodwaters, However, with the proper to assure
. entire nornial growing s eason and eliminate the delay in sowing
due to the inundations, very considerable areas of the Akhtuba,-
Volga flood plain and delta, and of the adjacent il'men territory, could
be used for rowing especially valuable crops and could become one
of the most important agricultural regions of the Volga region; since
it enjoys abundant warmth, a long frost-free period (on the average,
192 days for Astrakhan' and 169 days in the Akhtuba area), and
immense resources of water for irrigation.
The construction of the Volgostroy will exert an influence
towards the regulation and. reduction in the vollun.e of the floodwaters
and towards the release for cultivation of the inundated lower
reaches of the Volga. However, the lowering of the floodwaters
should proceed only within de:f'inite limits, for if those limits are
exceeded lower levels might be reflected in reduction of the volume
of fertile alluvial deposits on flood plain and delta, increased
activity of the sands, and sharply changed temperature conditions,
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Anatr).er means of improving the kkh tuba-Vo1.ga is the
construction
of embankments, which will be rendered necessary,
to a greater
or lesser extent, by the scale of operation
of the Valgostroy darns,
Not only the Extensive natural possibi.liti '
es argue in favor
of the transformation of the region into a
r.~j-on for growing
valuable crops, but also the immense4ry~~~40.
the particularly .Favorable trans
porLation facilities, the
existence of energy resources to facilitate the or r
ganjzat~.on of a
local processing :industry (cannjilg and oil praces
sing plants), and
the possibilities of a rational link between farming, animal husbandry
and the fishing industry of the region.
The land reclaimed and made available by this program shold
be used for the fallowing crops, ,with varying emphasis on one or the
other of them and with their cornb9.nat' of ions into types of enterprise
depending on the varying natural and economic Conditions In the
various parts of the Akhtuba_Valga flood plain and
deltam
Vegetable growing should. occupy the first place, led by
cantaloupes, tomatoes and peppers, w14ch should be g
brown an the
scale of one of the major vegetable areas in the
USSR, and ether
vegetables should be grown to supply the local mark
e t in the large
industrial centers (Stalingrad, the fish ?t industry),
Fruit growing (apricots, peaches, plums and , grapes) and
cucurbit growing should go hand in hand with veget
able growing n Fruit
and vegetable production should be connected with a major cann.~~,~center, which Should also process the
products of the fisheries and
of the steppe cattle raising,
Of the field crops, the greatest attention should be paid t
o
the oil crops, the more, so in view of the fact that natural cnnd, +; ter,.
ll
a
ow the production of precisely those crops that yield the ails of
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greatest use for canning, peanut, sesame, soybeans as well as a
few others, including the castor bean.
The peanut, which yields one of the best edible oils, i.s
valuable for canning fish (the poorer grades of peanut oil
can be
used for soap making) and needs light sandy loam and. loamy soils, which
are plentiful in this region, but it cannot tolerate even slight
salinity? There is also a surplus of heat and light in the delta
of the Volga. The length of the frost free
period in the southern
part of the flood plain is also entirely sufficient
.for the early
va.: ieties of peanut (Valencia), even in years of very late y spring
morning frosts and early autumn frosts, for only about l3 5.
1L0
days of growing season are required, According to the experl,rients
of the Astrakhans Station, peanuts give satisfactory crop , W1 t}1 a
good yield of oils under irrigation, Yields at experimental,
installatior?3 have run up to 20 centners and are
~ up to 12-15
centners per hectare in practical farm operation,
The most suitable lands for the peanut in the AkhtubaVol_ ga
region are the light sandy loam soils of e:mbanlcea il'men. When
these soils are periodically inundated (the so-called u
water fallow"),
the peanut does not require irrigation, since it can utilize the
subsurface moisture, but on the sandy loam
(cucurbit growing) lands of
the hillocks, irrigation is necessary, Like the
l.eglu-n"s, the peanut
is also or value in the rotations with other a ~
ntens_ve crops and with
cucux^bits,
Sesaize is an oil crop which may be grown
in this region as
supplementary to the peanut, on the good soils
of embanked il'men.
The early varieties, with. a growing season of about 115 out ll ~ days, should
be used. The oiljis used as table oil and in canning, ith the inferior
grades going for margarine.
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The culture of rice and the new bast-fibers (sndyr) may come
to have no less importance on the Volga Delta than that of the oil
crops.
grown on more northerly parts of the flood plain than the peanut
and the sesarrle$
impairment in the quality of the crop, The soybean may also be
consequence of the richness of the soils. This involves a certain
on embanked il'men, without irrigation. Soils must be free from
salt in both cases, and must not be close to ground water. On the
il'men lands it vigorously develops lush masses of forage, in
~! t~ f,r, 1" "
s C:J
The soybean thrives on the hillock lands, with irrigation, and
Conditions on the delta part of the Volga are favorable for
rice. The maturation of its early varieties is assured by the great
amount of heat and light.. The rich alluvial soils help to produce
do not contain harmful salts, and, if properly constructed, the
a high yield and at the same time solonetz and solonchak soils are
no obstacle for rice, while even the irrigation waters of the Volga
"discharge outlets" for rice culture may even help to improve
lands containing a certain amount of salt.
6ahe~a!` e.~-~Q4ca1~
easier to inundate the rice fields on the embankment areas, while
The fact that flood waters remain for more or less protracted
periods on considerable stretches of delta land makes it very much
b
the also makes it possible to grow rice on a considerable
portion, even without embankment, provided the land is flat and
availability of vegetable food for the fish fry, and at the same
industries (with which embankment interferes) by assuring the
especially favorable for cooperating with the delta fish breeding
inundated for an extended period. In the latter case, conditions are
time these conditions facilitate the mechanization of rice.culture
by large scale "cheki"
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 rice culture,
In selectinn sites for rice culture in the delta it is
necessary to bear in mind, however, that to assure the normal level
of the water during the period of inundation it is very important
to keep percolation through the soil, and especially through the
subsoil, as low,as possibleD Stratification of the alluvial deposits
is characteristic of the wet-meadowsand delta; the presence of
heavy argillaceous underlying strata cannot be relied on, though the
fact that waterlogging and gleying exist on considerable expanses
forces us to postulate the presence, in places, of impervious
underlying strata, capable of retaining the waters on inundated
rice landsa In any event the nature of the soils and subsoils in
the Volga delta deserves special attention when selecting sites for
possibility of successfully cultivating this perennial there. Its
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We are compelled by the existence of naturally growing
thickets of 'endyr in the Volga-Akhtuba region to assume the
fiber, when properly processed, is especially rot-resistant and. can
be used for making fishing nets, as well as for other purposes,
Kendyr stands inundation well, and can be grown .on low-lying
sites, even without embankment,
The question as to the chances of large scale cotton growing
is somewhat more complicated. Since precipitation is far too scanty
occur in which'ineteorological conditions are very unfavorable and the
considerable in the delta, as we have already pointed out, years do
here. Although the average length of the frost-free period. is very
to accelerate maturation, its unirrigated cultivation is impossible
so that a large part of the harvesting must be done after the first
generally 22-18 days longer here than in Turkestan) is badly delayed,
growing season of the usual early Turkestan varieties (which is
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frosts, However, the work of selecting new and earlier varieties,
and the new techniques for growing this crop (transplantation of
seedlings), may very shortly result in accelerating its maturation
and making its cultivation in this region look promising. For the
time being it should now enter the stage of mass experimentation,
being primarily adaptable to the substeppe il'men on the west side
of the deltas
In the specialization of the various farms of the region
of some of the leading valuable crops, the incidental supply of
forage for the animal husbandry of the adjoining semidesert stretches
must also be kept in mind. In this respect the growing of al1'alfa
could play a great role, together wit h that of sweet clover, which
is also necessary in many cases
vrvp rota'alUf
and soil regeneration, and soybeans, as well as the utilization in
animal husbandry of the by-products of the oil crops and industrial
crops (silage and oil-cake).
The specialization of the subregions within the Akhtuba-
Volga flood plain and delta, with proper reclamation and taking
advantage of the influence of the dams, may be summarized as follows;
(1) the Stalingrad suburban subregion of vegetable gardening and
dairy farming, with vegetables grown for local consumption and inten-
sified forage production; (2) the vegetable and fruit subregion of
Kharabalinsk-Sasykoltsk, in. the central part of the flood plain, as
one of the major bases of vegetable production (for canning) in the
USSR; (3) the large subregion in the central and lower parts of the
flood plain where the oil crops are dominant; (L) the Astrakhan'
subregion of southern vegetables, fruits and vineyards; (S) the rice
and. ,endyr region on the Volga delta, which is connected with the zone
of fishrg industries; .(6) a possible subregion of cotton predominance
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REST iCTEU
011 the western substeppe ilmen, but only in the future, after
clarification of the results of mass experiments and discovery of
ways to achieve more accelerated. maturation.
PVT, THE CENTRAL-CRERNOZE'M QBLAST
Within the confines of the TsChO? (Tsentral'no-Chernozemnaya
Oblast) soil and. climatic conditions vary over a very considerable
range, es~peci.ally~ i n passing from the well-vatered zone of northern
wooded steppe in the northwest (where forests are liberally included,
especially in the former Qrlov Okrug) towards the southeast, with
gradual reduction in precipitation and gradual change in the character
the vegetation, up to the Rossoshansk Qkrug;, where there is
already a typical arid steppe on southern chernozerns along its
boundary with the former Donets Ok:r?ug of the North Caucasus.
The characteristic economic features of the TsChO, as compared
with the other krays and republics, are as follows: predominance
of tl?~e agricultural industry aver other branches of industry: a
marked density of population; end, in connection with this and with
the favorable natural conditions, the particular importance o. the
industrial crops, which facilitates the successes of collectivization
and. the development of the SOwkhOZ sector.
The keynote of the national economy in this oblas t i s sounded,
and Wil1., urin the near future, continue to be sounded by agriculture
and the agricultural processing industry, which produces 75 percent
oi' the total produ!'tion of all industry in the TsChO. The beet sugar
industry star' ds in first place, followed by oil-milling, potato
processing, flour milling, distilling rnakhorka tobacco preparation, rope
and cordage manufacture, etc.
However, together with the expansion of the agricultural industry,
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as well.
also data for the prospective expansion of other branches
Unfortunately the TsChp has no c~ resources of its own,
and the construction of the great Lipetsk, Kursk, Voronezh and
rfambov power stations (which are necessary for the agricultural
industry also) is closely connected with the transportation of
outside coal from the Donets Basin,
The existence within the TsChO of the so-called "Kursk anomaly"
indicates immense deposits of iron ore, which are unfortunately at
deep levels but offer prospects for the possible solution of the
metallurgical problem. In the near future, the Lipetskiy Rayon,
with its metallurgical plants operating on their. own ores, will be
of great significance for the organization of the manufacture of
agricultural machinery (tractors and agricultural machinery for the
cultivated crops).
There are large deposits of phosphorites, though of low
grade. This rr:akes it possible, with proper processing, to supply
the agriculture of the province (especially sugar beet, hemp and.
potato
growing) , operating on wooded steppe chernozer`ls and. leached
chernozems, with phosphate fertilizers, which may be. supplemented by
Thomas slag, which is a by-product of the Lipetsk plant.
The TsChO, especially its western and northwestern parts, is
one of the most densely populated parts of the USSR, which makes further
industrialization of the oblast expedient, and, at the same time,
favors the development of intensive industrial crops -- sugar beet,
sunflower, potatoes, hemp, and corn-which even with mechanization
require a greater amount of labor than the` grain crops.. The absence
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along the lines of intensification and of expansion of the sowings
of the industrial crops, which, also because of the natural conditions,
have every reason for giving good crops of high qualitye
The development of collectivization and of the sovkhoz sector,
(with its establa.sh r, ment during 1932 in the grain areas of the oblast)
.~~
1(&
Zernotrest, Ptitsetrest, etce, will facilitate the introduction of
agricultural specialization in general and in the direction of the
a
industrial crops in particular
In the allocation of crops for the oblast rith a developed
agricultural industry, we should take into account not only the
natural conditions but also the present existence of plants and
centers of industries processing the various types of agricultural
on over a million hectares of lands o:Soyuzsakhar, ~Svinovodtrest,
The predominance of the agricultural industry within this
oblast will make for the general orientation towards a complex of
large agricultural enterprises with the primacy of the industrial
crops; (especially sugar beet, sunflower, hemp and potatoes), together
I
with the processing of the raw materials derived therefrom, and the
development or animal fattening industries (hog breeding, poultry
raw materialsn
farmingy and to some extent dairy farming) based on the residues and
~
culls and on the by-products from the agricultural industry,.
supplemented by the production of forage crops.
Although the various specializations in field crops for the
different regions appear expedient for the TsChp, as we shall see
below, where these are considered as a whole for the entire province,
the following changes in the relative importance and proportions of
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First in order of importance is the necessity for vigor"
ous1y increasing the harvests of the industrial crops: potatoes
and hemp in the north, sugar beet in the southwest, suni'lower and
corn in the southeast.
Among the grain crops, it is necessary to expand the
sowings of winter wheat as much as possible, particularly in the
southwestern half of the proviflce, which has a milder climate
as far as the Don River), and it is also necessary to advance
its area more cautiously into the northern section and into the
eastern section beyond the Don, using sufficiently winter-hardy
varieties.
Special attention should be paid to the development of the
iegominous crops, especially lentils, and, to a lesser extent,
of peas and kidney beans, and, in connection with the demands of
hog breeding and poultry raising, and in part also of cattle
breeding, the production of forage should be forced ahead, and
silage crops, grass sowings and root-crap plantings expanded in
every possible way.
The expansion of these sowings may be mainly accomplished
by increasing the rate of seeding in the less and parts (green
fallows) and in part by reducing the sowings of such relatively
less valuable crops as winter rye, and, especially, proso millet and
buckwheat.
Although proso millet gives high yields here, it belongs,
basically, because it is a drought-resistant crop, as a standby crop
to the immense expanses of the particularly arid parts of the Lower
Volga and Kazakhstan, in. view of the uncertainty of wheat harvests
in those regions. But in the Cehtral Chernozem Oblast its sowings
should be drastically cut, and should be restricted to a small
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percentage, and sown exclusively in poultry-farming regions.
Buckwheat, also, can be transferred to the poorer sandy and sandy
loam soils, to which it adjusts itself better than other crops.
rl'he province may be divided schematically into the following
regions, the natural peculiarities of which, and the consequent
selection of crops for which, should be studied in planning the
specialization of the economy upder the decisive influence of social-
economic facto rrs.
xiv(l) A transitional wooded steppe, with forests and islands of
broad-leaved trees, passing over into forest region, with degraded
cherriozems (forest barns) and their leached variants. It embraces
the former Orlov Okrug, the northern parts of the former Kursk,
L' gov, Tambov and Voronezh Okrugs and the larger part of the former
Kozlov Okrug and represents the immediate continuation of the
corresponding region of the southern part of Moscow Oblast.
In its western part the region has a relatively mild climate
and suffers only slightly from drought, with average annual precipita-
tion of 500-550 millimeters, of w1 ich 175-2UO millimeters fall
in the growing season, a moderately warm summer (20 degrees in July)
and a not-too-severe winter (from minus 9 to minus 10 degrees in
January). The relative humidity is adequate, with mean values of
;3-5s percent at 1 p.m. in June. The eastern part of the region is
more arid, with average annual precipitation 450-500 millimeters, of
which x.50-175 millimeters fall in the growing season.
The leading crops throughout the entire region should beams a~
cereals, winter rye and oats (Moskovskiy A-0315 and Shatiiovskiy 056)
and7` industrial crops, potatoes, and, in the western part, also
hemp.
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Strong infestation by the Swedish fly makes it impossible
to data of the
to grow spring wheat and barley (and, according
there is also infestation by the ~?fuzariosa').
Shatilovskly Station
Oats, which give relatively high and certain yields here, should
therefore be continued 32a leading crop. Winter wheat is not
entirely reliable, especially y in the eastern part of the region, and
with the use of the most suitable varieties such
may be extended only
as for the west and Lyutestsens 106010 for the
~,ra,trospcrrnum 091? .
duction on the best, heavier soils, on which it
east, through intx o
can give higher yields than rye
the western part of his region, to the north of Kursk and
rn p
rlov Okrug, should become a major center of our hemp
in the former 0
culture both with respect to size and quality of harvests.
s
ltihough potatoes still give lower average yields than in the
A
western and northern o'olasts of the Soviet Union, these yields
other
increased by introducing better agrotechnical methods
can be greatly
ecia-l- by introducing more productive forage and industrial
and esp ~'
var ieties inasmuch as this crop here should be grown primarily for
,
industrial processing and to some extent for forage, but not for
industrial human consumption.
beet: should be a supplementary crop in the southern
Sugar
part of the region. This is also one of the main regions for the
development of lentil growing. Spring vetches may also be grown
as a seed crop.
The growing wine of forages and the development of animal husbandry,
including hog breeding and. goose raising,, is favored by the relatively
good precipitation. The primary forage crops should be clover with
_
timothy, vetch mixtures ,and brume grass `for hay and green forage; as
root crops and tubers, potatoes and mangeiMwurzel, sunflower and,
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to some extent, corn, for silage. All these crops should be expanded
by every means, both here and in the following wooded steppe regions
of the TsChO. Mixtures of meadow grasses should be sown on the flood
plain sites,
xvi(2) Region of northern wooded steppe of (a) leached chernozems
in the former Yelets Okrug, the eastern part of Kursk Okrug and the
northern part of Starooskol 1 sk Okrug; and (b) rich chernozems of he
southern parts of Kursk and L'gov Okrugs and the western part of
The climate of this region is somewhat milder, especially in the
southern part (b) and the soils are somewhat better, than in the
Eelgorod Okruga
thus advances to the first rank among the regions where natural
Sugar beet growing should be the keynote of the agriculture
of the region, particularly in its more southerly part. Though the
sugar content of the beet declines progressively from the southwest
(from the Ukraine) towards the northeast (towards the former Tambov
Okrug o:r the TsChO), its productivity in the southern part (b) of
this region is no lower than in the sugar beet regions of the Ukraine.
Not only in the southern part is this true. According to the data
of the Sakharotrest for l92Lvl92 8, the same phenomenon is observed
even in the former Voronezh Okrug, Although the yield of sugar per
hectare may be lower for the TsChO as a whole than the Ukraine, it is
almost equal to it in the southwestern part of the oblast in Kursk
Rayon, according to data for 19il-191 , The industrial center of
gravity formed by the majority of the plants is likewise concentrated
in the southwest,. The southwestern area, supplemented by the region
to the east of Voronezh (situated within the former Voronezh Guberniya),
prced.ing region.
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conditions make sugar beet growing possible0
In the northern part (a) of region X\TI(2), potato growing should
in view of the frequent
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be continued on its present scale, while in subregion (b) it, and like-
wise hem should only be supplementary to sugar beet as an industrial
crop.
The productive specialization of this region should be of the.
sugar beet-winter wheat type, accompanied by dairy fanning, based
on the fodder supplied by the residues from beet sugar production
(molasses and oil-cake), the residues of the grain industry, and
by the growing of forage and silage crops.
Together with the sugar beet and the primary grain craps,
oats (nobeda variety) and. rye (Nemyshlyanskoy variety), rye being
subject to some reduction, vigorous attention should be given to the
expansion of acreage of winter wheat at the expense of rye. The main
variety sho7:~.1d be Eritrospermum 0917, with Dyu,rabl c being permissible
for the northern part and Ukrainka for the extreme southwestern part.
Legwrnes should consist of peas, spring vetches as a seed crop,
and, on a smaller scale, lentilso
The development of rattle breeding based on beet sugar residues
should be supplemented by such forage crops as esptrsette, hybrid
alfalfa (and clover in the northern part) and winter- vetch mixtures,
mangel-wurzel and potatoes with corn, sunflower, etc., for silage,
and in the southern part Sudan grass and soybeans (primarily for
forage). Meadow-grass mixtures should be sown on the flood plain,
Although the earliest varieties of corn as a grain crop, such as
Burley Kaunti (Burieigh .County), can yield. sufficiently high harvests
here, their primary use should be for hog; fattening. Large scale
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
necessity for drying the harvest and of the difficulty of competing
with sugar beet. But all the greater attention should be paid to
corn as a silage crop -- Minnesota 23 variety.
XVI(3) Southern wooded steppe with rich chernozems of the eastern
part in the former Belgorod Okrug, the southern part of the former
Starooskol'sk Okrug, the southern part of the former Voronezh Okrug,
the northwestern part of the former Ostrogozhsk Okrug, the larger
northern part of the former Borisoglebsk Okrug and the southern
parts of the former Kozlovsk and Tambov Okrugs.
The climate is more arid than in the preceding zone. Pre?
capitation in the May-July quarter averages 13-160 millimeters.
Average annual precipitation for Voronezh is L7 millimeters. Summer
is hot (21 degrees in July) and the relative humidity at 1 pom, in
June is only 51.52 percent. Winter is cold, from minus 9 to minus 11
degrees in January and snow is frequently insufficient, resulting in
damage to the winter crops through freezing.
The leading crops for this region should be winter rye
(permissible variety Shatilovskaya) and oats (Pobeda variety with
Pobeditel' Dippe being permissible) which should be reduced, also
sugar beet in the northern part and sunflower (Fuksinka, Voronezh 10
and 3 varieties) in the southern part. Both of these crops should. be
expanded as much as possible.
The average yield of sugar beet for sovkhozes of the so-called
Eastern Division of Soyuzsakhar, mainly in the former, Voronezh Okrug,
hay been even higher during the past.five `years than in the former
desirable and may be intensified in that part of this region (in the
sugar beet region, and for this reason expansion of sowings is
ring formed by.
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sugar beet processing plants already exist. Supplementary industrial
crops are potatoes and makhorka tobacco, and coriander, poppies,
mustard, gold-of'-pleasure, and squash should serve as secondary crops,
Special attention should be paid to the mass introduction of
sufficiently winter-hardy varieties of winter wheat (Gostianum 237),
and, subject to this condition, its culture on the right bank of the
Don should be pushed forward by all meansa More risk, however, is
involved in planting it On the left bank areas, where, winter is more
severe and there is less snow, even where more winter-hardy varieties
(Lyutestsens oio6o/lo) are used. In the more southerly parts of the
region the advance of the Cesium 0111 variety of spring wheat is
possible, as this is more resistant to the Swedish fly, but for the
time being only as a minor crop. To further the development of
cattle breeding, sowings of hybrid alfalfa, brome grass, esparsette
and Sudan grass should be undertaken, as well as of the root and
sila;e crops of the preceding region. Proper attention should also
be paid to crowing the earliest varieties of corn as a grain crop
such as Burley Kaunti (Burleigh County), with North Dakota in the
south, particularly in the southern non-beet growing part of the
region. Meadow mixtures should be used for the flood plain,
Vigorous support and development of lentil growing aye necessary,
in the former Tambov bkrug lentils are also an important export crop.
Proso rriillet, buckwheat, peas and vetchlings should be grown as
secondary crops.
The economy of the region has a transitional character with
o`~'
respect to type. In the nor them part, it is a beet
sugar economy, In the southern part it is a sun 'lower-wheat..-h.og-
breeding economy, with feed based'on corn
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RESTrHCTEU
XVI ()4 A region o? semi-arid ymixed grass steppe with ordinary
chernozems, including the southeastern part of the former Ostrogozhsk
Okrug, the southern part of the former Dorisoglebsi.t Okrug, and the
whole of the former. Rossoshansk Okrug, and in its southernmost part
to an and steppe with southern ch.ernozems at the boundary of the
former Donets Okrug. Precipitation during the May-July quarter is
only iS0 milii:rneter. s, and hOO millimeters for the year, with July
temperature 21 to 22 degrees and relative humidity L.7 to ~O percent
in June. Though winter is not colder than in the preceding region,
the sn.ow cover is considerably shallowero
The arid cli.rnate does not permit sufficiently successful
sugar beet growing. This is already a typical region of the spring
wheat area, with the leading crops being spring wheat (Gordeiforme
010, Cesium 0111, and Lyutestsens 062) and sunflower (Zelenka of
the Khar ' kov Station and Fuksinka 10 of the Voronezh Station)
Winter wheat can successfully compete with spring wheat here,
especially on the right bank of the Don, where it can give sufficiently
reliable and much higher yields -- up to ~0 percent higher than spring
wheat, if winter-hardy varieties are sown, such as Gostianum 237 and
Lyutestsens 01060/10. Sowings of winter rye, which still continue
here, will be displaced by winter wheat.
Sunflower should be the basic industrial crop of this region,
According to statistical data, its average yield in 1925-1928 was 8
centners per hectare in the south and southeast of the TsChO, 7,1
centners in the North Caucasus.Kray, and 6.0 centners in the Ukrainian
SSR and on Lhe Lower Volga. The higher productivity of sunflower in this
by data from
undesirable to force
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flEsrrimrED
sunflower production or to increase the density of its present
sowings by more than 1 percent until varieties resistant to the
t~
"rnalignant" chokeweed are generally available, since there are a
number of regions within this sunflower area of the TsChO where
infestation by y this parasite is particularly severe. However, the
recent experiments o:1' L. A. Zhdanov at the Rostov Station have
already resulted in varieties resistant to this parasite, thereby.
eliminating this difficulty.
Measures should also be taken to expand considerably the
sowings of corn for grain, as a supplement to sunflower, for corn
can give here sufficiently high and reliable yields. The early
varieties of Falconer and North Dakota should be sown. This is
especially necessary in those parts of the region where the density
of sunflG er sowings has been very much increased, and this crop often
placed in the first position, and where subsequent severe infesting
of the fields by chokeweed has been noted, forcing postponement of
the further expansion of this crop until the development of varieties
completely resistant to chokeweed?
Barley should retain its
present position in the southern
part, because of its good yield here, which is relatively not far
behind that of corn, for use as a supplementary ration in fattening
for bacon; and also for export. Varieties are Pallidum O3 and
Medikum 026, the latter mainly for unmechanized farms; while Kol'khikum
010/30 may be sown in areas nearer to the north which suffer less
from the Swedish fly._ Smooth (golyy) barley, which gives relatively
good yields here, is also of 'interests
The growing of soybean* is already possible in this part of
n
the TsChO but only as a`secondary crop, in view of its insufficient
and uncertainyield,, The early varieties Krushulya 9/3, Mandarin and
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Kharbinskiy 199 should be sown, Development of anise and coriander
crops is desirable,
Oats give poor yields in this and region, and its sowings
may be reduced to zero. If desired, however, the more drought
resistant variety Leytevitskiy should be sown. Legumes do badly.
Proso millet is permissible.
For forage, the f'o-Mowing grasses should be considerably
increased; hybrid and blue alfalfas, brome grass, esparsette, Sudan
grass, corn for silage, fodder squash, soybeans and sorghum for green
fodder and silage.
Measures to anchor the sands are necessary over considerable
areas of the Don River region
The basic direction of the agriculture of this region is
sunflower-grain, and hog breeding, with development of poultry farming
and both. beef and dairy cattle farming based on forage from the
residues of the oil-pressing and grain industries, corn and the
forage crops,
XVII. THE NORTH CAUCASUS KRAY
In its natural arid agricultural aspects, the kray is divided
into a number of zones and regions, The distribution of the belts
depends, on the one hand, on the influence of the arid Caspian semi-
desert to the northeast, and, on the other hand, on the moderating
effect of the Caucasian chain,- which also influences the allocation
and character of the altitude zones closest to it.
and`regions;of the North Caucasus
there are bolts which, in the northern section, run from north to
Ehe southern section, run
the direction' of the chain of the
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The characteristics of the soil conditions and cla?natic
cond1t1o1s ot the separate natural regions of the North Caucasus will.
be given in the :('olloWring descriptions'
In the prod_ ted allocation of crops and the agricultural
Cc
specialization of the regions, in addition to the natural pecu:Liarities
.
o t s of the kray, we start from rl the following basic
:~' the ~ hvarious parts
assumptions e
The Nay th Caucasus is a kray of unbroken collectiviZation, with
the erfull5 Y developed, and with especially favorable
~,ovki~oz sector pow
r the mechanization of a1riculture and for the cultivation
conditions to
of a num.h er of very valuable crops. The increase in agricultural
produc ta.on a.n this kray, which represents the very granary of the
has a profound significance and is intimately connected
US,C,I, thus
L
both with the efficient redistributi-or~ of crops and the closest, most
detailed and universal attention to the improvement of the agricultural
techniques used in their cultivation
Inasmuch as this is a kray which combines large-scale commercial
agriculture with an expanding extractive and processing industry, any
proj ct for the allocation of crops and the agricultural specialization
F
of the var~.ov.s regions must very attentively take into account, on
the t' e one hand, those possibilities of whi ch agriculture can take
~
advantage in the course of the development of industry in the kray, and,
on the other demands o which will be made on i.t w:iah respect
. hare, the .
to raw materials for that, ndustry and. in relation to the interests of
North Caucasus, the
osely connected with QoX
serve agriculture itself.
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Fart o.: the Donets Basin, included within the con f .nes of the kray
(in the former Shakhtiy Okrug), forms the center of the coal
mining and rrtetaiiurgical industry which furnishes the basis for the
eiectrii ica:ibi_on of the Donets Basin itself as well as .or the region Of
the city OA' .castov with its major industrial enterprises, The oil
:Lrlustr~, i_s to second source of , and :i_s located in the foothills
parallel to the chain of the Caucasian range
The Grozni.y region is second in the USSR only to Azneft t as a
source of petroleum products and is first in the production of gasol:i..ne,
being supplemented. by the !V?aykop installations n Finally, in the
mountainous regions of the lira}, the uwhite coal'' from tLte rrlountain
rivers :Ls an important source of energy, on thbase oa' which the
Gizel ) don and f?aksan hydroelectric stations are being constructed and the
Sulak stat:!.on is be irl; 1"Jl~~nilFdm
Coal and petroleum products .-- the resources o M the
NortI Caucasus icray- Wb.iCh are of i.rr 'sense significance for the
whole of they USSR, also make it possible to supply fuel for a
mighty expansion of the mechanization and tractorization of the agri-
culture of the kray~ At tr:le same time tlrcy provide a base for the
electrification of two major branches of North Caucasian industry,
the manufacture of agricultural machinery and the :'ood industry, as
well as agriculture proper'
The Shakhtiy,~ Gr~ozni and} u~asno~dar power stations, together
'~ YIY fll~E l1 i ( o i i~ A,)S~.
with a number of hydroel`ec~tricspptabionsin4 the foothills, are the
U ( ~ to IVi~~} 11 t~~(I~)~J ~'}f 9 ~' ~ ~ k, 1 IP7 h1 Y~f ~1~4
major centers oEe1e~ ifdibb bip FAll o P~j hem,
in the field of
.
specialized processes
workshops
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of edible potatoes and the supply of forage foc dairy farm n
Together with the fuel and metallurgical industries and the
manufacture of agricultural machinery, the various fern 1
s of the food -
fiber plants and the other industrial crops, should play an, especially
essential part in the industrialization of the a ricult
g ure of the
krayo Thus, the location of the Beslanstro and the
Y organization of
for such plants derived from corn, sunflower, soYbeons,. new bast-
of the processing plants, the volume and quality of t ~..
Y he raw materials
processing industry are also of major significance for the kray:
flour-milling, oil-pressing, canning, beet sugar,
~ starch and glucose
and other corn product processing. With the closest c
oordxrlatjon_
effected between the regional distribution of crops and the 'allocation
major corn combines at Armavir should exert a powerful influence in the
specialization of the adjoining regions to corn and in the work of
selecting corn varieties; while the tempo of the northward advance of
sunflower from the south of the kray, the development of soybean
cultivation and
so on, are intimately related to the existence of
plants to process their respective products.
The intimate connection between plant cultivation and animal
husbandry makes the proper location of crops and
animal husbandry
interdependent. In connection with the variation in
natural and economic factors, the major branches of the latter ay
be planned as follows,
Hog breeding, connected with corn growing, is primarily for
the zone of sufficient but not always certain
:combination with corn
, potatoes and pasturage, in the forest steppe,
foothill and forest Zone of the highlands,
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012103123: CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
lndustra.al centers (Donets ,Bas'
?n Groznenskiy ana Rostavska,y Ra on
and also a.n the foothill y ~~
s and h~ ghlnds and, . in general i n
w~.th, more or less `sufficient ' the zones.
precjpitation dernan.ds special attend
to the nature of the on
plants furnishing succuie
nt f
orage (sil
age, root
crops, perennial- gxasses ,
) The same is true of the
animal husbandry of th
e semiidt
ar se
ppe ..zone of the kray,
B
eef cattl
e ranching and sheep x aa. s ?ng for w
l
oo
'n the
particularly arid. steppe and ,
somidesert regions of the northeast
and to east a f th
ative Stepp
e
formes and ph
g the.. by-products- of the grain Industry. Finally
raising is also linked with the corn economy,
healtri resort regions,
The existence within the kray of nearby ports for th
facile and inexpensive e e mos t
sport of agricultural
products makes it
necessary to continue the cultivaax ?
on of hard wheat and bar1e a
y nd
favors the producti
on of
legumes for o~'~art,
The efficient, location
of fold crops in the kra~ is i ?
connecters with the other rheas ntzmatel~r
ores to improve their stabi].it
and their quality. ~, _ y of yield
The most important off' these measures are?
10 Improvement of a ri ~~~~nQer?,n
g cud t oral
particular a in generals and, in
, Pplicaton of all measures t
especially in zones with. to control weed growth,
s wi h. sufficient precjpitatjon T
.
sign. fic once in this respect the mayor
should be assigned to the in
of proper crop rotatian with troduction .
..the cultivated crops with x~
inter-row tillage a, p oper
prerequisite Conditi?n) and
~ with the perennj.al
brasses, Which also requl.ro sui .
table and timely tillage of t
follows, together with s he
ua.table and t7rriely seednb'
kray require the successful. dev
drou ht~ elopment of
g resistant forage crops to supplement the n
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Approved For
Release 20 1 2/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000 100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
should be SUba ?tut d, without exception;
role, for in those zones of the North Caucasus where precipitation.
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is sufficient, this factor has a greater effect on productivity than
in the other krays of the USSR. In the more or less sufficiently
watered regions, the application of fertilizer can also have a certain
importance -- mineral fertilizers (superphospliates) being included
,
beet, cotton, kenaf, tobacco, and so forth, According to data of the
Rostov and Kuban stations, it should also be used an winter
wheat,
2, The further development of raechani zed a riculture n
g , at
merely quantitatively, but also qualitatively, should play an
exceedingly' important roles Mechanization as complete as possible
for use, in the first place, on vegetables and industrial
crops
i.s especially important in the North Caucasus to assure the rapidity
of field operations, and in particular to assure timely sowing and
very rapid harvesting (as a means of checking losses and to guarantee
the timely d&livery of export grain to the world market). Finally,
mechanization is an absolute prerequisite for the success
of culti-
vated crops on large tracts. Exceptional attention should ,
be paid.
to the supply of machinery to assure not only the rapid. but also the
best tillage of the fields (as a means of weed control), and to the
availability in proper numbers of efficient traile r attachments to
tractors for sowing, inter-row 'cultivation and es ecia
p Z.ly for the
harvesting ofcultivated and industrial crops d
3. The expansion of the cultivated acreage of the North
Caucasus Kray is possible at the' present time principally by recla~na
Lion ~in twodirectaons
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-6
plains (on the lower reaches of the great rivers 'of the kray),'
~'~ltt~.~Q ~CC CUB\''F`~t~1q+t+~~1~~
now as a result of the annual inundations'
by the floodwaters,
and at 'great risk.
The problem of the Don and Manych Rivers has first priority
in this respect. When the Manych Canal, which will be fed' by the
waters of the Don and Kuban', is constructed it will not o
~ my
open up major perspectives in the fields of navigation and water
supply, but will also make it possible to irri ate alread
g ~ y during
the Second Five-Year Plank up to 600,ooo hectares of land, situated
within a very and zone of the kray, and supplemented by some
additional acreage where irrigation will be possible "
from the , waters
of the Sal Rivera With proper reclamation of the downstream areas
of the Don and Aksaye Rivers (by embankment drainage and correct
irrigation), as much as 300,000 hectares of downstre
am f to odland
and wet meadow can be used for valuable crops,
L
The realization of the Terek-Kuma canal 'c
project an be f
vast significance for the utilization of new lands, with. the
irrigation of the adjacent semd
M
sert w
e
st
a es of the
from the waters of the.Terek and Kuma Rivers
and the formation of
new forage reserves on irrigated lands for local
animal husbanary.
The Mato-Kabardinsk, A1kbangurt and Di or s
g ystems now, under
construction are mainly important not for
_gation but'for
drainage and can have far less significance for agriculture,; since,.
precipitation in the regions affected is sufficie
nt.
In view of the exeeedin '
gly wide range of variation of climate,
soil and relief conditions within the kra
Y, arid the possibility of
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very different directions being taken by agriculture in different
regions, it is difficult to give a generalized statement of the
`specializations which would be desirable in connection with the
reconstruction of agriculture in the kray.
Bearing in mind, however, the fact that the position of
greatest importance in the agriculture of the North Caucasus
belongs to the sufficiently watered regions, which sound the
keynote for the agricultural possibilities of the entire kray, it
may be said that the major perspectives for the future agricultural
development of the kray lie in. the area of the maintenance of present
acreage and the increase in yield of winter wheat, which is a
promising crop here, and in the expansion and distribution, by all
possible measures, of corn and the industrial crops, as well as of
those forage crops which can serve as the base for the development
of hog breeding and large scale livestock raising.
Accordingly, priority should be given to the maximum possible
expansion of acreage in the following crops: corn, soybean, castor
bean, kenaf, 's--:- -J sesame, peanuts, and tobacco, and also of
cotton and rice, grasses and root crops, as well as kidney bears
among the legumes. Such acreage must be located in those regions
which actually offer possibilities for the crops in
question, and
where natural and economic conditions are sufficiently favorable.
Expansion of the kray's acreage in winter wheat is desirable
but in all cases and under all circumstances it should at least be
maintained at its present level, while expanding the industrial
crops. The size and certainty of winter wheat harvests in
the
sufficiently watered zone of the North Caucasus forces us
to refrain
from and reduction in ; SQru~,~ ~S
this crop, which ''? 1h. ruIu-t,. ray s q a major
for the event of a failure ' of the Winter wheat crops.
xth kg~?~y~P~fA d~~~t~~iC y 1S ~~t ~r^auyl t}~,iru{t re~~~"F~{ d ~~~^{y''114qfl1i1~,'aa f''! A.~~i ~ 11.~.Z,~
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00220001-6
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caused by unfavorable wintering.. conditions in otner pai ui
USSR and of the event of poor harvests in the southeast because of
of the kray, where drought and lack of snow may make the sowing
of rye seem completely unavoidable, at least until the introduction
of more drought-resistant and winter-resistant varieties of winter
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Bearing in mind the general advisability of expansion of
acreage and shifting of the sunflower to suitable regions of the
Central Volga, the iuEiarn ,;and especiallyWestern Siberia and
Kazakhstan, on the one hand, and the prevalence of chokeweed
affliction affecting this plant in a few parts of North Caucasus,
on the other, we should refrain from any further forcing of, this
crop in the kray.
Acreage under oats and prase millet should be reduced as
much as possible.
In the course of our further exposition, we shall proceed
in order from the more arid parts of the Northern Caucasus, bordering
on the Lower Volga Kray, with gradual transition to better watered
regions as the Caucasus mountain range is approached.
xVIT(ib) The extremely arid grass-mugwort steppe with the complex
solonets. light-chestnut soils of the eastern part of the former
Sal'sk Okrug and along the northern boundary between Stavropol'
and the Kalmyk Oblast, represents the immediate extension al? the
adjacent extremely and region of the Lower Volga, to which it is
in all respects analogous.
The extreme aridity of the climate and the unfavorable soil
conditions give agriculture here an almost exclusively cattle breeding
character and permit crops to be grown only in the best-watered
locations acid under irrigations
In those cases where sowings are made, the preferable crops
would be proso millet, the drought-resistant spring wheat 'varieties
Melanopus 069 and Eritrospermum O8Ii.l and 03)4 and the local winter
rye, and also the more .drought-resistant and win:ter-resistant crops
for conditions of little?snow - Indian mustard, pumpkins -and safflower,
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Values 23.5 to ~14, degrees) make the region
very arid,during the
growing season of field crops (relative `.
humidity L.U"45 percent
and lower) , It is no less. unfavorable for winter
craps, for. snow
is scanty (with depth of snow cover only 10-20 centimeters. at the
end of winter), whale January temperatures
are menus 6 to minus q
degrees. or these reasons cu
ltivation here is most unpramis
with frequent crap failures? ~~
r Q \ o ~ fi'~e a 'and the region represents a transition
to the
.. L
and sheep raising th
t
a
lies further to the east.
Field crops are spring wheat, sunflower and gods, with some
proso millet and ryes
Though spring wheat growing here involves risk because of the
droughts, it must nevertheless be recognized as the leading crop, the
more so ~ p'
view of the fact that there s still much waste and
virgin steppe tiers, on which hand wheat gives at ~,zves good results, though
an long-cultivated land here its
yield is considerab:Zy lower than
that of soft wheat. The recorrmlende .
d varieties are the more drought
resistant Mel.anopus 069 arid, of the soft wheats, Eritrospermum U81
and 0314
Winter wheat can practicably be grown here only if the most
winter-resistant varieties are sown
testsens lUbU/lU and 0329,
~.th the higher yielding Gostian
~ 237 far more favorable lacati
But there is some.. risk of wixrter killing ons,
ng ? Thus, if it should be
necessary to saw a winter field
the.:.crop will have to be rye an
sufi'iicent , and
ly' winter~resistant variet'
1es should be used, To prevent
..winter killing snow retentio
n works are extremely desirable
exper~.mental sowing of the ~ as as
winter crops kith: a trench.. seeder.
F
orage barley of the Palldum 0
Li3 and Medik
x~r ~
~~~.r~
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U
shauld be ke
t i
p
n mind as supplementary crops
Th
.
"~ ~ whichis
e
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of the best productivity and highest quality! is of 1OWSature arid
? ~'. .,,,,,, ,tu
therefore can only be grown on unme
chana.zed farms,
4 Among the row crops attention should be paid to the f
cci~ urther
development of , ,.
slower (Sarat
- o vskiy 169),
safflower, which gives a largo late harvest here, and corn, which
}y winter whsat, ThP
latter should be sown exclusxvey on bare fallow (or on corridor
fallow). The special forcing off;' corn '
~ is, however, inadvisable, since
its yield is low --- considerably less th
an that of barley -- because
of the acid climate- in :general and in
particular during the blooming
and ripening periods of corn (preoi nation
p during the July-August
quarter being 3O.7O millimeters). Varietie
s of corn are North Dakota,
Fal 1 koner and Ivory King (Ayvori-Kin
g)?
Oats may be grown only for local
consumption (for horses),
The variety planted should be Le '
ytevltskjy,
Attention should be paid to sowings of seed flax, mustard
,
chickpeas and to experimental sowings of grain sorghum varieties.
Sowings of proso millet may be maintained,
Of the grasses, Ukraine Left Bank alfalfa and Grimm alfalfa
should be recommended, together with Triti
_._, cum crys tatum .(zhitnya
k)
,
and Sudan grass; sweet clover should be sown to improve the
pastures, In addition, corn, Sudan
grass, sweet clover, sugar sorghump
squash and watermelon should be sown for, green forage and silage.
Kea} The acid mixed-grass st
. e e with the southern chernoze1r~s
in the former Donets Okrug and the northwester
n part of Shakhtiy
Okrug, constitutIng.the imlrzediate Continuation of the analogous
belt of the Lower Volga Kray.
The average precipitation during the May-Juj growing season.....
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is 125-150 millimeters (during July-August 75-1OO millimeters), and
its annual value is 325-LOO millimeters, Summer is rather hot,
with average Jul; temperature about 22,23.5 degrees, and relative
humidity X54,7 percent for 1 p.m. in June. Winter temperatures
which are rather low in comparison with the other parts of the
kray (minus 8 to minus 10 degrees in January) together with the
scanty snow (depth of snow cover only 10-15 centirrneters at the
end of winter) cause conditions which are not entirely favorable
for winter crops.
In ;this region the leading crop should remain spring wheat
with considerable acreage in winter wheat, sunflower, corn, barley,
and, temporarily, rye.
In this remote region hard wheat gives yields no less than those
of soft wheat, even on long-cultivated land, if it is free from weeds,
and therefore should be energetically supported. Recommended
varieties are Melanopus 069; of the soft wheats Eritrospermum 034,
and, for the still unmechanized farms, the beardless variety
Lyutestsens 062,
Inasmuch as winter wheat is subject to some hazard of winter
killing, due to the insufficient supply of seed of winter-resistant
Varieties, considerable sowings of local varieties of rye must still
be allowed, especially on the sandy barns of the northern part of the
region (Veshenskiy and Verkhnedonskiy Administrative
rayons.).
The displacement of rye by the winter-resistant varieties of
wheat Gostianum 237 and Iyutestsens 01060/10, together with the
desirable snow retention work, is being planned
The expansion of sunflower cultivation must await
the
development of varieties resistant to s'tj3 of cho 7
kEweed, as the
lIES 0 9 TED
RESTffCTEfl
w:4
 ...~
i ~lYSJA~u". ma'k~
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region is bad1~ ~-nf est~d by this form. In phis connection :large
..,scale: eYporimental sowings of another oil crop in this region would
be desirable: safflower wri'
a lch is more wr-resistant and not
susceptible to clzokeweeds The work of the ion Selection Station.,
also holds out great hopes for the solution of the problem of a
chokeweed-resistant sunflower. For
the time. being, use of
Saratovskiy 169 must be
continued.
Corn does relatively well
because of .the.. sufficient length
of the frost-free period in this r egion (1.5..170 days and because
of the JulY~August preei itat'
p ~.on (7.~-lQU millimeters) which is n
too low; at
and its acreage may be expanded. Varieties recomli1ended
are Minnesota 23, Minnesota 1.
.~ ,: and Ivory King (Ayvori~kci
However, due consideration should be given to the advantages
disadvantages of the latter variety: ?ptirnwn suitability for
industrial starch manufacture
distillery and rnillin
good fora~b? g qualities;
e quality of grain and s traw3 ease of harvesting the roots
for hog feed; together with. easily detachable cobs,. wch ma c
trouble ~1 mechanized harve ~~th y ause
sting, andAa somewhat poor
Ijj stored.when
. We are compelled to maim `
ain sufficient acreage in barl,o
because of its relatively high yield in this re ion
g compared to coin
and spring wheat, because of the
proximity of the seaports and bec
of the need for it; as a sup ause
plement to corn in fattenin ho
bacon. The varieties used sho g gs for
uld be Pallidum p3, Medikum
026? The latter is only- 0~6 and
for farms which are still unme
persikwn p6~ cbnized.
a Mack-grain variety,
. is pcrm~ss~.ble~
T
Spring
f oats are sown, Leytevitski variety should be used.
Sun~'lawer and corn rho n -
u1.d serve priara
Y as predecessors to
Wheat. Winter wheat however,
~ Should be soon bare fallow
- l,4-4 ;,
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 ~ 1 KF
this;foxm. In this connection large.,
region is badly infested by
scale l cro this reign would
e erimental sowings of another of p
~
is more wii~~r-resistant and not
be desirable: safflower, which pn
The work of the Don SelectStatl
susceptible to chokeweed. .
solution of the problem of a
also holds out great hopes for the....
flower. For the time beings use of
chokeweed-resistant sun
Saratovsky i 169 must be continued.
,, well because . of the sufficient length
Corn does relata.vel,~ .
's re ion (15p~1~jO days) and because
of the frost -free period in tha. g
OU ~,1limeters) which is not
of the.July-August precipitation (7l
be ccpanded. Varieties recommended
too low;. and its acreage may,
and IvarY Keg (Ayvori-King) .
are Minnesota 23, Minnesota 13
' n should bg given to the advantages and
However, due consideratio
disadvantages of the latter variety: optixaum suitability for
ure, distillery and milling qualities
industrial starch manufact
good forage quality of grain and straw; ease of harvesting the roots
cause
with easily detachable cobs, which may
for log feed, together kh
and a somewhat poor when
trouble in mechanized harvesting, ~
stored.
We are compelled to maintain sufficient acreage in barley
hi g field in this region compared to corn
because of its relatively 111g y
the roximity of the seaports.. and because
and spring wheat, because of p
of the need for 1t as a supplement to corn' in fattening hags for
>
bacon. The varieties used should bee pallidum Q3, Medikum 0l~6 and
026. The latter is only nl~for fn's which are still unmechanized.
'
black-gram variety, i.s permissible.
Persikum o6L,
If oats are sawn, Leytev -tskiy variety should be used.
.
ld serve primarily as predecessors to
Sunflower and corn shou
however, sshould be sown on bane fallow
spring wheat. hinter wheat,
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k `'. P~ ? +i B ..
tf~ c~ r~~i rya ~ ~ ;~
~~b;
a
TED
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r, a
K
1c ~ i i4 L
(possibly on the corridor portions).
ct~C'w' v, coriander. Chickpeas and,pEas
~I -, proso millet, seed flax
:
should be mentioned among the secondary crops
Th
following forage crops are recommended: hybrid alfalfa,
esparsette, and Sudan grass; corn, sorghum, Sudan grass for silage
and green forage; fodder squash and watermelons for silage and
succulent forage; sweet clover for pastures.
The center of the coal mining and metallurgical industries of
the kray is located in Shakhtinskiy and Krasnosulinskiy Rayons on the
Donets ridge. In connection with this, special attention should be
paid to the development of vegetable growing in this region, and to
the production of potatoes, as well as forage for the fresh milk
dairy farming industry.
xvII(2b) The semiarid mixed-grass steppe with the Azov Sea type
chernozems of the larger part of the former Don Okrug, including
Yeyskiy Rayon, the southwestern part of Sal'sk Okrug, the central
and northwestern parts of Stavropolt Okrug and Tamanskiy Rayon in
the former Kuban Okrug.
Climatic conditions are somewhat milder in this region than
in the preceding one. Precipitation for the May-July quarter is
lL~.0-160 millimeters (but for July-August it is 75.120 millimeters,
as in the preceding region), and for the year 375-L50 millimeters.
July temperature is 23-24 degrees, with June relative humidity at
L~7-52 percent. Winter conditions are also somewhat more favorable,
for although snowfall is light, with only about 10 centimeters of
snow cover, the mean January temperature is only from minus L. to
minus 7 degrees.
The following is the combination of field crops:. winter and
\'" ;r^1 ? r
}
r I~yq i?
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spring wheat, corn, sunflower and barley.
Spring wheat at the present time occupies an exceptional position
among the other crops in that its acreage is LO4.5 percent of the
total, but ' there is every reason for desiring some displacement of
it by winter wheat.
. According to data from the experimental installations of the
region, winter wheat gave an average yield during the past six
years i.0-L.5 percent higher than that of spring wheat, using the
best varieties of both. Moreover, the varieties Gostianum 237 and,
for the southern part, Stepnyachka, completely.guarantee the stability
of winter wheat yields here, so that it should gradually assume the
leading position and completely displace rye, which is still sown
on a fairly large acreage
Among the spring wheats, hard wheat should very decidedly be
preferred to sot't wheat, since its yield is equal in any case to that
of the latter here, even on long-cultivated lands, provided they
are weed free. Recommended varieties are Melanopus 069; of the
soft wheats, n~O111 and Eritrospermun 0311, while Lyutestsens
062 is permissible, but only for urinechanized farms.
Corn should have a rather conspicuous place here, in view of
the demand for it for hog breeding purposes and the favorable natural
conditions. Since the frost free period is 175-190 days, less early
and higher-'yielding varieties (Minnesota 13 and, for the south
Sterling) can be grown here than are necessary in the preceding regions,
reserving Ivory King(Ayvori King) for pre-winter sowings on green
fallow.
Oats are not recommended here; if they should be grown,
Leytevitskiy may be sown.
For the reasons indicated in the description of the preceding
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.
. All that has been said about giving 'primary attention in
uburban areas to vegetables, potatoes and forage crops equally
s
applies to the region around the city of Rostov. In the event of
reclamation of the wet meadows in the downstream areas of the Don
and Aks Rivers by embankment, drainage and regulation of the
overflow (orosheniye), very great perspectives in this direction
me be unfolded, as well as for the industrial, crops...shese wit,.
meadows at present are only great stretches of hardly utilized
waterlogged lane, subject to annual inundation by the floodwaters
of these rivers.
The Taman peninsula is of a character transitional to the
following natural and agricultural region (and also to the adjoining
steppe part of the Krirnea) . It is distinguished by a hotter and far
more arid climate (with annual precipitation at 3OU-'35O millimeters),
and by its southern chernozem soils. The considerably longer frost-
free period and the large amount of heat in the Taman' (Terapryukskiy
Rayon) as well as in the adjoining parts of Primorskiy-Akhtarskiy
and Anapskiy Rayons, render these areas exceptionally favorable for
growing unirrigated cotton, which should be the leading crop,
accompanied by winter wheat, corn, sunflower and barley, while spring
t
wheat should be entirely eliminated.
xvii(3) Region of very arid southern-feather grass southeastern steppe
of North Caucasus, with the chestnut soils of the eastern part of the
former Stavropol' Okrug (excepting the.Stavropol' plateau), the
greater part. of the former Tersk Okrug (excepting Yessentukskiy and
Niineralovodskiy Rayons and part of Georgievskiy Rayon) and the northern-
most ;part of Chechin. It is in rather sharp `contrast to the preceding
regions both in natural conditions and desirable crops.
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orb>>
degrees in July),
umrner temperatures (from 2L to 25 deg,
High s
an
powerful dry~i.ng k~ands and low precipitation (with nual values Only
rs and 120-160:mi1iimeters during the May-July
0-?0 mllya~nete
the climate (with relative humidity about
quarter), result in arida.ty of
in June) . This is extremely unfavorable both
~.0 percent at l p.m.
for spring wheat andthe hate spring crops, corn and soybeans. At
.
the same time , winter as not too. cold (January temperatUres from
minus to menus ? degrees) , which. f avow?s the dxought-resistant..,
. ~
~ .
where snowfall is minimum or absent,
varieties of winter claps. even
the frost-free period and the high aggregate
while the length of
temperature during that period favor the cultivation of the warmth~.
loving plants (caftan d sorghum), especially under irrigation.
an
ion of vitreous winter wheat, the southern
is a region
This
industrial crops (cotton) and barley, and has many silarities
with the southern steppe of Krimea.
Winter wheat here gives yields 2 to 2 times as high as
spring wheat, and its quality is excellent, being little inferior
wheat. The best varieties ar,e.Kooperatorka, with
to Krimean
Novokrymka 0102 permissiblei together with the local Buyvolinka;
in the northernnlost part of the region it may be necessary to use
the more -resistant Gastianum 237; Ukrainka is permissible.
re winter
the most important of the new cotton regions
This is one of
Cotton is grown here principally yjth irrigation in the Mozdok,
,
rontsovo-Aleksandrovsk Okrugs, and the Sunzhen and
Prikumsk, Vo
Gudermessk Okrugs of Chechin.
barley of the PaUidum OL3 and Medikum 026 varieties
Spring , (the latter only for unniechanizedfarms) may continue to be grown,
..
to supplement the winter crops, on lands where cotton has not yet
.... and also the more, productive winter barley.
been introduced
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Castor bean and seed flax can also be grown. in the more southerly;
Nozdok part of the region.
rlhe region not favorable for sunflower, corn and especialregion is
not for soybeans, since July-August precipitation is scanty and there
are frequent failures from drought during the blooming and ripening
periods. The best of the varieties of corn are the early North
Dakota, Fat' koner and Minnesota 23; r-vor-King is permissible.
~
Among the more secondary crops we may recommend rr-H, gain
sorghum, safflower, mustard, IMI sesame, chickpeas, and Caucasian
hemp (the latter only for the Mozdokskiy Rayon along the Terek River).
Proso millet is permissible.
Only the most drought resistant of the forage crops may be
sown here without irrigation: yellow-flowered alfalfa, T cum
crystatum (zhitnyak) and Sudan grass; sweet clover for grazing;
sorghum for silage; forage for succulent forage and silage.
For the proper utilization of the existing possibilities in
this region, great irrigation works along the Kuma, Trek and other
rivers should be provided.
X :L (1j.) Zone of unsteadily watered mixed-grass ste
Azov Sea type chernozems
located in the southernmost part of the
former Don Okrug, the northern parts of Kuban and Armavir Okrugs, the
southwestern part of Stavropol' (except the Stavropol' plateau) and
a narrow belt along the northern st.appe boundary of the level parts
Kabarda, Ingushetiya and Chechin (including the former Sunzhensk
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
iv.
The region has a considerably milder climate, with annual
precipitation of X50-y00 millimeters, of which l6~-190 millimeters
fall in the Nay-July quarter, the July temperature is 2L degrees.
Relative humidity, at 2-y5 percent in June, is markedly higher than
in the preceding regions.
Winter is mild, with average January temperatures from minus
2 to minus Li. degrees, frequent thaws and light snow cover, and
conditions are thus sufficiently favorable for the assured cultiva-
tion of winter crops'
The leading crops here should be winter wheat, corn, sunflower
and the southern industrial crops (soybean, castor bean and a few
others).
The region is entirely favorable for those high-yield and
f
moderately winter-resistant varieties of winter wheat such as
Ukrainka which we recommend for the entire region. The quality
of the wheat harvested here, however, is inferior to that of the preced-..
ing regions. Winter wheat can here be cultivated after green fallows
crops are not used. Of these crops, primary importance should be
assigned to corn, which here can successfully compete in advantageous-
ness of production not only with barley but with sunflower as well,.
for under normal operating conditions its yield .is one and a half
times to double that of barley, and double that of sunflower. In view
also o f the threat represented by chokeweed infestation to many fields
of this region and the possibility of shifting sunflower to new
regions for it in the Central Volga, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan,
we must recognize that in the future more emphasis should be placed
on 'corn than on sunflower. Its varieties are: Ninnesota 13 ekstra
and Ayvori-King for the northern part; in the southern part, with its
in corn, sunflower or soybean, tarovided late varieties of the latter
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frost-free period of 185-195 days, the later varieties Sterling and
Minnesota 13 Standart give better harvests, though even here the
'former varieties are preferable for cultivation on green fallow
before winter crops, to avoid any delay in sowg
in the latter.
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dl
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Until more stable varieties of sunflower are developed, it is
the A 41 Kruglika variety.
It is necessary to extend further the oultivation of'some
southern teohnioal orops; namely, the castor bean and tobaooo.
Climatic and soil conditions make it desirable to increase fur-
ther the oultivation of sugar beets.
The conditions in this areae not entirely favorable to soy
beaus by reason of insuffioient precipitation during July and august,
and frequent heat;siexures. With a view to an increased overall pro..
duotion of soybeans in the Union, however,.it is desirable to mainp
tamp and even possibly increase somewhat the area under cultivation,
on condition that early varieties are used, such as Kharbin 231a, 199,
Mandarin, Krushulja 10/io.
This area, as well as the one that follows, may be earmarked
as one of the centers of the kidney bean in the Soviet Union, In this
area the yield of spring barley is almost double that of spring wheat,
as it is less subject to fungus disease, Hessian flies and other
blights, oonneoted with the more humid climates The area given over
to the growing of barley may be ourtailed in favor of corn, but its
cultivation should be continued as a supplement to oorn, in order to
export it and also as a means for improving the quality of bacon.
The kinds recommended are: for the. mare humid southern part p Kol~
khikum 10/30; for the rest Tetrahedral 043 (Persikum 064 is aaoept-
able); and the double-row Medium 026., with the previously stipulated
reservations.,
As for spring wheat, in the eastern part of the region, it suf.
fern so heavily from blights and fungus diseases that it can be entire...
ZONING `OF 'FIELD CROPS
f
V. V. Talanov
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RES TRU? TED
ly omitted from planned crops. However, in the Don and Kuban see-
tions of the area, hard varieties of wheat (which are less susoep-'
tible to rust, Hessian fly and bending than the soft ones), yield good
crops; these yields, however, are by 30 to 40 percent bwer than those
of winter wheat and oan be used only as secondary crops. The kind to
be used is Gordeiforme 010; the soft wheat is aooeptable (if it is
sown); Marquis and Tsesium 0111; and for non-mechanized farms
Lutestsens 062. In case oats are grown, the Lokhovsky variety should
be used. This area is very favorable for fodder crops, which fact
is of great importance to dairy farming, hog raising and poultry farm.
ing in this region. The following grasses are the best for the area;
French alfalfa (which here is not killed by frosts), and along the
Ukrainian left bank, esparset and 'sudan grass, which yield 2 or 3
harvests of hay and good crops of seeds. For green fodder sugar sor-
. sko & c b (sec
ghum, corn, sudan grass and soybeans The chief ensilage crops in
this area should be corn, sorghum, soybeans and fodder The
semisweet beets and carrots are the best fodder root plants in the
To the south of the region of unstable precipitation, under
the influence of the nearby Caucasus mountains, the climate becomes
even more mild, with a greater amount of rainfall, and we pass into
the "zone of sufficient moisture", which stretches in a broad belt
from the northwest to the southeast along the northern flanks of the
Caucasus mountain range. Depending on its proximity to the mountains
and its elevation, this zone is divided into the following regions;
xiri (5a). The steppe of various cereal grasses of the plateau-steppe
v4\1
~
area of the zone of sufficient moisture the thick ohernozyoms along
the sea of Azov. This area oomprises; most of the southern part of
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the former Kuban' "okrug", most of the Adygey autonomous oblast, the
northernmost steppe part of the Maikop, and the central past of the
Arraavir okrugs, the plateau parts of the KarachayevowCherkessky oblast,
the Kabarda, Ossetiya, Ingushetiya, and Chechna (in the case of the
last two p without their northernmost portions). This is one of the
richest areas in the South of the Union for the successful cultivation
of the most diversified crops. Espeoially favorable conditions for
husbandry are created by a quite suffioient amount of precipitation
(annually - 500 to 650 millimeters, frora May to July 190 to 225 mile-
limeters), a warm, but not too hot summer (July temperatures of 22 to
24 degrees), a comparatively high humidity (in June 55 to 57 percent)
and a long frost-free period (from 190 to 200 days).
In view of the difficulty of choosing, the crops to be oulti-
vated are those which are most valrable to the economy of our Union;
also those whose high and steady yields can insure against the pos-
sibility of shortcomings in the production of other areas, where con-
ditions are less favorable.
Basically, this area should produce, like the one previously
described, winter wheat, corn, sunflowers and southern technical crops,
with a particular increase of these last mentioned, as well as soybeans.
The complete absence of the danger of freezing of winter wheat gives
the possibility of an assured cultivation of the most productive,
though not frost-resisting varieties, including those which are recom-
mended here: Ukrainka, and for the eastern part also Kooperatorka.
Winter wheat gives here the highest yields of all the regions of the
wheat grain against winter hardships and droughts, which might occur
fore, this area, as well as the area of forest-steppe in the right-bank
region of the Ukraine, represents also a guarantee of our reserves of
Union, and surpasses the yield of spring wheat by 150 percent. There-
k ~~ ru
r 6;6
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In other areas. Consequently, the predominant importance and adequate
acreage of winter wheat must be maintained under all airoumstanaes,
along with teohnioal crops. Soma years, and not infrequently, there
is an overabundance of humidity, and the resulting conditions, fav-
orable to the development of fungus diseases, require the use of.suoh
kinds of wheat which are more resistant to bending and diseases (es-
pecially rust). Under the influence of?t'hese conditions, and at times
of high yields, the quality of wheat grain is usually not high as re~
cards vitreousness, oharacteristios, albumen and suitability for bread-.
making and milling. Corn should be gr` here as a second leading
crop, as the conditions for its growth in this area (espeoially in its
eastern part) can hardly be matched in the entire Union. This area
therefore, as well as the one following, oan well be designated as the
"
oOrnvelti of our Union.
The long frost-free period enables later varieties to ripen;
the humid climate and the distribution of rainfall, with most of it
falling during the period when it is most needed for corn and soybeans
July to August 100 to 125 millimeters and over) are favorable not only
to the Minnesota 13 Special'' and Sterling varieties, but also to
those kinds which yield more and ripen later, as Liming and Krug,
which yield 20 percent more than the local varieties. The highest
average obtained under conditions of an experimental station was 40
and even 50 oentners (a centner is 50 ks.) to the heotare. Beoause
of the requirements of faotories making molasses from corn, situated
in the eastern part of the area, the Sterling variety is preferable
(and the local white oorn is acceptable). It is quite feasible here
to plant winter wheat after gathering the late orops of oorn, even
without plowing over the field, but only going over it with a disk
harrow. The corn here, as also in the area previously desoribed, meets
oornpetition from sunflowers and sugar beets (in the western part) and
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In the 2314 variety the beans are attached more firmly than in the
others.
crops mentioned previously.: The following varieties ar? recommended:
Kharbin 231-a, 199, 111, Mandarin (Krushulkja to/lo is permissible).
also from soybean.
According to our data, sunflower should be of somewhat lesser
importance here than corn, and move gradually into more northern re-
gions of the Union. This remark applies to the area under discussion
even more forcefully than to the regions previously described. The
variety of sunflowers are A 41 and it is permissible to use 631 Krug-
lika, which ripens later. Here it is possible to spread the cultiva-
tion of the soybean with more or less safety (especially in the east-
ern areas, where there is a better distribution of rainfall per month);
however, in years when the rainfall is light (1930) there is a pos-
sibility of poor crops of this generally moisture-loving plant.
In spite of this, and taking into account the exceptional im-
portance for the Union of the production of albumen and oil for tech-
nical uses, as fodder, and for human consumption, we believe that if
the necessary measures are taken to develop technical agronomy with
regard to soybeans, this crop will ocoupy a firm position here, even
though the area given it will be secondary in comparison with the
Secondary in acreage, but nevertheless very important, is the
spreading in this region of such technical crops as the castor bean,
k? n
gambo hemp, , Italian hemp, peanut; also sugar beet, sugar sor-
ghum and tobacco.
The castor bean yields good crops here, although in quality it
inferior to that grown in Centred Asia The variety recom-
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Belaya, and generally in areas of sufficient humidity and near rivers.
As it requires much heat, its further successful cultivation in this
area and the asurance of obtaining seeds, depend largely on the dreed-
ing of early ripening varieties. The great importance of the peanut
for its very valuable nutritive oils and for technical uses, compels
the intensive cultivation of this plant, which is quite possible in
this region. Only the early varieties growing in bushes are recom-
mended (White Spanish for oil - somewhat late-ripening; Valencia for
eating and oil).
The cultivation of sugar beets should be continued and spread
in the Maikop, Kuban', and Armavir sections of the area. The cultiva-
tion of Trapezund tobacco has to be intensified in the Krasnodar,
Beloryeoh'ye, Maikop, and L&bin$k administrative rayons. As a supple-
mentary crop, one has to consider barleys which gives high yields here,
though not as high as corn. The better varieties are the late-ripening
two-row Yevropeum 353133 and Kol'khikum 1030. In the southern part
of the area winter barley may be grown.
Of secondary importance in the area is the cultivation of
spring wheat (Gordeiforn~a 010, Tsesium 0111, and Marquis is perniis-
sible), potatoes, W&te.rlon , melons, and pumpkins.
In case oats are grown, the bokhovsky variety should be used.
Chinese bell flowers and sesame deserve attention as secondary tech-
nical crops; also, the ether and medicinal plants: fennel, musk sage,
kazanlyk rose, and lavender.
The fodder crops are the same as in the preceding region and
are just as important. It should be added that the yields are very
high not only in hay, but also in seeds. Alfalfa (French) and Sudan
grass often can be harvested three times, with the highest yield in
the Union for non-irrigated lands. The Slavyansk district of the Kuban'
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okrug may be oon$idered among the leading areas for the production of
alfalfa seed. Of the sorghum plants, the varieties ripening later than
the Ranniy Yantar, the sugar varieties and the early varieties of Kaffir
sorghum, can give good results, which night interest not only the oat.
tlemen but also the poultry farmers.
XVII (5b). - The forest-'steppe foothill ortlon of the area of cuff ioient
' If,
and is less subjeotta
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southern part of the autonomous Cherkesse Ra on, the oentral foothills
okru s, the greatest part of the central area of the Maikop okra , the
foothills of the southern seotion of the fornsr Kuban' and Armavir
rainfall the eroded and d? raded chernoz oms of the slightl raised
of Ibarda, Ossetiya and Chechma (also inoludin
the Stavropol' plateau).
This region is a narrow strip stretching from east to west along the
Caucasus range, at an altitude of from 200 to 700 meters, to the south
of, and parallel to the previously described area.
In the nnlldness of its climate it is similar to the previously
described area but, because of its location on the northern gentle
slopes of the Caucasus mountains and on account of its elevation, this
region has a summer not quite so hot (July temperatures between 20 and
22 degrees, depending on the altitude), and has an even greater amount
of rainfall (from 600 to 800 millimeters a year, May to July from
225 to 400 millimeters), whioh is heaviest in the upper seotion, and
consequently 'a high relative humidity (in June at 1 p.m., 58 to 63
percent). The wint?rs, likewise, are sufficiently mild. Accordingly,
the leading crops should be winter wheat, corn and southern technical
crops, with a special stress on soybeans, with less importance green
the sunflower, thatn in the preoedi regions. Mild winters and humid
yields of Ukrainka
the Zemke, variety which is not resistant to
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reason it is possible to grow more frost-resistant
For the same
varieties of winter barley and even plant spring wheat in the late fall;
the Marquis ietY of spring wheat yields considerably more, and gives
~^ar
rain than the Ukrainka under the conditions of
abetter quality of g
mild climate of the plateau of Kabarda, according to the
an especially
experiments conducted during three years on the Staroataguin experi-
field. However, high humidity creates conditions which encourw
mental
age rust and other fungus diseases and blights. Therefore, one cannot
successfullY grow spring wheat, and it is vital to breed winter var-
ieties, which are resistant to rust and leaning.
Corn has already reached here the maximum density of sowing
(reaching in some parts of Chechna from 75 to 90 percent of the total
arable land), ? and further success of its cultivation in the area de?
on an increase in acreage, but on the introduction of better
panda not
varieties intensification and improvement of the methods of cultiva-
tion, and at the same time a slight reduction in acreage in favor of
technical crops, winter wheat and soybeans.
The soybean as well as corn, finds here ideal conditions for
growth with respect to humidity and sufficient length of growing per-
iod. ConsequentlY, the crops of both plants are the highest for the
European part of the Union, reaching on experimental stations in the
area 55 centners per hectare on a five-year average for corn, and 19
centners on a three-year average for soybeans (Vladikavkal)?
far as corn and soybeans are concerned, the region should be
So
divided into two parts, depending on the altitude above sea level: up
300 meters, and higher - from 300 to 700 meters. In the lower
to
area of the forest~steppa foothills, which has a frost-free period of
190 days, the beet yields of corn are obtained from the Liming and
Krug varieties, but reoommended as preferred are white-grained Sterling
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(for canning factories) and the yellow-grained Minnesota 13 (for fodder),
as these varieties ripen earlier and make the same field available for
other uses. Splendid soybeans which ripen with regularity and give
very goodorops of soybeans are obtained by using not or4y Kharbin 231-A
and 118, but also Khabarovsk 109, Gunddzulin (Myrtanzovo, Beslan, St.
Atagi) and Illini. It is desirable that this sub-area be filled to
the saturation point with soybean fields.
The crops of oorn and soybeans are just as good on the higher
levels of the foothills (Yessentuki, Stavropol', Vladikavkaz), but, in
view of the shorter growing season, faster ripening varieties are re-
commended, such as Brown County, Minnesota 23, and Northwestern (local
may be used) of corn, and for soybeans the better yielding (but low
growing) Stavropol and Minsoy, Kharbin 213-a, 118 and Illini. The Ivory
King variety of corn is not suited to this humid area because of its
low resistance to fungus diseases. The A-41 variety of sunflower should
temporarily remain as the basic technical crop, with a gradual reduc-
tion of acreage for the reasons given above.
As supplementary crops it is advisable to develop the follow-
ings potatoes, which give splendid yields (Stavropol', Vladikavkas,
and the Mineralovodsk area), peanuts, tobacco (in the forest-steppe
portions of the former Maykop and Kuban' okrugs, and the autonomous
rayon of Adygeiy). In the warmer lower part of the area one could de-
velop the cultivation of Italian (late) hemp, which is very tall and
has fibres of excellent quality, and it would be expedient to plant it
here for seed and furnish seeds to other areas.
of other crops of lesser importance one should mention barley
(Kolkhikum 1030 and Yevropeum 333133, and also winter varieties),
oats - the Lokhovsky variety oil sudza, , muscatel
sage, gender, peppermint, iris, belladonna, digitalis (except on the
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Stavropol' plateau), and smoke tree. The proximity of health. resorts
$ for dairy. farming call for an intensive
and the favorable condition
is which chn be done successfully ;such
cultivation of fodder plan ,
plants are French alfalfa, Sudan grass (three crops may be had with a
to 100 centers per hectare), esparsette; semi-sugar
total yield up
Best for use as green fodder are the followings
beets, and carrots.
an Sudan grass, melilot; for ensilage - the above,
sorghum, corn, spYbe ,
and also Jerusalem artichoke and , fodder ~l5ons. on the foothills in
Cheohna and Ingushetiya - vetch with oats.
The foreststoppe foothills of the Northern Caucasus present
-
splendid opportunities for a high output of all kinds of crops; this
the best places for setting up seed nurseries for
area also is one of
the ;oxner Kuban' kop and ArmSVIr okrugs and autonomous regions
r ,
'' chernox ems and forest soils: i
1,500 meters) m9untainskeleton.
belt above the previously described area (approxi.mately a~ rug vv
he northern slopes of the Caucasus mountains, in a
situated elan t
thereby assuring
nd zone, a forest area of plentiful rainfall, is
The u la
XVI I ( 5c
a number of plants, including some northern varieties,
a greater speed and safety of reproduction.
d over er year, over 300 millimeters from May to tJUIy),
millimeters meters an p
June about 83 percent; a moderately cold climate
relative humidity in
and a short frost-free period (between
(in July, below 20 degrees),
170 and 150 days, and less). In its low lying portions, this area has
all the factors neees$ary for the development of intensive horticul-
ture and truck farming. In its higher portions, the excessive humid-
sty, poet soil, lack of land suitable for farming, and untimely spring
an,d e,utunm frosts restrict the development of agriculture; however,
the humid of imate end the availability of very good grazing (partly
The profusion of rainfall (800
.,ywrl oI Gn iii the Chernomors
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of sub-alpine type) create oonditions favorable for the developunt
of dairy farming.
Tobacco (in the western part), corn, winter wheat, potatoes,
oats and fodder should be the main field crops.
One of the chief centers of culture of yellow tobacco in our
Union is situated in a part of this region (Abinsky, Goriachekliu-
opens , Seversk, Kieloriechensky, Maikop, Apsheronsk administrative
`rayonst`), and likewise in adjoining parts of contiguous areas (Sochi,
Krim, Grechesky administrative rayons" of the former Chernomorsky
okrug and the Krasnogvardeiysk district of Adygeiya)? A further in-
tensification of tobacco culture and an extension eastward with the
limits of this zone are imperative.
All along the uplands zone the main crop is corn, especially
so in the autonomous regions, where it occupies from 50 percent to
90 percent of arable land; agriculture here is not developed and the
methods are very primitive. Corn fields stretch high up into the
mountains, and the grain (in mass sowings) ripens for seed at an al-
titude of 1,300 to 1,500 meters in Chechna, Zngushetiya, Osatiya and
Dagestan; and up to 900 meters in Kabarda. Corn for fodder ripens at
even higher altitudes. At lower altitudes (up to 1,000 meters) in
this re ion the best results are obtained from local varieties
g
(Caucasian yellow and Chechenskaya white, and the North-Dakotan, which
has a somewhat higher yield.
So far there is only one variety, the low-growing Caucasus
yellow which ripens sufficiently early for altitudes over 1,000 meters.
Winter wheat does not freeze because of the mildness of the
climate and, in the higher regions, because of the snow covering. The
best varieties apparently will prove to be Ukrainka and Zemka. At
present, winter wheat prevails in the uplands area and chiefly in its
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western section (within the former Kuban', Maikop, Chernomorsky and
Armavir districts). It is expedient and possible, however, to inten-
sify its spreading to the East, into the national distracts, and thus
to weaken the one-crap importanoe of corn.
The need of horse feed in the mountain areas calls for the
sowing of oats, which give good crops under natural conditions.
The hurni and moderate upland climate creates favorable condi-
tions for the cultivation of potatoes, which grow far up in the moun-
3
tai ns, as the shortness of the frost-free period does not interfere
with their growth. The crop is easily disposed of, for local consump-
tion and in the resort towns. Rich, natural grazing grounds are found
in this upland area (the upland pastures of Kabarda). The developn nt
o fjdairy farming, however, would require in many cases the sowing of
grasses: clover, lotus, alfalfa, fodder root plants, potatoes, beets
and the use of corn and sorghum for ensilage.
Within the area of the former Chernomorsky region. one should
note, in addition to the above mentioned portions of the uplands, the
belt alon the Black Sea (Prichernomorska a). The climatic conditions
of this belt vary greatly between the northern end near Anapa, and
the southern - at Sochi.
In the Anapa Novorossiysk area there is a comparatively low
rainfall (400 to 700 millimeters a year, most of it occurring in win-
ter, while during May-July there is only between 90 and 140 millimeters),
with an average July temperature of 23-24 degrees and llu$ 1 to 1~2
degrees in January.
On the other hand, the Tyapse-Sochi section belongs to the area
of excessive rainfalls (1,200 to 1,400 millimeters, but only 240 to
270 millimeters during the May-July period), with an average tempera-
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liES TRIG TED
Lure of 23 degrees in July and ply to plus 5 degrees in January,
and a very long (about 300 days) frost-free period. Consequently, the
Anapa-Tuapse area is available not only for fruit-growing and vineyards,
but also for field cultivation (especially in the Anapa section).
There should be a trend, however, towards southern technical crops and
a gradual displacement of the present fields of corn, winter wheat and
sunflower. The leading crops (in the Anap a area) should be cotton,
tobacco, peanuts, soybeans, with some potatoes for local needs.
In the Tuapse-Sochi area, in addition to fruit-growing and truak-
gardening, which lead at present, one should cultivate tobacco, peanuts,
luffa, smoke tree, sweet potatoes, sumac, iris, rosemary, pelargonium,
tuberose, Kazankyl rose and tannic acacia.
To supplement natural foothill hayfields, sowings are recominendE3d
of birdsfoot trefoil for hay and pasturage, and also two-crop clover,
(Azov) tidelands in the Slaoyansk rayon of
the former Kuban' okrug, the Kuban' and Ad
maticallY belon
to the zone of insufficient rainfall and even semi-
aridity, have alluvial soil and an excess of rainfall, and in most
laces there is need for thorou h reclamatian. This would make avail-
considerable acreage for rice growing, and, in less humid seo-
able
Lions for the planting of winter wheat, sunflowers (Kruglik 531 and
A 41), corn and soybeans. The supplementary crops which should be
strengthened could be technical crops: kendyr, castor beans, ,
peanuts, tobacco and spring wheat; grasses - European alfalfa and Sudan
? tuber plants - beets, carrots; for green fodder - corn, sorghum,
grass,
soybeans, Sudan grass, winter rye; for ensilage = corn, sorghum, and
soybeans.
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European alfalfa and winter turnips.
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XVIII. Dagestan ASSR. Lying mostly in the mountains, its surface
dissected by aretes, Dagestan, in spite of its comparatively small
area, presents an exceptional variety of natural and agricultural re-
gions, sometimes neighboring sections contrasting sharply, depending
upon their altitude. for this reason, even if we divide Dagestan into
a number of natural and agricultural sections, it is difficult to
isolate (except the northern plateau) continuous large areas, which
would fit into a more or less definite type of econonj, including
agriculture.
'ir
In the north, this area adjoins the and semi-desertAKalmyk
oblast; in the east it is somewhat influenced by the softening effects
of the Caspian Sea; in the south it includes the eastern section of
the Caucasus land mass with its many spurs, cut by river valleys. The
Dagestan ASSR may be divided into the following parts: the flatlands,
which in turn include sharp contrasts from semi-desert, good only for
grazing, to sections with the most intensive cultivation of cotton and
southern technical crops; the foothills, differing sharply from north
to south; the mountain valleys, where fruit-growing and agriculture
flourish, and the uplands, wlioh vary sharply in agricultural potential,
with the possibility of land cultivation at lower altitudes and only
livestock raising in the sub-alpine and alpine zones. The problems
requiring immediate action in the interest of the development of field
cultivation in Dagestan are putting new lands under cultivation (and
especially building irrigation systems), increasing the cultivation of
cotton and technical crops in the appropriate areas, developing dairy
farming, and in the and sections, for cattle raising).
The flatlands of Dagestan include not only considerable areas
of pasture lands, but other very important areas, which can be used
exclusively for such valuable crops as cotton, new bast (cork), rice,
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etc., which are of exceptional value to the Soviet Union and should
get speoial attention from the Dagestan Republic. Tait us, therefore,
review in more detail the peculiarities and prospects of field cul-
tivation here, using not only the data of the VTR, but also the manu-
scripts on the zoning of Dagestan, which . Weisman and P. Abolin have
kindly passed on to us.
The climate of Dagestan on the whole is favorable in warmth
and light, a sufficiently long frost-free period (an average of 170
to 200 days), (especially in the southern part of the flatlands), a
hot surer (average July temperature 24-25 degrees), a long autumn and
an
a mild winter. However, this climate has/important drawback in its
aridity, which increases as one moves from the southwestern section,
located near the foothills of the section of higher rainfalls (Khazav-
Yurt gets 498 millimeters yearly, 173 millimeters during May-July) to
the utmost limits in the northeas - to the minimum rainfall area of
the entire European part of the Union (Chechensky tayak - 173 milli-
meters per year).
However, large areas already are under irrigation, and the sys-
tem may be spread to much wider areas, due to the presence of numerous
sources of water the Terek, Sulak, Aktash, and other mountain rivers,
This fact cancels out the factor of insufficient rainfall, at least so
far as this concerns the southwestern half of the lowlands, which lie
within the lasins of these rivers.
The soil of this part of the lowlands is sufficiently fertile
so l ov efi~
(except for the JJJ. and salt-marshes on the shore and other sep-
arate points). ~1hus, on most of the surface of the flatlands, condi-
tions are satisfactory for a favorable development of the exacting
southern crops: there is enough heat and light; and the frost-free
period is long enough. There is sufficient water from irrigation (in
-~~sTe~e~ep
-G76-
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RESTRICTED
the neighborhood of tho foothills no irrigation is needed); and there
is fertile soil.
It is natural that under these conditions, when zoning the flat-
lands on the basis of devoting a oonsiderable portion thereof exclus-
ively to the more valuable crops, we are competing for first plaoe with
e h c?., GZ.." I I
truck gardening viniculture and fruit growing as well as cotton growing,
the new fiber crops ( , kendyr, southern hemp and
and rice and fodder plants. It is necessary, therefore, to
study the chief natural requirements of these various plants in order
to set up the most favorable zones for their special cultivation, giv-
ing chief consideration to those whioh are more valuable from a national
viewpoint. However, by 'special cultivation' we do not mean, either
here or in the rest of our plans for zoning, an exclusive oultivation
of a plant, but rather as indicating the leading (and in the case of
valuable crops particularly leading) significance of these crops in the
respective areas, without omitting necessary rotations, and consequently
with complementary crops (chiefly fodder), and their selection to fi.t
in with the prevailing importance of the main crops.
Within the scope of field crops in Dagestan, first place (if
we omit truck gardening on fields and melon fields) belongs to cotton,
because of its importance. When looking for the most logical areas
for its special cultivation, we have to consider three fundamental needs
of the cotton plant in regard to natural conditions. First - a suf-
ficient amount, of heat, light, and frostless days. The summer tempera-
ture (reaching in July an average of 24-26 degrees) is sufficient for
cultivation, sinoe .. there is good sun radiatioi .
Within the range of the quick-ripening varieties available for
large scale planting, under conditions prevailing in Dagestan, the
cotton plant requires on an average not less than 160 days from its
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planting to the mass opening of 3"4 bolls. Taking the beginning of
the period with average daytime temperature of 15 degrees as best for
and the end of the ripening period, with the first autumn
planting,
frosts, we have, according to the data of the Kizlyar Meteorological
station, exactly 160 days in the area of Kizlyar. The latitude of
Kiz1yar is the northern boundary for growing cotton (at least with ir-
rigation) with the varieties available now and under present methods
of cultivation. The southern limit of cotton growing in the direction
of the mountains is a horizontal line in the foothills at an altitude
of 300 meters above sea level.
The second need of cotton is humidity. It is a relatively
drought-resistant plant, but it needs a sufficient amount of rainfall
during the period of planting and budding. Excessive rainfall, how-
ever, during the period when the bolls knot up is harmful, as it delays
ripening. Late rains may interfere with picking. Lastly, with respect
to soil, - cotton does not like salt marshes and gives a poor yield on
clay; this somewhat limits its cultivation in those parts of the Kuzayk
flatlands, where the soil is , and where there is clay with ra-
ther high subsoil water. Consequently, the chief cotton raising area
in Daggestan should be the section between the southern arm of the Terek
Kordonka, including the Kumyk flatlands, Sulak lowlands to the south up
to the foothills and about 5 kilometers south of the railway line, and
also a narrow stretch on the seashore up to Derbent.
Within the limits of this basic cotton area, cultivation has to
ti
be chiefly with irrigation, if possible, except for the strip along the
a-Shelkovskaya
Chervlena
ti
y
ons
foothills, along the railroad from the sta
to Shamkhal. Here, according to the data of the Khasav-Yurt station,
when there is sufficient precipitation, the crops of cotton are only
3n the irrigated sections..
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A secondary cotton raising area is found in the utmost north-
western corner of the Dagestan ASSR - an area of dry farming on a
dark-chestnut soil, to the west of Achikulak. The frost-free period
here is sufficiently long for the growing of cotton, but only because
the summer weather is hotter and more continental than in the basic
' '" ? cotton area, and also because the absence of irrigation shortens the
growing period of this plant.
The 1.0w rainfall of this area, however, and the frequent hot
winds during the period when the bolls knot, affect oonsiderably the
safety and quantity of yield. Accordingly, for the present, cotton
oultivation here should remain in the form of a large-scale experiment,
as this is a borderline area for the cultivation of cotton, adjoining
the ootton-raising area along the Kuma.
After setting aside areas to cotton, the crop of chief importance
on the flatlands, next place must be given to the new fibre crops -
kendyr, southern hemp and
It is warm enough for them in the flatlands of Dagestan, but
the production of bast fibre depends on the development of the vegetat-
ive parts. They are all humidity-loving plants, need sufficiently
fertile soil, and are somewhat less allergic to salt than the cotton
plant. Of them, kendyr requires lighter soil with subsoil water close
by, and it is less resistant to salt. Heavier and partly saline soils
suffice for JJJLJ, even of subsoil water is near. Finally, hemp
can be grown on light soil with deep subsoil water, but with less salt,
GLb u,t U o ,
while t..:m grows on heavier saline soil. These crops
all need irrigation, and their oultivation must be adjusted to their
respective lands in the valley of the Terek to the north of Kizlyar,
which climatically are less suited to ootton.
The third candidate for acreage on the flatlands is rice. There
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is enough heat and. a suffioiently long warm period for quick-ripening
varieties. It requires much water when irrigated, but is quite re-
to salt and can even grovj on salt-marshes, as the flooding re-
quired for its cultivation brings fresh water, which is later drained,
thus rinsing the soil. Therefore, rice growing may contribute to the
elimination of salt from the soil.
? ? ? ? ? ? TA ~-' r
For the best results in cultivation and the fight against vi-
cious weeds (chicken mallet) and for continuous (or intermittent) flood-
ing, a flat surface with a slight gradient and a waterproof subsoil are
needed; otherwise it will be necessary to use the more expensive way
of periodic irrigation. In order to avoid heavy outlays for irriga-
tion channels, sites for rice plantations should be ohosen close to the
sources of irrigation; i.e., river beds.
Finally, in creating large stretches of rice field, one should
take every precaution to avoid the spread of malaria.
Rice is comparatively adaptable and could occupy large areas
on the irrigated sections of the Terek estuary and Kumyk flatlands.
However, after the best lands have been set aside for cotton and bast
cultivation, the only areas open for rice are the less suitable for
the above crops; i.e., saline meadows and marshlands, and salt marshes
with subsoil water close to the surface, lying close to the rivers,
mainly to the north of the river Novyi Teker, and outside the cotton-
growing area.
The requiren nts of livestock raising in the Dagestan ASSR call
for fodder. There is an enormous area on these flatlands - Kara-N ogay
and a large part of Aehikulak, which, because of its arid climate en d
)Q
I h
light chestnut i ' and sandy soil can be used only for grazing, with
poor grass. Besides, (until large reclamation work has been done),
parts of the estuary and Kumyk flatlands, closest to the sea, which
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? luable crops because of either saline soil
areas are unsuzted for va
ridness, are definitely grazing fields.
or a
cannot rely only on these grazing areas. It is
However, one
essential to assure oneself of large quantities of fodder . hay, fresh
kinds . This will be provided by the fodder crops,
and concentrated
? to the crop rotations, when the area is irrigated,
which wa.11 come xn
the valuable crops. Besides their va3.ua as
as supplementary crops to
fodder, these supplamentory crops ar$ essential for the reestablish-
tructure, tending to decrease the saline contents
msnt of the soil s
(alfalfa and ~Ie1li1otte), and cleaning the soil of weeds (soybeans,
~uinter wheat, sown on occupied fallowlamds and
corn, and pumpkin).
?eldang steady harvests of oonoentrated fodder in the mild winters
yx
should be added to these craps. Drought-resistant
of the flatlands,
sweet c~ovc~a , ha, ta?yakand sorghum
fodder crops (yellow alfalfa,
introduced on the non irrigated (until the Terek-'
for seeds) can be
to existence) lands of Kara-Nogay and Achikulak,
Kuma Canal comes jn
ots as regards humidity and soil, where agriculture
choosing the best sp
is possible.
?nally, 1't is necessary to mantion the most effective way of
Fi
dens and melon fields an the flatlands of
locating vegetable gar
Dagestan ASSR?
valuable truck gardening should be located on the
Dagestan s
best soil wa, ?th assua red irrigation, if possible close to a railroad and
s. It must be twofold: for owing, in most of the
to populated center
flatlands, and for (for export to the large cities and
? -ri ening
wanter p
the Union) in the flatland strip along the seashore in
wark-.centers of
Derbent), where the climate is mild and warm
southern Dagestan (near
the autumn. Lastly, in some parts of the flatlands,
3,n, winter and in
melon fields may play an important part. They require warm, sandy
hot surnner, but with not much rainfall ?
subsoil and sandy. foil and &
llocatiof of acreage on the flatlands for
Under the general a
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to the east of a similar (XVIT-3) area (P rikumsky, Vorontsovo-Alek-
sandrovsk, Mozdok administrative rayons)
The sharp aridity of the climate (about 100 to 120 millimeters on the
average during iay-July, and about 300 mill inters a year) with a very
hot suznner (July 24 to 25 degrees), the location party on saline soil -
all these factors do not favor reli 1e field cultivation in general
and spring sowing in particular. It will be necessary, therefore, for
the present to continue sheep raising and cattle raising, along with
a trend to sowing.
Yet, there isnrelatively a great amount of virgin and long-'unused
land. This makes it possible to increase the plowed area. Considering
the mildness of the winter (average January temperature - 5 degrees),
it is preferable to sow, as the chief crop, a drought-resisting variety
of winter wheat, whioh gives a vitrius type of grain, and to supplement
pr?~ o
it with spring drops: millet, sorghum for seeds, iexstard plant, oil
cc
flax and c?:::Js, and also winter barley. At the same time it is neoes-
nary to start here mass experiments in ootton growing without irriga-
tion, whioh is being done in the adjacent area of Prikunye. Even greater
aridity of olimate, frequent hot winds in August, tending to make the
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valuable and technical crops, it will be necessary to limit the pro
duction of winter wheat to the areas less suitable for valuable crops
Achikulak) or sow it on irrigated lands as a crop secondary to to
chief one in the rotation of crops. Grain will have to be imported.
We will limit our discussion to these fundamental ideas on the
allocation of crops on the .flatlands, and pass on their distribution
in accordance with natural areas.
XvIII 1. Cereal and
rassacovered seen-desert steppe,c
light chestnut soil, occupies the western half of the Achikular admin-
instrative rayon of the Dagestan Republic and is a direct oontinuation
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plants shed their buds, does not at present give any encouragement to
a mass movement of these plants to this area. However, the hot summer
and the long frost-free period (on an average 170 to 180 days) suffices
for the ripening of the early varieties under the conditions of no
irrigation, which might lengthen the growing period. Moreover, the
low yields (caused by the drought) of spring cereal grains (and even
of corn) may make it sensible to replace them with cotton, even though
its yield also is comparatively low. Only the most drought-resistant
grasses, of those which can supplement the natural steppe grazing, may
be sown - sorghum, Sudan grass, "zhitziyak", yellow and hybrid alfalfa.
The area needs irrigation for its fodder and grain crops.
XVIII - 2. Extremely arid rass-saline semi-desert on light
chestnut saline-oomplex soils
and in the northern part sandy soil and
sandy hillocks in the former Karanogay and eastern portion of the
Achikulak rayons; by its climatic and soil conditions and the impos.
sibility of irrigation, this area is unfit for land cultivation and
r
should be used for cattle-breeding, also for raisin rou h~fleeced
sheep and horses.
The southwest portion, having light chestnut soil on an argil-
laceous and clayey subsoil, admits the possibility of growing the above
drought-resisting crops, but without certainty and with low yields on
an average. In case the Terek-Kuma canal is built, a part of this
will be irrigated
area
XVIII - 3 Alluvial lands and irri gated parts of the valle and estua
of the river Terek with its branches in the former Kisliarsk Administ--
rates own. The oharaoteristics of the soil and its suibability to
various crops is highly variable, depending upon the alluvial deposits
of the various rivers, the frequency of flooding, the effeot of various
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kinds of irrigation, and also depending upon the surface. Most of
the area oonsists of marsh-meadows, salines, light chestnut and meadow
soils, salt marshes and swamp soils. In spite of thn arid' and contin-
ental climate (Kislyar - average rainfall during May-July only 110 mil-
limeters, during the year 320 millimeters), the frequent droughts, and
considerable areas of highly saline lands, this area is important for
the ?
farming because of/immense potentialities of growing rice,
kendyr, and other southern teohnical crops, as well as winter cereals.
The hot summer (average. July temperature 24-25 degrees) and lang frost-
free period .(an average of 190 to 200 days) favor the cultivation of
valuable craps, alongside of vineyards, orchards, gardening and melon
fields. In order to fully utilize the enormous potentialities of this
area for agriculture, it is essential to effect large-soale reclamation,
including irrigation (and in part drainage), and to decrease and prevent
salt in the soil from increasing.
The main rivals in the complex problem of allocation of acreage
to the valuable technical crops, are rice, agab-eiiip, kendyr and cotton.
In the estuary of the Terek, the meadow-marshy varieties of soil are of
greatest interest for agricultural use. They are most suitable to the
cultivation of hwnidity-loving technical crops - rice, , and
kendyr. For the o- , the meadow-marshy soil in the southern
part of the estuary is most suitable, as it is less salty and the sub-
soil water is deeper than in the northern and eastern parts.
Heavy saline contents, a high level of subsoil water, and a heavy
mechanioal content of the varieties of meadow-marshy soils and their
complexes, situated in the last mentioned parts of the estuary, create
oonditions unfavorable to most crops, except rice. Rice, particularly
the salt-resistant varieties, grow well and can give good yield under
these conditions. The meadow-marshy saline areas (in conjunction with
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light chestnut marshy soils and solonchaks) onihe level of the estuary
between the Prorva and Sullu-Chubutly rivers and the south of the est-
uary, in the Arakum lowlands (situated between the Staryiy and Novyiy
Terek rivers) are considered as areas in the first place for the estab-
lishment of large-scale rice fields. These sites have a highly saline
soil. and, therefore, are unsuitable for other crops.
In this are the cultivation of rice, with the required regular
flooding and the necessary drainage network, may also contribute to the
decrease of saline contents of the soil (in the opinion of the reolarna-
tion organizations, which made a study of this area) ("The character of
the soil and conditions of reclamation in the flatlands portion of
Dagestan,according to the data of the North Caucasus reclamation station",
1931).
The best way would be (on condition that the subsoil is water-
resistant), to continuously flood this area, which is also valuable as
one of the best methods of fighting rioe weeds (chicken millet). It
is possible that a system of periodic irrigation will be required in
some parts where the soil has rifts. This would be a temporary measure
until the rifts are silted up by a more or less lengthy period of rice
cultivation with intensive irrigation.
The question of the irrigation of large areas for rice cultiva-
tion on the flatlands of the Dagestan Republic must tie up with the sim-
ultaneous adoption of the necessary preventive measures against malaria;
the choice of methods for the cultivation of rice and its companions in
crop rotation (soybeans?) depends upon the results of studies being
conducted now and large-scale experiments in rice cultivation. Vini-
culture, fruit growing and growing of vegetables have to be greatly in-
creased in the suitable parts of the estuary. The raising of cotton can
be of smaller importance, by reason of the strong saline contents of
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the soil and the lack of assurance of the crops ripening here under ir-
rigation'
The lands in the northwestern part of the estuary (from the
shevka station to the sea) have light ohestnut salines and solonchak
Orp
soil (and solonohaks in the part along the shore ) . They have a large
content of salts, soluble in water, and are slow to assimilate, needing
a good sloughing and drainage networks. The problem of how to avoid
their becoming more saline even under these conditions, is still to be
solved. For the present, they will have to be left as natural pastures.
The floodtide-proper and marsh areas are situated on the right
bank of the estuary of the river Talovka, and on oonsiderable areas of
the right bank of the Terek from the village of Khashmat, and especially
along the right bank of the arm of the Novyiy Terek from Kixlyar, wiclen-
ing towards Agrakhansky inlet. These are swampy areas with a large num-
ber of islands, shoals and lakes, overgrown with reeds. They require
and other
drainage, and will then be valuable for race, g
crops.
Irrigated lands, not occupied by rice, new fibre crops, cotton
and other valuable leading crops, may be used for winter wheat and win-
ter barley, soybeans, alfalfa, and also as components in crop rotation,
with the more valuable crops leading. On the non-irrigated lands of
the estuary, one can cultivate only the most drought-resistant plants-
melons, sorghum for grain, and millet.
VIII The area of the lower reaohes of the rivers Sulak and Aktasha
(the so-called K k flatlands between the rivers Terek and Aktash and
the Sulak lowlands to the south of the river Sulak, aloe the line of
the railroad).
This area is similar to the preceding, also occupying
an arid -saline steppe on meadow soil, saline in different de-
eadow and solonohak meadow soil, with a large acreage,
marsh-
r
m
ees,
g
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partly inundated by rivers, partly suitable for irrigation in the Baba-
Yurt in most of Khasac-Yurt and in the northern Makhach-Kalinsky admin-
istrative rayons. The summer is hot, and the frost-free period is even
loner than in the preceding area (200 to 220 days). The southeastern
g
part, nearest to the foothills, has comparatively adequate rainfall
(Khasav-Yuri has a yearly average of 498 millimeters of which 175 mil-
limeters come in May-July). he amount of rainfall decreases sharply
in the east and northeast.
The conditions of climate and soil (in most of the area), and
the possibility of irrigation, make this area the center of cotton cul-
tivation in Dagestan, and permit the oultivation of rice,Iibre and
fodder plants. In this respect, the most favorable section is the one
lying along the foothills and railroad tracks to the west, up to the
station of Shamkhal. Better soil available facotton within this area
(dark ohestaut, meadow and marsh-meadow), and sufficient precipitation,
give cotton the leading position, even without irrigation.
Further to the northeast, but within the western half of the
area, cotton mast also be the leading crop. Here, however, under the
more arid climate of this section, irrigation is a "must" in order to
successfully raise alfalfa, which is needed both for crop rotation in
relation to cotton, and to increase the local fodder supply. This west-
ern half, lying within the meadow saline, not too salty and with com-
paratively light soils, may also be favorable for an intensive cultiva-
tion of cotton, but on condition that suitable irrigation methods are
used.
The sections nearer to the river valleys, and those located in
the eastern part of the Kumyk flatlands and Sulak lowlands, have a
higher level of subsoil water and a strong saline content of the soil
and are, therefore, less favorable to ootton. These sections should be
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used for the new fibre crops, while the saline areas along the rivers,
having a subsoil resistant to water and to the possibilities of con-
stant flooding, should be under rice, especially its salt-resistant
varieties.
With cotton as the chief crop in the southwestern and western
parts of the area, and the new fibre crops and "uis" in the remaining
sections, other crops, chiefly fodder, are also required to complete
the cycle of crop rotation and obtain fodder. Those crops of greatest
importance should be blue alfalfa, soybeans, (varieties: Kharbinsky 116,
111, 231 and Illini) corn: Minnesota 13 and Liming (the latter with
irrigation), and peanuts. For crop rotation in conjunction with cotton
it is preferable to use the following cereals: winter barley (which
gives a high yield of grain) for fodder, and on the land free from cot-
ton - Kooperatorka and Ukrainka winter wheat.
on non-irrigated lands it is advisable to plant the drought-
resistant sorghum for seed (and also for ensilage), sesame, castor bean,
sunflower, and melons.
The whole area requires intensive reclamation, improvement of the
existing irrigation systems (Korkmassovsky,, Shaburo -Vartaz aro vsky,
Yuzbashe vsky and Sunjensky, and the October Revolution Canal). It re-
quires also that new and larger irrigation systems be built. The flood-
areas of Aksay, Aktash, and the.sea'ahore solonchaks will have to continue
as grazing lands. An enormous increase in the irrigated lands in this
area, as well as in the areas desoribed below under XVIII - 5 and 6,
will take plane if the Sulakstroy projeot is carried out. This should
also furnish enormous resources of energy, which will also be available
for the industries converting agricultural products.
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XVIII . 5. The lowlands along the Caspian sea are a stretch of arid,
wormwood-saline steppe on saline-chestnut soil. In plaees of subsoil
humidity; also meadow-nrshes, on meadow-solonchaks and solonchak soils,
this bolt stretches along the Caspian sea within the Derbent eastern
half of Kasum-Kent, southern part of Makhack-Kalinsky and Karkmas-
Kalinsky rayons. This section has somewhat more precipitation (average
350-450 millimeters) than the one preceding. Most of the rains fall
in autumn, and the summer is even mare and (only 70 to 110 millimeters
thgough lay-July) than in the other flatlands. This area, however, and
especially its southern section, belongs to one of the warmest parts of
Dagestan both according to it3 summer temperature (July 24-25 degrees),
and to its winder (January average, plus 1 to minus 2 degrees), and also
it has a longer frost-free period (210 to 230 days).
Consequently, this
area, (like the one preceding it), is especially favorable for cotton
raising (with irrigation eseential)? In its southern part, however,
one should stress fruit growing, viniculture, and raising winter vege-
tables.
As supplements, one must use the technical crops of gumbo hemp
and castor bean. Cereals can be sown only in the areas which may be
available after technical crops and grasses have been taken care of
alfalfa with irrigation, Sudan grass, and sorghum). Winter wheat (with
(
winter barley as a supplementary crop),should be the principal grain
crop. It is imperative to increase the area of land through reclamation.
In the southern seotion of this area, there are valuable timber forests.
All the flatlands of Dagestan represent its main reserve for a possible
increase in husbandry and the moving of population from the foothills
and mountain sections, where the area of potentially arable lands is very
limited.
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The southern part of the republic oeoupies mountainous areas,
with a highly out-up surface (Dagestan - "The land of mountains"), and,
depending on the altitude (from 600 to 4,400 meters) and the distribu-
tion of mountains, is an area of extremely diversified conditions - from
warm and coriparatively well-watered foothills to high snow-capped moun-
tains, and deep, warm river valleys between the,mounbains. Many parts
of this section of the area, however, are not suited to land cultivation:,
being located outside its altitude limits (high mountains), or because
of stony ground (the rocky sections of the mountainous partsof Dagestan
are chiefly suitable for cattle raising). The main agricultural parts
of the republic are the less out-up foothills, the river valleys, and
the flatter mountain-plateaus.
Climatic oonditions vary with altitude, ranging from the entirely
warm zone of the foothills and southern valleys to the alpine belt, with
a gradual transition to snow and an entire absence of vegetation. The
amount of precipitation is basically tied to the altitude, increasing from
360 millimeters annually in the low foothills (Derbent), and being quite
adequate - 400 to 450 millimeters - in the foothills proper, while reaoh-
ing 850 millimeters and more in the high mountains. The deep valleys
of the interior of Dagestan are arid (350-450 millimeters) having the
same arid-steppe character as the foothills of the stretch along the sea.
The distribution of rainfall is also related to altitude. Along the
coast (Makhack-Kala, Derbent), autunm andwinter rains prevail, but as
one moves to the west into the mountains, the amount of winter precipip
tation keeps deoraaaing. In the foothills already most of the rainfall
occurs in spring, and even more in summer. In the mountainous interior
of Dagestan, this is even more pronounced. The summer months get more
than half of the total precipitation, while the fail, and especially the
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winter, have no snowfall and the c total amount of precipitation
This distribution of rainfall is Small..
favors the development of natur
(where the oandf.tions of so al fodder
it permit) and the growth of .
Plants. cultYVated
Except for the soil base and rocky lands, which, howey,sr o0
a substantial share of mountainous a cupy
.. Dage s tai
? - " central sec tiara , the remaining land s (in the
on 13.me s tone ?
and in the south on clayey shoe
differing according to altx )~ although
'tude and relief, and in s i
aver..plowed p to of their being
are still able, if properly eultiv
Lion and wits cro aced (correct fertili2a~
p rotation) to give good yields
and legun~.nous plants. r especially of fodder
The above described condition
s in mountainous Dagestan, relg
to the economic condibans `ted
(smell quantity of good l
of transportation, etc. anal, difficulti?s
require, on one hand
specialisation of agri_
culture wherever possjbl
e on th
ae more valuabl
e products - f
viniculture runt-graving,
(in the foothills and valleys)
: and, on the other hand
raising of various kinds of ,the
livestocl (especially dair
sheepraising) with y farming and
special attention to growing fodder (fodder grass earn, plants with edible as,
roots, and enszlage) .
Side by side with this the
, difficulties in the importat?
foodstuffs, and the sufficiently warm climate (and the pos$ibilit
irrigation of the drier Y of
parts from the mountain rivers)
also make possible require, and
the development of vegetable
of potatoes, of cereal le gardening: the growing
'
g
nous plants
and th
,
e sawi
ra
of cereals for
local consumption on/o
ccupied
areas,
Mountainous Dag?sta,n can bedivided into the f
,,ol1ow3.n,
cording. to altitude g parts, ac-
t
'
,
er
ajn and natural... condition.
the e s . e foothill for
pp o
of mo
untain,_steppe valley character
in
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the central and southern parts, the mountainous and high-altitude parts
(rocky, mountain-meadow, in part wooded, and alpine).
The foothill zone is a transition from the flatlands, and fringes
all of the interior mountainous Dagestan. On the north this zone borders
on the Sulak-Kumyk lowlands; on the east, on the low seashore belt. It
is crossed by comparatively low spurs of the main Caucasus land mass,
and its surface is therefore rolling, cut up by river valleys.
The higher parts of the foothills have more moisture and are more
of a forest-steppe character. The lower parts are drier, with steppe
flora. The foothills of the northern and southwestern sections of moun-
tainous Dagestan have certain differences and mast, therefore, be exam-
fined separately.
61III -(6a)? The northern foothills area is situated at an aver al-'
titude of 600 meters (and up to 1,200), with diversified flora, depend.
ing on the altitude - steppe, deciduous forests (beech and hornbeam in
the more humid parts, oak as well as fruit trees and bushes in the drier
parts), and sub-alpine meadows; the soil is: mountain chestnut, cherno-
syom, wood-clayey (under forests), often s~ tom. The climate is moder-
ately warm (July 23 to 23.5 degrees) with a fairly mild winter (January
from minus 1 to minus 4 degrees), sufficient precipitation (about 400-500
millimeters yearly, 150450 millimeters May through July) with the fur-
ther possibility of irrigation, and a frost-free period of about 200
days. This area covers Buynak, Kazbek, and the most southern portion
of the Kasav-Yuri administrative rayons.
The fruit and viniculture and cereal-growing economy of the val-
leys in the lower section of the area, gradually changes to vegetable
gardening and cereal fodder crops as the land rises to higher altitudes.
In the central part, there is also dairy farming (with a well. developed
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fodder production), and at the higher levels - vegetable and potato
growing. The summer here is not hot enough for growing cotton and
southern technical crops and, so far as land cultivation is concerned,
farming must be limited to corn and winter wheat, with an accent on
the development of fodder crops for dairy farmin o Corn for
g grain:
Brown County and Minnesota 23e Winter wheat: Ukrainka and Kooperatorka.
As supplementary crops, the lower areas of the region should grow
soybeans (Klarbinskaya 118, 111, 231) and winter barley, and the upper
and more humid areas potatoes. As secondary crops the culti '
vatzon
of castor beans, Italian heath and beans should be increased.
The upper, more humid section will grow fodders: closer
(one
crop), vetoh-oats; in the more arid steppe type sections: European
alfalfa, esparsette, and Sudan grass. In the entire region, for ensilage
there is corn Liming 2, sweet clover, and sunflower. The edible root
plants are fodder beets and potatoes,
This area is not liable to any large increases in farmland, and
its future depends rather on more intensive farming, the development of
fruit-growing and dairy farming, and the growing of edible roots and
fodder plants. The application of fertilizer is essential either man-
ure or phosphates.
U'II (6b). the southern foothill area, at an aura e altitude of 600
asters (
nd
t
a
up
o 1200) is wdil
,armer an mder than the recedin
~ g area.
It has broad-leaf forests, meadows, and other types of vegetation, do-
pending upon the altitude, on mountain ohestxiut and ohernozyom soil.
This areaxoupies the former Kayt g-Tabasaran, most of the western part
of Kasen-Kent and part of the Korkmaa-Kalinek okrugs. The area has an
unstable precipitation, whioh is not as dependable as in the
previous
zone (400450 mil11meters yearly, 130-140 millimeters May through July).
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RESTRICTED
The fields are mostly non-'irrigated, but have the possibility of irri-
gation, which must be developed. Along the river valleys, there is
fruit-raising and dairy farming. Field cultivation is chiefly of fod-
der-cereals, with the leading fodder crops being winter barley (which
succeeds well here, especially inkhe sections of lower altitudes where
there are mild winters), and winter wheat. The acreage under corn can
be increased, and more spring wheat and oats should be planted on higher
altitudes as supplementary crops.
The climate of the lower part of the area which merges into the
maritime belt, and especially of the valleys, permits of increases in
the cultivation of early kinds of cotton,
and Italian hemp.
To supplement the existing natural meadows and pastures, it is in the
interest of dairy farming to increase the acreages of grass (European
alfalfa, Sudan grass, and rye with winter vetch), sweet clover for graz-
ing; ensilages (corn, sunflower) and fodder plants: potatoes, beets,
pumpkins.
This area takes second place, after the flatlands, in the size of
its plowed lands, but at present uses them poorly for crops, and can ins.
crease them greatly at the expense of waste lands, fallow lands, and
by eventually plowing up meadow lands. There are great possibilities
for an increase in land cultivation with special attention to sowing
grasses and technical crops.
The valley areas are situated in deep gorges, forming the banks
of rivers in the mountain zone of central Dagestan. Where wide enough,
they are being terraced for sowing and gardening. Often, however, they
are only gullies, with stony banks and no vegetation. They belong to the
mountain-steppe type of land.
b 2 I W
. - r: Frye ~;ti4' 1~
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VIII(?). The central-valle area is in the valle s of the Ko su
of Dagestan. In the lower parts of the valleys, it is of an alluvial-
gristle character. This area is a narrow strip in the valley parts of
the Gunib, Khunsakh and Gumbetov administrative rayons. In its upper
portions of the area, up to 1,000 meters, there is a mild, even climate,
good precipitation (yearly amount 450 to 550 millimeters, most of which
ver 250 millimeter7 falls in summier), a comparatively warm winter,
considering the rather high altitude (from minus 3 to minus 5 degrees
January temperatures), and a moderate summa r (18-21 degrees in July).
In its lower reaches, the mountain-steppe character of the area is more
pronounced (in line with inferior precipitation). Orchards should pre-
dominate, with intensive field cultivation in places with mountain irri-
gation.
river at an elevation of 400 to 1,200 meters in the high-mountain 'zone
The surface, and especially the soil, explain the limited amount
of good. lands and the great difficulties of using these lands, by ter-
raoing them, picking out stones, etc. Good lands are already used up
to 100 percent, including the cultivation four-tier "garden-fields",
where one terrace (often with artificially filled top soil) is a fruit
orchard, as well as a field for corn, kidney beans and pumpkins. On the
top terrace are the crowns of pear or apricot trees, under them twist
the beanstalks, and on the ground trail pumpkins. There are no great
prospects of wider utilization of land.
Attention must be concentrated on a high degree of cultivation
of orchards, with industrial equipment, raising vegetables for oonsump-
Lion, and continuing only the most intensive kinds of field oultivation
with a prevalence of corn, potatoes and beans, and fields of alfalfa
and esparsette to supplement-natural grazing. It is essential to add
fertilizer.
i ilUiEQ
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XVIII (7b). Southern va11e areas at altitudes of 1,000 to 2,000 meters
in the valley of the Samura river in the hi h mountain section of
administrative rayons); 1 yin in the valleys of the sub-alpine zone,
Da eaten, on mountainous brown soils (in the Akh
the area has a variable vegetation, depending on elevation, with lard
areas of rich astute. There is considerably less summer rainfall than
in the preceding region, end this is not sufficient (may-July about
140 millimeters) to dispense with the irrigation of sowed areas. As
this area is at the very southern part of the Dagestan Repu"olio, the
summer there, notwithstanding the considerable elevation, is moderately
warm (19 degrees average for July) and the winter (January minus 3
degrees) permits the sowing of winter wheat. I'he fields are irrigated
from the Samura river and its tributaries. Field cultivation, sheep -
raising and some fruit growing are being developed. Farming has good
potentialities for development, as there are lands which are not fully
utilized, located mostly on the lower terraces of the valley where
chiefly corn, potatoes, beans and vegetables are grown. On the upper
terraces grow winter wheat, spring barley and fodder plants (alfalfa
and a sparsette) .
III (lc). Hi h altitude re ionsoI roc -mountain typeat an altitude
f 1,000 to 1,700 meters on stop soil, in spots on mountain ohernoz ems
of the Levashins , parts of Gumbertovski , Gunibski and Khunzanski
administrative rayons, surround the central valle area. Irrigation is
impossible, except in valley sites, included in the XVIII (7a) area.
The landscape is mostly rooky, with mountainous xerophite vegetation,
being only poor pastures and sometimes meadows. The climate is mostly
humid (450-550 millimeters yearly) with overabundant summer rains (2oo-
300 millimeters in May-July) and an extremely dry, though not very oold
(from minus 3 to minus 36 degrees in January) winter.
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REST ICTE1
The area is overpopulated, is chiefly agricultural, has possi-
bilities of fruit growing. Livestock raising can be in prospect only
on condition that there is an increase in fodder crops (clover, rye,
oats with vetch and sweet clover), because of the poor quality of the
natural pastures. Field cultivation is needed in order to supply local
food needs. In the first place, there is vegetable 'growing, cultivation
of potatoes, and of grains. The earliest mountain varieties of corn
are grown at an altitude of 1,200-1,500 meters; also, winter wheat.
In the lower zone there are seedpod legumes. In the higher zone there
is spring wheat, and spring barley (including the bare variety) and
potatoes. It is possible to raise hemp and flax for fibre.
XVIII - 9. The high mountain area has an avera a altitude of 1,600 meters
(from 1,100 to 2,300 meters) in its northern part, and 1,200 meters (from
700 to 1,900 raters) in the south. It has adequate rainfall (over 500
millimeters per year, including over 250 millimeters in lay-July). It
has a cool, too humid summer (1617 degrees in July), and a cold, dry
winter.
There are mountain chernozyems and basic skeletal soils. The
Tally in the southern part. This area lies in the Kakhib, part of
Zumadinskiy, Charodinskiy, Lakskiy, Dakhadaevskiy and Karakhskiy admin?
i strative rayons.
The presence of good grazing lands assures the development of
dairy farming and sheep raising. Field cultivation should be based on
fodder crops (clover, vetohwoats, and edible roots) and cereals, with
winter wheat in the lower parts of the region; and winter rye, spring
wheat and barley at higher altitudes, with an increase in growing pota-
toes, horse beans, vetch beans, root vegetables, hemp and grasses
(clover, rye.with vetch). Stress should be given to introduce green
vegetation is the mountain xenophites, and mountain meadow type, espec-'
fertilizers.
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X L' The sub-alpine area at an avera a elevation of 1,800
meters (from 1,300 to 2,500 meters) has adequate rainfall, splendid
sub-alpine mountain meadow pastures on mountain chernoz ens, partly
wooded. The region covers the Tlyaratinskiy, and southern parts of
and early vegetables for local oonsumption -- all are important in view
of the difficulties of bringing outside supplies ix'4o the mountains.
local mountain vetch beans (a mixture of wild peas, vetch and lentils),
emphasis on growing early varieties of peas with the improvement of the
Tsumadinskiy, Charodinskiy, Rumnzkhskiy, Dakhadayevskiy, and all but
the valley portion of the Rutul'skiy administrative rayons. This is
a land of sheepraising. The importance of land cultivation is quite
limited because of the harsh climate. Sowings of early ripening
barley (including bare barley), of rye and potatoes, as well as added
XTX. Crimea ASSR
According to the natural features of its different areas, the
Crimea should be divided into three main parts: 1. steppe area, 2?
mountain area, and 3. southshore area.
X.1X - 1. The steppe area occupies most of the Crimea and resembles
strongly the southern arid steppe of the Ukraine, with a
rested towards raising chiefly vitrious winter wheat, southern technical
A warm summer (23-24 degrees in July) and a very long frost-free
period (180.190 days and more), create favorable conditions for southern
technical crops, which are, however, hurt by the aridity (sometimes very
seriously hurt) of the climate in this area. Because of these conditions
and the properties of the chestnut and southe m-chernozyem soil, the
grain of winter wheat is of exceptional grade, both in vitriousness, in
its albumen content, and milling and breadmaking qualities.
crops (including cotton) and barley.
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An even milder winter (average January temperature from 0 to
minus 3 degrees) though without snow-cover, almost oertainly guarantees
a stable crop of winter wheat, not only of the Ukrainka variety, but
of the varieties which have a better yield, and are likewise of the
also
highest grade - Novokrymka 0204 and Novokrymka 0102, the latter of whioh
is aooeetable here though, in spite of all its qualities it is non-
resistant to smut and has a tendency to crumble), and also the Kooper-
atorkt, which is not resistant to frost, but does not freeze in this
climate.
Spring wheat suffers considerably here from drought, is subject
to szure, gives very poor crops and cannot compete, not only with
winter wheat (yields are 2-22 times lower), but even with barley. Of
all the spring crops, barley yields higher and more stable crops than
either oats or wheat, except in the more humid foothills, where oats can
be of considerable importance.
In these humid foothills, with mild wing
ters, an important function may be that of winter barley of sufficiently
frost-resisting varieties, which gives better crops and has a better
quality of grain. This grain is suitable for brewing beer. This winter
barley may be sown without letting the land lie fallow.
The .climate of most of this steppe is not favorable to corn, in
spite of the long frost-free period (insufficiency of rainfall, espeoi-
ally during the months which are critical to the development of corn;
during July and August an average of only 50 to 75 millimeters; this,
in combination with a low relative humidity and hot winds frequently
causes seizures when it is in bloom). Nevertheless, corn is the stablest
of all spring crops, yielding even during the years of drought (1921)
5 to 6 oentners of grain, whale the other crops gave no yield at all. It
is imperative to increase its acreage. Likewise, it is desirable to widen
the cultivation of melons, etc., which are more drought-resistant than
most plants, and are a good crop to plant on used fallow lands, before
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they bring a trend of specialization in rye-potato-clover-edible roots,
to this general type. Because of the poor soil, winter wheat does not
prosper, in spite of the favorable winter. In more suitable sections
of the area (and with fertilization), however, the acreage of winter
wheat should be increased. As for sprang wheat, it is affected by
diseases, which is also observed in connection with barley. Rye stands
up better to the sandy and sandy-clayey podzol soil, and its acreage
should not be cut.
For the above reasons oats give the best crops of all the spring
cereals. The permissible varieties are Leytevitsky, Lokhovsky, and
Pobeda. If oat fields have to be restricted, it is only because of the
need to increase the fields of potatoes and of fodder crops at their
expense. These last mentioned crops also will benefit from the tilling
of lands reclaimed from marshes, woods, and other less suitable tracts.
Even now this area is one of the best in the Bnion for the high
yield of potatoes (second only to Belorussian SSR), which reacts favor-
ably to cultivation on sandy soils in a humid climate. Also, i t has
here no rival among other crops, and the acreage given to it definitely
must be increased, since this crop is used both as food (including ex-
ports) and as animal fodder.
Natural conditions here cause rather large areas of natural
grass. They also favor the extensive spreading of fodder crops,which are
indispensable' for the development of plans here for dairy farming. In
the first place, we must have two'arop 4 over, both alone and with tim-
othy; oats and vetch, upelyushkatj vetch and oats mixtures; winter rye,
winter vetch and serradella as green fodder. In addition to fodder
potatoes, roots, tubers and carrots, fodder beets and sugar beets are
recommended. Special attention must be given here to the development of
ensilage from sunflower, corn, horse beans, sweet clover, lupine, and
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0
putting them under winter crops. he cultivation of melons, eta., is
called for to meet the needs of people 'at health resorts.
Of all the technical crops, cotton deserves special attention,
especially in the less and sections of the former Lenin (xerch) and
of lesser importance is the cultivation of castor beans and the
early varieties of sesame (in the western part of Crimea) . Of the
Feodosiya okrugs.
Fodder crops are of less significance, because of the aridity of
medicinal herbs, there is sage and Dalmatian daisy.
the climate and the trend towards technical and cereal crops. The only
exception is the less and foothill section, also located nearer to the
resort towns, which creates a need for dairy farming. The same fodder
plants are recommended as in the southern steppe of the Ukraine; i.e.,
grasses: hybrid alfalfa, esparsette, Sudan grass; and as green fodder;
Soybeans are not recommended (except in the foothills) because of
the lack of rainfall. Rye may be excluded because of the dependability
also corn, sorghum, sweet clover, and fodder pumpkins.
According to the variations in the soil and the various degrees
of aridity, which depends on its greater or lesser distance from the sea,
the steppe area of Crimea should be divided into sub-sections. The foot-
hill part is the one most favorable for crop cultivation. The yearly
rainfall there is 500 millimeters or more (including 150 millimeters or
more during May-July) ? ?he climate is milder than in the other sections
of the Crimean steppe. On the other hand, the summer is not so hot
(July - 22 degrees). The average temperature of January is only zero.
of the wheat crop.
the Sevastopol'-Bakhchisaray rayon, southern portions of the Simferopol'
and Karasubazar, and southwestern part of the Feodosia rayons. The lead.
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g
,
e
'.h V
o
partly glossy chernez~ em-type soil of
n gravel
rasses
real
ied c
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lug crops are: winter wheats Kooperatorka and Novokrymka and spring
barley, and some winter barley which, however, is destroyed by frost
more severe winters. ~oizi will grow here, as well as in the
during
sub--section, better than in other parts of Crimea. The
following
Minnesota 13 and Grushevskaya varieties also are aoceptable.
Oats Lokhovskiy and Leytevitskiy) can oontinue for local require-
ments. A certain increase of soybeans acreage is feasible here. The
'on of fodder crops should be more intensive than in other parts
cultivate.
of the steppe. The subsection steppe of various grasses on chernosyem
soils is also somewhat influenced by the mountains. It occupies the
northern parts of the Simferopol'skiy, Karasubazarskiy and southern
part of the Feodoskiy rayons. The rainfall is 400 to 500 millimeters
(including 125-150 during May-July). The average January temperature
is minus 1 degree. The leading crops are the same. ~yinter wheat:
Novakrymka and Kooperatorka (the latter does better in the vicinity of
the foothills). Everything said about the preceding area applies also
to this subsection, which is somewhat less favorable.
The feathergrass steppe on chestnut soil on the Kerch' peninsula
more arid; with a yearly rainfall of 350.400 millimeters (May"July
is
25 and less). Here, the summer is hotter (July - 24 degrees).
100 to 1
In this sub-section there are the best prospects for cotton (early var.
z'eties 182 and 1306). On the land which is not occupied by cotton and
In crop rotation with ootton, the ohief cereal should be winter wheat
torka and Novokrymka, and temporarily, until these spread ? Krymka,
Kaopera
which deserves speoial attention because of its good and dependable
yields and fine quality of grain (Krymka is highly valued for export).
More acreage should be given over to corn (the most drought-resistant
varieties are Brown Country and Minnesota 13, with Ivory King as accept..
able). The local varieties of barley, for the present, include the more
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RESfltCTEb
frost-resist&nt kinds of winter barley. Rye, oats, spring wheat, soy-
beans, are not to be included with the planned crops. As supplementary
crops one should broaden the melon fields and, in the second place, plant
castor beans and sorghum for seed.
The selection of fodder crops has already been given here, above.
Feathergrass (kovyl) steppes are on manly and light chestnut clayey soil,
in the former Ievpatorskiy and western part of the Simferopol'skiy ray-
ons. The area is arid, the annual rainfall amounting to 300-350 milli-
,
meters, (including about 100 millimeters for May-July).
Among field crops, cotton shod receive special attention, though
climatic conditions for it are somewhat less favorable than in the Lenin
( Kerch' ) okrugs . The principal cereal crops are winter wheat and barley,
of the varieties indicated above. Special attention should be given to
Cora, melons, early varieties of sesame, castor beans, sorghum for grain, and
among the pod vegetables the drought-resistant chick-pea. Because of the
limy soil, esparsette is preferred, among the grasses. Phosphate fer-
tilizers are very effective for all crops.
Silvergrass (kovyl) steppe on' chestnut, south-chernozyem, partly
saline soils. The area is more arid, with a yearly rainfall of only
300-350 millimeters (of which 100-125 millimeters is for lay-July).
printers are warm (January, m!nus 2 degrees), but there is no snow. This
area inoludes the southern part of the former Dzhankoy and the north-
wester part of the Feodosiya okrugs. Everything said in connection
with the preceding sub-area applies also to this section, except that
the prospects for cultivation of cotton are more limited.
The last area of the steppe region of the Crimea is an especially
and wormwood steppe on chestnut-eailine and partly lime-gravel soils in
the northern part of the former Dzhankoy and northwestern part of the
former Yevpatoriya rayons. The yearly rainfall is only about 300 mil-
limeters (May to July, 100 millimeters).
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RESTRICTED
This sub-area is least favorable for farning, both because of
its soil and because of the dry climate, especially in the northernT
area,I where salines predominate. The leading crops are winter wheat,
of the varieties indioated above (on clean fallow laud), and spring
barley. It is desirable to incroase the acreage of oorn, melons, oil
flax, and to introduce sorghum for seed, and ohick peas. Sowings of
mustard and safflower are possible.
xIx 2. The upland area of the Crimea (Yayia) must; in the main, be
left to animal, raising, and, in particular, to dairy farms The
climate is comparatively humid (over 500 millimeters and up to 1,000
millimeters of rainfall). the summer is cool (average July temperature
20 to 15 degrees). These conditions are favorable to the development
of natural sub-alpine grazing as well as the cultivation of fodder
plants - clover (two harvests), European alfalfa, fodder beets, and also
sowings of sunflower, oorn, and sweet clover for ensilage.
Among technical crops, first place should go to tobacco. It is
desirable to develop the cultivation of (either) volative oil and medicin-
al herbs: muskat sage, iris, lavender, and Kazanlyk rose (along the
river valleys).
xIx - 3. The south-shore area of the Crimea has very favorable eondi-
subtropical and valuable southern plants, and
there is not much room left for field oro s. Among these, tobacco is
of primary importance. Peanuts oan be grown (as an intermediate crop),
rosemary (between cape Poros and Kastel' mountain), and other ester oil
plants.
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XX. UKRAINIAN SSR
The various sections of the Ukraine, as we will further observe,
differ sharply in natural conditions. Sorae sections, under the decks-
ive influence of social and economic factors, and with these conditions
as a background, are bound to have different directions and specializa-
tion in field cultivation. Taken as a whole, however, the Ukraine has
some basic oharacteristics, which deteranine its function in the overall
agricultural economy of the Union. Of primary importance, in this regard,
are the enormous possibilities of specialization in technical crops.
Because of the humidity, the mild climate and the favorable soil,
the main sugar beet growing area of the Union is located within the for-
est-steppe area. All means should be used to increase the acreage and
intensify the cultivation of this crop. Because of the high summer tem-
peratures and the long frost-free period, it is possible to introduce a
crop new to the Ukraine - cotton. The natural conditions of the greater
part of the Ukraine open up possibilities of a very large development
of fodder crops, which are vital to dairy farming and hog raising, the
necessity for both of which is authoritatively dictated by the needs of
the working population of the largest manufacturing and industrial cen-
ters: Donbas, Krivonozh'ye, and others.
The prospect for the increase of corn crops looms especially large,
as all areas of the Ukraine, exoept Poles'ye, are more or less suited to
this. There are very good possibilitiesfbr an increase in acreage of
fodder grasses and ensilage crops over most of the Ukraine (except its
arid zone), and of the cultivation of edible roots Lexcept i.n tre more
arid areas). ''he condition of the forest-steppe part of the Ukraine,
are
especially in the right-bank area,/favorable to a possible increase in
the cultivation of seed-pod legumes (in particular kidney-beans and soy-
beans). There is a sharp need for them, especially at present.
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Because of the dependability and size of winter wheat crops in
the right-bank part of the Ukraine forest-steppe, this area (along with
the zone of sufficient rainfall in the northern Caucaus) acts as a re-
serve for the entire Union. The quality of the winter wheat is so high
that it has no rival in the whole world. It is necessary, therefore,
not only to keep up the acreage of winter whet, but to increase it as
much as possible.
New acreage must, be found for the needed and possible increases
in technical crops, fodder plants, seed-pod legumes and winter wheat.
The small reserves of suitable lands in the Ukraine call attention to a
greater concentration of crop rotations (planted fallow-lands, where
possible), reclamation of unsuitable lands (Poles'ye), and, finally, the
imperative need for cutting down the acreages under crops, which are
either less valuable (grey grains, and millet), or can be usefully lo-
cated in. other parts of the Union (a movement of spring wheat to the
east, and to some extent, sunflower).
Of the plants whose acreage can be out in the Ukraine, the main
ones are oats and rye . An increase in mechanized equipment will grad-
uallyr decrease the need of the country foroats (as exemplified in North
America). Also, this need is taken care of by the more northern non-
chernozyem areas of the Union, where its yields are satisfactory, while
it meets less competition from crops of greater value. The areas it
occupies in the Ukraine may be cut considerably (except in the Poles'ye),
while in the steppe area (except the Donbass) it may even be completely
eliminated from planned crops.
Winter rye can be cut considerably in favor of spring wheat in
all the areas, except those subject to freezing (eastern steppe) or where
the soil is more suited to rye (Poles'ye).
One can cut still more, and even leave out completely from among
the planned crops, the fields of millet, which 8t111 occupy considerable
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~,~
,
t
o
r~
~S
~r
,
e
z `r
dl
r
:
acreage in the Ukraine (even in the sugar-beet area). The natural place
for its growth should be the and steppes of Kazakstan s he lower Volga
and the southern part of Western Siberia.
The situation is somewhat different as regards barley. Its yields
are high, as compared to other cereal fodder crops in the steppe area
of the Ukraine. It is needed as a supplement to corn at a certain stagen fattening up hogs for bacon. When grown along the right bank forest-
steppe area it has fairly good properties for brewing beer. Moerover
it has great potentialities as an export item. Therefore, in spite of
the need to give special condideration to corn, it would be purposeless
to diminsh the area under barley. Having gone over these general con-
siderations, we will take up the characteristics of the separate areas.
XI - 1. The right-bank Poles' e - an area of deciduous and pine woods
on adsol sandy cla e and sand , a rtl marshy, soils - former
arosteZhitomir, the northern part of the Shepetav and the northern
ri ht-bank section of the Kiev akxl~gs.
The area has adequate moisture (about 500 to 550 millimeters a
year, of which over 200 millimeters falls in May-June), with a high
humidity of the air (June 58-60 percent). The climate is mild, with
moderate summer temperatures (only 1819 degrees in July), but with a
mild winter (average January temperature is minus 5 to minus 6 degrees),
with a frost-free period of about 150-170 days. Thus the natural
conditions, limiting the selection of crops for this area, are; a
sufficiently, and sometimes excessively, humid climate, a certain defi-
ciency of heat in aompa rison to other sections of the Ukraine, and,
especially, poor soil.
Under these conditions the most suitable crops are winter rye,
potatoes, fodder crops and oats. On the whole, these crops are consist..
ent with the general type of farming (dairy-potatoes) in this a rea, and
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RESTRiCTED
Jerusalem artichokes.
The need of poor sandy and sandy-clayey soil for fertilizers,
especially nitrogeneous, calls for all possible increases in fields of
lupine, for enriching land by planting a legume crop (cideration).
:I3 addition to the leading crops - rye and oats - one should
keep (and if' possible increase) the acreage under buckwheat, which gets
along with poor soils and gives high yields which compare favorably with
other areas of the Union. Also peas should remain.
Other secondary crops which deserve consideration are: hops,
"makhorka" tobacco, hemp, winter and spring rape, opium poppy and pump
kins.
X ,c_:- 2. An area of the left bank Polo' e, it is a zone of deciduous
trees;
also, it has podzol soft (but not so sandy or marshy) in the
former Glukhov, and Chern.igov okrug, and the northern parts of the former
Konotop and Nezhin Okrug, in many respects oomparable to the preceding
The climate is not quite so humid (about 500 millimeters a year,
a
an average of 190 to 200 millimeters during May_July), and the winter
temperatures are somewhat lower.
Everything said about the distribution and intensification of the
several crops in the preceding area, applies also to this one; however,
because of the somewhat better soil, hemp takes its place alongside the
potato. This area, together with the adjoining sections of the TsChO and
the Belorussian SSR, is one of the main centers in the Union for the
cultivation of hemp. The area is one of rye-hemp-potato-oats-grass.
The variety is Taraschanskaya. The fodder ohs are the same varieties as
before. Winter wheat as well as rape are of less importance. Attention
should be given to kidney beans.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
XX - 3. The forest-steppe area on the right bank of the Dr~,fepr, on gra
forest soils, with degraded arid lixiviatedchenaozyems.
The climat
mild, the precipitation adequate. In accordance with its elevation,
the area can be divided into two sub-areas with different soils.
e more elevated section (200-300 meters and up), has mostly
forest soils on de raded chernoz ems, and occupies the former Proskurov,
Vinnitsa, Kamenets, Mo il~ v and a large part of the TuPohinsk okru and
the northern part of the AMSSR. This is a 'one of sufficient rainfall.
The greater northwestern part of this sub-area has a rainfall of 500-559
millimeters (fay-July 200 millimeters and more), while the southeastern
part has 450-500 millimeters (May-Julys 175-200 millimeters). The July
temperature is 19-20,5 degrees. The relative humidity at 1 p.m. in June
is about 53 to 55%. The winter is mild and warm ( the average January
5
temperature is between minus/and minus 6 degrees). The frost-free period
is 160 to 170 days. This area, in its mild climate, plentiful rainfall
and fertile soil, is rather like the foothill section of the Northern
Caucasus (the difference being that it is somewhat cooler here, and the
frost-free periods are different) . This area is good for many field
orops and also for fruit--growing. The leading crops must be winter wheat
and corn. Sugar beets, fodder cereals and soybeans are also important.
The mild climate, adequate rainfall and warm winters are the
reasons that this sub-area, as well as the following, have the highest
yield of winter wheat in the Union. These crops, moreover, are very
stable, because even in the poorest years the crops do not freeze. Con.
sequently, this sub-area (as well as the one following) is especially
valuable for the cultivation of winter wheat as the leading crop. Just
as in the zone of sufficient rainfall in the North Caucasus, these crops
represent a guaranteed reserve, in case of poor crops in other areas of
the Union, where winters may be severe, or the rainfall insufficient.
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e is
 are, sugar faotories here. This is in aooord
and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
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REST RTED
Therefore, under no conditions should the winter wheat sowings be dim-
inished. As it is desirable to increase other crops, land for them
must be found not at the expense of winter wheat. The variety recom-
mended is Ukrainka. In some years heavy rainfalls cause the spreading
of fungus diseases (rust) and affect the quality of wheat grain (less
vitriosity and less albumen contents than in other areas).
of major importance is the introduction of varieties which resist
rust and bending. However, the rust-resisting Zarya (Eritrospermum
2537/64), which was developed here, is not highly recommended, but only
acceptable, beoause it is of the kind which easily drops its grain.
This sub-area is favorable for corn because of its rainfall
(llo-140 millimeters during July and August, which are especially im-
portant for yields). The total warmth and the length of the frost-free
period, however, are insufficient for the ripening of the more produc-
titre late varieties, Nevertheless, it is one of the best locations for
corn in the Union. The local experimental stations have compiled data,
indicating the possibility of getting average crops up to 35-40 cent-
ners per hectare of air-dried grain (that is three times as much as at
present). They place this sub-area with regard to its productivity in
second place, after the zone of sufficient rainfall in the North
Caucasus.
The most productive variety is Minnesota 23. For the northern
section, there are the quicker ripening North Dakota, King Philip var-
ieties? The local Chinkvantino variety also may be grown, though its
yield is less. Nonetheless, because of its small grain, it is suited
to poultry raising. The areas occupied by corn are large (it is an old
orop here), but its importance can and must be increased. Sugar beets
not give 'nearly as high a yield as in the next area and on the left-
Their n~ist regain, nonetheless, though in a minor capacity,
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with the general direction of specialisation of this sub-area in terms
of a more general nature. Potatoes must be retained in the northern
section of this areas Abundant rainfalls favor the cultivation of fod-
der plants (which are required here for hog raising and poultry farming).
This has to be broadened, especially because of the absence of natural
hay fields. The following grasses are recommended: Western European
alfalfa, vetch-oats and'`pelyushka$vetch-oats mixtures; in the northern
part, also two-harvest clover; in addition for green fodder: rye, winter
wheat, and soybeans. For ensilage -- corn, horse beans, Jerusalem arti-
chokes, and soybeans. Among the root vegetables, first place should go
to fodder beets, potatoes, and then carrots. The area has all the pos-
sibilities for strengthening the cultivation of seed-pod legumes. In
the southern section (from Kamenet, Mogily, and Tul'chinsk okrugs and
the northern section of the AMSSR) special attention should be given to
soybeans, as conditions here are mare favorable for this plant, as
well as corn, than in other parts of the Ukraine. However, only early
varieties - Krushulya 9/2, and Kharbinskaya 199 are recommended; while
Staroukrainskaya is permissible. Further north, there is not quite
enough warmth for soybeans, out of the seed-pod fumes, it is preferable
to increase the acreage of peas, lentils and kidney beans, and especially
of spring and winter vetch for seeds.
This sub-area presents good conditions for barley, which here
gives good yields (although not as good as corn in the south). In the
northern part of the sub-area, it is desirable to continue growing bar-
ley, especially since here it has good brewing qualities. The varieties
Ganna Loosdorfskaya (Laya), Evropeum 353133, and Verkhnyacheskyiy 04
are admissible,
In view of the high yields and dependability of winter wheat, one
should definitely eliminate rye fields. The same should be said about
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
spring wheat, which, under prevailing conditions, yields only half of
the winter crop. Oat fields, too, should be considerably reduced. The
varieties are Verkhnyachenskyiy 053 and Lokhovsky. Of secondary craps,
it is desirable to increase the aoreage of fennel, peppermint, opium
poppies, hemp, squash, and watermelons.. Buckwheat may be continued of
poorer soils of sandy loam.
xx -2 (b). This sub-area lies in the somewhat lower part of the forest-
steppe on the ri
ht bank of the Dniepr. It has better soils - chiefly
rich northern axad degraded the rnosyems - in the former Shepe tovsk,
Berdichev, and Bela-Tserkov' okrugs, in the southwest part of Kiev and
the right-bank sections of Shevchenkovo' and Kremenchug okrugs, in the
Umaan' and greater part of the Tul'chinsk okrugs. This area differs from
the preceding one by having better soils, but slightly worse temperatures
and somewhat less rainfall, but it is similar to it in the mildness of
its climate. .
The conditions of the soil are more propitious to the cultivation
of sugar beds, and therefore yields here are considerably higher than in
the preceding area. The same is true about corn (with the exception of
the former Shepetovka and Berdiohev okrugs, but we should take into ac-
count the importance of the sugar industry for the Union, and, therefore,
the field economy of this sub-area should lean definitely towards sugar-
beets-winter wheat crops, not omitting the importance of corn, fodder
crops, potatoes and seed-pod legumes, including soybeans).
Varieties: winter wheat Ukrainka, which is high-yielding and de-
pendable under local conditions; oorn Minnesota 23, and in the northern
section, where conditions are less favorable, the earliest varieties:
Burley County and North Dakota. The fodder plants are the same as in
the preceding sub-area.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
iEs0tRlCTEO
right bank (from minus 7 to minus 9 degrees in January). In the
southeastern section (Khazakov) there is often a danger of freezing
of the varieties of wheat non-resistant to frost, on account of the
fact that the snow-cover is not deep enough (about 15 centimeters
at the end of winter). In terms of certa4 n differences. iti soil. and
climate, the area can be subdivided into two parts.
The northwest part of the area includes the western
part of the former Priluki the southern parts of the Konoto and
h;V)
and part of the left-bank section o if the Shevchenko okrugs.
0196 as pernu.ssible all over the area) give better caps than barley,
does require fertilizer. The Ukrainka variety of winter wheat and
l1iltururi 120 is permissible. Ten we consider spring cereal grains,
oats (Leytevitzky with Pobyeda in the northern section, and Kharkovskiy
The prevailing soil is sand or sandy loam, often lixiviated and de-
graded chernozyem. There is more rainfall than in the other part of
the area, but the s urnm r is not quite as warm. The following crops
should lead: winter rye and wheat, oats, sugar beets, fodder plants,
with potatoes and makhorka tobacco being duly considered.
This area belongs to the zone of sugar-beet economy, but the
crops are not as high, because the soil is inferior, as inthe pre-
ceding and following areas. However, the acreage under sugar-beets
should be increased, and spe cial attention should be paid to fertili-
zers. It is also because of the presence of sandy loans that one has
to reconcile oneself to leaving large acreage under winter rye (Tarasch-
anskaya), while strongly increasing the acreage under winter wheat,
which here, as well as in the preceding area, does not freeze, but
fly. For the pre sent, a considerable acreage of oats should be main-
and especially than spring barley, which is susceptible to Swedish
twined here.
RESTRICTED
7/6
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The fodder crops are the same as in XX-3 area, with due atten-
tion given to serradella and lupine (for enriching the soil by plant-
ing a legwne crop). Of special significance is the development here
of the cultivation of makhorka tobacco. The nation-wide center of
its production lies in the Priluki-Romny area. Corn may be planted
only..asa supplementary crop, using the Minnesota 23, and King Philip
varieties.
T1 planting of soybeans for grain is not recommended, both
because the location is near the borderline of the area for its cul-
tivation, and also because of the presence of sandy loam. Of the
other grain crops in this region, one should keep on with the vide-
o spread growing of buckwheat, as it is not allergic to light soils.
01' the seed-pod legumes, the cultivation of peas and espe cially of
kidney beans should be stressed. As secondary crops, there should be
opium poppy and pumpkins. In the northern section adjoining the
Poles' ye, it is necessary to increase the cultivation of hemp.
'_ -4 (b). The greater southeastern art of fore st-step e o the
left bank, lying chiefly on rich soil, and only partly on degraded
and sandy-loam chernex ms is the former Sway, Kharkov Ramer
Pa Tv&
Lubn and northern part of the okrugs. This area is especially
favorable in its soil, but it is more arid (L$-S00 millimeters a
year, 17-180 millimeters during May-July, with a relative humidity
of -~3 percent at 1 p.m. in June). There are cooler winters and
there is less snow.
The field crops are of the sugar-beet-winter wheat-rye-corn-
grass type, with considerable emphasis on potatoes and oats in the
northern section. Because of the rich soil, sugar beets give here
the highest crops of all the belt areas in the Union. Beets, there-
fore, should be given the place of leading importance (especially in
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
usually gives high yields, however, is found in varieties which are
the former 6umy, Priluki and Poltava okrugs). Winter wheat, which
not sufficiently frost resistant, and in certain more rugged or
relatively snowless winter, there is a certain amount of risk from
freezing, particularly in the southeastern section of the area.
Therefore, while the Ukrainka can be freely recommended (and the
Milturum 120 is admissible) for the western section, one should
concentrate on more frost-resistant varieties (Gostianum 237 with
btilturum 120 permissible) for the western section, in tl~ former
Kharkov and eastern part of the Poltava okrugs. The Ukrainka, which
gives high yields in good years, can be pex itted only at the risk
of its freezing.
It i s for the same reason ( and partly cause of the pre sence
of sdy loams in places), that i t is necessary to keep a large
to the extant, the+.
replacement should be made with the frost-resistant varieties of
percentage of rye (Nemyshlyanskaya variety). In future, however,/its
wheat the se are available.
There is a sufficient amount of rainfall (especially during
soils, is the reason that the drops here are second only to the area
July - August: 110--120 millimeters) for corn, and this, with rich
in the area fl-3a, as far as possible, the acreage under corn, espec-
orable area for corn. It is advisable to increase here, as well as
of sufficient rainf all in the North Caucasus, which is the most fav-
ially as it is planned to develop hog-raising. However, in view of
the comparative shortness of the frost-free period, only certain var-
ieties are recommended, such as Minnesota 23, King Philip and further
south, Ivory King. It is desirable also to develop aritifical means
o drying corn especially for seed). Barley does not yield as mach
as corn (especially for seed), Barley does not yield as much as corn
(2/3 to as much), and is of interest only on small areas as supple-
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
mentary hog feed. The varieties for he northern section are Gana:.,.....
Loosdorf$kaya (Lava). For the Kharkov-Poltava district, it is
Medikum 016. Acceptable for the whole area there is Evropeum 353/133
and Nutans 8/71.
Winter wheat gives much better harvests and, therefor, spring
wheat can be omitted from any planned sowings in this area, except
in the southern and southeastern section, adjoining the steppe, where
the best harvests of hard wheat (Melanopus 069 ) are obtained, accord--
though old plowed lands. Non mechanized farms may use also Lyutestsens
062.
ing to the data of the Ukrainian network on sufficiently clear, even
Along with the increase in hog raising and cattle breeding,
there are sugar beets, mangel-wurzel (fodder beets), and potatoes.
As additional crops, one should keep potatoes, and, in the northern
section only, oats (Leytevitsl~r, and Lokhovsldy and Khaikoy 0596
these
are admissible ) . Here,/ give better yields than barley. In case soy-
beans are~lanted: Krushula 6/3, in the south Kharbinsky 199 (and
Staroukrai nskaya is permissible).
The secondary crops which should be increased are: kidney
beans, spring vetch for seeds, pumplans, and hemp. In view of the
local specialization in the field of animal husbandry on hog raising
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there shouldbe as great an increase as possible in the cultivation of
fodder crops, which is quite feasible under the natural conditions of
thr area. Alfalfa (Ukrainskaya)(L)voberezhnaya variety) is recom-
mended strongly, as in this area it gives good crops, second only
to the Kuban area; also esparsette, vetch-oats and, "pelyushkavetch-
Corn and fodder pumpkins are desirable for ensilage. Of root-plants,
oat mixture. Of the annuals, also Sudan grass is recommended. For
green foddera in addition, winter wheat and winter vetch is suggested.
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
and dairy farming, and the satisfactory natural conditions, the cul-
tivation of corn and fodder plants should be especially increased.
Area of various cereal grasses of the semi-arid northern
Ukrainian steppe on ordinary chernoz ems represents both in its
nature and field husbandry, a transition from the above forest-steppe
area of sufficient rainfall to the and southern and eastern steppes
of the Ukraine
In accordance with some differences in rainfall and in winter
~trno;e~i1
temperatures, the north steppe, of the Ukraine should be
divided into two sub-areas, the western and the eastern.
x; _ S (a) The western sub-area has a slightl less arid climate
Lion of the AMSSR, the former Pervomaysk, Zinovlyev, the western
section of the Krivoy Rog anche northern parts of the Odessa and
Nikolayev okrugs. The yearly rainfall is ! 00-L 75 millimeters, with
16-175 millimeters in May-July (and about 50 percent relative humidity
at 1 p.m. in June), which 'i s yet quite sufficient for stable yields
of spring crops and corn. The relatively mild winter (from minus ' S
to minus 6.5 degrees in January) is satisfactory for a hardy variety
and more favorable winter conditions.
The trend in field crops is comparable with that of the ...3a
area (distinguished only by a slightly more himid climate), i.e.,
winter wheat - tarn, fodder Ukrainka winter wheat, (subject to the
of winter wheat.
risk of freezing during the most severe winters only), has a better
quality of grain than in the preceding areas. As an insurance, one
may plant Gostianum 237, which is more frost-resistant, but whose
quality is not as good.
In consequence o,f the longer frost-free period, compared with
RE ST BCTED
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those ax~as described previously, it is possible to plant, along
with Minnesota 23 corn, a later and better-yielding variety. Brown
County (Ivory King) is permissible. The crops of corn are good, and
its acreage may be increased considerably.
The fodder crops are the same as in .XX-3a; perennials -- west
European and Ukrainian alfalfa, esparsette; annual --Sudan grass;
for fresh fodder -- also corn, winter rye, sorghum; for ensilage --
corn, sorghum, fodder pumpkin, watermelon; of root plants -- beets
and carrots. In the southern part of tI area (in t1 triangle
formed by Poltava-Kremenchug-Romny), where all the factors fbr devel-
opment of hog raising are available, special consideration should be
given to an increase of corn and grasses (alfalfa).
Considering other cereals - winter rye may be left out entirely,
as well as spring wheat. whole yields here are l to 2 times smaller,
than those of winter wheat.
Barley should have some importance, as fodder for hogs in addi-
tion to corn; varieties: Nutans 8/71, Medikum, and it is permissible
to plant 105/72, Grus hevskyiy and Golyy 4155. The growing of soybeans
for grain is possible, but the yields fluctuate sharply from year
to year, and, because of the instability of returns, it is purpose-
less to increase its acreage. The varieties should be later ones than
in the preceding area: Kharbinskyiy 199, 111, 231-a.
The cultivation of sunflowers and sugar beets is possible, but
not expedient, as other areas specialize in these crops. Concerning
other plants, it is expedient to increase the planting of kidney beans
and plants of the melon family - watermelons, melons and pumpkins.
The increase in the cultivation of winter wheat, corn and
grasses can be achieved at the expense of winter rye, oats, spring
wheat, and millet. When planting oats, Leytevit$kr variety is pre-
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
ferred
:-_5 (b). The eastern section of the northern eherno m Ukrainian
steppe has a much drier climate with less favorable winters than the
preceding area. It occupies the eastern part of the former Krivoy
Rog okrug, the Zaporozhdye. Dnepropetrovsky, the northern part of
"Melitopol, the left bank section of Kremenchug and the southeastern
section of the Poltava okrugsa The area is purely steppe in charac-
ter. The yearly rainfall is only 14.0O-J O millimeters, May-July 15x-
160 millimeters, wi th an average temperature in July 21.22, 5 degrees,
and in January, minus 6 to minus 7 degrees, and often much lower.
This, in combination with a scanty snowfall (the average height of
the snow cover at the end of winter is 10 centimeters and less), en-
dangers the safety of the less frost--resisting varieties of winter
wheat. In connection with this combination of climatic conditions,
it is desirable, when sowing wheat, to have a mutual insurance
against its being killed by frost, through the sowing of spring wheat,
and in case of drought, which would kill spring wheat, to have winter
wheat, which is more drought-resistant.
According to statistics, both prewar and for the last few
years, the average crops of spring wheat here do not differ much from
the average crops of winter wheat (considering the years when the
latter froze to a greater or lesser degree). Accordingly, until
frost-resistant varieties (including Gostianum 237) come into general
use, spring wheat should continue along with winter wheat, though the
r
latter will gradually occupy a more and mote dominant position.
However, when the D prostroy materializes and makes available
this
is electric energy and irrigation systei,/will have a decisive in-
fluence not only on the social and economic life of most of this
area, but also on its natural conditions and on the trend of its field
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cultivation.
Under husbandry will be
these Conditions the trend of crop
fa~,ng)
wheat, corn: root plants (for dairy
toward winter and spring wing ?
nt of vegetable gardening and po totp - gro
with a large developras
wheat variety Gastianum 23'1 and
to the introduction of th~.nter
r
Due
rester and greater increase of in
others like it, there will be a g
in sowings a conservation of a larger
so~x~.ng at the expense of spr g
and a greater stability of crops in case
area of clean fallow lands
of irrigation.
ano us 069) when planted on weed-free
The hard w'he at variety (Mel p
harvests than soft wheat (the best
old plowed lands, gives better .
its grains fall out, and it is, there-
'elding is Lutestsens 062, but '
3~- only for non~mechanized farms). SPec~ a1
fore , only acceptable, and o under
be ' ven here to the increase of acre age
cons~.deration must ~' also as con-
mi ht be used preceding sprang grains, and
corn, and
g
winter craps. The best variety is
netting link of fallow land to
Brown bounty (Grushevskaya is acceptable), in the north -Minnesota
23' ~thin the
crops should be developed, especialY d
fodder 'eludes left-bank Ukrainian alfalfa
Dniepr4stroy area system This 1n
esparsette, and Sudan grass; sweet
(especially ~th jjga
'~'on) '
? and for green fodder - in addition to the above,
clover for pastures, an
ttention should be given to ensilage
also sorghum and corn. Spec? ~.al a
of corn, sorghum, sweet clover, fodder grasses and watermelons ? Of
of lams - semi-sugar beets (especially under irrigation) , and
root plants
carrots. potatoes will
plants (melons, watermelons, pumpkins) , and potatoes will
Cu`u& t
function as supplemental for the concrops, as they are necessary
earn ti of the working population of Kriv?y Rog and the industrial
p
I"`f _
~ /J ,f 1
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area of Dneprostroy.
varieties: Medicum ot~.6, Nutans 6/71, and the pernu-s
Barley
sa"
?ble Grushevskiy) has to be continued (perhaps with some limitation
on acreage) as a fodder, supplementing corn.
When the eprostroy irrigation system is completed, one can
move into this area a technical crop w sugar beets (irrigation must
be mostly used for vegetables, orchards and the cultivation o? fodder'
crops for dairy farming).
Soybeans for grains when planted in this area with irrigation,
as ratter unsafe, and can only be used as a secondary crop on small
areas using the Kharbinskaya 199, 111 and 231-a varieties. Sun-
flower (Saratovskiy 169) may be kept until this crop is established
~
on new acreage on the Central Volga, in Western Siberia and Kazakstan.
The increase in the planting of wheat, corn and fodder plants
has to progress at the expense of oats, millet, rye, and the cutting
of acreage under barf.
In the first areas to be irrigated and electrified through
the Dneprostroy system (Dnepropetrovsk and Zaporpzh'ye), tending
towards the industrial centers, one should give first consideration
,
to vegetable gardening and fodder crops (alfalfa and fodder beets).
Of primary importance is the reclamation work on the Dniepr flood
lands (Konsky and Buzulutzk), vith the required erection of banks,
drainage ditches and irrigation. This will make it possible to use
considerable areas for sowing not only vegetables (in the best places)
and fodder crops, but probably also the earliest varieties of rice
and the new fibre plants (kendyr). However, the possibilities of
cultivating kendyr require solid experimental data, which so far has
been quite inadequate, as experimental stations with irrigation and
abarttsY ?ya'have only recently been established in the area of the
REsTrIcTEfl
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Jpr floodlands.
- 6. The eastern (various cereal grasses) arid Ukrainian ste
on ordinary and Azov cherno
ms, has many features which are general
to the whole area, both in natural conditions (aridity, and unfayor-
able winters) and as regards the distribution of crops in accordance
with the variations in temperature and soil. This area, however,
... hould be divided into two sub-areas, separated by the Donets basin.
6 (a) . This subarea is located on ordinary chernozems of the
former Iziua, Kupyansk,~ Starobel'sk and the steppe sections of Artemovo
and Lugansk okrugs. The amount of precipitation is the same as in the
preceding area (yearly 1100 to 150 millimeters, May-July about 150-160
millimeters with a July temperature of 21-22 degrees), but the winters
are colder - average January temperatures from minus 7 to minus 9
degrees, with a snow cover of an average depth of less than 10 cen~
timeters at the end of winter.
The trend of crop husbandry is to grains : wheat-sunflower-
corn-barley type. Wheat plays in general a leading part, and the fre-
quent freezing of winter crops makes it even more important than in
the preceding area to give preference to spring wheat.
Information gathered by the network of variety testing stations,
by sections located in adjacent analagous climatic areas of the TsCha
and Northern Caucasus, however, indicate the possibility of a trans-
ition, under certain conditions, from spring wheat to the better-yield-
ing winter what, -- in order to accomplish this, it is imperative to
introduce widely the frost-resisting varieties (Gostianum 237 instead
of the Ukrainka, which freezes easily here), to practice snow reten-
tion and to keep a larger percentage of clear fallow lands, and earlier
sowings. For the next few years it will be necessary nevertheless to
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have spring wheat occupy a larger area than winter wheat.
The hard varieties of spring wheat should definitely have a
greater importance than soft varieties. The former have a more val-
uable grain and their yield equals that of the soft varieties even
on soft soil. The best yields are given by the Melanopus 069 variety.
When soft wheat is planted, it is permissible to use the best yield-
ing Litestsens 062, but chiefly''for non mechanized farms.
The sunflower and corn should get as much consideration as
wheat. The acreage under sunflower should be increased, but one should
take into account tha impossibility of crowding, at least until more
stable varieties are developed, because of the presence here of broom-
rape. The Zelenka Khar'kovskaya and Fuksinka varieties are permissible.
Corn, in this part of the Ukraine, gives on the average crops
slightly inferior to those in the preceding areas (less humidity, and
a shorter growing period). In the interest of animal husbandry and
poultry raising, however, and also for increasing the yield of spring
wheat which follows corn, cultivation of corn should be increased as
much as possible. Varieties: Minnesota 23, and Brown 0ounty; Ivory
King, is also permissible, where there are arrangements for drying.
Barley does not lag far behind corn in yields in this area, and has
to be continued among the leading crops. Varieties: Medikum 016,
Medikum 105/72. Grushevskiy is a permissible variety.
Looking over the other supplementary crops, one should increase
the acreage of the melon group (watermelon and pumpkin), and in the
area near Kharkov also of sugar beet; the secondary crops are
potatoes and anise. ,
It is not advisable to plant soybeans for their beans, as the
crops are low and uncertain (arid climate) . It is desirable to in-
crease the potato acreage.
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Fodder crops have less importance here than in the preceding
areas, partly because the climate is less suitable, and partly because
the trend forming is towards grain growing and poultry raising. How-
ever, in order to support th~cattle-raising as well as to reestablish
the fertility of the soil, it is necessary to increase somewhat the
planting of fodder crops, with the selection as was given for the pre-
ceding area.
The increase in the acreage of wheat, corn and other leading
crops in this area can partly be absorbed by growing crops, and
partly be at the cost of eliminating oats and reducing sharply the
acreage of winter rye, keeping it preferably only on sandy and sandy-
loamy soils (in the former Kupyansk okrug).
x_x - b (b). This subarea is located considerably more to the south
in the steppe area of tk stalinodistrict. As regards soil it is
rathe r like tl~e pre ceding are a, but in climate and in the selection
of crops, which should be grown here, it has much in common with the
neighboring former Don okrug in the North Caucasus.
The average yearly precipita&Dn is )4.00 to 1~50 millimeters, in
May-July 130-1~0 millimeters (with a July temperature of 23-2L de-
grees), and a frost-free period of 170-180 days. Winter weather is
also somewhat milder than in the preceding area.
This sub-area maintains on the whole the same type of wheat-
corn-sunflower-barley field economy, but, because of milder winters,
one could give greater preference to winter wheat as compared to
spring wheat, and put more stress on corn, as compared to the Starobel'sk
and Kupyansk rayons.
With the spreading of the right varieties of winter wheat, (such
as the better yielding and sufficiently stable Gostianum 237 instead
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of Ukrainka, which here is in danger of freezing) ,
this crop yields
1 times more than spring wheat, and should
therefore, occupy the
same, if not a larger, acreage, contingent on a timely early sowing
as much as possible on clear (or transitional) fallow lands. Cam-
paring spring wheat varieties, we find that the hard varieties are
definitely better yielding here than the soft ones., Taking into ac-
count the higher prices they fetch and the proxiniit
y of sea ports,
they should be given preference for exporting, over the soft varieties.
The variety is Me lanopus 069 . (The soft
wheat '~testsens 062 is ac-
The above general ideas hold also for other crops.
It would be
advisable to intzvduce castor beans as seconda
ry crop.
S
aratovskiy 169.
raising. The acreage under corn here must be increased substantially,
and that under barley should not be decreased.
The spread of sunflowers must not be forced because of the
danger of a devastating form of broom-rape when there are intensive
plantings. Of the row crops, corn is the best
crop to force. Until
more disease-resistant varieties of sunflower are bred, one can accept
Because of the longer frost-free period, corn
gives better
yields (the later varieties are: Minnesota 13, Brown County and even,
Sterling). It competes satLsfactorily with barley (Medikum Otj.6 and
Nutans 8/71, with Grushevsjy and Rikotenze L5 as
5 acceptable, and
Me.dikum 026, which is the hi gh,s st in yield, but unfortunately does not
grow tall enough to be reaped with mechanized equipment) ? Together
with barley, corn must serve as a basis for the development of hog
ceptable for non-mechanized farms).
7 ? Elevated stenni vw. w~ _~
.=.~..?j dLiu aegraded
cherno ms of the former ~rtemovsk Lu ansk an
~...,,. g d ata].insk okruas. 10_
''V?& UL L4J uone is mauntsd. n ridge.
nETjTgD
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Because of its elevated terrain (reaching 360 meters in alti-
tulle ) there i s a slightly greater amount of pre cipi tation ( 450-S10
millimeters) than in:the surrounding area$ of the eastern steppe, a
deeper snow cover, and a landscape resembling forest-steppe.
Natural traits favor carrying out the tasks which are presented
by the social and economic needs of a mining-industry locality with
a dense working population, which require s more ve ge table gardening,
fruit growing and dairy farming, relative to an increase in the grow-
ing of grasses and root plants.
Because of the above, the field economy of this area must (and,
because of the natural conditions, is able to) be of a fodder-wheat-
corn-sunflower-barley type (parallel with the development of vegetable
gardening and fruit growing).
The area under fodder crops must be increased by all possible
means, and first place aaong grasses should go to Ukrainian left-bank
alfalfa, esparsette (especially on chalky soils) and Sudan grass.
For fresh fodder, there should also be winter rye, corn and sorghum.
For pastureage there should be sweet clover. For ensilage: corn,
sorghum, and sweet clover. Fodder: pumpkins and watermelons. These
last two are also for succulent feed. Attention should be centered
on ensilage. Root plants: carrots, fodder beets and semi-sugar beets.
It is necessary for food supplies, and it is feasible, to in-
a?
.
crease the areas of fields (melons, watermelons, and pumpkins),
and to further the growing of edible potatoes, taking all precautions
against diseases and so-called "degeneration", which greatly affects
potato crops here.
After setting aside the greatest possib areas for the above-
mentioned food and fodder crops, the remaining acreage should be
allocated on the basis incdi cated for the preceding area. Winter
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wheat: Gostianum 237; spring wheat: Melanopus 069, which is the lead-
ing hard variety. (The soft variety L(.itestsens 062, is permissible
for non-mechanized farms). Barley for fodder: Medikum 046; Medikum
10S-72 and Grushevskiy are permissible. Corn: Minnesota 13, Extra.
and Minnesota 23. Room may be left here for Lokhovsky and Leitev-
itskiy, the highest-yielding and drought-resistant varieties of oats-
which are for feeding
the local work horses.
x - 8. Southern (formerl silver- rass ko 1) and steppes with
southern chernozyems and chestnut soils in the southern parts of the
former Odessa and Nikolayev, okrugs, and in the whole of the Kherson'
and a large section of the Melitopol' okrugs.
The and character of the area is sharply defined. The average
yearly precipitation is about 350-?L~00 millimeters, and in the more
southern sections (C-8b) even lower, to 300 millimeters; for May-
July - 120-10 millimeters (during July and August only about 75 mi.l-
limeters) With frequent years of drought and poor harvests, especially
among spring crops . The average July temperatures are high: 23-2L.
degrees, with a low relative humidity (at 1 p.m. in June about S0
percent and sometimes less). Winters, however, are relatively warm
(the average January temperature is minus 5 to minus 6 degrees),
though often there is no snowfall. The frost-free period here is the
longest of all the areas of the Ukraine (175 to 190 da~rs). This, in
conjunction with high summer temperatures, facilitates the acclimatiza-
tion of technical` crops (preferably with irrigation, but with no irri-
gation in the case of cotton).
This area, as well as the Crimean steppes and the Prikumslj' area
of, the North Caucasus, belongs to the zone of vitreous winter wheat,
southern technical crops, and `barley.
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~~STRIGTEQ
Regarding technical crops in the Skadov, Galaya Pristan; and
Tsuryupin areas,. and in the southern sections of the Kakhov and Chaplin
areas, first place should go to the early American variety of cotton
(1306), and its acreage should be extended into the Ochakov Nikolayev,
Khetkin, Genichest, Novotroitsk, Akimov and southern part of the Odessa
areas, bearing in mind the results of experiments of 1931.
This area, notwithstanding its low snowfalls, because of its
warmer winters, gives a more certain harvest of winter wheat than the
northern (and so much more the eastern) Ukrainian steppe. The fre-
quency of droughts, however, makes the probability of spring wheat
harvests less certain. According to prewar statistics, covering a
number of years, the average winter wheat yield was only 10-20 percent
higher than that of spring wheat. According to data of the crop-testing
section of this area, covering the last five years (1926-1930) includ-
ing the severe winters of 1927-28 and 1928-29, which had such a dis-
astrous effect on winter crops, the difference in favor of winter
wheat as compared with the best spring wheat amounts to 30-S0 percent
under conditions of correct cultivation of both kinds. In addition,
the quality of the grain in winter wheat is very vitrious and it has
the highest content of albumen of all winter crops, and excellent pro-
perties for baking. This makes this area take first place in the Union
for quality of grain, and it has long been known on the international
market for its first-class Kryxnki variety. With the developme>t of
the TJkrainka (and Kooperatorka), our winter wheats in this area Occupy
an unsurpassed place in the world for the quality of grain.
On the basis of all the aforesaid, we come to the conclusion
that winter wheat in this area is preferable to spring wheat, and that
the acreage under these crops should be increased after the leading
technical crops have been taken care of. The basic variety for the
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In the west (nearer to the. Ameer, in the
area should be Ukrainka.
western pert of the Odessa district), the Kooperatorka variety may
be permitted, which has little resistance to frost' In the eastern
section, which is drier andhas less snow (espe ci ally in the former
Melitopol ? di strict) , where the hi gh-grade Ukrainka during some years
one may use GOStianum 237, which is infer-
is in. danger of freezing,
for in quality, but very stable.
above in mind, one should retain considerable
With all the
t though as a secondary crop. The varieties
areas under spring whea ,
us 069, and 4itestsens 062; and also
to be used chiefly are Melan?p
iil turum 0162 is permissible.
As shown by prewar statistics over many years, under the con-
Drell as'of the similar Prikumsky area, barley
ditions of this area, as .
- -
ave ayield of ~4 percent, and up to 70 percent (in the years 192~
wheat. This is explained apparently by the re-
27), more than spring
et to siezures, during summer heat, and because
sistance of this vari y
of the low relative humidity of this area.
Barley (of the fodder variety), should be continued here as a
onJ, slight reductions in acreage, bath for
supplementary crop, with y
the reasons given above, and also because of the proximity of seaports.
Varieties Med 0b6, and Medikum 10/72, Pallidum 032 and
e ~.kum
Grushevsk~-Y are permissible.
It et stable yields even in years of drought
is desirable to g
e of tilled crops, which are needed in
and also to increase the acreag
im rave the yield of the crops which follow
crop rotations because they , P
of the area, tI refore, shoe include a
them. The crap cultivation,
which an an average. gives higher
considerably greater amount of corn,
yields than barley, even though it is subject to seizures. during its
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
period of bloom. The Brown County variety, which is earlier (in
spite of th greater length of the frost-free period) is not subject
seizures. The Sterling and Grushevskaya varieties are permissible.
to
Secondary in acreage, yet highly important is the melon group
melons watermelon, and pumpkin), Peanuts, . castor.-beans ~(early~va~r-
ieties along the shore ), and sorghum, (which can ripen for grain and
is important as a drought-resisting plant).
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yo r~ t 4 `Y7 t~
4
Because .of their low yields in the arid climate of the southern
steppe, the importance of fodder crops is less than in other areas.
In general, however, their cultivation should be increased, especially
in the vicinity of large cities. Varieties which are more drought-
resistant should be chosen. Grasses: Ukrainian and Grimm's alfalfa,
melilot and Sudan grass; for fresh fodder: the sai, and also corn,
sorghum and winter rye; for ensilage: corn, sorghum and sweet clover;
for ensilage and succulent feed: fodder pumpkins and watermelons; and
root vegetables: carrots. The increase in acreage of the above-raen-
tioned crops can be effeoted at the expense of available waste lands
(in the Melitopol' and Kherson' okrugs), by eliminating fields of rye,
and oats, and by restricting somewhat barley fields; also by reclama-
tion of bad lands (plavny)e The existing large area of sands must be
turned into vineyards.
It is understood that the d ove outline on the distribution of
field craps in the Ukraine, based on an estimate of the inherent traits
of its various sections, may be substantially altered under the impact
of social and economic problems, and the possible effect upon its
natural state, of socialized and mechanized production.
This remark refers specifically to those sections of the respeet~
lye areas, where large cities and industrial centers are located (Kharkov,
Odessa, Kiev). Near these, the general plan of field crops, planned
for the entire area, must usually give way to vegetable crops, the pro-
duction of early potatoes and an all-out increase in fodder crops, needed
for the development of suburban dairy farming.
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XXI. EAST SIBERIA KRAY
V. P. Kuz' min
The East Siberia gray spreads over an enormous area, roadless
and sparsely populated, stretching from Sayan to Taymyr and from the
Yonisey to the Amur. More than any other region of the Asiatic part
of the SSSR, it is dominated by the problem of "struggle against
space", both in mastering its natural wealth and in keeping oontact
with the main centers of the Union. Over 70 peroent of the most va1-
uable forests of the region are located in the remote north. The
Tungus coal basin, the largest in the world, is in an almost inaoces-
sible desert area between the Lena, Rhatanga and Yenisey rivers. The
Vitim gold, the platinum of the Norm.' mountains, excellent graphites
along the river Kureyka and other mining as well as fishing, fur, and
other riches of the yet unexplored 'north will be widely made use of
only with the development of means of communioation. The realization
of the pro jeoted railway lines - Tomsk- Yeniseysk and Tayshet - Bratsk
Ust'kut, will represent a great step in this direction; and so also
the development and conquest of the Northern Sea Route. It is hard to
foresee the sum total of all the potentialities of this area, but,
judging from the example of the south of this region, which is populated,
explored, and served by transportation lines, these potentialities are
inexhaustible.
The realization of the project for a 'Baykal electric power
network, 10 times more powerful than that of Dneprostroy, the utiliza-'
tion of coal, clay, iron ores in the Baykal area and "polymetallio"
ores in the Transbaykal, electrification and industrialization of farm-
ing and forestry with exoeptionally cheap current, from the Angara,
xrktd and other plants all this immediately transforms this region
from the savage penal colony of the Tsars into a progressive cultured
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region with an economy of world significanoe. A broad realization
of the policy of development of national cultures among the native
population of many nationalities; the piny millions which will mi-
grate into the region in oonneotion with enormous building projects;
all this wil1 soon change the primitive farms of pastoral, nomadic,
hunting and sometimes even vagrant economy into the most perfect
socialistic forms, and in particular, will give strong impetus to
the development of agriculture.
The climate of the East Siberian plateau has unusual features.
The period of growth is short. There is a constant threat of out-of-
season frosts and droughts. inters are severe, with little snow.
This, combined with an unusual mountainous terrain, is the reason why
large-scale crop husbandry can exist only in the limited southern sec-
tion of the region. The taking over for agriculture of the enormous
reaches of the tundras and the zone of northern toga, cut off from
the world and from each other, presents tremendous difficulties. It
would not be expedient to do this just in order to utilize vacant
lands (such lands, easier to conquer, are available under more favor-
able conditions). This should be done only in places, in order to
create a basis for food and fodder, which will serve the successful
development of industry and crafts in the far north, and will oontrib-
ute to a higher cultural level and to a fight against diseases among
the cattle-raising and hunting population. In this region one must
first of all consider vegetables andfodder, which cannot be easily
transported, and in isolated places also cereals, leaving the remain-
ing acreage for animal husbandry, in order to utilize the vast tundra,
mountain, ad forest pastures, and the rich floadlands?
The situation is different, however, in the southern forest-
steppe, subtaga and southern-taiga zone. here, there is enough warmth
ESTRIC TED
- 73G
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to grow graas.: The conditions of soil and alienate are favorable to
grain orops, including spring wheat. When the discoveries of agrioul-
tural engineering are more fully utilized and earlier varieties are
developed, spring wheat and some other.orops can be moved much further
to the north of their present limits. the yields of cereals are in
feral very high in the Eastern Siberian region, but, according to
experimental stations, they can be considerably i creased. The point
to be especially taken into account for the future is the possibility
of an enormous increase, on the basis of an increase in electric energy
supplies, of the cultivation of valuable crops requiring more labor,
which was handicapped by lack of manpower.
To this group belong the following orops, which find perfect
conditions for growth on open fields in various seotions in the south-
ern part of the regions long fibre flax, Badan hemp, potatoes, fodder
root plants, and a large assortment of vegetable and berry crops.
Thus, the development of industries in the south causes an in-
tensified development of farming, which will continue until this are
can satisfy the demands of not only the more populated southern area,
but also to a large extent of the Yakut and Buryat Borth. This will
be accomplished by moving the borderline of agriculture further north,
by increasing the area of fields and by raising the yield of crops.
The Polar and Sub-Polar North. m Little explored, occupying al-
most one-half of the area of the region, it can be divided broadly
into the following sub-areas:
a) Extreme north - a zone of forest-tundra, tundra, and the islands
in the Arctic Ocean. The southern frontier of this sub-area passes
approximately along the Putoran mountain range -(the watershed of they
Khantayka and Kureyka rivers, and, on the left bank of the Yenisey,
along the watershed of the Pilyatka and Turukhan rivers] i.e., beyond
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the Arotic Circle. Temperatures are very low and precipitation is
small both in susaner and in winter (average temperature in July ranges
between 2 degrees on the seashore and 15 degrees in the south, and in.
January, between minus 27 degrees in the west and minus 36 degrees in
the east). This, combined with permafrost and the undeveloped soil of
the tundra, indicates deer raising, fishing, fur trapping, breeding of
fur--bearing animals, and hunting, as the basso branches of eoonosny.
Fishing on the rivers and along the sea has far outgrown the local re-
quirements and continues to develop rapidly. In the harbor of Ust'-
Yeniseysk, a canning plant with a yearly capacity of 4.5 million cans
was built and put into operation in 1931, within one polar night.
This, of course, is only the start of making use of the great reserves
of fish, sea beast and reindeer meat. The increased breeding of polar
foxes and the development of other branches of animal husbandry will
give an even greater fur crop than is obtained now. With the wider use
of the North Sea Route, the development of the Norilsk ooal deposits,
(where platinum also has been found). his is the third location of
platinum deposits in the Union, following the Uralsk and Viluysk ones
which already are being exploited, and the establishment of a harbor,
the area at the mouth of the Yenisey rapidly becomes more and more
green vegetables, and early potatoes can be grown in oovered ground,
in the south; in hotbeds; and the early varieties of turnips, radishes,
For economic and climatic reasons the primary consideration of
crop husbandry here should be the establishment of centers of vegetable
gardening and fodder raising, whioh would guarantee the existence of
dairy cattle and an inorease in reindeer raising. So far, the possi-
bilities of raising cereals and technical "crops are very unoerbain.
Vegetable gardening, however, is possible under special conditions:
industrialized.
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and also in open places, artif iO ally protected from north winds and
untimely frosts. In the north, however, this is possible only in
hotbeds and hothouses in industrial centers, using waste steam or
energies of wind for this purpose are very great here.
+~,~ enormous
for heat and light. The possibilities of utilizing
electric current
which here are the river valleys, fodder
In populated areas,
For the present, one has to discount any possibility o1' growlnt
often is provided by water meado'w' These, together with the vast
eat of settled reandeer~raising as well as dairy
basis for the levelopm
with marshy and lakeside vegetation, must form the
reindeer pastures,
T1cYw drafts Grating on pastures of nomadic and transport routes
a.
should be reclaimed, improved and protected against
herds. These areas
zed and stooks of fodder laid up against winter short-
should be regulari ,
These measures would stabilize the fodder supply.
gees.
ley, or mixtures of both, with early fodder peas or winter vetch in a
can be augmented by sowing oats and bar-
amount of green fodder and hay
bsence of snow, and presence of permafrost. However, the
winters, a
.. II
out of the available varieties, because of severe
aerennial grasses
spring sowing.
r) Tunguska (also called Katanga or Angara), and
naya (upper)
the Verkh
::wnaPP ~roxiiuately Tong the watersheds of the Chulyma and Ket' ravers,
.
bl orthornTaiga Region. The southern border of this area can be
~
bons of both summer and winter are more favorable. ine
climatic oondi
reaches of Vilyuy and Lena. South of this border ,
?hh 4:1 ubpe r
ditions, agriculture aan function only sporadically to take oare of
otentialitiee decrease sharply, and, under more ravoraw.e jv L-
these p
eveloped and has more warlnth, and agriculture can suooess-
il is more d
fully grow/the size of an important industry. To the north, however,
local needs i non?traneportable praduots.
e
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RESTRICTED
;; .ii? iR r~91~t 0 4 ~i1~4,Pi~ }v i;tL~ry f}n
q uRI~ ~krw jjlf
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The total warmth of the growing season here increases from
1,000 degrees in the north to 1,600 degrees in the south, but the
frost-free period reaohes 95 days only in the south, dropping to 70-75
in the north. The suaener is fairly hot (average duly temperature
days
is 16 degrees in the north and 17 degrees in the south), and dry, but
the winter is very cold (the average January temperature in the north-
east is between minus 28 and minus 36 degrees), and with comparatively
little snow.
The soil of the area is mainly clayey and weakly podzolio, with
peaty pools, skeleton and mountain-tundra soils and alluvial soil
along the rivers. Permafrost is found throughout the area. In the
west, there are vast peat bogs.
The area of transition (Central Siberian taiga) between the
I
west-Siberian marshy toga and the more continental, dry eastern ta~ga?
The forests contain many larches and pines and fewer of the less val-
uable cedars and firs. Moss is general, especially in the north, while
to the south, the grass cover increases. Tong the river are forage
areas of water meadows, but these are smaller than in the western-
Siberian tayga? The forests, marshes, enormous spaces, and severe
climate, all have slowed down settling, and have formed a barrier be-
tween the native population and the rest of humanity. They have kept
their economy and their patriarchal hunting and herd-'tending mode of
life on the level of long-past centuries (the Nen'tsy, Samoyeds,
Ost aks, Evenk (Tungus), and Yeniseyts still are divided into kinship
tribes - "Eagle", "Little Cedar", eta.). Even now, the achievements
of the social and economio reconstruction of economy and mode of life
often are 2 or 3 years late in reaohing here. .
Reindeer raising, fishing and hunting valuable fur and meat
animals in the most primitive way, which not so long ago were largely
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dependent on private capital (semi-feudal local princelings, shamans
and rich kulaks) oonstititted the only basic branches of the eoononty
of national minorities. Forest and mining wealth has long remained
almost untouched. Vegetable gardening, feasible in this climate de-
9
veloped poorly, because it drew labor away in summer from the main
oocupations of fishingud'wood orafts. Tie same reasons reacted tn-
. ?
....-.? ?fa?~orably on cattle raising, which was chiefly left to the care of
nature. The area, however, is enormously wealthy in timber and mining
resources. The Angus coal basin (the largest in the world: 1 400
kilometers long by 1,300 kilometers wide), gold fields and mica beds
in the Yenisey mountain range, deposits of excellent graphite
along
the ure ka, Falt anikha and Bakhta, rivers and newly found beds of
conglomerate mineral deposits, etc.; valuable pine and deciduous f or-
ests along rivers where logs may be floated, a huge yearly aooumula-
tion of wood going to waste: all this calls for a more thorough utili-
nation of the area with the general plan of building up the industry
of the USSR, simultaneously with a more rational organization of its
native occupations: reindeer raising, fishing and hunting, to be raised
to the importance of industries. The severe climate ands
parse popula-
tion of the area calls for economy of labor in order to use it more
productively in the timber and 'mining industries, rather than in an
intensive adaptation of land to agriculture, Though the cost of
freighting produce is very high (up to 700 rubles per ton delivered to
the river dooks on the lower reaohes of the big rivers), it still is
more expedient to bring in from other areas those products which oan
more easily be transported, using the minimum amowat of labor for agri-
culture, and yet bearing in mind the imperative neoessity of supplying
vegetables and fodder to industrial areas and centers. Here
, as in all
sub-polar regions (see IWl, 11-i, eto. ), vegetables and dairy products
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
RESTRICTED
are essential components of the diet. he development of vegetable
gardening and of animal husbandry must precede the industrial settle-
want of this area.
At present, some areas and centers have already been, or are
being earmarked for the spread of industries. Such are the mighty saw-
mills at the port of Igarka, where it is planned to bring the number
of woodsawing frames up to 20, and to set up various workshops in ad-
dition to cooperage and crate making. Operations have already spread
over the wild taiga land masses of Podkamennaya and N&2ilyaya (lower)
Tunguska, aim and Yeloguy. The mining of graphite plant with a huge
annual capacity is being built. The prospects indicate a colossal
increase of the river fleet and lively activity on the canal leading
to the Qb ? , development of the Northern Sea Route, etc.
All this in place of the former unplanned isolated spots of
haphazard and unstable crop husbandry, demands the setting up of large
Sovhozes (Soviet farms) for vegetable and fodder growing; first of
all on the Xenisey, and later on, along its main tributaries - the
life arteries of the region.
It is already possible to cultivate here a large variety of
vegetables in the open, and when forcing in hotbeds and nurseries is
organized on a wide scale, this variety may be very large. Almost
everywhere with few exceptions, it is possible to grow early potatoes
successfully. As regards the choice of fodder, it should be first of
all noted that here, as in the following areas at the same latitude,
it is necessary to work out a variety of perennials, using accelerated
methods of selection, of 'local and world varieties. Existing crops
do not fulfill the requirements of this continental northern region,
acid at present it has to be considered as a region of annual fodder
as fresh fodder and hay, one may grow oats, barley,
spring rye, either separately or mixing them with winter or spring
ed.bie root ' plants for suacuierit fodder, early
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
potatoes may be grown everywhere, and in the south also turnips, on
warm sandy foams. Natural pastures and grazing areas along the river
'poyma" must be improved to be better utilized and become the foundation
for breeding deer and dairy cattle.
Early barley may be grown in separate places of the area, and
this crop, especially in isolated areas, where deliveries of cereal
and concentrated fodder are difficult, must be given due consideration,
using the extra'-early varieties, developed by the Tulun'sk and other
selecting stations. The ear].ie 1 varieties of oats, hemp and flax for
fiber can be planted in the more favorable spots of the southern half
of the sub-region. In general, all these crops must be subordinated
to vegetable and fodder crops. The growing of hemp, however, is of
great importance for rigging freight and fishing fleets and for net-
making. With the possibility of hemp field with fertilizer in the
areas near cattle farms, the cultivation of hemp should increase great
ly. One must remember, however, that the ripening of hemp seeds is
not always certain in every location, so that these fields should be
placed only in the southern part of the area, and growing for seeds
moved still further south, for safety.
The southwestern section of the region, along the river Yenisey,
south of the mouth of Podkamennaya Tunguska, is an exception to the
general distribution of crops. Here the growing season is longer and
warmer. The zone of greater summer and winter precipitation extends
into this region from the west and the south, under the protection of
the Yenisey ridge. Here, therefore, it is possible to grow for grain
winter rye, oats, spring wheat, barley, spring rye and hemp. It is
necessary to try out here on a large scale the possibilities of raising
flax and clover (with timothy), drawing chiefly upon the material obN
tamed at the Kazachin'sk experimental fields for clover sowing.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
insk depressed south-t,` a region occupies the
eastern half of the central section of the former Krasno arskkrug
and the central and northwestern sections of the former Kansk okru
This is a dry coniferous taiga, which passes into the continental
eastern area. The region is dominated by pine forests, in places con-
sisting almost entirely of Rondovaya pines and mast timber. There are
less larch forests. In damp, low-lying places with poor grass and a
moss cover, there is the black taiga (firs, silver firs, and cedar,).
There are numerous burned-out spots, resulting from the struggle of
the natives with the"evil of the taiga", vast meadows, and va1ieys and
islands in the rivers.
Climatically, this area is rather favorable for the development
of land cultivation and its push to the north, which so far has taken
place only along the rivers and valleys, running in a latitudinal di-
rection and therefore protected from cold. north winds. The frost-free
period is 100 days and more, the total warmth during the period of
growth is 1,600 to 1,700 degrees. The average temperature of July is
quite high, about 19,5 degrees, but in January it is between minus 21
and minus 23 degrees. The amount of suter and winter precipitation
is moderate.
The prospects of this area are for very intensive exploitation
of valuable timber resources, mechanically and.ehemically converting
these into wood products. In addition to large rivers for floating
logs and a canal leading to the 0b' , the area will have the use of the
Tomsk-Yeniseysk and Tayshet-Bratsk railroads. After the projected
powerful sawmills and the paper-cellulose plant near Yeniseysk have
been builcb, the region will have a very large local industry. The
and Pit
Yenisey ridge and the basin of the Biryusa/rivers are gold bearing
areas, and there are also valuable alunite and bauxite deposits. Ac'.
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
carding to its industrial development and natural conditions, this
region consists of two parts, the more industrialized western ("aa)
occupies the area lying on the river Yenisey itself, between the
Yenisey range and the YenieeyKeti watershed. This section is more
depressed and lies chiefly on sand and clay deposits. Sinoe it is
protected by elevations on the northeast, it has a warmer, longer and
more humid summer and a somewhat milder winter than the eastern sec-
tion of the region, which is more open, being located on eroded ele"
vated pl ate au ("b ") .
Weak podsols and clayey forest soils predominate. Tong the
rivers there are marshy and "warmer" sandy-'clayey and sandy soils.
The valleys have alluvial soils. In sub-area "b", permafrost is wide-
spread, while sub-area nary lies to the west of its limits. As a whole,
conditions in the area make possible reliable field cultivation. At-
tention should be devoted chiefly to fodder crops to supplement the
insufficient natural fodder, also to flax and vegetables. Tong fibre
flax should grow well here, and yield high quality fibres. In the
western sub-area, olover (with timothy) oan be sown, and in both sub-
areas, edible root tuber plants can be stressed. potatoes, turnips
and rape; for hay, fresh fodder and ensilage - oats, barley, vetch and
oats mixture, and winter rye. In the southern section, flax and pota-
toes should act?as supplementary crops, while in the north, along the
Yenisey, a technical crop - hemp - may be of great importance for the
reasons indio`ated for the preceding area.
electric power is obtained from the Angora, Chulyma
crops maybe crowded considerably; and
improved and more food is imported, the import-
ti of the butter-and-
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Vegetables, fodder and technical crops are of greater signif-
icance in the western, more industrialized, sub-area ("a"), and this
sub-area should specialize in them rather than the eastern sub-area,
where cereal crops ai'e of more importance.
Counting from east to west, but sometimes changing places, the
following cereals can be grown: spring wheat, winter rye, and also
oats, which are very necessary here. Under more rugged conditions,
barley and spring rye may be sown as supplementary crops. In the re-
lentless and protracted process of moving cereal crops northward, very
early varieties have been segregated, and these should form the basis
of crops, to the exclusion of careless introductions of untried seeds.
of special interest line are the early varieties of spring wheat;
Angarka, Krasnen'kaya, Sibirka, and others. The Krasnoyarsk selection
the
is suggested for seed in/western sub-zone. he Tulun'sk variety is
suggested for the eastern sub-zone.
XXI - 2? Ilim~Verholensk - elevated south-tai a area. Mountainous
southwestern section of the Central-Siberian taiga, covering the greater
northern section of the former Irkutsk okrug, the northeastern section
of Kansk and southwestern section of Kirensk okrugs.
According to climate and terrain, the area is divided into two
parts by the Berezov and him mountain.ranges. The eastern or Kirenga-
Leask part is a high upland area covered with tayga, dropping sharply
to the Lena and the Kirenga, situated at the western limits of growth
of the Maur Larch (sub-area "b") and the western Ilim-Angara, elevated
part of Priangarye. It is a much eroded, less wooded plateau with
wider valleys and open meadows, a milder climate, and it has a more
highly developed type of economy ("a" )v There are larch and pine for-
ests, more rarely "black" taga, burned out sections, open areas, and
occasional islands with the forest-steppe type of vegetation.
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
The average frost-free period here is around 95100 days. The
total amount of warmth during the growing season is from 1,500 degrees
in the northeast to 1,700 degrees in the south. The summer is hot and
comparatively dry (average July temperature about 19420 degrees). The
winter is cold and there is little snow (January mean temperatures from
minus 22 degrees in the south to minus 27 degrees in the north). The
climate varies greatl,depending on the terra' (altitude, direction
of slopes in relation to sun and wands) and forest growth (retention of
snow, also humidity). The best climate is in protected river valleys.
The soil is weak podsol and sandy clay, sometimes marshy or sent-
marshy, with widespread permafrost, especially along the watersheds.
This limits field cultivation to the lighter, better drained sandy'-clayey
and sandy soils of the slopes of river-valleys. The valleys of the
large rivers have meadow-type alluvial soils.
This area has extremely large agricultural possibilities, especi-
ally its western sub-area, where the future "Bol~shaya Angarskaya" power
station will be located. Also it has enormous iron deposits (Dolonov,
Kedzem'sk), and particularly some newly discovered deposits now are
being surveyed; these have as much ore as the Magnitnaya mountain (in
the Urals). Like the western sub-area, this section has very great pos-
sibilities and potentialities for lumber and timber industries. When
the T4shet-Bratsk4ist'kut (or Kirensk) railroad is built through this
region, it will be possible not only to supply lumber and boards, but
to develop the processing of valuable sawmill material and to fully util-
ize the enormous quantities of pulp less valuable to manufactures
messanite.fiber, kraft-cellulose, building accessories, shingles, wooden
pipes, box sets, barrel staves, plywood, paper cellulose, viscose, card-
board, rosin, turpentine, alcohol, acetic aoid, acetone, ester pine
oils, tar, coal, etc. These will be needed by the developing industry
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
in the Predbaykal'ye,, which will bring into its orbit not only this
areas but also the adjoining areas, shifting industrial centers and
widening the wood industry far into sparsely populated sections of
the area.
Therefore, it is essential to plan the development of crop oul-
tivation in the area so as to supply local industry, as far as possible
north of its present limits; and simultaneously, to mtensify.the con-
quest of new areas from the taiga. The wealth of the area in fish and
animal life demands new improved and cultivated ways of carrying on
these branches of economic activity.
The tremendous significanoe of farming will be indicated by its
having to supply the industrial population of kigastroy, Cherembass
and Bodaybo. In this connection, the electrification of dairy, butter
and hog farms and also vegetable farms near industrial centers, will
be of great importance. Flax in sub-area "b", as well as cerea]. crops,
rly likewise aoquire the position of staples. In the more remote
mountain-tayga areas - the development of dairy herds, meat production
and hog-raising is based on the utilisation, ch~fly, of improved natural
pastures and hayfields. In the southern part of the western sub-section,
flax can be widely grown, and, if the supply of seeds from outside is
arranged, flax growing can spread far to the north.
Hemp warn be grown everywhere as a seoondary crop, especially
with the manure of the catty,-raising areas and farms. This crop can
be very important for the Baykal, Pena and Angara fleets, in supplying
rigging for fishing vessels, etc.
Considering the sowing of grass, the comments made regarding the
preceding area are true here; i.e. beoause of the harsh winter condi
tions and lack of suitable seeds, a selection of perennials, especially
alfalfa, should be grown intensively, using looal and imported seeds..
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
fiESTRCTED
the following varieties of imported grasses are slated for use
So far,
in the mare favo rabl e spots in the south of sub-area . Am~erioax.
couch grass, beardless broom grass, Siberian esparsette, and in more
,
humid please timothy. This selection should, however, be verified
by large-wale experiments.nnual sowings for hay, fresh fodder and
ensilage may be composed o (oats, winter and spring rye, and mixtures
s
of oats and rye, oats and peas and vetch. special notice should be
taken of late sowings of oats (at the beginning of June) which give a
good harvest of greens. The root tubers should be potatoes and turnips.
White mustard may also be used for green fodder.
twithstanding the short growing season and the threat of frost
No
and drought, grain crops give very good and steady yields. This is due
comers and the fertile, often carbonated, sail. Spring
to the hot su
wheat could lead among them all over the area. In the western subarea,
the Tulun(sk)Bal.agan variety may be used, and later on perhaps other,
ka
more valuable varieties of the Tulun(sk) experimental station. In the
and offer
eastern sub area, there should be the iiigarka, Krasnen'kaya/local early
wheats. Conyx 'dering the great importance of horses during the period
of building sx.d also in developInt of forestry, the chief crop should
be oats in the western sub-area Tulun(sk) 865 may be used), and later,
when hog-raising and meat cattle breeding become more prominent, barley.
Tn the western Tulun(sk) sub-area, Chervonets may be used. As second
cry crops, there should be winter rye, and in more severe climates,
,
spring rye. s concerns winter rye, it should be noted that it can be
.~
considered as a chief crop for the well proteoted western snowy places
with mild winters, until the bringing of grains into the area is ar-
ranged. Further to the northeast., however, where winters are colder,
the icoportanae of winter rye should decrease in favor of spring rye.
western section, the permissible varieties of winter rye are
In the
groan Tulun(sk) and spring rye Tulun(sk)? In the "a" sub-area, the
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
cultivation of early peas must take root' (Tului4 k') beta and other
Tulutsk;' hybrids). In general it should be noted that the composi-
tion of cerea]. crops may vary greatly here, depending on geographical
location, terrain, forest cover, etc. Differences in altitude are
felt greatly near the northern limits of crop cultivation.
r
a t section
The Bodayb mountainous taiga covers the Bodaybi
of the former Irkutsk and the southeastern part of the former Kirensk.
okra s. This is the mountainous area of the Eastern Siberian taiga.
High uplands, out through by large rivers, are shelters for isolated
farming areas. There are forests of pine and larch, and there are
open areas on the upper reaches of the mountains. This..is one of the
coldest places in the region, with a very short surm.er (less than 100
days without frost). 'Ghe summer is dry and rather cold (man tempera-
ture in July - 17.5 degrees). Winter has little precipitation, and
is very cold, (average January temperature minus 31 degrees). The soils
are chiefly of sandy clay, *early podzolio. They are skeletal, peat-
bog and mountain-tundra soils. Permafrost prevails.
The Bodaybo group of gold fields, the most important gold fields
in the USSR, are located in this area.
The local Tungus population lives chiefly by hunting and raising
reindeer. Under these climatic conditions, crop husbandry occupies
small pld~ in the protected valleys of the Lena, Vitim, Chara and other
large rivers. The possibilities for animal breeding are comparatively
greater. The basic tasks of both types of activity is to supply the
population of the mining and forestry centers with vegetables, milk and
dairy products. Dairy farming ?"ovkhozes must be organized in the min-
ing areas.
The crops should consist of the earliest varieties. Vegetables
should be protected from low temperatures by hotbeds, seed frames,
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
hould be used to speed ripening. The
windbreaks, etc All means s
selection of fodder plants Consists mostly of annuals: oats, oats; axed
white mustard, potatoes, and turn-
peas ixture, rye and oats mixture,
. could be spring wheat anal oats. The loco
ips, The chiefgra? ~ crops
t enough warmth if properly located. Barley.
early varieties would ge
continue as supplementary crops. In addiLion to
and spring rye should
as white mustard and flax for fibre,
otatoee, technical craps, such
p
risk however, that the seeds will. not ripen ?
may be planted, with the ~
punt that, in accordance with the local ter.
it should be taken into sec
rain, the importance of individual crops varies greatly in different
k forest-steppe occupies the central part
anSk-KraSno rs
T _ a _ The
v-v-
localities.
rsk and the western part of the Kansk rayons. iii.- ~p
of the Krasnoya
enthe Altay-Sayan and the Central Siberian
zone of transition betwe
ne
' elands in the open ta~ga9 in the zo
taGga, an area of forest -steppe i
of narrow-leaued and coniferous forests.
h
in the southern tier of the region whic
his is the first area
u1ti~'ation. It is more densely populated;
is more favorable to crop c
sine rawang and is a farest?ateppe region. This area is situated
gr g of the
more to the south, yet it still has the charaoteristic climate
preceding areas: threat of early frosts, of spring draught, of tae
l it ti e snow and low temperatures in winter.
frosts frequently occur in August. The
In this area light
is in the west than in the east"
frost free period 100-110 days,
durin the growing season is quite consider-
However, the total warmth g
800 degrees, because of the high average
able end amounts to about 1, ?s 19.5
the summer months (the average duly temperature x
eratures of th
te
mp
herd (May-duly gets about 135 millimeters
20 degrees). Summer is rat ~"
There is little snowfall. The
ainf al l , about. the same as Seamxs;).
of r
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Kansk part of the area has more snow. The average January temperature
is minus 21.5 degrees. The eastern part of the Kansk area lies within
the zone of islands of permafrost. The soil is the chernom type,
chiefly over loess, sandy clay, and varies from rich chernoms (near
Krasnoyarsk) to grey forest soils and podsols in the higher areas. The
prevailing types, however, are lixiviated and degraded cherno )ms.
Natural pastures are very scarce.
Of all the region, this area has the most plowed land and the
densest population, which is conducive to crop husbandry of a more in-
tensive type. An impetus in the same direction is provided by the
potentialities of industry, based on the exploitation of coal (Nansk
basin of brown coal) end iron ore deposits, wood-working, and the use
of locations favorable to transportation. This intensification must
appear, first of all, in setting up large dairy-vegetable farms near
Krasnoyarsk and Kansk. Then, it must show in the increase of flax
sowings in the most favorable locations near woods and humid lowlands,
and in the introduction of other technical crops (potatoes, white must-
ard, and makhorka).
On the whole, grain growing must be combined here with produc-
tion of fodder and technical crops, though without losing its dominant
importance. In contrast to other areas of the region, the climate
here permits successful growing of later and larger-grained varieties
of wheat. .nong grains, this crop should be of basic importance
(until the results of this contest are determined, the Leda variety
may be used). Oats should be planted as a supplementary crop, and, in
protected snowy spots, winter rye. Large-grained varieties of oats
will also ripen here, such as Zolotoy Dozh&, Lel?, and, under better
conditions, the white-grained Pobeditel' Dippe. As regards rye, under
the safest conditions Vyatka may be grown, and in other places -local
kinds. According to the tests of different grains in Krasnoyarsk,
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
barley can yield good brewing grain, so, in addition to being used
for fodder, it can be cultivated here, in the western part ai the area,
for supplying the breweries of the region. The best variety for this
purpose has proved to be the two-rowed Professor Viner. For fodder
and in oases requiring early harvests, the early and fruitful variety
Tulun(sk) Chervonets must be planted. Peas should be planted in the
fields, and their cultivation increased. In view of the distance from
the basic buckwheat growing regions, it is necessary to grow buckwheat
here.
The selection of fodder crops may consist of the following for
hays hybrid alfalfa, American couch grass, beardless broom grass and
Siberian espdrsette, and in places with more favorable winters and more
humidity, also timothy and meadow fescue. For ensilages sunflower,
sweet clover, and a mixture of vetch and oats is suggested. For suo-
oulent fresh supplementary feed: winter rye, oats, a mixture of vetch
and oats, and sweet clover are suggested. The edible root tubers are
potatoes, turnips and rape grown in seedbeds.
X XI _ 5. The Irkutsk-.Nizhneudinsk belt of open ta`ga and forest-steppe,
oocupies the southeastern section of the former Kansk, and the southern
art of Irkutsk okru s, to the Sayan fountain. Here are mixed and
pure pine-and-larch forests of the open tayga, with some islands of
natural forest-steppe and steppe with various grasses.
The conditions for field cultivation here are much more rugged
than in the preceding area. The continentality of the climate is much
more pronounced. The length of the frost-free period is about the same,
100-105 days, but the danger of untimely frosts is greater. The period
of growth is somewhat bass arid. (160 millimeters during May-July), but
not sufficiently so. The suniner is colder (average July temperature
l8-'19 degrees; with the total heat of the growing period, about 1,600
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
degrees). There is also little snow in winter, and it is colder.
ry' temperature from minus 22.5 to minus 24.5 degrees).
( mean Janua
The area is situated in the zone of (islands of) permafrost. The soil
consists of weak podsol sandy-clays, often lying on carbonated beds
(semi-rendziny), rich with humus, sometimes passing into varieties of
chernozyems. Along the rivers, there are sand deposits (especially
in the east, in sub-area "b", and alluvial meadowland in the valleys.
The watershed of the left tributaries of the Angara and the
right tributaries of the Oka is the approximate eastern borderline of
the Angara-Cheremkhov sub-area. It is more suitable to settlement,
has a slightly longer summer and a more moderate climate, influenced
by the basin of the lake Baykal. The area is extremely rich in mineral
deposits, has enormous sources of water power, is out length-wise by
a railroad trunk line, and rep resents a junction of the roads leading
to adjoining republics of the Union and abroad - in Mongolia. In addi-
mou$ increase in the industrial population and the addition of a tre-
culture here to an unprecedented degree. At the same time, the enor-
times as large as Uneprostroy, will strengthen and industrialize agri-
tion to the priceless Oheremkhov and other coal deposits, Marninsk
copper, bauxites and alunites on the Belaya, Oka, Onot, and Biryusa
rivers, Baykal iron ore, valuable timber, and so on, it is planned
to exploit polymetals, manganese, graphite, asbestos, lumber, etc. in
Yakutiya, Buryatiya and in the Zabaykal section of the area, making
use of the current of the Angara. A power plant, with an output ten
mendous amount of mechanical energy will drive the farming economy to
an enormous increase in land oultivation in order to guarantee a supply
of food and a reserve of raw materials.
The first problem to be faced is the establishment of dairy and
-7sy-
REST 39CTEA
Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
vegetable farms, in order to obtain and convert raw materials at the
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
points of distribution and receipt of electric current. There should
be an increase in technical crops, in the first p]a oe, of long fibre
flax, which finds favorable conditions here, and of hemp, whose cul-
tivation must be based on aheimical fertilizers and a more extensive
use of manure. On a slightly smaller scale - potatoes, badan, makhorka,
(all of which find favorable conditions here) can be grown extensively.
American couch grass, beardless
broom grass, Siberian esparsette, yellow alfalfa, and in damp spots also
timothy and meadow fescue for hay. There should be winter and spring
rye, mixtures of oats and rye, oats-peas and vetch, and white mustard,
for green fodder and for ensilage. The edible roots includes Potatoes,
rape and turnips. Supplemented by natural hayfields and pastures,
these crops should adequately supply large-scale dairy farming and hog-
raising. Supplies of hay and ensilage can be added to late plantings
(first half of July) of oats,tich under these conditions yield large
aii ants of green fodder.
As the acreage of plowed fields increases, the great importance
of grains remains the same. Because of hot summers, spring wheat of
early varieties of spring wheat (Tului k), Balagan_kt, and in the future
f.030 or f.0178, and in sub-area "b" the larger grained Tulrk) vari-
eties), should be of leading importance. Second to spring wheat, but
figuring also as one of the chief crops, is winter rye (Tuluk)
zelyonozernaya) and oats (TulwiDsk 86/5) of which the first is to be
sawn mainly in protected wooded snowy places, and the second in places
where horses are plentiful, as near construction projeots, lumber
operations and along the main lines of horse transportation. The growth
of hog-raising should be ensured by a supply. of barley (Cherivonetz
variety). The places which are not suitable for any of the above orops
can be used for spring rye. The last-named two crops should not drop
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
below the position of supplementary grain crops. Attention should be
given to establishing the cultivation of peas. Of oereal crops, early
local millet and buckwheat can be sown as secondary crops.
Lc
On the southern shore of Baykal, there are places which
are protected by mountains from the winds and are affected by the mod'-
erating influence of the sea-lake on the climate. Such "warm" places
should be used for orchards and berry plantations.
The Chita-Sretensk forest-steppe occupies the southeastern
art of the former j i ta' and the southern part of Sretensk okrugs.
It is covered with large islands of tayga and forest-steppe with birch
trees, pines and Daur larch along the mountain ranges and a mixture of
diversified grass and "kovyltP steppes, mixed in with the woods in both
horizontal and vertical bolts. The area is little plowed, and has many
pastures and hay fields. The amount of land suitable for plowing is
considerable.
Climatically, this area is very continental. The length of the
frost-free period is about 100 days. The total amount of warmth during
the growing season is from 1,600 degrees in the north to 2,000 degrees
and up in the south. The summer is hot (average July temperature about
19.5 - 21.0 degrees) and there is not enough rainfall (May-July about
130 millimeters). The winter is very cold (average January temperature
minus 27 to minus 32 degrees) and there is very little snow (average
maximum depth of snow at the end of winter is under 10 centimeters).
Geographically, there is continuous permafrost. The soils are very di-
versified, according to the relief; in steppe areas - chestnut and
ohernozyem-like in conjunction with solonohaks; in taiga areas podsols;
and in intermediate areas '- forest sandy clays. In the valleys, the
soil is sandy.
This. is highly developed pining area. Here are the O1o annoye,
1avitmn and other tin deposits; also the Yakaterinensk
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Pavlovsky, Sh 'nsk, Preobrazhensk, Tayshin, Ildikan, Akatuyev, and
~.lk~.
other silver mines. There are also many other silver, gold, lead,
n sten malibdenum, bismuth, eta. mines. Brown coal
zinc, mercury, tug ~
deposits are numerous.
Th?s area, with the one follawi.ng, is one of our bases of non-
ferrous ~. metals. Thus, the eoonomy of this region is both mining and
?cultural ? Under the prevailing climatic conditions and because of
agra.
the aoailalil.ity of large fodder areas, the fhrming herd, in the future,
most combine animal husbandry with the raising of grain crops. Because
of hot and dry sumrc3r$, the principal grain crop should be spring wheat,
to a lesser degree by spring rye, and , in more humid places where horses
are raised or where draught horses are kept, it should be oats. Th
place of supplerntay' and secondary crops should be reserved for grain:
r
buckwheat and early millet.
areas should be well provided with a system of dairy-
Mining
vegetable farms. Natural pastures supply enough summer feed. A certain
deficiency in winter fodder can be remedied with fields of: yellow
~
alfalfa, Siberian wild rye, millet, oats and an oat-spring-wheat mix-
tore, and also potatoes.
The Borzinsk steppe area covers the extreme southwestern
XXI -? 7 ?
r Chita okrur. The area consists of two parts:
section of th? f~rx~
the western ("a") .. dry varouswgrasses and kovyl steppes on degraded
m with shifting sands, and the eastern ("b"),
and 1i,xyvi.ated cherno
semi-desert steppes on rich ordinary southern ohernozyems and chestnut
sods with spots of salines and sand masses. This area differs from
its even greater continentality and aridity, so that
the preceding by
farming, and especially raising of vegetables, must be on irrigated
land. The western sub-area "a" is more propitious for agriculture.
The whale area resembles the dry MongolIan Gobi steppes. It is poorly
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
suited to husbandr T, and the basic branches of farndng should be sheep-
raising and cattle growing, which are well provided for by steppe and
mountain meadows, pastures, and hay fields.
Cereal crops should be the same as in the preceding area:
spring wheat, spring rye, oats, with the addition of barley, buckwheat
and millet. The polymetal mines (Sherlovsk, Bukinin,K1aran0r, Duld-
urginsk, Klichkin a aid other ? ups.) ?-as numerous he re as in the pre-
ceding area, must be supplied *bh enough potatoes, vegetables and milk.
- 8. Dpuntai.nous Sayan*i__ n the southern part o f the former
the lower levels of the Sayan tayga there grow mainly
Kansk okrug? on
cedars, with larch, firs and silver firs. On the upper levels, there
are alpine meadows and tundra. The climate is the exceptionally harsh
one of the continental northern uplands. The soils are of skeletal
type, little developed and marshy. The population is very. sparse.
The Karagasses in the upper reaches of the Uda and Biryusa live by
hunting and reindeer-raising. There is a complete absence of roads.
The area is undoubtedly rich in minerals, but not explored. The tirn
ber is hardly used. Field cultivation is possible only in the low-
lying sections of the uplands, which belongs to the m- area.
i
.q , The area. of the Daur to Aga -southwestern and northern se c~
::9r of L9 frmer Chita and the northern section of Sretensk okrugs.
It is the Amur, Lena and Selenga watershed, cut up by large mountain
ranges. Open spaces and tayga alternate. There is little plowing,
which is limited by climate and relief. There are numerous pastures.
This enormous area with a much cut-up ? surface has a great diversity
of climatic conditions. On the whole they are very severe and do not
..
favor field cultivation. The frost--free period amounts on an average
to about 90 days, and the summer is rather cold (average July tern-
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
mines, etc. ) must be - provided' with near-at-hand vegetable .and dairy
exceptionally little snow and is cold (average July temperature from
minus 20.5 to minus 26.S degrees).
The upper soil is also very diversified. Weak podsols, clayey
and sandy-clayey soils predominate, on the whole. Also, there are
forest-sandy soils and stretches of sands. M,st places are subject
to permafrost. Under these conditions and with the availability of
rich pastures, farming tends to cattle-growing (large cattle, sheep
and horses), rather than to field cultivations However, by reclama-
tion, improvement of pastures and hayfields, andan addition of winter
fodder from cultivated fields, husbandry could be developed and the
cattle-growing basis of farming changed into dairy and dairy-meat
farming, which is essential in places.
The reserves of hay can be increased by sowing annuals: oats,
oat peas mixture, spring rye, juicy green fodder; and by the enlarge-
ment of potato fields. The usefulness of individual perennial grasses
has not been determined in this area. It is necessary here, as in
many preceding areas, to deternitne this through' accelerated selection
1
among local and world flora. Because of its harsh climate, in grain
growing this is an area of "yaritsa", which can bear well all the hard-
ships of nature in this locale. To a lesser degree, the crops of
spring wheat and oats are fairly safe, though these might be more im-
portant if the earliest varieties are selected. As supplementary
crops - barley, under conditions requiring the earliest ripening, and
buckwheat, where ,vonditf ons are more favorable o The centers of popu-
lation and industry (town of `Chita, Petrovsk Ironworks, Chernovsk coal
es to 1,600 degrees only along the northern borders). The winter has
perature is 15-17 degrees; the total warmth of the growing season ris-
f arming.
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XXIY e lAKU ASSR
area of this republic is about equal to that of the Euro-
TY~
pean part of the USSR. The population is 280,000 persons, and the
plowed area is 0.017 percent. All of its field cultivation is lo-
sated in the valleys of the river Lena and its main tributaries, where
qQ pe rcent o f the people live . Notwithstanding the fact that their
. .
chief occupation is farming (cattle raising and field cultivation),
lies are inadequat8. The consumption of vegetables
the local food supp
is negligible even in the centers of industry. Cattle raising on
natural ~- pastures, with their low and unstable production, is handi-
capped, and the prodixtive capacity of cattle is very low. Cattle
c
raising must be based upon the intensification of field cultivation
and grass growing and a system of rational exploitation of pastures,
of which is restricted by climate and tk~e period of
the usefulness
avaa,labil the suian r grazing period is especially short, gad-
flies and ~.ty .
midges are numerous. As no winter fodder is stocked up,
,
winter grazing is much used. The struggle against nature and the
assimilation of enormous natural wealth of Yakutiya is impossible
without the coilectivisation of labor, supplying it with technical
improvements, and t1 concentration of planned utilization of manpower.
,
The sparseness of population of the republic and its great remoteness
from the main centers of industry and population of the Union, make
,
it imperative very ecanomica~.ly, using it, first, for
to use labor
the development of trades and? industry (gold, fur, mining, and for-
entry) in the necessary direction and on the scale required for the
planned increase in building up industries of the Union and of the
hoot wasting labor on the hard struggle against
republic itself, wl.t
nature, trying to increase the acreage of arable lands. Field cul-
tivation has to be developed, however, to the dimensions required to
.
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
make the population self-sufficient in basic farming produce, which
here. One must remember that freighting foodstuff s
can be done
from outside of the republic costs very much (to the north of the
republic 1,000 rubles and more per ton), and this often is quite im-
possible. This has to be considered especially with regard to vege-
tables and potatoes, which are up to 7~ percent water and do not
stand up well under long haulage .~~Tt has to be considered also in
regard to bulky matters.
The natural development of farming, with little heat and hu--
nu ditY in seer and exceptionally harsh winters, has no t created up
to now any forms higher than animal raising on natural pastures and
primitive cereal growing. Grain crops, which are the foundation of
farming in Yakutiya, have to give up their place in favor of inten-
sive crop cultivation, first of all, to fodder. Plentiful manure
and sunlight promise good prospects for the development of truck gar-
dening, which is needed here for the growing industries and also as
an i,ndi spensable item in the diet of the local population, which is
of low physical standards, and feeds chiefly on a monotonous diet of
meat, etc.
Because of the scarcity of manpower and the short period of
harvesting, the problem of mechanization of farming looms large. Large
ranches must replace the numerous tiny one-man farms with a plowed
area of - ~- hectares (they amounted to 60 percent of the plowed
~ z
The two-field system with no fertilizers should be immediately
area).
pushed several centuries ahead, omitting the intermediate stages.
The numerous national minorities of the republic should be joined to
the cultural way of life and be armed by it in their struggle, unequal
until now, against rigors of nature. With the development of communi.-
cations, they should be in contact with the outside world. tlhly under
"I
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FCTE- Th(
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
? - ~,
eries and fur bearing and others, be utilized and the foundation of
yakutiyan industry be laid. At present, it i s an enormous potential
reserve for the national economy.
The cold and wide continental land mass of the republic is
the c olde st are a in the wo rid . Mo re than one -third of the are a i s
north of the Arctic Circle. Most of its surface consists of mountains,
these conditions can the enormous riches of mining, forestry, fish-
covered with tundra and larch taiga. Rivers with many rapids flow
through narrow rocky canyons. It is only the central Lena-Vilyuy-
e,ni?r~athi
In the north, the soil is of a marshy type among tundra lands,
on marshy soil lies at a depth of 70-$0 centimeters, in the turf-
podsol soils at 130150 centimeters, varying in depth and' thickness
according to the type of vegetation and upper soil layers. Strange
RESIJIJpTfl
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with its wide valleys ana raver terraces, tins L vs-
fers greater facilities for the development of agriculture. Here
also are concentrated the better explored nineral resources: coal,
iron, salver, lead, gold, and salt.
The air is dry, there is little cloudiness, the winter is
extremely cold (in hollows the temperature falls to minus 70 degrees).
There is permafrost and underground ice; in summer the temperature
is high (up to Jj0 degrees). The sun-heat is strong. Droughts occur
frequently, and the re is a continual `threat of frequent untimely
frosts. These are the general features of the climate of Yakutiya,
which is exclusively continental, not adapted to agriculture, except
in the protected river valleys.
turf-podsol clayey and sandy-clayey, and semi marshy soils, under
forest growth. Further south, on elevated spots, the soil is dark
clayey, sometimes with solonchaks. Along river valleys the soil is
alluvial, on mountain slopes it is the skeletal type . The permafrost
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
as it is, here permafrost is a positive factor, regulating the humidity
of the soil. Simultaneously, the decrease of fore st areas and plowing
it up over a permafrost base tends to lower or create "gaps" in the
upper soil layers and make swamps. Thus, the better agricultural lands
are in the wide river valleys and on their terraces and meadowlands,
as contrasted with the cold soils and poor pastures of the northern tayga,
distant from the shores. These are the circumstances, at present, that
create farmland congestion in the vast desert expanses which are seen
at the present The general tasks of agriculture in the republic are thus: the
development of food production, the increase in cereal and grain crops,
and the intensification of fodder crops to the extent of self-suffici-
ency, if possible; the establishment of a strong dairy and vegetable
economy in populated areas and sites of development of mining and manu-
facturing, and the supply of fodder for the principal means of trans-
portation at present - horses.
According to the significance and potentialities of agriculture,
the republic is divided into the following areas:
a) the Polar and sub-polar areas, with some vegetable growing loca-
tions and, seldom, barley growing;
b) the mountain meadows in the south (I-1 a, b, c) , with the same
importance of field cultivation, and
c) the central agricultural areas along the Lena river. (XXII-2(a). and
II-2(b)).
The fi rst area is to the north of the Vilyuy, Lena, Aldan and Maya
rivers, the second to the south of them, and the third occupies the
valleys of these rivers and also of the Qlekhma and Chara.
Polar and sub-polar regions, tundra, forest tundra an d mountain
tundra. This area has outlets to the sea over navigable rivers with
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
good fishing: Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana, Lena, Olenek, ?nabara and
Khatanga. Its potential development could be as a transit, fishing,
hunting and canning area. To stimulate these branches of economy,
we find here coal deposits on the lower reaches of the Lena river,
along the Olenek river, between the Yana and Indigirka, and on the
Novosibirsk islands; while rock salt is found on the shores of the
Khatanga Bay ;(in the area of Anabara). This salt can be used by local
fisheries, and show be used by fisheries in the Pacific Ocean region,
where there is no local supply and Crimean salt is used. The prospects
are for mining silver-lead ores in the Endibal'sk, Batintysk . and other
deposits. Coal is available on the Lyaho ` , Novosibirsk'(y and
r
Medvyezhii slafd$. In the estuaries of the Khatanga, knabar and Lena,
there are enormous accumulations of Mammoth bones /prehistoric ivory7.
There is an increase in animal breeding, etc.
The task of supplying vegetables, dairy products and meat to
these areas is the job of the agriculture of the region. Vegetables
should be improved by full aid sensible utilization of the vast tundra
pastures, of water-meadows, and by supplying oat and barley green
fodder obtained from cultivated fields. Experiments have shown that
early vegetables and potatoes can be grown on open ground, and barley
can be planted on a limited scale in isolated, better protected terrain
(on the middle reaches of the Kolyma) in the eastern ("b") section of
the area, isolated by the Anadyr, Kolyma, Verkhoyansk, Chersk and other
mountain ranges and their spurs. In such places, the average July
temperature rises to l&18 degrees, and the total warmth of the growing
period amounts to 1,000 degrees. However, the greater part of the
region is a tundra pasture land with vast areas of moss and lichen and
larch-aspen-birch forest-tundra on marshy and poor podsol soils with
uninterrupted permafrost.
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XXII 1. Eastern-Siberian taiga - elevated u lands party covered
with larch, party barren. The area has an extremely sparse popula-
tion of nomadic tribes, most of them Tungus: fishermen, hunters and
reindeer raisers. In the future , this area will have most extensive
lumbering (with the more valuable pulp in sub-area "c" ), and there
of the
will be exploitation/unquestionably tremendous, still unexplored min-
i wealth (including the Tungus coal basin, the richest in the world,
which is chiefly located in sub-area "a"). Use of the wealth of this
quite isolated region is impossible without a simultaneous development
of farming - a development of animal raising and field cultivation.
The conditions for the latter are almost as harsh as in the preceding
area, and are best suited to cattle raising and horse breeding (utiliz-
ingnatural pastures and hayfields and the possibility of grazing in
winter because of the extremely light snowfalls).
Because this area is more to the south, is further away from
the polar sea, and has a superior terrain, there are many more places
where potatoes and vegetables may be grown in the open. Barley also
may be planted, and in sub-area "c" - spring rye, and also spring wheat
and oats. The limited natural fodder can be supplemented by sowings
for hay and green fodder (and when heated silos are erected, also for
ensilage) of oats, mixtures of rye' and oats, and of oats and peas, and
of white mustard. In populated areas, it would be expedient to plant
also potatoes and turnips for fodder. The possibility of sowing per-
ennial grasses is precluded by the absence of seeds which could equal
the performance of local wild grasses. These survive the winter at
very low temperatures andoften without a snow cover.
The average July temperature goes up here from lb degrees in the
northwest to 20 degrees in the southeast. The average January tempera-
ture falls to minus 2 degrees in the southwest and minus 1 degrees
in the northeast. There is little snow, especially in the higher open
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
I ESTJ)O7
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eta] soils and peat marsh soils ?
o~
d
s
'..-
soils o he Lena-Vilyuysk Watershed - v~.th saline s;
clayey and sandy-clayey; in t l? There are stretches of skel-
meadown~arshYa
--
in valleys
from 1,000 degree S in the north to 1 O9 degrees ln the sou ?
?on areon permfrost ground. They are creak podsols,
regi
f
spaces. Ths total amount of warmth in tl~ more .protected places varies
th The
.
~
e used for the development o f i slan
this area can b
Thus
,
oral prospects are the comparatively warmer
agriculture . The best not the
basin of the Olekhma river (~~c?), and
and more snowy areas of the
ers
i
v
watershed of thle Aldan and Zeta r
though less snowy .
id
more hwm
, ous number of small lakes and adjoin~.ng
(nb?) , The presence of an enarm
the colder
i
n
rich hayfields axed pastures fixes the type of farming,
cattle raising.
drier sub-area "a", as that of mainly
and
e ion alon the Lena raver and its main
~ ~ agri cultural r g
.
7 _
, solo 'cal benches of the river and the
tributaries - the vane s and g
and
ds
i
;
n
ad'oinin v en toy a. These places are protected from cold w
te
~
.
t the clima
es of water moderaes
of enormous expans
it
i
y
m
prox
heat well. This area accordingly,
the The soil is well drained and absorbs
of
with its complex system of branches, is the best developed area
n in the republic, and it is forefront
sive field cultivatio
t
en
in
o ant naves north. Where are many open areas
through which this devel pm rowth
fields and meadows; and thus, the future g
with water, and dry hay
raising here is assured.
tl
e
f cat
o ? reviously described areas of the repub-
rn compari son with the p
' arably better conditions for farm-
the present area presents income
riod is an
'
trig. ing, Ever most of t} area, the length of the frost-free pe
the. total warmth of the growing period goes,
an average about 100 days,
on an average? The summer is hot (average July
up to 1,00 degrees,
ten e sunny and very dry (average rainfall
~?ature 19 . 1 -19 . 1 degree s) ,
P
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
during May-July is 70-100 millimeters. ) The winter is very cold
(average January temperatures from minus 3~.5 to minus )4.8 degrees),
and there is little snow. However, the O1ekhmin sub-area (XXIi--2(b))
has much precipitation both in summer and in winter, has a consid-
erably warmer winter and summer, and a longer growing period. The
land consists of weak pcdsol clayey sails, sandy-clay and alluvial
soils of various types in the large river floodlands. Semi-saline
soils are in open places.
At the present time, this area is the best-explored as far as
natural resources are concerned. Also, the main water arteries of
communication arkconcentrated here, and it represents, therefore, the
place for the greatest development of industry both now and in the
future. The Aldan group of gold fields - the rl chest area in gold
reserves in the Union - as well as the Vilyuy area, where not only gold,
but also platinum was found. In the sane region along the Lena lie
iron deposits. Along the same river, there are coal deposits, also
coal in the Aldan area, Iceland spar, graphite, mica of exceptional
purity, Vilyuy rock salt, etc. - all these promise a development of
mining in the next few years. The great quantities of fish, wild fowl,
meat, lard, other fats, hides, etc., call for the erection of canning,
refrigerating, candle, soap, tanning and otlr factories and plants.
These are already being planned; so also are the indispensable brick
and cement plants near Yakutsk. Simultaneously, plans are being made
for the construction of a railroad, opening this area to the Trans-
Asiatic trunk line and, on to the pacific Ocean. All the above devel-
opments in thi s area make it a center of activity in the republic and
cause the population to concentrate here.
The original way of fanning in the area must give way to a system
which can fully supply the changing economy of the area. The meat and
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of intensive animal husbandry must, through an in-
cattle raising trend.
of fodder, add to itself dairy farming on a
crease and improvement
similar scale . The growing of grains must try to increase to a point
.
where it will supply the normal needs for bread, grain and concentrated
.
fodder. Truck gardena. ?ng must be almost entirely reorganized. Tech-
n'cal crops must find a suitable place.
~.
The main task of organizing a fodder reserve is to increase the
natural fodder supply by the adaptation of new areas, reclamation,
~'
improvement by clearing, protection from weeds, against erosion, regu-
etc. It should be increased by sowing annuals - oats,
lating grazing,
peas and oats together, rye and oats mixtures, whLte mustard, potatoes,
.
and turnips. Methods should be found and put into effect for building
permafrost and long polar winters (the "tower" type
silos, adapted to
dugouts, aced silos , or enclosures in buildings). This would provide
he
sufficient succulent fodder for the exceptionally long d-nter in
,
Yakutiya. The problem of safely keeping potatoes and root vegetables
is no less im rtant. It is essential to select perennial grasses as
1~
rapidly as possible, especially the leguminous types.
,
As regards cereal crops, the area should be divided into two
parts in accordance with the differences in climate indicated above:
the greater area a the extreme north ( "a" ), which requires earlier crops,
and the southern area, more favorable to crops ("bn),
In t12 -,a" sub-area, only the earliest varieties of barley can
be expected to ripen, and also the less demanding spring rye, while
can be sown as supplementary crops. The import-
spring wheat and oats
ance of oats is especially great in the Aldan area, which uses an enor-
horses for transportation. It should be noted that in
moos number of
railroads in the republic and the substitution
view of the absence of
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this crop should get the attention it de-
of wagon transportation, ' ~
ro may contribute to drawing horses fur.-
serves. In addition, this c p ?
the r north, to replace the Yakut reindeer and the Tndigir dog, which
rk even if they are of the best local
are poor helpers in heavy ~ ,
n should be -paid to the selection
breeds. Therefore; special attentio
ant and cold-resistant varieties of oats.
of draught-resist
? area (nbn) where the threat of untimely
In the Olekhma.n sub
ante of grain crops may be reversed; t~
frosts is less, the import
basic crops -spring wheat (local ,~5ibirk&', Teremok and others) and
axle and spring rYe? of the. technical crops,
oats; supplementary b y
hould be grown all over the area; in the
potatoes and. white mustards
south -poppies, tobacco and hemp may be used. A prospective crop in
s flax for fibres, when the mechanical conver-
the southern sub area i
sj.on of straw is arranged.
On the basis of these crops Yakutiya may build up a stable
field farming is directed toward supplying
agriculture, provided that
that vegetable farming and grain growing
the needs of animal raising , are developed, that the possibilities of mecYiaiZatian are . utilized,
thuds of f3,d1d cultivation, developing
brjnging innovations into the rye
? n hotbeds, and salving the problems of
the use of fertilizers, Navi g
a and making use of the permafrost. There
the struggle with the tayg
ro er techniques far processing valu-
must be plant selection and the p p
able technical crops.
xxiii. BURYAU-MONGOL ASSR
The territory of this republic lies inside the above described
8 ci ay~" and the Yakut A55R. Some of its
re ans of the Eastern Siberi
separate sections are
RESThLCJp
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much like the adjoining parts of these regions in respect to their
economic position, the trend of their agriculture and the type of
their natural conditions.
The type of agriculture in Buryatiya was a little-differentiated
mixture of animal raising, field husbandry and crafts. It conformed
to the economic life of this remote, non--industrialized and formerly
uncultured borderland. Its main branch of activity, cattle--raising,
is based on poorly productive Mongolian cattle, and depends entirely
on the type and location of the generally meager pastures. Fodder is
not stocked for the long winter, not even barn fodder ; and the cattle
are kept grazing all through the winter. Field cultivation is with the
use of two and three crop rotation, with fields lying fallow. The
cultivation is not intensive and is not stabile, because of the poorly
developed and primitive methods of irrigation, a very low degree of
nchanization the absence of fertilizers and the slow recuperation
of the productive value of the soil through rest. Such recuperation is
slow because of the strictly continental day climate. Seldom, though
very successfully, pastures have been improved by artificial irrigation
and manure (futugi!t ). The more intensive forms of animal raising
(including hog raising) are so far being used only on Russian farms.
Rye, the basic crop which is adapted to local conditions and to primi-
tive farming, is only slowly beginning to give ground to wheat, in a
few limited sections. It should be noted that the country did not
have any experiment stations the results of whose work would have
been available to the agriculture of the republic, either to show the
basic direction for the organization cf field cultivation, or in getting
varieties of field crops adapted to the specific and unusual climate,
All this made it impossible for the agriculture of Buryato-
MongolLya to raise or grog many commodities for sale, which far from
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tended to raise the cu]-turallevel of the population. ~-th the
.
ev ex eriment field, which serves however
exception of the B ayanday p
is situated near the Lake Bayk4.
onl the small portion of the republ
Y
In the meantufle the national and cultural development of the once
pastoral and hunt u],ation of Buryats, venks urigu5) and
~.ng pap
utlets for their work, and, as a result, there
Varagasses seeks new o
fable development of the republic's agri-
will undoubtedly be a conside
culture, based on an increase in use of electric power, mechanization,
the use of chemistry, development of irrigation and the introduction
all speca. ms of field cultivation, corresponding to the over-
of more modern cyst e
?aliZat1on of various areas of the republic : basic cattle-
raising (rough and concentrated fodder) mining and forestry (vegetable
gardening , fodder-supplY, grain farma.ng.) ?
Because of the small population of the industrial centers, the
. surface and the large number of pastures, the
excepta.onally mountanaus
meat-cattle raising and grain-
character of farming remains chiefly
'ndividual areas there are different combinations,
gr owing , though in 1
:in different proportions, and there are different trends. The indus-
trial centers of the Predbaykal t ye, and in Zabaykal? ye, towns of
Troitsko-Savsk, ?th their tanneries and wool-convey
Verkhneucl~nsk and u
of
or the future a meat canning industry)' a number
tors, (and f
' si? :w . also the tannings
installations
all will have to set up their dairy, vegetable
plants on Baykal, etc.,
s or reasons of health, vegetables have to be
and berry-gr ~.ng farm .
of the limited fare of the national minorities.
an important paw
The electrification of Buryatiya, and especially the possibility
of using the power of the Seleriga, and in the Predbaykal' ye - of the
Anga volution in the field cultivation of the
~'a~ Will bang about a re
respective axeas, especiallY from the angle of demand for agricultural
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k\ baan
raw materials (hemp, flax, ? ', and potatoes), and when animal.-
raisi is developed, then a demand also for fodder crops. Finally,
carrying out the projects for building the Verkhneudinsk-Troitsko-
Savskaya and Pribaykal' staya railroads, as well as the. development of
highway communications, will give a strong impetus to the development
and intensification of agriculture, on one hand, by providing a wide
outlet for its products from the areas, previously isolated, but well
suited to the establishment of farming centers and on the other hand,
by creating a consumeres demand at the point where the supply origin-
ates9 on the basis of the lines of communication, of new mining and
forestly industrial establishments (valuable larch forests, Muyskiy,
Dzidinskiy and Sayan gold fields, Udinsk area of iron deposits, graphite,
manganese, mica, marble, and other mining in the Sayan, Baykal, and
other mountain areas).
Though its over-all character is continental, the climate, as
well as the types of soil and vegetation, varies greatly in accordance
with the orography of the separate parts of the country. When dividing
the country into areas, the orographic indicator is the most important
after the economic indicators, such as distribution of industry, forests,
mining resourses, river and overland transport network, etc.
Predbaykal e strip of open tayga, forest steppe and islands of
various cereal grass steppe. The lakeside area (Baykal) is of a
mountainMtayga character and in its natural conditions comes close to
the XXI-2b area, while the conditions of the western part do not differ
from those of the industrial area XXI-5b and the south of XXI.2a. Dry
valley steppes and f orest-steppe islands are on the low watersheds. There
are degraded chernozyems, and sometimes saline soils. The frost-free
period is 100-105 days. The total warmth is about 1,600 degrees;
average temperature in July - 18 degrees, in January - minus 25 degrees.
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STRitfleEfl
The annual average maximum depth of snow cover is 25 centimeters.
Similarly to the adjoining areas, field cultivation here should develop
those crops, which would guarantee the supply of dairy and vegetable
produce to industrial centers, and the supply of raw material to the
industries. At the same tame, the area should continue to raise grain
crops (especially wheat), which are important and the conditions for
which are favorable.
The mountain section:of the area can utilize the natural fodder
tracts and establish dairy cattle raising in the south and dairy and
meat-cattle raising in the north, and must also guarantee the supply of
vegetables to the manganese and iron ore mining centers on the Oltkhona
" b cu'
river and in the Baykal range. Of all technical crops,
the best conditions. Hemp fields may be started on well-manured lands
on large cattle raising farms (the Buryat utugs"). The basic fodder
must be supplemented by potatoes, turnips, and the annuals: oats, and
a mixture of oats, rye and peas, for hay and fresh feed. In the western
part of the area the same fodder crops should be used, plus additional
technical crops, flax and also potatoes if machine processing is arranged.
The basic crop should be spring wheat ("Balaganka" and other Tulun kinds),
spring rye and oats (?'Tulun X6/5?t ), as supplementary crops in protected
wooded spots - winter rye ("Tulun zelyonozernaya"); for secondary crops -
barley, chiefly for hogs ("Chervonets" ), peas and early local millet
peculiar to Buryat agriculture.
XXTIT-~ . Eastern Sayan (Vostochno-Sayanskiy) high altitude toga,
Mountain tundra, salty wood plants, alpine tayga, lower level tayga,
marshes in lowlands and valley sections. In agricultural conditions,
this area is identical to the neighboring non-agricultural XXI-S area.
There are differences, however; first, in that the requirements of the
national economy are much greater. The presence in the area of deposits
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The annual average maximum depth of snow cover is 25 centimeters.
Similarly to the adjoining areas, field cultivation here should develop
those crops, which would guarantee the supply of dairy and vegetable
produce to industrial centers, and the supply of raw material to the
industries. At the same time, the area should continue to raise grain
crops (especially wheat), which are important and the conditions for
which are favorable.
The mountain section of the area can utilize the natural fodder
tracts and establish dairy cattle raising in the south and dairy and
meat-cattle raising in the north, and must also guarantee the supply of
vegetables to the manganese and iron ore mining centers on the Ol'khona
b tcu)
river and in the Baykal range. Of all technical crops,
the best conditions. Hemp fields may be started on well-manured lands
on large cattle-raising farms (the Buryat -+utugstI ), The basic fodder
must be supplemented by potatoes, turnips, and the annuals: oats, and
a mixture of oats, rye and peas, for hay and fresh feed, In the western
part of the area the same fodder crops should be used, plus additional
technical crops, flax and also potatoes if machine processing is arranged?
The basic crop should be spring wheat (~Balaganka" and other Tulun kinds),
spring rye and oats (''Tulun 86/5'' ), as supplementary craps in protected
wooded spots - winter rye ("Tulun zelyonozernayau ) ; for secondary crops -
barley, chiefly for hogs ("Chervonets" ), peas and early local millet
peculiar to Buryat agriculture.
XXTII Eastern Sayan (Vostochno-Saysnskiy) high altitude taa.
Mountain tundra, salty wood plants, alpine tayga, lower level tayga,
marshes :in lowlands and valley sections. In agricultural conditions,
this area is identical to the neighboring non-agricultural XXI-.8 area.
There are differences, however: first, in that the requirements of the
national economy are much greater. The presence in the area of deposits
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RESTICTEfl
of high grade graphite (Alib erov pits), the I1 ' chirsk asbestos fields,
umequafed in the whole world for quantity and quality of output, a
series of goldfields, and mica deposits, - all these have to be sup-
plied by a corresponding organization of dairy and vegetable--growing
farms. The second exception is the presence in this rugged mountain
land of an area relatively favorable to agriculture, the Tonkin valley,
which leads into Mongoliya. This valley is rather warm (average July
temperature in its upper and lower parts l&'-18 degrees, the total warmth
of the growing period in the central part about 1,600 degrees), but it
has a severe winter.
The climate in the mountains and the variegated mountain soils
are not favorable to farming, and for this reason land cultivation
centers chiefly in the more fertile alluvial soil of the valleys..
Expansion of plowed land is restricted by the mountains and the tayga.
Fodder supply can be based on natural pastures and hay fields. Grain,
potatoes and vegetables should form the basis of field crops. Among
grains, easily grown spring rye, oats for draft horses, and spring
barley must be of paramount importance. Winter rye, barley, and peas
at the mouth of the valley, should act as supplementary crops. It is
possible to develop field cultivation also in the valley of the Oka
river, planting the same crops, but with greatereraphasis on barley, of
the grain crops. The Karagas mountain nomadic tribe - (hunters and
reindeer breeders), must be drawn into the branch of agriculture which
would stabilize their own activities, by using the same crops in other
mountain valleys.
xxIII The Priba ka1 Ra on of the flaw' type and northern mountain
larch to a. Forests cover over 90 percent of the area. The climate
is characterized by severe winters with little snow (average January
temperature below minus 27 degrees), and a hot and dry summer (average
July temperature over 19 degrees). The area is much cut-up, covered
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mostly with weak podsol soil; in the valleys -- alluvial soils. In all
respects this area resembles the adjoining motmtain-taiga section of
area XXI-9, and in its northern part - the mountain-~targa areas XXI 3
and XXII-TV. Not only is agriculture possible here, but it can develop
quite successfully, if it is relegated to the limited areas of the river
valleys, with their alluvial soils (the valleys of the Muya, Bambuyka,
Parama, Turka, Verkhnyaya Angara, and Barbuzin rivers, the lower reaches
of the Selenga, etc.) At the same time, the presence of large matural
pastures over the remaining area puts it into the meat-cattle growing,
deer breeding and horse raising group. With an improved fodder founda-
tion with respect to stocks for winter, however, this area can also be
a butter- or cheese-dairy area. Basically, it is a forestry hunting
and cattle-raising area. In this severe climate, agriculture can have
but a part subordinate to these industries. The stocks of hay and fresh
fodder must be increased through planting of oats, oat-and-rye, or oats-
and-peas mixtures, and potatoes.
In the group of cereals, the basic crop should continue to be
rye, which does not require much moisture in the soil, while the impor-
tance of spring wheat should be increased by using early local varieties,
as also the role of oats. As secondary crops, one should plant barley,
buckwheat and, in the south, early local millet, Moving to the north,
into the Vitimskiy mountain area, the selection of grains changes, with
a trend towards an increase in earlier varieties. Near the northern
border, barley becomes the chief grain crop in the few agricultural
centers. In the Pribaykal section on the "utug&' of the large cattle
farms, manured fields can be successfully used for hemp. Agriculture
here has the special task of setting up farming, the natural
XXIII-(4). Selenga area; forest-steppe (mountain steppe 11&t varied
RE ST RCTEO
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(11A .1)L`r\
ra o: 1 ste es t~bt! . Areas similar in their general
also located to the east in the separate Aginsk 'taymakpart
type are
of the republic. ''Au. Open valleys alternate with tayga areas on
the mountain slopes of sharply undulating elevated area. On the general
background of weak podsol clayey and sandy--clayey soils, there forest
clays and stretches of sandy and cartilagenous soils. It is a region
of permafrost. Agriculture is located in valleys between mountains,
but the acreage of plowed lands is quite considerable and can be greatly
increased. The tracts of fodder plants can also be increased. The
summer is hot and dry, the winter very cold and with almost no snow.
"B" . The landscape is of the type of the Mo~olian steppes. The
summer climate is hot and very arid (yearly rainfall 150 millimeters,
average July temperature about 25.5 degrees). Winters are very cold
(average January temperature about minus 25.5 with an almost complete
absence of snow). There are degraded chernozyems, chestnut sandy-
clayey and sandy soils, which are hardly usable for agriculture with-
out irrigation. Because of the hot summers, the period of growing is
long enough for the ripening of early varieties of hard wheat.
In general, in this area field cultivation and cattle raising
have equal opportunities for development. In the southern steppe sub-
area, however, as well as in the corresponding section of the separate
Agin "ayrnak", the development of field cultivation is handicapped by
the aridity of the climate and the considerable tracts of sandy soils.
In both sub-areas, extensive cattle-raising should be changed from a
meat to a dairy-meat basis, with an increase and improvement of fodder
stocks. The forest-steppe sub-area ("as') is much more propitious in
that respect. The f ollo dng plants can be grown for hay: yellow
alfalfa, Siberian wild rye, millet, oats, and oats with spring rye.
It is essential to enlarge the planting of potatoes for fodder.
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xX. PACIFIC OCEAN KRAY
This extremely remote borderland of the Union has to strive, in
the development of its agriculture as well as in some other branches of
economy, towards self-sufficiency, especially in goods difficifl-t to
transports as are many agricultural products. In addition, possessing
natural conditions rarely equalled in other parts of the Union in res-
ect to the possibilities of growwing certain craps, this area must
P
assume the task of supplying these crops to other areas, The Pacific
Ocean Kray stretches along the ocean from the Arctic Ocean to the Sea of
Japan, reaching beyond the limits for agriculture in the north, and in-.
cluding parts of the rice-growing zone in the south. This large variety
of natural conditions indicates the possibility of raising a great
number of crops. Hciwever, these crops cannot be distributed evenly over
the area, because of the exceptionally diversified climatic conditions
in various sections, which in turn are conditioned by the types of sea
surrents and the relief of land. The climate is generally of the monsoon
type, and this, in combination with the continentality of inland sections'
separated from the sea by high mountain ranges, creates peculiar ccmdi-
Lions for the whole area as well as for separate sections.
Generally, the winter weather is clean calm and very cold. There
is hardly any precipitation. It is only along the shores of the ocean
and in places protected by mountains that the snow' cover is more or less
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Spring wheat must form the basis for grain crops . In less favor-
able sections, however, it can be replaced by spring rye and oats. As
a safe supplemental crop, buckwheat should be s wri, and as a secondary
crop -millet . All the areas in Buryato Mongoliya with the exception
of the Predbaykal, are in need of irrigation, and especially so, area
XXIII,.(4) ? Many steppes have good soils and can easily be artifically
irrigated. At present, they yield a fairly good crop of hay and grain
only in Itfavorable years,'
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
thick. The rigorous winter conditions are moderated by the influence
of the sea along its shores, but this influence does not spread far
beyond the Sikhota-Alin mountain range. Summer monsoons begin in the
spring, bringing large quantities of rain to the continent, but this
exceptional rainfall does not reach beyond the Malyiy Khingan, though
the moderating effects of the monsoons are felt further west. Likewise,
in summer the cooling influence of the sea does not reach far, and west
of the Sikhota Alin range, temperatures rise rapidly. Thus, the summer
is warm, in places hot, and with much rainfall. However, the monsoon
rainfalls begin comparatively late, and spring all over the area is
distinctly arid. Among other unfavorable climatic factors, in addition
to a surplus of summer rainfalls and aridity in sprang, are: early
frosts' over-abundance of rain during the harvesting period, low tempera-
tures of the soil and a surface marshiness, caused by the abundance of
summer and autumn rainfall.
The soil also varies greatly in character: from. primary tundra
soil on the Chukot peninsula, to dark, humus alluvial in the Amur basin.
The considerable differentiation of agricultural possibilities suggests
a division into the following basic areas:
xxiv-(1). Mountainta
is permafrost. The frost free period is about 100 days, but the total
warmth of the growing period is 1,600 - 1,800 degrees because of the hot
scanners (average July temperature about 20 degrees). Winter is cold,
with very little sncr (average January temperatures from minus 27 to
minus 30 degrees). This is the moderately warm and humid section of the
area.
in the river valleys. The mountains have stony and peat-bog soils. There
a in the basin of the middle reaches of the Ze
Selemdzha and Bureya, former Zeya Okrug and the northern part of the
Amur Okrug. Mountain tayga, open along the rivers. Podsol sandy clayey
soils predominate, with strips of meadowland, marshy and alluvial soils
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may, with some improvements,
Vast natural- pastures and hayfields.
raising. The planting of potatoes
uarantee fodder for dairy cattle
The large
g
to provide succulent winter odder,
should be increased
the region, like-
ise requires dairy mines and growing lumber works in
number of ex~.st enin centers. Vege-
irY farms and also vegetable gard g
w . .
tentian here. Of technical crops,
table crops should get speC? ~al at
potatoes (d get a solid foot-
in the south, flax and tobacco) must
an
significantg and of these, basic importance
hold. Grain crops are also di serasable
ring wheat, spring rye and oat s, mn p
should be attached t o: spring
ondar crops,
because of the large number of horses in this area. As seG Y
for fodder, and barley, the lmpartance
there should be buck heat, chiefly
of which is far greater in the remote sections than in the area as a
whole.
the laver reaches of the Amur and
v~land Ta a areas on
------
the many natural hayfields and pastures.
raising can be based on
importance of potato and vegetable growing is very great, especial7.y
y
ately waxen, v ' rich in coal, oil, fish, timber,
gold , The prospects for this area, very r~
trat ion of industrial populat~..on and
fishermen and craftsmen. At present, there is little farming pops-anon,
to trades, not even utilizing fully the rrnmerOU5
and this is diverted farming and hog
ds. A successful development of dairy
natural meadowlan The
humid and snowy.
er
outhern part of Nikolayev 0? a p
Sakhalin islando The s
and alluvial soils. An enormous reserve
clayey sails, meadow, marshy
of fodder lands. The frost-free period is 100 110 days. The total
amount of warmth in the growing period is from 1,600 in the north to
2,200 degrees in the south. The average temperature in July 1$-20
The area is mo~der--
in January minus 22 - minus 26 degrees.
degrees,
on Sakhalin.
RESTRI.CT1E
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2 ' L0 1'r,' k odsol
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
be delivered along the Amur and therefore their local importance would
be less than that of fodder and technical crops. In this group the
less demanding oats and spring rye may be considered as basic crops
for the entire area, with spring wheat as supplementary, and barley and
winter rye as secondary.
and flax can be very important as technical crops. Grain crops can easily
The presence of high quality coal, oil and timber on this island
and the possibilities of using these for sea transportation and for
transporting them to the mainland, will shortly attract numerous indus-
trial settlers to Sakhalin, and will call for a corresponding develop-
ment of dairy and vegetable farming. The places most favorable to agri-
culture are in the valleys of the Tyma and Poronaya rivers, and on the
southwestern shore of the Soviet part of the island, where rich alluvial
lands should be widely used for fodder and vegetable growing. The same
is required by goldmining, fishing and lumber works on the lower reaches
of the Amur, where there are exceptionally groat possibilities for
raising cattle on improved natural fodder. When there is mechaniza-
tion in working up dried straw and other processing, then potatoes, hemp
wy-(3). Mountain tayga and shoreline lowlands of the Prirnor
time area. Former Kamchatka and eastern mountainous parts of the
Nikolaye, Khabarovsk and Vladivostok okrugs. The climatic conditions of
this region, reaching from the Arctic Ocean to the Sea of Japan, are
rather varied, yet, they generally exceed, with very few exceptions,
the minimum requirements for field cultivation. They satisfy only the
needs. In respect to heat and length of growing period, however, they
satisfy only the needs of the less demanding, vegetable crops, sometimes
of barley, and much less often, other crops . Practical experiments with
the planting of such crops have been made with different degrees of sue-.
cess: along the Anadyr, in the Gizhig, Yamsidy Okhotsk and Ayan on the
7JO
RE ST UCTE
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Okhotsk shore (chiefly turnips), in the valley of the Kamshatka river,
in Uda Amgen' and in the Amur estuary (more or less successfully:
vegetables, barley and oats) . On the whole the most reliable crops
here are vegetables, which are also the most indispensible here, be-
cause of the considerable development of various enterprises in the
area
The need for development of vegetable and fodder farming is
especially great in places where there are fisheries and trapping, near
canning factories on Kamchatka, where the population is rapidly increas-
ing, and in the mining areas of the mainland part of the region. By
using annual fodder mixtures (oat and barley with vetch and peas), root
tuber plants with their greens, cabbage leaves, and in more favorable
places the sturdier perennial grasses,; timothy, Kentucky blue grass,
and others, in addition to natural grass, both the grazing grounds and
the winter supplies of hay and ensilage may be considerably improved
and strengthened. Extensive usage of methods for protecting plants against
law temperatures, the use of wind power and of Ye at and power of the new
electric power stations in industrial centers for heat and light in
vegetable farming, may ensure here the ripening of a great variety of
vegetable crops. By using extra early varieties and by using methods
to accelerate ripening, crops of potatoes can be ensured in more favor-
able sites, and, sometimes, barley.
Of exceptional importance for this area is the extraction of com-
bined concentrated fodder and fertilizers from the rich growth of sea-
weeds and the waste products of fisheries. The southern parts of the
area: the basin of the Uda and Amgen' rivers and especially the system
of the Sikhota-Alf range, with their vast and rich fodder areas, are of
tremendous interest for the development of animal husbandry, Of special
value in this respect is the exceptionally humid south sub-area of Yuzhno
Ussuriysk tayga - KKIV- 3b. Of basic significance among field crops here
- jai -
REST RCTE
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Meadow..~--- s ion o~. tine
toppe plain, partly open tayga (in the tayga reg
ree eriod U5-125 days. The total sum of
Ussuriysk type). Frost f p
is about 2,200 degrees. Average tern-'
warmth during the growing period from minus 26 to minus 2$ degrees.
as human food and fodder, and barley and oats,
' -the southern rt of the former Amy' Okx
Winters are thus characterized by very low temperatures and have very
atures (the average height of the snow cover
little snag for such temper
centimeters). Compared to other sections
at the end of winter is 20-3 0 te1 warm and humid; but in comparison ~-th
of the area, summer is mod,era y
other short grooving period zones in the SSSR, it appears very warm and
225-27 5 millimeters), with a sufficient
very humid, (during May-3u1y
? ecially in spring. On the other hand, however,
amount of sunlight, esp
e ver negative features. Its main faults
the Amur surmner has sam y
late s ring and early autuf1 frosts. This means
include the threat of p m$ up Si and lases much of its warmth over the;the,v
reel
that the ground war p 1 ~ second
th
e
a eneral and significant deficiency of/\~
Winter. There is g
n
the summer, which is detrimental to the fifing_a and ripening
ham of th ' this
interferes with harvest of grains and hay, making
of the grains and particular stress. The insufficient snow cover in winter
period one of ' ate winter craps and perennial grasses. The
makes it difficult to culta.v amurski. ) is much more favorable with. regard to
area along the Amur (Pri y
the distribution of summer temperatures.
This area lies beyond the areas of permafrost. The soils are of
t -marshy alluvial soils of large flood-
heavy podsQl sandy clay, and sily
a consequency of copious summer rains, the
lands of various types. As
lover temperatures of the other seasons, and the impermiability of the
soil, there is a tendency to the f ormati on of surface marshes. In this
respect, lighter and more absorbent soils and warmer and better pro-
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in July 19.5 ?- 21, in January
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RES TEUC TED
tected elevations of the surface are more propitious to growing the more
demanding crops. An efficient system of drawing land areas into the
orbit of cultivation and the systematic working and selection of plants,
reflects on the water and heat conditions of the soil and can regulate
them to a considerable extent, The choice of plants is especially im-
portant in respect to storing heat in the soil and removing excessive
moisture. These plants should, in their first stages of development,
let the suns rays fall on the soil, let a lesser amount of sunrays go
through their spreading foliage towards autumn, leave stalks or`tall
stubble for retaining snow in winter and drain the soil through a strong
and deep network of roots.
The area is rich in large fertile meadows. Even in the past,
this area, because the conditions of its soil and climate, favorable to
grains, gave a surplus of grains and grain fodder, and it was considered
the granary of the whole region. Farming is the basic branch of its
economy. Insufficient manpower (in spite of a greater sufficiency than
in other parts of the Union) and insufficient machinery, present an
exceedingly serious problem for the development of the agriculture of
the region, especially in view of the possibility of conquering large
new lands for farming. Great changes in field cultivation should occur
in connection with changes in the selection of cultivated crops, and in
particular, with the greater use of intensive technical crops; soybeans,
sunflowers, flax, and hemp, as well as fodder crops.
The considerable well populated area with its numerous existing
or planned industrial centers (town of Blagovlschensk, the Kivdinsk
and the Arkharov coal mines, numerous gold fields, the erection of
butter making plants, etc.) enable the
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RESTRIg TED
products of agriculture to be converted and consumed on the spot.
The fact that the region is located on a center of waterways on the
Zeya, Bureya and Amur Rivers, the presence of the Amur railroad
trunk line, all this makes possible not only a steady flow of
supplies into the region, but makes it possible to export its
surplus to other regions and to the 'ports of the Pacific Ocean.
The importance of the Amur region is especially great in that by
growing wheat and oats, this area releases acreage in the south-
eastern areas for more valuable crops -- rice, soybeans, etc.
Because of the limited growing period and other climatic factors,
which repeat here the climatic conditions of the continental Asiatic
northeast, the more valuable special crops grown in the south of the
region, cannot be planted here with any assurance of safety. Only
the earliest varieties of soybeans (Krushulya 9/3, Yellow Amurskaya,
etc.) can be grown steadily in the southern part of the area, provided
fields are chosen where the soil absorbs adequate heat and the
drainage is good (these crops generally would be secondary crops).
The basic crops continue to be grains, and first among than is spring
wheat, and next -- oats. The varieties of these crops for the region
have not been definitely established. Among the competing crops,
according to their various qualifications, are Lyutestsens 062, the
local .murskaya Golokoloska, and Garnet wheat, The oats include
Zolotoy Dozhd and others, which cannot yet be finally accepted as
varieties suited to the region.
The fodder supply may be developed by planting for hay; yellow
local alfalfa, American couch-grass, Siberian wild rye, soybeans, vetch
with oats, and soybeans with oats. As far as perennial grasses are
concerned, one has to note the same essentiality of making an early
selection, as was noted for the East-Siberia rcray, Yakutiya and
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This area is not as well adapted to soybeans as the preceding
~'
one, since the rainfall is slig Y
sibilities, however, for developing less. There are fairly good pos~-
eloping his crop here.. Krushuly 2/3 is
the variety for both the norther'' and southern parts of the sub-area,
krainskaya are for the southern part only.
Kharbinskaya 199 and Staxou
in second place, kidney beans and
Lentils, Winter vetch for seeds and,
?
. from the pod le gunne s to be grown here
peas should be chosen f
the cultivation of potatoes, in the northerfl
The spreading of .
~~ expedient, as they give good crops
section especially, would be q
' Lion as well as for fodder (hog rais-
and can be used for human conswnp
should be cut in favor of winter wheat in
ing) e Tacre age of rye
rthern section, where the soil is, in
general, but less so ? ~.n the no
The variety of rye recommended here is
places, of sandy loam.
under barley should be maintained in the
Taraschansky. The acreage
? view of the possibility of obtaining good.
northwestern section, in
he area be cut too much all over the sub-
brewing area, brewing in the grain, Nor interests should of t hog raising (corn, potatoes, and barley)..
s are the same as in the preceding sub-area.
The varietie
Outs do not Yield as well, and are less valuable than the
Their production may be decreased sharply, as
above-mentioned crops.
at. (Varieties; Verchnyachensky Oe~3 and
well as that of spring whe
cra s, we should mention hemp (in the narth-
r,okhovsky)? Among other p s
ern section), peppermint and pumpkins.
Kx .. 14. The forest-steppe on the left bank a~the Dniepr, although
having less prec?pitation than the right-bank area, has nevertheless
~
an adequate rainfall (pearly 10-a20 millimeters, May-July 170-190
which decreases towards the southeast. The average
j tltmeters )
nature is 19-20 degrees. Winters are not as mild as on the
July tempe
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RESTRIE.
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U atiya. Corn, soybeans and sunflower are quite dependable for
ensilage. Juicy green additional fodder can be obtained from corn,
soybeans, oat club moss, foxtail millet, vetch and soybeans with
ensilage. As regards technical crops, in addition to soybeans
already mentioned above, one should grow more potatoes,' and early
c3 z;\ ow\
oats. Fodder pumpkin can be successfully used for juicy fodder and
ing southeastern sections of the region, one could also plant
sugar beets here under more favorable conditions. However, the
oily sunflowers, also flax, hemp, makhorka and
If more raw materials; are needed for the sugar mills in the adjoin-
four last named crops can only be considered as secondary crops.
XIV() Arnuro-Ussuriuskiy. The western part of the former
Khabarovsk Okrug. Meadow steppes along the Amur and Ussuri, passing
across open forest-steppe areas into mountain tayga of the Amur-
northern Ussuri type. The Priussuriyskiy forests, which combine the
vegetation of the harsh north and the humid subtropics are rich in
very valuable varieties of limber.
This area is not far from the sea and is separated from it
only by a relatively low mountain range (Sighota-Alin) and, as is
the fo flowing region, this one is within the area strongly influenced
by the monsoon climate, much more so than the preceding area, located
back of the Maiyiy Khingan. This difference in locations reflects
on the climate by increasing the warm period (the frost free period
up to :U4 days) and increasing the amount of warmth (during the
growing period 2,200 to 2,00 degrees). As a consequence of north-
west winds from the continent, the temperature of the winter months
is very low (January average about minus 2L. degrees). The cooling
effect of the sea, with the opposite direction of the winds in summer,
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is not great as the summer temperatures are high (average temperature
in July about 20 degrees). The character of the monsoon is felt most
strongly in the quantity and distribution of precipitation. Winter
precipitation, as all over our Asiatic east, is very scarce, (the
average depth of the snow cover at the end of winter is 20-30 centimeters)
There is not much rain in spring, but during the end of spring and
through the summer there are abundant rainfalls (May-July 250-300 mi ii-
meters). So here there' are repeated the unfavorable features of the
climate of the regions aridity with low soil temperatures at the beginn-
ing of the growing period and excessive humidity, later. These draw-
backs are compensated for by more favorable thermal conditions during
the summer. However, much heat with great humidity create favorable
conditions for the development of fungus diseases, which lower the yield
and injure the crops (rust, "fuzarium&t, which causes ltdrunken$' grain).
The top soil of the region is very varied and has a number of
gradations within the limits of alluvial soils, of a silty-marsh type
rich in humus, podsols, chiefly clayey soils of different cohesion and
podsol soils of foothill landscape. The area is rich in well flooded
meadows along the rivers and lakes, as well as in dry and marshy hay-
fields and pastures. This area, together with the rest of the region,
is going through a period of rapid transition from being a rich colony
of enterprises of former Russia to the development of its ovrn industries
and an industrialized agricultural economy.
The area has large potentialities for the development of its in--
dustries; there are great natural resources, represented by valuable
forests of timber, gold fields, deposits of iron (the Malo-Ithingan beds),
etc. In addition, the area lies close to the ocean, especially when
the projects for a Khabarovsk-Sovetskaya Gavan, railroad lane, the
shortest lane between the sea and the Amur river, etc.) Agriculture
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has to change from being of a semi-natural-conswning type and must
acquire more intensive forms, The utilization of the Amur waterway and
railroad connections will tend to decrease the acreage under less
valuable crops in the area, at the price of importing beadstuffs, and
make this acreage available for those crops which would insure the
development of a local'ar-eastern industrial base, independent of the
far-away west. The f avorable natural c ondit ions must be more fully
utilized for plant growing. Animal raising must be intensified. Condi-
tions in this area are quite favorable to the cultivation of a number
of valuable special far-eastern crops. Moreover, the usual western
crops ~- wheat, oats, and rye-are not at their best in the humid and
warm climate of the area, and their yields are not of high grade, either
for consumption or for merchandising.
Their leading position until ntbv was kept up because the settlers
were used to them and also because of the great shortage of manpower
required for the cultivation of the more intensive eastern crops which
were grown almost exclusively on Chinese and Korean farms. At present,
with the increase in population of the area and with the enormous streng-
thening of its machinery and tractor base, there should be a sharp break
in this respect. Early varieties of soybeans can be grown all over the
region. South of Khabarovsk rice can be safely planted. Then early
selected varieties are introduced, rice will undoubtedly play a prominent
part among the region's crops.
Even now soybeans, and in suitable places of the southern section,
also race, must be taken into account as supplementary crops, at present,
however, covering less acreage than wheat and oats. Among cereals, buck-
wheat can also have the role of a supplementary crop, in terms of its
acreage. This is an unpretentious crop, which can be sown on newly
opened land. Winter rye is not to be relied upon here, and can have only
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secondary significance, jr ovided it is planted in more snowy places.
Keeping up with mechanization, the following row planted cereals
should rapidly rise from among the secondary crops: corn, (oxtail
millet, J anese millet, and Japanese sorghum. Row crops are very im-
portant as forerunners of other crops, for in addition to their other
positive action, they warm up and drain the cold impervious soils of
the area. In addition to their industrial uses (for distilling, etc.),
these crops, giving good yields, should in the future largely replace
here oats and rye as fodder.
The assortment of technical crops which can be raised here, is
very large. The cultivation of flax for fibers (and if necessary also
for oil) should be of great importance. Long fiber flax finds very
suitable conditions here. Repeated experiments have shown that when
"Kudryash" is sown here, it is rapidly displaced by long fiber types.
Another moisture-loving plant ~- the potato,.-also can be relied upon for
good yields and should be widely used in the manufacture of starches,
molasses, and alcohol. Crops of sugar beets, needed as raw material for
the development of the sugar industry in the Primor'ye, grow here much
better than in the receding area. Here, in the south of the region,
there are good possibilities for growing the valuable later kinds of
hemp, which are of great importance for a maritime region in respect
to the availability of local material for ropes; and important for the
region itself, where much grain, soybeans, rice, etc. is produced.
Hemp also supplies material. for the manufacture of containers from the
scrap of hemp. With the increase in reclamation work, the cultivation
of hemp should move to the north over a broad area, especially in view
of the possibility of getting from the south seeds of valuable later
varieties of hemp. This area and the one following have the most favor
able conditions for the cultivations of "sudza" which yields oil for
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RICTE6
the manufacture of the best paints and varnishes. One can also successor
fully raise , yellow mustard, Manchurian tobacco,
and likewise belladonna, valerian and maiy other medicinal herbs, An
increase fodder supply may be based on, sowings of oats and its
mixtures (soybean, vetch, etco), timothy, wild rye and fox.-
in legumz.naus
tail millet, to build up the supply of hay in natural hayfields. The
usual selection of perennial grasses is not to be relied on here,
selection cause of the severe winters and the peculiar combination of a dry spring
.and an extremely humid summer. Here also it is vitally necessary to
,.
appw
lv every effort to the selection and creation of varieties of perennial grasses which would grow under these peculiar conditions.
Corn, soybeans, sunflowers, Jerusalem artichoke, leaf cabbage, Japanese
sorghum, mixtures of soybean or vetch with oats, fodder pumpkins, can
be used for ensilage; for succulent feed - the same very valuable
fodder pumpkin in its natural state beets, rape and potatoes; soybeans
corn, vetch and soybean*?oats mixtures, and foxtail millet give a
plentiful and valuable material for additional fresh green fodder for
fattening up cattle.
Khabarovsk, with its rq~idly growing industry (agricultural
machine building, building material plants, etc.), and other industrial
centers must be assured of a supply of vegetables, milk, sour milk and
other products, by the establishment of large dairy.-vegetable farms.
If we use the far-eastern, Chinese and Jap m ese varieties of vegetables,
the varieties utilizable may be quite large.
X~CIV(6) Suyfen-Ussux~astra.c, The western part of the former
Vladisvostok Okrug. Open meadow-steppe areas, forest-steppe in places;
in the foothills, forest of the southern Ussuriy type, which includes
many technically very valuable kinds of trees (in addition to the usual
REST RtCTED
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cedar, fir, larch, oak, maple, hornbeam, ash, etc., there is also the
?tvelvet't tree, the "iron tree, the cork tree, etc. Of all the areas
of the Primor'ye this is the most favorable for agriculture and is the
most extensively ploughed.
The peculiarities of the monsoon climate are not only repeated
here, but show up even more strongly in the summer weather. The frost-
free period increases here to 115-1~7 days. The total heat during the
growing season in the south and in the west exceeds 2,500 degrees. The
average July temperature is about 21 degrees, but the average Jm uary
temperature of about minus 20 degrees is characteristic of a very cold
winter. There is little snow (average maximum height of the snow cover
is 10-20 centimeters, and only in the seaboard and foothill areas is it
more); this causes a very pronounced cooling and a deep freezing of the
soil. This last fact in conjunction with an arid spring has a detri_
mental effect on the early stages of development of young growth. The
warm summer is exceptionally. rainy, In the presence of water-resistant
clayey soils this causes swamping, especially in the low-lying sections,
Because of the exceptional amount and nature of rainfalls, floods
are frequent, sometimes on a catastrophic scale, with crops and hayfields
completely destroyed. In spite of all this, the climate of the area guar-
antees good yields, and is especially favorable to local Far Eastern crops.
In spite of the assurance of high yields, the humidity of the climate is
a drawback to farming: the deep freezing of soils in winter and the dry
spring retard the growth of grass and bring the haying period close to
the time of harvesting, and the exceptional humidity of this period makes
ing of field work, and in particular so when crops requiring much labor
and intensive cultivation are introduced. The characteristics of this
climate have especially handicapped the early development here of such
it a time of great strain. This calls for special attention to the mechanazy
790
RSTRICTEO
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crops as soybeans, rice, beets, flax and others,
Therefore the electrification of rice plantations, which is
~ planned
in the south with the utilization of Suchan coals undoubtedly can very
strongly affect the development of this crop. A del~Y in harvesting leads
to spoilage and losses of crops from rains and early frosts.
The soils of the region, different on the whole can nevertheless
be brought together to several types of odsols d
p ~ el.uv~ial clayey soils
and structural clays, peat marshes, and crude undeveloped soils of the
mountain slopes. Large areas are available for rice cultivation even
now, and a much larger acreage will be made available after some simple
reclamation and irrigation work has been done in the basin of the
lake
Khanka.
The fact that this area belongs to the Pacific coastal regl '
on,
the existence of the port of Vladivostok, the availability of large
supplies of coal (the highly valuable Suchan Artemov and
other mines,
and of other minerals (silver, lead, iron and other ores), a fairly
developed manufacturing industry (shipbuilding brick,
9 along and other
plants in Vladivostok) and the prospects for developnlent along these
lines, which are still great, make this area first in
importance of the
development of its economy not only in the Primor'ye, but on the entire
Pacific coast littoral, with which it is connected
by sea routes and
whose needs it serves in many ways,
The agriculture of the area, utilizing the natural conditions
favorable to a number of valuable crops, must not only take care of the
food requirements of its industrial centers, but also provide raw
materials for the development of the textile, butter, soap, beet ,sugar,
distilling, tobacco-mak and other industries, thereby providing it..
self with these products and not depending either on the
far away west..
or on imperialist-dominated Maxchuria.
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As a result of the rebuilding and specialization of farming on
the basis of its husbandry, many new enterprises should spring up, such
as; rice refineries, paper and sack cords (from rice st~c &i), butter mak-
ing, soap making, hydrogenation, be~.t sugar manufacture, starch-molasses,
grain, milling and others,
All this should ensure that the trend of farming in this area will
be to soybeans, rice, and technical crops. In growing rice, soybeans, and
some other crops, the farming of this area should be done on an al14Union
scale, In its soil and climatic conditions this area has large poten..
ti all U e s for growing rice. In quality the rice of the Primor?ye is the
equal of Japanese rice. Rice should be a leading crop.
As an inseparable companion of rice, and in nonwrice growing
places the leading crop, the soybean must be grown here (varieties
~Gunchzhulinskiy , 'Hharbinskiy #111, 118 and 231-a, and 1 habarovskiy
109). Other basic crops, which take their place in crop rotation and
occupy places less suitable for rice and soybeans, are, spring wheat
(the rust-resisting variety "Shtrube" is permissible) and oats ("Pobeda1t
variety is permissible). Buckwheat and winter rye can only be classi-
Lied as supplementary crops, while the secondary row crops - - corn,
kidney beans and various millets - - must have their important place
among others. The planting of sugar beets is quite safe here (the
seeds ripen). As in the previous area, this crop must be expanded to
the point where it can satisfy the needs of the local sugar industry.
The other technical crops, which were listed for the preceding area,
have the same significance here, find more favorable conditions and can
be grown even more successfully; this is especially true of corn, flax,
valuable kinds of hemp, kanatnik, and kenaf. Also as a secondary crop,
one may grow sesame (Japanese varieties). The assortment of fodder
crops may be the same as in the preceding area. However, the warmer
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winters permit the sowing in addition of awnless brome grass and of red
and swedish clover. The general importance of fodder crops is greater
because of the necessity of introducing intensive animal raising and
dairy farming into this area. Truck gardening must take care of the
needs of industrial centers. Truck gardening, lake the field crops,
ought to draw on Chinese, Japanese and Korean varieties of plants. The
area has quite suitable conditions for growing cucurbits.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
pHYSICALtAND GEOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS OF CENTRAL ASIA
AND THEIR ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE
Central Asia is in itself not .an administrative but a?' geographical.
conception. Its main components are the vast Turanskiy lowlands, which
are fundamentally of a strictly desert character. Beginning at the
eastern shores of the Caspian sea, these lowlands rise gradually towards
then fall into a series of enclosed basins, which have no
the east and
outside drainage. In addition to the basin of the Caspian Sea, which
small area in Central Asia, the following basins
occupies a comparatively
are entirely within the Central Asian area; Aral, Chu, Balkhash,, Alakul'.
are at a very low altitude above sea level, from minus 26
All of them
meters (Caspian sea) to 360 meters (AlakulO. Because of the great dry-
ness of the air and the concentration of summer 'heat, the great amounts
ich flow into these basins are totally used up in evaporation,
of water wh
often even wi 'thoot forming large open waterareas (the Murgab, Zerevshau,
Talas, and Chu rivers, and athers)4
To the southeast and to the east the Turanskiy lowlands are cut
off by an unbroken chain of large mountain ranges, forming only a part
of the Central Asian mountain system, the greatest in the world. The
average altitude of these mountains is 4,000 meters above sea level.
Many summits rise as high as 6,000 meters, and individual peaks, as for
and Khantengri peaks, as high as 7x000 meters. All
example the Lenin
this great mountain country, lying on the Union's frontiers with China
consists of numerous mountain ranges and plateaus with
and Af gang stars,
large valleys between them. The two wisest valleys, the Fergana and
the Iii, divide it into three separate systems, known as the pamiro.A1W,
Tyan'~Shant and Dxhungarskiy Alatau?
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A considerable portion of the mountain ranges of all these systems
extends above the line of perpetual Snow end carrier numerous glaciers,
which are the sources feeding mountain rivers. These tumultuous currents
plunge out of the mountains onto the Turanskiy lowlands, reviving with
their moisture the heat worn desert flatlands and bringing besides water
enormous masses of various alluvial mattere The l:hrgest among these
rivers are the Amu-dar'ya, Syr-dar'ya, 7erevahan, Naryn, Chirchik, Chu,
Ili, Karatal, and several others. However, even in the mountains some
inner basins have no outside drainage, sometimes they are very large;
such are the lakes Ussykku1'0 (altitude 1,576 meters), Chatyrkul' (3,465
meters), and Karakul' (30780 meters)
Between the Turanskiy lowlands and the high mountain ranges, the
Pamiro-Alya, TyanLShan' and Dzhungarsk Alatau? is located a strip of
varying wideness of the sowcalled foothills. These actually are either
the side slopes of the main ranges, or independent small ranges and
plateaus, connected in some way with the gain mountain rangesa U$ually
the altitude of these foothills does not exceed 2,000 meters above sea
level, and often is considerably less, only about 500-1000 meters.
They gradually merge with the Turanskiy lowlands, as one goes farther
from the mountains projecting small mountain elevations far into the
lowlands0 The uninterrupted stretch of hills, bordering the Turanskiy
flatlands on the south and on the southwest, have the same foothill
character. These hills are known as: Badkhiz, Karabil', Kopetdag,
Kyurendag, Balkhan, etc. As a whole they comprise the system of the
Turkmen4horosan Mountains, which are for the most part in Persia and
Afganistan. Within the borders of the Soviet Union they reach 2700
meters only in individual places: for the most part they do not exceed
1000-2000 meter3. There are no snows or glaciers on this mountain range.
The rivers formed here have little water and often are of a temporary
~~ ~(pJ~gy~pp
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ESTRiCTE~
character, drying up during the summer drought.
on the north the Turanskiy lowlands border on the southern spure
of the Ural mountains and on an interrupted chain of hills, the so?dailed
beri an watershed, Over most of their extent these hills have
Turanskiy~Si
altitude of about 5001000 meters and no rivers of any importance form
an
The watershed of these hills is.:approximately between 48 and 49
there.
? North and forms a natural northern frontier bf' Central' Aeia ? as a
degrees
geographical unit. Thus by Central Asia is meant a large and geographies
Dally quite separate territory, located within the borders of the Soviet
Union, between 36 and 48 degrees North and 59 and 83 degrees Easto
Its length from north to south is about 1300 kilometers and
from west to east about 2400 kilometers, Its total area may be estimated
at 300 million hectares.
The boundaries of this geographical territory encompass the entire
Tadzhik and Uzbek Union Republicsn the Karakalpek and Kirgiz
Turkmen,
Autonomous Republics and the entire southern half of the Kazakh Autonomous
The administrative boundaries of these Union and Autonomous
Republic.
Republics are by no means bound to the natural boundaries and often are
extremely capricious or even interlaced. Consequently, specialization
does not by any means correspond to the borders of the
of agriculture
separate national republics. but is divided according to zones. Some
tiuies separate areas differ sharply within one republic, and sometimes
the same agricultural conditions prevail not only in neighboring republics,
but even in quite remote areas of different national republics.
.
Before starting on a description of the different areas and the
disposition of their crops it is necessary to observe some general laws
governing the distribution of the more important ecological factors of
the growth of crops. In doing so, we will touch upon these laws as they
are manifested over all the Central Asiatic areab even though the Kazakh,
Kirgiz and K arakalpak Autonomous Republics have already been described in
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
the RSFSR. For the sale of clarity this study will b
f
the ection on
-
carried out according to the three geamorphological types indicated abovea
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the Turanskiy lowlands, the foothills, and the high altitude areas.
TURANSKIY LOWLANDS
The whole of the TurariakiY lowlands area, as already indicated,
felt desert character. Because of its looation in the
has a definitely
Eurasiafl continent, its climate is extremely cones
canter of the enormous
tinental and arid, sunshine is plentifuli there is little cloudiness the
summer is very hot and the winter very colds though short.
Thermal Regime. Because of the intensity of its summer heat, the Turanskiy
lowlands area is the honest place in the entire Soviet U Wien. Some secs
t ~ traction of being the hottest place in the world. The
~.ans claim the dis
average temperature of the hottest month sM July a. varies between 24 and
32 degrees in different places, the average temperatures for the summer
and Au ust ~- range between 23 and 30 degrees. The
..d i.e., June, July, g
reach 46 degrees in the shade and up to 60 degrees
maximum temperatures
in the sun near the ground.
On the other hand winter temperatures reach from minus 20 to minus
25 degrees below zero over all of the Turanskiy lowlands area. In its
northern sections these frosts are stable and recur every year. Thus,
over a number of years the average temperature of the colcost month ?-
~.. s been 9 - 10 degrees below zero. The further south we move,
January ha
orter are winter frosts, and they no longer occur every year.
the ah
Finally, on the southern border of the Turanskiy lowlands, the average
temperature for January over a number of years has been as high as zero,
However, does not rule out the possibility
and even 2 ? 4 degrees above.
recurrences here of strong but short frosts of 15 degrees
of periodic
and lowers
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In the northern section of the Turanskiy lowlands the frost free
period amounts to 170180 days, while in the south it reaches 230 days,
and along the southwestern shore of the Caspian sea up to 275 days. Like-
wise, the total of effective temperatures, that is temperatures over 5
degrees, varies between 3700 degrees in the north and 6000 degrees in the
south.
Accordingly the Turanskiy lowland area can be divided into thermal
zones, each of which has quite definite thermal indexes. It seems best
to distinguish three such zones:
Order Zone
1 Moderately hot
2 Hot
temperature
3 Particularly hot ~O -4
Total
temperature
over 5 deg,
Length of
frostof ree
period
22
- 25
3,600-4,400
l6O-l 80
25
- 28
4, 4005, 200
180.210
28
- 31
5,2006,000
210-250
The moderately hot zone is not entirely suited to the cultivation of
cotton in. respect to thermal conditions; only the earliest varieties,,
yielding a poor crop may ripen here, though not everywhere and not every
year. Of other technical and special crops, these may be grown here:
kenaf,, kendyr4, opium poppies, sugar beets, rice, sunflowers, corn,
lucerne, saad the new rubber bearing plants .' tau-eaghyz, kokwsaghyz, id
chondri11a.
This zone is situated almost entirely in southern Kazekhstan and
partly in northern Kirgiziya, and does not include any part of Uzbekistan,
Turkmeniya or Tadzhikistan.
The hot zone includes the main areas of cultivation of the medium-early
and medium late varieties of the American cotton plant - namely: Fergana,
Central Zaravshan, Golodnaya steppe, the Tashkent Chimkent and Turkestan
"rayons", Chandara, the Khiva oasis, the Taahanz Rayon of Turkmeniya and
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Summer
temperature
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the Karakalpak Republic, as well as most of the area of Kizylkum.
The torrid zone allows cultivation of all late varieties of cotton,
including the long?fibered Egyptian. To this zone belong the lowland
sections of Southern Tadjik, Shirabad, Kerki, the Bokhara oasis and the
entire lowlands of Turkmenia, except the Tashauz "rayon". Because of the
relatively moderate winter frosts, some places in this zone admit the
cultivation of some subtropical perennials, as guayale, ramie, olive
trees, eucalyptus, etc. The most favorable location in this respect
would be southern Tadzhikstan, Termez, and the Atrek Rayon of Turlinenia.
Precipitation. The Turanskiy lowlands as a whole are characterized by
extreme aridity, with an average yearly rainfall of 70 to 100 millimeters.
It is only in the vicinity of high mountain ranges that the amount of
precipitation occasionally rises to 300.400 millimeters a year. Within
the northern moderately hot belt rainfalls, are distributed rather evenly
over the entire year, with a slight increase during the spring On the
other hand, the hot and torrid belts get their rainfall almost entirely
during the winter and spring ?~ in the autumn there is an insignificant
amount of rain, and in the summer, as a rule, none at all.
Irrigation. The amount of precipitation here is very small and rate of
evaporation very large, therefore all over the Turanskiy lowland area
agriculture is possible only with the aid of artificial irrigation, The
exceptions are some places in river valleys, with fresh subsoil water
close by, where occasionally one can come across non-irrigated crops.
However, even in these conditions, irrigation is beneficial, as in spite
of the proximity of subsoil water the surface of the land parohes to such.
an extent that annual crops with a shallow root system often suffer from
lack of moisture.
For irrigation, water from the mountain rivers is used; most of
these rivers dry up upon reaching the Turanskiy lowlands. Irrigation,
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
therefore, is mostly limited to the southern and eastern borderlands of
the Turanskiy fowl . ands i. e. to the neighborhood of high mountainso
,
Only a fe ],anger rivers carry their waters far into the Turanskiy low-
lands, thereby making it possible to create irrigated oases in the very
center of the desert. Such rivers are the Syr-Dar'ya, Arnu and also the
aratal. In southern Turkmeniya, in addition to river
Chu, Ili and K
water, irrigation is effected by means of subterrani an waters, which are
reached through galleries dug into the sloping sides of the Kopetdag;
these galleries are locally called "KyariZ"o
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
hough the waters of the mountain rivers are, without any
lt
A
exception, Insufficient for the irrigation of all the fields of the
~
Turanskly lowland, nonetheless it can be said that the irrigational
assibilities of many rivers are still far from exhausted.
p
,siatic republics\still represent great, unutilized
The ~
sources of irrigation. For example, the water supply of the Amudar
River allows the poss ty of irrigating .~t million hectares, but
~.bilz
in 1930 the actual area irrigated in this basin amounted to 1.L
million hectares From the Syr-darya 1.2 million hectares can be
.
irrigated, but in 1936 only 1.I. million hectares were irrigated.
entioned figures indicate that the horizons of
The abovem Cq.~i?c~
Asia are still unlimited.
further irrigational construction in
Among the enormous irrigational systems being constructed anew or
.
being designed, it is necessary to mention the Kunyadar'inskiy
problem in the downstream area of the Amy~darya, the Karabekaul'skiy
and Tashsakinskiy systems in Turkmeniya, the Bakhshskoye construction
:in Tadzhikistan, the Shirabadskiy problem in Uzbekistan, the Chirchik?
i problems in Uzbekistan and Kazakstan,
Angrensk?y and GolodnostepskY
~.
the Chardarskiy and Atrarskiy problems in Kazakstan, the Chyiskoe
~.n
construction in K iziYa and Kazakstan, the problem of Ili in
?
~.rg
Kazakstan, and so forth.
Soils.
The possibilities of extending the irrigational economy often
depend not only on the lack of water, but on unfavorable soil
conditions.
The soils of all of the Turansk lowlands bear all the marks of
RESTflDCTEP
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sharply defined arid conditions,
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RESTRiCTED
The chief zonal type of soils of the arid zone are the sopcalled
gray-earths, called by some scientists light-earths, white-earths,
yellow earths, or'light-brown soils.
Their characteristic features are their high carbon content
and their negligible content of humus particles. This explains
? ..their light -~ slightly grayish, or slightly brownish coloring.
However, the present gray-earths develop only on fine-grained
earths, chiefly in argillaceous layers and in places with deep
ground waters. They are most typical and most widely diffused along
the southern and eastern borders of the Turanskiy lowlands, where
there supposedly is an influence from the neighboring mountain
ranges -- both in the sen of the formation of corresponding alluvia,
and in the sense of a somewhat increased quantity of rainfall.
Almost half of all the area of the Turansk lowlands, and if
we take into account only the Middle Asiatic republics, then
considerably more than half of the area, is composed of sandy
expanses. This is the so-called Karakum, having a total area of
about 35 million hectares and occupying almost 80 percent of the
area of Turkrnenskiy SSR. The sands of Kizylkum, a little smaller
in area -- 20 million hectares -- are situated at the junction of
the Uzbekskiy, Karakalpakskiy and Kazakskiy republics. In Kazakstan,
in addition to this, there still are other extremely important
sandy expansesa
Notwithstanding the fact that the sands in general, and in
particular the sands of the Turanskiy lowlands, are by no means
unfertile, irrigation and agriculture are not practiced on them in
the majority of cases. The obstacles are as follows: their easy
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 REST RICTE
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RESTRICTED
erosion by the wind during plowing, the sharply defined hilly-ridged
relief, processing and irrigation difficult, and also
which make the great loss of water during irrigation because of the filtration
in the fields into the deep layers of the ground.
from the canals and
True, the rich clayey mud in the irrigating water of some rivers in
?dar'a and others, rather quickly cements and
particular the Amu Y
stabilizes the crumbly sand. Because of this, it should not be
considered absolutely impossible to have a partial expansion of
more level sandy spaces. For this kind of
irrigated crops into
of sands attention must be given to Turkmeniya, where
development
earth is absolutely insufficient for the complete
the non. sandy
irrigational use of Amudarhinskiy waters.
Salt_mar and their development.
In addition to the sands, among the other soils within the
borders of the Turanskiy lowlands the different kinds of salt marsh
soils play a large role. The aridity of the climate and, as a
result of that, the absence of salt erosion, which forms, in the
process of' weathering, matrixes for holding the salt, is the reason
why almost all the soils of the hranskiy lowlands contain a
quantity of easily soluble salts, in particular gypsum, sodium
,s salts (sodium sulphate decahydrate), potash,
chloride, Glauber
soda, and others.
Especially rich in soluble salts are the soils of low-lying
places with nearby ground waters. Flowing here, the surface rains and
subterranean ground waters bring with them salts, washed out of the
soils of higher regions and foothill areas along the southern border
of the TuranskiY lowlands. Lost by evaporation from the surface
soils, these waters leave in the soil all their salts, which drip
year after year, forming more or less malignant salt marshes.
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Such salt marsh soils occupy a rather wide expanse along the
border between the foothill strip of Kopetdag and the sands, in the
downstream region of the Atrek, Amu-darya, Syr-darja, Saravshan Rivers,
in the center of the Ferganskiy valley, in the valley of the Ili
River., and others. Because of the high content of soluble salts,
they are absolutely unsuitable in the majority of cases for growing
crops and can be utilized only after basic improvement, which
consists of removing the salts. These improvements are possible by
means of strong rinsing with irrigating waters and simultaneous
removal of ground waters by the usual drainage or by California
wells. The corresponding projects have to date received only
experienced investigation and not widespread application. This is
due to the high cost of artificial installations for soil-development
work.
The cheaper and in places the rather widely-used method of
developing salt marsh lands is the cultivation of rice, and in less
salty regions, to growing of alfalfa. The large irrigational rates
of these crops, especially of rice, explain the partial, natural
flowing off of salty ground waters, together with which the soluble
salts are partly carried off. After many years of cultivating the
above-mentioned crops the salt marsh soils, often become so well
distilled that they are suitable for the cultivation of other crops
as well.
In the higher places of the Turanskiy lowlands, with deep
ground waters, soluble salts are washed by rain waters .into the
depth of the soil. The greater the rainfall, the greater the depth
to which the salts are washed, However, the maximum depth of salt
layers even in the very best gray-earth soils does not exceed l-l.5
meters; often it is considerably lower, in all 50-70 centimeters,
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M the depths indicated, the salts still have little influence
A
-located root systems of the crops.
on the comparatively Surface
?n watering standards when the
ncorrect irrigate-on by increase g
I however, cause the
faulting network is missing can,
necessary
and even lead to the formation o
salt layers to rise to the t?p' lar e
so-called secondary salt marshes. Such an appearance on a g.
scat Steppe and in some other regions..
e took place in the Golad~-Y anon and in the
estions as to changes in irrig
because of this, qu "standards,. have
definj.tian of what constitutes proper watering
an extr utilization of the Turanska.y
.
emelY essential mean~.ng in the
Lands by irrigational cultl ?vatlone In adda,tian to this, the
low _? roving
into crap rotation as a sail ~p
introduction of alfalfa re~~'ent the
icance because it will help to p
crop has much sig n~-f
econdary salting of the soil.
s
h sisal. properties of the soil.
ry
heir content of salts, which are easil
In add? ~.t? ~.on to t tie from one
which are quicklY transportab
soluble in water and ils of the
by irrigation, the' gray earth so
layer to another deficiencies. These
Turanskiy lowlands are distinguished by other
are. to ether with this the weak
quessence
structure. the, neglegible humus content anc~ g ?
del x
as ulveri~ation when in a dry state and .
the e y p thick
.rrigated, with a formation of a
into a dough like mass when l able
The battle with these unfavor
smooth crust upon drying.
sisal properties of the soil can be carried on only physical articular through
through system of processing and in p
the aid of a reva, fields with alfalfa and
rotation of grass fief
the introduction of crop im artant here
The same crop rotation is very p
perenn~.~ Cereals.
ish3,ng materials in the soil.
as in other regions, in storing no
RESiRpCiED
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
THE FOOTHILL REGION
Relief and alluvia at the foot of the mountain.
As it nears the high mountains, the surface of the Turanskiy
lowlands begins to rise gradually. This occurs even where clear
signs of orogenetic processes are not found. The cause of this
occurrence lies in the systematic storage of a great quantity of
powerful alluvia carried from the mountains by numerous permanent
and temporary streams,
The quantity of alluvia deposited by the mountain rivers can
be calculated even by such data. The Naryn River, from which stems
the Syr-darya, carries in its waters in one year 11i. million cubic
meters of suspended material, and the Ili River about 10 million
cubic meters. If all the water of each of the above-mentioned
rivers were to be evenly distributed over an area of 100000 hectares,
in the course of one year a layer of alluvium 1 centimeter thick
would be deposited in that area. In a hundred years the layer of
the alluvium would be 1 meter thick. The above-mentioned figures
do not include the coarser materials which are deposited by the
rivers on the bottom in the form of sands, boulders, and waste rock.
The quantity of this material in many cases is considerably greater.
The more powerful the stream the further along the lowland
it carries the sandy and muddy material suspended in the water,
depositing at the foot of the mountains the stone-boulder alluvia,
which are coarser in composition. The smaller streams deposit their
alluvia in the immediate vicinity of the mountains.
As a result of the above-mentioned processes along the
foothills of all the elevations, many alluvial fans are formed which
often fuse with one another and form continuous hil]y trains (shleyfy)
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that barely slope towards the lowlands and are composed of alluvial
roluvial material of various mechanic composition.
P
Since the processes of storing alluvial-proluvial materials
for thousands of years, their thickness frequently reaches
continue
not only tens, but hundreds and thousands of meters. It is natural
that in correspondence to this increase the surface of the locality
increases in height, turning the former lowland into a raised,
sloping plain. A typical picture of this is presented in Turkmeniya
along the whole northern foothill of Kopedag and in i'ergan, in
Kazakstan and so on.
After a great depth of alluvial-proluvial material has been
stored, the eroding processes which follow often break up these
sloping train-like plains into numerous large and small steep slopes
(ovalY)s giving them the appearance of rather sharply defined low
halls. In places this process of formation of low hills is
increased even further because it has room to spread, and sometimes
continues until it is a young, techtonic fold which forms layers
of new alluvia and often gathers them into rather steep folds.
Mountain spurs
On a line with the above-mentioned occurrence of the low
hills of alluvial origin, almost all large mountain ranges are
surrounded by numerous large and small mountain spurs, formed by
ancient crystal or igneous rocks.
The formation of these spurs proceeded simultaneously with
the formation of the mountain ranges themselves, and in some cases
even preceded them. Part of them are represented by the ancient
dependent mountain ranges which have been destroyed and eroded as
a result of the prolonged weathering which followed.
REST R%CT ED
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The foothill system.
Whatever the origin of the separate low hills may be, all of
them together form either a wide or a comparatively narrow strip of
the sowcalled foothills, situated between the Turanskiy lowlands
and the high mountain ranges.
Along the large river valleys and lake funnels intersecting
the mountain ranges, the. system of foothills frequently cuts deeply
into the region of high mountains in separate branches, dividing
it into individual ranges.
On the other hand, by the same chain-like elevations it often
cuts deeply into the borders of the Turanskiy lowlands, forming
either whole chains, or more or less isolated hills, sometimes from
rather broad foothills.
As stated in the beginning, the height of these foothills
fluctuates between I~00-~00 to 1,500-2,000 meters above sea level.
Their relief is more or less broken, although in places there may
be seen rather broad almost plain-like or barely sloping surfaces
which are completely suitable for agricultural use.
The climate of the foothills. Warm.
Climatically, the foothill region of Middle Asia is rather
essentially distinguished from the Turanskiy lowlands, although
separate regions in this respect are far from similar among themd
selves.
As concerns the summer heat, it is necessary to note here
its regular decrease according to the height of the place above
sea level. This regularity is expressed by a definite height
of temperature gradient, exactly 0.6 degrees for every 100 meters
in height.
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STRLGTEO
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Therefore, if in the more northern regions of the foothill
strip we have an initial temperature in the summer for the Turanskiy
lowlands of say 21..8 degrees (Sliyskaya Station )52 meters in height),
then at a height of 1,00 meters the average temperature in the
summer will be around 18.S degrees, and at a height of 2,000 meters
in all only 1~.S degrees.
At the same time, on the southernmost border of Middle Asia,
at an initial temperature of 30.7 degrees in the Turanskiy lowlands
for the summer, (Termez, 310 meters in height), the temperature in
the summer at a height of 1,00 meters is 23.5 degrees aril at 2,000
meters is?20.~ degrees.
Together with the decrease in force of the summer's heat,
the length of the growing season also decreases according to the
altitude of the place. The magnitude of the winter coldness constitutes
the exception, since some parts of the foothills have higher temperatures
than the neighboring lowlands in the winter months. This is explained
by the inflow of cold masses of air along the lowland plain from
the more northern latitudes, while on the higher foothills the action
of these cold masses of air is not diffused because of their extreme
heaviness.
Along with the change of the warm cycle of the foothills
goes the change of the makeup in the cultivated plants that are
possible in each locality. Extremely detailed observations with
respect to the extent of different crops are available for Southern
Tadzhikistan. For an example we shall take the following data
The height of the extent of cultivated plants.
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(1) Pomegranate can be cultivated . . at an elevation up to 1,500 meters
n ? " It 1,700 meters
(2) (Injhir) fig can be cultivated
(3) Cotton, castor plant, sesame,
safflower, beans (pha
1u1ngQ), tomatoes, grapes, plums,
1, 900 meters
t, ,, ,- "
cherries, peaches .. ? ? ?
(14) Millet, "kunak", "lobiya", lentils,
watermelon, honeydew melon,
onion, pepper, mulberry,
apricots, cherries, plums
runus divari a a) ....... t1 " ,, " It 2,300 meters
(
(S) Wheat, barley, peas, vetchling,
chick-pea, stringbeans, flax,
alfalfa, squash, potatoes, beets, -
? n 14 " " 2, X00 meters
poppy, sunflower, apples, pears .
In the more northernly situated Fergana and in the Tashkent
region the limit for the cultivation of cotton can be calculated at
904-1 000 meters, instead of the 1,900 meters south of Tadzhikistan,
s
and the limit in general for all crops at 2,000 meters. In the still
more northernlY Auliyeatinskiy, Frunzenskiy and Almaatinskiy regions
even the kinds of cotton can not grow above S00-700
earliest-ri erring
p
meters, and the upper limit of agriculture lies at the height of
1,700-1,800 meters.
Precipitation in the foothills.
In respect to humidity the foothill strip of Middle Asia,
in general, is characterized by a greater amount of atmospheric
precipitation than the Turanskiy lowlands. If we take such
comparativelY low-situated points, like Ashkhabad (218 meters),
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Mlrza?sChyl (273 meters)' Dzhizak (392 meters), Tashkent (~73
meters)' Chimkent (~03 meters), the Kraenyy waterfall (603 meters --
even here the yearly quantity of water increases 200 millimeters
the wastelands of the Turanskiy lowlands,
over the maximum norm for
and in some cases reaches even L00-S00 millimeters (Dzhizak, Chimkent).
o much to the altitude of the place itself, as to
ref ers nat s
This
+ ? .. +~ - r
0 ~+
the neighboring high mountains, which intercept the
the influence of
route of the humid air currents,
ways, however, does a place have such a coincidence
Not al
of altitude and increased quantity of rainfall. Depending on the
,
various local peculiarities, in particular on the direction of the
slope in relation to the moisture-bearing winds, on the nearness or
high snow-covered peaks, on the location of the
distance of the
mountain chains, etc., the separate parts of the
neighboring
foot strong1y moistened by rains or be distinguished
~.lls can be very
situation can be illustrated by the following
by great aridness. This
table, based on the observations of more than 100 stations sitwLted
over the whole of Middle Asia,
Annual precipitation
Height above sea level in meters in millimeters
78 __
230
0
260
260
--
6~0
112 --
1~$3
60
--
1,100
l84 -_
76~
1,100
--
2,000
213 --
99~
2,000
--
3,000
16l~
1, X82
3,000
--
L,000
59
1,012
ES1s~ICTED
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RESTRICTED
In determining the composition of crops for non-?irrigated
regions of foothi 'lis, it is necessary to keep in mind one extremely
essential detail, namely, the amount of rainfall according to the
seasons of the year. AAll foothills situated south of Ghimkent and
Tashkent, receive rainfall almost exclusively in the winter and
as the corresponding parts of the Turansk lowlands
spring months, dust
do. The summer and the first half of the autumn are almost absolutely.
without rain.
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to more than 2S0 millimeters in a year,can be utilized for non-
irrigated or socalled "bogart agriculture. Places with 250-100
millimeter rainfall are considered to have an inadequate water
supply places with a precipitation of more than b.00 millimeters
,
have an adequate water supply.
From these data, it is evident that within the borders of the
Turansk lowlands to a height of 260 meters the maximum amount of
millimeters. In the region of the low
yearly rainfall is 230
foothills the annual rainfall reaches li.83 millimeters, in the
region of the middle foothills 76~ millimeters, in the region of the
even to 99 millimters. In the mountains higher
high foothills,
above sea level, the amount of rainfall is often
than 2,000 meters
even greater and reaches 1,h82 millimeters (Almaatinskoye Lake).
with this, at all altitudes there are places
On aline
where the yearly amount of rainfall does not exceed the limits of
the usual arid norm which is characteristic of the ''uranskiy
-2O idllimeters. As in the Turanskiy lowlands,
lowlands, i.e. 100 ~
so here artificial irrigation seems to be the only sure condition artificial under which such wastelands of the foothills can be utilized for
agriculture.
Non-irri aced agriculture.
thills which receive rainfall amounting
Those parts of the foo
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RES TRIC TED
Corresponding to the extent of rainfall, only such winter or
early spring crops as mature and are gathered from the fields
towards the onset of prolonged and steady droughts, i.e.~ towards
June, prosper more or less well in the non-irrigated strip of this
part of Middle Asia. This refers to the cereal grasses -- wheat,
barley, sometimes millet, then safflower, olive flax, peas, chick-
peas, and to.a lesser degree sunflower, corn, sesame. Alfalfa
usually gives only one spring harvest. It is interesting to test
crops of early-ripening vegetables like cabbage, turnip, and
carrots in non-irrigated lands.
As for the late-ripening crops with a long growing season,
to which cotton belongs, they fall under the action of a prolonged
and steady drought on the non-irrigated land, as a result of which,
such crops are rather ineffectual.
The soils of the foothills
In respect to soil conditions the foothill strip likewise
presents great variations. It is true that the sands and salt
marshes so characteristic of the Turansk lowlands are almost
comp1 tely lacking here. Depending on the amount of rainfall
the predominant soils are either the wasteland-steppe gray-earths,
or the so-called dark-earths and chestnut soils, and less frequently
the black-earths. The last are found only in the higher foothills, and
chiefly on the northern and western slopes.
Because of their physical properties, all these soil types are
more favorable for crops than the wasteland gray-earths of the
Turansk lowlands, They are more structural, do not fall apart and
do not form crusts even when irrigated. This refers in particular
to the chestnut soils and to the black-earths. One can also discount`
REST ruci
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the danger of secondary salting during irrigation, for it does not
occur. In places, however, a heavy rubble occurs, which makes
processing of the fields difficult and lowers the fertility of the
soil. The properties of the geographic relief also often sharply
curtail the possibilities of processing. Because of this, great
areas of foothills can be utilized only for grazing animals and for
haying. Where there is broken terrain, the cultivation of fruit
orchards and vineyards can be very important.
THE HIGH-MOUNTAIN~IB REGION
The high-mountain region of Middle Asia is concentrated
chiefly within the borders of Tadzhikistan and Kirgiziya, occupying
about 2/3 of the area of these republics. It is considerably
less in Kazakstan and Uzbekistan, and almost non'-.existent in
Turkmeniya.
Heat.
Situated within the limits of heights of 2,000 to ~,OOO
meters, with individual peaks reaching even 7,000 meters, the high
mountain region is distinguished by a comparatively cool and brief
growing season and an extremely prolonged and rather severe winter.
If we apply the scale of temperature change of 0.6 degrees for each
100 meters of elevation, used above for the foothill region, it can
be shown that the summertime temperatures for the southern part
of the region fluctuate according to elevation, from 20 degrees
to 0 degrees, and for the northern part -- from l~ degrees to 0
degrees.
With an average summertime temperature of 5 degrees snow
patches remain throughout the summer. At higher altitudes, these
a~auw .L1C1lla diiu glaciers. 'inc lowest boundary of continuous
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REST atCIEB
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snow is calculated at a height of 1,500 meters in the south and.
3,00 meters in the northern mountain region.
Precipitation.
The amount of atmospheric precipitation fluctuates within
very wide limits, as in the foothill region. While there are
places which receive 1,000 millimeters and more of rainfall in a
year, we have places in this same region such as Parnirskiy Station,
with its record low rainfall of 59 millimeters a year -- a record
low not only for the whole Soviet Union itself, but for the world.
Vegetation.
Because of great variation in warmth during the growing
season and also on account of unstable atmospheric precipitation,
the normal growth of natural vegetation in the high-mountain region
of Middle Asia also is extremely variable. The so-called Alpine or
subalpine meadows predominate here, making excellent summer grazing
lands for all kinds of domesticated animals. The grazing period
extends over not more than 2-I months, after which it is necessary
to drive the cattle to the warm regions of the foothills and even
to the Turansk lowlands.
In places where the mountain slopes are well watered by
rainfall, more or less broad thickets of trees and underbrush are
found. In the north, within the borders of Kazakstan and Kirgiziya
the "tyan'shan'skaya" evergreen plays an important role. In the
south, in Uzbekistan and Tadzhikistan, the mountain juniper or "archa"
predominates. In addition, there are also leafy trees; birch, aspen,
maple, ash, and also i and all kinds of fruit trees. However,
these last varieties are more indigenous to the foothill zone, rather
than to the mountain zone.
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Agriculture. .
The whole high-mountain region is almost completely unsuitable
for agriculture., Only in the very lowest parts do such early-
ripening crops, as barley, flax, and Eruca sativa.(an annual mustard
plant), ripen.
In some places it is possible to consider cultivating garden
vegetables which are less demanding of warmth and can endure the
first autumnal frosts -- cabbage, carrots, turnips and onions.
However, the properties of the very broken mountain relief so hinder
the processing of the soil that it is almost impossible to consider
the widespread cultivation of these crops.
THE CROPS OF flrw ASIA AND THE BASIC PRINCIPLES
OF THEIR DISTRIBUTION
Directives of Gosplan.
Taking into account the character of the natural resources
of Middle Asia and keeping in mind the general needs of the whole
socialistic national economy of the Soviet Union, the Gosplan of
the USSR lists the following directives for the Middle Asia
republics in drawing up the national economy plan for the second
Five-Year Plan:
(a) Asia keeps its leading role in the production of
cotton, as a result of which, the initial cotton processing industry
must be widely developed; also, a large cotton industry must be
established.
(b) The source of power in this territory must be set up
anew by exploiting coal and petroleum resources, and in particular
by operating electric stations on water and coal. The utilization
of water resources must be more ramified.
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(c) The development of non-ferrous metals must be provided
for (brass, zinc, lead, and others).
(d) The extraction of minerals must be organized (sulphur,
calcium, mercury, asbestos, radium, barium, and molybdenum).
(e) The production of fertilizers, in particular nitrogen,
must be organized.
(f) Special attention must be given to developing the proper
balance between the production of fuel and fodder in this territory.
(g) The above--mentioned general directives are particularized
in a further listing of special instructions for the individual
republics which constitute the economic union of Asia.
These instructions are drawn up in the following manner,
Uzbek SSR. -- The chief cotton area of the USSR. The greatest
amount of copper mining, production of nitrogen. Textile and
foodstuff industry. Machine building. Output of petroleum and
anthracite.
Turkmen SSR. -- Together with cotton raising and cattle
breeding, chemistry is one of the chief branches of national economy.
The chemical area is the wealth of. Kara-Bugaz and Guurdak. The
petroleum (Chelken) and fish industries are developing considerably.
Tadzhik SSR. -- The area for Egyptian cotton and one of the
chief regions of the USSR for the output of non-ferrous metals.
Along with this, cattle breeding, horticulture and the textile
industry are being developed considerably.
Kirgiz ASSR. -- Cattle breeding, specialized horse breeding.
Processing of fuel resources, and,rare metals. Cultivation of new
bast crops and cotton. Sugar industry.
Kara-Kalpak ASSR. Cotton raising and cattle breeding. The
industry reprocessing agricultural raw material. Fish industry.
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In this manner, Asia "keeps its leading role in
cotton raising" and at the same time "must give special attention
to the proper set up of its fodder balance."
Both these agricultural problems can and must be resolved
by the successful combination and proper apportionment of suitable
crops.
Irrigation as a basis for cotton raising and other technical crops.
The problem of cotton raising in Middle Asia is resolved,
chiefly, only with the help of irrigation.
Due to the fact that in the hot belts suitable for the
cultivation of cotton the rains fall only in the cold half of the
year, and a prolonged and very steady drought sets in in the middle
of May, -- this crop is either absolutely unsuccessful or results
in small,.unstable harvestsunless irrigation is used. When irrigation
is applied, the prolonged and hot growing season guarantees such
large and stable harvests that all expenditures for irrigation are
completely profitable. and justify themselves in a comparatively short
At the present time Ift Asia has about 3 million hectares
of irrigated lands, of which 1.5 million hectares are devoted to
cotton raising. According to the calculations of Comrade Yanishevskiy,
the potential area (if irrigation is used) and the yearly area
devoted to cotton raising comprise about million hectares, excluding
the basins of the Chu and the Balkhash, and, if the flow of water is
regulated, they comprise 7.S million hectares. If the basins of the
Chu and the Balkhash are included, the figures become, respectively,
6 and 9.S million hectares.
The total irrigated area in t'b. Asia
can be estimated on the order of 10 million hectares
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m
r
rig'
If complete use of the ahave-mentioned areas were made,
't of setting aside apart of them for
theoretically the possiblll y
is feasible since the needs
other than cottan and technical crops
crops could be completely satisfied.
of the Soviet Union for these nation
Five-Year plan to which our spec~.ali
However, in the forthcoming he aboVe~
the anywhere nearly complete use of t
is adapted chiefly, ablishment
impossible. "The directives for the est
mentioned lands ~.s ublished
? an for the agriculture of the USSR,~, p
of a second Five-gear P1
~.
? iat of Agriculture USSR, in the edlt'on
by the people's Comma.ssar
+rlrrigation and Reclamation" foresees the increase of the irrigated
ublics to only 0?~70 thousand hectares.
area of the Middle Asia rep akhsh"--
e lar est objectives mentioned are V
In reference to quality' th g
o 100,000 hectares, Chirchik-Angren _-
,x an ..
6~j,QQO hectares, Fe g
this it follows that in the near future the
80,000 hectares. From tha. ~
utilization of irrigated advante
lands ought to produce the ma dmum for cotton and some other valuable technical crops.
ve-mentioned division of the Turansk
As a result of the abo
alts with varying intensities of heat
lowlands into three heat b belts
~.n season, these are three chief
and varying lengths of gxo g
? ~' which are shown an the corresponding
of irrigation the boundar~.es o
map) for the irrigated part of .Asia.
lists of dry subtropical plants with
The southern belt can
? d mediumwlate.-maturing kinds of.cottana
maturing an
the leading late_
of which Egyptian cottan Is one. This belt encompasses the southern-
most part of the irrigated lands, chiefly in Turkmena-ya and
cond?tians permit the long-fibered
Tadzhikistan, where climatic
without the application of artificial.
kinds of cotton to mature
measures.
'H~ Wviw? ~S ?t 11 r ~ ~ ;
~C6~71w X/ ct 1 ~nS3 n.~~~ ~HZ Irr f,~XrL.dAl A4 NaJti1 U3 e~L~hkn '`~ SFi'~ .w'P'"5, 7W`d AF ~u~11ri 'l a
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Together with the leading crop of cotton, other subtropical
crops, perennial and annual, will be allocated to this region, but
they will be crops with long growing seasons. In the interest of
increasing the harvest of the leading crop which is cotton, and
considering also the needs of cattle breeding, fodder bean crops
ought to be introduced into crop rotation, in particular alfalfa.
On soils that are insufficiently supplied with water, the leading
crops are cereals.
Thesecond, or middle, belt, adjoining the first from the
north and occupying the chief part of the irrigated lands of
Asia, has the middle-early-ripening and middle-late-ripening
varieties of cotton as the principal crops. The late?ripening
kinds can be grown only by transplanting. The role of fodder and
cereal crops in this belt is analogous to their role in the first
belt.
The third belt occupies the northernmost part of the
irrigated lands and has the least favorable climatic conditions
in comparison with the other two. This belt is used especially
for raising cotton of the extra-early-ripening and early-ripening
varieties, and also for other technical crops, chiefly new oasts,
and sometimes for sugarbeet (Kirgiziya). The role of cereal crops
and grass is approximately the same as it is in the first two belts.
Non-irrigated lands and he problem of grain balance.
In speaking of the specialization of non-irrigated lands, we
divide them into two basic types: those with an adequate water
supply and those with an inadequate water supply. To the first
kind belong non-irrigated lands which have a precipitation of more
than 1400 millimeters of water a year, down to those which have the
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smallest amount annually. The location of these lands which chiefly
c not like that of a compact mass,. but
occupy mountain slope, is
rather represents a system of scattered small areas. In this
to one another can vary sharply
connection, areas which lie close
endin on the height at which they lies
in their precipitation dap g
mains they are situated. Therefore,
and on what slope of the mountains
d
e s
it is possible to speak only of the types of nanNirrigat lands
but one cannot give their exact geographical location.
lands with an adequate water supply
On the non irrigated
'n re ions which have abetter than
and also in those dry fermi g g
leading craps ought to be cereal grasses,
average rainfall, the 'Wadeuat e
prlmar~.lY wheat. On the non-irrigated lands with an i q
suffer from a lack of
the regions which especially
water supply
ith rass of the draught?proaf fodder
rainfall ought to be sawn w g
areas should be used as natural pastures.
grasses; and those
ed land with an adequate water supply,
On the nonpirrigat
1of beans, ought to be included in crop
grass sowing, espeC~-a1. y
also to be used for a non irrigated
rotation, and some regions ought
it ossible to limit the role of such a
cotton crop. We consider i p
cotton crop on son-irrigated lands by having lands available in
to make extensive use of mechanised
arcels which are large enough
p
thousand hectares indicates how much
farming methods. About 200
land is available in such areas.
The effectiveness of son-irrigated cotton raising under the
melY small, in view of the great
Ti1 conditions of )"Asia is extra
es when wide-scaZe mechani~aat~.on is
output of labor the crop requir
reason for limiting Wan-irrigated cotton
not used. The second big
's the need to make Maximum use of such
raising in Middle Asia i
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non-irrigated lands for raising grain and for the animal husbandry
of this territory.
Above we said that the directive instructions for Middle
Asia under the second Five-Year plan present the country with the
problem of cereal-fodder balance. Let us see how this has been
g ~Q\
worked out in recent times for Asia. Urifortunately, full,
published data on this question are to be had only for the years
1926.1927 and 1927-1928.
For the first year, we have physical quantities, while the
second year9 the data is expressed in prices. The actual net
shipment of cereal grains into Middle Asia in 1926-1927 by the
individual republics was as follows: Uzbekistan (with Khodzhent)
received 103sW4O tons, of which wheat comprised 110,160 tons;
Turkmen received 160,210 tons, of which wheat comprised 110,160
~.ya tons, ? only Tadzhikistan had a negligible delivery of X70 tons.
In 1927?1928, the delivery of grain products into Uzbekistan
amounted to 1.2,636s000 rubles, and in Turkmenistan to 9,200,000
With the increase of cotton production and forcing cereal
crops and rice from irrigated lands, the deficit of grain products
in .1931 in Middle Asia was carefully determined by the Representative
of the people's Commissariat of Supply as equal to about 60 million
poods (2 billion, 1.00 million pounds). The factual deficit was more.
take into account the growing need for concentrated
If we
fodders, and also the planned increase in consumption with a continual
emphasis on economic specialization in Central Asia on industrial
crops, then it becomes clear that the needs of the territory for grain
be over 100 million poods during the Second Five-Year Plan.
products will
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If we consider the extreme bottleneck which transportation is
in the Soviet Union and the necessity in the second Five-Year Plan
in Pik: Asia of delivering an enormous amount of construction
materials (primarily, forest products), machines and other manufactured
products for a country that is becoming industrialized -- it
becomes necessary to take all measures to produce a maximum of
cereal crops on the local non-irrigated lands. This
also in the interests of the defense of the nation,
The needs of animal husbandry.
We pointed out above the growing need for concentrated and
nourishing fodder, for animal husbandry in -Asia. Despite
vast pasturing resources, the balance of livestock products in the
.nkc
Asia~repu.blics was unfavorable. In 1929-1930 the delivery
of meat and fat into Asia came to 29,376 tons and large and
small rawhides equalled 950,500 pieces, The only exception in the
otherwise negative balance was the shipping out of hides --
astrakhan and lambskin,
The explanation of this situation with livestock products
must be looked for in the unwise use of available fodder. The
presence of pasture feeds, in Central Asia when used wisely can
guarantee sustenance for 70 million head of livestock, providing
a change-over is made to rams. In this connection, in 1929, the
(9h~
livestock in Asia, in a change-over to rams, equalled
cQ X
The scourge of Asiancattle production seems to be
jute, i.e. -- cattle dying because of lack of forage in winter.
The extremely extensive forms of cattle raising in the chief cattle
raising regions of Asia, the pasture-like characteristics of
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REST R%CTED
the area and the resulting shortage of bulk fodder for the winter,
together with the deficit of grain and concentrated fodders
throughout Asia - - such are the reasons for the presence
of jute. The struggle against jute ought to progress, on one hand,
along the line of a socialistic reorientation of animal husbandry
throughout the territory, and on the other hand, with the rectification
of the fodder balance. Meanwhile, the use of cottonseed cakes for
fertilizing the fields rather than for fodder, further accentuates the
already strained balance with concentrated feeds,
Taking an extremely rough count, the deficit in concentrated
feeds Making the requirement.as 100) shows the following pairs of
variables for the individual republics; Uzbekistan -- ,
~
Turkmenistan -~ 1 , Tadzhikistan -- , Kirgiziya --7, for all of
Middle Asia -- 29. The numerator indicates the deficit of concentrated
feeds when cottonseed cakes are used, and the denominator indicates
the deficit when cottonseed cakes are not used for feed,
The above-mentioned figures show the need for the speediest
possible solution of the problem of the feed balance in Asia.
It is necessary to remember that cattle breeding has great importance
in the agricultural economy of the country, comprising 47.9 percent
of the economy in 1927-1928.
If the problem of bulk fodder can chiefly be solved by wise
use of pasture lands, by haying and the use of waste from fields, and
also by irrigation, then the solution of the question of concentrated
feed requires certain changes in the very makeup of the crops in the
non-irrigated lands chiefly, but sometimes in the irrigated lands.
of necessity, we spoke above of the all-out increase of the grain-
growing area in the non-irrigated. lands and in the regions of the
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which are not sufficiently supplied with water.
irrigated lands
Together with this comes the question of setting up special
for fodder crops for the animal husbandry State
irrigated lands
these lands as part of the total area of all
farms. The area of
of course, be small, but it is necessary all
irrigated lands ;a~-lla
? ' 1c'. 1 ? 0
the same to provide for their organization.
In those regions where animal husbandry plays a significant
role as tY~ basic occupation of the population,.or where it is
demands of nearby industrial centers provision
needed to supply the
'ncreased rote of fodder crops in crop rotation,
must be made for the ?
ft a kind of sorghum -a 2n
and for the inclusion of ~~dzhugara
adjoining industrial centers, field cultivation
the regions adjoining Industrial centers, field cultivation
In
as a rule is not a leading occupatione Gardening, melon growing, and
be developed here. However, the question of
truck farming ought to
setting up these branches of agriculture, which in general play a
.
istan.
k
T adzhi
Sor~hwn var. cnuu, u~w....
The decrease
in the area devoted to raising cotton will be compensated for to a
large extent by the increase in yield which will result from this
system of rotating crops of field grasses.
The needs of animal husbandry ought to be taken into
in the irrigated regions which adjoin Kara-kwn
consideration also
and Klzylkum and the winter pasturing territories of Kirgiziya and
-
in JT Asia, is out!bf the realm of the topic
very large role
we are now covering, and will be taken up separately.
needs of agrote____~~chnol~o
The
In addition to national-economic demands, when we consider the
question of an intelligent crop distribution, we ought not to exclude
RESTRICT
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SThICTED
agrotechnological considerations. We have already taken up the
'
division of Asia into non-irrigated foothill lands and the
irrigated lands of the Turkmenskiy lowlands, dividing the latter
of these into three belts -- a division explained by the agrotechno-.
logical needs of individual crops and species. Questions of crop
rotation were partially touched upon above, and to some extent will
??be examined further on, in a survey of fodder crops, where we will
see that as a result of the introduction of crop rotation of field
grasses an increase of 30 percent or more in cotton harvests can
be expected, To the agrotechnological problems of this sort, there
should be added the matter of the capacity of irrigation canals to
let water pass through and in general that of the guarantee of water
systems to supply water. So, for example, when an irrigation system
does not guarantee a sufficient water supply, the sowing of cotton
crops is usually concentrated in the upper parts of the system, while
crops like grain, and other forage crops which require less water are
planted in the lower parts.
Salty soils and soils with nearby ground waters, which are
widely used in places, as we have seen, are hardly suitable for
cotton crops and can be used for all kinds of other valuable technical
and special crops, in particular rice, hemp (Hibiscus cannabinus),
Indian hemp (Apacinum cannabinum), melons, alfalfa, etc.
The properties of the relief and the physical composition of
the soil also cause the kinds of crops grown to vary, depending on
their soil needs and the means available for cultivating the fields.
In some of the arid regions of the Turanskiy lowlands which
are little suited to wide-scale irrigation because of soil and water
conditions, there arises the problem of cultivating fodder and food
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supply crops in order to set up a reliable basis for cattle raising.
In addition to selecting crops for their economic value, they ought
their ability to resist drought and salt, and for
to be chosen for
their ability to hold down the sands, etc.
the soil and climatic conditions which are peculiar
Finally,
(ccS
to not occur elsewhere in the USSR, present the
~ Asia and do no
problem of experimentation, and in case of successful experimentation,
the problem of the mass cultivation of many such plants which are
useful for our economy, and whose cultivation is not possible in
Cher re ions. This refers to such crops as guayule, ramie, various
? g carCc :wb r S k"
and volatile oils, vegetable sponges,. , etc.
olive oils
in mind all the above mentioned considerations, the
Keeping
proposed makeup of useful crcps for Asia given below is
extremely varied. This variety, however, is not to be looked upon
as being at odds with the demands of specialization. Each region
ought to have its leading crops, which, for the majority of regions,
15 cotton. All other crops are considered secondary or e.xperimental.
Cotton.
Asia, which is the chief cotton area of the USSR,
ought to devote itself wholeheartedly to the development of this one
crop, as long as it remains highly deficient in terms of the national
demand. The maximum of irrigated lands ought to be set aside for
cotton, and chiefly the most favorable land.
Asia the best soils for the
In view of the conditions of
cultivation of cotton are the sandy loam type (soil containing 60 to 80
~.
percent sand) and argillaceous type of~ both of which are
_ Saac~~~ ~
well supplied with water. The heavy clayey types of are
difficult to cultivate, are nc~t easily permeated by water, become
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pulverized when irrigated, and upon drying, form a thick and?very
smooth crust. In places where it is easily feasible technically, such
heavy soils ought to be subjected to treatment with sand.
Salty soils and soils with nearby ground waters are suitable
for cotton only after certain preliminary processing, in particular
drainage and irrigation.
If each irrigation covers 1,000 cubic meters, then the
cultivation of cotton on irrigated lands needs 3-6 irrigations
during the growing season, depending on the soil.
In the case of non-irrigated cultivation of cotton in
Asia, according to the data of the Turkestan Selective Station the
harvest of such cotton is 2 centners per hectare when the minimum
amount of rainfall is 2,1 millimeters per year, as a result of which
the growing season ends 16 days earlier than that for cotton grown on
irrigated lands.
When the rainfall is more abundant -- 600 millimeters per year.__
we can count on receiving 2-6 centners of cotton wool per hectare.
Because of the considerable fluctuation in the amount of rain
which falls from year to year, the non-irrigated cultivation of cotton
(mit \*t(
in -:--i* Asia is, undoubtedly, risky. Therefore, the questions of
agrotechnics in the struggle to accumulate moisture in the soil and to.
make the maximum use of it, ought to play a decisive role here.
As to climate, cotton requires a long period of no frost until
it begins to ripen -- from 90 to 150 days, and a large sum total of
heat for the growing period -- from 3,00 to 6,000 degrees, depending
on the variety of cotton,, 's a basis fT determining the kinds of cotton,
we have used the agzoclirnatic data of the Agro-Meteorological Institute
calculating the total heat of the growing period in terms of those
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early-ripening
3,500
--
!.,000
medium-early-ripening. . . . . .
1,000
--
medium-late-ripening .. . . . .
4,00
--
x,000
late-ripening and Egyptian .
over
x,000
The division of the kinds of cotton into groups (according
average daily temperatures which are at least 10 degrees. The
division of different varieties into groups is given below:
to NIKhI) is done in the following manner:
Group I Group II Group III
Early-ripening and Medium-early_ Medium-late-
extra-early-ripening ripening
10193) Turkestan Selective
10196) Station
(Turkestanskaya Selek-
ts.ionnaya..Stantsiya)
Bolgarskaya mixture
Kashgarskaya mixture
Middles-Asian mixture
1306 '' Shredera"
Live Station 1876) Turkestan
(Turkestanskaya 203)0 Selective
Selektsionnaya
Stantsiya)
182 ':Ak-Dzhurap"
169 ~Dekhkanu
2017) Turkestan Sete c-
70) Live Station
1838) (Turke stanskaya
2005) Selektsionnaya
Stantsiya)
ES1I1CTED
Station
(Turkestanskaya
Selektsionnaya
Stantsiya)
Navrotskiy
Navrotskiy bis
Cook
Triumf-Navrotskiy
Wilson type
Akala
Stanvel'
8000 Turkestan. Selective
Station (Turkestanskaya
Selektsionnaya Stantsiya
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Group IV
Group V
E py~ ti an
Ashmuni
Zagora
Sekeleryadis
Pima
Afifa
Bosos
Yuma
Bol'tos
Nub ari
On the basis of this experimentation with the nurse rous
varieties it is entirely reasonable to concentrate upon one or two
of them in each group. This will make it possible to keep weeds
out of the seed stock, which is what happens in Middle Asia. On
the basis of conferences on the production of cotton seeds which
took place in the autumn of 1931, the second Five-Year Plan envisages
increased sowings of varieties No. r8000t` and No. ''2017'4, while
reducing the area sown to ' 1838". Emphasis on the ERCook variety
is to remain the same
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Shreder" (Schroeder) transferred to new regions. The
1306
-NavrotskiY, Navrotskiy, So8, and 182 will be re-
rieties Triumf va-
reduced, and by the end of the Five Year Plan will be replaced
by the more productive varieties indicated above.
In the northern regions of? the Khivinsk oasis it is ne-
to set up a seed center to produce seed of the earlier
cessary
varieties of cotton for the new cotton regions (Ukraine and North
In thesouthern part of the Amu-Darya, southward of
Caucasus).
Chardzhuye, it would be desirable to cultivate the SipAlendov va-
riety, which has a good fiber length and gives a higher yield
~.
than the Egyptian varieties.
The expansion of cotton seedling transplantation will to
some extent obliterate the clear-cut zones of dissemination of
individual varieties, making the northward advance of the
the
Egyptian varieties possible and thus assuring higher yields of
the transplanted crops as against those grown by direct ground
seedlings. The location of the regions of transplanted culture
should be linked with the electrification of agriculture, con-
sidering the possibility of heating the seedbeds by electricity.
In addition to the expansion of cotton, establishing
KENDYR
cultivation of the new bast fibers is very essential; but they
should be rationally allocated so as not to damage the develop-
ment of cotton culture. Kendyr is anong the most important of
new bast fiber crops. It is a perennial which can for the
these
most part be cultivated along shore terraces of rivers and on
the most varied types of soils, requiring from 7 to 1~ waterings.
Since it has a relatively short growing season, it can be ad-
vanced relatively far into the north. Therefore, introducing
kendYr on a large scale in the cotton regions would of course be
inexpedient. The principal regions for its distribution are Ka-
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RESTRCTEfl
tan and Kirgizstan, where the area of its natural habitat is
zaks
located along the valleys of the Syr-Darya, Amu-Darya, Chu and
Ili rivers,
on the other hand, inasmuch as kendyr grows along the flood-
of rivers and in waterlogged places, it cannot compete with
plains
which does not thrive on marshy or even lightly saline soils
canon,
with a ground water level near the surface. For this reason we en-
visage a certain expansion of kendyr on the tugay lands along the
~,
valleys of the Chirchik, Syr-Darya and Amu-Darya rivers, as a lo-
cal crop on filled-in areas, not interfering with the expansion of cotton cultivation.
KENAF Inasmuch as kenaf is called upon to replace imported
in the manufacture of heavy burlap, the question of its culti-
jute
vation in Central Asia is very important. Although this crop may
also be grown under the conditions of North Caucasus, its cultiva
Asia would make it possible to obtain higher yields
tion in Central -
of fiber and better seeda since irrigation is available and climatic
conditions are better than in the north Caucasus. Moreover, kenaf
can be grown on the most varied soils as well as in sites where
the ground water level is close to the surface, whereas in similar
conditions cotton yields are low because of the strong development
of the monopodial stems at the expense of the sympodial stems, with
late opening of the bolls. The area for the distribution of kenaf
is in the northern regions of Central Asia, and coincides with the
proposed Kendyr area.
ABUTILON This crop needs two waterings less than kenaf and has a
shorter growing season. It does not require a total temperature
during the growing season higher than 2500 degrees, It may there-
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fore be located in the area of the systems with scanty flow in the
northern parts of this natural province, on medium and heavy ar-
gillaceous-loamy soils, with the ground water level not less than
one meter below the surface. The area of cultivation embraces Ka-
zakstan and Kirgizstan,
LONG-FIBER FLAX In cultivating this crop on the irrigated lands
of the Turkestan Selection Station, two crops were obtained in a
single growing season, with three waterings in all for both crops.
This crop thrives best of all on land newly brought under cultiva-
tion, while with kendyr and kenaf the reverse is true. So we may
recommend for the first year the use of virgin land for flax, and
after the first year for kendyr and kenaf.
RAMIE Ramie is the most valuable perennial of the bast fiber plants,
and its cultivation should be widespread throughout Central Asia,
where the temperature conditions are most suitable to it. It is a
native of the humid subtropical regions, and definitely demands such
an environment. In arid regions, it requires above all abundant wa-
tering every 15 days, with 15x0 cubic meters of water to each water-
ing; it also needs deep ground water (not less than 2.meters from the
surface), and good soils, without marshy flooded localities. Ramie
cannot endure winter freezes below minus l5 to minus 20 degrees Cen-
tigrade, and demands high temperatures during the summer months.
The lack of reliable data on the behavior of this crop not
only under the conditions of Central Asia, but also under those of
the USSR as a whole, makes it difficult to delimit the area for its
distribution. With a' certain amount of caution it could apparently
be grown in the subtropical southern regions of Turkmenia and Tad-
zhikstan as a preliminary semi-experimental project, more or less
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on pilot-plant scale. It is possible that it might also occupy
a few regions of the central cotton belt, provided there were win-
ter covering to guard against freezes.
FIBER EXOTICS With respect to the other fiber plants with
more or less likelihood of growing under Central Asian conditions,
it is necessary to point out a number of such crops, like jute,
okra, ~rozeliya,' etc. Cultivation of these crops, in view of their
serious technical defects as compared to kenaf, cannot at present be
of much importance.
Jute under our conditions gives lower yields than kenaf.
Okra also has a number of disadvantages as compared to kenaf.
Its major disadvantages are that it is highly exigent as regards
soil conditions and water, and that its spinnable varieties mature
late and give a low yield, inferior both quantitatively and quali-
tatively to kenaf. Rozeliya cannot be cultivated in Central Asia
because its growing season is too long.
Exotic fiber plants of the leguminous plant family will be
mentioned in the leguminosae section.
For semi-experimental projects in the subtropical part of
Central Asia such other fiber crops as agave, New Zealand flax,
yucca, and esparto grass may be recommended.
ESSENTIAL OIL CROPS The location of the essential oil crops in Cen-
tral Asia, where their wide distribution is under all conditions de-
sirable, is a matter of some difficulty. Experimental cultivation
of these plants and meteorological indexes of the growing seasons
of the local wild fragrant flora, which exist in extraordinary va-
riety, conclusively demonstrate the possibility of a large-scale
development of these crops in Central Asia. This development
should proceed in two directions:
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The first is the study and utilization of wild vegetation,
in relation to which some work has already been done. The expedi-
tion of the Central Asian Botanical Garden in the central part of
the Gissar range (Tadzhikstan) observed 62 species of plants yield-
ing essential oils, of which a considerable proportion were of com-
mercial value. Similar results were obtained by the Turkmenian sec-
tion of the VIR. !1d marjoram, Muscatel sage, tarragon, hyssop,
Persian , lakhnofilyurn, and a number of wild Umbilliferae
deserve special attention.
The second direction is the widespread cultivation of aroma-
tic plants yielding essential oil of high value. Such cultivation
may be done on both irrigated land and bogara land. The experiments
of the Turkmenian section of the VTR and of the Central Asian Bo-
tanical Garden in Chigman, Khodzhent and Tashkent yielded good re-
suits,
Among the cultivated plants, lavender, geranium, lemon sor-
ghum, catnip, lipiya Liinden flower?, basal and a few others deserve
special attention, Lavender survived the winter of 1931, when the
temperature in Khodzhent dropped to minus 29 degrees Centigrade.
Interesting results have been obtained with catnip, the oil
of which may be used in place of the costly lemon sorghum oil.
Muscatel sage and the herb Traachyspermum coptticum develop well
under bogara cultivation.
Essential oil crops may be divided by regions as follows:
Irrigated land: geranium, lemon sorghum, rosemary (in the sub-
tropics), tuberose, Kazanlyk rose, iris, catnip, basal, lavender (in
the mountains).
Bogara land: muscatel sage, the herb tr hyspermum~ ptcum, la-
vender (on more sheltered sites), fennel, anise.
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Guayule thrives best on stony soils with abundant lime.
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ED
Cultivation techniques and the properties of the essential
oil crops in Central Asia have been very slightly investigated, and
the question of the volume of the industrial demand for them is
still largely unresolved, so that it is still not possible to clas-
sify them into primary and secondary crops.
It can, however, be roughly calculated that Trachyspermum cop-
ticum, Kazanlyk rose (which yields an extremely costly attar of roses),
and geranium belong among the primary crops.
As regards the geographic allocation of all these crops, we may
point first to the valleys of the Zeravshan and Chirchik rivers, and
to Fergana, Turkrnenia and - outhern Tadzhikistan. The Kazanlyk rose
can be grown only further to the south, while lavender, on the other
hand, belongs at high altitudes, if its winter-resistability is taken
into account.
Scientific research institutions will carry out further ex-
periment on the cultivation of essential oil crops, making it pos-
sible to determine with greater precision those crops which may be
used and to which regions they should be allocated.
RUBBER-YIELDING PLANTS Among this group of plants, guayule, khon-
drilla and tau-sagiz are now in the stage of semi experimental, pi-
lot-plant studies, as well as kendyr, referred to above, which be-
longs to the bast fiber group.
Guayule is a perennial originating in the mountains of Northern
Mexico, where it may be cultivated as high as 2200 meters above sea-
level. The climatic conditions in its native habitat are character-
ized by scanty precipitation, from 200 to 500 millimeters annually,
with winter temperatures dropping to minus 10 and minus 15 degrees
Centigrade.
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cess soil moisture is harmful to it.
on the basis of this short description of the natural condi-
tions for guayule, the best place for its propagation would appear
to be the subtropic region of Central Asia, with bogara agriculture.
Khondrilla in the wild state is found in the northern Kizyl-
Kum region on hilly and partly shifting sands. Inasmuch as sands
occupy immense areas in Central Asia, its cultivation under these
conditions could become very widespread. However, neither the con-
ditions for cultivation nor the properties of the plant itself have
been investigated to any great extent as yet.
Tau-sagyz is a perennial growing wild in the mountains of Kara-
Tau. Studies have shown that it contains more rubber than any other
rubber-bearing plant. It can be grown both on irrigated and bogara
lands. The conditions of its cultivation and the regions for its
propagation have not yet been established. It will be necessary to
lay out tau-sagyz plantations within its present growing area and in
other regions with analogous conditions. The same may be said of the
related kok-sagyz,
SUBTROPICAL TECHNICAL CROPS For the region of the subtropics of
Turkmenia and Tadzhikistan we consider it possible to recommend ex-
perimental cultivation of eucalyptus, acacia (for tanneries), sumac,
cork oak, olive tree, yucca, New Zealand flax, agave, esparto grass,
etc.
OIL-BEARING CROPS Certain oil-bearing crops are rather widely
disseminated in Central Asia: safflower, , 'II sesame and curly
;n on irrigated land and also on unirrigated
(bogara) lands; The greater part of the Oriental sesame on irrigated
is grown as a second crop following the winter grain crops,
In addition, we cannot omit cotton from the list of oil crops,
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for since its oil content is relatively high (3l..6 percent) it is
used not only for spinning fiber, but also for oil. The possibi-
lity of obtaining large amounts of cottonseed oil and cottonseed cake,
as by-products of textile production, points to the inexpedience of
giving over great tracts of irrigated land to specialized oil crops.
Only on bogara lands, where cotton cultivation is not very success-
ful, should the oil-bearing crops mentioned above be more or less
extensively distributed.
sesame may also be grown on irrigated land as a se-
cond crop after the winter grain crops, where there are any.
As regards the climatic and soil conditions required by the
oil crops, the following factors must be noted:
Sesame needs a growing season of 110 to ll~0 days, de-
pending upon the variety, and fertile, weed-free soils. On irrigated
land, 2-3 waterings must be provided, on the scheme 1 - 2 - 0, or one
watering before blooming and two during the blooming period.
Seed flax needs a longer growing season than sesame.
The best soils for flax are arenaceous-loamy soils or light argil-
laceous-loamy soils.
Safflower has a growing season of 120-130 days and is distin-
guished by better drought-resistant qualities, which makes it pos-
sible to grow it extensively on bogara land. It needs mellow soils.
According to oil content, these plants fall in this order:
i-.mm sesame, 55 percent; seed flax, 31i.It. percent; safflower, 25
percent. LJLiLlj,I. Sesame yields the best oil, of a highly nutritive
quality, recalling in taste the best sunflower butter. Besides oil,
safflower also yields carthamine, a dyestuff with some importance in
the manufacture of aniline dyes.
In some regions of Central Asia, the castor plant is culti-
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vated in addition to the above-mentioned oil crops. In view of the
relatively limited demand for castor oil and the possibility of
growing this crop in North Caucasus as well, the castor plant will
not be widely propagated in Central Asia.
The peanut, or ground nut, is the best of all the other oil
crops. The oil content of its nut ranges from 31 to $4 percent, ac-
cording to variety. It may be pointed out for comparison that the
soybean has 18 percent, sesames percent, and the castor-
bean 5o percent, Peanut oil is a high grade edible oil, second in
quality only to the best olive oils. Peanut cake is of higher qua-
lity than cotton, flaxseed, or soybean cakes, and is used extensive-
ly in confectionery, whale its inferior grades make excellent con-
centrated livestock fodder.
The peanut gives high yields, up to 30 centners, Its hay is
only slightly inferior to that of alfalfa and clover.
It demands a long frost-free period -- 5 to 6 months -- with
high temperatures and intense sunlight. It is not exigent with res-
pect to soils, but gives best results on mellow arenaceous loamy and
arenaceous soils, with good subsoil drainage. It thrives on lime,
which, as is well knon, is abundant in the soils of Turkestan. Even
slightly saline or heavy stony soils are not suitable for peanut
growing.
The great disadvantages of this crop are its great require-
ments for labor and the slight degree to which it enriches the soil
with organic matter, since the entire plant is removed from the
ground at harvesting time.
THE GRAIN CROPS "Winter barley and wheat, which in places still
play a role on the irrigated lands of the cotton regions, should be
relegated to bogara lands except in occasional individual cases. The
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question is only as to the time when this shift should be made.
If we still sow winter grain crops on irrigated land, it is only
because this is done in the autumn, when the irrigation water is
not needed by cotton.
One or two autumn waterings are sufficient for the grains,
and sometimes they get along without aw autumn irrigation at all.
In any case they give normal yields without consuming great amounts
of water, or require irrigation only after cr?tton sowing has been
completed, or before it starts.
Of course, this is not at all to contend that there is no com-
petition between the grains and cotton, since they do take acreage
which could otherwise be used for cotton, The whole question of
shifting them to bogara lands depends upon the water supply. The
construction of reservoirs on systems where water is scarce will
make it possible to increase the volume of water available and thus
expand the sowings of cotton by displacing the grains.
If we are thus compelled to continue sowing winter grain crops
in some regions, it is only a temporary measure until adequate water
supplies are available.
The displacement of a number of food crops from the irrigated
lands, especially the grains, gives priority to the task of maximum
expansion of bogara acreage for winter crops, in order to alleviate
the grain deficit of the Central Asiatic Republics.
Among the grain crops on bogara lands are winter and spring
wheat and barley. The spring crops predominate however, a
and there
is only a small acreage in winter crops. Reasons for this are the
small quantity and the lateness of autumn precipitation
, as well as
the growth of weeds among the winter crops.
Experimental stations and practical experience confirm the
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 ment of winter crops.
With reference to the varieties of wheat and barley, it may
be said that according. to the results on selecting plots locally im-
proved varieties give the best results. Locally selected varieties
and varieties of mass selection hold first place among them.
SECOND CROPS It is entirely possible in a large number of
Central Asian regions, under favorable climatic conditions, to ob-
taro two crops a year from the same field by sowing a second crop
after the harvesting of the winter grain crops - wheat and barley.
The population uses proso millet, kunak, the bean Phaseolus
mun o, lobelia, corn, sorghum, sesame, rice (ar app shaly), forage
sorghum and cotton for these second crops.
The experimental stations have obtained entirely satisfactory
theme
a_ _9__ Crop
Corn
Sunflower
Bean Phaseolus nungo
Lobelia
Cotton
Yield in Centners per Hectare
+l
7~8
7-8
7.8
Cotton in Kashka Dar'ya area l -l7
Soya
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higher yields from winter crops, and show that weeds can be success-
fully controlled by crop rotation and good tillage.
The shifting of grain sowings to the autumn will. relieve the
peak load of spring work and render possible a substantial expansion
of acreage of both grain and cotton, provided there is extensive me-
chanization of agricultural production. All this definitely indicates
the need for giving the most attentive consideration to the develop-
results from the second crops. The following yields are reported by
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The nitrogenous improvement of the soil effected by sowing
lobelia,'phaseolus mom, and soya for green fertilizer after the
winter grains warrants particular attention. According to the ex-
periment stations, this procedure increases the yield of the follow-.
ing cotton crop by ;0 percent,
The above considerations unquestionably argue for the develop-
ment by every means of the practice of sowing second crops. Where
winter grains are grown on irrigated lands, the sowing of second
crops may be widely practiced, to some extent also for the purpose
of improving the nitrogen content of the soil.
rotation should be used: winter grains; a second crop for green fer-
tilizer; then, in the following year, cottony
RICE The culture of rice is an extremely necessary component
in"the balance of food supply and demands corresponding attention
and expansion of sowings.' At the same time, however, it requires
the expenditures of exceedingly large amounts of water for irriga-
tion -- ten times as much as cotton requires. In view of this, rice
cultivation in many cases slows down the development of cotton. In
all such cases it should be shifted away from the cotton regions.
Rice is usually grown on strongly waterlogged soils with highwater
table of heavy clayey consistency, so that it is impossible to in-
troduce cotton on rice-fields without corresponding land reclamation
melioration, since under such conditions the growth of cotton pro-
ceeds by development of monopodial instead of sumpodial stems. The
delay in the opening of the bolls and the large-scale depredations of
the cotton aphid (pautinoviy kleshchik) in consequence, cuts the
yield of cotton.
For this reason, waterlogged land, well supplied with water,
should first of all be assigned. to rice. There are large tracts of
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finitely must be replaced.
The Samarkand and Fergana regions of the Uzbek SSR and Tad-
zhikistan ought to be designated for seed growing for local consump-
tion.
As regards the reestablishment of soil structure by alfalfa
this process must be strengthened by growing a few other grasses in
mixtures with alfalfa. Eragrosti.s abyssinica and zhit ak trit' c
nY ( ~. um
cristatum) may be recommended on an experimental scale for this pur-
pose. As a second type of mixture, shabdar clover (trifolium resu i-
natum) with alfalfa may be recommended. This has the advantage that
when so mixed, the local varieties of alfalfa give a normal harvest
already in the first year, a fact which is very important in view of
alfalfa's short life of usefulness.
SHABDAR CLOVER (Trif olium resuoinatum) The cultivation of shabdar
(Persian clover) by itself has the following characteristics:
1. The first year crop is higher than that of local alfalfa
but falls off sharply in the second year of sowings.
2. It holds its own against weeds, whereas alfalfa only de-
develops weakly during its first year and lacks this ad-
vantage.
3. Cattle eat it willingly.
). It forms a very considerable number of nodules,
5. It thrives on sites with ground water level close to the
surface (50 - 70 centimeters).
Shabdar also has the following disadvantages:
b e
1. Its water content is high -? as much as $S percent ..-
and
therefore it does not dry out easily.
2. During drying for hay, the pith of the stalks dries out.,
leaving them hollow.
3. Its demand for moisture is great.
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To sum up, it may be said that shabdar as an independent se-
sondary crop be given a certain amount of distribution in the sou-
them. parts of Central Asia, particularly in places with the ground
water level near the surface. Secondly, shabdar may be mixed with
alfalfa to obtain a good crop even in the first year and to combat
weeds.
Alexandrian clover deserves attention alongside of shabdar.
In the first year it yields up to 0 centners of hay, but its growing
season is long. Its water content is less than that of shabdar.
THE SEED-POD LEGUI?S AND THEIR ROLE IN NITROGENOUS SOIL IMPROITENENT
The seed-pod legumes, which give better results under Cen-
tral Asian conditions, are peas, chick peas, peanuts, the bean Phas-
eolus mungQ, soybean, lobelia, etc. All of them may be used for food
(the seed) and also for cattle fodder, whether green, or in the form
of hay, straw of ter threshing, or the seed itself, etc. But their
main importance is that they restore soil fertility by their quality
of gathering nitrogen and replenishing the soil with it.
The following particulars may be noted about individual crops
of this order. Depending upon the variety, the pea needs 70 - 150
days for its growing cycle, with total temperature during that period
of 1800 - 2800 degrees Centigrade. It needs medium to light argil-
laceous-loamy soils containing lime. Winter peas, wtich gave a large
green mass, have recently been propagated in Central Asia; and the
Badakhshan and Austrion varieties of these may be recommended, being
distinguished by very early maturity and good winter-resistibility at
temperatures as low as minus 30 degrees Centigrade. Sowings of these
winter peas may be made in autumn between the rows of cotton, even
before it is harvested. A second method is sowing after the final
cotton harvest. In this case it is possible that growing will not
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begin during autumn but in the spring in early spring for the
most part. In both cases it is possible to obtain masses of green
vegetation for plowing under for nitrogen soil enrichment before
the next sowings of cotton are due. Winter vetch, fenugreek, tri-
gonella, etc. may be handled similarly. It would be desirable to
experiment along similar lines with a number of annual winter le-
gumes from the local wild flora: esparsette, astragal, trigonefa,
vetch, vetchling, and so forth. They often grow in great profusion
on the virgin bogara lands and on fallows, and give a good volume
of green vegetation up to the end of April.
Among spring legumes, the bean Phaseolus mungo, lobelia,
vetchling and chick pea may be recommended as nitrogenous soiling
crops; and it is entirely practicable to sow them between the rows
of cotton and plow them under during the blooming period of cotton.
These crops may also be recommended as second crops after the win-
ter grains, in the following crop rotation: winter grain; second crop
(legumes); and cotton in the following year.
The significance of nitrogenous soil improvement by legumin-
ous crops for cotton is evident from the following 1912 data of the
Ashkhabad Experimental Field. The yield of cotton in these experi-
ments varied. It is given in centners per hectare.
After Phaseolus mungo, used for green fertilizer 13.07
After Phaseolus mungo, grown to seed 9.61
After chickpea 10.97
A f ter black fallow 9.81
After lentils 9.2L
After sesame 8.56
After corn 8.34
After sunflower 7,81
After cotton 7.51
After dzhugar RESTRICTED 7,36
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RE?RIC TED
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The results of the Golodnosteppe Experiment Station have
been given earlier in this section. According to them cotton yield
was increased by 50 percent after the bean Fhaseolus mungo had been
grown to seed, and by 160 percent and higher after that crop had
been used as a soiling crop.
According to this data, Phaseolus mango and chickpea should
be singled out as soiling crops for nitrogenous soil improvement.
The insufficiency of available data, however, prevents our malting
any final conclusions on this point, and the question must be left
for the scientific research organizations of Central Asia.
FIBER LEGUMES (FOR SPINNING) The following group of fiber legumes
deserves attention in the cotton crop rotation, as sources of textile
fiber and also as nitrogen-fixing crops.
San is worthy of attention first of all among this group. The
experiments in raising san in Central Asia at the Turkestan Selection
Station have shown the great merits of its fiber and the slight sen-
sitivity of this plant to low temperatures. Disadvantages of san
are the very late maturity of its productive varieties, the very low
productivity of its early varieties, and its tendency to excessive
ramification when grown as a row crop.
Montana is undoubtedly superior to san, Its yield is good and
its fiber contents very considerable. The quality of its fiber is
only slightly inferior to that of san.
Of the other plants in this group, we may assume that kayanus
and Spanish broom can be cultivated.
It would, however, be premature to recommend all of these enu-
merated plants for extensive cultivation in Central Asia. The dis-
advantages of san have already been mentioned. On the other hand it
would be inexpedient to reject entirely these extremely interesting
plants. But their propagation will depend upon the work of selection
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EIESTR!CTED
agencies in developing varieties with good yield and sufficiently
high fiber content, under the conditions of the short growing sea
son. In view of the lack of sufficient data on montana, kayanus
and Spanish broom, serious study of these plants is desirable in any
case.
FODDER ROOT CROPS AND TUBERS, The development of the beef and
dairy cattle breeding industry to supply the cities and great in-
dustrial centers demands the organization of the corresponding fod-
der bases and, in particular, the cultivation of the fodder root
crops and tubers, Among them, potatoes merit our attention in the
northern parts and sweet potatoes in the szuthern parts of Central
Asia. The latter give higher yids than potatoes. In addition,
mangel-wurzels, carrots and rutabagas may also be grown.
These crops will be widely distributed in the dairy and market-.
garden zone around the cities and manufacturing centers. In regions
unrelated to this zone their cultivation is limited, on land outside
the zone of contiguous fields.
CUCURBIT CROPS of these, the muskmelon is extensively consumed
by the population and deserves special attention, It can be canned
and distributed not only within the USSR, but exported as well.
Taking into account its colossal yield of 300 centners per hectare,
muskmelon propagation cultivation in Central Asia appears entirely
expedient, mainly on the land outside the contiguous field areas.
Muskmelon can also be grown in the river valleys on soils with ground
water level near the surface, and even in somewhat saline sections,
where cotton growing would not be efficient without reclamation.
BOGARA FODDER CROPS, The development of cattle breeding and the ne-.
cessity for assuring winter supplies of fodder for the cattle demand
the maximum development on unirrigated bogara land not only of grain
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crops (wheat and barley) but a number of drou
ght-resistant fodder
plants.
The extreme dearth of data, in the published reports, concern-
ing the bogara fodder crops of Central Asia
makes it very difficult
to decide how these crops should be made
up insfuture, But taking
into account the fact that crop losses occur in both winter and
spring, and that there are very prolonged summer
draughts as well,
a number of crops may be recommended, with a certain n degree of
caution, and mainly for semi,_experimental trig
' l on a pilot
scale. plant
The rather successful experiments of the Kr
asniy Vodopad Ex-
periment Station on bogara cultivation of alfalfa gives lfa ~a.ves us the right
to recommend that crap for the, better parts of the bogara lands, The
hybrid yellow-flowered and blue varieties
are the best. Other fod-
der crops that can be recommended are Sudan
grass, mogar, sorghum,
particularly the black sorghum or'ennisetum
tYphaideum, which gives
a higher yield and is more drought resistant
than ordinary sorghum,
Seed peas and fodder peas are desirable
especially the winter crop
on a semi-ecperimental scale. Other legumes here are kidney beans,.
tepari beans, lentils and vetchlings, In
eXperimental work on safe
gardening sites we may recommend potatoes o .
r Jerusalem artichokes, aid
also squash, forage Watermelons, horse beans, and sunflower for si-
lage. Fodder watermelon is drought resistant and can also grow in
less sheltered parts of the bogara lands
The propagation of manger
wurzels, carrots, and turnips (Brassica na u
p s rapifera and Bra s
cam estris ra ifera) is not impossible on the parts of the bogara land
which are better provided with preci ita
p tjon,
Chickpea, sweetclover, mountainspx Spinach (lebeda), Antra alas
retamocarpus and Brassica armor
acioides may be recommended for se
e~erimE;ntal work on bo ara s ~~
g ites with poor precipitation. Besides
Y}a,' 7J ih.k1A Ida
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such land on the Chirchik river and.a few other places, which
could be utilized for rice growing if large scale rice sovkhozes
were organized Southern Kazak~tan should be considered the basic
rice region,
THE LEGUMINOUS CROPS AND THETR ROLE IN CROP ROTATION
The introduction of grassland rotations into the cotton re=
gions should be considered one of the basic measures of the Second
Five Year Plan. An increase of productivity ranging up to 30 per-
cent may be expected in consequence.
The climatic and soil conditions of Central Asia favor the ra-
pid disintegration of organic matter in the soil. For this reason
the cultivation of row crops (cotton) dthout grassland rotation
leads to destruction of the structure and cohesion of the soil, and
thus to the lowering of biologic activity and nitrification of the
soil; and the yield of cotton falls off rapidly. The following data
may serve to illustrate this point. It is taken from the materials
of the 1932 Cotton Conference in Moscow.
WEIGHT OF STRUCTURAL AGGREGATES IN 100 GRANTS OF SOIL
Sequence of Crop Rotations Over 1 1.0.25 0.25-0.1 Under 0.1
milli- milli- millimeter millimeter
meter meter
Cotton 1 year
Cotton 3 years
Cotton 5-6 years
Cotton with full mineral
fertilizer; 2 years
5 years
1L.72
1,00 7.92
1.11 3.18
25.76
20.55
13.80
1.36
4.08
12.06
82050
0.77
1.1.8
11,36
86.39
Cotton with cottonseed cake
fertilizer and manure;
2 years 1,L0 L.21i. 19.82 71..5I
5 years 2.20 10.25 25.57 61,68
 After introduction of fallow 36
After cultivation of cotton for 1 year 88
Ater cultivation of cotton for 2 years 78
After cultivation of cotton for 3 years 60
After cultivation of alfalfa for 2 years 115
After cultivation of alfalfa for 3 years .125
After cultivation of alfalfa for 4 years 152
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After the introduction of clo.
ver: 1 year
4,42
18.37 33.10
LL .11
3 years
12.97
21.72 2
.52
40.79
Alfalfa
10,27
20.04 30.68
39.48
Thus the introduction of organic material into the soil as
a result of grass sowings sharply improves the cohesion of the soil,
while the continuous cultivation of cotton, even with mineral fer-
tilizer, lowers it.
The following table gives the characteristics of the dynamics
of organic matter, as shown by the experiments of the Ak-Kayak ex-
periment station, under different systems of cultivation. Taking
the original quantity of organic matter in the soil as 100, this va-
lue changes as follows after cultivation:
To illustrate the changes in productivity after different
predecessor crops, we may give the following table showing the re-
suits of eight years of experiments by the Golodnosteppe Experimen-
tal Sta Lion:
Original cotton crop on virgin land
l6,4 centners
Cotton after proso millet
per hectare
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Cotton after sesame
Cotton after sorghum
Cotton after bean Phaseolus
grown to seed
Cotton after winter wheat
Cotton after a green fertilizer
(Phaseolus mungo), plowed under
during the blooming period
The role of grassland crop rotation in cotton growing thus
becomes entirely clear. Without giving a large amount of other data
on raising cotton productivity by this method, we pass now to the
other crops of this group which are worthy of attention under the
conditions of Central Asia.
ALFAIFA According to data of the PakhtaAral Sovkhoz, the yield
of cotton after alfalfa was increased as follows over thyield on
l
virgin land:
1929 1930
Centners Per Centners Per
cent cent
on virgin land 12.7 100 10.0 100
After 1 year of alfalfa 18.; ? 11.6 lL. lbS
After 2 years of alfalfa 28.7 226 18.2 181
After 3 years of alfalfa 30.8 213 20.8 208
If we also consider that alfalfa holds its own very well
against salinification of the sail and gives large hay harvests with
high protein content, the advisability of introducing it into crop
rotation with cotton becomes obvious. Moreover it is a perennial
which may gave harvests from a single sowing for as long as ten years.
The ordinary local varieties of alfalfa grow poorly during the first
year and the sites become overgrown with weeds. It is therefore ne-
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I#F?A '~
i
cessary first of all to choose suitable shorter-lived (2.3 years)
varieties for rotation with cotton, but with good growing power al-
ready in the first year.
Turning to the experimental data, the Arabian varieties of
alfalfa may be indicated. These gave the best results in produc-
tivity, early maturation, foliation, number of stalks, and rate of
spring growth; they also displayed relative winter-resistibility.
These experiments are still insufficient and should be extended,
the more. so since these Arabian varieties, along with their good
qualities, are somewhat inferior in winter-resistibility and other
factors to our own alfalfas. This forces us to emphasize the ne-
cessity of energetic selection work to develop the most productive
short-lived varieties of alfalfa. Entomological work is also ne-
cessary to develop rational control measures against the phytomyces
which cause colossal losses to the first alfalfa mowing. Phyto-
monas ?
A. I. Belov recommends the following varieties of alfalfa
under Central Asian conditions: Por Fergana, Golodnaya Steppe, and
the Samarkand and I3ukhara regions : French alfalfa ( of Provence ) ; for
Turkmenia: Arabian alfalfa; in the Khiva oasis: Grimm' s alfalfa,
rr0t
which is higher yielding her 'elding and winter-~ s' han
~ the Khivinsk varie-
ties.
With respect to seed alfalfa, the author of this work also
advises stopping the distribution of the Khiva variety throughout
Central Asia and substituting more productive varieties, and points
out that the various groups of European varieties have given better
results than those of Central Asia.
The Khiva oasis should remain a region growing seed for ship-
ment to other parts of the USSR, but the current local variety de-
NegTR1
1
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this, we also recommend gathering the wild alhagi, which is excel
lent as a concentrated fodder when ground into flour at the mill,
for silage. The wide distribution of this plant
and may also be used
even under the most extreme unprotected. bogara conditions, and the
discovery of species without spines, brings up the question of cut-
tivating it as well as using it in its wild state.
On the sandy desert regions of Central Asia, used only for
the cultivation of drought resistant and alkali-
cattle grazing,
resistant grasses is a major problem, for they are needed to an-
chor the sands and cover the takyry, and in addition they yield
satisf actorY masses of nutritious forage4 This question is still
entirely unstudied. For semi experimental work we may recommend
Siberian zhitnYak, sand barley, sand oat, sand brittle rye, and,
for the tokyry, chiy grass (Lases ros), sedge, sweetclover, al-
hags and lebeda, etc.
ESTkBCTED
M y~,`~ Mr,
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xxv. THE UZBEK SSR
i~
The total area of the Uzbek SS is 17,600,000 hectares. 'With-
in'the administrative boundaries of this republic we have chiefly
lowland plain, valley and foothill sections, with elevations ranging
from 100 to 700 meters above sea level. It is true that almost all
of these sections are related in origin to the high mountains sur-
rounding them. These are, however, located within the administrative
boundaries of the neighboring Central Asian Republics ?- the Tadzhik
SSR the Kirgiz SSR and part of the Kazak SSR, Only at the extreme
border of Uzbekistan do the western spurs of the Gissar and
southern
Zeravshan ranges enter its territory, and, to the east of Tashkent,
also the western spurs of the Tien Shan Mountains. The highest
points of these spurs are not over 300 meters, while the mountains
of the adjoining Republics reach elevations of 1 OO meters and higher.
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~. Tni ttent streams.
tracts of Uzbekistan
link between the plain and valley
Th
e
' seen in the first place, in the Drip
and the adjoining mountains is ,
? s These consist almost entirely of
gin of their alluvial deposit .n
from the mountains by numerous permanent or ~.
material transported fro
of the deposits an the Uzbekistan plains varies
The nature
greatly, depending upon the distance of the mountains and the char-
We encounter all stages from the very coarse
octet of the streams.
? d de osits dawn to the fine dusty loam loess
stony rain ptransporte p
the teat river valleys there are extensive
formations. In many of g M
alluvial deposits of variegated character. The variety of these de
? till more by the fact that not infrequently
posits is increased s
velo ment of tertiary and tertiary_cretaceous sa-
there is marked de p
1laceous loamy in the belt of low foothills
lif Brous clays and arg'~.
surrauncirag the great valleys, and that these clays and loamy are
. rain currents, which occasionally transport
readily washed dawn by
them substantial distances from their places of original deposition.
? tween the plain and valley sections of Uzbekisp
The connection be
mountains of the neighboring republics is fur-
tan and the surrounding
ther seen in the fact that a very substantial portion of these low-
land areas is fed by water formed as a result of condensation by
~.
to the surface in the lowlands, determining the formation of very
To some extent this is apparent in the higher
these mountains.
amount of precipitation in some foothill areas, as compared with
that in locale 'ties more remote from the mountains. But a far more
substantial contribution to the water balance of Uzbekistan is made
from the adjoining mountains. This flow
by the direct flow of water
an through strata which gradually filter off
?s subterrane,
often a.
some of the transported material. Thed.e ground waters then emerge
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considerable areas of meadow, swamp or lightly saline lands.
Frequently, too, they form small lakes or spring-fed rivulets.
But the great r part of the water irrigating the fields of Uzbekis-
tan descends in rivers and streams on the surface from the neigh-
boring mountains.
Almost all the territory of Uzbekistan is located in two
zones, a desert zone and a desert-steppe (semi-desert) zone. Only
the higher parts of the mountain slopes are outside thelimits of
these two zones.
The more low-lying parts of the plains and great valleys of
Uzbekistans more remote from the high mountains, belong to the de-
sert zone, which includes the whole western part of the Republic
from Shirabad and Karshidown to Bukhara and Khorezm, together with
the larger part of the Golodnaya Steppe and Inner Fergana.
According to temperature conditions during the growing sea-
son, these parts of the Uzbek Republic belong in part to the torrid
belt of Shirabad, Karshi, and Bukhara, and in part to the hot belt
of Khorezm, Golodnaya Steppe, and Fergana. Mean summer temperatures
in the torrid belt are 28-30 degrees, and 2S-28 degrees in the hot
belt. In the torrid belt it is possible to grow the late varieties
of cotton, including even Egyptian cotton. In the hot belt the me-
dium-late varieties of cotton are grown, together with a number of
other valuable industrial and food crops.
The annual precipitation throughout the desert belt does not,
exceed 200-2S0 millimeters. Since evaporation is very intense, this
completely excludes any possibility of unirrigated agriculture, ex-
cept for isolated instances of cultivation on swamp-meadow soils
with fresh ground waters close to the surface.
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of the desert belt of Uzbekistan are very varied,
The soils
depetiding upon the character of the depositions and on the dynamics
On the one hand, desert serozems ray-earth
of the ground waters.
a number of different forms are widespread. These are
soul in
the soil map as light serozems underlain by loess-type
shown on
serozems, saline and gypseous serozems, principally
rock, gravelly
composed of pebbles and gravel, and sandy serozems, as well as the
compact silty soils of the takyry, in various stages of salinifl-
soils are characterized by the great depth of
cation. All these
the underlying ground watery and for the most part are suitable for
-.-- -.---
'vation under irrigation. On the pebbly-gravelly soil types,
cultivation
cultivation is often made difficult or even impossible by
however,
the difficulty of tilling the soil and the rapid loss of irrigaa-
tlon water by filtration, and in a few cases by the impossibility
of irrigation owing to topographic considerations. Because of the
great tendency to salinification shown by certain types of desert
the rate of irrigation must be strictly regulated and the
serozems,
proper outlet channels provided for the discharge of used waters.
The second category of soils in the desert zone is found in
localities with ground water near the surface. These are widely
distributed in many regions of Uzbekistan, particularly along the
valley of the Syr-Darya river and its tributaries, also along the
Zeravshan and Kashka-Dar'ya rivers, and to a somewhat lesser extent
along the Amu-Dar'ya River. They are shown on the soil map as sa-
1,znl?fied deposits and meadow soils on the river floodplains, meadow
Carbonaceous and ealinified soils, and solonchaks. In many of these
cases these are sections that could be used only for growing rice,
assimilation for other crops, particularly cotton, would
since their
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involve extensive reclamation work in drainage and river control.
Cultivation is, moreover, often seriously hampered by the strong
salinification of the soil by easily soluble salts. This is par -
titularly true of the solonckaks, but we also encounter it not in-
frequently in the meadow soils of the first two classes.
The task of reclaiming the golonchaks for agricultural pur-
poses is of course not an absolutely hopeless matter. The removal
of the salts can be accomplished with the aid of rice cultivation
combined with the abundant watering of the soil which this crop re-
quires. On the other. hand, special flushing of the soil is also
possible with the aid of artificial drainage by pipes or California
drains. However, there are still a good many unclarified questions
regarding both the nature of the processes which take place during
these soil changes and the technical engineering aspects of the work.
We should note, in conclusion, that there are large tracts
of sand spread over this desert zone of Uzbekistan, and that these
sands are in most cases completely unsuitable for agriculture.
The desert steppe zone occupies a considerably smaller part
of Uzbekistan. To it belong the higher parts of some valleys and
plains immediately adjoining the high mountains, together with a
belt of low foothills. The latter takes in the higher border areas
of the Fergana valley, the foothills of the Turkestan and Gissar
mountain ranges, the foothills of the western Tien Shan, etc.
Temperature conditions during the growing season show a moderately
hot belt with average summer temperatures around 20 25 degrees.
This provides to some extent for cultivation of early varieties of
cotton and? also of rice, corn, alfalfa, grapes, apricots, etc.
steppe belt is 2S0 to 400 milli.-
possibility of growing a few
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crops without artificial irrigation, although irrigation in all
cases results in still higher efficiency. Grains _- wheat and
barley -- should be the most important of unirrigated bogara crops.
In some cases safflower, corn, sunflower, alfalfa and a few other
crops may also be grown as bogara crops. The matter of bogara cu1M
tivation of cotton in this zone still awaits clarification of the
technical possibility and economic expedience.
The soils of this zone are predominently typical serozems.
In view of the insufficiently clear distinction between the desert
varieties of serozems and typical serozems, it is necessary to in-
clude in this zone a few localities designated on the soil map as
having soil varieties which we have classified as belonging to the
preceding desert zone __ for example, the high border areas of the
southern part of the Fergana valley, Dzhizak and its environs, the
localities to the south of the city Samarkand, the higher pa its of
the Karshi steppe, and so forth.
The salinification of the soil in the desert-steppe zone is
already of no particular importance. But the character of the to..
pography and the amount of stone and coarse gravel in the soil are
factors of the most vital importance here, and ought to be studied
for sections with irrigation as well as in estimating the possibi-
lities of bogara cultivation.
In some river valleys of the desert-steppe zone, meadow-bog
soils with ground water near the surface play an important part.
are entirely suitable for growing rice or other crops.
In contrast to the meadow and bog soils of the same valleys in the
desert zone, these soils contain almost no easily-soluble salts and
The mountain slopeslocated above the upper boundaries of the
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HESTAICTED
desert-steppe zones belong partly to the steppe zone and partly
to the subalpine or even alpine zones. In the first of these zones,
chestnut soils predominate, with chernozems less common, with fa-
vorable topographic conditions and no large amounts of gravel, these
soils may be used for cultivation of theat and barley. In the sub-
alpine and alpine zones, agricultural cultivation is already impos-
sible, In these areas only summer grazing of cattle may be carried
In view of the small extent of these zones within Uzbekistan,
we shall not stay long on them. They will be characterized in
greater detail when we describe the land resources of the neigh-
boring mountain republics, principally the Tadzhik SSR,
The natural conditions we have indicated above determine that
the specialization of field agriculture in Uzbekistan will proceed
along two main lines. On irrigated lands, the leading crop in all
districts is cotton, from the moderately early to the late varie-
ties, including the Egyptian, Egyptian cotton in ordinary field
cultivation can ripen to the south of Bukhara, but in the more nor-
thern and eastern regions this is only possible by using transplan-
tation and with preliminary preparation, putting the seedlings in
a hotbed. With the maximum cotton sowing 60.70 percent of the irri-
gated land, cotton should be rotated with grasses, chiefly with al-
f alf a.
The secondary crops on. the irrigated land will be rice, ke-
naf and kendyr -- on the river floodplains with ground water level
near the surface -- and to some extent the essential oil crops,
peanuts, and corn. In the southern regions ramie, guayule and other
subtropical crops are in the stage of experimental development.
On the bogara parts of the low and intermediate foothills the
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the rains .._ wheat and barley; supplementary
primary crops are g
the oil crops -- curly flax, saf f lower and ILl Sew
crops are
essential oil crops, and, to some extent,
see ..~ and a1~o the
cotton, corn and fodder plants.
the consideration of crops by individual dis-
We pass now to
tricts.
XxV (1) Fergana Rayon embraces all sections within the former Fer-
gana and Andizhan Olcrugs ? It represents in topography aclosed-off
valley, surrounded by mountains on the north, east and south.
The sails of the region are diverse. Meadow carbonaceous and
.
salinified soils, with sands in places, occupy the center of the
a
valley along the SyrDarya river and its tributaries. To the north
-
and south of this central section, which is the lowest section, the
o 1 e.
soils are arranged in belts. The first belt is one of gypSe'
ous serozems for the most part rubbly and pebbly_gravelly. The next
belt is one of typical serozems. Finally, in the foothills and the
mountainous parts of the valley, chestnut soils, mountain solonchak
~
soils and chernozems are found,
Between Kokand and Andizhan, and to their north, is a wide
sandy belt surrounded by solonchaks,
The following data characterize the climate of the region. The total temperature above 10 degrees for the growing season is
1300..?472~ degreess with a frost-free period of 210-226 days and an-
nual precipitation 170-210 millimeters.
Namangan ' s distinguished to a certain extent by higher tam-
~.
atures and a higher total temperature during the growing season
per
these due to the"fact that the growing season is longer.
The region may y be considered relatively well supplied withi
wate r.
RESI RIOT EU
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Favorable climatic, soil and water conditions make the Fer-
gana valley a leading cotton growing region, Cotten has already
gained the position of the primary crop here. The crops to be as-
signed to the irrigated lands in this region will be as follows:
Industrial crops: basic-- cotton; the group of medium_late
varieties of the Navrotskiy type,
Nitrogenous soil-enriching crops: winter peas,,wninater hairy
vetches, and spring fenugreek (experimentally).
The grains should be entirely shifted to bogara land.
Forage crops: alfalfa basic, Alexandrian clover and shabdar
(Persian clover) supplementary.
On the land outside the contiguous field areas kitchen gar-
dening, cucurbit, and mulberry bush plantations.
The bogara area of the region is insignificant, inasmuch as
the bogara belt that rings the Fergana valley belongs to the Kir-
giz ASSR. Of industrial crops, safflower for bogara land; of grain
crops, spring wheat and barley.
Xxv (2) Zeravshan region includes the following parts of the former
Samarkand Okrug: the southern parts of the Mitanskiy, Pay-aryksiy
and Akdar'inskiy rayons, the northern parts of the Ikramovskiy, the
Yukary-Dargomskiy Rayon and Urgutskiy ayons, and the southwestern
part of the Bulungurskiy Rayon; and these parts of the former Zerav-
shah Okrug: the Kermenskiy Rayon, the southern part of the Khatyr-
chinskiy Rayon, the Narpayskiy, Karadar'inskiy and Katta-kurgansitiy
k~ayons; and all the yons of the former Bukhara Okrug~
Along the floodplain of the.Zeravshan river are found salini_
fled depositions and meadow soils, beginning from the place where the
river :divides
the floodplairn.
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Soloneta and gypsiferous serozems, for the most part rubbly or peb-
bly-gravelay, extend south of the Zeravshsn.
To the north of Bukhara sandy serozems are widespread; to the
south of Bukhara, on the side of the Kashkapfar'ya River, the silty
salinified, compact soils of the takyry.
With respect to its agriculturally significant climatic elements
the region is divided into two subregions: (a) Bukhara, including all
the regions of the former Bukhara Tjrug as far as Katta-Kurgan; (b)
Samarkand, including all the remaining regions above Latta-Kurgfl.
The total temperature during the growing season is 1I160 dep
grees in the Samarkand subregion, with a frost-free period of 170'-
200 days and annual precipitation of 280'-300 millimeters.
The total temperature during the growing season is about X000
degrees in the Bukhara subregion, with a frost-fr ee period of 230
days and annual precipitation of 135 millimeters.
So we see that the Bukhara subregion is hotter, with a longer
growing season and very limited precipitation. Because of this it
is more favorable for irrigated cotton cultivation than the Samarkand
subregion.
xxv (2a) The Samarkand subregion on its irrigated lands is in a cotton
growing region, with the exception of the vineyard, orchard and kit-
chen-garden zones around Samarkand (the Yukary-Dargomskiy and Urgut-
skit' Rayons), and the Katta-Kurgunskiy Rayon, a sheepraising and bo-
gara grain area.
The basic crop in the Samarkand subregion is medium-early cot-
ton of the type of the 141$21' varieties and of the medium-late Navrot-.
skit type.
Supplementary crops; essential ail crops: tuberose, lipiya
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
.
0n ],and outside the areas of contiguous fields: cucur ,
s oil crop, and mulberry bush plantations,
then gardening, legume ,
ar.
d
hu
z
g
. XXV (3) inn including the Kassanskiy, Bashkenta
~ashka-3~ar ya ~ g ~
ts
n
par
ski, Ch r5kiYRay0ns,. and. the wester
~.rakch. ~.nskiy and Guza .
and YakabakskiY Rayons.
Shakk~riziYabsl~,y
catni basil, and Turkish tobacco.
P~
is
i
,
r
~
d from irr~-gated land and
ain crops should be displace
he gr
T
? 'th an increase in water supplY?
industrial crops substa.tuted, ~
.
eroain for the time bung In the northern parts on soils
in
Rice may r
are impossible or inefficient.
where other crops
condary crops : alfalfa for seed.
Se
Soa.l_enriching crops ? peas and winter hairy vetch.
r
su lamented for pilot plant exper'~.
Fodder crops: alf a1.fa, pp
andrian clover and ,1~abdar,
mental work by Alex
curbit
,
eas: cu
d outside the contiguous field ar
On the ran .
il
Woos o
and mulberry bush plantations, leg-
kitchen-gardening:
crops and dzhugar.
'ch as has already been indicated:
xxv (2b) Bukhara subregion, ht Ch
is climatically more favorable for cotton, but has an inferior wa-
ter supplY?
of varieties of the medium-late Navro-
The basic crap is cotton
t and Upper Egyptian varieties.
tsk~.y Y~ vetch fenu-
hing crops: winter peas, winter hairy a
oil-enr'c
S~.
and Trigonella Foenum graecum
ek on an experiment. scale),
gre t
from Yemen, which matures in 60 days.
Grain crops should be entirely displaced.
basic? Alexandrian clover and shabdar
Fodder crops : alfalfa ~
secondary. b't-
t ki
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Its soil conditions are characterized by salinified alluvial.
deposits and meadow soils in the floodplain of the Kashka_Dar'ya
River. Silty?salinified and compact soils of the takyry predomin
ate along the railroad from the N. Bukhara station on the northeast
as far as Karshi and Guzar. The Karnay-Chin steppe is occupied by
sandy serozems. The region.of Shakhrizyabsa and Kitab to the south
west of Guzar represents serozems becoming gypseous, gravelly sero
zero varieties in the foothills of the Gisar range.
It is a region of bogara cultivation of poor moisture supply
with some irrigated cultivation along the Kashka-Darya and Guzar
rivers. The irrigated agriculture is poorly supplied with water,
Cotton is therefore the main crop in the upper reaches of these river
systems, while winter grains predominate in the downstream sections.
A great expansion of cotton sowings in this region, replacing grains,
would be made possible by construction of reservoirs in the upper
reaches of the Kashka-Darya.
The basic crop is cotton of the group of medium-late varieties
of the Navrotskiy type and of the Upper Egyptian variety.
Soil-enriching crops: winter peas, winter hairy vetches, and
spring fenugreek (experimentally).
Fodder crops: alfalfa; secondary crops -- shabdar and Alexan-
drian clover.
On land outside the areas of contiguous fields: cucurbit, kit-
chen gardening, and mulberry bush plantations.
Yxv (Li.) Tashkent region, includes all rayons of the former Tashkent
. Meadow carbonaceous unsalinified soils are widely distributed
along the Chirchika River from Tashkent to the Syr-Dar 'ya River, and
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
On the left side of the Syr-Tar' ya in the Nirzachul' region and
in the north serozems, frequently salinified, are predominant.
The foothills and mountains of the Pskent and Chatkal' ranges are
chestnut soil and chernozem areas.
The Tashkent region may be divided into two climatic subre-
gions: (a) the Tashkent subregion, with the total temperature of
over 10 degrees during the growing season 11.100-14400 degrees, the
frost-free period 180-205 days, and annual precipitation about 350
millimeters; (b) the Nirzachul' subregion, with total.temperature
of the growing season E~528 degrees, the frost$ree period 200 days
and annual precipitation 230 millimeters.
The whole of the region is a cotton-growing area, except for
the zone of orchard, vineyard and market-gardening around Tashkent
The allocation of crops on the irrigated lands of the region
of the medium late cottons, Navrotskiy is the basic variety
for this region; topography and the ground water level must always
be taken into account.
The medium-late varieties may be recommended for early sow-
ings on dry, warm soils.
With the ground water level near the surface and in the more
northerly parts of the region, "169" or "182" are preferable.
is as follows :
Industrial crops: Basic-- cotton, me diem-late Navrotskiy type;
the medium early type "182" for the nathern sections. Supplementary
floodplain of the Chirchik with suf-
tuberose, lipiya iris, lavender (in the
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Soil-enriching crops: peas and winter hairy vetch.
Grain. crops should be replaced by cotton and entirely shifted
to the bogara lands, except for rice, which will continue to be
grown along the Chirchik River, where there is an abundance of wa~
ter and of waterlogged heavy clay soils on which cotton growing
would not be sufficiently profitable without extensive reclamation
work.
Fodder crops: Alfalfa, supplemented by Alexandrian clover.
For. Land outside the contiguous field sectiatc: cucurbits, kit-
then gardening, oil plant, leguminous plant, mulberry bush pianta-
Lions.
The bogara part of the region occupies an area of ).30,000
hectares, of which 60,000 are well provided with moisture and 370,-
000 poorly. The distribution of bogara crops is as follows:
provided with moisture in the belt approximately between 1500 and
3000 feet above sea level. Navrotskiy variety.
Legumes: chickpeas and peas in the belt of the bogara well
provided with moisture.
Oil crops:. sesame on both the well and poorly watered bogara;
sowings. at higher elevations are desirable in view of its early mat-
urity. Seed flax on well watered bogara, safflower on poorly watered
bogara, Muscatel, sage and lavender in the mountains.
Cotton in the upper part of the bogara areamoderately well
Grain crops: winter; and spring wheat, winter and spring barley,
on 'weal' wat'ered` igara, and also, on a
for Outer 1'am3.rM
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
xxv () Khorezm Region, including all the rayons of the Khorezm
Okrug. It represents an oasis in the lower reaches of the Amu-
Dar ya river , and is bounded on the west by the sands of the Kzyl-
Kum, and on the south and east by the sands of the Kara-Kum.
Solonetz and solonchak serozerns predominate, underlain by the
alluvial deposits of the Amu Darya and often being of silty-saline
and compact takyry characters
Cultivation is exclusively under irrigation, and the unre-
gulated water inflow into the heads of the canals frequently results
in water shortage, ,
The total temperature during the dro~aing season is li.3$0 de-
greys, with a frost-free period of 200 days and very insignificant
precipitation, less than 100 millimeters per year,
Cotton is the basic crop of the region, with the medium-late
varieties being groin. However, in view of the difficulties of trans-
portation, cultivation of the food crops will to some extent also be
continued.
Industrial crops: basic - medium-late, Navrotskiy type varie-
ties of cotton, with "169" for the northern sections; supplementary -
alfalfa for seed, and Indian hemp and kenaf on the floodplain of the
Amu.-Dar' ya.
Soil-enriching crops: peas and winter hairy vetch; in crop ro-
tation with grains, as second-crops: Phaseolus mungo beans, lobelia
and vetchling.
Grain crops should be displaced, but cultivation of winter
barley and wheat may be continued in view of the difficulty of im-
porting cereals from outsides
Forage crops: alfalfa.
On land outside the contiguous field sections: kitchen garden-
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
'noun and oil plants; dzhugar; mulberry bush
ing, cucurbits, 1e
plantations.
re ion located on the west of the Istar?
~' (6) Outer Pa~tl.rpAlay g __-~
Tadzhik SSR. It embraces the following rayons
evshan va.layet of the
Zaaminskiy, Dzhizakskiy,
of the former Samarkand Okrug
skiy, Pay?Arykskiy (northern p Xangi-Kurgan-
art), Mitanskiy (northern part), Nura-
tinskiy, Khatyrchinskiy (northern part).
?cultuxe of the region is mostly bogara, while irri-
gated The agra.vation is found along the valleys of the scantily flowing
rivers and brooks. The irrigated lands also include some intermit-
tently watered lands, on the small valleys and in the "sat with inter-
mittent flow. These rivulets dry up completely during the summer or
to a mere trickle which no longer represents a source of ir-
dwindle
water. Under such conditions, the possible crops are mainly
rigation
winter grains, alfalfa and sesame. Cotton is seldom encountered and
is liable to dry out during the blooming and bearing periods.
The soils of the region change as the altitude increases. In
lower sections, typical serozems predominate. In the more ele-
the
vated parts there are desert-steppe serozems, chestnut soils and cher-
nozems with stony locations prevalent in the mountains. Along the
,
mountain ridges to the southeast of Nur-Ata the surface is stony and
extremely gravelly soils of various types predominate, while further
south of Nur-Ata the prevailing soils are saline and gypsiferous sero'-
for the most part pebbly-gravelly, becoming sandy serozems to-
zems,
wards the north.
As regards climate and agriculture, the region must be divi
two subregions; (a) a lower subregion around Dzhizak; and
ded into -
(b) a higher subregion in the foothills. In the lower subregion the
total temperature during the growing season is l~700 degrees, with a
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
of crops and varieties, we must pause to well on the water supply of
the region, which exercises a decisive influence on the distribution
of crops.
The Dzhizakskiy and Yangi~Kurganskiy Rayons are irrigated
with the waters of the Sanzat Raver and the Iski-Tyuya Tartara, which
empties into the Sanzar.} The Dzhizakskiy Rayon is located at the end
of the Sanzar system, while the Yangi-KurganskiY Rayon lies at its head.
To reach Dzhizak, the waters of the Sanzar must flow through so long
a course that large amounts of water are wasted in evaporation, and
hardly half of the original volume finally arrives at Dzhizak
The development of cotton cultivation in the Dzhizak
Rayon is thus impeded by'the insufficiency of the water supply, though
climatic conditions are good for this crop. The expansion of cotton
sowings in the Yangi-KurganskiY Rayonby supplanting the grain crops
even more greatly hinders the expansion of cotton growing in Dzhizak.
ES1I'IC11E~
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frost free period of 220 days and annual precipitation 1.30 rni,lli-
meters. In the higher subregion (the remaining districts) the eli'-
mate as characterized by lower temperatures and a shorter growing
with those at Dzhizak, with an annual precipita-
season as compared
tion of 100-10 millimeters, rising in some parts of the mountains to
as much as 600 millimeters.
the lower subregion is thus more favorable for
The climate of
cotton than that of the Samarkand subregion, but somewhat inferior to
of Bukhara. The medium-late Navrotskiy type varieties of cotton
that
therefore give good yields in the Dzhizak region, while the medium
early varieties of the "182" type may find a place in the higher sub'-
region, whale the early type 1306 may be grown on the intermittently
watered lands.
But before giving the regional distribution and specialization
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
the 11ocatiol of crops to these two Rayons depends on the
Therefore
degree to which their water supplies are assured.
Simultaneous expansion of cotton sowings in both Rayons would
be ent sirely po$sible if water supply in the whole river system were
assured. But pending solution of the question of increasing the wa-
. . .......... ,.. ter supply throughout the Sanzar system, we give the preference for
~'
cotton gro~aing to the Dzhizak Tayon, due to its better natural condi
tions. The agriculture of the Rayon will therefore move generally.
~.
towards cotton growing, while the remaining regions will grow grains,
with cotton to a greater or lesser degree as a subsidiary crop on the
irrigated lands, with the following rotation of crops: winter grain;
second-crop for nitrification? and cotton. in the following year.
The allocation of crops to the irrigated part of the Dzhizak
subregion will be as follows:
Industrial crops(with a better water supply) - cotton of medium-
late Navritskiy type.
Grains - should be supplanted by other crops as the water
supply is improved.
Fodder crops: basic crop, alfalfa; secondary crops, shabdar and
Alexandrian clover.
Nitrifying crops: winter peas and winter hairy vetches.
In the upper sections along the Sanzar River:
Industrial crops - cotton of the type 182 medium-early variety
Grain crops: winter barley and winter wheat (until an entirely
adequate water supply is assured).
Forage crop: alfalfa.
Nitrifying, crops: the bean, Phaseolus mango, lobelia, vetch-
ling, etc.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
?'S~57RtC'
On the land outside the sections of contiguous fields: kitchen
gardening, cucurbit, and mulberry bush plantation.
The bogara part of Outer Pamir?-Alay Rayon occupies a very consa.-
derable area. It includes a continuous area of 171,000 hectares of well
d 61,000 hectares of poorly watered bogara. Precipi-
watered bogara, an -
5
is the highest in all of Uzbekistan. The average annual pre-
tation here
?pitation in Dzhizak over a 10 year period was 430 millimeters, with
ca
precipitation in individual years as high as 67 millimeters. Not only
grains but a number of industrial crops, bogara cotton being the most
~.
important, can be successfully grown here.
Thus while maintaining the basic grain orientation of bogara cul-
o?vation, so that the cotton regions may be partially supplied with cereals,
cotton and the oil crops may be given a secondary role here. In sum, the
list of crop allocations to bogara lands will be as follows:
Industrial crops: Basic - cotton, to occupy the upper part of the
moderately well -watered bogara and the lower part of the well-watered bow
gara, or roughly in the 100-3000 foot altitude zone. Navrotskiy variety,
0].1 crops - sesame on well watered and poorly watered bogara; seed
flax, chickpeas and safflower on poorly watered bogara. The latter is one
of the most drought-resistant plants under Central Asian conditions.
Finally, tau--sagyz and muscatel sage may also be grown on poorly
watered bogara.
Grain craps - the basic grain crops are winter wheat and barley,
and spring wheat and barley. Bowing in sprang is customary; but efforts
should be made to expand winter sowings. This will assure better harvests
and make it possible to relieve the spring sowing period of some of the
field work by transferring it to the autumn.
As regards the varieties of wheat and barley, the results of 2-3
year experiments showed that the European varieties were not suitable. The
local varieties proved superior to the latter under all test conditions,
and among the local varieties those developed by the Katta-Kurgan Experimen-
tal Station and those 'resulting from mass selections from the local wheats
and barleys gave the best
The following may1
I~f
1
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on, the,well?watered areas of the bogara.
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
be grown on a semi-experimental basis in the moisture-provided bogar;
vetchling, pea, Sudan grass, mogar, sorghum or Penisetum typhoideu~m,
kidney bean - tepari, lentil, vetch, proso millet, potato or Jerusalem
artichoke, squash, water melon, cactus, Bra armoracioides,
Astragalus ret amocar pus, sweetClover , mountain spinach.
XXV7 The Southern Pamir-Alas region, located west of the line Pendzhikent-
?Sangardak. It includes the southern parts of the Urgutekiy and former
Dargomskiy Rayons in the former Samarkand Okrug; the eastern parts of
Shakhriziabskiy and Yakobagskiy rayons, and Tengi-taramskiy Rayon, in
Kashka-dar'ya O1u ug; and Baysunskiy Rayon and the northern part of Sary
Asiyskiy Rayon 'in Surkhan-dar ' ya Okrug, These are mostly the foothill
sections of these rayons.
The soils of the sections adjoining the mountains are seroz ems,
chestnut soils, chernozens and mountain solonchaks, Solonetz and
gypsiferous serozems, for the most part detrital or pebble-gravelly,
predominate in Southern Baysun, Yurchi and Sary-Asiya, with light sero-
zems in the region of Shakhriziabas and Kitab,
The climate of the region has not been studied, but it apparently
resembles that of the elevated part of Outer Pamir-Alay, except that it
has higher temperatures.
In allocating crops and varieties, on the whole, the same distri-
bution may serve here as for the preceding region ( Outer Panda Alay )
with the addition of type 1$2 of medium-early-maturing cotton for the
irrigated part, Shakhriziabskiy Rayon is distinguished as an area of
orchard and vineyard. The bogar lands are included in the non-moisture-
provided belt, and thus cotton growing is more limited, Of the other
crops, all those noted for the non-moisture-provided bogar of Outer Pamir-
Alay may also be grown here.
Southern Pamir-Alay passes over on the south into the so-called
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
Bukhara Pyatirech'ye (Five River Zone), which represents a special
region of the dry subtropics to which the valleys of Surkhan and Shira-'
bad, in Uzbekistan, belongI In view of the fact that the greater part
of the Pyatirech'ye is included in the Tadzhik SSR, the description
of this region will be deferred until later in this work (see XXVIII).
XXVB Kenimekhskiy Rayon, which is located to the northwest of Kerinna
station. It is a sheep-raising region, but has about 7000 hectares of
irrigated land, used mainly for growing grain and cotta.
The soils are serozems, frequently saline and passing over into
the compact soils of the takyrr and also into sands
The Rayon is scantily supplied with water, and it would be
entirely correct to regard it as a region for forage crops to supply
the sheepraising industry (astrakhan) (caracul).
The principal crops are alfalfa, clover (Trifolium resupinatum),
Alexandrian clover. The secondary crops are grains.
XXVI. THE TURKfiAEN SSR.
The total estimated area of Turkmen SSR is 49,100,000 hectares.
Almost all of this territory is situated within the Turanian lowlands
and has an elevation not greater than 200 meters above sea level.
Isolated sections of the lowlands are even considerably below sea level.
Thus, for instance, the coastal r egion along the shores of the Caepian
Sea is as low as 26 meters below sea level. In the interior of the
country there are even more remarkable land-locked waterless depressions.
Such is the Saryka mysh depression at an elevation of minus 39 meters,
the depression on the IshekwAnkren Plateau, at an elevation of minus
50 meters, and so on.
Only along the southern border of Turkmenia does the Turkmeno-
Khorosan mountain system stretch from northwest to southeast, and even
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
RESTR1CItO
these mountains are located for the most part in Persia. The highest
points of these mountains within the c onfines of the Turkmenian Kopetdag
do not exceed an altitude of 2000?-2300 meters, while on the Persian
side of the frontier they reach 3000 meters. On the extreme southeast,
within the boundaries of Turkmenia, are the low Karabil' and Badkhyz
which form the foothills of the Afghan Paropamiz. The alti-
highlands,
tude of these highlands is not over 950 meters.
By virtue of its 'geographical location and its low altitude
above sea level, the greater part of Turkmenia lies within the desert
zone. In the summer months it is one of the hottest areas in our whole
Union, The average July temperature is 28.32 degrees, while the maxima
the same month not infrequently reach 46 degrees in the shade,
during
and even 50-60 degrees in the sun. The aggregate temperature daring the
growing season (from the times that the temperature reaches 10 degrees)
is 5000-5300 degrees. The growing period is of outstanding length. The
number of days with an average diurnal temperature over 20 degrees
ranges from 130 to 160, while there are about 200 days with an average
diurnal temperature over 14 degrees. The frost-free period is 206240
days. Winter is relatively mild, though temperatures down to minus 20
degrees and even as low as minus 26 degrees are sometimes reached.
These temperature conditions which prevail over most of Turkmenia
exclude the possibility of c1i1tivating the subtropical perennials, which
cannot withstand the winter cold. Only in the Atrekskiy Rayon and in
some parts around Kerkov is the winter milder, especially in the former
case, under the moderating influence of the Caspian Sea. But the tong,
hot growing period everywhere in the Republic allows the cultivation of
the most valuable subtropical annuals, and particularly of the high-
yield late-maturing cottons, up to and including the Egyptian long-fiber
varieties.
In no part of the whole desert zone of Turkmenia does the annual
 'J
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REST1flTED
precipitation exceed 230 millimeters, and in, most cases it ranges be-
tween 100 and 150 millimeters. Precipitation falls exclusively in the
cold half of the year, This makes agriculture possible only under arti-
ficial irrigation. The sources of water at the disposal of Turkmenia
for the irrigation of its lands would be sufficient to supply several
million hectares. Its principal source is the Amu-Daraya river, which
takes its source far from the boundaries of Turkmenia in the snowy
mountains of the Pamir and the Hindu Kush.
The utilization of the waters of the Amu-Dar1ya for irrigation
is hampered by the circumstance that the course of this river inside
Turkmenia runs through the wide sandy desert of Kara Kum, where the soils
are little suited or entirely unsuited for agriculture because of their
extremely loose texture, and very great permeability to water. Only a
narrow shore belt, one kilometer to a few kilometers wide, shows the
presence of spongy, compact, salted alluvial deposits from the river.
These deposits are covered by meadow or meadow-solonchak soils; (takyr
and -type) serozems (gray earths); the greater part of which are
suitable f or irrigation and cotton growing,
attearpts t0 discharge a portion of the Arnz-Darya waters onto the sands
to convert them into silt and irrigate extensive reaches of the depres-
sions in southeastern Karakum along the so-called Kelif (Caliph) Uzboy.
The problem of a Trans-Karakum canal to carry Amu-Dartya waters into
the Murgab, Tedzhen and Ashkhabad regions is very complex and diffi-
cult to solve, in the sense of accomplishing such a project.
On the lower reaches of the Amu-Darya there are considerable
tracts of land which would be suitable for irrigation by its waters.
The extensive ancient delta of this river is made up of stratified
alluvial deposits, which are covered by primitive-takyr-type serozems
and meadow , solonchaks. However, the greater part of the Amu?Dar 'ya delta
is situated within Uzbekistan and the Karakalpak Republic. Nevertheless,
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a considerable area of irrigable lands in this region still falls to the
share of Turkmenistan. Great perspectives are opened up by the project
now being worked out for the Kunya-Dar ya irrigation works, the realiza-
tion of which could result in providing up to a million hectares of new
irrigated lands.
Besides the Amu-Daroya, there are two other less important rivers
which cut their final path through the sandy wastes of Kara-Kum; the
Murgab and Tedzhen, both of which rise outside the. borders of Turkmenia,
in the mountains of Persia and Afghanistan. The alluvial deposits of
these rivers among the sands have formed extensive delta plains, covered
by carbonate meadow soils, primitive takyi-type serozems and solonchaks,
The area of lands suitable for irrigation along the Murgab river reaches
840,00 ectares. But the Murgab river itself can only irrigate 70,000
to 100,000 hectares, In the Tedzhen oasis the shortage of water is even
more extreme.. The area of land suitable for cultivation here is esti-
mated at hundreds of thousands of hectares, while the volume of river
water for irrigation would only be enough for some tens of thousands.
The most critical situation develops during the period of the second and
third irrigations. Therefore the construction of reservoirs on these
two rivers to store up the winter and sprang waters that unproductively
pour away is a pressing current problem.
All the rest of the Kara Kum desert, which occupies at least nine-
tenths of all Turkmenia, is a waterless waste, with foils unsuitable for
irrigation. Nevertheless it is not a completely dead territory. The
sands are covered with rich and variegated shrub and grass vegetation
and are used as pasture grounds for sheep and camels, Astrakhan (Caracul).
Sheep-raising, which is well supplied with native forages, is greatly
developed, particularly in the southeastern parts of the Kara Kum and
on the adjoining highlands of Karabil' and Badkhyz,
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Between the northern slope of the Kopetdag mountains and the
sandy desert of the Karakum, there is an uninterrupted belt of mountain -
base plain tilting to the north. The width of this plain is 20-30 kilo-
meters, and it is built up of proluvial deposits, that is, of deposits
washed down by the rains and transported from the mountains by inter-
mittent streams of water. Nearer to the mountains these deposits con-
sist of pebbles, interbedded with fine powdery soil (melkozem). Fur-
Cher away from the mountains, argifaceous loamy and argillaceous de-
posits predominate. The mountain-base plain is dissected by small
valleys, through which run rivulets or intermittent streams.
The belt of plain below the railroad is occupied by desert sero-
zems alternating with primitive spongy, compact, salty (takyr-type)
soils; solonchaks and sands. Above the railroad, unsalinified desert-
steppe serozems predominate. The greater part of all these soils
could be used for irrigated agriculture, but the mountain streams carry
too little water, and even. that, for the most part, only in the spring.
Because of this we can only speak here of irrigation in patches, on
small areas, for which water is not infrequently obtained by running so-
called kyagrizy or subterranean galleries to collect the ground waters
and lead them to the surface. The construction of reservoirs on the
mountain streams and the improvement of the building of kyagrizy could
considerably increase the present area of irrigated lands.
The slopes of the Kopetdag are steep and stony. On the softer
portions desert-steppe serozems and chestnut soils are spread, which
may be used for unirrigated grain sowings. There are a few highland
plateaus which are more favorable in this respect, having fairly soft
chestnut soils, but their number is relatively small.
The highest peaks of the Kopetdag are already in the zone of
chernozem meadow steppes, but in the majority of cases steep stony slopes
and naked cliffs predominate.
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In the westernmost part of the Kopetdag, where this range enters
" with its southern slops also, a few minor
nen~.a
the confines of Turk
rivers run from these slopes down to the lowlands of the Caspian sea,
River. Inside Turkmenia the Atrek flows
forming the basin of the Atrek
el bordered by narrow terraces. The banks
at first through a deep chax~n ~
are steep, almost vertical, 30 meters high. As the sea is approached'
the height of the banks diminishes . In the lower reaches the level of
the water in the river is almost as high as the surrounding steppe, as
a result of which the slightest excess of water causes the raver to
overflow its banks and inundate extensive areas. The so-called Lower
~.
Atrek oasis is situated here, and consists partly of waterlogged stretches
olonchak tracts, of little use for cultivation.
and partly of extensive s
The ek region is distinguished by the mildest winters
entire Atr
in all Central Asia, far the absolute minimum here does tot drop below
F this reason it attracts interest as the most hope
minus 10 degrees. or
ful location for growing the subtropical perennials, in particular the
ubberyielding g e, ramie and the like, which are usually killed
r~Y~-
under minus 10 degrees. Unfortunately, the water sup-
by temperatures
plies are extremely limited. Thus the greater part
~.es of the Atrek river
of the area of Turkmenia will be specialized toward livestock raises,
irri ated bogaxa agriculture has relatively limited
s,r~.1y pastoral. Un g
prim
foothills of Kopetdag. Irrigated lands wall, on the
prospects an the
the late-"maturing varieties of cotton, including the
whole, be used for
systems with light flow, assuring irrigation only in
Egyptian . On the
sprang, the winter grain crops will stall continue to be grown to some
extent, until suitable reservoirs are built to regulate the flow. New
subtropical crops will be introduced in the Atrek region.
When the Kun'-_Dar' Ya irrigation project is finally realized, the
become one of the basic cotton areas of Turkmenia.
Tashauti Rayon should
However, t s more northerly location, only the medium-early
its
in view of
3,um-late-maturing varieties of cotton can be grown.
maturing and med
it$i?i1LLiE
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RESTIC TED
rn:i The Atrek region includes the following administrative regions :
the southern part of Atrekskiy Rayon and all of Kara-kalinskay Rayon.
The soils of the belt adjoining the Caspian Sea are solonchaks.
The next belt that follows it on the east is occupied by desert variants
of the serozems and stretches to the railroad on the north and to the
Persian border on the south. There are typical serozems in the south-
eastern part of the region, and along the Atrek river there are saline
deposits and meadow soils on the floodplains (tugay).
The climate may be defined by the data of the Chikishlyar Meteroro-
logical Station, which stands on the southernmost point of the region
on the shore Of the Caspian Sea. The annual temperature is 16.1 degrees,
and that of January, the coldest month, is 4.5 degrees. The aggregate
temperature during the growing season is 5037 degrees, with a frost-
free period of 243 days. Annual precipitation is 176 millimeters.
In Kyzyl-Arbat the aggregate temperature during the growing season is
5291 degrees, with a frost free period of 243 days. Temperatures as
low as minus 0.5 degrees have been recorded for January.
This is a cotton region, growing the Egyptian varieties and also
other ' dustrial crops. In general, the allocation of crops is as
A
follows :
Industrial crops: Primary - - cotton, Lower Egyptian varieties.
In individual parts of the region, mainly along the foothills, guayule
may be grown on unirrigated bogara and also under irrigation.
Forage crops: alfafa, supplemented by Alexandrian clover.
Nitrifying crops: winter peas, hairy winter vetches, spring
fenugreek.
In semi-experimental study: annual eucalyptus, tannery acacia,
sumac, cork oak, olive tree, :yucca, New Zealand flax, agave and esparto
grass.
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RESTR 1Q
wI(2) Prikopetdag region includes the administrative zones of the
southern parts of Bakhardenskiy, Geoktepinskiy, and Ashkhabadskiy rayons
and all of Ginsburgskiy Rayon.
This region embraces the mountain-base plains and the foothills
of Kopetdag. Its soils are represented by a belt with a predominant
distribution of serozems, passing over in the north to the silty,
saline, compacts soils of the takyr. On Kopetdag itself, mountain
light-chestnut and dark-chestnut soils and widespread.
In its lanr-lying parts, the aggregate temperature during the
growing season is about 5200 degrees with a frost-free period of 225
days and an annual precipitation of 200 millimeters. In the mountain
parts, the aggregate temperature is lower, while the precipitation is
somewhat higher.
The region is poorly supplied with water. Irrigation is partly
from temporary spring freshets and partly from kyagri~. In view of
this, together with the growing of the industrial crops, the agriculture
of a few localities will grow grain crops until the water supplies are
increased, because grains can mature with only one or two spring irriga-
tions. The group of crops is planned as follows :
Industrial crops: cotton, Lower Egyptian and medium late-nzatur-
ing Navrotskiy type.
Forage crops : alfafa, Alexandrian clover, shabdar.
Nitrifying crops: winter peas, winter hairy vetches, swing
fenugreek, crops scam after winter grains: bead Phaseolus m..~
lobelia, vetchling.
land s;dLthe c~anh'-~n+~s cuyc`,-~Sd ~'-Qe~~
the : melon, -o) and market-garden crops.
In ~
Around the city of Ashkhabad there is an orchard and vineyard
xxvl (3) _ The Murgab Rayon together with Tedzhen embraces the f ollcrnr ng
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dzhenskiy and Iollotansk~.Y rayons, the
administrative regicmS : Te
Ra on the southern part of MervskiY Rayon,
northern part of Serakhsk Y Y a
and the southwestern part of Bayram?Aliyskiy Rayon.
racteri2ed by the predominance of meadow
Soil c ondations are cha
~,~g the Ted2hen and Nurgab rivers. To the
carbonate and saline soils a
silty, saline, compact soils of the tar are
west of T edzhen the Y,
spreads .
The aggregate temperate during the grcivvifl season is 5040?300
degrees, with afrost-free period of 206-?223 days and annual precipitar
tion of 120-134 millimeters.
This is a region of irrigated agriculture and of cotton growing.
~.
The industrial crops are as f ollows : c otton, princip~-1Y the
Lower Egyptian varieties.
The grain crops are subject to displacement.
hESI iTEO
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 tiifl TED
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Feed crops; lucerne; supplementary p "shabdar" clover,
Alexandrjan clovers
Cover crops; winter vetch, shaggy vetch (vika mokhnataya),
f enugreel~ o
XX\II(Z~) AmuwDar~inskiy Region. It is composed of the administrative
rayons; Darganatinsi(iy, Denauskiy, Leninskiy, Sayatskiy, Karabekw
aul'skiy, Farabskiy, RurdalJkskiy, Khaya-achskiy, Kazyl-Ayakskiy,
Charshanginskiy, Khodzhadz'harihazskiy, Kerkinskiy,
With respect to soil, the area situated on both sides of Amin
Darya River is characterized by the presence of alluvial deposits
and alluvial meadow ,soils, To the east of the Amu~Dartya in the
d:i.rection of Uzbek SSR there predominate muddy-saline and hard soils
of "takyrovt' (within the limits of the former Kerkin Okrug). The
latter type of soil is also to be found on the left bank of the
river near Chardzhou, 'T'akyrnyye soils gradually change to saline
and grey soils of gypsum content,
The lands subject to flooding along the Amu~Dar'ya, situated
between the river and the cultivated zone at a distance from it, are
divided into "adactanyye, 'dzhangil' nyy e", and "tugaynyye" ,
The "tugaynyye" lands are generally covered with a dense woody
growth, anon which there is to be found growing Indian hemp.
The "adachnyye" lands are composed of elevated islands
belonging to the first terrace, usually somewhat flooded and covered
with small rushes
The third type -- "dzhangil'nyye lands, are disposed between
the cultivated zone and the "adachnyye" lands, They have a growth
of scrubby brushwood -- "dzhangil" or taraar.:isk, sometimes considerably
salty, They are used by the local population under plantin's of cotton,
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ns and sometimes alfalfa, `rdzhugara", and
sesame, wheat,. meld ,
vegetables.
n and "dzhangil' nyyc-- lands, because of hard use
rtAdachny~fe
tiny washing away of soils, etc.), do not give an
(planning, L1pr00 ,'
ro er carp they give a fair yield of cotton,
optimum yield. Under p p
~, re in genera] not less than in the
from 6. 1~. to l6 centnQrs per h~cta ,
.. em is to sow cotton without irrigation, with
cu.~.tilrated zone. Att p
ranging From 0. to 1 meters, also give fair resultso
subsoil WatE?~ raI1~,J..1~;
Inasmuch as '1adachnyye" lands are subject to the threat of
construction of protective dikes is required.
jnundation,
In summar izing the above, it may be said that the utilization
of " adacnn~ye and "dzhang?i1'nyye" lands for planting is completely
,t
r
feasible, provided that certain re'damation steps are taken
(fightin~, creased salinty, dividing the land into sections,
~r
. ~-n
cons'tructi.on n~~ ~, prntectivc dikes, pulling out shrubs, etc.)
such conditions 1t; is possible to recommend the
Under
follo cotton, Indian hemp (kendyr,' ), hemp (kenaf),
'4~ing crops ; ChinesE bell flower (kanatnik), of the oil bearing plants - sesame,
melons grow excellently.
Climatically the A.rnu-Darya region may be divided into two
subregions;
The northern part (former Chardzhou Okrug) w- with a total
the rowing; season., a 207?-day period
tem>>prature of ~,0? r' degrees ~ ~. 'ox' ~
free from frost, and an annual rainfall of i61 millimeters.
The southern part ( former irerkin Okrug) ??- with a total
temperature of S,L~9 dee frees for the growing season, a 22L-day period
free from frost, and an. annual rainfall of 161 nlillim.eters.
The distribution of crops by region is as follows;
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The northern part -- Upper~Egyptian types of cotton and
tt~~Si -Alendy -~ cotton, except in the extreme northern part, where they
an
are of the f'~7,avrotskiy" try e, In the southern part -- Lower-Egypt1
~
tyke of cotton. Other technical crops include Indian hemp (kendyr')
and hemp (kenaf) grown in the flood-lands of the Amu_Dar' ya River e
Grain crops are subject to displacement.
Feed crops: alfalfa; supplementary-' ?teha1i&art' clover,
Alexandrian clovers
Cover crops: winter vetch, winter shaggy vetch (vika
mokhnataya), summer fenugreek.
rhorezm Rc iona To it belongs the former Tashauz Administrative
Okrug.
The soils of the Amu-Darya flood-lands are identical with
those in the preceding region -- salty accretions and meadow soils.
For the remaining major part of the area, excluding the sand area,
muddy-saline and hard soils of "takyrov" predominate.
The climate is similar to the Khorezm region in Uzbek SSR.
From the point of view of crop growing the region is suitable
for sotton_ mowing and seeded alfalfa. For the rest it is similar to
~, r~
the Khorezm region in Uzbek SSR (See xi().
X VI I3adkhyz. Isere are included the Paropamiz foothi:Lls with an
undulating relief up to 1,000 meter elevation. It includes the
actninistrative rayons of Takhtabazarskiy and Serakhskiy. Along the
I~Iurgab and. Tedzhen rivers there is to be found a narrow zone of
accretions and meadow soils along the flood-lands (tugai).
salty
The entire remaining part i,s composed of sandy grey-soils.
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RESTRTED
The total temperature for the growing season is 1x,713 degrees
in Kushka, with a 195--day period free from frost. Annual precipitation
is 251 millimeters, Inasmuch as Kushka is located in the highest
part of this region, the climate of the remaining part may be
considered to be drier, hotter and with a longer growing season.
The area of irrigated land is very insignificant.
The basic crop for the irrigated lands is cotton of the lower-
Eg -ptian kinds
The region has up to 1,20S,000 hectares of non 4rri gated ..
land with insufficient moisture. Tart of it is suited to grain crops
-.. winter and summer wheat or barleys
Technical crops grown on non-irrigated land include, cotton
of the ~~I~ravl^otskiy" type, "azhgon", nutmeg sage, safflower, sesame
and oil flax. Seed crops maize, sorghum for silos, esparsette,
kale (Schatve).
XYVI(7) Kopetdag Region. It includes the administrative rayons;
Bakhardenskiy, Geoktepinskiy, Ashkhabadskiy, Ginsburgskiy (mountainous
parts).
The areas of irrigated lands are to be found in small sections
along the valleys. The slopes in between rivers may be partly used
for dry farming. The area of dry non-irrigated land is estimated at
300,000 hectares, of that supplied with rainfall at 200,000 hectares.
The harvest of wheat grown on non-irrigated land averaged on
the basis of a four year period by rayons is: Karakalinskiy -- Gab
centners, Bakhardenskiy -- 7.L centners, Geoktepinskiy - 603 centners,
Ashkhabadskiy -w 5. centners
Thus, the best non-irrigated land is to be found in Bakhardenskiy,
Karakalinskiy, and Takhta-bazarskiy rayons, inferior land in
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Ashkhabadskiy, Kaakhkinskiy, and the worst land in Karlyukskiy
Rayon.
of the dry farming crops, there are planted principally winter
and summer wheat and barley, with respect to which their sown areas
are distributed approximately as follows;
Winter wheat . . . . 55.8 percent
Sumner wheat . . !~900 percent
Barley . . . . >.L percent
Other crops . . . 0.8 percent
In recent years there has been a teridericy to increase summer
plantings.
If one were to compare the non-irrigated lands of Uzbek SSR
with those of Tu.rkrnera. SSR, the first would b e found better provided
w.i.th atmospheric precipitation.
The absence of meteorological stations on the high parts of
{opetdagmakes it all the more impossible to describe the quantity
of precipitation, since the elevation of the mountains does not allow
for accurate measur ing of increase in precis
citation.
The composition of crops for the non-irrigated lands of
Kopetdag region, in view of the necesity for easing the sharply
deficient cereal-fodder balance for the republic, will have a
primarily g, rain character.
Basic crops: winter and sumrrrer wheat and barley.
Technical crops; in the upper zone of dry non-irrigated land --
cotton, safflower, sesame, flax.
Feed crops; alfalfa in. the less dry part.
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xxvi(8) Livestock raising regions. They include:
(a) Kara-kum -w sand deserts with spots of "takyr", salt
marshes, and stony soils The grazing region is used for karakul
growin?;, sheep raising, and car~lel raising;
(b) The Caspian region --. sandy, "takyrri and stony deserts
with salt marshes. `l,he grazing region is used for sheep and camel
raising,
vII. TADZH! IK. SSR
T'adzh~ik SSR, together with the autonomous Gorno-Badakhshan
Oblast, OCCUpies about 1~.~..2 million h:ctares. Its surface structure
is that of a typical mountainous country. The entire eastern part of
the republic, that is, Gorno-Dadkhsh.an Oblast, occupies the well-a
knoyrn Pamir mountain range and is to be found at an elevation of about
)..,O00 meters above sea level. The spine of the ridges frequently
exceeds this figure, while individual peaks reach 7,000 meters, Only
the narro~i deep valleys of Western Pamir within the limits of Rush,an
and Shugnan are cut into the stone masses up to 2,OC)0 to 2,500 meters
deeps
The western part of Tadzhikistan also presents in itself a
complex system of high ridges, stretching in a lateral direction.
Such are the Darvaz, Peter the Great, 7issar, Zeravshan, and
Turkestan ridges, and a number of other smaller ones, All the ridges
are to be distinguished. by sharp-peaked, precipitous spines and s teep
rocky slopes. Their peaks usually reach L,500 meters and are covered
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RESTRICTED
sea level, we lave extraordinarily diversified conditions within the
boundaries of Tadzhikistan with respect to the intensity of su mer
heat and the length of growing season. The sane thing must be said
of rainfall, the quantity of which varies very much in relation to
elevation. We submit the followinj data as characteristic of the
Pendzh. kept 990 meters, Ithodzhent -- 3214 meters, Iturgan- Tyube
X 20 meters, Kabadian - Li l~. meters. Inasmuch as the temperature
decreases proportionately with the elevation of a locality above
wit.iin the limits of the republic are Stalinabad pw 900 meters,
in places widen into individual flat depressions, w1lich are
connected with each other by narrow defile S . The lowest points
significant flat surfaces. All of them are crowded with the spurs
of the principal ridges or isolated individual elevations, and only
indicated variety of climatic conditions:
Annual
Elevation Average Precipitation
Loca:b:.on in meters Sumner Temperature in millimeters
Termez
Itodzhent
Pendzhikent
Gombarych
Khorog
Iskanderkul'
Zeravslaan Glacier
Pamir Station
Mura Pass
310
30.7
120
32Li.
28.0
iL~O
990
21.3
340
1,067
23.6
263
2,105
21.3
183
2,120
17.E
-~
3,07
11.9
859
3,6L0
12.7
a
59
3,930
6.6 ?
608
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the particularly low sectian~
a [~mdx,y ) in the southern part
and Pyand21a (the upper reaches of the U.wD er$ o Px p
met eci station is
b
rom 28 degrees to 31 degrees c
f
de rees for the gxowi.n~,r seasart., 'Here are to be found
22 degrees to 2~ g . ,1 ~zrc of KafiringaTl, Vashkha,
.
_-
ent ;i gr ade and an
sties, These
1 belt a
suer tem,per~~tuxe varying
characters an average
'hc ?t- with tens eratua^e of
---- average p
?
adZhikistan unto several Ve exist cs are as follows;
T
nd.lheir cha,rac
In view of this it a.s pas -
ts each of which has its own
x~:sca7_ bel s
Bible to diva d.e
of temperature, these sod r n'i cance.
and their agricl.~ltural
res ect to thcsr marphola;y
frit~.a p the entire terr. i tart' of
sa
differ con
conditions
atsons carbonaceous Tittle sand its
el~.v rowing sc,ason
_ ause of the length of the
ilowE.ver, beC at various elevatal~s
? ~ab7y
er
uantity of atmospheric precap
q of deserts and arid, steppes
humus soils
ta )i- --'
i
= fferent el evat.arts, the same
conse~.uence of the small
d~ as a general
, besides which, of Ta d~hiiCisf tan there predominate at all
In view of the seat
to be found for the sails
A versity a s
Tan c
d' f feTence
f the republic, situated a ced of grey~earths often
o,
compoa
he soak
millimeters, axe
d in the latter cases clzang`i.ng
about 10?200
an
ow subwsail waters,
moistened by sYtall
decrease in
the regularity of the decx
in
ally
errtair~ deviatsans =ned princip
Certain
elevation are to be expla.~
tetra era.ture with respect to
p a1 locations coris~.deredn
d1v~ du
f jn
by the difference .l _n the latstLt.de o ct.
' not to be found with respect
tin as
A strict t c th elevao. valleys
hat in the low
that
id t
only be sa
t may
to precipitat;on. I ~ per year, ~'or
eed 1~0?200 millimeters p
Xe
. xeca.pi~tation goes not e t of prec1p.~tat~ on may
P
~. yLa.an_} of 1sOCl0 teeters or more, the amaun
el.eva , the Pam-r, to
s an
Uimet
ranging from 9 m; ex
be very varied,
cier.
l
a
of Zervshan G
at
'
y
cin
. millirt1etexs in the vti
lunatic conditbons at
t lower
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ft ESTRC1EB
Certain deviations in the regularity of the decrease in
temperature with respect to elevation are to be explained pr:incipallY
by the difference _ in the latitude of individual locations cozlsideredm A strict correlation with elevation iS not to be found with respect
to precip_tation. It may only be said that in the low valleys
precipitation does not exceed 10-200 millimeters per years For
el.evat:7.on~y of 1,000 meters or more, the amount of precipitation may
be very varied, from 9 millimeters on the Pamir, to 89
ranging f ~' ~,
millimeters in the vicinity of Zervshan Glacier.
In view a 'the great difference in climatic conditions at
d~ferent elevations, the szile diversity is to be found for the soils
? .
.f
o ~' 'ld.es which, as a general consequence of the small of Tadzhlk~.stan, be,~
quantity of atmospheric precipitation, there predominate at all
elevations carbonaceous little-humus soils of deserts and arid. steppes
However, because of the length of the growing seasons and its conditions
of temperature, these soils differ considerably at various elevations
,
with respect to their morphology and their agricultural significances
In view of this s is possible to divide the entire territory of
it ' ~-
TadzhikIstan into several vertical belts, each of which has its own
These belts andteir characteristics are as follows;
characteristzc,~.
lo very hot belt with an average summer temperature varying
The ~
from 28 degree S to 31 degrees centigrade arid an average temperature of
22 degrees to 25 degreel for the growing season. Here are to be found
icularl ,~ low sections of the valleys of Kafiringan, Vashkha,
the part ~
and Pyan.dzl.a (the upper reaches of the Amu-Darya) in the southern part
of the republic, situated at lower than 6S0 meters. Precipitation is
--200 millimeters, The soils are composed of grey-earths often
about JS0
moistened by shallow sub-soil waters, and in the latter cases changing
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to carbonaceous-meadow and even meadlow-marsh varieties. Agriculture
is possible only with irrigation. However the length of the growing
season is conducive to the cultivation of late maturing and long-
staple types of cotton, even of the Egyptian varieties,
2. The hot belt has an average summer temperature of 25 degrees
to 28 degrees centigrade, but an average temperature of 20 degrees to
22 degrees for the growing season. Here are to be found the higher
parts of the valleys in South Taclzhikistan, lying at an elevation
of 600-1,000 meters, and, also the more northern Khodzhen.t region
with an elevation up to 850 meterse In general precipitation here is
light, although in some places, the amount is apt to reach. even as
much as 300 millimeters. The soils are grey soils, principally of
the desert-steppe type, but sometimes approaching the light-.chestnut
types Detritus is to be observed fairly :frequently. In places,
moistening results through shallow subsoil waters, creating a
transition from grey soils to carbonaceous meadow soils Through
irrigation, it is possible to grow average maturing cotton, grapes,
rice and other valuable crops. In places there is dry-land sowing
of cereal grains, without using irrigation.
I
3. The moderately hot belt has an average 'summer temperature
cereal grains is fairly successful. With irrigation there are culti-
to 20 degrees for the growing season. Here are to be found the
foothills and individual low mountain ridges or their spurs, having
an elevation of 1,000-1,700 meters in the south of the republic and
8o-1,1.00 meters in the north. The amount of precipitation here is
about 300-La.00 millimeters. The soils are primarily 1ightMchcstnut,
being on the slopes frequently stony. Non-irrigated cultivation of
of 22 dlegrees to 25 degrees and an. average temperature of 17 degrees
vated fast-maturing cotton,. maize, apricots, mulberry trees, etc.
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L1.? The warm belt has an average summer temperature varying
from l~ degrees to 22 degrees. To it belong mountainous slopes with an
elevation of 1,100-2, X00 meters in the north and 1,700-2,700 meters
in the south of the republic, Wide diversity is to be observed here
in the amount of the rainfall. Together with such dry locations as,
by way of example, Khorog with a 130 millimeters annual precipitation,
there are in this belt places where the amount of rainfall reaches 600
millimeters per year. The principal soils belong to the grey-earth
variety, but in places there are also dark-chestnut soils and even
black earth. There are many rocky precipitous slopes and very stony
soil varieties. Because of this possibility for agriculture here is
extremely limited and exists only in narrow valleys, There are
principally cultivated bread cereals, some legumes and fruit trees,
in pair. ti.cular, walnut, apricot, apple, etc,
50 The moderately warm belt has an average surer temperature
varying from 10 degrees to l~ degrees Here are to be found the
mountainous areas, having an elevation varying from 2,700 to 3,600
meters above sea level. The amount of rainfall here is even more varied
than in the preceding b elt, and vacillates within the limits of 100
to 000 millimeters. The soils in the majority of cases are little
developed. Here predominate outcropping of cliffs and rocky
mountainous slopes covered with coarse-bladed grassy plants, various
shrubs, and some varieties of trees. Only on the more gradual shelfs
of the northern slopes of the mountains and in the upper parts of small
ravines, do there flourish small grassy meadows of the sub-alpine type.
There is no cultivation of the land. There is summer pasturage.
6, The moderately cold belt has an average summer temperature
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ranging from 5 degrees to 10 degrees. Here are to be included mountain
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
peaks and plateaus, located at an elevation of 3, 6OO-L.,SOO meters
Here trees do not g row. On the rocky slopes and s tong alluvial
deposits there are to be found only small alpnegcasses, Along
the banks of streams and in small hollows there grow green flower
beds of the alpine marshes. Thy air is so dry and rare on the Famir
plateaus that only the most hardy farms of purely deSCrt type
vegetation can grow hero, while the soils take on the character of
high-mountain dry salt marshes,
70 The cold zone has an average summer temperature of lower
than :; degrees and includes the highest
ridges and mountain peaks
above L,5on mF ters, Here are to be found solid snotir fields unable
to melt during the short summer period n
As is evi.ci.ent from the above_described characteristics,
specialization in the economy of different regions in Tadzhikistan
must be distingui,.shed by great diversity. In outlining the above
indicated belt divisions and taking into consideration several local
pecul:i_arities, we are able to distinguish five fundamental
agri.cultural regions, (l) The southern low-.land section or the
Bukhara five--river region, (2) tl-te northern lowland section or the
former Khodzhent O.krug, (3) the Outer Pam:Lro-.Ala.y, (14) the Southern
Pamiro-Alay, and (5) the high mountainous areas.
Be:Low tae give a description of the distribution of crops by
individual regions,
xxyii(i) The Bukhara five-river region, The following rayons of
the former Surakhan-Dar tya Okrug of Uzbek SSR are here included;
Pattagisarskiy, Dzharkurganskiy, Slurabadskiy, :Denauskiy,
Saryasiyskiy (southern part). Of 'Tadzhikistan -- Kabadianskiy
( except the northeastern part), Dzhilikul skiy, Saraykamarskiy,
RESTRICTED
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6 ?
Kurgafltyubinsk y (western part), Parkharskiy (eastern part),
Aral 'skiy ( southeast), Kulyabskiy ( southern part).
The region is situated along the valleys of tr!e rivers of
Surkhan, Shirabad, Kafirni Jan, Vakhshd, Upper KyzyL-Su going as
far north as S talinabad and as far east as Kulyab.
Under a favorable combination of soil, water and. climatic
conditions, this region is of extraordinary i_rterest from the point
of view of introducing valuable subtropical crops and low-grade
varieties of Egyptian cotton.
With respect to soil the region is characterized by the
development of desert and desert-steppe grey soils, and being along
the valleys frequently of a salty nature and. often stony on the
foothill slopes.
The region is in general well proTri.ded with water, but
irrigation, because of the peculiarities of the relief is far from
possible every~rhere.
Very promising prospects for the d evelopment of irrigated
lands have to take into consideration the so-called Vakhsha problem,
as well as the envisaged irrigation in Shirabadskiy Rayon and from
Surkhan River.
With respect to climate, this region, as the most southern
(according, to the figures supplied by the Terrnez meteorological
station), has a total temperature of 5,760 degrees for the growing
season (including temperatures above 10 degrees centigrade), with a
long period free from frost, and an annual rainfall of 120 millimeters.
In the Tadshikistan part, the period free from frost lasts 235-2L~0
days, the average annual amount of precipitation in some places is
as much as L~20 millimeters, with relatively mild winters. Although
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
minirurrl temperatures reach minus 15 degrees, this does not happen
every year, Generally the minimum is in the vicinity of minus 10
degrees, This makes it entirely feasible to consider the region
as being completely subtropical,
The crop?raisi.n tendency of the region is to grow cotton of
the inferior Egyptian varieties,
Experimental agriculture is b eing carried on in the field of
perennial subtropical crops o "Guay~mla" (a rubber bearing plant)
is grown on non-irrigated land, Near industrial centers there are
to be found farming zones, The following is the distribution of
Technical crops: basic -- cotton of the inferior Egyptian
varieties; supplementary -- "ramir'; volatile oil crops; geraniums,
rosemary; citric sorghum, Kazanlyk rose; rubber bearing plants on
non-irrigated land -~ "guayyula"; in experimental agricultural work
~W eucalyptus (annual), tanning acacias, sumacs, olive, cork oak,
New Zealand flax, yucca, alfa, agave,
Crain crops must be eased off of non-irrigated land,
Cover crops; winter pea, winter shaggy vetch (vika
mokhnataya), summer fenugreek,
Feed crops; basic - alfalfa; supplementary -,- Alexandrian
clover and "shabdar" clover,
Field plantings: cucurbitaceous garden vegetables, oil-
legumes, mulberry-bush plantations,
XXVII(2) Fergana region, Of the former Khodzhent Qkrug there are
included the rayons of Naus skiy, Khodzhentskiy, Aimskiy, Kanibadamskiy,
and Isfar:inskiy. It includes the exit from the Fergana Valley, bounded
on the north by the Chatkal' ridge and on the south by the Turkestan
ridge,
,9 L
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FIESTR
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The soils along the Syr-Tar'ya Valley include meadow
carbonaceous and salty soils; for the rest of the area they include
gypsum bearing grey earths, stony or gravel soils.
The climate in the valley section is little different from
the climate of the remaining part of the Fergana Valley in Uzbek
SSpt. The total temperature for the growing s eason is L.,837 degrees,
with a 21--day period free from frost, and an annual precipitation
of i.Lj0 millimeters. The region is vegetable-farming, with a small
area of the Naus sub-region, where sowings of the average late-ripening
cotton are indicated. The distribution of crops in the cotton belt
is the same as for the Fergana Valley in Uzbek SSh, plus volatile-oil
crops of lavender, iris, catnap, basil, ttlipiya't, and tuberose,
xxyn(3) Outer Pamiro-.flay. The following rayons of Tadzhikistan
are included in it; Ura-Tyubinskiy, Pendzhikentskiy, Zakhrrietabadskiy,
Shakbristan.skiy,
With respect to soil, the region is quite di..versified, having
soils which vary from the typical grey earths to chestnut soils, and
even black earth,
With respect to the climate according to the data of the
Pendzhikent meteorological station there is a total temperature of
3,877 degrees for the growing season, with an annual precipitation of
3L.o millimeters. Th.e more elevated parts of the foothill area are
more cool and more humid with a precipitation as high as 600 millimeters.
The irrigated lands are concentrated in the valleys, primarily
in the Zeravshan valley, In the irrigated region are to be found
vineyards and alfalfa for fodder,
The non-irrigated part of the region is primarily in the zone of
less-.arid land, and there are great possibilities for developing dry
farming. The following crops are to be noted:
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Grain: winter and summer wheats and barleys, with a tendency
to increase the wheat crops
Technical crops; in the lower parts non-irrigated cotton type
In experimental farming development -W in the secured part;
With respect to soil, depending on the elevation, the r egion
According to climatic data, the region is divided into two
The first subregion includes the following, administrative
rayons: Shakhrinauskiy, Stalinabadskiy, Yangibazarskiy, Khaitskiya
1306, sesame; in the upper parts, chick peas, oil flax, muscatel
sage, lavender, tau-sagyza
Feed crops: alfalfa
typhoideurn kidney-beans, lentils, millet, potatoes or Jerusalem
artichoke, pumpkins, watermelons, long flax; in the unsecured part;
3rassi ca armoracioides, Astragalus retamo us, sweet clover, orache
XXVIi(b) Southern Pariro-AlaF From Tadzhikistan are included the
foothills of the Gissar ridge at the upper reaches of Vakhsha and
Khingou Rivers, the tributaries of Kafirnigan-Dar' ya and others
It occupies the northern parts of Shakhrinauskiy, Stalinibadskiy, and
Yangibazar.skiy Rayons, and Khaitskiy.
has grey earths, chestnut soils, black earths and mountainous salt-
marsh soils with a predominance of stoney varieties.
The distribution of crops and varieties is as follows for
Industrial crops: basic -- cotton, semi fast maturing 132"
agricultural lands:
in the first subregion and fast maturing "1306 Shred.er" in the second
subregion,
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vetchling, w i ter vetch, Sudan grass, ''mogar", sorghum or Rennisetum
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enough moisture is 170,000 hectares, and 690,000 hectares of too-dry
land, The distribution of crops is analogical to that given for
increased dry farming. The total area of non-irrigated land with
and without enough precipitation, It offers great possibilities for
The non-irrigated part of the region includes both that with
Cover crops; peas, winter shaggy vetch (vika ozimaya
mokhnataya) .
the non-irritated part of Outer Pami.ro-Alave
xyII() The High Mountain Region of Pamiro-,slay, Here are included
all the high mountainous parts of the above-mentioned regions and all
the remaining regions of Tadzhil(i.stan including Gorno-Badkhshan Oblast,
This region, occupying the high mountainous areas with its
fields of perpetual snows and glacier
with an extraordinarily severe
climate and with a predominance of stony soils, can hardly be used
for agriculture, but presents in itself a region of alpine and sub-
The climate of the region may be determined with the help of
alpine pasturages,
The Pamir Station has a total temperature of 98S degrees
for the growing season (counting temperatures above 10 degrees
centigrade), a 90-day period free from frost, and an annual rainfall
of 60 milli1Teters. Yhorog, as the warmest location in the region,.
has a total temperature of 3,210 degrees for the growing season and
two meteorological stations.
climate of high mountainous deserts. Agriculture is with irrigation,
and dry farming is practically impossible. Smallareas of irrigated
The climate of the region thus may be characterized as the
an annual rainfall of 85 millimeters.
lands are to be found only in the deep river valleys with a
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upper limit for agriculture is at an altitude of 2 UO rnet
,5 ers~
predominance of cereal grains and legume crops, principally, barley
wheat, maize, peas, vetchling, chick-peas, beans, and
s , lentils, ; The
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ZAKA\JKAZS J'XA ( TRANS-CAUCASIAN) S F S R.
General Remarks The present work is an attempt to describe
in a most general way the more typical regions of plant cultivation
in the Trans-Caucasus, w-- based considerably on the diversified,
though very incomplete, literature describing the physical geographic
and agriciiiltural conditions in. the Trans-Caucasus. The personal
observations and suggestions of the author are also set forth in the
present.work. We do not pretend that this work presents an exact
evaluation of the agricultural conditions in the Trans-Caucasus and
their immediate prospects. Such an evaluation, of course, would
be better done by local workers in the soviet republics of the Tran.s-
caucasus, and it is only to be hoped that in the very near future the
republics will summar.:LzF and publish their exhaustive study on the
division of the Trans-Caucasus into its natural regions,
The Trans-Caucasus with respect to its physical geographic and
agricultural conditions presents extreme diversification, distinguishing
it from the other regions of the tJSSR. The boundary between the
North. Caucasus Zrray and the Trans-Caucasus is the so--called Bolt shot'
Jcavkaz consisting of a system of mountain ranges, one of which is
called the Main Caucasian range (Glavnyy Kavkazskiy khrebet) which
stretches without a break across the entire Caucasian isthmus,
The northern boundaries' of the soviet republics of Geo:r(,a
and Azerbaydzhan are located' within the system of the Bol ' shot'
Kavkaz. The soviet republic of. Armenia is entirely. within the
region of the..Malyy Kavkaz, a mountain range separated from the
Bol shoy Kavkaz by two `emendous lowlands -- the Black Sea and
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Caspian w:. but connected with it by the Meskhis (Suram) ridge. The
Ieskhis ridge from one side connects the Bol1shoy Kavkaz with the
Malyy9 and from the other side is the central water divide for the
climatic regions, hang the navies of Western Trans~Caucasus and
Eastern. Trans-Caucasus m Azerbaydzhan SSR and Armenia SSA enter
entire Trans-Caucasus, sharply dividing it into two different
as a whole into Eastern Trans-Caucasus, while G
SSR occupies
the entire Western Trans.-Ca;acasu; and part of the Easterne
The orographic conditions of the Trans-Caucasus and the
influence of both the Black and Caspian ,Seas, create a diversity
U climatic conditionS, varying from different kinds of subtropical
of t,
Plant cultivation comprises the principal branch of agriculture
climate to polar and frigid sub-alpine climate.
in the Trans-Caucasus, being in part the cultivation of cereal grains,
which to the present time stifles considerably the other branches of
plant cultivation. Although at present, grains play a most signifi-
cant role, and if in 1932 grain crops in the Trans-Caucasus still
comprised 78.7 percent, industrial crops 1)4.0 percent, food (melons,
reaches LL percent, the total area of summer wheat being 6-7 percent.
Trans-Caucasus is given to winter 'wheat, the sown area of which
raising vineyards will also be subject to a sharp increase. Of gains,
only y rice in Azerbaydzhan SSR will be subject to an absolute increase
in sown area. Consider. ~.ble significance in the field culture of the
increase to 2~ percento Grotiring useful plants which give fruit and
3,7 percent, and feed 3.6 percent, then in the
future this relationship must be radically changed so that grains will
comprise approximately '.se nL.3 percent, technical 27 percent, and feed will
Tn the second place after wheat stands barley, accounting for.
2 p ercent of all sown area, The third place in importance Is held
~.
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ISTflCTE~
by corn (19x7 perdent)g of which is concentrated even at the
present time in pastern Trans-Caucasus. In 1826 -bl'exs' were in the
hectares of winter `wheat and 130,800 hectares
Trans-Caucasus 932,300
the greatest percenra. e of pasturage is to be found in the foothills
g
of the Bol.' shoy I.avka Z, the predominance of cereal grains is under-
-
' land area lens than 600, meters above sea level is
stanaable o The
of sumr~er wheat.
field culture is not everywhere only grain.
of CUllrSe,
In the lower zone industrial crops and fruits and vegetables
preaom culture is mixed, including ruityielding
or a~,ri ~.
plants together with rain crops and small animal husbandry. In
grain crops
the rnediuail zones either grain crops or cattle raising generally
predora!ate, while in the highland zones cattle raisin; is the
.~
principal branch of agriculture. f agriculture. In canfCCtion with this, since
that percent, of the territory consists of high mountain area,
is 21
L3,6 percent, while that between 600 and 1,?00 meters, is 3S.3
the territory of the Trans_Caucasus. All the rest,
peg?cen t of
to be utilized for the development of technical and
Caucasus have
fruit crops . This partiCal.arly applies to irrigated
~?and-vegetable
areas and subtrap.le al regions At the present time the irrigated
of the Trans-Caucasus are still. devoted. to a
areas in the lowlands
considerable degree to cereal grains In 'astern Trans_Caucasus,
this to be found in the cotton areas, and in estern Trans-
is L
Caucasus, where there should be a maxirnl cultivation of valuable
subtropical crops, more than 200,000 hectares are still devoted to
with an insignificant portion of it devoted to farming.
The log rlandsg the low plains, and valleys of the Trans-
corn. It is planned to decrease the total sown area to corn
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in the ZSFSR by 3,6 percent,, with the principal part of.the decrease
taking place in Western Trans-caucasus.
In Azerbydzhan, winter crops of cereal grains and certain
grain legumes are predominant, while in. Georgia and Armeni. --
summer crops. The reason is that Georgia and Armenia have more
The principal problem in the development of socialist economy
mountain crops than Azerbaydzhan, Moreover, Western Georgia
(including Abkhaz and Aclzharistan) raise a lot of corn.
in ZSFSR is water, both for irrigation, and for electric power.
Whereas in 1932 the total irrigated and improved area for the ZSFSR
included 1,30,700 hectares, in 1937 it is to reach 2,362,800
hectares. The general tendency of socialist reconstruction of
one of the principal regions for fruit-and-vegetable and viticulture
economy in the USSR (and as the principal region of subtropical
fruit-and-vegetable growing), transform it to the second in importance
cotton growing base in the Union, to a firm base for the growth of
r"rami" and other subtropical perennial textiles, to a fundamental
base for tea economy, planned to satisfy the tea requirements for the
USSR, into a region of wide cultivation of tobacco, sweet potatoes,
into one of the principal regions for the growing of peanuts, into
the main base for the raising of volatile oil plants (like geranium,
iris, etc), for the raising of bulbs for export, for the cultivation
of the tuntg oil trees, etc., and also into one of the major regions
for the production of dairy products (such. as Swiss cheese making).
In regional planning of crops one must keep in mind not only
the natural conditions of a place, but also the, interference of man
agriculture in ZSFSR in the next few years is to transform it to
with the natural setting, his ability to transform. unfavorable
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conditions to those that are favorable. This interference may
apply not only to soil, but even to climate and vegetation. The
minimum critical temperatures along the coasts of the Mack and
Caspian Seas may be neutralized by improving the climate (oil
heaters, etc.); soils may be drained, fertilized, aerated, even
warmed, ?ths growing season of annuals may be shortened by
vernaliz 4 on, non-prof tat l-0e crops may be made profitable through
the mechanization of certain processes, etc.
The entire `Trans-Caucasus may be roughly divided into L. orotl
graphic regions and this division corresponds to the basic type of
agriculture
1. The Black Sea lowland and the narrow belt of the Black
Sea coast, basically include the valley of the Rion River and its
the existence of a winter growing season, Irrigation is rarely
practiced here.
The principal field crops at present are corn, tea, and.
tobacco.
tributaries, the lower parts of the Ingura, Kodora, Khobis-Tskhali
and other valleys. The climate is humid subtropical, here and there
approximating the Mediterranean. A peculiarity of this region is
2, The Caspian lowland includes the valley of the Kura River
with its tributaries. Here may be included the Lower Araks and the
Azerbeydzhan coast of the Caspian Sea. The climate is primarily dry
subtropical, along the Araks -- with a cold winter and subtropical
summer. Irrigation is necessary The principal field crops at
present; are cotton, wheat, and rice.
3, the Highlands of the Trans-Caucasus. Here may be included
a number of plains (Kartalinsk, Mukhran, Alazan, Kubin). It is a
most wide field culture region.
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High Plateaus and Agricultural High Mountainous Slopes.
Here are included those highly situated plain areas of Malyy Kavkaz
like the Akhalkalak Foothills, the Karabakh, Gokchin, Loris, Tsalkin,
severe winters. The principal branch of agriculture is cattle
raising, secondary -- grain crops,
Leninakan plateaus, etc. The climate of these areas is marked by
YXVIII. GEGPGTAN SSR
Georgia, occupying the upper part of the Kura River basin,
the entire Rion basin, and. the basins` of other rivers, emptying
directly into the Black Sea, in general is rich in river waters
which can be used for irrigation. The biggest percentage of tillable
lands (over. 80 percent) are to be found in the foothills of the
Georgian part of the Bol'shoy and Nalyy Kavkaz and in the high
plateaus of Akhalkalak and Tsalkin regions. Cultivated lands compose
20 percent of the total territory of reorgia. Somewhat more than
8 percent of the total area of plant cultivation lands are composed
Georgia is in need of irrigation and with respect
to this major irrigation construction is being carried on by the
Soviet state,
The basic irrigation regions are to be found in Eastern
Georgia (7.9 percent), and in small areas of the western part,of the
former Kutais Uyezd. (0.6 percent).
Areas which produce a surplus of grain cereals are to be found
in the western part of the former Gori Uyezd (Gomskiy Rayon), in the
southeastern part of the valleys of the Alazan and bra (wheat),.in
the valleys of the lower reaches of Rion River and its tributaries,.
and oilier rivers, emptying into the Black Sea (corn). These surplus
regions belonging to Eastern. Georgia engaged in. cultivation have a
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RES1 MffcE
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wi.ntcr wheat which is to be distinguished by its high qualities,
Uyezd still has a considerable amount of rainfall and reliable
and includes hard and soft types of wheat. The western part of Gori
harvests o g; rain c.L oi:5
beets can
be d.evelopea. This, however, can only serve he requirements of
the republic of Georgia for its oJn sugar refining plant. The
vaiie /s of 1\lesteY.'Li Georgia, producing corn until the present time,
muat`r~ca 'sat` !side for the cultivation of very valuable subtropical
cropso Corn must be used here as feed for Stock raising, the
development of which, within definite limits, is stimulated bV the
proximity of resorts and the opportunity to develop winter crops
of root crops,feed. crops, etch
Areas, where grain cultivation is on the same plane with
vi ticulture, horticulture and small branches of animal husbandry,
are considerably enlarged, as for example -- Pr. edkakhetiya
(Cis-Kakhetiya), the Shauryanskiy PLayon of Borchal.y, and several
parts of Abkbaziya and. Adzharistan. Areas of the middle zone of he
southern slope of the iavnyy Kahl a.z ridge, spurs of Malyy Kavkaz and.
kkhalkalak Plateau, are characterized by the development of gain
crops together witl'i stock raising. ':[he possibilities in these regions
are exairtirled by region.
'inTith the single cultivation o:f' g:rain crops as characteristic
for these regions, feed, oil, legume grains are soirn only on an
insignificant scale e In recent years corn has become widespread in
Eastern Georgia, where it must be still further increased, not only
as a crop for plowing under, but also as a valuable plant of varied
utilization, able to serve among other tl'rings for obtaining sugar
from the kernel, si]. from the ge:r4m, etc, In Western Georgia it must
 REST mE
take even a Triore important position In connection with this, dent
will probably yield its place to the flint variety, because
the latter is the more cold-enduring and drought-resi stant.
The cultivation of Italian millet (gomi), still continuing in
Western Georgia, must be suppressed. Both corn and millet are
development of socialist agricUI..ture, has to be accompU.shed in the
shortest possible period, accompanied, of course, by the import of
cereals and. the preparation of the population for work in the field
of industrial crops
Grain legume crops take up only 0.2 percent of the entire
sown area of Georgia, The soy/ bean occupies first place, followed
?by the kidney 'oean, widespread in Western Georgia, where it is sown
together Frith corn. As regards zones, it is grown in Georgia up to
1,200 meters elevation (in places up to 1,00 meters).
Besides Manchuria arad the Naritime irray, Western Georgia was
tee only soy j bean region before the war. In the absence of spiked
and iingreliya)e Their suppression, as a necessary process in the
traditional cereal crops for Western Georgia (particularly in Guriya
grains in the lowland of Western Georgia, corn and soy bears took the
?; corgi
place of cereals. Soybean flour was added to flour for making,
bread, The soy bean, together with stalks, was the only feed
crap. It was not used in Western Georgia as an oil-yielding plant.
y
a,
Soy bean is met with both in unmixed so.~7rin, and also, principally,
similar to the kidney bean, mixed with sowing. The local
varieties mature at the s~arne time as corn, which hinders harvesting;, ~S
but it is possible to introduce special American machines which
harvest both simultaneously.
i,. ' The future should see the soy, bean preserve its significance
in the Kolkhid lowland as a feed and oil-yield crop, and then as a
7G ; -
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
maturing varieties are necessary, It is preferable to plant soy beans
good forerunner for field crops and as an intermediate crop. Quicker
evidently suffers from "fuzariosa" . The problem of the peanut, as an
oil yielding plant, has met with an unexpected obstacle, technology
centriers per hectare. However, in ~,Jestern Georgia, the peanut
Georgia. In Zugdidi Uyezd, it yields a record harvest of up to 32
has given good harvests. `Th_i.s crop is planned for many areas in
The peanut is a new crop for. Georgia. In Western Georgia it
in-between rows,
has discovered recently a method for clearing up and completely
eliminating the odor of sunflower oil, so that it can completely
take the place of peanut oil for sardines, for example, and for
canned products in g eneral. Nevertheless the peanut should be
developed as a crap with a high yield. of valuable oil, both as a
cover crop and as a crop for confectionery use.
Peas, chick-pea, lentil, grain vetch and other crops occupy
in Georgia a very insignificant position, and are primarily grown
(with the exception of the chick-pea) in the elevated zones of
Eastern Georgia,
Grain legume crops must occupy a signif?cant place in Georgia.
In the cotton areas of Eastern. Georgia, and in the tea, tobacco, and
other areas of Western Georgia, legumes must be considered above all
as soil-improving agents and rover crops. The only soil-improving
crop in the tea areas is weed grass, a fern (poporotnik-orlyak), the
struggle with which is very difficult, because from one point of view
it is a plague to farming and because from the other it is the only
restoring agent for enriching soils.
Manure fertilizers are used only in the uplands and occasionally
in the middle zone. In the valleys of Western Georgia, plant cultivation
REST 1CE
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on alluvial soils, which are occasionally flooded by the overflow
of the rivers, is done naturally, In regions in need of water, it
is done to a certain degree with irrigation. As regards hilly and
middle-zone areas not in need of water, green fallow is still
practiced and is generally used for pasturing cattle. The intro-
duction of growing plowed crops, such as legumes (cover, feed, and
food) feed root plants, and potatoes in the highland zone and the
sweet potato in the lowland, should solve the problem of enriching
the soil.
Summer cu.ltivation~ of legumes is tenable neither in the cotton,
tea nor tobacco regions, because it would deprive the principal
crops of moister. e 0 Winter' cultivation of. peas, vetch, white lupine,
legumes, etc., in these regions is firmly established and should be
included as the principle part of the field-culture plan. Together
with this, the summer cultivation of legum s for ;rain should be
developed in the grain and mixed areas of Eastern Georgia,
throughout the entire middle and elevated. zones. This should be
accompanied by the study and selection of local varieties, which
in isolated instances are found as extremely valuable stock. Peas
of the Manglisskiy, Peloklyuchinskiy, Bakur'yanskiy and other Rayons,
the French lentil in Southern Qsetiya, the kidney bean in Western
Georgia, white lupines in Guriya, "pannonskaya", vetch on the
Akhlkalak plateau, etc. -- present native stock for propagation and
selection.
Grain legumes of Georgia, especially the soya bean and the
kidney bean, should be considered as suited to export since they
already have a good reputation in foreign markets.
RES't t1~o
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
harvests; wheat 8.-12 centners, barley 912 centners, corn 7-12
centners, soyJ bean lO centners.
of primitive methods o:~ field culture, is responsible for small
Small use of fertilizers, unplanned irrational crop rotation,
and the continued operation, according to the geographic conditions,
cotton-raising regions should receive special attention. Selective
work is necessary for the development of fast-maturing and mediwnW
maturing tYTes which have large cotton bolls. The utilization of
and in the Alazan valley. Until recently the irrigated land in these
regions was still used for winter crops of wheat and. barley. These
Georgia, -- in the Borci-iala lowland, the Karayaz irrigated region
Lagodekhskiy Rayon, where it should be considerably, increased,
Cotton raising is almost entirely concentrated in Eastern
The principal industrial field crops are cotton and tobacco
`T'obacco growing is to be found in Abkhaziya, Guriya and in
winter precipitation and winter free water is necessary for the winter
cultivation of cover and feed crops, which free the field for sowing
cotton. A decisive fight is necessary for the elimination of weeds
from plantings and soils, especially wild sorghum, In Western. Georgia,
cotton raising is not irrigated and is on 'a small scale, exclusively
for the needs of the local population. There is grown here an
absolutely special original variety, the Kutais gymnosperm, belonging
There is no prospect for developing cotton raising in Western
Georgia. The once-existent interest in cotton in. Abkhaziya cannot
to a special variety of Gossypium punctatum cotton.
Of the new districts, there should be pointed out as having
possibilities that part of Icakhetiya Okrug which is irrigated by the
be considered as at all practical.
Alazan Canal.
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
~ s ,fir G .kf '
L y
zones, which should be considered here not only from a food standpoint
Potato growing should be developed in the middle
Let us now describe the characteristics of the individual
but also as fodder.
regions,
xxvIii(1) The shore zone and maritime terraces approximately 100
meters in elevation, stretching from the northern boundary of
Abk.haziya to Kodora River (approximate limits). This includes the
annual rainfall of 1,W0 millimeters, during the surnnler months,
in some years it is somewhat dry, the average rainfall during the
sufmiier being 325 m.illirneters. The a.ve:cage temperature for. January
of the growing season is 2L1.0 days (8 months)b Though having an average
(Black Sea) Okrug and belongs to t'he humid subtropics. 'fhe length
maritime parts of Gagra, Gudaut, Sukhum; and, in part, Fodor. a former
Uyezds. T1iis region is, as it were, an extension of the Chernomor'ye
is 6.3 degrees, and, for July 23 degrees, The average annual tempera -
tune varies from 15.1 degrees to 1LI.00 degrees centigrade, The
avera;e annual minimum is minus 5 degrees centigrade, the absolute
The soils are humus-carbonaceous, boracic earths (burozemy), and
here-and-there red earths and gravel, and. alluvial in the lower
reaches and. deltas of rivers o
In this region, which is intended for the development of sub-
tropical fruit-vegetable and t echnical crops, field crops still play
minimum for a number of years has been minus lla5 degrees. Repetition
of freezing weather of minus 10 degrees centigrade is equal to percent.
a very significant role and are represented here by corn, kidney
beans and. tobacco, The average yield of corn is estimated at l6
centners A It is ,groom here as a monocuitur. e on the alluvial. river
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
dryers. On the alluvial soil at the mouths of rivers, the rhos t
necessitates the construction of sweet-potato storage facilities and
vowing, Corn and kidney beans are to be entirely eliminated from
this zone. The most promising field crop is the sweet potato, which
elevation of 100 or more meters are more suitable for tobacco
banks of the valley and the mountain slopes. The kidney bean is
planted together with the corn. In this zone, tobacco yields
large harvests, but its quality in the lowest part of the zone as
gown on alluvial soil is much inferior to that which is obtained
in the more elevated zone, for which reason terraces which have an
primarily cabbage and partly cauliflower. Mere it is important to
sorghuarn and verbena. Lemon sorghum can also grow well on gravel soils.
These areas may be used in the wintertime for growing winter vegetables,
in the Pilenkovskiy Rayon of former Gagr. a Uyezd. These daces are
favorable for ;rowing "ranli" (on alluvial soils with shallow water
and on gravel but not-cemented soils). For ttrani't, alluvial soils
can be used which are adjacent to river mouths, where the relief
completely allows mechanized cultivation. However, "ramit' cannot
occupy here a large area, because the small size of the sectors
which can be set aside for ttra d I make doubtful the development
of this culture in the region. Its base is to be found at Irolkhid.
The alluvial river soils are favorable for the field transplanting
culture of geraniums (Feiargoniurn), which must become one o:f the
basic croIDS of the region, and, moreover, for the culture of lemon
Gurnista River, on the right bank of the mouth of the Kodora River and
promising is the cultivation of flower bulbs (lilies, narcissus,
gladiolas, eremurus, etc. ), having an export value. Flower bulbs
can occupy an important position at the mouths of the Bzyb~ River,
 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
take into consideration the time of harvesting summer crops
sowing winter crops. The region is also very favorable for
vegetable 'seed growing. The cultivation of vegetables may be widely
developed if one makes full use of the `facilities of the Black Sea
first-class stock, in particular, it is necessary to introduce
two or three varieties. It is necessary to import from abroad
Railroad.
The cultivation of the geranium is actually based on the
accidental, although not bad, strain which is the descendant of
plant, the stalks of which serve as a good substitute for the raffia
be developed. It is possible to grow certain varieties of avocado
on the high mountainous Meks:i l{a (Lth elevations of 2,000-2,300
meters) , Of the exotic varieties of vegetables, there should be
brown "chayot", which is interesting as a starch-yielding root
fruits as feijoya, custard apples and a rnur~loer of others should also
and citric plants, in part tangerines and grapefruit, as well as
under artificial improvement of cliniate (through the use of oil
heaters, etc), of lemons and oranges, The cultivation of such
cultivation, with a considerable development of Japanese persimmons
the r e gion should be thought of as a region of subtropical plant
types, it might be possible to bring out varieties which are capable
of surviving the winter in the field. The r egion is favorable also for.
club palms, as an intermediate culture on woody slopes, Basically,
annual volatile-oil varieties
the culture on seed propagation , However, among the perennial
palm,
For protective planting, the cultivation of eucalyptus should
be forced. Certain varieties of the eucalyptus can play the role as
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In the orchards under the :trees it is possible to cultivate some
development, as the tun; oil tree has here one of its principal
ail tree, technical palms, and sisal, enjoy here certain conditions for
tannic acid, but also as volatile-oil plants. Furthermore, the tong
being not only protective plantings, which 'serve as sources of woad and
mediate culture, serving; as an accompanying plant, leguminous plants,
For this region there can also be recommended, as an .inter-
valuable arrowroot plants
the cultivation of the peanut and even. the soya bean.
The cultivation of tea is also possible in certain areas of
the former Sukhum, Gudaut and other Uyezds. Experiments with tea
growing should be on an economic scale.
A necessary condition is the introduction of the cultivation
of plants for green fertilizers and feed crops.
It is necessary to direct on& s attention to the selection of
crops for winter cultivation. Good cover crops can be found In peas,
vetch, "tri ;onelia'', clover, and on alluvial soil -- white lupines.
The siummer group is more extensive and may be adopted in horticulture.
For the cultivation of slopes, it is necessary to use Phaseolus calcaratus
by planting seeds for the winter and having them sprout in the spring,
with a sowing at the end of August and plowing in before frost. Of
the others, there can be mentioned the velvet bean (barkhatnyy bob)
and crotalaria. The velvet bean should be planted only on level
ground, for slopes, the Phaseolus aconitifolius. Winter feed crops
should be developed in every way, the best kinds being vetch--oat
mixture, leaf cabbages, winter rape, and. turnips . The sumrlier group
includes crotalaria, the sweet potato, etc.
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XmII(2) The mariti_rrie hills.. rangin g from 1,00 . to 450 meters in ?el~vation
__...9
located in their respective administrative areas. The climate of this
temperatures. The average annual temperature is 12.45 degrees to
dryness during the summer months than the preceding zone and with lower
zone belongs to the humid subtr. opic, bui~ with a lesser degree of
of the cultivated area. There prevails a variety. of the so-called
Kutais hybrid, known here as Sukhumka and presentin ; a more or less
stable cross-breedo Corn is frequently grown with the kidney bean.
position, with a predominance of corn, which takes-up more than half
At the present time, field cultures here have a dominating
13.5 degrees centigrade
going to yield ground to tobacco. The construction
of the Black Sea T ailroad across the `entire Abkhaziya will make
easier the delivery of. corn and will aid in its elimination from the
{
humid subtropical zones.
Tobacco takes up more than 25 percent of the area. This is
the beat area for Abkhaz tobaccos, The yellow tobaccos ofbkhaziya
are of high quality, have an export value and s tand in the first
place in the Soviet Union. Tobacco in this region should be the
leading crop. Its yield at present is still low, on the average
6,5-7 centn.ers per hectare. Trapezunci and Samsun varieties are
recormnended. These varieties are riot pure stocks, but of Asia Minor
origin. There is still met with "tuk-kulak", which grows on the upper
is not rich in nitrogen. Together with tobacco, grapes are cultivated,
elevation of 100-300 meters above sea level, the most important.
location being Sukhum Okrug. However, tobacco may be grown even
higher, up to 500 meters above sea level, provided that the soil
part of the zone. The most favorable zone for tobacco lies here at an
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but ve].opirlg grapes until means are.
there is no pz'ospect for de
carried on a
i
s
ising
ton ra
diseases. Cot
ht its
a.nd no varieties which may be used
f t o?und o figsma11 scale for consumer use
' on are being groWfe
vigor. The wide mars
loam-
- ~-al
Ochemch~.r to the mouth of the ingura is alluv
5 ouch, from
ten go far up the river valleys )?
,sh and pod5o7~.~gley sa:~.1s of
mar but also with red
hillyhilly Zone is characterised by pod.sols'
-'
ol avera ~e annual temperature o:~ 13-
..cause of an abundance of ravers,
ins; arid. ,:1~.~~her be f varying
redomillance of allu~rial ,01.5 0
land in Cxa1. a colder
there is to be found a p s Vyezd strEtchin.~; to the
' e
t~m 1a
pzds. This is also a suotrap
Kodoa and r al Vy
1
~ decrees, tiwith. a later
~ betweel, I~odoY~ d.,. ~n u~~vers
South A~pk~is, ya, s ec-~
s above sea level in the former
arieS from 0 to 200 meter
The zone v .
~.~~h
reion, but
g
, . cal
as mentioned. ~.n +?
fruits occupy a supplem , ntar~ position here
Subtxopical
the preceding region.
e
used for cover and feed- crops, ut~..lizJ.ng tit
e
Thus, the tendency or son1 together with
Tobacco may be a monoculture
tobacco g~^'wing ` season is
d peanuts. The winter gx'owing
legumes, feed ?;rases an a variety of plants.
.l
same
p f the "rgion s Ln
f
or in 1 4,-.a.l expanse
the direction of
volatileo~l plants (geranil~an, lemon soz'ghu~l), p
foxtail millet
The, abunda s a s the region, especially in
dl
the former Galt ne Uyeezd, of emphasizes alluvial soils in th ~.c
'zes the need to cultivate subtxop
ramaxily in Kodora
1 0 ..a be found.
deposits (red earths).
As in the precedinregiol', monocup.ure of corn occupies first
~ end, where it is more than 90
es eCially in farmer Cxa- -~ try n o f
(
place p bean. ~~'he growa.nt,
t is accornpan7.ed by the kidney
percent) .
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Uyezd along the river valleys, cultivation of flower bulbs - in
the narrow maritime belt of Gait Uyezd, and, in particular, ''rami",
is tike principle culture in Galt Uyezd, Where are possibilities
for the cultivation of "rami11, but only where subsoil waters are
not closer than 1 meter (Om9 meters) and in the absence of a water-
impervious layer for the same depth. First and second terraces
are preferable , Cultivation must be on ridges having a slope for
the removal of stationary water. Water draining ditches and manure
fertilizers are necessary. However, the development of these
cultures on the necessary scale would be possible only after the
promulgation of a number of meliorative measures. This region is
still considerably covered 'with low-lying woods (nizovyrni less~ni)
with lianas, while the lowlands are marshy and in need of drainage.
There, where woods have been cleared, tobacco is plantede However,
the quality of tobaccos here is inferior to those north of the
Kodora, and there are no prospects for tobacco culture Here. The
presence of heavy soils creates the necessity for introducing the
cultivation of legumes for feed and teen fertilizero The scope
and. conditions of cultivation are the same here as in the preceding
regions White lupine as a winter cover crop should be en.coura4 ed
in every way. `The planting; of gasses should be of particular value
in horticulture, as well as in-between rows of tea, as a winter
culture. Of oil beans, the peanut andthe soy bean should be
encouraged. The red-earth and yellow.-earth soils must be entirely
devoted to the cultivation of tea. The sweet potato shows much
promise. Many persons consider this region as suitable for the
cultivation of forest nuts (funduk), the planting of which has
already been begun here and which gives dependable harvests. This
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
quite promising hare, The cultivation' of the tuna oil tree, the
of valuable fruit, medicinal and. technical trees can be considered
specialization should riot be sanctioned, inasmuch as the cultivation
}yunduks should be grown in the elevated zone together with cork
camphor laurel, and tangerines are to have first preference.
~rJinter vegetable growing can be based here on the cultivation
oak, tannic acacia, etc.
o:f' early potatoes and other vegetables.
Stock raising of small aniraals (hog raising and poultry growing)
and silk raising are native trades here, having a consumer character,
and tIiey should be preserved and developed in connection witli the
planned develo~,ment of the cultivation of feed crops d
VielI; taa considerable part
'Df ?thc hilly belt in the former Serial. IJyezd,
The soils are humus-carbonaceous and in spots boracic-earths
(burozerny) a Tenon specializes in growing prunes for export as
maim crope The tobacco grown here is of low quality and shows
rro px'om.ise, Coal and kidney beans should be completely cut out.
The region, dependi nn; on soa..is and. temperature, occupies the sam
positian as :indicated fo:r the precedi.n; region.
XX~iITI(~) The littoral. hilly belt of_ Adzharistan ranging up to L.OO
meters elevation above sea level and the soanewhat-removed-from-the-
sea hilly belt of the ancient terrace of Zu;di d.skiy ..yon of Ceorian
SS]. It encompasses the former Batum part of Ozurget and Zugdid
former C'krugs.
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AkST~@CTfD
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The region is characterized
(Kakheber and Yobulet plains), the gorges of Chakva and Chorokh(a)
Rivers, but principally by rolling hills (hills of softly rounded
oubline), which create the presence of micro-climates and the
separation of especially favorable subtropical spots. It is a
very characteristic and warm region of the subtropics in the USSI,
with an annual precipitation of 2,x.00 mllirrtebers, having a humid.
swnziler ( dl1ring the s ummer there is a rainfall of X60 millimeters).
The summer grow:.n season lasts on the average more than 8 months
2L days. The average temperature of the. colclest montii (January)
is degrees, July 23 a B degrees. The average annual m:i_nLnuun is
minus 33 3 degrees; the absolute rinimw71 has been i'or several years
minus 8.0 degreese rJemperature does not drop below this levels
Quite fr. ecluently the winters are completely without frost,
The soils are podzol red ea:r'hs on t1le hills, river alluvial
in the river valleys and maritime alluvial along tb,e narrow littoral
belt.
Tea is the principal culture for this hilly belt region and
partly for the plain area (where there are to be founcl turf-podzoi
red-earth soils). This is the oldest and most-experienced tea
growing region, and. because of extremely favorable Conditions `a
humid sumrri.er, abundance of red earths, and a warm winter), it is
possible to experiment with and cultivate here the more heat-loving
and costly varieties and types of tea, Research worle on tea should
be concentrated here -- development of varieties and selection, th.e
cbeml_stry and technology of the tea leaf, as woll as tea seed rowirig,
that is, the organization of special nurseries, the production of
seeds f()r starting new plantations. There is a strong need for cover
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RESTRiCTED
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crops for developing tea growing. In spite of an abundant rainfall,
.
as sufficient during the summer to satisfy
it cannon be considered
comp, letelY eliminatecl from this region, by securing simultaneous
,
to determined efforts for discontinuin; it, and which should b
Gont.m orarY field. culture is represented basically, especially
cap
on alluvial oils, by a monoculture of corn, which. is being subjected
s
should be grown lucerne, soya beans, crotalaria, annual lesped.eza, etc.
while for summer crops under the sane conditions there
cabbage,
show the necessity for a dairy industry, which could assure consumer
needs, if only the cultivation of reed crops were to be developed.
Moreover space for some of them is available (as in-between row crops)
p iem,:ntary to tea such as subtropical fruits (tangerines,
for cralJ,~ su~,
? etc.). At present we frequently notice
oranges, peruimmans, fp ~~. ? ~oya,
under tangerine trees is simply overgrown with weedsa
that the ground
For winter crops there can be used vetch-oat mixture, "mozgovaya
lcapusta, - ~r rain cabbage7 and thousand-headed cabbage, Alexandrian
b~
still little used because of the presence of malaria,
resorts,
crops. The considerable population of the region, the presence of
ing winter and. surmmer planting of possible by developing feed
become poss elop,,
Increase in the amount of manure for use in tea growing will
it is possible to experiment with the cultivation of winter white
11apine. The small amount of manure to be found in this region is
used for f er tiiiz er on tangerine plantations d
s, etc m In view of the absence of lime in the red earths,
kidney bean
the in-between row culti.vati.on of such crops as leg es, vetch,
cultivation of crops for green fertilizer in-betweEn. tea rows d
SLUmIller
On the contrary, the late autumn and winter periods may be used for
both the tea plants, and also their concomitants, that is, the
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and skill in growing valuable subtropical crops. Sod bean and. the
assurance of importation of bread and by increase in knowledge
moisture. In individual locations the sown area of the d ry-growing
dry-growing rice in the low-1yzng areas where there is much soil
In Kobuletskiy Rayon, there is gown an endemic variety of
kidney 'osan act as accompanying crops. to corn.
field scale in such a minimum temperatlxre becomes a factor of
temperature reaches minus 3.3 degrees, and the growth of rice on a
very mild winter in this region, the average absolute minimum
significance, because it serves as a source for selective work with
dry-growing and. cold-enduring strains of rice. In spite of the
variety of rice. We consider this culture to have all-Union
rice reaches 10 percent of the total sown area. An important feature
to 'be fou'rld the winter cultivation of the dry-growing Adzhar
plants which should be encouraged and be grown on field scale.
extraordinary significance. It is to be understood that the cultiva-
tion of rico must be left intact in this region or show some prospects.
iBu.t the rice strains must be widely made use of. Rice meets here
such competitors as the geranium, New Zealand flax, lemon sorghum
The development of winter vegetable raising must also be subjected
to the elimination of .nter cultivation of rice in Kobuletskiy Rayon.
In plain zone the principal crops should be New Zealand flax,
volatile--oil plants, eucalyptus, and secondary - podzolic tea, etc.
In view of the restricted area of land suitable for winter
vegetable growing in this region, (approximately several hundred
hectares), it is obviously bound to have a limited local consumer
importance,
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EsTrnciEi
Even to a lamer extent than Sukhumskiy Rayon, the region
under description must be subjected to the development of the
cultivation of the more valuable subtropical fruit, such as
tangerines ranges s as well as the growing of arrowroot tangerines and o plants
in shady humid places, and to an increase in the growing of palms
industrial use, eucalyptus trees, etc Bamboo should be grown
for
an industrial scale., his region is the warmest in the
in ravines on
USSR and best provided with rainfall~ for the year around. Here there
.
should be organized the first introductory nursery for the raising
of subtropical and to some extent tropical plants.
VTx7(u) ~l'he Foothill belt of Adzharisrnand Guriya, with podzol.ic
, _ _...._..
gresh..boraci.c soils9 ranging in elevation from 00 to 900 meters,
annual rainfall of approx!rlately 2, 000 millerneters, and
having an
annual temperature of 12 degrees, which is higher in some places
all
( Sureb . The soils are argillaceous and stony-sand. The
~. and . T^,h~.vz }
region includes former Kedin Uyezd, the highland part of Kobulet
tTyezd and Khevsko_Surebslciy Rayon of ozurget Uyezd,
y
he present time the region is characterized by a strong
At t
development of grain growing, with corn at the head. Furthermore,
the so ~ of corn is on a monoculture basis, more than 90 percent
w~nn a
of the sawn area being g devoted to it. Tobacco raising is practiced,
especially in Guriya, where the strain has no independent significance,
being used in mixture with ot1ier tobaccos. In the Guriya section of the
e ~,
region (oxtail millet is grown. The relief of the region, with much
territory consisting of steep slopes, is little predisposed for field
cultures and better suited for arboreal plants, in particular, bamboo.
For this region there should be planned here the development of
s and arboreal plants, with bamboo in ravines and gulches.
fruit tree
PCTEit
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 Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
eastern part of the lowland has a lower relative atmospheric humidity,
RES Tfli TED
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to those in the preceding zones, but not from the point of view of
leguninous plants and the soy beano Minter crops should be similar
culture is possible here, and Shpuld primarily consist of tobacco,
be eliminated from this region and r eplaced by tobacco. Field
raising, etcd, must be developed. Corn and the kidney bean should
i'ESTBICTEfl
The camphor laurel, the persimmon, the mulbery tree for silk
feed crops as stock raising here is hardly practical. The cultivation
of tea is possible in the Surebi and Khevi defiles
XXVIII(7) The Koikhid lowland which is partly watered by Supsa, Rion
and Khobis~Tskhaii Rivers, It inc:Ludes the lowlands of the former
Senak Zu7didi and Ozurget Uyezdsm The climate is humid subtropical.
The probability of freezing weather is much greater than in the Batum
Rayone The first frosts appear toward the end of December. Freezing
weather is rare in archo Bays without a thaw are very rare and
sometimes Cl() not exceed 1-2 for a ten-year period. The absolute
minimum temperature in an individual instance has reached minus
11.5 degrees centigrade (at Poti) o The average minimum has b een for
~
several years minus L,0 degrees centigrade. The maritime part of the
lowland is characterized by a warmer winter and a less hot stammer,
than the inland. lowlands, The annual rainfall is also uneven
throughout the territory -W in Poti it is 1,600 millimeters, but
in the eastern pant of the lowlands 1,200-1,300 millimeters, The
maximum precipitation takes place in the summer and autumn, while
at Batum it is in the fall and winter4 The driest month is Mayo
rr'he region is subject to heavy downpours, up to 100 millimeters, and
even 200 millimeters at a single time. The snow cover on the average
stays 9-10 days during the year, rarely as much as 15 days. The
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areas, and trampled over by cattle, in part by grasses on the sand dunes,
and finally, to a considerable extent w~ by different kinds of marshes
interlaced. with lianas, and in part by shrubbery, growing in cleared
sprinr. . The 1{o]_khid lo~Jland is covered in part by low deciduous
woods, tia?th underbrush of evergreens, extremely dense and strong,
contrary, is subject to the action of oehn'winds, especially in
because it is not subject to the action of sea breezes, and, on the
over the. marshes and in the creation of favorable conditions for
take away tremendous quantities of silt, which has gradually resulted
in a higher elevation for these places, resulting in their domination
as a result of the character of the relief, tending to retain
water, remaining from river inundations and rains , They are to be
divided into three groups marshy, podzolic and alluvial. The
rivers of the Kolkhid lowland, especially the powerful Rion River,
The soils of the Kolkhid lowland are saturated with moisture,
(sedge, rush, peat, etc.).
vegetation. The marsh sails should be drained, with work in this
connection already having started. With the drainage of large areas
of the Kolkhid lowland and their transformation, together with the
alluvial soils, into agricultural areas, there should be wide
possibilities here for the development of subtropical 'orahches of
agriculture, worked together into large farming enterprises,
'
area; with a monocult~.J.re; of corn, which occupies about 95 percent
At the presei~t time the region still is a consistent grain crop
centners, depending on the degree of soil impoverishment, the
of the sown. area, especially in the western part of the lowland on
the alluvial deposits in the lower reaches of the Rion and.Khobis-
Tskhali Rivers. The corn yi.:eld vacillates here between 12 and 20
ESTHCTEfl
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field culture, inasmuch as the cattle live on green pastura e
~a
fertility of which is maintained by new silting and the growing of
legumes in-between corn rowse Manure fertilizer is not used in
and the collection of small quantities of manure is done only in
the areas near living quarters.
Of the varieties of corn, there is grown the Kutais hybrid''
of the dent type, which is late maturing, tall, and with two ears
on the average per stalk.
In-between rows of corn there are considerably widespread
sowings of soya and the kidney bean. Inasmuch as soya bean here is
an old culture, used in baking bread (soya-bean flour is added to
corn flour in the baking flat loaves). and as a feed crop (hay).
There is also sown foxtail millet and white lupines, The surplus
of corn grown here is used for export and for raising small livestock
(hogs and poultry). To a very small extent in the region there is
cotton cultivation without irrigation (of the type of Kutais
gymnosperm related to the Gossypium punctatum), also the growing
of rye grass, as a feed crop, and the raising of vegetables. All
of these branches have only local consumer significance.
In studying natural and economic factors, we have reached
the conviction that in the process of reestablishing plant cultivation
9
the region must be. subjected to big changes.
The Five,Year plan presupposes the organization in this region
of an important crop raising base along the lines of subtropical
of "rami" on the light alluvial deposits, and of New Zealand flax
on the heavier ones.
textile crops, in part -"ram!" and New Zealand flax, with the planting
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r &4i,
/,
i;
First of all one must take into consideration that the region
has not yet been oriented nor prepared for the development of
plant cultivation. The entire Kolkhid lowland may be devoted to
growing "rami", provided there is careful drainage and preparation
of the soil. Particularly suitable. are the first and second terraces
of the Rion and other rivers, In view of the lack of drained land,
"rami" is still grown on old plowed land, with low lying subsoil
waters (not higher than l meter), with sari plowing and the
bringing in of manure fertilizer.
The western (maritime) part of the lowlands is more suitable
for "rami". The eastern part is subject to foehn winds, which have
a harmful effect on "rami". The Rion valley, generally speaking,
is with respect to soil the best possible region for "rani", but it
requires protective planting against the foehn winds. Experience
shows that good results are achieved with New Zealand flax. New
Zealand flax can grow in very damp places and even in marshy areas
if simple drainage ditches are made. The variety growing in the
USSR gives a coarser, but very durable fiber, which is of exceptional
quality for making binder twine, cable, etc. While for."rami" we have
a not-soeObad starting stock for. seLection and grade experimentation,.
with respect to New Zealand flax there is little quality stock and
technologically limited,.and not at all suitable for making thin
cloth. For this reason, and also because of the extremely favorable
Kolkhid lowland for New Zealand flax, which can become its specific
region, it is necessary to take steps to obtain the valuable varieties,
which are to be found in New Zealand and which are a monopoly of that
coutltry and have a high reputation,
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The cultivation of g eranium and lemon sorghum has for this
The cultivation of the club palm should also find a place here.
and is o the influence of heavy rains, `which take on here a harmful
standpoint, the question of the influence of foehn winds
region theoretically favorable conditions,
character, have not yet been studied. Both with respect to winds and
downpours, the lave of the geranium, which require dampness, may be
spoiled,
of the other industrial field cultures there should be grown
in this region the soyfi bean. The great capacity of this subtropical
region, where obviously subtropical field crops should predominate
(among them "ram Tt, etc.), allows a sown area to be completely set
this, soya hay, after harvesting, can play a certain role as an
insuring agent in case of crop failure of other feed crops. The
aside for the soy. bean, which does not have to be considered as an
independent, but as an intermediate culture. Corn must inevitably
disappear as a food crop, in spite of the fact that this is the
principal region in the entire TransCaucasus for growing it and
giving market surpluses, It can retain its significance here only
within the framework of supplying grain feed for poultry and hog
raising, and sometimes stalks and leaves for silage. Its concomitant
cultivation with the soya bean; which is sown in-'between rows, makes
it feasible to keep corn in this region, to the extent of several
percent of the total sown area. Besides, corn may be grown here
through mixed sowing with "dolikhos", which develops into a tremendous
green mass in the s econd half of summer. The soy, bean is thought.
of as an oil"bearing plant, used in oil cakes for feed, but besides
peanut suffers in this region from "fuzarioza".
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The r egl ?`an can develop its own productive stock raising,
eeds and those of nearby localities.
..completely satisfying its own. n
A whole can serve for feed, divided into
series of . special . crops
swnmer and winter crops. In winter we have turnips, leaf (brain)
cabbages, winter rape, Alexandrian clover, vetch, lees, etc.
.
As summer crops there should be mentioned: sorghum (for silage),
feed sweet potato, crotalaria, r'Ya grasses, paspalum, etc. parallel
to this, the cultA ?Vation of green fertilizer plants, such as the.
velvet bean, ntsiamopsis", and a number of others, should receive
wide development by using the winter growing season. These were
mentioned by us for the preceding regions.
Winter-SO wn white lupine should acquire extraordinary
significance in this region for planting on alluvial'Tsoils,
especially the multileaf, few-spiked varieties, like the winter
be found in the collection of the Institute for
shrub farms to
This can become of primary significance not
plant Cultivation.
only with respect to supplanting manure, but also from the point
of view of feed if there should be planted and propagated non
alkaloid types.
The growing of the sweet. potato as a food and fodder crop
should be widely encouraged an the light alluvial soils of the
?n those places where there are no close subsoil waters
region a.
and where in general there is no supersaturation of moisture, and
eze-sWe t hilly areas. It would be necessary
even possibly on the bre P
to setup experimental sectors for testing different varieties in
,
2 or 3 locations of the region and to construct sweet potato storage
facilities with dryers.
vegetable growing, the region is very
With respect to winter
The lack of
I prom non-marshy areas of the Rion valley.
promising in the
REST IIICT EB
? l ?
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'~~~ W I Y I Js 4 'Ya ka~ yfs~ !.~~YtM t ~~ 7 f ,i, it 118 P' I ~
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manure for the vegetable sown areas may be supplemented by total
lupine fertilizing together with the addition of the missing
phosphorus and potassium in the form of superphosphates (or the
cheaper phosphorite fertilizer) and potassium salt, as well as by
the proposed development of stock raising, though on a consumer
basis, with possible accumulation of manure. Sametredinskiy Rayon
as well as the b elt?,of?slopes along the railroad, is suitable even
now, while the proposed of the lowland will increase the
land area for vegetable growing. A competitor may be found in? the
early-growing garden strawberry, which has already proved to be, in
Soviet practice, of export value. Construction in the Kolkhida
lowland of large power plants requires the supplying of workers to a
large extent with vegetables, sweet potatoes, etc.
Much importance is not attached to fruit growing. in this
region. But it is important to determine the lemon growing possibilities
of the region. In Poti there are old but good fruit-bearing lemon
trees, which have not suffered during recent and past severe winters
when the tangerine plants were destroyed, even though they have grown
again from the roots. For protection against winds and for fighting
malaria, the protective planting of eucalyptus trees of the more
winter-resisting and fast growing types should be widely carried out.
For this region there are planned areas for industrial plantations
growing the Lung oil tree (for the lac dye industry). The growing
of the mulberry tree should also be developed.
As can be' noticed from all that has been said, this region
has a special character, its great potentialities demand extensive
reclamation measures, like the draining of marshes, the clearing
of low-growing timber and shrubbery, the fighting against malaria
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materials ,~arranging to supply the local population with shipments
of grain, etc.
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(which here is on the scale of a:.national disaster), fighting
against the consequences of heavy rains, and making efforts to
crowd out the widely grown corn, orienting the entire territory
for establishing new crops. They require the construction of a
mineral fertilizer plant and of plants for the processing of raw
XKvTII(8) The lowland and hilly section of West Imeretiya, a
LJTJ
UJD to 200 meters above sea level. It includes the lowland section of
^ ~ r~.i^ i..r .r r i ?. rrr.+r. ? r rr~rr^?r^^.~~
former Kutais Uyezd.
This region extends latitudinally from Samtred to Kutais,
and even further. The climate is not as humid as in the preceding
region. There is a smaller rainfall. May and June are considerably
drier, sometimes quite dry. The relative humidity of the atmosphere
is relatively low. Frequently foehn winds blow from the northeast.
The rainfall is 1,200.1,300 millimeters, most of which occurs during
the winter. The average annual temperature is 1L~ degrees. The
average absolute minimum temperature for Kutais: is minus 6,1 degrees.
The soils around Kutais for a considerable area are river
alluvial deposits with an admixture of gravel, for most of the
remaining part
smaller degree.
podzolic.
Field culture does not play a basic role here and its greatest
economic significance is to be found in silk-raising and small stocks.
raising (poultryraising and hog raising). As in the preceding regions,
field culture is based on a monoculture of : corn, with in-between row
sos.ng of the soy/. bean, the kidney bean, and pumpkin.' Corn takes up
more than 90 percent of the plowed land. Cotton raising is on an
insignificant scale (without irrigation, the Kutais gymnosperm variety)
and has. 'no industrial significance. Tobacco is grown to an even
.9 0
roxi.matel
 ^
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4u"~~~ ~~1 V,
~4 1
Because of a dry spring, irrigation. is frequently resorted
to during the dry season.
In perspective, the region specializes in the cultivation of
European and partly subtropical fruits, for export and for the
local working population. The fruits are grown on podzo'Iic soil,
while only the light river alluvial soils are used for growing "rani".
For successful growing of. this crop protective trees must be planted.
For silk raising, there must be mulberry bush plantations. Corn, in
potatoes. is also possible here. Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
spite of its high harvest (up to SO centners), must yield its place
on alluvial soil to "rani". Besides "rani", light soils may be
devoted to growing sweet potatoes. With respect to feed crops, it
is necessary to encourage the winter cultivation of white lupine
(on alluvial soils), the winter cultivation of legumes, vetch, the
summer cultivation of the velvet bean, etc. The soy, bean and
feed crops (summer and winter) can be grown on podzolic soils under
orchard trees.
The transforming of Kutais into a socialistic industrial
center ( silk-weaving and t extile mills) , the proximity of industrial
anthracite and manganese mines and of a ferrous manganese plant at
Zestafoni, the canned goods combine being built at Kutais, urgently
call for establishing vegetable growing and dairying in this region.
For later vegetable growing ("tardivy") there are required alluvial
river soils. Consequently they must be broken down into three
categories;' "rani", late growing vegetables ("tardivy"), and the
sweet potato. The sweet potato can replace the ordinary potato
both in autumn and summer.
As regards early vegetable growing, that can be done on the
irrigated gravel soils, which become warm easily. The growing of early
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hEsTmCTEfl
XXVIII(9
The hilly belt of Central Imeretiya, varying from 200 to
600 meters above sea level. It includes the eastern part of the Rion
valley and the valleys of the lower reaches of the Kvirila rivers and
neighboring rivers. Here are included the hilly part of former
Kutals and former Shoropan Uyezds.
The climate is colder. Field culture is based on corn (more
than 95 percentand partly on cotton, (the gymnosperm), tobacco,
etc. A leading role is played by viticulture (Svir' wine). This
branch must continue to be a leading one.
Moreover, the development of subtropical and European fruit
growing (persimmon, medlar, fig, peach, cherry both vishnya and
chereshnya7)ryis::.planrned. In the northern part of the :region, on the
timber soils, fruit growing will become a leading culture. The
alluvial river soils must be set aside for the growing of "rani"
(principally), partly for vegetable growing for the workers in
Zestafoni, and for feed crops, Bread grains must be brought in.
Inconvenient land may be used by such valuable plants, as the
mulberry tree (for silk-growing), bamboo, cork oak, etc. It is
possible to grow American nuts - pecans.
Feed crops,.;both summer and winter, are needed everywhere,
and are of the same kinds as in the preceding regions.
XxviiI(10) The foothill zone of Abkhaziya and Min eliya, varying
from 500 to 900-1,000 meters above sea level. It includes all the
former uyezds of Abkhaz SSR within the limits of the indicated
altitude, as well as parts of Zugdidi and Senak former Uyezds. This
highland zone is characterized by.a very broken relief, a moderately
warm climate, with a rainfall of 1,700 and more millimeters, It is
covered by mixed forest of the mountainous zone and has river slopes
REST~BCT~D
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^e+ ;; ~d~ ~ n a f
suitable for plant cultivation. The soils are varied, being more
frequently humus-carbonaceous and sometimes noncarbonaceous.
At present the principal agricultural branches are: field
culture, stock-raising, and partly?apiculture. Of the field` cultures,
corn is predominant, the Kutais hybrid being g rown, as everywhere else,
in.West Georgia. But here the dent tendency of this hybrid almost
completely disappears, and is replaced by the flint type of hybrid.
There already begins in this zone the cultivation of wheat
primarily soft and principally the non-bearded varieties (Lyutestsens
and Mileturuln), and partly the bearded varieties of Eritrospermum and
Ferrugineume There also is grown a Caucasian endemic variety of
wheat (Triticum persicum). To a small degree barley, rye, potatoes
(Early Rose variety), tobacco, and hemp are grown. The red seed,
non creeping, fast maturing variety of kidney bean is sown together
with corn.
Because of the distance of individual localities in the region
from good transportation, corn, kidney beans and wheat (winter)
are significant here only to a slight degree, and also because
suitable land is limited.
On the whole, the region should be devoted to such nut-bearing
crops as pecans, walnuts, hazelnuts, etc,, `crops which can be easily
transported, as well as European seed-bearing plants. Here the cork
oak should be cultivated on a wide scale.
XKvIii ll) The, highland zone of Abkhaziya and Adzharistan va `n in
elevation from 1,000 to i SOO meters above sea level. This zone
enters into all uyezds of Abkhazii and Khudoyskiy Rayon of Adzharistan.
ryy 9{ ~ ..A
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i
p
The climate of these regions is moderately cold, with a winter
of mangy snows. Timber covers these highlands to a considerable degree.
~?
is
Wheat and. barley are sown in the more level open areas.. The region
Field
cultivation.
table for tobacco, nut, apple and berry
culture sui of ! a consumer nature must preserve. its significance. There
is possible the cultivation of Racha and other highland.faetari.penng
varieties of flint corn with small ears), the cultivation of soft
wheats. (winter), and in particular Persian wheat (summer), and of
summer barley. The growing of grain legmmes and also `various
vegetable craps is needed. Wide promotion `should be given to the
and sown feed grasses in the areas reserved for
growing . of potatoes
fruit orchards.
VII 1(12) .. foothill Imeretiya and Lower Racha-Lechk
xX The Eastern
in hum
? from 600 to l OOU meters above sea level. This
va ' n elevata.on
includes the eastern part of the former Shorapan Uyezd and the lower
part of the former Racha~?Lechkhum Uyezd.
The climate varies from moderately warm to moderately-cold.
cover . Precipitation is up to 1,300..1,100
Winter is with snow
' 1 forest and to a lesser degree
millimeters. The soils are grey?sol
humus-carbonaceous.
considerable development in viticulture and
The region has a
field culture. Corn takes up more than 80 percent of the sown area.
met with to a considerable degree, and to a
Here winter wheat is
small extent, summer barley.
'Racha are little prevalent. A small place
The hard wheats of
of other field cultures is given to ordinary' millet and to foxt~.l
millet. Animal husban (small) is developed only on a consumer
.a growing siderable importance (seed varieties). growing is of can
wale. Fruit ~' (
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E~4
 c
In perspective, the region offers a foundation for the development
of viticulture and fruit culture, as well as stock-raising, which must
be serviced by sown feed grasses, using together with them natural
pasturage and feed (beechnut for hog-raising, and acorn).
Field culture is not adequate to feed the population.with
its own grain and bread grains must be brought in. Winter sowing
of hard and soft wheats is possible, and fast-'maturing flint Racha
corn, summer barley, food and fodder potatoes for hog-raising are
grown.
xXVIII(13) The UpperpRacha (Verzhne Rachinsko e) and U er-Lechkhum
meters to more than 18,000 meters. It includes the former verkhniy
~ - rr 5
Racha-Lechkhum Okrug,
The climate is moderately cold, with' an annual temperature
varying from 6 degrees to 8 degrees and an annual rainfall of about
1,200 millimeters. The winters are long and with a deep snow cover.
The region of deciduous forest changes with altitude to pine-fir
forest. The soils are forest grey clay with different hues, The
percentage of sown area is insignificant, only about 6 percent.
The population, because of the difficult conditions for farming
and the insignificant sown area, takes part in seasonal trades. The
poverty of the soils makes it necessary to fertilize with manure.
Animal husbandry plays a dominaht: arole. Both large dairy cattle and
small animals are raised.
For elevations up to 1,Jj00 meters, corn takes first place
in field culture, occupying here LG.3'4i5 percent of the sown area, in
some places less, in others, more. Local flint fast-maturing varieties.
are gown. In the 1,1i.00-1,200 meters zone, there is cultivated a short,
Verkhne-Lechkhumskoye)
rya ~1, ~~ryddd Hy'~5111 4ia1i iia +s it
na~l
? 4t
lateaus varying in elevation from 1,000
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6
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Declassified and Approved For Release 2012/03/23 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100220001-6