NITROGEN IN THE AGRICULTURE OF THE USSR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100200008-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: R
• Document Page Count: 100
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Sequence Number: 8
• Publication Date: February 21, 1952
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT

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I
PART III sTAT
NITROGE HE AGRICULTURE OF THE USSR
INCREASING YIELDS AND THE ROLE OF NITROGEN
IN AGRICULTURE
The whole history of agriculture in Western Europe gives
evidence that the principal condition determining the average yield
in different periods was the degree to which farm crops were supplied
with nitrogenm There was athousand-year period during which the
three-crop method predominated from the tune of Charles the Great
to that of Lavoisier when there was na systematic flow of nitrogen
from the outside into farming as a whale, and nyti^ogen was mere~,y
transferred from the meadows into the fields (through hay and manure}.
.But, as the meadows were plowed up with the growth of the population,
this source of supply became more and more scarce, and by the 18th
Century, yields were stabilised for most of Europe at 7 centners per
hectares Later, when clover began to be grown, toward the end of
the 18th Century in England, and even. earlier in Delgium and Holland,
the crap rotation system was substituted for the three-crop method,
and soil was enriched with air nitrogen through clover, both directly
through the root remnant; and indirectly through the manure obtained
by the use of clover hay 'as fodder. As a result, yields were gradu-
a17~r daubl~d, becoming in the above-mentioned countries twice as high
i'.Ay
(l~ to 16 centners} as in the Middle Ages.
For a long time no notice was taken of this relative saturation
of farming with nitrogen, just as no notice is taken of the air oxe
breathes, until the problem of the importance of nitrogen in the life
~,f
of plants was expla.c~.t~r stated ~by Hussengo ~ He proved first of all
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� action of 'mineral fertilizers
tuacalMchemical section in wh~.ch .the
c om that of manure.) This gave me
no /anger differed in extent fr
s ring of .1927 an article erita.t~.ed
the opportunity to write in the P
n, the Ef f eet of ~.neral
` t~ 'c Error of Evaluation When Determining
Chroni
� Dint in
~ ~ tt that ear turned out to be the turn~.ng p
Fertiln.zers, and Y
' th f ertil~.z ere, for it was then
uo of eXper~ments wa.
the settinb 1
tment of NIUIF, which Z headed,
A that the Agricultural-Chemistry' Depsx
' eriments't . The
a11ed "geographical. networlt of exp
organized the ~o c
� diate evidence of the fact that
data of these experiments gave one
' o en as in the, West are app~ed in the
where the same doses of ~-tr g
� don the serozems of Middle Asia, the same
region of podzola.c soa.ls an
and potatoes)
is obtained (experim,ents with cotton, flax,
effect .
hat industrial crops also respond
Moreover, it appeared later on, t
m soil(such as su,ar beets and hemp),
to nitrogen on the Chernoze
and to nitrogen, where they do not
but grains also def ~.n~-te~y resp
is made it possible for the chemical
f o11ow bare f allow v All th
tar e scale and to start carrying it
industry to set up a plan on a g
� T n. During the Second Five-�Y'ear Plan,
out in the First Fa.ve fear Pla
� - esearch Institute of Fertili-
nt~ic R
data of the VIUAA (All-Un1on Scie
and A rotechnics Under the, People's
zers, Agr~,cultuxal So~.l Sca.ence, g
� U SR showing that the use of mineral
Commissa~'iat of Agriculture S )
t not on],y on the experimental fields,
fert~.la.zers gives good resin s,
� IdIUIF were set ups but also in conju~~c-
where the QXper~.ments of the
� ' ues that were alreac~r in use in
tion with the agra.cultux'al ~echna.q
� of collective and state farms. Thereupon
192 to 1931 on the fields
� 'ts ower~'ul developments showed so clear~?'
the Stakhanov movement, in ~ p
t herd anyone would maintai~,,,that
the im ortance of fertilizers tha
p
otk~er stages .before coming to the
we should first go through some
. It is chara~terist~.c that record.
I,
application of m~,nexal f ertila.zers.
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t
ti
ro s obtained b the Stakhanavites coincided with the period when
c p Y
the reduction of mineral fertilizers in our country .became large-
p

' scale.
We must of courses take into account the historical develop-
s
ment of a riculture in Western Europe, but this does not at all mean
g
t we must as some have thought, go successively through, all the ,
tha ,
sta es which took place th~re� ~It was maintained that first we had
g
o introduce rays-sowing' go through a stage of pure manure farming9
t g
in order to improve the pY~sical properties of the soil, and only
then consider using mineral fertilizers � ~ "Wby, in England they
started using mineral fertilizers 100 years after the introduction
f toss-sawin " Besides an incorrect account was often given of
a g g)
the history of agriculture in ~Jestern Europe, and the fact was can-
sealed that it was not the field-grass rotations, but a pure crop
rotation system, utilizing a one-year sowing of clover without timothy
which had first led to a doubling of crop yields in the West and later
o th it further increase after the introduction of mineral fertilizers. )
t e
O~ax task consists in catching up with and surpassing within a short .
eriod of time the econamicall~r advanced capitalistic countz�ies~ and
p
we can and must do this availing ourselves simultaneously of all the
possibilities which are at the disposal of a systematically develop
i.ng socialist agriculture and not slavishly imitating an~r ready-made
patterns.
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STI~L'CT~L7RE G1~ TI~1~E NST~~iCGETd ~~S~NC~~~ :IN DIh'h'Er~E~a~' CG~1N~f~~~E~i
SYNTI-jE'I'lC ~?~~D BIOI.~?r~IC ~L 1~117.'~IGGEN
she rapid development of the nitragen industry after the
first ~TOr1d ~a.r caused. nonagricultural circles to think that
this factor crawled out all others and that it was mainly re-
:au
spansibl.e far the high crop yields obtained in countries with a
highly developed nitrogen industry, But, in practice, nowhere did
the new sources of nitrogen ~ synthetic ammonia, calca.um nitrate,
etc. } replace clavier nitrogen and manure nitra~er~; in all cases
they re-supplemented the earlier-known procedure and increased the
total amount of nitrogen i ntrod~aced into the fanning cycle, thereby
raising to an even higher level those yields ~ahich in ~~lestern Europe
were already rather high, thanks to clover-sawing witl~ simultaneous
use of phosphates and potassium salts.
Tn all the T~testern countries they are even now continuing
to proce�;d by complex means, with tz~ro metl~ad.s being utilized for
fixing air nitra~:en, namely, the technical method, feasible with
the help of expensive. equipi~nent only in specific places, where there
a.re concentrated sources of energy (coal depo4its, waterfalls),
and the biola~ica.l method, practicable ever~ahere because it
utilizes polar enemy and requires no equipment, but uses instead x
clover, lucerne and other r~.tro~~en-collectors which fix the air
nitrogen ~n7ith the same source of energy that aids them in fixing
carbon.
t
both anethods of solving the nitrogen problem have their
positive aspects a,nd their difficulties; they mutually supplement
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a .
k=
etel replace each ather� synthetic .
one a.nather but cannot carnpl y
l Ve swift action in carlnectian
e b O ~
'z d
nitrogen is character- y
i h assimilability of synthetic factory
with the sol.ub~la.ty and h
� tem. o of ya.eld incxea:se}; (2)
o s Bible a rap~.d p
products (making p
1a,ted to the high concentration of nitrogen
easy transportab2l~.ty re
. 'n ` nthetic urea. there is a hundredtimes
content (far. example, y
assabilit of transporting
nitro en than in manure), and the p y
more
ll� 3) the pos~~ibility of considerably
` it to .any 1oca.lity at w~. ,
e cro rotation with industrial crops to
greater saturation of th p
nthetic nitrogen (thus, tyre could not de�-
than in the absence of y
~ ~~rcenta e of the area
-ton far a lane time such a large
vote to cot
on- rowing regions were not mostly supplied
in Middle Asia ~.f the cott g _
� ~ z rs (1.i.) at the same ti~71e the large-sea,le
with r~itragen fert~l~. e } ~
elo s far other reasonfi too besides the a.gz,i~.
nitrogen rnduutxy d.ev p
} all it is connected with the i~ra,r industryo
cultural ones above
c- tic nitrogen is always rrtore expensive than manure
but ,-,~nthe
even in countries with a highly developed
Hill�a~en, arAd therefore
P ira su plying agricultural p~.ants with
industry the ma.:t.n rol~ p~
rithetic ni trogen but by biological
nitro~~en ~.s not played by y
na_tro en of Clover ha.y ~s transferred to manure.
nitrogen since the g
al rrtethod of fixat1,on of air nitrogen costs
1n effect, the b~.olag~.c
1 the ea~~~enses! of c~_over or lucerne cultivation are
rtatha.n.g wh.er~, al I
' C k-raisin . ]~revertheles? biala~iea~. nitrogen
paid. foi by la.v~utac g
a.dvanta�,e of cheapness has its shortcomings
w~.th the ina~.~putable
etic nitr~og~n; it is Hat ~tr7z7spartable and
in comparison w~.th synth .
off' cpurse, it ca.nnat be directly utilized ,
is very slaw-ac~~in~;, and,
`r es~ We ' Dint auto hawev~r~ ghat the rllare clover
far defense ~ur~os p t+~
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~ ~ ~ i~ ~'~C ~ ~ s is ~ i S a ~ , L: ~ r i i~~, i~ i~ ~ i1U ~ ~ ~ ~1F L,r I r r > > 1 ~ "N
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'f Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1 J
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sowin ,s there are in the co~~ntry, the, .richer it is in livestock
a.nd r~tanure, the le s would bread-~;Z~ain yae ].d s be affected in a
drawn-out war by a Lack of technical. nitrogen.
The quantitative r. ela,ta.an between both nitrogen sources, of
course, is different. in var. ions countries,', and in principle, a.f' there
were no causes af' amilitary-political order., it should depend -
an tYt.e first instance on the density of population: namely, the
..,realer the 1.at~ter, the larger the percentage af' acreage that would
have 'to be OCCUp1ed by f00d. Crops and the smaller the a,~:~ea that
could. be occupied by fodder crops (a.nd among the latter the first
place is taker preci.scly by nitrogen-collectors). In this
connection we ~~.ave the greatest poss:ibili~ty of ~rxpandin~, the area
under natrogen~-collectors (at the expense of enlarging the plowing,
area}, but wathln the limits of ~lestern Lurope a significant
;r ,
va.ria.tian may be observed ~.n contiguous county�ies. Let us compare,
for example, ind.ustria.l Gerrrtany with a.grieultur. al Denmark; Cxerma�ny
having (before ~aitler} a. high level not only of industry but of
' a~:riculture too much highe~� than in France. Denmarl~ has no ti
raw materaa.l for developing its industry; livestoc}s productw take
first place an its exports; and it is considered primarily an
a.gricultura.l country although in effect the ~aea.sants constitute
ant one third of the total papula.taan of the coi.lntry. .The principal
y
c~iff.ez�ence which is of interest to us :i.n ~t;his particular instance
w
is the fact that Germany .had 133 persons per square kilometer and
Denmark, 80; and 'this ~rliffez�ence will be sti1~. snore apparent ~.f we
i
take into account the f'a.ct ghat the .share of sow~.ng area per. persor7 c
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~
in Denmark rearhed as 'high as one hectare, while a.n Germany. a,t was ~
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s.ppro:~imately, ~
r ~ ~ ,with and outs
in itsolf would re salve the px obi-,,m of oatc,hin u~
� ~ .ram ecanoir~ic;a11;1' the ec~d~.n.~ capital ist co~an.tr~.e 5
sta xpp. n
��his ~~e must spec~.fy what we propose to cansider� s.s
To do ~
� n u wa.th and oratstr~,~ u~ th,e Vie st in the
the problem of catcha. ~ p Ap'
' ' c~zlture a Can the proble~l be cons~.dered as b~;~.n~
d~~xru~a.n of a~,ra.
.w ,v~erac~e field per hects.reB equal to or exceed
ghat o~ atta.a.ning an o y
� ~ ~ ra e field produced in tiUes"~;~European co~.~ntries?

I; :.n~ ~h ~ eve g Y

a

z � C as�ta.an ~~.~st be ans~~iex�ed nc~~ativ~~ly~ The prablem
This qu
d b mere comparison of yieldsB and the Baal a.s
oanrlu�~ be solve y
to ovez�taka Holland and Denmark i.n average yield
" ndt~ far exanlplaa
3p centriers per hectare } far th,e entire country
I�vel
r ~ d .our own ap r'oauh to the deterxn,a.raatiaxa, of
y~.e~.d
UVe z~~u~,t f ~.n ~
tiv how much acr~;age sl~auld ga under culti�vs,tion.
lr~val, so a.~ to kno
it is not only "the yield per hoc care, but
Natural lye
'vati.an as well, that are the faatars upozi which
acreage urlde r c~alt~.
sup b~ a,gricu~.tural pi^oducts of a country
de~aends the rata of ~p y y
' m az~a.san. (sr~e Table below} a.s su,.fficz.en�~ to shoe'
The fallow~�ng co p
er hr~c~are but la.ttle ~,nformation relative to
that yield p
'I
the ~,gni-~-ude a~ th~.s sup~ly~
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~
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T

t ~1oat Y~,e~,d Grain Yield
1~.
Ccun'Lries with in Centners Cour~tr�ie~ with (in Centn~xs
Grain De~'ic~.t por Hectare Grain Sc~i�plus per Hectare)
~Ia~.land 29.1 Az�~entine 8 ~ 7
~n~lanci m 5 Canads~ ~ 8
Gr; rman.y 2~. ~ 5 United States 1() ~ ~
(Avars,oe yields over the 19301934 period)
I~t cs,n be said in ~enere.l ,that the hi~,hes~~ yields pex
hecta~^e are chars,cter~.st~c a~' dense1.y popu~.ai~ec~, land poor c~r~untx~~s
v~rhich import gain, ~vhi~.e coun~r:~es hava.ng surplus gain and e~ppox~t~
ink it, produce much lov~ex yields psi^ 1~ectare, but do hs,ve plenty of
Nand ~.~d cansiderab~.e~ ai^eas a~' cu~.ti~rat~.on per c~,p~.ta~
In our cs.se 'both rou~~es are open ta~uard an increase i:o. av;~r~y
c,ll p~^odt~ct~.an, and, i.n con~;~^e.dist~.nct~.on to ~~1es~~~rn ~~t?�ope, we are
~`~�ee to ad~tits v e~.ther ~actar in ~.ncres;sin~; our production, sine
the acrea~G under cu:~tive.tion cansti~.ites b~~t 7~p8 percent of the
tote,. area of the rJ~~SR, ar appra~cime,tely 15 parcent oi' the ~.rable
land, on e:~cludin~ that which cansists of ttz~~dra, des�rt, cx~.~s,
.and ~~.ac.;iersa
Compute,tion o~ total production, which is thv result oba
r
tamed on mu].tiplyin~ tlae yield level by tha a.crea~e under c~~1.ti~
n
nation, must a~.~r~ays include deter!nination o� tkae ratio o~ ta'bal
production to numiber of inllabit~.nts, This was f req~.~ent~,y over-
lacked, especis.]:ly in earla.er prore~valutionat~y days, through
}
s
captivation by the huge vtt~.us of fetal yield vae oan swamp
~ ~ d
Eur ape") , in ~.eu oi' taki~n.g iota ace oun~ th� total abtai ned ps r
.
capita Ac'~ual~.y, such cs,lculatian shows that even duxinb the
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d and ears when Russia e.~ported grain' abr�ad, it l~ra~
sowca.lle ~ y
uced ~ fact no mare than many of the Western cauntr~:es import
d
' ~ ' ri as i s ae a.rent f ro;m the f oJ. sowing tabulat~.an of
~G our G,ra~, , ~ ~
' data cov'c~rinG the p�r~.ocl ~.908~1 X13
- ~ of Grain A].3. Variet~.es) ]?e?' --Capita ~in Csn~nex~s
,I'roduct~.an
Russia ~�0 F~port~er
Francs ~~3
Ger~n.e.ny ~ imparters
GwsJ.en 5 a0
Denmark "r , 0
Una, tad S~tat~e a ~.0 ~t~
j~a~~ters
.ArGentina :~0 ~0
Can~.ds, ~.9 �0
It is kna~~rn that the ebi~.ity of Russia to e~por't Grain de~
. ended sa~.e~. upcan the fact ths.'t tJ~e Russi.~~,n peS.iantt~ were �~,nvolunw
p ~
ter ve. etarians and 'arbors ~'roa~~ fattening hags. wha.l.s in Germ~.ny
y g
and DQnm~~rk our Ga�ain was e~tons~.ve~.y u~'~i~.a.zed far th~.s vary
purpase m
Vdhat production ~.evsl per cap~.ta is 'then ds~irabJ.s ~,n our
case? Lst us consider the production of gra~,ns
We sha].1 start 11r~.th t~~s assurnptian thi~t a necessary fquxldat~.on
" rovided b a liberal fLi].fil.lmex~t of t~ls needs food and feed
a. s p Y
4
rs,ina a~' the gz~owing popul~ti.on ~r~ithin the Union, ~i11y. takinG i.
g ~
into acoaunt yie~.d deviations frara tha average due tq inaonstanq;~
~,,n
rir
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6 ut. s. _ ~!~1 ~ ~ y,au,
n e' ~ ~n'"
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 ~ ' Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1
a
d
ort is
ditions but that development of grain exp
of climatic con ,
. blems. (Dans.sh and American practice
not arse of our. immeda.ate pro
of rain exists f or a country, it
has shown that when an excess g
t to ex ort the grain as such, bud the
is more advantageous no p
' d therefrom such as butter, eggs and
animal products obtaa.ne ~
tulate as a goal the provision on the
bacon.) We can thus, pos
rain of all kinds per capita of popula~
average of ~ centners a.f g .
s would provide ~ centners of gra~.n for
Lion, wha.ch in normal year
� a st ead minim of c entners of food
anima,/ feed, a.n addZta.an to y

f
bviausl delimitations between food and
grain per inhaba.tant � 0 y,
ict ones. Grain of value as Toad, such as
feed graa.n are not str
feed if available in excess, whereas feed grain
rye, a.s used as
i becomes foal when a harvest is poor. Tt
(barley, corn, oats),
't .available. The ~ centners figure exceeds
all a matter of quanta. y
volutiana level of our production per capita
two-f old the prere ~`J'
mediate between Danish production (the highest in
a~ad s irlt er
tin to 7 centners per capita, and that of the
. Euxope amours g
United .States.
� u h Denmark is 1.~..sted among the importers, it is es-
~.~,ha g
airs but sub-
sentiall an exporter. Originally it did export gr ,
y
' ed that �it was not worthwhile to deal an such
sequently ascertaa.n.
a corarnodity and began to convert grain rota bacon, butter
a the p
y gn ase.
r and e s and else t o bu, forei grain for the same pure
gg ~
ro - eld, er capita is a very good one, but the ~1
Thus, the Danish c p y~. p
k is ver .stable, while we requ~.re additional pro-
cla.mate of Den~tar Y
~ 3.
' o meet the eventuality off' poor craps due to climatic
va.sa.ons t
tons. On the ether hand, the United States, with its t
m f luctua a.
~ ~
~ ~ ~ ~ 1~;~I
t'~~
~
y', ~
M 7.u
~~d~
~,}r~ i
i1~
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i
~y.
r
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4 ~t1 N~ y.
~ ~
;l ,a ~ y;ti . ~ r"i' , .au
$ i I i
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Y ~~rr
~ y
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I
a~ d 1 f
~ p}�~~+~~ r. 'l~ ~ ~ im'.,4' ~ .d~ i i :pis
~ ~ y ~ i~ f yyyy ' v w~�~~,�, - ~
~ ' ~ : ~~t a a�w!1$F.4a}'ka~` 8~ , v 'J tL ~ G. Y~' w!wdr~4~~k~kfi - , ~~ra~n V .:~i 'smk~t~'s�mn'~mkr~+~i�~9,
w ~ '
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`l
,3,
4 _ ,
a:
P

�f
centners er capita, was in a position to can-�
production of 9-1D p
scale both stack-feeding and grain export to
duct an a large
roduction Level.of g centners per
Europe� The proposed average p
d s rovisions made to meet the conditions of ex-
- capita inclu e p
en ho feeding must be reduced ,(This level
ceptionally dry years, wh g
` in into account the size of our population in
corresponds, tak g
c. al of reducing g billion poods of ;grain set by y
F 1)39), to the go p
` re art ~o the lgth Congress o~ VKp
Comrade Stal~.n ~.n his p
e immediate aim, and subsequently we must furw
Of course thzs ~.s th
� ' n roduction bearing in mind not only a da.rect
then ~.ncrease gran. p ~
of rain consumption for food purposes, but also the
increase g
� ncreasin 'rain production f or use as feed. )
necess~.ty of greatly g g
vera e ears and the mare so in good years, it would per-
dura.ng a g Y ~
a ossible increase in such expert of grain, if
ma.t export or p
r the utilization of this surplus for industrzal pro--
necessary, o
' and increased production of animal products sua.table for
CBSSing
e cheese hams, smoked sausages, etc.). (Tf,
. prolonged storag ( s
ov~Ti a .bumper crap season, the 2-centner susplv.s of grain per
f oll ng
ed far ex ort the total amount would exceed I~G b~.llion
capa.ta ~.s us p 9
' ch is four times mare than the maximum export attained
tons, who.
under the Tsars.)
um~.n that in lieu of the 1~~ million population of the
Ass g
census the USSR were to compute 23o milla.on people, then ac--
1939 ~
`n to the proposed. scale, 181 mill.ian tans of grain would be
c orda. g
' ed To what y~.eld per hectare does this amount correspond? 'H
requ~.r �
' Wexan this question we must take intp consideration the
In any g
~~t
fallowing : ~ ~
~
4i
~ g - "r
4~
~ '?b?~
i~
V M YAM Jf~[ ,4~i
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ii
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r
;
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to ti~ -k Fu.+." Ag ..g_. y,-.:!cwt, .d 'Si 1 ,.:a7t'~~i,.~ 1' A6C1, `~~&~nBQ'j'~!G{ -:~N4 M tre~'~SC
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PY pp
;t,
i~ ~ ~ ~ '
f
r
Total production can
be wised to l8
diff~ren 4 m~�lli on eons in three
t ways;.
A� By producing on the
present acreage devoted to
~abou~ 110 million graa.ns
hectares) a higher avera e �
g' y].eld of Ce
e ,
n
r tri
e
p .hectare wa:thout rs

i ~pandang the acrea e
g .under cultivation�
$ � By increasin the
g grain prad.ucing area while rna�
xntainw
ing a lower. yield; for ins
Lance, by :producing a 1~�~centn
over an area of 130 mil er Wield.
l~.on hectares,
~y expanding the
area under cultivata.on not far the
production of .grain cro s
p , hu.t .for ~,n
increase in the acrea e and
clover andother nitr g er
ogen fa.xi,ng plants sous. to level
ra~.,,~,ng' abtaa.n more man oP livestock
ure, and increase y1.elds of grain
the present area crops on
(about 110 m~.llion hec
tares) of their cultivation
�
Let us consider eac
h of these cases separate/
7 y�
Due to the small
percentage of acreage under �
fixing plants, acid the co n~.tr, ogen�-
rrespandingly lower availabilit
supply? ~ order to attai y of manure
n an average yield of lb centners
per heCtaz~e on the grain
present area of
} cultivation (variant A
would be necessa it
ry to use large amounts
of ma.neral fertilizers fa
the productian of z
grain craps in arder to c
ompensate deficiency in
nitrogen and other nutr'
cents induced b
y inadeq~,te manurin
the small role of clove g and
rand other le ume
g s a.n the nitro en
But application of g' balance,
mineral fert~.lizers to gr"aan ~ ,ti
cro s
p on a '
scale is a di~'f~.cult Large
project far two r
easons;
' industrial ~a) the area under
and other cr '
ops requ;i:rin ~ ~w
g a.ntsnsa.ve cult~.vati~ ~ ,
n our
,
a
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Hp~M ir"l. < ^.~;.'e+~s~ i ' e r ~ ~ ~ , �~a;. a:.~... t .r.F!'at.,. ' ~I ,'z 1Y ~ r~~~ r~s
'#N1YffiT+b%" 9f~ ~~up=
ei
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9
1 � ~ +
' ~ 1 ~ b

Y:
ailed to l$1~ ~.11ian tans in three
'fatal production can be r
different ways:
resent acreage devoted"to grains
A . By Pr aduc a.n g on the p
hi her average yield of 16 centrists h ` u
(about 110 million hectares) a g
andin the acreage under cultivationd
perhectare wa.thout exp g
rain roducing area. while maintain
B, By increasing the g P
ce b roducing a 1~-�centner yield...
ing a lower yield; for instan , y P
over an area of 130 million hectare~�
e area under cultivation Wert far the
G � By expand~.ng th
t for an increase in the acreage under
production of gra~.n craps, bu�
fixi.n /ants, so as to develop livestoclc
clover and other nitrogen g P
nuts and increase yields of grain crops on
raising, obtain more ma ,
10 nla.llion hectares) of their cultivation.
the present area (about 1
Let us consider each of these cases separatelym
~7
he small percentage of acreage under nitrogen-
Due to t
r the corres andingly Lower availability of manure
� fixing planter, arLd P f
. attain an average yield of 16 centners grain
~pplyJ in order t o
resent area of cultivation (var~.ant A), it
per hectare on the p
e lar e amounts of mineral fertilizers for
would be necessary to us g
� o s in order to compensate deficiency in
the production of grain cr p
� r nutrients induced by inadequate manuring and
nitrogen and oche
cover ar~d other legumes in the nitrogen balance.
the small roleaf 1
f mineral fertilizers_ta grain crops on a large
But application o
o � ect for two rea,,,,~so�,n.
s (a) the area under
scale is a difficult pr ~
ra s requiring intensive cultivation in our .
a.ndustr~.al and other c p r.
~
~
~
3 ~ ~
'~~~.f,
q"
' ~ +1~~' .
~~r~
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~~~7..
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psi
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'r
r;
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~ r;. id i`.. ~ . t.. A S-~;! r:..,'.: k _ .w, ~ r'~.n ,t f t Y~{
~ ~ db .lp. N.G. a~i -~,,~nm- 1n. M.. 1�us.."~,d-J~.~ d ,-wA4~&aMA'A n. ~YAr ~'f1~.t~- o l,.H 7 r ,i., ~,4 0� Y'.
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M;..
``r
-a
,y
i
~
f~
b
r,
acrea e under cultivation a.n Germany
country exceeds the fatal g
hectares) and until these crops are pro-
(approx~.mately 20 million
Indust grain craps cannot be alto--
vided far by the chem~.cal ry,
i Mineral
of m7.neral fertilizers , (b )
sated substanta.al amounts
the most effective of them, the nitrogen
fertilizers (at least

r: ' ed on a large .scale to grain. crops o~-~"
fertilizers} can be apps -
� nation of grain and f e~,ilizer costs .
w~. ~h a proper coordl
of the three above-indicated vari-~
Hence, since the f~.rst
he least suitable, we could not adopt
ants, (A), is found to be t
such a course.
od B would make it possible to fay�ego
The second meth
fertilizers, at least of nitrogen fern.-
t _ appa.ication of m~.neral
� s ~ but it would be more acceptable if there
liters, to gra:~n crap ,
source of power, horses (ar oxen), rather
were to be used the old
ractor, .The latter requires additional years-Y exPen~
than the t
' ffi-
re da
e mo
h ar
'c
. ditures for fuel and fuel transpartat~.an, who.
� 'n thane areas best adapted for expansion
' - cult to meet preca.sely 1
land under cultivation (in Siberia}.
r of
variant (G} does not require an annual increase
The th~.rd
stations inasmuch as an acreage expansion of
of tract ar op 9
for lanti.ng of forage crops would necessi-
25_3 ~ percent needed p
' an first utilization of new areas } of the
fate but o.~ plow-ng ( '
� sunder forage crops need not be plowed every
land, since area
nt of this variant must be coordinated
year.. Further developme
k devela meet. This variant deserves ~ .
with the rablem of livestoc
r
t there axe possib9.lities of combining it
most cans~.deration, bu
-
s
, 1 y
E.
S ;r
~yi:
~3i~
e r~ ,
r
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~ r
f .
j~
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i .w....
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y~
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u
i ~ ~
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e J
y CJ~i;
n ! I "'L k;t Y3 L! it : is .r+r `I Ff
I _ , , nk . ' ~t s. 7..
~ ' i ~ A:;~~ : 'i. it w. b~~.i i it ~ , a ~k~~. . ~ -:a~eP" ~ r~eew ~ i ~ sk ~;:.`:im~(
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1

r
t
1
`
1 ~ r
t r,
~i
with a partial utilization of variant B.
In surr~narizing what has been said before, we arrive at
the conclusion, that essentially we must adopt the course of
increasing grain production by raising the grain yields to about
~ the lb centners per hectare level and utilize to a lesser extent,
in the near future, the expansion of acreage under grain cultiva~
Lion for the attainment of this gaol. A total expansion of
~lawla d s~, hould
thus
afford the passibilit~r,of~increasxn~
matrie ercenta~e of our cultivated laird devoted to
c~.over
y' and ather__nitrogen fixin crops without decreasing the area used
for runs the production of which is to be raised considerably
mainly by increasing yields�
Insofar as industrial craps, potatoes, vegetables, and
fruit's, are concerned, we must naturally utilize bath methods ex--
tensively - t~1at of expanding acreage under cultivation, and that
of sharply increasing yields, in which a tremendous part would be _
played by appli.catian of organic as well as mineral fertilizers,
(The necessity of increasing yields is based upon the fact that
with low yields we expend at least twice the amount of labor in
the mechanical treatment, that is, in pre-planting plowing, and
in tending rhrring the grcmr~.ng stage (if this labor is c amputed not
on the hectare basis but per unit of product), Thus, to obtain the
same amount of potatoes we cultivate and nest twice, or even three
times, the area required in Western Europe, because our yields of
potatoes are but half as large, Arid the more effort is spent on
cultivation and care of plants during growing (as in the case of
r~~
.beet, cotton and tobacco crops) the more disadvantageous becomes
f(
s~
r{
, ~
,';r~
~~h '1
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rl', ~ ,s
I` ~
y
r. fr
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ti
r
~':E
l
' s ~.th `gilds as low as those we have been
the production of crop ~
' to and the higher the cast per lobar unit ex-
obtaarn.ng h~.ther ,
eratians with further application of fer-
pended a.n mechanical op
an increase in yields is our. primary problem,
t~.li~ers. Hence,
a e under cultivation, in combination with
while expans~,on of ac re g
sfer northward for grain craps, constitutes
a certain amount of Iran
our secondary, reserve means.}
nt will the ta~al amount of nutrients removed
'~o what exte
'ncrease should our a r~culture be devel_ alon
in the craps. a. ~ -
~ b 'ousl during the course of this process consider-
such lines . 0 v~. y
uld occur in the ratio of nitrogen removal on the
able changes sho
d these of phosphorus and potassium on the other,
one hand, an
since removal of phosphoxv.s and potassium would increase as a
hi er 'gilds and also through expansion of the area
result of gh ~
cultivation. Higher percentage of area crapped to clover,
under
a and other legur?ies~ would further raise removal of phos-
alfalf
' sand ota.ssium since these plants draw from. the sail mare
phoru p ~
sh- roducing elements than the grain craps� As to nitrogen, the
a p
' ducin increased. removal is the increased yield of
main f aet ar In g
' industrial crops, but, if expansion of total plowland
and
ra~.n
g
' to be utilized mostly for an increase of acreage under
area a.s
en fixin craps this should not cause increased nitrogen
nitrog g
from the sail which takes place only by increasing ya.elds.
removal ~
On the. basis of the figure of ~..9 ma.ll~.on tons of nitrogen
ondin to the total nitrogen removal by crops, as produced
corresp g
in 19 7 and assuming a proportiona~,ly greater removal of r~:trogen
3,
r increase of average grain crop y~.elds up to l6 centners per
a
~ 1~pi ,
'S~'
_ _ ,
+fl -
I:1
n ~ t~
i, f
~
f+~~i~'
}ifd _ ~ i~~,
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i,
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t
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Y ~ ~ ~ r 'rfVl~ ` f'
r r ^ b7~ i r F.i;,:{' r.. ~ N~`9 ~ 1 o-~~h 4~ 'cy~"~ t ~ ^v ~l ~~~F~ } -
m, T,: .1 :.'w ~Y ~ rr' %it! IS`u 4114 t~ 6�`, ~
-l~v' ,~d-rw'.~.~~~'~. N+Ya a 'si f r~Y `;p, ~ ~v a `t., w
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fl . {
. _
I-
` .
i
V
million
ernava]. should amount t o 7 . g4
hectare, the total n~.trogen r NAA
,e detailed computations, made at the V
tons per annum. Mox
Neva resulted in a somewhat
by Scientific Associate M. Kuras ,
en. These
�n to g�2 million tons of nitrog
higher value amou,nta. g
ase of acreage under grain crops
computations presupposed an incre
an average ya.eld of 16 centners per
to 115 million hectares and
beet to 1�7 ma:llion hectares and a
hectare that under sugar
otatoes to
rs er hectare; the acreage under p
.yield of 270 centne p
'eld of 15~ centners per hectare.
10,'7 million hectares and a y1
o s were assumed as .follows : coat an,
Yield levels of other cr p
tare ~ flax, 5-b centners of fiber
22 centners of .cotton wool per hec ,
ds 15 centners per hectare; tobacco, ~
per hectare; sunflower see ,
D
00 centners per hectares and so
centners per hectare; kak-sahg~, 1
f arch.
t of agricu].- .
' nd that in order, to ra~..se the outpu
Thus we f
re aired to meet the problem of
tare/ prodti~~cti.an to the extent q
stri ing the leading capitalistic coun~
u with and out pp
catcYling p
ita reduction, w,
must ensure the
tries with respect to per cap p
al nitro en removal in the ero~. o
ossibilit of a total annu
~ million tans
'Ilion to,
ns,, that ~.s more than 3
order of about ~ .2 ~
this roblem could be solved sans- .
above that of 193'7. Naturally P
' ~ ions of a maximum ut~-l~-nation of all
factara.ly onl under condl~
tribute to an increase on the intake
available resources that con
. ce since na single item of this intake
side of the na.tro en balan
fan increaee in nitrogen depletion of
would .ensure compensat an a
such magnitudes
.
(
� tease means that we mcu.st resort to in
Let us cons~.der now
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a
~i p:, ~ ~ ,~;`'F ~~}w:,.`"~ r ' w .f:miy % n,�fig ;~~"d 1 . ~
~ n N
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1

6a' ~ ~ 'f
i".,

.t,'
I'. -
tii,
C,
L' _ ,"ii
p:.:
` e~
G`
solving this grandiose problem.
� s thetic nitrogen. This item. in
First of all, cans~.der yn
sel connected with the general
the nitrogen balance ~.s most clo y
� al mi ht with its industr'iali--
level of the country's technolog~.c g
'tar atential. Applicat~.on of
nation, and also wa.th its m11~. y P
as well as mechanination of the latter
chemistry to agriculture,
ted ,~ri.th problems of national defense
.are tasks closely canner
' trace ..and ar~nonal, nitrates and
tractors. and tanks, alrunan~.um ni
t~~' are based upon identical industries�
nitroglycerin, all of them
' time of eace is capable of creating
Only that country which In P
f industry based on economic considers-
a number of such branches o
tiaras can be always ready for defense.
there is a complete dissimilarity between
t In this respect
'ch entered the War of 114, completely
Russia of bygone days, whs.
rat asition of the Soviet Union. xt is
unprepared, and the prese p
� ~ ive-Year plans that a f aundation has been
only due to Stalin s F
'cation. of chemistry to our agriculture.
created for the appli
s the achievements of Sta.lin~ s Five Year
~n order to asses
{ icultural development in the USSR, it
plans in the field of agr
consider if only in brief, the prerevolutionary
~.s necessary to ~
past of our country.
the aid Russia was referred to in Europe as an
Although
having a very poor
'cultural country, 1t was. a.n faut s country
agrl
~i `
ort of such a Y
artial justification in supp
` a riculture, and a p {
g
found only ir, .the fact .that industrially
des~.gnata~on, a.s to be
� Indust was almost non-~existem, and ~ , ,
th~,ngs were even worse, ry
;
~ ti, ,
~ a.tliab ;I:c! central
Asia. ~,a2a,l~l~.stan ha.s lame cleposa.ts such a.s tha,:~e of ~~a,ra~a.nda,
6 ~ ,
cor~puti z'i~ bill.ian tons; t~lel^e a.s co~~l, alth.,~~uh ]-n ~.csez"
a.rr~ounts, a.1.s o ~..n ~4ir~; Jra, ~`J~be~l~istatz and :in ~J.'urkmeniy~, m '
~,P, ha.ve dlso ~ P, rC'~~OI..~C~.s of 'tVTi:1. e Caa~.tt ~ ~"~'111.~.(' ~~'~a~'P~'~
. .
val~~a,'; ~.s ~.;}7e cup�rez~t pro j~:ct, ire st~~_1 have ~Lu rout to use ti~.e
i:,remcndal.~s pati~rAr resal~a.rccs off' ~nara., ~rer~i sell a.tAd other r. fivers .
of `ibcr~.a, ~ ro~~~rever, u~~a.lif~~~.~~a.on of w~~.~l~er pav~rer on that scale
z.s beyond the scope of the Fouz�th ~~a.ve~-xea~� p~.an a,r.~d..:~a~ ~:~l~.e m.ean~-
t:i.rr~~; c:aa.l deposits can be used, :ir7 .r~}.~ir also, as ir~, prob].,c]rns
i�e:!~~~,ir-~g to pllosphal^us and pata.ssi.u:n, bes~.des tla.e :hue ~'~.y~~~res
~:.,~_v~.z~cs t'n.e total resources9 tl~e problem of most adv~a.nta~,eous geo--
~~;rr~.phical ~.acat~.an is of ~�eat importance, when ~hou~h a.t, be for
~~he time being that ~^n~all portion of
the resaurc;es a~laz~.a,b~,e,
wha.ch is availab~.e iirurediate~-~l, .direct uta.li~a,tion a ,I.
,
~ Unti;L recently insuf~':t,cient deternu~~aticn of d~~.stribu~
j
tian and ire pant, a].sa inadequate development af. kno~Nn coal minim
areas Dave caused such abnorn~.~. sxtuat io~~s as tl~e shipment of
nitra~en fex^tili.zers aver distances off' ~ - l~ ~~llausarrd l~a.lamet~;~~s
,f
~~.e cattarr growing areas of central. .~~1:a are our main consuirrt~rs
ti
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if~em ~ d
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iii d ~ ~ ~ ~ r ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~~h
i r ~-J; ~n._ ~ ~~F i~,. 1~~.
a } i= ~ ~ i-ti it ~ i 1 ~t i'r t, ~ ,.,~c d. !r "'";bF `4~,; i~`C~ d ,
~ 5 ~up~ dal b I1 a r x bhp, ~
1d~'',~ ~P.:. yr~.~r: ,~d..N, ~dti~R~..,~a'�~.r~~ 'P." h. ~Ce".~.w,' A' >~^w ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ FiF+~"
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 ~ ~.i;1
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f,
' s' ~
of t~~tese fertili Zers, since ~~;re~r desex^t soils are natura~.~.v
de~'icient a_n nitaraben, a.nd the area of possib~.e cotton cu~.ti~
-c-~atiGn is limited by temper~.ture conditial~.s .and stila. mo~~e
bar the impossibi a_ity of rais~,n~ cotton ire Gentra~l. ~~,sia withaut
irri~at~.and T~~iis creates a.r~ oasis~la.ke t~,~pe of cultivat~.an,
precludes a,7.lacatian of s~alastant,ia~. areas to forage crops, re~
s�7,t~.n~ in Lack of n~.nure and the necess~.t~r o' using more nitro
~;en f'ertiliz,ers than ixi growing beets ar flaxe pout our nitra~
gen plants were located fa.t^ from cotton-~~;ro~~~inb areas, apes--
. ting as their ~}r~re an I~izel, i!~ioacow and Donets caa~.; and Uz-~
bekistan wa.s t'rien not kr~oV~n to cora~~ain an;y depasit of caa~. fi'~
for coke prad~.zctions '~~is led to cozlstruc~E~i~n of tl~te Ghirchik
Combine (near ~.~ashkent) 7Vhich utilises ~vater po7~~er for elec~rric
current proc~uction~ to rranufa.cture ~iydrogen b~,~ elect;~ra].~ra~.s of
watery nitra~;e11 is obtai~~~cd bar fractional da.stillaticin ~~C
liquid air ~fhis m~~ahod is util~.zed, l~,awe~rer, or~~l.~r perforce ~ '
in countries ~r~ithaut caal and water fa~.ls, since it rewires
expenditure of a large amount of ~?ower per unit of fixed nitro
den � .~ccarding to Casale, at least ~~i~.ov~ratt~-hours are needed
to prar~.uce l kilogram. of f~.xed nitrogen, bu.t in operating on coal
b~T the ~iaber me~~hod the ehpendit~~re is ona.y - lea ~ kilowatt--
haurs .
c ~ ~ ~ ~ � ~
.~t :i,~ re~~dily a.ppax en~r~, tllexe~:'o~ e, why Cep m~~tn Jr, ~~~nce,
a.nd T:a~gland wha have coal, do no~~l use tho Casale method, which a .
I
is ti7.ti~li~ed anly in 1:tal~r and horvUa~, 'uVhere a,7o caal is mined, ~ ,
I
and hence these countries are,com elled to ex end ~ times ~
p p ~ ~ f
more power in the fixation of a unit of n~.tro~en. than tltiase
countries which have coal.. ~~~:i~.e it ha.s be~eri cantended than they^e
~ .':4
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i ~ ~_de process over. tb.e ammonia synthesis shou~.d be barne ~.n ma.nd,
~n the former process, nitra~en fi~~,tion ~.s canduct~~ed at ardina.ry
pressure, ~^rr~i7.e a:~~mania s~mtl~es:is requires a.t ~.eas1~ 200 ~-2~0 at-
rr~osph,eres 4 Thus the need of expensive eq~aip~merat is e1.im~.nated,
for providing such. equipment is one of the ~.irrtitin~ factors in
~t:,h.e develop~~.ent of the n:~tra~en indus~rym .T:n general the comes
bination of na.tro~en ~v~ith carbide proceeds very. rPada.l.y (tinrith
evalutian of .heat), cansi.der~able exper~di.ture of pourer is i~eedpd
anly in the prod~.~.ctian of carbs.de wl~a_ch further required the
.know-haw far production of ~.a,r;e~-size electrodes,
B~~t vie Have a~.rea,dy :~astered th~.s production me~hod~ Ih
ar~y case carbide production should be developed on a lame
'g
scale b us far other reasons as weld., It is an impartan~ h
~ ,~j
intermediate in the synthesis of rubber. from acetylene This
method of produc~.n~ synthetic rubber ~'a^am coal. and wader ~~.~s
~
~ ~ ~
k
y,
~ ~
~il~�
~ ~
g~a
~ i
r ~,J.~.er area, t11ai~
to prov7.de .the entire area, with a sma~.~.er amount. Tf on the
u fi
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~
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~
,
,~~V a i 1 h ~
if 1~ II I ~
~l I f ~ Aid
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'~7 ~ ~~d~l f, i t 1 1~
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Bpi, t
r~ 9
~ f~~~.. ~ Y'~ ~
r ~ ~ ~ w ,p,:9 f M -7
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 ~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1
,w
other hand the sail is prepared and yie~,ds on a pota~~sium- .

r

' phosphorus base 2Q cerrtners of gi^a~.n, a lesser amount of
na_tz~o~en (2C ~ 30 kilograms) can be used with e, ~aod chance of
attain:i.ng the proper ;~~.eld increase per each centner of ferti~

a~
liter,
Tl^e first case, where small daces shauld not be used
was met with prerevolutianazyy eXperiillents, wl~er~ poor land
o~rmed b~ peasants w~,s treated with centner of sa~.peter ex^
p
hectare and na adequate effect ~~vas a,t,taa.ned�
:~r~ 1g26, hov~rr~~~e.r, when N:irU conducted a.ar~e-~sca~,e ens eri-~
p
menu using amounts a~' fertiZ.i~er like those uti lied in
~~~~;stern practice, that is, ~ kilograms of r~i~rar;en er hec~
p
tare, ~_t eras found that in ou~^ country the effect of fertt~_--
liter wras no ~v~rorse than in other lands � '~h~;_s feat is
of sub
st~tntial practical importance, since it indics.tes that with i M
n
suff~.cient fertilizer, its application shau~.d not 'oe effected
on the basis of covera.n~ ~t~ie lamest .possible. area but that
it should. be used, even if not aver. the entire area in amount
~ s
i~o ensure the highest return per, unit of fertila-zero In tha,.s w
e `
will, of course, encounter a widE variety of carzditions fs.rmi ~ '
( n~
wa.th or without a.r~^i~at:ion, type o:e crap, etc but it is stil
~
important to keep in mind the basic premise that too small. amounts
_
o.f. fert.lize~^ frequently cannot r'e the ra er resin. ~ '
t 6 r
Qn the ot~zer hand it shauld be remembered that increase '
f
~ of fe:~~~tili7e~^ dosage beyor~c~ a cert~a.~n level (this level wxl~. v
- ary
` depending; an__specific cond:~ Lions can in ~.ts turn lead ~ 1
to a
~
i
lesser return of fert~.,lizer casts by yie~.d incxeases, ~f we
I
i ,
I
.
\vY�,
i ~ ~
~ i ~ ~
s Y ~ ~ i
'~i ' -
.r
.
i _
%I~ ~ ~ t
~"a ~ '.r ~ l,' n.~~~6 s,: ~ Y,~.v ~1:' �fir�~ i:it I')"� `~Y.
WyM+w ~ : ~ ~ gi~~ ~ ~ t d s
lap, ~ k ~ ~ ~
11 e ,,v~. ~ ~ ~1~ 8~! n !x. 'v, 7a'~r~~' ~ ~671.~n~m~ ~~u~ , i3atd...�oirrafN�'~ ~ ref..
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 's Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1
s~
~c~u].d ~.nc.rea~ e the dosage beyond that ~,ua,ntity of nitrogen
called. fortr~. by the given conditions, wGUld. use less by in-~ t
J

F;
creasing t~~e denorrt na,tor ~rl~en the numerator remains constant;
t~~la.t is we; are decreasing the ,compensation factor, .just a~ i.n the
case of ton laW a dosage the compensation factor cannot atta~_n
its optimu;r~ ~ral.ue . Suc~~ a relationship was obser~red by 7f~~gner
f,',
on corrtparing resu~.ts o~' collecta.ve experiments conducted. ~y the
Gez�n~~,n A~;ra.cultural Saci.ety, a.s wp~.~. as of results obtained un~
der d~.fferent car~ditions, On the averay;e, the fo~.~.awing coz�~
relation wa,s observed bet~reen nitrogen amounts and y~.elds of
Ur.i~nter rye ~ on the PK base)
Amount of ~mr~onium Sulfate per I-hectare
1 4
a
Grain j.~ie~.d Increase
~centners~~le~ctare) ~o ~ 7 ?-3 l~ 19 2a 20
.Average Return in
Grain for 1 Centner of
Fer'ti~.izer ~.5 3�~ ~~3 ~aoa 30~ 3.3 2,~
y
I~eturn on 'the Last
centner, ~.~A~ F~oa 300 3aa loo 0
1
va~e thus ascertain t~~.t there is a ce~~'cain optimum dos-
f
aye for a. given crop level, a~t w~~ic'r~ ~~he i~~~i~;hes~ average return
~ ~
~.n grain is obtaa.ned far each ce~tner of fertili~ere The op~
f..
i~ t
1
timum varies, of course, depending on the base upon which the
experiment is conductede
rv, ~ l~.
. _ C,
1: ~ `
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i ~ ~y11~ "u sky" p `'ii, r+F: '~'fi ~^i d 6 ~ Y, .~.i 4., F ~p i.:.
~tl~l IX'~. A. ~ s'.t ~d~~~~i kC h. Mh7d~r+B" _'.e;~ � p'uA 0. .,"iFA,. ~ 4
r~.~
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~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1
Phenomena analagou,s to 'those just desrribed are ob~ ~
served also in e~~periments conducted ~~~ith industrial. crops e
~~~e a~ n ci~~tc an exa,mp~.e derived frog data of the I~aunchinsk Sta-�
a
Lion in Central ~zsia relative to ; paarPasing dosage of nitrogo~
k
died. to co't'ton (30 ~ h0 _ 90 kilagra~:ns nitro~~er~, etc Q, up to
apI
00 kilo~ra,~~s of nitrogen per hectare ~ under conditions of ir~
3 ~a
ri~ation cultures optirmzra return in yield increase per unit
of fertilizer was round to 'oe in th~.s instance to acme with
hir~her~ doss, - es, of interest .also are tl~e differences observed
~ g
on usin7 (NH) So in place o�f I~dHf~%~IO3 a us cons~.d.er {aoth
~ ~ 2
e ~'pC~~'li~.f'):1i,a o
Mere are the ~^esu~ts o:C the r,1H~I~IO~ expez�~.ment, taking
into ~,r;~ount Affects obtained wring the fig^s~t ~rpar and tI^Ie
after--effect talsinr place dli.r]_n~; the secor{d year fall av~~ing the
app~.:i.ca~tion o:C fertilizes
Q Q 1.20 1~0 30O
Nitrogen Added 3 9
h
(ki~.ogra~ns,~hectare )
Cotton ~u~iool Yield
lrlcrease ~s~ :LOo~, l~m~ ~~0g ~~'B~
(centners/hectare ~
0
Cotton drool Obtained
s~
(in I~ilagrams ~ per.
a
~ilogr~m of i`~Ii~trogen ~.;1., b ll a 1C~ ~ ~ 1.x.7 ~ r ~
s~~
~ ~ rrtain :i.ntcx~Jal the incx~case of cotton ,wool. ~.el.d
rr~.th:~n a c ,
� d nitro Ten incr. eases ~r~ith highex^ dos~~.ge , ti:,
F per each k~.lagxa~n of adde , ,sf
_ ~
~ ~ ~
i
iII
1 ~ 4w. I 1 191 F 1 J - s
y~ 7
b a{
i~~
P'
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t, ~ r
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1
~ ~ ~rn~y4~i~~~~ ~ ~
G z
i i ~ ~4~4, 1 ~ 1~ ~ f air ~ . ` ~ . ~
~ N. ~ Ai ~ 1 1 1, 9, w" ~ ~kR ~
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1
V:
\ ~1
v

i
. ~.1
_ '.l
~~~~e curve of yie~.d increase shows in its is~~.ta.al po~'`~~-on
a def~.ectzon not to the .eft ~~u't to the right (Tn car~tradict~.on
r
to I~u'tscher~.icla~s curve) From an ascending straight ~.ine� The
curve returns an each. successive una_t of ferti~.izer (30 ki~.a~-
;rams of na,tro~;en) sl7o~vs a definite opta~mum at x.20 lt~.].aorams�
On e~,ther aide of th~.s optimum the return decreases � 1~uith
ir~creas:t.n closae th~.s curve 'ends toward the a'oscissa a~i..s, but
does not intersect the 7at'ter~ .~vera~er.et,urn per unit of fax�t:~-
~..izer is also at a.ts peak at x.20 kilorams, but, for xeadi~.;~
a anent reasons, dec~.ines more ~radua~.l.~r on either s~.de bf .the
pp
apti mama
Fi~tlre 3> s~~ows the resL~~.ts of tk~.e experiment with
~~~~~1, )2~Q1~�
Ilc~re ~^rc rate 'the fal.~.owin~; pecu~.~.arita.es. ~'he ~.eft~
hand pas~.~t~.or~ of the ~1~icid~ir~cres.se curve, slaws also a ~rs.d~
ua~. increase with s,ugmented dosa.~e, ~~~e~en the dasae is ins
creased from 2~F0 to 300 kiJ.ograr~>hp~~ ,
' ~ ~t
:7~
~"lip
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9~ I.
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P ~ ir. '4 i 1 P ~ l ~ /1 ~ Y4 4,
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~ - ~ ~
K i I' ~ ) ~ ~ { a
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'A~~AI. ~V. mM7, GY _ Hry .~-ti 4,~�.. 4PF,'~~�1tlIl"f
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1

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~ Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1
` r~
is
r
~ -
~ ~ ~ ,t s

~ 4
~~;r:rac~, ~cvhx,l~; cattarr yi+~lds~ but ono, lar~~e ~~.in i~ir bath stra~rl
s.nd ;vain woulci, be thus real. i r,ed
.Y
'~hF problem of a more adequ�~i~a ~.~ta.li~ation of rnanuro and. other
s
'r
7.ac~,7. resour~;es thraughout th.e entire Sovi~:t Union ;i.s of tr~mendaus
,r~
im~o~~t~.nc~;~ 7:n ordor t~ ~,i~re an a.dera. of the ~oossa.ble dart that

j manure cou7,d relay in �rht~ ~enert~l. ~'ooc~ balances it should bP }~c~in�~a~.
out that accorc~in~ ~~o the calculations o:~ l~ca.d.c~rr>~.r3ian. Ye ~ F� Liskt~n
the total amount n.f rrianut~~, ths.t ~auld 'r~c~ avc.a.l~~ble annua7.ly in the
USSR vaotkl~ e~~laal tht~ huge ~,atr~l at' 1 bi7.7.ion tons ~.f livr~stock ~~ere
to bF~ ;incre~.s~;d tea the 7.evel vuher~s it f'u7.ly rnet the rr.~~.~tic~r~al needs
zn ana.ma7. husb~,rrdry ~raducts (aornpu�~ec~ on a ~~;r ca.~a~.ta basis) a
Assurrrin~ that 70 ~erce?rt of this amount ;could be used as ~`c~r~ti7.izer
(ta,~c.in~� ~.nto account incarn~lete man~.zre recovo~wy and part of it used
6
"or fucl)~ T,~ro }~r~ve a. r.~o'~entae.7. ~~ti.li~ation fi~;lzr�e of ~ossiialy 7U0
t
m,~.7.7.ior1 torrss vah..i.ch ~.s e~ua7. to 305 million. toms oi' nitx~a~;en~ rfhis
amount b,,r i.tsc~lf Mould su~~' y abaut ~0 percent of the total ri:~tro~on
r~ernovc-;d (8 a ~ m~.~.lir~n t,oTls) , as corn~~az~ed. w~.~;h ~fhe 20 r7ercen�~ a�v'~,i~.�
able in 7.957 s if abso7.ute v~.lues ar~r-: �~~,kerr~ thc~rl �~he deveio~amen~?
of rIl~1,?llir'~ u'G1.7.:].~~tlUi'~ s, c~uanta.ty of 700 rn~.17.~.0~1 tans per n.nnum
~ constitutes a.p~raxirna'~e7.y a 3�~ folr~ incz~eaae in corn~ar~,son ~N:~th
the 1957 f~.~ux~ea '~'akin~ into accowlt that even before the ~ria.r the
actur~,l utili~ati~n of man~~re in caux~ countr~,y decreased to r~s 7.aw s.s
.7.25 rria.llian tans annually (as in 7.90), and nr~.~,ural~.,y bea~,me evcrr
sms�tle;r during the wax, it b�comes rea.di.l;~ a~r~arent tiv~lat it would
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masn, for us to achi~va an ~,n~iue.1 utilization. of 700 million tons of
rnanure~ (See be7.ow for they :~7.loviatian that ~rrould result in tha
tran,sLar~r~;~,tion of such largo arnaunt5 of manure. thrr~u~h affeati.~ve
~t;.
~ ut.+.lizatiun ~of green zr>~.nure's (in the Farm pres~ntl.,y pxa}?a:~vd) an ~
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012J03/08 :CIA-RDP82-000398000100200008-1