THE WORK OF STATE SELECTION STATIONS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100110036-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 27
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 36
• Publication Date: March 20, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

?.t.N, ?); ;;4
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J 1 i~C'~ C' ~aT T-1
a V p p-srp ?amr .
LT. YareniLoa
~;r iFioo of agrlot;t>~ra oenaa
T}u ' au1i now 72 eleotion t~ tions in tho UT which are
d atributed ovor tho moot important coil and o limata zone.
The maj or..ti of thoso statior~a ire lo?ctad in lane areas of from
1,500 - 2,000 heotareo.
The Qtstions oro oquppod ~'ith odern mschinrvy ~nri quipmcnt.
For example, the cvorage yearly work load of a 15 horsnpowcr tractor
is little more than 300 heotares of soft plowing. The work of tho
selection stations extend into zany dircotions of productive and
scientific investigations, They conduct soleotive coed-growing and
experimental agronomic work in grain, leguminous seed and olive orope
and perennial grasoosj they carry on re?carah in chemical ar~rieulture,
physiology and crop protactl.nn. In addit~or,, some station conduct
experimental Mork in animal hushandiiy and farm mechanization.
Selection stat~.ona were givan the following functions:
a) To develop new high-yielding varieties adaptable to local
soil and climatic conditions, and to improve selection and local
varieties.
b) To oultivate superior seeds of agricultural crops which
are suitable to particular zones in sufficient quantities to aesure
an adequate supply for the seed districts of the rayon experimental
forme,
o) To develop agricultural practices which are beet suited to
part3.eular agricultural zones of the Soviet Union and which will lead
to large stable harvests.
The selection and steed growing work of the stations are based on
the teachings of Darwin, Timiryazev, Michurin and Lysenko, while the
-1"
Lb FiBENTiAL
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Li iitiUENTI4L
aXporimontEil agror~omio p~~aotio?s and rosoara! are baood on the
teaoMn;o of po~fuo~ayov, Kostiohev and Williams.
During their 12 yAars of existence, t,ho salootion otati~ans
developod and aunt to the otato variety tostin st~ttion? (aortoicpy
taniye) over 650 now highly r-roduotivt, variotias cif a~? r a~altnral
oropo. ThAOe ino1ur1Aci 105 var ctica of winter wheat, 112 v+ariotiea
of aummor vi--nat, 54 variotios of Data, anc1 75 variotioe of 1e uminous
aof,d orops. 2 0 of those vari9ties have boon distributQd to nuitcble
rc~ions rind nro~ Bondy rowt~ in tare numbors. Tho work of some
selection stft1onc has boon artioulnriy successful. At the
Krasnodar 5tction, Aoadomioian P.P. Luk'y me iko, fo11o~'tir tho 1Qad
or tht Miehurin prinoi plo of crooning; o ra hicall, sepcrated typ?s,
dove1oziod a now highly rust~rosistcnt typo of Novo Ukrcinka ,pinta'
whont. This vcriaty hi succes ifu1' y co r1 t'~e state vcriety test-
in stations, within a short roriod of timr3 over halt' a million
hoe.teros wore svm with this varioty. P.P. Luk'yanonko also dovuld
opAd other v. luabio ty~,os of "tinter -nd sur: mer wheat such as ukorosp-
elka (early rircnin~) 1, I unka (hard) 3, Kubcnlcc (htnrd) 393 and
others which are now bein1 e,caminod by the ntcto vciriety testing
sttltions,
At the Azorbaydzhan Station, soiecticn speoicliat V.N. Groma-
chevslciy develope - more then 10 high-yiolcUing typos of gain crops.
Amon these are variotios of durum (Arandant and Khoranka) and soft
wheat (Arabugdaoa, Shcrk, Enolik and others) which are cherc.cterized
by their high-productivity and resistance to drought and riiseases.
Over half a million hectares are already stDWf with these v,riQti?s.
Their productivity sxcoeds that of the elder, local types by 30 - 40
'~eroent 0
At the Stavropol' Gtation, seieotion speci71ists G.G. Gyrovatskiy,
L.P. 1usckov cnd A.N. Snetkova developed high-yielding varieties of
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1rFiQENTIAI
~ ah1)r~.d~ /k$1, 491 an~i o~fh~r~ vrhioh winter vrhoat, Vero~l
win ~ilov~cy
aieo rust-ro~1~tntl
At the avot 2 tat~.on, a variety of winter vlhoat, yanov 1
~~..onck
wY-iah is high-,FialtlYTM ~ a-d rocjctanrL to t~nfavorab~,o Y1 rflto oai U.tionc
i
Ord hotte opcl. This viu'tFt ' wary v Ao1Y distri1~utod
o~~t, vr ~e clcvQl
anrl cxtonda cvon t~' t'oc oontVai ' rion~ o the U R.
At tho Knnn ~ a vr1r~'~:ety 'r,~1nt&t' r~=a 't h >f ~ tritiOf~
an ~ i:rn~1 (, oval~pod c,nd its yl o,:c~f,da that of the atanciar~l
~;.- roes va~i~`ty, P,vcnfPard, 1,p 2 - 4 controra a per hoC ~r4rc. This varict io
vtidoly (tlitpd.
At the Ztnlir ~ t~tonanew vr~:ot~r of sump o~'
,
Kox~:hov ~trtion a neti'r typo of clurt~trl
I;rtovkLt , i,'ras obtain?d ? At th?
wheat, roF3naya, ryas ctev rod. Those vctri~ti s h vo horn's prot5reoaivaly
r?;ionalizad.
The Narym S?lneti()n Stat4 on, woa'kti1 cmdor the difficult conditi.OT 3
of the far North, lofed fog' its gone two new vevietieo of winter rye
devE
wheat (tJarytn No 3, Narym t1o 5) , hu17,-ieas oata,
(No 313 and 343), s?mi1Q.. ~'
ral other variotise . All of the vrerR sent to
rrarym ~Dass and also savQ
the stct? vri?ty tostin st :tion ~otvtean 1947 - i94.
: .~
The f~amwlinsk Sgleet~on Stnti_on (Krdsnofarsk Kray) devQloped and put
y
oars three varietes of summer wheat,
into Cltivation ovor the last ten y
chns tnd alfalfas, one variety of barley and
two varieties of outs, vat
arigties of pei'onnial gasses. These varieties are
Clove' and four v
already being sown over ern area of JOO,OOO hoetaree.
this station sent to the state variety testing
In addit on, in 194~
various crops which are lmprov?mntats cf
str.tion nine new varieties of
d varieties ? ~'or example, a new variety of
earlier developod and cu1tivate
summer wheat, Milrforum 110, was deve1op?d by crossMbr?gdin~ the re~ionw
3
alized variety, Kamalinka. This new variety' ripens 4 ~ 5 days sooner and
J
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i1HDENTIAL
has yield which oxoooUc that of older typoo by 2 - I. oentnoro per
hoatavo. Tho nor vnr Qty pay ooaee a non=lodging c1 tCs and n 1 rbo
hynlino l ornel.
Tho Iionint;rnd Station turned over o the etate variety toatin,g
ctntiona thirtcor vnriotico of 'tin c2r"ops of which ~o'on pore
rogionaliznd and y'ut into oltivation.
t-fiigh-yioldini, blight-rQSistnnt vnrietioc cif rotat~aes were
developed bk, the tTite fi? ian, P?trovek, and Iygov~k Stations.
Tho Darncult, l irgiz, i~ilyutin, Tulun and savors/ othor stations
have t1no attained ignifican?t aucoese in aeleotion work.
The Association of Soientifio VTorkers o the All-Union Snleotion
encl Orenv tic Institute imeni T.D. Lysonko suooenod in developin
highly valuable varieties of wintor wlioct OD-3 and OD -12 (originator-
r.G.-irinchonko and others) , Those are distin~uishod by their high.
productivity andrintar-raaistcrnca. Thoy arc already being cultivatod
on hundreds of thousands of hactarea and aro continuinf to oxparnd
rapidly. Also d?veloped were a variety of sumni' r wheat 1163
(originator-T.D, Lysenko) which was developed in the reoord-breaking
time of 2 1/2 years, on the basis of the theory of phase development;
a variety of barley OD -14 (originator-P.F. Sarkaviy); a variety of
cotton OD-1 (originator-Academician M.A. O1'eh&inskiy) and others.
The basio methods of the selection work are= continuous improve-
ment of selection from natural and artificial (hybrid) seoda and from
existing aelootion varieties; hybridization followed by selection of
gametes during fertilization; selection of parental pairs in crossing,
on the basis of phase aflalysis; vegetative hybridization; crop
a6FfE1JTlA 1.
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cci F1DE1IAL
mutations under nvironmontal oonditions j contro114d broodlnC of
pn t oraniamo .
The ~lendoliom-or~aniam Theory, which was completely diaored~
ited at tiro Aunt '~eesion of the A11-1Jnion Aoademy 9f Agrioultural
5oionooe, no 1ofCor has a place in oo1eotion work. Sion this theory
was applied, eeleotion epooialicta treated hybridization moro1y to
a aomlination ofenQe Condition of purcntal typos in crossing was
not considered, and the moat importnn?V behavior of orgnnien , that is,
t rn:Lr '=eo?tivity during fertilization, 'rae ignored. If in somo oaeoe
a ccl?ct.ofl srcciaiist achieved sucoees, it was mp1y a matter of food
luck. Thug, it In no 'rrondcr thct, in spite of long nplilioation of
artificial hybridization in seve,cal soleotion stations (Kharkov,
Mironova, Nemerohanck, Krasnokute, nezenchukelc and several other
oldor etationa), roaults are vory inaianifioant.
1?inving ol~nn;ed the tlleoretioal basis of selection praotio?s,
many stations ben to apply inter-variety hybridization followed
by eeleotion of gametes during fertilization, as a method ohioh
creates many different biologically-valuable and agrioulturaliy-
useful varieties.
A comparative study of hybrids of selectioo and forced fertili-
zation showed the :neat advantage of the former over the latter.
This eras clearly shown in the comporison of ,hybrids of sirrt.lar
oombinations obtained by forced pollination and by limited and free
pollination (crossing of airs), in experiments conducted at the
Miranovil Selection Station. For example, in the oroasing of winter
wheat Eritrospermum 15 with Shmitovka lO in 1947, the following
results were obtained in the second generation.
IAL
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cc:JrIDENTIAL
peraont eV tho hybrido of the group produood from foroQd
po iinat can ourvivod tea winter, whoveae 72.2 peroont of tho graup
pz' 4uoed from ao1eotive fort lioation aurvivod. The avorago harveot
cf one prop of tho first group way 7(J.9 hoatarea, of the aoaond
group 2 hootares. The average prcduotivo sprouting (kuatiatoat' )
in tho rirat group urea .O9, ~n thA second 3.64. The hybrida of both
grctnps in their firet t'onor'i}t on characteristically were,acaroaly
distingui?habl?. Both ?howad th?ir boat ualities. However under the
rigid winter conditions of the teatin~ of 1946.47, it was at onoo
ovidant that the hybrida of one were ett'rdier than the others.
In tho pest few y?ero, aolootion stations have developed high-
yieldivarietieo on tho baoid of coloctive fertilidat'on. This
year two now vriotic-a of wintor wheat will be widely tested,
nan1)1y, Sovetskaya anti !ubileynaya, which were produood on the
r~ironovski Station. According to the reoults of four years testing,
the former exoeeds the standard Ukrainka in yield capacity by an
cwer'ago of 8 centnara pea' hectare, and the 1e~tter by 5.6 contners per
hectare. ThoGe winter whoats, Sovotskaya and Yubiloyneys, are
distinguished from Ukrainka by their greater winter reaistance and
repiatanre to brown rust.
In the past four or f4.ve years, the Uralsk, Shatilovsk, l1arym,
Kraanodarsk, Kamc.linsk, Azorbaydzhan, Stavropol', Barnaul' and
sevoral other etationo have been 3ueeesafu11y conducting work on this
method of freely crossing intervarietiea. A number of seleotaon
atdtions are applying a definite variation of winter forms of wheat
into summer variation, and variationa of summer into winter.
Academician P.P. Luk-yanenko obtained very noteworthy results
in the oourae of his work on the transmutation of the winter whec~.t
Voroshilovskctya into ~un~er wheat. In particular, the summer Voroahi-
lovskaya whoat produced a sizeable dogreo of rust-reaiatenoe. Alma
Ata Station developed a variety of summer wheat by modifying the
* u1,f4t1ENTIAI
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WfIuENTIAI
oharaoteriotioo cf tho wintor wheat ~kr1;a , This summer Vkrainka
whf~at oxoeQdo the standard yield by 9 to h oentners per hootare and
does not ohatterj it thrashed well and is diotin~uiahed by its groat
resiatanoo to tuntu diseases and to lodging. Sovera1 stations have
already aohiQved euaoose in applying th'ia method of vegetativo
hybrids ration of the grass family, thud opentc up new unlimited
poeaibilitioe for ac1ootion of plant oulturoo.
In 191+?, a now variety of winto' ''heat was delivered to a state
variety testing at.ition. This was dovolopod by oolootion opc oialiot
Illarionov at the Yaroslavl St''~tion, by tho vegotativo grafting of
the v,&nter jt.-4~oct D upab1' onto the winter rye Vyetke,. The ratting
was conducted under laboratory conditions, in which the grafting
oomponorta '."Qro in phase of one-centimeter seedling?. Three yeere
testing revealed that this type of wheat wag high-yieiding and
wintvt-resistant.
At the Kamalin Station, specialist A.g. Pushkin hcs been
widely applying the vegetative hybridization of summer wheat, by
transfering the bud (;rafting) in a distinot phaae of its formation,
to the good of another variety (an uncultivated plant) , Components
in vegetative hybridization were selected within the sale or differr?rnt
varieties anal types of field plants, Originally, graftings were
effected by using ?il y developed, normally ripened buds of the graft
and the endosperm of the uncultivated plant, Later however, undevel-
ored buds and endosperm were used in transmutations. Such hybridiza-
tion is conducted under field conditions, in which development of the
buds is incomplete. Hybridization therefore is carried over to the
crest or secondary portion of a seed of another variety or typo, which
continues to develop on the maternal plant. In this way vaiuable types
G44FIDENJIA L
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flOENTIt
of ourum or wit havo boon obtained1 which a t i1 thorough study and
~?atingSpooia1iet Mukhin (balorusakaya?locti?n Station) hay boon
auacoaefully conducting veget tiV hybridisation of buokwhoat with
Fagopyrun tatario nn. Ho obtain@d a high-yielding typo of hybrid
buokwheat which iQ a valuable tutorial for the clovelopmont of new
varieties
At the Mordov? Stab on, apeoialiffit Mil hayiOV obte, ,neci vege-
tative hybrids by i?lrafting native buokwheata to wild types OL this
.?:~itur~. Thoso aro diatinguiahed btheir sturdy dovolopn'tQnt and
large kernel. They are now being intensively cultivated on this
Str'tion. Valuabio high-yielding typea of soy-bean have been
obtained by Chia aame method at the Amur Station.
At th? Kinol Station, apeoialiat Or1ov auocossfuly developed
a nost high-yielding v.riaty of potato, which is dictinguishod by
large tubora weighing ur-o 1700 grams. This variety, Kinel'akiy
bogatyr' , is a vegetative hybrid, in which the regionalized variety
Epikur served as the graft, while the Canadian variety Katogdin
served as the uncultivated plant.
In this :field of hybridization, it should be noted that in a
number of instancea little attention has been devoted to the question
of an efficient method of developing hybrids of grassy plants.
Speoialists often forget that tho obtaining of a hybrid type is only
the beginning; the hybrid must then be cultivated ..... according to
l.v. 11ichurin' s definition of the conditions corntrol].ing the
successful development of new types
nFirst of all, the ehuraateristies of each hybrid, which is
cultivated from seeds of a fruit obtained from the crossing of two
producers, consist only of a combination of those qualities
uh'Ufl
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;. : ;' WEfl I
anef@r cf oharactorietioe to it frcm tho plant-
inherited ~.n the tr
praduooro (the mal? parent , the ~'or~1o?parent and their offeprin~),
t in the early et~QS of the hybrid' a rowth, hao
NhAO? doVQlApmon
ai'nal onvironmental oonditions. Coneoquently
bA~n aVQ~A~ by ext
?h brill ie the sum, end its ao~ponenta
tho or~aniem of oaok soAdlin~
of thcr plant-Producers plug the inf luenCQ of
are the ox~arao~orietioo
tho ourraundin environnent,"
senka pointq out that hybridisation will not
,~oa~lemioian T,~~ LY
tive reSUite, unloes conditions are created to assure
g..v? posi
acteriatioo and qwi1liti?s. Aohievin~ thQ
dovelopmont of tho' ahar
latter in a new variety pooos a nrob~:Qm to the epeoialtst, 3electicn
=
o whilo widolY aprjlyin the princip1Q3
ap?c~alioto anc~ phYc1io1o iet,
~
f'e'tilisation:- hyl~ridizat on and of vegetative
of a@lootive
_: roet19 ins reasin' the of fectiveneas of oAleetf on
,~~i~ation thus ~
hy~~
oertain the baeio requirements of plants,. These
work, should a
to tho conditions of the outsid? onvironnent,
should be in r?lation
l ~mont of vcluabie btolotical and eoonomical
which control dov0~
outtbandin varieties. Ao these requiremont8 are aeeer-
factors o
twined for each specific goo _ raphic region, a specialist Will bettor
meet?r the process of formation and will directly control the creation
neooseary for the productivity of plant cultures,
of new types y
Application of Michurin methods of work at selection stations has
aohieved great practical results. However it must be stated that
which are ctill not cognizant of the foremost
there are some stations
methods use them slightly or apply only a portion of them, They
~'
failure and do not justify their existence. There
inevitably suffer
are about ten selection stations in this catagorys including the
QroMnonotc and Vologod stations which have not
K71i1in, Chubash, rev
~1 F~DL S
~w
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;,~:~~ IAERTIAI
put ointrte type into production. Indivitho1 ooionti 'io oo?~roirkers
a ,
of otationa, until 14to1yr were uph?1din the prino1:p1eo of Morgan
an?1 vrere oven hindArin~ the stations in aoivin~ thou' r~raotioal
prob1emo.
An importcnt division of work of tho ?tata ao1ootn otat~-ono
u1tivation of cuporior aQOdc of r'anui?tr, 1o~ m nouc coed
is tho c
d olive plants anri Srast+ea. During; the ao~rrae of their work,
an
atatior~s have cultivat?d moro than 1.4 million c?ntnera of
thaao
sur?rior seeds.
l Genetic SciQnco had developed cn indiffe?nt attitude to
Formn
Iona coric?rnifS c~riou1tura1 teehniquoa of cultivation. The
qumst
primer otter1tion of the co1eotion epecialiot and aef?d rower was
~'
f ocuaed only o the rreserviti~ n of pure drains and protection against
n
arphotogical chanSos . Such a theory was harmful and disarmed the
m
practical workers in their strugSle to irprove;plant cu1turca by
ditiona. There are many cases in which t"he
creating ideal tilling con
train was woraoned by this endeavor to obtain a pure strain (typical-
s
This was the case with the rye of Lisitayn at the Shati ov
peas) .
Selection Station.
Academician T.D. Lysenko proceeded from the theory of phase
development, in counterbalance to n~endeliam. He proved that the
characteristics and qualities of an organism are developed in the
proaesa of formation and development of the organism, under the influx
of external environment. According to Lysenko, ttExternal
ence
conditions, being included and assimilated by the living substance,
~~',JFIDENTIAI
-loll
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cG;IPIDENTIAL
tern/ but internal that io, they become part
are not aotuaily ox
Bubatanoo anc1, for nourishment aid develorhment,
o V the living
hooa conditions of Choir former ext~rna~
xoqutre the nutrimRnt? off' t
environh11T1t $11
orraniams to xQC~uire and kdleot dofinite
Thi: oapab tlitoff'
nf1 dovopmont, acoording to tho t1ofinttton of
conditions for lifo a
Aoadam onko, is the most a oentinl peculinJ'ity of their
~:oian dye
e living su~~stanae 'huilds itself from Cho
r'
heridiCary nature, evy
tho oxternal anvironroft ccoording to its horita;o.
CAntUttAnA A~
UJ tho cendttionsnQOess~;~ry roy too form tton of these
r
aooa~t~tntng
>cteristioa of an organism, t18 osgibl~ to chan!Q
or other c~Yar
them the type n?oeseary to man}:inf , by changing t'ieir condtttons
into ,
of life . pr?ceodin from theao arinci aloe, to 199, to A11-Union
g
on Seed Growing accepted his method of oulttVating
Conference
tste oelection sta.tiona. This resulted in uninter-
aupQrior seeds in s
ruptEd select1on, enrichment of the hereditary baAis of
improving of
t9r-Variety crossing and advanoed oducation in the
8e%d plants by in
field of agrtculttfl'el tnahniques.
In recent year, a very valuable ractieal result was obtained
s
ction stJtions. They have been produotg superior
en many state sAle
seeds which are not only distinguished by a high degree of parity but,
are more yielding than other reproduotions of these same
as a rule,
Varieties For example, the superior aeeds of winter rye at the
Station were 23 percent more yielding than widely
White Russian
cultivated reproduotions, and oats were 9 percent more yielding.
The superior seeds of the Yaroalav Station excel durable repro-
ductions in yields winter rye by 11.7%, summer wheat by 12.7%, oats
by 10% and peas by 15%. The Kazan Station produces the following
whiahare 5% more yielding than other seed varieties;
seeds: winter rye
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winter wheat 10%, ewnin v wheat 16 and oato lit more yielding.
dimilar reau1to were obtained 1y the 9hatilov, Narym, Kirgiz and
Mironova Stations. The biological divoraity of forma o a Div@n
variety in soA4 growing nurgQria? io r?preaent~tivo of' the huudrechn
and thouoands of toatod a?o tu. This permitn 6tationQ to aaleot the
moat produativo gendling off' reiona1d varietioa, and thnot
only cultivate high quality oupnrior uoot but aloo improve oxigt1ng
variotieg. For exa~ple, tho Kraenot argk Station, in the prooooa oL
good gr~i;ing, nubstantially intprovecl tho nutritive ua1itio9 of the
kernel of tho winter wheat varietyt, gorvonota, and raised sharply
the resiatanoo to yollow rust quality of tho variety, Voroshilov.
The Onokhogsk Seleotion Station, by using this same method,
improved tho variotioa of summer wheat Leda and Lyutestnong 062.
According to the rosulta of variety testin ~, the improved Lyutedtsens
062 (family 2433) is more yielding than the original by 2 - 3 oentners
po?r hootF~re and the absolute weight of itta kernel is higher.
At the Leningrad Station, in the process o~ seed growing, a number
of high yielding seeds of the summer wheat Tulun 70 3/8 were seleotecl.
The family L-74 excelled the original variety in yield by 5.2 contnera
per hectare or 22% above the standard.
In recent year, a number of stations have widely acoepted
Lyseniko's method of inter-variety orossing to produce an improved
variety of auparior winter rye seeds. The Gort'kov, Morcdov, Onokhoyak,
Kamalinslt Stations from this method obtained a superior seed which
excels original seeds in yield by 2 ? 3 centnera per hectare. Experi-
ence atteststo the great effect of Chia method of artifioial pollination
of farm orops which was suggested by A.I. Muaiyko. For example, with
corn, the increase in harvest of pollinated crops reaehea 3 - 4
centnera per hectare, with winter rye 2 w 4 centnera, with eunflower
C : :zrrnENTIAL
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.r ?iIfl'
flt pqr hd0~~1~'0 . Thiq
nc with mil~6t 1s~ o?nt
~ . ~ a~ntaa a a ~~itioo or the o9oda ~
~, impr?ved tho op~cioo
mothod had ~t~bot nth Y @axo ~
in harvaot in tho ?nsuin~ Y
thuo onouxini an t~-orAaoo
oi~ablo da~ioianoioo ~ in
be mado vaardin the
~hont~ on moot n
?u prior aood?~rowin~ farmo
Hume' of otationa and
oood ~rowin~ at a ulto by maohAnioally
a
tatians obtined noattv r
~d .rovrit~i oD gain oult~res~
~pp~Y~ Sovoral lotion
~ ?thod of
oaamr~~onded i~ ao . a a r
total oondit~ ons and tho S
thout f eterm~=nine looati na
wi lantin~ for
1 'ar exo,m 14 w Ao?r?v1 p
~ran~~?' r?oomm?nd?d
or ind':vidual o~ al to tho oond~tiono in
'
~ cro~+s n tho oouh wore ork)
irgt yoa,,o ?~ -~~~~ otatioi ;cna
aome~
~ihoria ~~ st of nurno~i?a and
This auoQd artio-~larly :n the ~
herp ecr?aBQ in tha harvo
r a ~ , 0 individual. ofations in the struggl?
for imptimoe even in ~,oss of cr0~. It s?edlin~s in
_ rowing ~ the numbor of
a lificatian o? ?eed ~ resulted
as waQ cut to the minimum This
?otion and oood nL~rseri
sel
~torsenintc of the vori?`ty' d hundreds
in a (ft?n tens I n
?
s a huge number of rows
In some case , urseriea~ Ag a result
anted in seed-growing n
of thougonds) were P
vaeti~ate thorn careful. Y,
altst had no c~~ance to in
the selection speai aQQd-~rovrin~ work
either in making a election or reection. In
eo in whicZ~ individual
there are a number of oas r
with local veriatios ~ his resulted in i~h? dis
incor~~ac`tlY ap!`li?d T
dam?stia eeloc'~ion was o ulariZe~tion of
rielna?n~, of the nc~tural p ~
inte~ration and impove
under the influence of
bio?morphotYpes the
harmoniou3lY eongtructed
angion of local
a natural oonditio burin the mechan~.Cel exp
ng ~ ea the hQxOditarY
from grain crape to braes ,
m$thod o~ geed ~rovrin~ rest fault in the work
s even dotexiorated~ A
basis of local varietie ~'arma is the slight
and superior seed rowtn
of selection stations in their proriuation~
rietigs and slight porasg
increase of new va
q
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4 ~,ii~lJCH 1 fA~
14
?r?quontthe `'thR1o a'tom t' ae4d ~rAWint in ~ VCn 4tgtrtOt
. Yin ~orm~ cnd ro~ional ~cr~)
~ainotion stctians ~ ou?srigr o~od ~pQ ~
oV au~.tivatiQ~ At parior o~od cnd
has boon w?Vk?d on tho baoa
diatributod variot''?o? Aa a moult,
roprod~~ctrl,on or oldor widely
dovot?d to now and bettor yioldin typao ?
noooaocxy attention is not
ono (Krcana~itpk, Kam~shin~ ~molonok,
bore c~ ~Q mill r~ny otcti
T
dzan Cha~cinsk cn~i othors) which oAnduat aaleation cnd aoR~d-~r~~vin~
;;,ork on la':' ~totochnioal 1ovQ1 receive p??r hcrvosts cNl from
a ~
tl~e nlan rQq,u?d for sutior scads
to Saar ~Eti1 to rulrill _
Year
Theee stations i?~noro the m out important faotor for the impxovomant
~ et , hi~t1 adrot?chnioE~:l
of spaoio? c m1itioa o t v.,ri Y- nsmoly' back-
As ti r,tlo , t~i?y produce suparior sends with unactisfactory
rospond to ~xst.o~ss
spociQa cl~:tios ~vhc~~ frequontlJ do not
soil aondittons I such seeds ore in no way di stin~uishable from the
un~~al scads by yield caiiaaity, but they ofton sur~css , in all other
collective ~crms in high-yield r?ions
dualities , goods rrodt~aed on
their ocono1ry on the b~gig of system
~election etctions develop
err;~egl~.nd g~sgtom of #'armin~. In this ?ray,
atio realization oL' the -
they harmoniously strive to tanite the moat important branches of
. mal husbandr'Yr anioulture, horticulture
Qgx~,culture ~ plant ~ro~vin~ ~ ani
nd Meld and gain op-rotation, by
by introducing correct graasla
utiliZinL /coal orator resouxooe ?to
creating hold shelter belt, by
e already introduced on their fields
The majority of stations hav
- outtin~ of gain
correct graasland field and gain arcprotations The
Cations where this has not already been
crop-rotations on those s , d
s
feted in 1949. The utilization of braglan
ef:~eotuated, will be comb
ations where this has not already bean put
atop-rotations on those st ~
into practice, will be completed in 1951. Perennial ~rassas in this
`
way will occupy up to 30% of the area of the stations ' plowed land
The sowin~ of hdrbaosous-le~~-~nous grasg mixtures, in addition to its
C,grQteahni0al inf lt1CnC8 on the soil (by creation of sturdy, finely
lotted structures) permits t = he sunpiyin~ of vital qusntities off`
c
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hthy =f altubio ha to the gronln; U. vootook ind+~otr'y , In throo
yo~ro (1949 51) the total yield Qf hey from paronniol raacoo ohould
inoroc~se !ftQVO than 1 1/ time.
Sh1ton bolt plantin p1aYA an important role as thn actor
.
the vrntor a' toy ~th oh ova T tae the conditions for 'tho
raCul+atin~
t!io naturo of stQppA and foroot-otePpo r?r~ioao. This
oonvoresion of
vos the influ?fCQ of tormor oriodio drouLhts. Otto
deoieivoly romo
s for aeveral years have been co~ductinP afforestation
nel:oction station
works tore than 2100 hectares o? fornat Atripa ho boon planter
( 520 of these in 194).
The stations have n well d?v?iopOd livestock i~ldustry. On
lar+~e-
1 January 1949, 1iti'erbock of horned cattle hcd incroasod 60% as
oompar?d with tho t t ;ra-vrar level, id~.e4e~k seine 20%, cheap 240%,
horses 10. In con~~eotton viitli the atio; Lion o? tho tllroo ya4Lr state
,E
yet of rnimal: h1 rc1ry, livestock will increase at
plan of dev?lcpm?
even a hidherra t9, and the pre-war level for large-horned settle
almost 2 1/2 timoa. particular attention is herewith
will. he exceeded
od to the imrovemnnt of cattle species and 'roductivity
turn
Adopton of the grassland system of farm'.i on stations created
'
s
for the nro;ressive increase in soil. fertility and the
nrerequisitea
uninterrupted growth of farm crop y ields . The beneficial nation of
this complex rags system of farming can be judged according to the
~
results of the Kaminnostep State Selection Station (now the Institute
the Central-131a01< Soil Bolt imeni V. Dokuchaev).
of A~ricultuxe of
Here by using the complex DokuchaGV-Williams system, the harvest of
gran)r crops crew from year to year as is evident from the following
'
data:
COADCNTIAL
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.~;;I1D~NTIAI
INCIW3T IN HARD ST AT TIU KAL 1hCOT~r STATION
(AV~MO HAT T'$T IN OE TIUi PR !TICTA )
GWIULM(
UGUMINOUS
?
N 1t S
I4 klf
1934?19Y
13.E
9.7
10,3
1937.1939
:L. e e
13.
10,5
1940-1941
20.5
11.6
12.9
191i-1945
21.4
21.1
is.
Tho Ural St_tion obt inod nm h tho c mo ci nifisant ro u1tc.
In turn tiro C;dctt jaao1and pyntt m of f rminj tr:aintainod a
prop:'escive inorease in harvocto h the extremo1y ~rid cot~thoast
,
`7hrre yho ctnitt~a1 ,precipitation total co:! tom orcecds 200 1iimot9rc.
Tho harvoot of ew orior aaods for ci threo yoar poriod is
sho{ern on Table II.
TABLE II
ICr'EA57 IN 11ARVST AT T TT UR1L STATV- 3T2CTION STATION
CROPS
1938-40
1941-43 19I 4 L 6
1947
(c/h)
(a/h) (to (c/h)
1938-40_L_
(to
lg~-4O
(c/h) (%tltr
GRAIN CROPS
7j
9.7
133
12,
175
12.9 1%
(winter and
summer)
Of theses
sU! A.: R ?1HhAT
7.0
7.3
104
9.5
136
11.4 163
WINT'1R RYA
6.3
12.0
190
15.7
249
16,2 257
The A1ekeandrov So1ectinn Sts.tion is a good example of the use
of the grassland system of farming outside of the black soil belt.
It was organised in 193 on the soil base of a poorly constructed
state farm. At that time, the arable layer was not more than
12-15 centimetore and podzol was deposited deeper. Mere f by the
I i d
w
-i6
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C : ;I1DEN11 AI
introduotion off' ie A and gain crop rotationo raoo p notration
inoreaood up to 5. In the oouroo o ftvo yeara~ thin in turn
arto' d an apportuiity to p1 nt rae In of nroaa.
Dy a~aplyin~ Aorreot tilling mothodo and by uoin thc oyetom
o? or~ania anal minAral tartilizoroi the Station eteadily inoroa:od
ito harvest. Tho ave!'aro "rain harv~ot has increased more than
t*iofn1r1 over the it fifteen yoaro. Tho Station complotoly
~ati1izod Mold and gain orop"rotation and the dopth cf arable
?tratwn reached 22 oentimo here . Now the Station hao hogan tho
pinting of dheltcr bolt,
The rogt~irod plan 'or stiporior scads or to ton yearn
(1984) 3.was 1?2 rul?illed, and ~7,0O0 oentners o? seeds or
174% of the plan were procluced. According to the data of aornpot-
itive variety-toating, the auperibr seod of the St- tin surpasses
the yield capaoity of ordinary saods by 3.5 - 12%.
The Narym Station, by introducing field crop-rotations aril
correlating the cuit~vat ~=n and fertilization of the coi1,
obtained a harvest of gain crops yielding 3 - 10 centners per
hectare undor condition? of tho far north. After adopting the
grassland ?yatem, the harvest stc; dily increased and for the past
C
eight years has had an cvorago yield o? 21.6 contners per ho~tare.
The Station daily excQGda the plan of output of superior eeedri t nd
has become a profitable farm.
A number of stations have acquired large and ateble harvesta
of grain crops and in this way hive contributed to t'e development
of selection geed- growing works. (TA3Li III)
ICENTI4I
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s.:~FI~ENTIAL
TADL III
HMtV C o1 C IN oiot
?TA?IQ _. ~....-;2& .1 947....
TL~I(Ir AN
15.6
19.0
20.1
3.1
20.C)
hcUaQl2
16.1
18.E
2.0
27.9
X5.1
AA3LAV
18.1
13.7
15i
X1.4
=
~~OD
K
12.5
18.5
16.1
20.1
16.E
STLWDaK
__
18,:
,7
26.9
Completely diffcvent reoulta ware obtained at the Krnenokutak
Station and the K mishinak Station, which are loeatod in the south-
oast under ni~L '~i i Ii:wn. similar tc' tlrase oliaraotc~riatic of the
r? ion of the Urea: Ztation but l?aa sove 'o.
At tbo Kraenokutak Station, gm itnd crop-rotations wore
introduced, and ; cronn .ai crasues have teen occm.pying a considevable
portion of the fiolds, but do not produce tho nnociora a rotoc1inical
effect, As a rosult of ignorance of th? reLtuirements of the grass-
land system of farrnitig and bocaucP of unsatisfactory agricultural
techniques, the Station obtains a very low yield t gain crops.
oam?shinsk, Smolensk, ?yazainak, Fa1ernsk n:nd 3r~Qra1 other
Stations continuo to obtain low~ioldo. I-iowover in the 1icht of
facts m?nt':oned earlier, j.t is eviciont that a ce1ection st tion Sri
any zone by persistently uti13.zing the Crass1and system of farming,
can achieve a substantial inoreaao in harvest. It shot~1d ho emphasized
that the inatalling ai' the gr'ss1and ayatem of farming on ctnte
sea.eotion station fields, bewidea enhancing the fQrtilitr of the soil
and the increase in yield, has a tremendous methodological significance.
FIDENTIA I.
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i
athc the grt Fnd syotem off' .farming V.~,' iUiamo, whilQ
The
ApAAkin1 on the r'crc ~At VQA of the cc)eAtion of 0z'c p r A Rrto that
"Only from tho mo~ient a#' th? c1oqution of coil at1-ty and heave,
he ou~~+1 ink of water to a oultivatoc~ crop, is tho wido field of
of t
aotwity open fcr the aolootie!n of crop, tho iim1t, of whoac influonco
io ntill djf'loult to ror'eooc.
Only the svstorratiA putting into practice of tho Dohuchaev-
a atomr can oreatu the moat satisfactory envir'onront for the
Ptilliam? Y
th and developrsent of plant cultures and ponacsn a reliable beck
brow
round for the dova1optit rt cf r-cp- high- -~.al~in rt rietieQ.
Acaord11 to the todchtn of Acac~omician V,R. Williams, coil and
~
croc1imatical ?n h'on meat quality tively ohnnae ba?ic forma urrder tha
mi
ence of the activity of ovg niams (cont_oait?a of peronrial legucn-
influ
a and herbaceous grassed, wood apeciea an~1 aoilrnloroorganismc~. Teas,
ou
OIaniamafreaotito the soil and clitnato, change and under tha influ-
ence of altered conditions of iii'e vary their own natura.
Before se~:ection-t?st~.ng institutions wan put the problem of
ystemat3.ca1~LY perfecting 1) methods and means of irltpr'oving cultivated
c
varieties adapted to the conditions of their zone, 2) measures of pro-
tectin them from deterioration abd degenors:tian and, ~) mans for naas
roduction of hybrid seeds of corn, winter and summer whets and buck'
p
wheats for the soila of collective and state farms.
These tasks can be successfu11y accomp1iahed only on the basia of
full utilization of the grassland syatem of farming. This will create
the neceasary environment, that is, the conditions of fertilization,
which provide for the production of plant oulturea highly productive
for a given region.
State selection stationa are gyided by the following resolution of
the Soviet of Ministers of the USSR, "Regarding the plan of sheltor belt
4u4
- l9
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w,r 'r t 1
ra -rotationo and Cho oonotrUotion
~raasland
lantin, inotallin~ Cho o~
p ~
ovidR r~o a ~~d stable ha~v?oto is
ot rasorvoirs and water tanks to pr ~~
ions o~ the Tu~~oPoan Pad of Uft.
the stvppa kind ~'oroat-steppe rod
To mo time cbleated to 1oVO1op and
atationQ have boon at the sum
oros~tation and ~holtor belt punt-
r#'?ot moans for taot and ot~?a?
p~
info , while widely applYini nest p1ntinfa and Coreat planting? t
.
In 1949, eelQOtion stations planfed 670 hoataroe o~ shelter' bolts
~ one o~ the otvpP and foxeat-ato~apo Zor~
on their ~armo in the rv~.
otaree wv 'e planted aoe idi'~ to tho rout
OF this nntmbvr, 3B0 ha ~ _ method.
tin
11ed the eprin~ plan for forest 'lan
Tina ~ol'lcn~; ~~~a~aions fulfi
0iro0tor !.P. ondarenk0) plantQd
than other 0tat~ one c toetov
haft?r
terse 40 of which wvije by the nest
shelt~-r belts on an ar?a o~ ~9 X144 ,
or v.I. PoaclnYakov) p1ant?c1 50 hactros,
method ; 9v~vnohuk (Air?at
d ~ Northern Donvta (sir?attir ~~
metho,
19 of ~rh~ ch Mora by Cho not
Karin) 33 hvotsr4a , 10 by the rot m?thad; StavrorolI(Dirvctor V,I
not m?thod; White I~uesian (Dir?ctor
Balyura) 31 h?otarns, 15 by the
~
by the nest method; Moscow (Oiroato4
V,I~ Teivinakiy) ~2 hectares, 24 Y
A.N. Tsev?tkov) 34 hectare, 15 by the nest ni@thod etc. All of them
a
substantially ?verfu1filled not only their springy but also t',1ei1'
The Stalingrad, Petrov, P.dnelsk,
yearly plan for foraet plenting
{ Stations elso obtained good results
Barnaul, SZav~orod and "old:q
s according to this system was 139%
The plan for springy planting
Cations. Altosther, more than ZOaO
fuZfilied by state s?1??tion s
hect,s.res were planted, thus eurpassth~ tho yearly Baal for forest
hectares, or 130% of the yearly plan were
ple1nting. of these 500
planted according to the nest method.
Cr9fl.tes
The wade application of the gr3,ss1and system of farm~.n
ressiye increasg in hgrv?et of farm
unlimited. possibilities for the progcrops. However a substantial in
crease in here?st is 13.mited by the
-20-
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cIflDENT1AL
of tt oxiot tnt vari~tios o; grain ovopa that in, wi,nt~r and
urwter whoat vre, bn.r3W, c rot fri11y uti 1izo hi nh agroteoh-
a ~
nio~kl bao~lroufc1, view of the tnauV`o~ ~flt totihr of hay.
In tho t1Tm Af ~n oxooo? oi' food, thoao VL.ri ttoa usua13y go to
waato which often reau1ta n a c1ooreaaa in yio1d.
Tho rro1em i,a 1) to ornate variation of ;f'io1d oropa which
m0ro v t1ub1o than nx ,ettng varieties, a) to utilize the oondtticana
the atrounding onviroTh1Qnt namoly, a high agrotachnioal bao -
0
rotund an~1 fertilb soils, and ,3) to prodrroo highor rio11a,
g
Oonaoquont1y, it Is r~ooocaar~to cz' ' ~ v rtntion with
conidern,hlY f rnnter ntrcr th or grnator rar~onO npi) os then ex i eting
e
~.,
a so that tho 1:nor4 t fl to yie1 i~ s not rat t;ho o;cpenao of
varieti?,
soliciifaIIinC the soil. VIork has a~ ready 'eon started in thin
d
dhnotion at a nuz~ber cf ~m1ootton stationa. In 1948, 14 a t;atior
i-`aldn.v, ironova and others) organized the:roi'k with
(Cteorgiar,
ramoao woctt selooted ho wont crops aocrrdirng to po~lr~ctivity and
~
conducted hYida nation with the host v : iotion of wintor and ouii~tor
~
{shoats
At tho Geor,ian, Kirgiz and 1?oidav Ste:tiong, nume1'oUs high-
yic1ding hybrid sa?dlings wKre dOVe'.o~nd . The seeds of the hybrids
of tho first oroiintion of re:moso wheat "o 'e sown on the fields of
g
the ~tironova, 1 r :anodarsk, oocow and ?-loldav Stationa, together with
rater forms produced at the Gorki Lenin and Odessa Selection-Genetio
wi
Inetitutc. Tho ?urpoae of this was to create new, high-yielding,
eturdy ramose varieties of wheat conforming to tho natural conditions
of theao re ions, In 1949, more than 20 stations were working on the
g
adantability of ramose types of wheat. The state se1eotiota stations
of Kazakhstan uce, in the opacity of the rear material, a new form
of ramose wheat developed in the valley of tho river lokraun
Kounrodak rayon, Karagandin ob1aat) . This wheat has been in
CONFIDENTIAL
- 21 -
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CONflUENT!A!
urdor the 1,aon~, namo al ~aa.~~,o.~idaY
o~iotonop thorn for mangy ~ caro
wh -oar ;shoat ," This dorm QV Vrh~at, Tur~idiu~m, a
.
~-ch donotoo ~iFivo3 _
a ~ iko vrh?oo kovno1 vroi~1~o up to 9 ~ra~
dioti~~;uiohod by a lar~A ~omaaa
tho vi 3 oD ~.g - 1.~ drama) .
(copc1 Frith
In tho wAr1 oV doe ~ olor.~inC hi~M?Yiaidin~ variotioa at ramaaa t cU will now be turnQd to tho ~orrttion
~~intor wl~oat~ partiAUlar att?n i
oaiotanoo oi h;l~.'ir~o. This io ~~a~rtic-
oL tho qut lidos oD the winte r
do have bor+n proc~u?od from tho c~~asoin~
aiarlY i~iportant boooWoo h~b~ i
non?rc~~cao ~'r~~Qat ~ T~~io method of
~oat with rrintr
of sttmir~or ram~tao l~
o , ,~~r
y ?~~ at, ~ono
-~ 1u~t ~~r~:111~o vridoly o,pt-1iorl b ,r~
t