EXPERIMENTAL WORK WITH WINTER WHEAT IN OMSK OBLAST'

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100110015-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 32
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 8, 2012
• Sequence Number: 15
• Publication Date: March 5, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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Title: L iIr NTAL ~'~ORK WITH C NTI V ]T IN OZISK OSLAST' by
N. A. aelozorova (USSR)
Source: robiolo i a, No 3, May-Juxie 1949, pp 1Li2'1~9, RuBeian
S mon h periodioal
CUt4I1iLit~ar
50X1 -HUM
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CONFIDENTIAL
EXPERI-+tPNTAL WOAD ITii WfNflR YIk1EAT IN OI!ISK 9 T
N. A. Aeloserova
Siberian Saientilio Reeearol~
Institute of Orain Culture Oak.
50X1 -HUM
This report is a direct extension of our work which was published in the
ournil "llgriobiologiYafl, issue No. 2, 191i? . In that work we drew the
~
baeie of experimental data concerning the plant-
ing follow of following
winter oonol wheat usions on on the stubble, aadpthe effect of the preceding Drop on
of the stubble crop on the euoceeding Drop.
planting, and in turn
Tests conducted at the Inetitote on the planting of winter wheat on he wisdom of Academician T. D. Lysenko'e
e tubble and fallow confirmed t
estion to plant winter wheat in the uncultivated stubble of spring graino
Bugg
in the steppes and open seotione of the wooded eteppe8 of Siberia.
~
stubble in the steppes of Siberia, not
1 . When planted on unfilled
only the variety strongly` rea isvent to frost (Lutestsens 0329) wintered well, but also the lees frost resistant
varieties, such as Ukrainka, and Eritra-
erraWa 1164 which was changed in Odessa from a spring to a winter variety,
S
'gyp
and even the spring wheat Mil'turu1a 0321. nditions for the produotion of high
2. win-
ter 2. wheat by Testa under stubble optim~- planting showed that yields of i -16 centners per peo-
he roduction of yields of 31.11 aentnere
tare were easily attained By t p
on the stubble of spring wheat which
er hectare by planting winter wheat
p
in turn had been planted in f allow ground, it was shown that by creating
good soil conditions for the preceding spring crop it was possible to further
increase the yield of winter wheat on stubble.
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CONFIDENiIAI
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CONFIDENTIAL
3? The stubble planting of winter wheat u the crop before epring wheat
resulte in a eignificant inoreue in yield over the yield of spring wheat
on old land.
!i. Teets oonduoted with stubble planting of the conversion of spring
wheat onto winter wheat, oonfirta the poseibility of outing high-yield
strongly frost-resistant varieties of winter wheat in Siberia by tbie method
of cultivation.
This article contains the results of further studies of this problem.
The results of six years of investigation completely oonfirm not only
that the wheat winters well, but that it is possible to produce high yields
of winter wheat in the steppe and wooded steppe regions of Siberia by plant-
ing it on stubble by Academician T. D. Lyeenko's method.
In 1918 the aim of the experimental work was to develop methods for pro-
ducing high yields of winter wheat and extending the area in which it was
planted to kolkhozes and eovkhozes.
Therefore in 1948 we set ourselves the following tasks;
a) to produce on a 17-hectare section of the Laboratory of Agricultural
Engineering an average yield of 18 centners per hectare and on individual
areas up to 30 oentners per hectare.
b) to secure the production of an average yield of 16 centners per
hectare on 60 hectares of the Institute's secondary sections.
c) to secure the production on an average winter wheat yield of not lees
than 10 centners per hectare in the sovkhoZes and kolkhozea.
The results of the tests and the conditions under which they were con-
ducted are cited below.
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October and November were sunny and dry with considerably higher than usual
temperatures (+3.L), and frequent deep thaws. The moisture content of the
upper 1syers of soil (040 cm) on 6 September was 21s mm. The winter wheat
seedlings emerged on the 10th to the 13th day. At he beginning of the
winter the winter wheat was in the first etagee of tillering.
It wee noted that large-scale leaf growth etopped on 12 October although
eome growth continued until 27 October. The preeenee of moisture in the
Boil at the beginning of winter created favorable conditions for eeedlinge
and the development of winter wheat on stubble.
The winter of 19117,4 8 was one of little snow, and the temperaturee were
above average, 5? in November, 7' in January, 1? in February, and 2' in
March. December was the coldest month, particularly between the 10th and
15th, when the atmoepheric temperature dropped down to -38?, and the average
for a third at the five dq period was -32?.
The first enowfall~on 28 October, was 1.3 cm. At the time of the thaw
(November 6 to 8) the mow melted on approximately half the area, and the
snow which remained lasted until l5 November. During the second thaw between
15 and 23 November, the snow melted completely. A permanent snowfall covered
the frozen gro~ind to a depth of 25 to 30 cm on 25 November, and by 12 December
the enow cover had increeded to 18 cm.
the stubble was covered to a depth of 7 to 10 cm. By the end of December
Rain on the night of January 1st and a deep thaw (up to +I.2?) which
on the stubble, exposing 30 to IO percent of the winter wheat plants.
lasted for a week, removed the snow and later caused melted spots to form
?3e
gI1FMENT{At
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CONFIDENTIAL
CaAdi~iotio Du3~ too Winter and a Short
D,eeriptian at the Vegetative Period or i442L~e_
In September the temi}ereture was 1.2' below the average for msr r years j
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CONFIDENTIAL
The Winterine of Winter Wheat
As in the preceding year, winter wheat sown on etubble in 1947 wintered
well, and all of the leaf structures were completely preserved. Data on
winter wheat at the Siberian Scientific Research
the wintering and yields of
N*fIDENTIAL
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raturo there was more snow, sad by l!i January there was
With a drop in tempo
a depth of 17 on in certain fields. The snow cover increased further to an
extent depending an the stubble and b, the end of March had reached 35 cm,
According to the data of the Ste''PaPe Mrometeorologioal Station, the depth
ow land without snow barriers varied during the
of the snow cover on fall
0 to 18 cm. The average for total winter preci-
course of the winter from
pitation over the p set ten years was 66 r n (of wate7.
tion for the winter of 19L 7/48 was 27 mm, or 39 hen
The total preoipita
lowest temperature of the soil at the depth of
less than the average. The
the tillering nodes of the winter wheat planted in stubble during the winter
in question, was - 16.9, and in the fallow soil without snow barriers,
-25' (Table 2).
The small amount of snow cover, the deep thaw in the middle of the
winter, and the low tomperaturoe at the depth of the tifering nodes ohara-
terized the winter of 19!t7/l8 as being unfavorable for winter wheat.
c
During the winter the soil was frozen down to a depth of 87 cm in the
in the fallow. The thawing of the snow started
stubble, and down to 100 cm
until 11 April, and was interrupted by a freeze from
on 20 March, continued
The amount of water in the snow before the large-
27 March until I. April
was 70 mm in the stubble and 61 mop in the fallow'
scale thaw
d winter wheat, the snow was completely melted by
On the stubble plants
9 to ll April; the soil thawed slowly. The leaf growth of the winter wheat
started on 21 to 22 March.
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GONFIDEN hAL
netitute of Orin Culture for the period trom 1943 to 19L8 are ehown in
Table 3. The wintcr wheat planted in fallow was co~tpletely killed. Data
compiled by the *grometeorological Station teetifying to this, are listed
in Table Li.
In apite of the sharp fluctuations in temperature and other unfavorable
oonditione for wintering, the winter wheat planted for the first time in the
lcolkhoses of Omek Oblast did not winter badly either (Table 5).
Ae in the preceding four years, ~6o epeoimene of winter wheat from the
collection wintered well when planted in stubble on 9 to 10 September.
2110 epecimene of varioue southern etraine of ~eemi-winter' wheat sown in
the stubble of oats on 30 September also winter well and are producing a
crop
.
All this confirms the poeeibility~that many varieties of winter wheate)
irreepectively of their degree of frost reeietance, will winter in Siberia
hen p/anted in etubble according to the method of Academician T. D. Lyeenko.
Stubble planting makee it possible to uee the more highly productive
varietiee of winter wheat from the European part of the Soviet Union both ae
winter and 'eemi-winter' wheats, in order to produce more productive varieties
of winter wheat for the steppes of Siberia.
8
Meteorolo ical Conditions of the S and Summer of i2Li
April and Mgr were warmer than average by 1.3-to 1.1i . The email amount
of precipitation in April (6 mm compared to the usual average of 1G mm) did
not have a substantial effect on the growth and development of the winter
wheat. The precipitation in Mar was 27, compared to the usual average for
this month of 28 mm.
.5.
CORE IDENTI AL
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 1ti"
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COIFIDENTIAL
The euiiner of 198 was hot and dry with Treque?t dry w'de o?d fleas
of the eoil. At the end of the ruiner, the temperature on the surface of
the Boil delete' to 56', md to 22.8 ? at the depth of the filleting nodes.
The relative humidity dropped to 19 percent for 6 drys in July. (Table 6 )
the soil during the vegetatI:ve period
The basso moisture content or
shown in Table 7, demonstrates the rest water deficiency during all of Jae
g
and July, despite this, the winter wheat developed welly which shows the
atmos hario dryness of atubble?planted,4or~ope.
strong reeietanae to soil and F Jq
from the "milk" a tageVto the
We should mention the speed of passing
"dough" stag! and the early advent of complete maturity which was caused by
the high atmospheric temperature, the dryness of the soils and the low
relative humidity.
tin Varieties of Winter Wheat on Stubbie
Teat of Ilan
~
In 19~8,9varietie8 of winter wheat were tested: Populyateiya No. ll(I))
errugineum 1239, Lyutestsens geki~eova, Mil'turum 329, Ukrainka, ~ritoepe
F
ssk a and Lyuteetsens 329. The planting w~
1160, Eritrospermum 917, Alaba ~ ,
done on b September by using the tractor diva drill twice on the oat stubble,
thus turning the oat stubble downwards. The oats had been planted after
spring tilling of winter wheat stubble. annulated superphosphatee in the
were introduced with the reed during the
amount of l centner per hectare
was added to the surface twice during the
plating, Nitrogen fertilizer
springs on 16 Apra 2 centners per hectare of atnmohium sulfate.
eat
of the various varieties of winter wh
The percentage of wintering
planted on stubble is shown in Table 8, together with the data of the two
preceding years.
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CONFIDENTIAL
A study of the speed with which the various varieties developed under
the oonditiafl' of 1947/t8 as shown in Table 9, do not indicate any sharp
athv v~iety EritrQepera"m 1160 which eared
deviations with the exception
other varieties ? Erit' sperW 1fl 1160, a variety
three dqs earlier than the
the conditions of stubble plating, approximates
whioh develops quickly under
gerrugineum 1239 in the rate of its development. This variety produces a
high yield each year. The variety Ferrugineum 1239 in 1948 was planted at
the Institute on areas oompoising 113 hectares. Eritrospe1'm~-1160, a
highly productive variecy, is not grown in Siberia in view of its uausda117
strong tendency there to drop th? grains. (2). The data compiled in Table
rig-e the variety in yield and abeolute weight.
10 characte
Inveetigatione carried out in the Laboratory of Technology (A. A.
oorop the high index of baking quality of winter wheats
~-eva) , revealed that
ee that of spring wheat, such ae Mil'turum 321?
significantly surpass
Along with the extension of teat planting, work was ordered on the deve--
~ lancing in Siberia. Characceristio in
e
opment of new varieties for tubblep
this regard were some adapted specimens selected from the variety Ferrugineum
1239 which gave a yield of 33 centnere per hectare.
In 19I9 it was decided to turn over to the Doeaorteet' for further variety
testing the specimens 'with the highest yields: Populyateiya Sibniizkhosa
cesteens Sekisova, Mil'turum'j and selections
No. 1, Ferrugineum 1239, LYc
from Lyutesteene 329, Ukrainka, E*itroapermum.
recedin Cro a on The Yield of Winter Wheat
The Eff sot of the t
study of crops preceding the stubble-plancing of winter wheat established
the fact that the higher the yield of the spring wheat had been, the higher
was the yield of the winter wheat plated in its stubble.
In 1917 the meximwr- yield of winter wheat, 32.2 centners per heotare,
wit produced when it was planted in the stubble of spring wheat which had
yielded 28.5 centnere per hectare.
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CONFIDENTIAL
(4
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CORI LDE11k
The teete also showed the elteotiveneee of timely application oi` tort-
ilizere in tho stubble planting of winter what. The beet reeuLta were
achieved by the addition of 1 centner of granulated superphoephates per
hectare along with winter wheat seed and bar supplying the eeedlings with
nitrogen fertilizer in the curly epring ai'ter the move had melted. This
was confirmed by data produced in 1918. The winter wheat, Ferruginew 1239,
was planted on 4 to 5 September by the croee method on the stubble of spring
wheat TseZium 111 whioh had been planted on fallow. To bhe fallow soil
were added 30 tons of manure and 2 centnere of euperphoephates per hectare.
The yield of spring wheat in 1917 was 15.5 centnere per hectare. The winter
wheat on lls April was fertilized with 1 oentner of ammonium nitrate and 2
centnere of ammoniwn sulfate per hectare, and the average yield from 5 heotaree
was 18.2 centnere per hectare.
The winter Wheat Ukrainka, was planted in another rotation. The plant-
ing was done on 13 September by the cross plow method on the stubble of oate
which had been planted after spring tilling as the third crop after grass.
No fertilization was done before the oats were planted. The yield of oats
in 1947 was 18.8 centnere per hectare. In the spring the winter wheat
seedlings were fertilized with 2 centnere per hectare of ammonium nitrate,
and on 2 June, 1 centner per hectare of ammonium sulfate was spread evenly
on the surface of all fields. The yield of winter wheat on the two-heotare
area was 17.3 centnere per hectare.
In the first field of a 9 field rotation the winter wheat Populyateiya~
was planted on 6 September on the stubble of oats which had been planted on
ploughland retitled in the spring.
The sowing standard was 190 kilograms per hectare. Nitrogen fertilizer
was added on 8 September and on 14 April in the amount of 1 centner ofasmmonium
nitrate per hectare. The average yield in this field was l.6 centnere per
hectare.
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CONFIDENTIAL
At the elite farm Sibniizkhos, the winter wheat, Populyatsiys No. 1 vu
k'
planted on an area of ~. hectares on the stubble Qf spring wheat. On a
23 hectare eeotion of this area where the spring wheat had been planted on
unfertilized fallow, the yield of winter wheat was 8.4 oentnere per hectare.
On the other half of thn arcs where the spring wheat had been planted on
fertilized fallow, the yield of winter wheat was 9.9 oentnere per heotsx'e.
The Cultivation of High Yield Winter Wheat
The field where the teat in queetion was conducted lay fallow in 1916.
In 1917 it was used for epring wheat and aSter harrowing, on the 18th of
April, 4 oentnere of euperphoephatee and 2 oentnere of ammonium nitrate per
heotare were added and before the second cultivation, 20 tone of compoet.
The epring wheat was planted by the croee plow method on the 14th of May.
Due to an early fall frost on 26 lbguet the grain did not completely ripen
and the yield was reduced and averaged 21.3 centnere per heotare.
Two varieties of winter wheat, Ferruginewn 1239 and Eritrospermum 1160,
were planted on the etubble of spring wheat on 12 September. The planting
was done with a tractor disk drill by the cross method. One centner of
granulated euperphosphatee per hectare we a introduced with the seed. The
eeedlinge emerged on the 13th day. The plants developed well in the fall
and went into the winter in the tillering stage. Two centnere per hectare
of ammonium nitrate was spread on the surface of the frozen soil on 15 April.
The winter wheat plants wintered well, preserving their leaf etructures
intact, and grew quickly from 22 April on. The plants do not differ greatly
from those sown by other itethode in their stages of growth, but they do
stand out because of the richneee of their coloring, the width of their leaves,
~9us
WIIIENTIAL
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CONfiDENTIAL
and their exoellent develoPmeat. In order to inoreaee the growth, a eecond
surface Lertilieition of one oentner per hectare of emmoniwn eulf ate was
added on 27 May when the shoots emerged.
The number of p/ante of the Ferrugineum 1239 variety do a equate meter
was found to be 556 on 1i Junef 50 in the Baring period, on 23 June, and 5l~2
5
at harvest time, 30 Auguet. Despite the low moisture content of the soil and
atmosphere, there was no lose of plants of this variety. However, the plant-
ink of the same variety, Ferrugineum 1239, on the stubble of spring wheat
which had been planted after plowing without the application of Eertilizer,
produced a lose between 7 June and 30 Auguet of 35.2 percent.
In the variety Eritroepermum 1160, there occurred a lose of 16.1 percent
of plants between the time of shooting and the time of harvest.
the a per equaro meter of the variety Ferrugineum 1239 gave
Counting
the following results at the time of ehooting 1028; at the time of Baring)
U'
819, at the timelarveet; 785 of which 650 were productive. Of the variety
,
Fritrospermum 1160, from among 920 s4i'e ie 61.7 remained at harpeet time, of
which 555 were productive. The dry awmmer with frequent dry winds reduced
the number of awe so that the possible yield was aoneiderably reduce
(Table 11).
The 28 to 33 centnere per hectare yield of winter wheat on stubble which
was produced is not the best that can be done. The creation of good soil
conditions for the spring wheat (fellow, fertilization with compost), the
supplementary addition of grenulsted superphoephatee during planting, and the
fertilizer in the spring are means which will significantly
use of nitrogen
increase the yield of winter wheat when it is planted in stubble by the
method of Academician T. D. Lysenko.
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RIOu,ate of Test. on Ferti1izt winter when
r ee of granulated superphosphate
b e he ei~~eotivene
t
v
a o
we hive mentioned
Eeod is plinted~
introduced in the amount of one centner per heotare when tie e
the enaw
ilizor in the early spring ifter
~'eu lying of nitrogen tent
and bhe pp
melts.
made of the introduotion of nitro
he spring of 1948 field tests were oed
In t reviouely introdu
sup?rphosphatee
fertilizer when granulated had been p ?
gen the entire period of
the winter whoat. Throughout
together with the Deed o er
g received the nitxrog?n fertiliz , better develop-
rowth on the plat which had g her. This
ant of the plants was observed and the yield was cone derably h
m
h are arranged the ~,ndioes of gro
ie h and
well shown in Table 12, in whio
yield of the winter wheat, Ferrugine 1239 , which had been planted the
been planted on y~nfertilized
s rin wheat which in turn had
stubble of p g
plowed land.
ere ex' hectare inoreaae in yield whioh was produced, well
The 6,8 oentn p
fertilization with nitrogen of
the effectiveness of springttme
attests to
winter wheat which has been planted on stubble.
8 in the glantisg of the winter
s~?ts were produced in l9G
Anal agous r@
of oats which had been planted on
atsiya No 1 on the stubble
wheat ~ Populy ~
n yield was 3 centnere per hectare.
s
Here the increase in grain
plowed land.
tner per hectare of granulated super
Sn both variations of this testy one can u
es was added when the winter wheat was planted. The yield witho
phosphat
r fertilization was 13.E centnere per hectare, whereas when one centner
furthe
ed the yield rose to 16.5 centnere
re of ammonium sulfate was add,
per heota
per hectare.
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CONFJDEN flAt
Stubble Planting of Winter Wheat as a Faotor n Restwr
Condition of Soil F.rti1i ~,
Aoademioian T. D. Lysenko ehowed that under stubble lantin oi'
p g winter
wheat, the soil ' rested t from till ige and its physioal ro ert
p p iee were
improved. Data produced at the Laboratory of Agrolo' of the
~ Institute
corroborate. this ed.'
In 1914, a nine field graeeland crop rotation was divided
into two parts
The tint experimintal rotation coneieted of planting winter
rye on fallow,
rollowed by graes, which in turn was Followed by the a rin
p g wheats and the
eeoond coneieted of planting spring wheat on fallow, winter wheat on the
spring wheat stubble, and grave after the winter wheat.
The data produced indicate the large quantity of etructural a re
g6 gates
in the tilled layer of the eeotione after the stubble /anti
p ng of winter
wheat.
On comparing the yields for 3 year. (19L64915) under the two rotati
one ,
it is not difficult to see the superiority o#' the eeoond (Table 13).
From the data cited it can be eeen that in the second rotation whe
~ re for
three years the winter wheat was planted on stubble there were
, three tillages
A
which provided a total yield of wheat of 96.1 oentners per hectare
p . In the
first rotation where the winter wheat was planted on fallow, six
tillagee
provided a yield of edible grain of only 81.1 centnere or 18. 5 percent
less and furthermore the greater pert or thde grain ie Qmka ='ye since the
more ~c~,tivated varieties of winter w
rye ill not winter in fallow in the
steppe region. of Siberia.
The teata in 19L7 showed that in the fields where stubble planting
or
winter wheat had been employed, the yield of spring orops vu higher than in
old soft soil. Spring wheat which was planted on a field where
rye had been
planted for four years in eucceeeion produced a yield of 16.6 centne
rs per
heotare, but when planted on soft .oil yielded only 12.77 centnere
per
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COIRDEATl1l
prepared soil (fallow, seedbed, turning of the seedbed),
spring crops on well and the planting of the winter wheat on its stubble in the fall, will euoceu-
fully produce not omy high yields of these two crops, but also secures high
yields of the spring crops which are planted on the stubble of the winter
wheat.
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heotare, despite the tact that the spring wheat in the Bret oaee was the
ninth crop in rotation without grass having been planted on the field.
atterefteots of stubble planting on the yield of subsequent
In 1948 the
determined. ul Four fields were plowed in the winter of
spring crops were
1947, In the spring 18 May) of 1918, they were planted in rye, Zolotoy
dozhd ', the yield of which in each field was relatively high (Table 1I).
The teat is evidence of the restoration of the soil fertility as a
result of stubble planting. Grain crops were planted in the third field of
the fifth rotation for 4 years (from 19L on). In this period two tillagee
occurred and the following yields were produced
Millet on a seedbed 25.8 centnere per hectare
1945,
1946, The spring wheat, Mil ' turum
321, on 4e millet stubble 16 centnere per heotare
19b7, Gate, balanced sowing) 2.16 centners per hectare
1948, Winter wheat on 4ke oat stubble 22.4 oentners per hectare
In 194 and 1946 no fertilizer was applied, but in 1947 when the winter
wheat was planted, granulated auperphoaphatea in the amount of one oentner
per hectare were added with the seed, and in the spring of 1916, three oentnera
w -'_r
per heaters of nitrogen fertilizer was aided. Thus the planting oft the
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CONFIDENTIAL
Re uvenatioa of the Seed of S rin Wheat Planting
it in the Late Fall on Stubble
The wintering of spring wheat in stubble etimulatee the hereditary oharw
tine of the plants. This stimulated p1anty like a hybrid, posoeeees
aoterie
great vitality. When eeed of spring wheat which has Ire wintered once, is
planted in the spring on fallow or plowed land, the yield is higher than W
w'A'` ordinary seed of the earns is2'ietY of spring crop punted (Table lw).
xt was three year investigation that wintered epring wheat
established by a
desut or fuearioeie. The imps?ovement of the yield quality
ie not infected by
of spring wheat by fall stubble planting ie referred to in practice as the
f the eeed. In 1949t~ the fall planting of spring wheat in
rejuvenation o
stubble at the Institute produced yields of from 9.7 to 19.3 aentnere per
hectare.
In 19l~8 at the LaboratorY of Agricultural Engineering, yielda of 16.6 to
22.09 centners per hectare were produced by the planting of rejuvenated eeed
of Mil turn 321, whereas the ordinary eeed produced yields of 15.06 to
16.66 centnere per hectare.
baeie of the compiled data it is possible to draw the conclueion
On the
that the rejuvenation of the eeed of spring wheat ie a simple end practical
method of increasing the yield in kolkhosee and eovkhoeee, and oleo a very
effective means of controlling grain emut.
At the Siberian Scientific Reeearch Institute of Grain Culture the
rejuvenation of seed is ueed as a method for producing elite seed, and pre'
eeed nurseries at the institute plant the spring wheat in the
sent alb the
fall on etubble and the euperelite and elite eeed in the epring on fallow
,
varieties of
and plowed land. In order to rejuvenate the seed y
spring wheat were planted in the fall of 1918 as follows: Mil'turunt 3211
CONFIDENTIAL
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9
CONFIDENTIAL
15 hectare., Mil'turum 5531 5 hectaroe, Tsesium ills 30 hectares, Lyutoet-
wen 62s 5 hectares, A1' bidusa 37001 3 hectares, and other varieties t 7
heotaroe.
Due to the significant inoroaee in yield of the rejuvenated seed, the
ko1rchomes and eovkhoses of Siberia began widely using this method in their
own field.. The fall stubble planting of spring wheat was carried out in
1988 at 679 kolkhomee and 31 eovkhoaee on an area of 2,596 heotaree.
Inveetigatione of the wintering showed favorable reeulte.
The Planting of Winter wheat on Stubble in the Fall of 1918
The area devoted to the planting of winter wheat on etubble in the
Institute's fields was increaeed in 1918 to 266 hectaree. In the kolkhomea
and eovkhoaee of Onek Oblast the planting of winter wheat on etubble wee
carried out on about 5,000 hectaree.
At the Inetitute, the winter wheat was planted from 21 August to 2
September. One centner per hectare of granulated euperphoephatee was added
at the time of planting. The winter wheat was in the tillering etage at the
to beginning of winter.
In the kolkhozee of Omek Oblast by 1 September there were 1,779 hectaree
of winter wheat planted on stubble, from 1 to 5 September 1,181 more hectares
were planted, and after 5 September 436 hectaree were planted. The planting
was carried out by the cross method on 3,185 hectaree.
The granulated euperhoephate was mixed locally with compost 1,153
hectaree, and with the hueke of false flax and millet 1,250 hectaree.
The standard application of the granulated euperphoephates averaged around
one centner per heotarecand varied from 0.6 to 2 centnere.c Superphoephate
and aehee were added to the surface of 1,236 hectaree. Superphoephate was
supplied to the young plants on 110 hectaree. Moat of the planting wee car-
vied out on the etubble of spring wheat which had been planted in fallow.
.15,.
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
The dry swamere and the absenoe of precipitation in the tall in the
gouthern regions of Omsk Ablest ret~d the emergence of winter wheat seed-
lingsi end most of them emerge here after 25 September. Due to the except-
tonally porous upper layer off' evil beneath the spring crop in 1948, the depth
at which the eeede were set wan not uniform and therefore the density of
the etand on a square meter varied a great deal (Table 16). In some kolkhoee$
the planting of the winter wheat was carried out at a depth of 6 cm.
In the eovkhozes of Omek Oblast the planting of winter wheat on stubble
a~
was oarried out on Varea of l,O i2 hectares. The largest part of the planting,
680 hectares, was done after 5 September. Granulated euperphosphates were
added to 551 hectaree. On 9L2 heotaree the planting was carried out on the
stubble of spring wheat which had been planted on fallow. Most of the seed-
linBa emerged late, and data on the analysis of condition of the crops in
Cherlakekiy and Sosnovskiy sovkhozes on 20 to 23 October 191x8, presented the
same picture as in the kolkhozee of the southern regions of Oinelc Oblast.
Analysis of specimens taken on 25 January, and 25 Februarys 1949, from the
stubble planted crops of winter wheat on the kolkhozee and eovkhozee of Omsk
~w
Oblaet, ehowed that the wheat wintered well. Despite the fact thatrom 2~5
December to 25 January the atmospheric temperature had dropped to - 12, the
percentage of plants which had lasted through the winter fluctuated between
80 and 100. The snow cover on the stubble - planted crops was 17 to $ cm
(Table 17 and 18).
Conclusions
1. The tests in 19118 as well ae the tests of the preceding year in-
dieated that even weakly Croat-resistant varieties, such as Ukrainka and
Novokrymka, wintered well when planted on the stubble of spring crops.
5Semi-'winter wheats from Syria, E6Ypt and Turkey wintered well and produced
crops, Moreover, spring wheats wintered well when planted at later periods,
-
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16-CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
2. Stubble planting enables ua to use poorly frost-reeietant and highly
frost-resistant varietiea of winter, errniiwintdr, ai d spring whs-ati in order
to produoe productive varietiee of winter wheat for the steppes or Siberia.
3. Fundamental oonditione for a good yield of winter wheat when it is
planted in stubble, are preparation of good Boil conditions under the spring
crop and a high yield in the spring crop,
!. The tests in 19118 as well as those of the preceding year showed that
fertilization of the winter wheat was very effective. A oentner of ammonium
nitrate added in the early a gyring together with the introduction of a oentner
of granulated aiuperphoephatee at seeding time produces yield increases up
to six eentners per hectare. A second application of nitrogen fertilizer
in the spring, after the emergence of the steme, provides an increase in
yield up to 9 to 11 cerntnere per hectare.
5? Planting winter wheat on the stubble of spring wheat which had been
planted on fertilized tallow, prnducee a yield of 33.3 eentnere per hectare
when one dentner per hectarO of granulated euperphosphatee is applied with
the seed, and three centners of nitrogen fertilizer are added in the early
spring.
6. Because the winter wheat had eucceesfully passed through the winter
each year and there was a fine possibility of high yield under the conditions
of stubble planting, we were able in 19L 8 to extend the area on whioh this
method of cultivation was used in On-sk Obiaet to 5,000 hectares,
7. Testeg conducted on the etudy of stubble planting as a factor im-
proving the fertility of the soil, confirmed Academician T. D. Lysenko's
position that, 'under the stubble planting of winter crops, the soil rests
from tillage, and its physical properties are improved'. Fields on which
stubble planting has been conducted secure high yielde in the spring grain
crops.
-17-
CONFIDENTIAL
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/06/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100110015-3
GONFIDEN hAl
8. A oomparieon of two rotations, 1) the plaa~t1n6 of winter wheat on
of winter wheat on ~allowi indioeted that on a
stubble, and 2) the planting
three oex average, the etuG Qn produced an 18.3 peraant higher Yield
~ile rotati
yes:
01' edible groin than the fallow rotation.
varieties o~ winter wheat by stubble plant
9. The aultiTation of various
ing for six years enabled ue to evolve highly productive apecimene.
field
10. When eprfng wheat ie planted in m tubble in the L iii, the y
quality of the iee& ie imprOYed ?
Fo?- ctn tee.
(1) In euggeetion by Academician T. D. Lysenko, in
accordance with a
ee at the Institute, about 20, were mixed ~
the call oi' 19I, all the varied
i ate a Sibniizkoza N01'. The
and this mixture was palled Popy a1 iY
tpgether
individual varieties, tested at the Institute, were represented by improved
opecimena, which temporarily retained their old namee.
(2) In Moscow and f'deesa Oblasts where it is also grown, this variety
dose not evi ce a strong tendency to drop grains tie dietinguiahed from
this effect in Siberia. (Editors note).
-
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18-CONFIDENTIAL
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/06/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100110015-3
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CONP1thIAL
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/06/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R0001001100
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/06/08 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100110015-3
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