KOSTYCHEV'S WORK IN COMBATTING DROUGHT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100100074-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 19
• Document Creation Date: January 4, 2017
• Sequence Number: 74
• Publication Date: February 12, 1951
• Content Type: REPORT

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~o~m~~~~~ ~ wog aa~a~~~~r~~ ~RQU~
t,,, T ~ A ~ Koval ~
Today, ~oxo than ~A y~axs actor tho ~aath o~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Ko otyoh�v,
xk dowelo in aoiontif~ o ooi~ oultivatian hao bAOOme oxtrQmo~y
hio wo P
va~uabla~ Koot~ol~ov wa� rA�~naiblo ~'or the moot advanaod a~xonomioal
a
ti
idoa~ in ~uaoia~
. 1~oetyohov was prominent klelliob~e~ ~~uooian ooil aaiontiata baaauee~ 0~
hie voroatilo owlef~~e an~~ abitit~ to svnthoai~~ and eub~oot Igo inveoti�
,a,
~~tod, ~-~is theoretioal an~~ praotiaal ~aol~~round in or~ttr~io and inorganic
ohomietrY ona~~lcc~ h~ to ut~tlizo chomioa~ ooil ana~~vaio in h~:a inveoti-
a iona~ wag a1r~o ~ ~~oh^'~1r o~ miorobiolo, goobotnn~, and a~ronomv~
a, t
In h:~s hoo~~, Kure ~~Ao'y vo o vex eou~jso in poll soienoa) 1~~~-
tr. 1~~6 ~~o~tyo~ov ver~? cloarly pointod out that ~ah~roical praporties off'
kw ! j
soi~_ exert at least as mush in~'~e~uenae upon plants as Flo ohc~~ical prop-
orties, ~~a was First to dov�lop mathorl~ off' mak~,n~! soil. ~�rtile, "Th�
depth o:F pl:owinc~y" wrot9 KostYchRV, ~~.~he dogr9e an~~ charaotor of me~,-
lowing soi:'~ th9 ti=me and r~ethoc~ o~ using v~arioua ~ert~tl.iyora which
rease chem~,ca~l roo�~raes ~,n the so~.1, finer�ase or
can ~:ncr�~ se or d�c p
decrease dr~ri.n~ or moistening ~ualitiea, and said in regulating the
temperature iri d:~f~Arent pasta of the �iel.ds can all ho beat d�termined
bar exact in~ormat:ton off' soils and their oharacteristics, which only
~ sort science can prov~.do.
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kostyc'nev lived t~~rough the droup~ht of 191 which ~~as the cause
of v�rty among countless people ~ Being we~.l acqur~intecl with the his-
' to o~ the chgrno~�m steppes and their e~.imatio send some charaeter~,stios,
ry
a f c~rou ht~ on
he gave a se~eenti~~.c exp~.anat~eon for the appear nce o
a ~tnmense cherno~em ~oner~ and suggested measures for preventing future
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Ko~~ chev did not share the view prevailing at that tame that
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oepCe,
~ ~ oro ~'ai~.ure s in the oherno~em area were due e~colus~.vely to the e~.ims,te
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o~ the ohoo~~ atop, and did m~o1~ work to d~oprcvo thio ~~owpoin
No wont ~A a1~ thQ main ao~~ out-tiva~in~ ro~~:ono whom ~orop ~a~.~uuroa r
ooo~xrod mono or loos re~~ar~,y and prova~ that thQ racoon for the ~ai~uroo
E
wa nst dua QO A1~0~ to the oli~nata oQ to tl~a p~Al~l1~,~~~~iAA 0~ the O~ara~o-
a
z�m sail wh~oh ra~~siraa opooial mathodo o~ aultivat~,oa~
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~n hie book, Q DcrbQ o zaaukliam~, v QhQ oza a ob ~ ~ ~s~tat
. ~atk~, ~1Q nakQ eni a a nikh onA s, (AombattinR drought in
obra
- ~ ~iald oultiv~tion and snow aoo~~ntion) ,
ohornozQm araao by ~noa~na o
r~
Kootyohev ~:ndioat�o tha amounts o~ preoipitf~tion ~a11in~ in otsernAZam
- ernozr~rn ar�a� by oomparin~ two typioal plao~e, ~eterabur
and non oh
~s~
Ya
and Vorongzh~ Data ool~~eoted ov9r a ~~-`Aar period b~~innin;~ 1~ 2
t showed tl~at annum preoipitation in 9t. ~etereburp ranked from ~ai~ to
1'''
7?~ mi~~~,i~�tera, anc~ in Voronezh from to 767 m~11~me,t�rs~ K4�tyohev ~
prc~nented this ~1aYta in the follow~,nt~ ta~b'l� s
dab
trib~stion of preoipitration by seasons (in mm.)
Dia
Wig t�r rin mme~ ~'a~1 Anne a~.
' ~t~ PQterehur~
Number of darn t~~,th 156
procipit~tion ~0 3~ ~
r~ ~
1~D 129 x,70
~ Preo~.pitation C~.n mm~) 7~a
~~x .
fJ:
Numb�r of days with 120
preoipitation 31 30 25
~'reoi it~tion din mm.) 1~~ 1~4 1~0 13~ ~~1
p
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r~.n and
Tn comparing seaaona~ pree3.p~.tat~.on~ ~t ~.s satin that sp
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1 F�},
w~,nter r cip~.t~.'~~.on is much hec~v~,er in the Voronezh ar�a than in the
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4. St. Petersburg arcs, Harvests in the chernozgm steppe zone depend E
r~.marily' upon spr~.n~ prec~.p~,tat~.on; thus, it oan be supposed that
p
harvests should ocour lase often ~.n the Voronezh area than iri
.poor
b area rn real~.ty, the reverse is true Poor har-
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voa~a ooQ~ mo~a o~ton ~n Vorono~h baaa~ao soil oo~d~tiona ~o~ wa~or
~Anetr~t~on and aoo~n~lat~on aro vow d~~~`oront ~n thoao two ~laooa,
Th~la dadu~ot~on b~ P. A. I~oatyohav at f~rot AAA~1Q paradoxioal, bud it
1
is oon~irx~od by data obta~nAd fror~ Variouo aho~no~A~n atappoa Troitoka, I
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VoronQ~h, and ~tavropal~ ~ ~n~ the oouraa of thA yAar~ thA oanaunt
~ e . ~?1
off' prAO~pitation roitaka was ~k~ mill~aotore, V rAno~h ~ f
and ,~~vropol ~ 7~7 m ~,~netero
~foatyohcv ,awa~rn~: ~~If a oaotion of tho Tro~.t�ka ctoppo were
~ oxtand~d in~bo ~t~~~,~,1~ ~raY~ fit, ~~~`ld in no wad c~isrispt thm ,.~~al
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Q~fpOd~'a~~~ of thoutQV~'o~301 ~ ?~"i~i8pp0 ~ ~ `~1~0 ~~~l~r~t~ ~t~~1 `Lhe tfa0~i0-
typio vegetation on unc~~ltivated steppes in three different ar~ae, not-
;
withat~~n~~in~ th� ~raat differanoes in th~3 amo~~nt of precipitation,
a~p~~arantly oannc~t bs a~plainacl b~~ the amount o~ preoipitation alone
A bett�r �xplanation is that ~~a~ th�ee erase have the game oh�rnoz�m
soil which seems to axon a araater in ~'I~aQnoe upon plant3 than the pre-
.
F ,
cipits~tion f ~tll~~n~ in thin aroa, t~
Many r~aholars ~t~:~dyin~ the a~~araoteristicc~ of wild atepp� v�E;�-
tation aoncludg that the onl~r ~;raas plants at~le to exist are thos�
f
which ripen b~ the bo~;inninp; of th� sun~mer~ From these oharaateriatio�,
some scholars erroneously aas~r~o that grain crops which ripen during _
the middle ar at the end of J~~1y cannot be roam her. � and that, eons@- ~
qu�ntly, the so~xtharn steppa~ ass not ~1~ited for aL~ltivat~sd amps
Leading l~ussian scho~.ars ar~~l thQ pr~ct~iaal experienae of steppe soil
cultivation have shoG~n this point, of view to be incorrect Then a
v~,r~in steppe is plot~~d, the rQlat~,on of soil ~o p~.ants is immediately
ha The I wed vir in ste a ie vary favorab~.e for rowing ~ra~.ns,
o n~ed~ p o ~ pp
tr espocia].1~,y varieties of summer whec~t~ From this, Kostyehov inferred
that even w~.th ~~he cant~idere~ble amount o� precipitat3~on, as was noted
in Stavropo~.~ for example, plants oan suffer from ~,oss of water if
the soil does not aocumulate and preserve moistures For this
reason, in order to prevent plants from being destroyed by drought,
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at oroato oQil aonditio~?a which
thQ ~rAtom of aoi~ c~tivation uaod mu
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water to bo aoat~u~ated a ~roaorvad~
will ona~blo a ~arEo amount o
~ARt ohQ'V ~iv~~ t~~ fOllowis~~ inatru��
Upon roaohin~ this oono~
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ardor to ~~atore tk~e ~~uey ~tio~loo, rho ~.u~pa must bo ~o moat for
s~Q tams ~o ae to deoom~ose ~'t~ther, Qna~ tho part~aleo aro reetoxod,
Choy aro at~lo to w~thotand tho ~at~v~ty off' wator and roman gluey unt~,l
they am a~n dried
~umpe of ohorno~om or a~' any soil, oAntain~n~ a moat doa~, o~ olay
oan aleo ~e bro~CO~~ up under t~~o eroding aot~vity of avatar, a ~~aot? alwa a
Y
` important in a~rioulturQ~ In ardor to explain ~~ho Arodin~ ~roooos o~
avatar, ~~~oatyohev ~~o�a oxamploQ And oomparisona, ~ notes that 'e
i
~ poraolain slay is ~rAUnd ~~p ~n~ T~~ x~r~ w~tr ?~tsr ~o that rio lumpo ark ~
left, a r~ilky oolorod ~~ixturo wi'l'l ba formod~ `fh~,o mi t o
x ur form� no
~ oodi~nonia anf.~ oan stand for ih,~~o yoaro, rQmalninp the same milky oAlorf
'gut if any �alt is adf~sd to th� r~~ixtur�, pho olay ~mms~diatQly forma
k
lumps anc~ a�ttlos to th� bottom ~'ho same phenomenon oooura when the
white of ~an �~r~? is mixed wiit~~ wat�r~ upon bQin~ h�at�d, the a~~ whiits
~4
forms balls whioh settle to the bottom Kostyohov $o3.nts out, that
beaauoe of this q~:tali~;,y, a~?,~ whi�tes are sometimes used for purif,~ln~,
R
` water ~ whites m~.xed with dirty wa#;er aro heater, weer�upon the
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fo~m~ lum s arhich aboor~~ tha dirt
partial�s and aet~ti~le to th� bottoms
~8,
~~Clay performs the same :f~anetion in sail a9 e~p~ WhitQS d~ in water?
~~e mo~~o salt the soil, oon~~~,na, t1~e more Lorrtpact ~,t ~.s, and the harder
E ~
the lumps. ~.ain water, on the contrary, hao an entirely d~.Fferent i
affect ot~ ~h~+ upper soil ~.ayer, since it lacks salts which cause the
c~,a~r to Form lumps. lain zi~ter first war~has ,salts out of th� soil and
p ~ ~ s ~
then onuses the lu?~ps to d~issolve~ A solid to la er of soil, a oru t
3.s thus formed,
lmmadiatg],y after a .rain the crust ~.s soft. As soon as the soil beg~,ns ~
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f to dry up and mo9.sture coiata~.nin~ salts bg~in ~o seep up from lower
- so~,l layers, tha crust hardens
From th3,s, '~os~y chav deduces that tha crust is harro~red after
=C- ~ , it dries, hard lumpr~ are Formed; wh~.~.e it is he~rrowed sooner ~t
, r,.
is eas~.ly made intn a powder thus, harrowing must wait antis the crust
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d~i~o to ~ depth of ~ or ~ vo~oho3~, oinoo the lum~o of oo~~. ~vo
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~auo~ better ~o~ ~ooorv~,r~~ ma~ot~~o ~ for ~no~ooo~n~ soil f~~~~1~~y
~n gon~ral ~ ~
It woo noted above that oherno~om hao v~~~yin~ ot~uoturo ~ Unau1-
tivatod aho~ozom is uouall~y used ao ~aoturolar~d,~ a~~d hao the appQOx-
anon o,f ~ oo~ntinuoue, `omc~t ~,ayQr, hE-~rr~l~ pormoab~o b~ wator~ ~-~lo
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~F'~ffi~fk~.t~,,~.t> 7 ~i$9Jk:
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~huo to wa~~o wa~or oonined in tho d~opo~ layor would bo a ~~o~ko~
~oo~yohov wao in ~avo~ off' ~1~~p ~lowin~ o~ fa~,low f~o~do o ~1ow~~
wore don� in th4 fall or oarly a~rin~~ donQ ~ator~ loop plowing
~ io upoleoo or ovon ha oinoo it oxuoa~o thQ moiot ooi1~ ~.ayor and
~ ea~ao a wester ~o evapo~ n'~c
A� indiofttod abovo, a good Ayoto~ of ooil oultivation is very
~ ~ runt in aaou~ulatin~ and rQtainin;~ r~aiott~ro anf~, thus, in oom-
batting; drou~;l~t~ ~ woll aultivatod ~a~-1ow ~iQ1d arantooo hi~~ and
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otablo ha~?v~oto off' wintor oropo and hao a favorable influonoo on h~r-
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vests off' oummor oroAo~
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exam~n~,ng methocia of �oil cultivation, I~ost~~ohov pays opoolal
f
a atte~~tion to fa11 plowin~~ �tr�sses that the above information in
s
rotation to oprin~ or fall: ?lowing of fallow fi�ldo aloo appli�s to
{
x fielr~� ~;rowin~ summer crops, with the differenog that fall plowing for 1
c;
summer arop?~ is much more important than Fall plowing of fallow Plowing
~ fi�lds ~:n thQ springy, rathor than th� fall, oaue�s soil mois~~ure to be
wasted, and so delays spring; sowings ~'hQ delay aids th� growth of w�~ds, ,
which c~tliokly ohokQ out the young plant�~
at on in sta ar�as lon~, a,o ec~tablish~d that fr�shly
soil cultiv i ppe
plowed virgin soil is very fertile and ~~uerantees high harvests Y,osty-
chAV explains this scientifical].y~ In l~~l, the magr~.~in� ~~1
~koy,~,
Kho~,ya,,.y,_stv4 i Lesovodstvo (~~;riculture and Forestry) printed his work
~~Iz Lesna~~ r~oloay Voron~zl~skoy i Khar' kovs~soy Guberniy~~ (Information
~ b r in which h�
on forest regions in Ioronezh and Kharkhov C~u a nit's)
stated that fertility is determined by the physioal oompos~.tion of tha
r
soils ~n another art~.ole, ~~K voprosy ob obrabotke i udobreniye c~h�rnoM
zemnykh pochv," (1~~~) , Kostychev wrote 3 'tAfter plowing, th� upper
lager of virgin ao~,l is transformed into small pieces the siz� of peas
CJnder these conditions, harvests, even dur~.ng dr~r years, produce firstw
. ~ .i
ole~es quality, heard wh�at In steppe areas where there were large
i . areas of unplowed soil, orA Area was s~~wed :for ~-6 ,years, primarily
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~ the ~~nd roin~d ~~~~ntad aid ~ new.. ~ ~ ~
with nor aropo, o~'tor wh c~
n o~ vir~ir~ sail wQ a p~owod ~ ~ ~ ~ _ ~ ~ ~ = ;
aaatio
a ions ino~onoa~~ ~nplo~~oc~
{ Aa the pop~,ation tho OhArnA~om r ~
~ ~ tho ha ~n ~owin~ co~oh ~a~~ o~~or~
aro~a wArE C~`~t q~t~d hefor Y ~
~ ~ th+~t tho
~ oaa worn uaod ~'or pasturoa ~ I{AOtyohov doduoad,
couoh ~ o a ar
od from ~rowin~ wao to punt rasa An too ~
only way to prevent this wo
f i~lds,
olve th�eo ~oblema of ooi~ oultivotion whilo
It was dif Moult to s
�latcd ~ ~oal~~.zin~ this, ~oatyah~v wrote s
i a poadant ocanomy x
I ~ n ~-n oharno~om areas is sti'~~: the vast bao~-
~r~~n~ortunatsly, Vasa sows
n a �aho~,ars �xplainad the first unfortu-
ward part of t~~� aoonocny~ ~gver 1
~ o:a being; dtita to the ol~~tia aandit~:ons
~ Hate attempt� at pra a � aowin~
asses oanno�~ be ~~own~ Katy-
' of th� ch�rno~�m area, whor� r~nnial ~
of s~.milar at~tementa snc~ th�n disolos�d th�
thou show~~l th� fal~~acy
k In his conclus~,Qn to ~o,,,_r!~~
tru� reasons for unouoc�aofti~l field sow~,np~
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