A METHOD OF FORMING TURF IN THE SEMIARID STEPPE OF SOUTHERN KAZAKHSTAN (USSR-KAZAKH SSR)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100090093-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 16
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 5, 2012
• Sequence Number: 93
• Publication Date: December 13, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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Title ; A Lt TKOD OF OIUINQ TUI IN TiE SEMIARID ."aT 2 E OF SOUT1fl'1U1
KAZAIUiCTAN (UCSR-Kazakh SSlt) by V. Yc. Kazokov
Sdurcos Pochvovarloniyc, No 11, 1919, Ittrie~~ acs rzant1y p ricdical
CONFIDENTIAL
50X1 -HUM
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tONFIREN TIAL
A METHOD OF FOM ~G TURF S D DTPPR OF 9OUTN KAZAKHSTA
- V. Ye. Knzakov
The sowing of ~raminoeo4~guminosao grace mixtures forme
the bania of the grane?fiald rotation oyntem an a lve/two funda-
mental problems of agricultural ps'oduotions 1) Progroesive improve-
ment of Boil fertility, and 2) Inoreene in liveetook production.
The turf created by growing ,dremineee-Zegumtoeee perennial
graaeee ie a prinoipel factor in the progreeeive improvement of
Boil fertility. By turf (travyanpy pleat) is meant the upper Boil
horizon whioh contains a large quantity of living and dead roots
and the eproute of vegetation. All these roots represent the
baeio material from which humue ie formed as a result oi' the ac-
tivity of anaerobic bacteria. It ie perfectly clear that the
greater thie root mane in the eoileaor~e~, the more perfectly
the turf will develop and the more fertile the eoil will become.
Due to the singular olimatic conditions which prevail in
the semidweee4?ateppe zone, turf is usually not created either
by nature it?elf in natural nettinge or by the growing of peren-
nial graesoa as now practiced.
According to the teaching of V. R. Vil~yame, the Boil and
ite fertility are formed under the Influence of biological pro-
ceasee which take place mainly ae the result of the activity of
vegetation and of macro- and microorganiems. All other factors
of evil"formation ? olimete, local relief, mother rook, and others -
play their part in soil formation in relation to the manner in
which they affect biological processes in the soil.
The entire soil formation process proceeds on the beefs of
internal conflicts, which are the motiv o e for the oontimtity
and noninterruption of the process. The main opposing soil for?
coHflaFsraa~
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CONrIHENIJAL -
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C DNFfaENTIAL
ration prooe,,, are: 1) Fo'm tiara and aoaumu1ation of organic
matter, and ') Disintegration and diaperaion of organic matter.
e ends on external conditions euoh ea the nature of the
Dp
g
ooilr its origin, 1ooa1 relief, and eepeoiafy climate, either
steppe vegetation experiences a low degree of development, grass
cover is usually very petohy, the sparsity of vegetation causes
G-<
and very ipitaLion (especially in the eunmdertime),
~'eO
such as very high temperature, very low relative of the air,
Beoause of extreme],q unfavorable external enviroflmQfltl factors
eats ?,Thi~e p"henom?non
matter predominate over proceeeee ofi ' or
obsorved not only on fields devoted to grain and it u trial
ie
crop?, bit also on wasteland, and not infrequently on ?ielde
covered with Perennial grasses under conditions of agricultural
practice now in vogue.
Kamakhstan prooe~ses of dieintogretioa and diepereion Qf orgaaio
, d*4.
with rrl:iohi under given oas~ditio2a, Boil etruotura in orested and
soil fertility prograesively 1AOraaeee)1os' prooooeoe of orgaaio
matter diointegrati.ofl and diopereion)Itogsther with whioh, eoil
etruoture ie destroyed grid ooil fertility etoadily doo1inAO~IrrtL1A
predominate in thII soil evolution procore.
In the warm climate of the eomiAsetepps zone of eoutherri
prooonaoa of' or~anio mmttor formation end aoau-nnl$tioa) l together
high soil temperatures, and evaporation of moisture from soil and
Lion is intense. The precipitation absorption capacity o
veaeta
t1at - a;U oet bare and at the same time very compact aoi ie
~~~their a 1~lif abbreviate their vegetative period
~e~- oomplet~ 3~
otion of their above- and below-granad mass),
(this remelts in s redo
a rid not infrequently dry up early in sunmer? The small mass of
mots developed by the sparoelyatanding and poorly-developed plants
extremely low. Under sack conditions, steppe grasses
 r_.
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?~MflaFNT1al
auiokly mincrn1imee w der aerobio oonditionn and there ie no
inoreaae in the hunuo oontent of the aoi1, Even though 00i1 has
loin idle ae waate1nnd or fallow fora long time, grain cover does
not develop no doca the atruoturo of the soil improve to any
noticeable degree. Thero is n elight improvement in tho amount
of m ernl teeding e1omente, but this ie due in some degrco to
4
0 ors
nnture wh
p '~ an tha soil
Almost the ammo thing happene when fioldn nrA planted to peren-
nial grnneoe under oonditione of agric'u1turn1 practioe now in effeot.
Frenont preotioo does not oell for tho Bowing of crane mixturen
but for the sowing of one kind of leguminaue grane 4he aced sowing
rate is so low that en extremely sparse stand of grass results.
All current agrioultural regulations reoomtaond the sowing of 1?-12
kilograms of alfalfa need per heotare on fields where irriprntion
is practiced end 5.7 kilogremc on fields whero dry firming is
oerried on. At there rates, not more than 4-4,5 million germinated
seeds are sown on a heotaro of irrigated land and only about two
million on a hectare of dry-farmed load. But since field germi-
nation of perennial grass seeds is low, the n"mber of plants sprou-
ting is about half as great as the numbor of seeds sown and the
stand obtained ie very sparse. The sparsity of the stand results
in the following consequences: when sown without a cover crop, the
greases y~eld hardly any hay at all during the first year and are
very need-infested; when gown under a grain cover crop on irrigated
land, the grasses are sharply decimated by interapecies oompetition;
and when similarly sown on dry-farmed land they are killed almost
completely. In succeeding years, the stand continues to decline,
becomes more weed-infested, and little hay is obtained - and that of
low quality. As a result of the sparse stand, the soil is not en-
riched with any appredieble quantity of roots, i~ae are only loosely
COUFYIENT!Aj - 3
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is omnll gnnntity are !bl],T missirnlizad. The) thar'~+ b
no appreoiabls hupue 4aaumu1etion in the eoil evoa two to three
''ONF;DfNilAI
hterleoed; end no turf ie tormed. Boil costae gxess atend
+ R iA not oonditio ed tar absorbing the maxint-m possible sma~nt
u,
of water, it heats up under the Inca aoerohing
rays and the water is quickly ovaporated. In the ebeeneo of turf,
atmospherio oxygen t'reely penetretes tho eoil end the roots preeent
yeei' after grene
Concerning the aocumulation of root mss in th roil,
V. 11. Vi1 ~ysme wrote: "It meet be romcmberc~d that the mo in mierione
of a grass field are the aoounulation in the roil of ee largo e
quantity of organic matter ee poaei.hle end at the came time or
wide a distribution of the orgenio matter in the soil ee pooeible.
Both missione are eooomplinhed by the roots of perennial graeeeo:
th?y simulteneouely break up the soil and con>eolidate it. T1ras
far, it hoe not been poeaihle to find a subotitute for this aervioe
por?ormod by roots."
Creation of turf and basic improvoment of roil fertility in
semi*eieruateppe zones is posaible only if by some means the pro-
aesees of organic matter disintegration and dispersion are weakened
and the processes of organic n ttor formation and acaunulation are
strengthened. Such a means is the creation of a heavy and thick
vegetative cover by sowing ~Qramineae-,Leguminosae grass mixtures.
Only a heavy and thick vegetative cover can
mint the soil, create high-quality turf, enrich the soil with a
lerge quantity of organic matter, create stable soil structure,
and assure a large high-quality hay harvest from the very first
year after graoses have been sown.
The thicker stand of,4ramineae-/eguminoaae grasaes
t on a field, the more quickly the soi wi.l ,) be enriched and a
GONFIOEN TIAL
-4-
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co'icIOENT1Al
-(S3I $lvrey~ ohoK~d a sreflt orroot on all ?n-
'
__..~-4we t.ke OE1013flt of nee8 00Wfl
----
siereeem zo
aseea (areated by
er of ~xamineaeeguminooae gr
gAtative ew
vo _
desert zone of A3,mi-4te Oblast a
41e in the
a In QxporimentA oe,rried apt on
hen a In the olimeto to(o plea
o
in with grovel n019' a aurtace ,
edmpnt ahQitnut eoilA (u,~derl~
p ~? and on
eons,
t asrbonated soils in the semi
on light oheatnu thick
f'ield? partia?lorly on soil tempara-
vironmental conditions of the ,
sand and on soil moisture. For
tare, sir moiatuxe near tho gr ~
examp when
le, in expeximenta oonduatod on piedmont ohs?tnut soils Hess- e~rminosae greae~,a was
ive cover 01
the heavy vegetAt
tam ?r8t~ixQ at 1300 houxa in Juno,
two years old, eurfaoe Boil p
7.10 degre?s) lowAr end relative
d Au t,t wee 20 percent (
July, en ~ rcent higher than when
the air near the earth wue 25 pe
moisture of
h s rg? (Sea Figure 1).
the vegetative cover wa p
des
moietre in the 0-70 centimeter p
pt the name ti~"?, soil
than under a ?parse)stand. The
er was greater under a thiok~
lay . ercent of
the thick stand ama~ntcd to 34 p
excess moisture ender
the weight of the dry soil (See Figure 2).
r heavy
a
tl clear that when perennial g'r?see dorm a
It is per~ec y
etative covers they crests for theme?lves favorable conditions
veg
ivel by moderating the harmful effect of a hot climate. The
fox eery
but
exPerimente not only did not rn up
heavy grass gtende of the Greases
hen did grasses in sparse stands.
raw considerably better t
g
i e fight against the beet in the e
in s rse stands do not put up Pa
with the result that the scorching heat penetrates the act]..
B retarding heating ' of the soils thick vegetative cover
y
he soil and therefore the soil
reduces evaporation of moisture in t
able to absorb moisture and
d b such cover) is more easily
(shields y
r ores. This proposition we propsanded
conserve it for growth pu p
' ki as well ae by V. R. Vil'yams
V V. Dokuchayev, A. A. Izmail s Y,
by
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CONFthENTIdI
Soil
SurPeao
Tomparnture
( pn, graQA
May ,,l2n J'u1 Aug i Mny Jun Jul Aug
Months
Rel#tive
Moiebure
of Air Near
the Surfeoe
of the Soil
Figure 1. Effect of Thiokneee of Perennial Graee Stand on Soil Temporeture
and Relative Air Moisture Near the Surface of the Soil, 1300 Mourn,
Second Year after Seeding (Kazakhstan Agricultural Institute, 1947)
1. Soil temperature and n it moisture on fallow
2. Same, under aparse stand of grass (29 oentimeters)
3. Same, under average stand of grese (9 oentimetere)
4. Same, under thick stand of graze (4 oentimetere )
Moisture in
C~70 Centime-
ter Deep Soil
Layer
Apr
--p Aug Apr
-Aug
Figure 2. Effect of Thickness of Perennial Grans Stand on Soil Moisture,
Second Year after Seeding (Kazakhstan AgrioultN~e1 Institute)
1. Moisture under sparse stand
2. Moisture under average stand
3. Moisture under thick stand
cowc lisENli At
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CONFIfIFNilbl
in hii oelebrated study of the turf period in the coil formation
prooeea.
Soil microorganisms inoroaee oonoiderably when arganie
matter iq plontitu1. And with a thinker stand of,Gramineae-
%egumtnoeae graeeee there ie sn inoreane of organic matter -
in the torm of living and dead roots.
For example, in experimento on unirrigatod piedmont oheatnut
soils, three yeara after being seeded, Aperse stende had aoow -
lated 43.8 oentnere of dry root ntter per hectare while thick
atandc had aooumulated 94.2 oentnere in the 0-20 centimeter deep
eoil layer. Under irrigation, eparoe atando accumulated 110.7,
thick otande 217,9 oentnere par hectare in the 0-30 centimeter
deep Boil layer. Other details are shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Root Aoaaaatlation by Sparse and Thick Graca Stande on
Piedmont Chestnut Soils Underlain with Gravel (Gra se Mixture
Consisted of Alfalfa (Medioago etive ), Created Wheat Grans
(Agropyron oriatatum), and $Me Grace (Agropyron repent)
Seeding Rate
UnirriQated
Irrigated
ner Hectare
Dry Roots in 02O c
Layer Dv n0-
oentnere per ha
Millions Rilograma, 1946* 1947*
1948* 1946* 1947*
1948*
of Ger-
minted
S ee_d_e__
with 100%
Germina-
tiCflLlIJL
3.47
8.3
19.7 24.1
43.8 21.7 40.3
110.7
5.24
12.9
21.3 30.0
59.5 23.2 62.1
187.3
10.87
26.5
24.8 56.1
83.3 25.1 70.0
217.9
17.54
43.1
28.8 59.3
82.3 34.2 79.0
199.7
26.32
65.1
34.0 63.1
87.0 ? 34.6 111.3
217.4
34.50
85.9
38.3 73,6
94.2 43.5 106.2
170.3
* 1946: first year after seeding; 1947: ceoond year after seeding;
1948: third year after seeding.
In experiments on unirrigated aierozem soils, two years after.~
a,
Pr'Fk
-7M
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CONADENTIAI
Aeod~ sparse stands had aaoum~lAted 83.1 aentnera off' roots
par heatare; thick stands 110.5 oentnera in the 0.30 centimetor
chop soil layer. Under irrigation, sparse Atandri had aaounu-
latod 58-65 oentnero', thick stands 70-88 oentnore per hActare
in the same eoil layer (See Table 2).
Table 2. Root Aooumulation by gporeo and Thick Grave 8tande on
3ierozem 9oile (araeo Mixture: 35 Aeroent Alfalfa, 65 Aeroent
t
Areetad wheat Graee)
Hooding Rate i*fiootin Q-30 Cyimeter Laver (aentnere da hea red
Heatcre Unirrigeted Unirrigoted Irrigated Irrigated
and but Ferti- but and Ferti-
Millione Kilograme, Unfertilized lined with Unfertilized lined with
or G er- with 100 -,,,) K .I TI . _,L,.._-
minuted GarmAna-
3.33 6.3 63,0 83.1 55.8 88.8 74.6 58.6 58.9 65.3
4.96 10.1 74.3 104.1 64.7 103,2 89.1 61.5 96.9 72.5
9.92 20.2 84.8 110.5 73.8 106.1 95.3 65.,3 102,2 88.6
19.84 40.4 88.2 106.1 59.2 98.6 102.4 70.0 96.6 86.3
*1947: first year after needing; 1948: neoond year after
seeding.
It is' striking that the amount of root matter acoumulated
by the gran on irrigated aierozem noiln two years aftor seeding
not only was not greater but wns considerably less than the amount
accumulated after one year of lift. s.n sir this result
was pparently, a fact that 1948 was a very dry and hot year
and that irrigation created condiione in the Boil which promoted
deterioration of root matter. Future experiments will permit a
closer determination of the causea of this phenomenon.
A very important fact connected with root development by
varyingly thick graestands must be mentioned. Experiments
indicated that as the stand becomee thicker the percentage of
fine roots increa see - an important factor in moil structure
development. Table 3 gives the data.
djb,911Ll 71,
COPIHIIENTIAL
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moQd~ AparsQ AtandA had aooumu1Ated 83.1 aentnerA of rootA
per heotare~ thick stands 110.5 oentnere in the 0-30 centimeter
deep aoil layer. Under irrigation, sparse ntanda had aocumu-
latod 58-65 centnere; thick Atanda 70-88 oentnero per hcotaro
in the some eoil layer (see Table 2).
Table 2. Root Accumulation by Spareo and Thick Grace stande on
sieroeem 3oile (Grams Mixtures 35 Percent Alfalfa, 65 Percent
c
Areetod Wheat Grace)
CONFIDENTIAL
C o oding Rate
_ eotoro
Unirrigated
and
Unirrigated Irrigated Irrigated
but Ferti- but and Ferti-
lized with Unfertilized lived with
Millions Kilograms, Unfertilized
of aer- with 100
minuted Gormdna-
. d _
19L7 igi8* Z*
3.33 6.3 63.0 83.1 55.8 88,8 74,6 58.6 58.9 65.3
4.96 10.1 74.3 104.1 64.7 103.2 89.1 61.5 96.9 72.5
9.92 20.2 84.8 110.5 73.8 106,1 95.3 65.3 102.2 88.6
19.84 40.4 88.2 106.1 59.2 98.6 102.4 70.0 96.6 84.3
*1947: first year after seeding; 1948: second year after
eroding.
It is' striking that the amount of root matter acourm.1nted
by the grater on irrigated sierozem soils two years after seeding
not only was not greater but was considerably less than the amount
acountlated after one year of life. Ie-,'e,ee~"4er this result
was apparently, a fact that 1948 was a very they and hot year
and that irrigation created conditions in the soil which promoted
deterioration of root matter. Future experiments will permit a
oloaer determination of the causes of this phenomenon.
A very important fact connected with root development by
varyingly thick grass stande must be mentioned. Experiments
indicated that as the stand becomes thickt,r the percentage of
fine roots increases - an important factor in soil structure
development. Table 3 gives the data.
COPIRIIFNThtI
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COPIFIDFN TILL
Table 3. The Nature off' Porennin]- Gram RAot Systems in Rela-
tion to Thtokaoea of Stand (Pe'oer:tae of Pine RootA Lee than
One MillimQter in Aiametar)
Gompoai? '- 3.year?old (2^year?old grass
grass
Alfalfa
and Crea-
ted Vent
Aa
Ora
3.47
.
2.3
20.3
21.4 6.2
3.33
43.6 56.5 43.3
43.5
same
10.37
24.2
21.2
24.6 16.5
9.92
62.8 59.0 55.0
54.0
Same
34.50
26.9
23.1
26.7 16.0
19.84
66.8 72.0 65.0
53.5
t ton or ~~ ti____ o"f,~d Trr~ ae~ed
-~ Seeding Qnirriaet%d ,,,,^,~g~^.,.?. Soodi,
Mixture Rate Rate
(Milli. 0.20 cm 20.46 cm 0-20 cm 20^46 om (Mt11i ?20 om 20.46 cm 0.20 cm 20.46 om
a o
ona of on
Germi- Germi-
noted Hated
Sooda
Seeds
......... .^..--- .^....- ....^^~........ -p- -........
The accumulation by a thick grass stand of large amountn
of roota, which nerve to create good ttsrf, leada to a oonai-
derable inorease in the amount of h1ris in the Boil. Data
concerning humus accumulation in chestnut soils are ahown
in Table 4.
Table 4. Effect of the Thiola~eaa of a Grase Stand on Numue
Accumulation in Irrigated Picdmont Chestnut Soila (Grass is
Three Years old)
Seeding Rate per ha Hurmis in Absolut*1 r Dcy Soil
Layers
y
Percent
_..?r~--
Millions Kilograms,
0-10 cm
10-20 cm
20-30 cm
0.30 cm
of Ger-
urinated
with 100
Germina-
y.da _ x.431-...^
3.47 6.3
2.07
2.03
1.37
1.62
100
10.87 26.5
2.59
2.31
1.61
2.24
123
34.50 65.9
2.17
2.26
1.50
1.98
109
Table 4 shows that the greatest increase in the most
valuable component of soil - hunais - takes place during the
third year after seeding when grass mixtures are sown at the
rate of 10.87 million germinated seeds per heotare. In this
cOHflflEHTU1.- 9 -
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CONf1ON 'ii
oonr:eotion, it nhauld be noted that the Qharp inaraee in hwir
nontent oaaura only when the gra s has beoomo three y ra old;
it wa a not dotectod m under ,two-year-old base eithor in
ohentnut or aioroeom soda. It is ILu,Jt1 that during the firnt
two yoara of the life of ~rasooa, only he prerequir+itea f'or
humio matter noaumulntton aro oi'entod in the soil.
It nhould also be noted thet vahon tho ?tand is very thick,
an when 34.5 million gorminatod mode were gown per heotare,
connidorably lean root mattor noeumalmtod in the roil than when
the optimim numb?r wne nown. An n result, hi*ie content in the
coil under this very thick stand was little more than under the
epureo stand.
the queption of entabli~hing Boil fer-
Whil?
. f ..4.P
1(411*1')
tility through grans stands of varying thi me ~iflO er o
the effect of turf on the wheat harvoct wac dealt with. In lnte
foil 1947, land on which gre qe hied grown for two yeare wa a plowed
and in epring 1948 both hard and eoft wheat were eown on it.
Table 5 shove the results.
Table 5. Spring What Harvest (Centnera pur Hoetare) on Lend on
Which Grniis Had Grown for Two Years. Soil: Piedmont Che -trut,
Underlain with Gravol.
?dA
Grans Seeding Rates per )
Millions of Kilograms,
Germinated with 100%
Seeds Germination
Unirr. t t e ,.~,.- -
Type Type Type
Eritroapermum Gordeiforme Gordeiforme
08 0
3.47
8.3
11.8
100
6.4
100
10.5
100
5.24
12.9
13.7
116
7.4
116
1.1.3
108
10.87
26.5
1643
138
9.1
141
12.1
11.5
17.54
43,1
14.5
123
9.4
147
11.5
138
26.32
65.1
13.5
114
8.0
125
14.3
136
34.50
85.9
11.2
94
8.2
128
13.0
124
CONFIIIFN hAL
-10-
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FHirw T!41
Notoi for aver]. rc one beyond ocAtrol of the wttv-,
irrigated wheat in thin experiment wary ir'rirotod only once.
The ein1e irrigAtian wns olear~y inaui'fioiAnt and led to comparaa-
tively smell harvests.
It is apparent from Tobie that the harvest obtained in
1948 From land on which a thick tend of grass had stood wen
38-47 percent grenter than tho harvest roeoivcd from land which
had been occupied by n thin stand of grans. The hnrvert yielded
by land on which an exceosivcly thick stand of grnns had pros'n
wne smaller then the hnrvost from land occupied by the optimum
etnnd. Compnriron of there hnrvent data with root nccurmulntion
data r?v4 n1r n c itoct rolation botwoen root accumulation end
hervert.
Experiments hnvo nhown that the aizo an ovell are tho quality
of the hay harvest inoreasne with the thicknaoa of the stand
(up to a definite limit). For example, in exporimonta on unirri-
gated piedmont ohotnut noile underlain with gravel, eperne grace
mixturo stands, three yearn nfter being soodod, yielded a hay
harvcr;t of 78.4 oentnere (together with weeds, which had grown
freely and occupied overt' bare spot), while thick standn yielded
a weed-free hay harvest of 114.0 centners per hectera. Corres-
pond ~.rrg hay harvo Qt f iguret3 from irrigated land were 144. and
205.8 oentnere per heotare. Hay harvest data are shown in Table 6.
on eierozem soils (Table 7), sparse unirrignted and unferti-
lized stands yielded a 2-year harvest of 43.9 oentnere of very
needy hay per hectare while thick wtands yielded 55.4 oentnere of
very clean hay. Sparse unirrigated but NPK-fertilized stands
yielded 70.0 oentnere, thick stands yielded~~96.7 centners of high.
quality hay. Sparse irrigated but unfertilized)stands yielded
a 2-year harvest of 77.7 oentnere; thick etnn.rlp 112.7 centners per
hectare. Sparse irrigated and NPK-fertilized stands yielded a
2-year harvest of 135.3 oentnere, thick stands 182.4 oentnere per
M'c1!!r!i!fi U
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'Fable b. Hsi Harvest (~eatners per gectare) from Varyingly T1IicY Grass Stands on Fiediiont Cbestmat Soils Qnderlain vitti Gsa'el (brass
Mixture: 6lfalia. Crested Wheat Grass, and quack Grass)
Seed Sowing Bate per_ha IInirrigated
Millions Sf2ogrsss. 194b'
of Geri.- with 10Oj1r
Hated Geri- Total Including
Seeds nation Weight Clean siY.sas
3.k7 8.3 13.6 3.b 10.0
5.24 12.9 12.4 5.9 b-5
10.87 2b.5 11.9 5.8 6.1
17.5~+ 1c3.1 io.s 6.1 'h.7
26.52 kr~.1 12.9 7?3 5.6
34.50 85.3 11.5 8.7
2.8
19k7* 19k5"
Hal Eros Hal fro'
2 cuttings 1 Cstting
Irr~t~d
ihrs- 191b~ 19+7 19L' ~-
year year
Harveat Total Including Ha fra }Ism Sri Hnrsest
Weight clean ease 3 Onttinas 3 Cnttieas
36.5 23.3 78.4 11.0 5.6 11.I 4g.5
'u.i 32.b 65.1 17.4 9.0 as 55.11
148.2 38.4 95.5 17.11 10.1 7.3 60.0
52.6 36.9 100.3 1s_8 12.7 6.1 06.3
61.11! 39.1 u41o 20.1 15.11 4.7 6T_i
4s.1 38.8 98.4 16.3 15-4 2-9 66.ti
2946: first year after seeding; 19k7: second year after seeding; 19iE: third year after seeding.
g.g 1)414.3
101.2 17+s.o
1;1.~ 2a6.s
113?b 19E_/
ia9.a
102.6
108.3 195.2
,. a.
,p,, .
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Table J, Hay Harvest (Cantnere per Hectare) frog Ysryingly'lhick Grass Stands on Sisrotes Soils (Grass )irtnrs: 3% ,/felts r+ad
Greeted Wheat Grass)
Bead Baring
Ret? per ha
Kil-
lions grams. Total Including (%) Ry (2
of Gar- with Weight Clean 4leeds (bt-
mineted 100% (1 cnt-Ss7 tugs
Seeds
Germ- Liar ,
nation
3-33
6.3
17.5
23
77
26.4
x.96
10.1
2:1.5
32
rob
29.8
9.92
20.2
21.2
13
57
31.2
lg.gli.
'tU.'F
26.2
64
36
28.1
1
-
year i~~ +-- --
Hax~- Rote/ Inclndin_B O~-Hal (2 Her- Total Inc1 (4)Hs' (2 Bay Tbtil'Inelu3l ~ (3 ~:`-
cest Ysi~:t ~ eads f~tt- west liei~j-t ten eels cut- vest 11eiitQsaa ee rut- rest
(1 cnt- Hai tugs) (2 cut- HsJ tiags) (2 ant-Bea tines
ting) tinge) Si~)
k3-9
30.9
2u
7b
39-1
70.0 33.8
30
51.3
37.0
32
68
~.9
81.9 45.k
35
55-4
)-5.7
~-3
57
47.5
93.2 R?9
44
5I.3
148.8
W
1e,
47.9
96.7 57-7
58
e 1 first year after seed~9~8. ? ? second year after seeding.
1 ~'
Pilo-
~sd mad ltirtilizsd with
Unirrigated sad IIntsrtflized _ IInirriBated but Fertilized rTsn1 Irri~sted it IInfertilize~ Irri't
191q. 191+g' rtio- 19~-r 19~" Two- 151+r 19)1g. s~-o- 1r _L. '"?'
-
-
70 ~3-9 77?1 47-9 21$ 7~ g7.h 135.3
d5 53.0 98.)4 59-5 3k 66 10.8 1b.3
56 57.E 109.3 x'5.9 4fl 6o u6.5 W.4
4z 55.0 112.7 60.9 60 4O 91.2 152.1
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hoatare. additional details about hay hsrvoata produced experi..
montelly on aierozom coda are Ahown in Table 7.
It mint be pointed out that e11 sparse Aten4a yieldod vory
woody hay while thick atende yieidacl clean j high-qwi tty hey.
Tho ratio o? leeveA to rtalko in thick ntanda wee oithor equal to
or groator than that in sparao atanc1.
Ar can bo coon from Tab1Ae 6 end 7, one cutting of hmy wor
obtained during tho ti~,t yea ram a unirrignted atend, two
; ,4" -
of ttinga from irl ignted atanda. The hQy hnrvee Yr~-" ?irnt
year wn s n r great an 20-35 oontncrs per hectAr ithout irrigation;
up to 49 centnord without irrigation but with fertilization; up
to 58 oontnoro with irrigation but without fertilization; and
up to 66 oentners per hodtare with both irrigation and fertili-
zation. While mineral fertiliera used in connection with
t
the Kazakh republic.
Chair of GenerHl Agriculture,
Kazakh Agricultural Institute,
A1roe-Ata CONFIFNT1AI
perennialressos inoreased the hey hervest, they oauoed
hardly any inoreape in the root mess in the Boil.
When gra As stied is sorm either straight or in mixture, an
optimum thick stand for one year is obtained in most cages by
aowitng about 20-25 million germinated ceede per hectares for two
years by sowing 15-17 million sends; for three years by sowing
11-12 million seeds. For the southern it of Kazakhstan, then,
it is ideal to pow 11.12 million germinated seedn on unirrigated
1and~ 10-11 million on irrigated. When the mixture consists of
e1faifa end orested whoat grace,, this amounta to from 23 to 25
kilograms per heotare with 100 percent germirietion of the eeede.
These grass-mixture sowing rates are a1Ao recommended as
practical for k~lkhozes and sovkhozes in the southern part of
MEND -
w ~~ w
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