RESULTS OF WORK DONE BY THE ALL-UNION ACADEMY OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES IMENI V. I. LENIN AND PROBLEMS OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE (USSR)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100090063-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 12
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 5, 2012
• Sequence Number: 63
• Publication Date: November 22, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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50X1 -HUM
Tide: ULTS OF WORK DO SY TRL ALL..UNION ACADI OF AGRICULTURAL
SCILNC IIfl V. I. LLNIN Aid ?ROSL E' OF AGI ICULTURAL SCIENCE
5 Speech ma a y . eon to, L~ Oc
Source: Sotsialisticheckoye Sel'ekoye Khozyayatvo, No 11, 1949,
Russian monthly periodical
CONfIDENiIAL
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itE$ULTS OF WO X DQN BY TU1 ALJ UN oN ACAD14 of AGRICULTIJRAL
SC1:~NCBS IM~NZ I UN N AND F OBI2iS Q? AGRI ULTU h 9 C .
Spooeh made by T. Lyesnko,
28 Ootober 1949
The year 1929 marked a change in the agrioultural history off'
the Soviet Union. At that time millions of poor and middle olaee
peasants were organized into kolkhoaea and the All-Union Aoademy
of Agricultural 5oienaee imeni V. I. Lenin, the highAt scientific
institution for agriculture, was founded.
a
Many diffioultiee arose in the development of agron~mioal eoienoe
and ite biologioal baeie. In overooming these difficulties, Miohurinion
teaohing grew and developed. The old biologioal theory of Neo-Darwiniem,
which eeparated theory and practice, was not euited to Soviet agri-
culture.
The unification of *S Miohurinian theory and kolkhom--eovkhoa
practice is the foundation of biologioal Aoience in the Soviet Union.
Michurinian biology has verified by aoientific inveatigation
and experience the theory of stage development and has thus revealed
the laws of the individual development of plants.
The individual development of plants implies not merely growth
and ohange in the oompoeition of plants, but a eorieo of qualitative
ohangee and tranemutatione from one stage in the development of oelle
to another. In varioua stages, the came organism demands different
oonditione for ite environment.
The dialectical approach to biological facts and the evolution
of thee theory of the individual development of plants and their material-
ietic explanation made it poeaible for Miohurinian science to under-
stand the interdependence of the ontogenetie and phylogenetio develop-
ment of plants and animals and thus to interpret correctly the baeio
laws of plant and animal heredity. As a reeult, it became poesible
^~ r
{c:N! Fi ~ 1' k cr$E;iiA
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to find ways of directing the natura]. ohangea of organisms in the
direotton nQoesaary for agriouitural proatloe.
Miohurintsn tAaohing has reveal-ed the souraee of plant and ant-
mai life. The dttferent dogree of vitality of organisms to related
and unrAlAtAd development haA long been evident. Ataleottoal matertal-
iem makee it pooaibla to tind the means of dirQottnq the life of an
organiam and of inoreastng the life span of plants and animals by
developing related orgafiema. Thie idea ie important for both theo-
retioal biology and for eelecttan and Reed-ratsing praotioe, e?peoially
with croee-pollinated plants, and also for animal breeding in order
to devnlop new breed. and to improve extetin breede of liveetook.
Miohurinian tuohing hne ohangnd thq theory of new epeoiee for-
mation which has always occupied a prominent poettion in theoretical
biology. Aarwinie~n ecience attempted to prove that the organio world
ie eteadily changinP and dev&Lopinp, that it hee ite own history, and
thFlt it develope on the be:eie of natural, laws.
Darwin's theory of evolution prooeedn from the acknowledgement
of only quantitative ohangee and lenvee out the laws of tranemutatione
and chanpee from one qualitative stRpe to another. Growth thus con-
eint? of only an incr4iee or dRorense in quantity. Consequently,
thie theory could only explain the development of the organic world;
it could not provide an effective theoretical biais for the practical
traneformation and ohanpe in organic nature. Miohurinian teaching,
however, is able to provide a theory for inaterialietic biological
science which can be endlessly developed. It begins with the idea
that organic forme are in harmony with their life conditions. Life
conditions become the first source for changing the hereditary qualities
of organisms and also for changing organic forme and transforming one
variety into anot er.
In the P e on of Biological Science, it was reported that 28-
ahromoeome hard wheat (Tritioum durum) during fall sowing was changed
CONfl1IFNT1At
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in two or three generattona into a soft, 42'ohromoeome variety of wheat
(Tritiolan vulgare). For the tint time, Roft wheat plants were found
among the hard wheat plants grown From a4de harveated tom the fail
Bowing: Although apoetal ogre waa taken to pravant hard attd soft wbAat
oeede from being tn1xed, oaretua, analysts ohawed that in soma oaame
epikee of hard wheat developed into soft wheat graina. The 42-ohromosome
oft wheiit grown from these gr,iron. Thin proved that the eott wheat
ie tormed tom cel~e of embryo. of hard wheat Rlready traneformed
into eott wheat. We have here a striking example of how, under the
intluAnoe of the exiettng oonditione of life, the qualitative condi-
tion of tndividual oelle and please of tieeue of hard whE'at are trane--
formed into the qualitative oompoottion of soft wheat.
The poeeibility that p.,anetioa11y different qualitiee are preoc~nt
in the bodiee of organieme was evident to Miohurinian teaching even
enrlior. But this genetically different quality was evident only ae
an intra-speoiee quality in which cenetioally different parte of the
organism belon-ed to the same species. In the wheat example cited above,
it is evident that genetically different qualities are contained in
the body of an organism and include the qualities of two different
epc;ciee.
Species exist as separate, qualitative forms in the organic world.
Agricultural practice takes this into account and banes its activity
on this idea. Materialistic biological. theory, since it le concerned
with species and the formation of epeaiee, ehould ales be beeed upon
the idea that species are tangible, qualitatively epecific Forma of
organic nature.
The old biological science, acknowledging only gradual quantitative
changes and not recognizing sudden qualitative transformation of one
organic form into another, or of one stage into another stage, could
not adjust ite theoretical base existing species. For this reason,
species were studied only ae a meane for understanding the system of
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claeeifiOAtton.
IAL
V. R. Vil'ysme' theory on soil fertility and devQlojrent1tn con-
trediatinotton to the reeotionarv theory of the lose of Boil fertility
due to erosion, ha ode it possible for Agronomical eoienoe to find
mean! of restoring end improving fertility oonditione. This theory
is the theoretioal biologieni base for the grate orop rotation system
of soil oultivation.
Vil~yame~ theory of soil development expiaine thn use of minoral
and organic fertilizers. According to hie teaohing, plants instead
of the eoil ehould be eupplied with tertilizer. Since kolkhozee hive
b?gun using this mnthod, they have had larger harv?ets.
The teaohinas of Miohurin and Vil'yame are different aepeote of
the same theoretical questions of aaronomioei eoienoe and praotioe.
For this reason, the two have binnded into one agrobiological eoienoe
which ie now the theoretical baeis of the work done by the All-Union
Aoademy of Agricultural Soiencee itneni V. I. Lenin.
In recent years, institutes and experimental and selection etatione
have producerl many varieties of agricultural. orope, inoludinp grains,
potatoes, cotton, sugar beets, sunflowers, and fruit and berry plants.
New breeds of cattle have been developed and old breeds improved.
Progress has been made in all divisions of agriculture. Yet, not all
scientific research institutes are skillful in their handling of Miohu-
rinian science. For this reason, the academy and its institutes must
guide and direct scientific workers in all agricultural and agronomical
research institutes with the goal of high eovkhoz and kolkhoz production.
In agrobiological scientific research, it is most important to
adhere to the principle of unity of analysis and synthesis. The bio-
logical analysis of processes in the development of plants, animals,
and soil must always be conducted from the point of view of sY thesis
so as to guarantee effective agricultural and zootechnical procedure.
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r:rnP1T'ai
Aa exampiea, the following Important questions must be worked
out by reaearoh inetttutiona to show the praotiea]. applioatton of agro-
btologtoal aotenoe in koikhosea and sovkhoeee in fuifilling the planned
tasksi
1. Utilisation of the rare Crop Rotation Si?t
The grass crop rot~atton syetem ie one in which the cam or a oimilar
orop, upon being replanted in a field where it formerly grew, grove
in eoil which has beoome more fertile and onntaine fewer weeds than
tormwri y.
It ie known that the moot important condition for soil fertility
ie thnt the eotl be fine. Only firm, Dine soil can aecure adequate
food and water for piante. The itrlaoture of the Boil ie influenced
by the root? of perennial graeeee ('t ixturee of graeeee and legumes).
For this r?aeon, grass crop rotation ie neoeeeary.
Grass crop rotation gnat he handled skillfully. It is important
agriculturally as a means of improving the harvest and increasing the
grose yield. A graee crop rotation system which dose notes
harvest ie, of oouree, of no value.
The following question ie aeked by some scientific workers: le
it possible to increase agricultural production in a grass crop rota-
tion system before the soil hae been built up by graaeee and while
the graeeee are still growing in part of the area?
Some scientific workers think this is impossible. They think
that uncultivated areae should be utilized for the introduction of
grass crop rotation einoe this will not lower the gross yield of agri-
cultural production.
The introduction of grace crop rotation, however, ie most neoeeeary
in those areas of the Soviet Union which are already under cultivation.
Grass crop rotation ehould be so introduced that during the growing
period of the grace the gross yield of agricultural produota will be
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harvest of grain, perennial oats, barley, and other grain feed crops
in soil. fertility induced by perennial greases cannot replaoi the
more, the emaU. harvest of hay per heotare and the slight improvement
hay per hectare are of praotioafly no value in soil building. 1'urther-
For this roason, perennial gasses yielding 10-15 oentners of
the number of roots in the soil will be sm U and cannot torn the
soil texture, n'oded after the fttll plowing.
khozea and kolkhozes. It is ob'vious that if the harvest is sm&U,
in delay in the ~introduction of field crop rotation in soy-
grass crop rotation.
fall hay harvests of perennial grassee are a primary factor
atasdily isoreaaad. This lNV~11~~ ~ ~rre~ot method of introducing
In the ease of good hay harvests, it would be economically unprofi-
in a number of oases.
years has been found to be eoonomically and agriculturally profitable
high harvests of green grass, the use of perennial grasses for two
yearn. The same is true for green grass harvests. In the ease of
than harvests yielding 10-15 oentnera of hay per hectare do in two
of hey per heotare increase the fertility of the soil in one year more
Mixed grass harvests of clover and alfalfa yielding 30-50 oentnera
means of accomplishing this.
tific workers, agronomists, and kolkhozea and sovkhozee are to find
30-~O or more oentnera per heotarA. Thus, the main teaks of scion-
higher harveata, so that even in dry regions the hay yield will be
and mastering ways of growing perennial grasses which will produce
The main problem in field grass sowing is that of working out
are easily acconsible to weeds, especially vouch grans.
must also be remembered that fields sown with grass which grows poorly
which can be from ?otare in kolkhozea and eovkhozee. It
table to plow fields planted with perennial grasses during the summer.
To obtain good harvests of perennial grasses, the fields must be plowed
C QPafI[iEN11RL
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in the t U. Thin is neoesaary for the grass crop rotation Ayetem.
In the oade of low harvests, averaging 14-1 aentnerd of hey per hec-
tare, it to sosnomically expedtent to plow th4 fields in the euUmer
i'er winter sewing. Fall plowing would result i~~ a loss since the neoe-
ssary soil 1syer will not be formed snd the small harvest will not com-
pensste for other teed grain crops which might have been down in Fields
occupied by prseo.
In hay harvests of perenniai praaeeo where the yield is at least
30-40 oentnere per hectare per yield, it ie neoeeeary to plow the
field. in the fail tot spring orope, but not in the summer for winter
sowing. Fielde sown with mixtures of legumes and praseee and producing
not ieeo than 30 oentnere of hay per heotare should not be plowed.
It ie better to harveet these yields a second time anti to plow them
in the tall for spring planting.
A good hay harveet of perennial praee completely oompeneates
in value the horveet of gain teed orope (barley or oste) which might
have been obtained from the same field. Beeidee yielding a good har-
vest, good conditions for soil fertility are formed for eubeequent
orope.
F'u thermore, it is possible to obtain big hay yields, about 30-40
eentnere per heotare, every year in dry regions, depending upon the
mane used for oultivatinE the perennial grasses.
The method to be used for plowing perennialase so ae to insure
high harvests must be suited to each region. A big grass yield is
one of the deciding factors in guaranteeing big yields of all crops
in field crop rotation and high liveetook productivity. The plant
nourishment available in th9 soil plays an important role in the for-
mation of big yields of all crops. Organic fertilizers -- manure,
humus, and compost -- have long been utilized in agricultural practice.
However, more attention should be paid to mineral fertilizers produced
for agricultural utilization. Research to find more efficient means
C t Fi F
1! I ~?.. A I4 ~ N
~ .a !
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for applying and using mineral fertiltzare -- nttrogen, phosphorua,
and tneaiut -- to one of the moat importent jobs of the Academy of
Agriau:,turai Soienoe and other agrioulturai oot.ntifia reaeeroh inati-
tuttone. Unfortunately, this work io sagging at the academy. Netthar
aoienom nor ptaatlse should talorate the 'rent extremely 3.ew ooef-
ftoi.nt of utilization of mineral f.rttltzerA, eopeoia11y of phoephorua
in tho soil as aup.rphoephtte . A good ooett'ioient of utilization
would chow an tnoreaee in yield of 2-3O ki1ogN'ma for each 100 kilo-
gvame of pheephorue u?ed. Our usual coeffiotAnt of utiiization of
phoephorue ie 15-20 perOent.
The baeio difficulty with many eoientifio workers, and eepeoially
with aandemio inetitutione, ie the oontinuing inabtlity to grasp Vil'yame'
teaching on eotl development and fertility. Thee. ecientiete pay little
heed to, or completely dieregard, the foot that the baeio nouriehment
of plants ie the roevlt of the activity of Boil mioroorganieme. Con-
oentrating on only one phyeioo-ohemical Boil prooees, they ae yet do
not understand that it ie possible to supply plants with the needed
forme of food at the right time simply by directing their life and
developing the oorreepondinp Boil mioroflora. The proper Boil for-
mation, according to Vil'yama, ie neoeeeary to permit water and air
ocour ng in the Boil simultaneouely to form plant food.
The species formation of Boil mioroorganiema ie extremely varied.
Intraepeoiee and inter-epeoiee relations of mioroorgSnieme are eimilar
to the intea-epeciee and inter-epeoies relatione of microorgafii~ne.
Theoe biological rulee have long einoe shown the poeeibility of depositing
fertilizer in the coil in email or granular piecee.
Agricultural practice ie well ecq ted with the effeotivenees
of the eo-oalled local application of fertilizer. Much factual infor-
mation hae already been accumulated on methods of depositing euper-
phoephatee in the eoil simultaneously with seed Bowing. Superphos-
phatee ground with organic fertilizer are particularly effective. In
_ B CONF~b~~ii~
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ohtit;jt1
Omsk Oblast, aupejsphataa gvound with humus and poultry and sheep
manure wAre depoetted while winter and spring wheat was being sown.
A deposit o' one oentner of this terttitser, oont*tning 30-50 kilograme
of auperphoaphatee, will tnorease harvests to the same extent that
3=3 oentners of ungrowt i eupei'phol~phatoa mtgrht do. RAeulta were equally
ae good in other experiments oonduoted by eoientitio researoh tnati-
tutoa. 9imultaneoua eowtng of wide with ferttiiser in this way makes
possible the utilization of huge field. for agriou1turai pnrporee.
2. The Net Method of Tree Pjantina
During 1949, experiments for working out the nest method of tree
planting, using agrioultural rfield orope se nurse orope, were conducted
in vnrioue sonee of the Bovi~t Union, covering an area of over 2,000
heotaren. These experimente clearly indioated the pouibilitie? of
the new method of tree planting. Beginning; with the eprinR of 1950,
thin method will be used by kolkhozee and sovkhozee for field shelter
belts and other tree planting.
By using the neat method for tree p1nnting, better conditions
are orented for the growth and development of treee, especially' for
varieties which grow slowly when they are young. During ite first
two years of growth, the oak receives beneficial ehading- from all
eidee. In addition, the young cake are protected from deetruotive
wild steppe growth, partioularly couch graee, and eepeoially from
severe dry winds. Under these conditions, experiments hive shown
that young oaks develop and grow in shelter belie ae well ae in the
nurseriea where they receive the beet of care. From this, one can
expect that during the first 5-10 years the oaks in ehelter belts will
be considerably more developed, taller, and will have a trunk larder
in diameter than 5-10 year old oake grown from 1-3 year old trees trans-
planted from nurseries.
The neat method of tree planting requires considerably lees labor
and reeouroee than methods generally used up to the present. For one
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CONHIIFNT
U.
hectare of forest none, approximet.Ly 3 man-days ere needed for head
nest p anttag of acorns. For sowing of aeoondary trees, approximately
one to two man-day o are needed psr heotmre. For aowing eeedo of
bueh4a, praotioally no manpower is needed eiaoe the sowing occurs
eimultaneouely with the Bowing of rye. Thua, a total of 4-5 man-days
ie needed per heotare for sowing by the neat method. In replacing
hand sorting of acorns by maohine Bowing, the awrsber of nian-daye is
reduced further. Almost no labor is needed to care for plants eown
by this method.
During the firet years of tree growth, the shelter belt area is
also weed for .growing agrioulturnl crops. Naas of trees are dietri-
i
bated in such a way that ie possible to uee the usual type of agri-
cultural maohinee and equipment during sowing and harvesting.
Tree cultivation in eteppe and forest steppe areas, now being
conducted on millions of heotaree, ie new and experimental work. At
preeent,experienoe in this work is being aocwnulated. A very impor-
tant role is being played by the academy and eoientifio research ineti-
tu.tee, whose agrobiologioal experirnonte and reeeAroh must supply the
basis for further development in shelter belt utilization.
Experienoee during 1949 showed that during its first year of
growth the oak thrives well when it is completely eurrounded by nurse
crops of grains and other field plants, Research has led us to sur-
mise that during its second year of growth the oak will not only thrive
well but will need the shade provided by nurse crops. It is from this
premise that the academy developed the nest method of planting.
At present, however, it is not known in what way root formations
of various nurse crops will affect the growth of myoorhiza living on
the roots of the oak and of utmost importance to it. If it is found
that mycorhiza develop poorly due to the presence of nurse crop roots,
then, beginning with the seoond year, the nurse crops will not be
planted. This ig a which will be tried out in 1950 by
CONFII,ENT9AL
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experiments in aoienti' ..tutee and a1Ao b aov
y khosea
on 2-year old oak plants, ao that in 191 when a larger area is punted
with oak trees, aoienoe Will be Ole to give better sdvioe on this
queetternt This ie only onA off' soveral prnb1em~ which science must
solve,
-END-
/1/rNT]Af
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