A HANDBOOK ON RADIOSOUNDING OF THE ATMOSPHERE FOR ARCTIC AEROLOGICAL STATIONS (USSR)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 160
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 30, 2012
• Sequence Number: 86
• Publication Date: November 12, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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Titles A HANDBOOK ON RAADIQSOU; DING OF T1 AT)SrNR FOR ARCTIC
ARROLOOICAL STATIONS (USSR) by A. ~. Ciro
Sources Rukovodstvo 1:10 R A ozondirovaniya Atmoef er f dlya r /:
Aerologichoskikh vtantsiy Arktiki (ID 3L211), Ru.sei boo,
1~1~6
CONfiOt1iAL
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50X1 -HUM
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A. i. Giro
The followin pages contain a tr*n*hation of the book "i- Handbook oil
Radiosoundind of the .itmoephere for ~retic .erological Stations" (Rukovod"
Dtvo Po kadiosondirovaniyu 1 tmoetery dlya ,18ro1ogichoekikh Stantsiy +crk-
` f Ci 1; I:;;ate1'.4,vn Glaveevmorputi, Moecow4eningrad, 1946).
The contents of the rirecent doeunient are:
TAdLr Oi" CONTrNTS
It. Fiat o~ Publications on Hydrometeorolagioal Obeet'vutiona
in a5rctic
B. Preface
C. foreword
Page
U. Chapter I - The Ccmb kadineonde
1. Construction and Operation of the Instrumdnt
2. The iadiosonde Transmitter
3. The Transmitter rower du~rly
g rtiLIn 5gt~ip-dAtilot~a~ib-Q~aerir-o~io~~-cgical Station
1. The aerological Laboratory
2. The Aerological Pavilion
3. equipment of the Plaice ~ihore Radiosondes are Checked and
Launched
P Chapter III - Preparation for Launching, Laughing, and Recep.
Lion of l&diosonde Signals
G. Chapter IV ? Processing Radiosonde Signals
ci.iclE'i1iL
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COiffJLt1TIAL
OF HANAbOOKS, ~(AWJALS, AND INSTRUCTIOfS FOR TH!r AROAUCTI*4
A, TI' K SFRI
RV U PROCFJSINO o HYDRC~tFTFDROLC( ICAL ?ASERVATIO IS FOR ARCTIC STATIC! S
it D gXPFaDITIONS OF TNF MAIN AD~UNI-1TRATI()N OF TH~r NORTH1 RN SEA ROUTF
1. i-. V. ueriual on Proceeeing Meteorological Obeervationa of
i
iank ,
arctic Station, 1944?
2. 44k. I? Aire T. V. Nikolayeva, Itanuul on thu Production and Proceee-
i of Aerological Ubeorvationa in arctic jtatione, 1944.
3, N. I. Shoo, Teb10e and NomogrMa Ueed in Proceuing serological
Ubeorvatione, 1944?
4. K. Gomoyu'nov, Instructione for the Production of Obaervatione on
Temperaturn, Sa1init7, Traneparonand Color of Sea dater, 1944?
Oomo oy Instructions for Production of Obeervation~- on the
Sp,cifio Gravity of Sea Water, 1944?
6. a, p. Noskov, Instructions o`n the Produotion of Obeervatione on Sea
Level variations at Arctic Statione, 1944?
evich and S, K. Denaenchenok, Instractions on Chem&eal Teets
7, S. V. bt't1Y
of Sea Water, 1944?
A N Petrichenko, Instructione for Production of Obeervationa on
bee at Arctic Statione, 1944?
g, Ya. Ya. Gakke1' , Instructions for Production of Oeereationa on Ice
Flowe Fran ships, 1944.
LO. Y, S. Sof' ahakov, Instructions for Measuring the Depth of the Sea and
for Collection of Sampled from the Ocean Bottom, 1944?
ll . N . P GeorQiYevekiy, Instructione for Setting Up Datum ldarka at +rc-
tic h tationa, 1944?
12. 4, N. Sm9eOV, Instructions on Instrumental D UetermirLation of the
Speed and Direction of Ice Drifts trap Shore, 1944?
CONFIDENTIAL
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;Gw IDENI
13. , RoaayolovakiYt, Inatruotione on Leve11n8 and Water..Paoairf (V`tor-
paaovMke) st otic Btatione, 1944?
14. V. S 8al' ehakov, Inetruction$ fnr Production nt Oboervotione on Boa
;
8welle Yrora Bhore, 1945.
15. L. F. Titov, Inetruotiona on the Production of Obearvatione on Wave
situLion in the Open Sea, the Behavior of ~hipo on Wavee, And Their
Drift Under the Influence of Wind and Wavoe, 1946?
C1It:IDENTIAI
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colic 1UELTtL
CONFIDENTIAL
PREPACg
This manes dif rera from the one published in 1944 (Manuel ror the Pro-
du tion snd Processing or Aerological Obeervstiono of Arctic Statione) in that
o
it is eapeaially interdod far aerological stations of a higher oategory, i.e.,
aerological observatbriee where daily radioaondee are made, since there was
not enough information Lox' such ehtiorlo in she 1944 bendbook.
The author of this manual, A. A. Aire, Candidate of Geographianl Soi-
encee was sent to ones of the polar stations to make a eeriae of etudiee on
the production of aerological observations (the release of radioaondee in
etrong winds and enowetorma, methode of generating hydrogen, etc.). The re-
511t5 of his work as well as the work or other aerologists have been used in
this manual. Beoau$e of the special conditione ~rhioh the radiosonde special-
ist encountere at Arctic stations, he must install and maintain the radio units
himself, and a special section on basic radio engineering principlee is there-
fore included in this manual.
The manual was edited by S. E. Sokolov, Senior Engineer of the Aerologi-
cal Observatory at Sel'tsa (near Leningrad), who was instrumental in prevent-
ing possible variations from the method of producing and processing radiosonde
observations used in the Hydrometeorological Service and the Main Administra-
tion of the Northern Sea Route.
In this me,nual, we have been able to generalize 15 years experience of
polar aerologiete in the Arctic aerological network. Hw ever, polar aerolo-
seta should continue to make improvements in their work and to report their
g
suggestions to the Arctic Institute with detailed descriptions and sketches so
that these suggestions can be included in later issues of the Manual and die-
seminated to other Arctic stations.
We hope that this Manual will be favorably received and that criticism
will result in the correction of unavoidable errors.
goK
I
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Ye. I. Tikhomirov
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COt1fIDENiIAI
COMFIONTIL
FOWORD
The Following characterietioe of the Arctic are of opeoial importance in
the production of aerologioal observatione $ remotenese from the main centers
of the country, high frequenoy of strong winde and etorms, and the Arctic
night. Thee. charactcrietioe determino the methods of producing aerological
obeervatiorne at Arctic etatioae.
Thu., the remoteneee of Arctic aerological etatione make the delivery of
hydrogen in balloons to the Arctic almost imposoible. This made necessary
construction of the Bushev gas-generator, fitted for Arctic conditione, and
the development of a gas-generation method. Ten years experience of polar
aerologists has revealed a number of defects in the Buehev gas-generator and
methodological defi~i?ncies in the gas-generat~on process.
The high frequency of strong winde and etorms prevented fulfillment of b
the program for daily radiosondes. Days with etrong winde and etorme were
usually missed. At the same time, fronts often passed over stations on such
days, and it is very necessary to have aerological observational data for the
study of these fronts, in addition to the operational value of this data. It
was therefore imperative to develop art test, under Arctic conditions, methods
of ba, ncbing radiosondes even in strong winds.
Laughing of radiosondes and observations on them with theodolites is
made considerably more difficult during the Arctic night Special equipment
was required for aerological observations posts, aerological pavilions, aero-
logical laborator ee, and for signalling and communication. It. was therefore
imperative to put into practice and check under Arctic conditions a plan for
the most efficient equipping of a first-class aerological station, in order
that the results might be used in other Arctic stations.
Finally, the aerologist coming to the Arctic meets slightly different w
working conditions and modes of life than the aerologist in more southerly
CONFIDENTiAl
(IONFIUflJTJ4L
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CDNFIDFNTIAI
latitudes. There ie no radioman on the etaff of aerologiate at Arotio etatione
(makin daily radioeondee) and thus the po1ti aerologiet must inetaU the
B
KUB-4 receiver, locate and repair breakdowns in the receiver, interohengee
per paoke ( storage batteries, dry cell e, eta), a etablieh oommunioa tions be-
ow
tween points, maintain telephone equipment, etc. In eo1ving the probleme con-
fronting him, the polar aerologiet cannot turn to a voluminous and complex
eAeoialized couree. Thie makes it neoeeeary to determine that minimum of know-
ledga from various branchee of science which ie neceeeary for independent work
it the ArAtio, and to include this minimum bf refereisce ma erial in the man-
ual so that the aerologiet can find the solution to his probleme easily and
quickly.
The development of the problems referred to above was the eubject-matter
of a paper "Methods for Aerological Obeervatione in the Arctic", which was
written by the author while at Hukhta Tikei (1943-44) on an aeaignment for
the Arctic Institute . Aerologists of ttie Bukta Tiksi and other polar stations
took part in the preparation of this paper. The results of that work are used
extensively in this manual.
Very little apace was allotted to radiosonde methods in the 1944 manual.
We were not able to discuss the problems referred to above in detail because
this would have required special studies.
In emphasizing the problem of equipping a first-class aerological station
in the Arctic in this alarm1, we include quite detailed sections on the des-
cription of the radiosonde, its preparation for launching, and the reception
an4 processing of signals. The sections on preparation and processing are
organized so that the paragraph headings indicate the sequence of operations,
while the contents of each paragraph give directions to be followed in barry-
ing out the given operation.
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UOUrIflE1iTJA.
CONFIDENTJ At
In deeoribing the preparation, veritioation, a proooeeing, we complied
with the allowanoee and requirements aooepted in the hydroraeteorological Ser-
vice of the USSR, which are set Forth in "A Manual for Producing Atmospheric
$oundinge With the Kelp of fl dioeondee and Aerographe".
L. G. Makhotkin, 0. V. G dovana, and N. F. Zhirkov, aerologists of the
Sukhta Tikes polar etatiorn, aided in the compilation of this manual. V. To.
Blagodarov, eonior aerologiet, participated directly in the preparation of
the eectione on gae-generation and ewitchboarde. Lngirneere F. Ye. Zabor-
ehchikov and G. N. Yegorov, and K. I. Vil ' pert, technical director of the
Bukhta Tikes radio station, were of great aeeietance. The director of the
work, Professor Ye. I. Tikhomirov, aleo aided in the compilation.
A. A. Gire
CONFIflFTI;~
COHEIBENTIL
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GUIIFIDrUTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
CNAPTR I - CONSTUCTION AOP1ATION OF PROFESSOR P. A? )AOLCHANOV'S "COMtV'
RADIO50NDg SXST 2
Radtoonde, like ordinary met?orokraphe, measured the temp?rature, prep-
sure, and humidity of the air in the levels throw which it passes during
tte aeoent. It differs from other methods in that the data on the elements
is transmitted by radio and can be received during aecent of the instrument
with a radio receiver. '/Ihil.e the oignala,are being received, the balloon
can be tracked with a theodolite to obtain the distribution of the wind with
reep?ot to height until the balloon ascends into the clouds. Teen, by direc-
tion finding on the radiosonde, dnte oan be obtained on the wind distribution
above the cloud layers.
Professor P. A. olchanov's comb radiosonde is wnp oyed in the USSIL. The
first Soviet radiosonde of this type, which proved to be the first in the
world, was sent aloft on January 30, 1930 in }avlovsk. The instrument has
since undergone marry designed ohanges and is now quite accurate and raliable.
The radiosonde unit includes he inotrw~cnt (in a box), an additional
shield to protect the elements from solar radiation, a propellor, an offset
(an extension for the counterpoise), a one-tube transmitter, two plate bat-
teries and one filament battery, the antenna, and the counterpoise.
A. Construction and Principle of Operation
The instrument (Figs. 1 and 2) has the following main parte s duraluminum
housing (40), channel frame (35), temperature element (28), temperature comb
(31), pressure element (2), pressure, comb (38), humidity element (1), humidity
commutator (39) and comb, anr~ the temperature and pressure commutator.
A detailed description of the separate parts of the instrument follows.
1. The instrument is mounted on an L-shaped duraluminum housing (40).
To the vertical surface of this frame is attached a U-shaped channel frame (35),
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CONFIUFTv ai
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Co- CONcIDENTI4,
CONFID?MiIAL
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C6!1E1DEtilIL
NTH ~~
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which supports the temperature argil praeoure carobs, the humidity commutator and
comb, contadt tripe (32), aril the commutator with eproaket ~earo, artd also
bearing. for the rotating ehatte of the contact arms. The channel tram. ie
reinforced by a V-ehap.d duraluminum angle bracket (27) taetened to the hori-
zontal surface of tho main housing (40).
The outside veetioal surf aco of the main housing supports a epecial brack-
et (41), on which the preeeure and temperature elomente are mounted. The
bracket paseee through the rnnin housing and is fastened to the ohannel franc
(42). Thie vertical eurfac? also aupports two amts (43) hioh pass through
tho ed1 hcuain fry the charm~1 fr tmc; the humidity e1enunt (a etrand of
hair) is fastened on those arms.
Since all ol?cnente are outside the housing, they aro provided with a good
nir flow when the in?trumunt is in vertieE l motion. The speed of the air-flow
past he elerrtont averafes 5 to 6 meters per second (for ascents with balloons
No 50 or 100).
2. A bent bimetallic plate consisting of two welded metal strips with
different coefficients of thermal expansion, serves as the temperaturer,Ale-
mcnt. The metal with the higher coefficient is placed on the outside, and the
metal with the lower coefficient on the inside. The causes the plate to bend
as the temperature rises, and to straighten out as the ?emperature drops. One
end of the plate is firmly connected to bracket (41) and the other is soldered
to a bar (ii), which is connected by means of a rod (44) and a sensitivity
arm (45 ) to the contact arm (4) which moves elong the temperature comb with a
change in temeratuure.
The rod (444) is connected with the bar (11) and sensitivity arm (45) so
that all can swing. The shaft (12) of the sensitivity arm rotates in bearings
(46) which are mounted on the channel frame. Consequently, the plate bends and
the contact arm (40) moves upward along the comb when the temperature increases
-mod downward along the comb when the temperature drops.
CDNFJDENTI4V
UiiHDIT1AL
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CONFIDENTIAl
The amount of movement at the temperature contact arm along the comb
for a ono-degree temperature change io aided the sensitivity of tha twpira-
ture element' to calibrating the temperature element, however, another quan-
tity, the invoree eoneitivity, i.o., the amount of temperature change neoese-
8ry in order to move the contact arm one tooth along the comb ie usually
used (for convenience in processing eignale)1 This amount i? deeignated
)
dt for calibration purposes (the value of dt usually ranges from 1.2 to 1.8
There are special holes on the arm (45) and the bar (11) for the eensi-
tivity adjustment. The near the rod pin is to the bimetallic plate and the
farULtlr tha screw (4") is truth u ei-art of he are, (4~), the lcsc the sen-
sitivity; and, conversely, the farther the dowel pin (59) ie from the bi-
metallic plate and the neareh theecrew (47) is to he arm's shaft, the great-
er the eensitivity. After the instrument is calibrated, the dowel pin must
not under any oircumetanceo be moved along the bar (11), nor the screw (47)
alone the arm. This would change the eensitivity of the inatrwnent and, con-
sequently, it would not conform to the coefficient recorded on the factory
calibration chart. The positions of the screw and dowel pin and usually
marked with paint after the test. Thus, if the screw or dowel pin should
fall out while in transit from the plant, it can be returned to its previous
position. Unmarked instruments whose screws or dowel pins have fallen out
cannot be launched without another calibration.
The holes on the rod (44) are used to change the position of the tem-
perature contact arm on the comb. Generally, speaking, changing the position
of the bar (11) along the rod will not affect the sensitivity of the element.
However, when the sensitivity is curvilinear (i.e., when the sensitivity co-
efficient is different for different parts of the comb), the use of these
holes after calibration is not recommended, because a change in the position
of the arm on the comb may change the sensitivity.
IAL
CONFIDENTIAl
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L u~l,'IDENiIAL
cDtF IDENTI Al
A earew (10) which Joins the contact arm with the s?ne ttivity arm (45)
i? used to regulate the preeeure of the oontaot arm on the comb (in prepar-
ir 8 the ins trumont for 1aur1hing )
3. The temperature comb (31), in he Form of an arc of a ciroke whose
center is the pivotal axis (12) of the oontact arm, oonsists of fiv? toothed
metal plates insulated from each other. The comb is attached with screws (34)
onto the channel frame and is insulated from it by a colluloid lining. The
individual plates (combs) are mwabered from inside to ee outside; first, the
control plate, then the 1st, 2nd, 3'd, and 4th. The width of er ch tooth is
2 ran. Adjacent teeth on eaoh plate a 6 mm apart, except for the control platq,
where they are 16 mm apart. The plates are assembled so that their teeth are
not directly opposite each other, but are displaoed one tooth relative to the
the next plate (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3 - Diagram of the Position of Teeth on the Temperature Carob.
If the teeth of all four plates were apposite each other, the tempera-
ture contact arm in sliding along the comb would fall into the gaps between
the teeth, preventing uninterrupted recording of temperature changes In
their actual spacing, however, the contact arm (4) passes smoothly from a b
tooth of the first plate to a tooth of the second plate, then to a tooth of
the third, then to a tooth of the fourth, then to a tooth of the first plate
again, etc. Groups of four teeth arranged in this way are called sections.
The sections are numbered from top to bottom (Fig. 1). The temperature comb
has 19 sections and therefore 76 teeth. (For technical reasons, oombs made
in plants have 72 instead of 76 teeth; the first tow teeth of the 1st section
CONHOENTIAt
Lr
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COHPIOENTIAL
NTIAL
CONWE
and the last two o!' the 19th are ueua)1y miaain8) .
Bach of th? four t?eth of ?aah section ha$ a number corresponding to the
number oV the plat. on which it4 is boosted; thus, the teeth of all eeotione
on the first plate are called firet teeth; on the eeoond, second teethe on the
third, third teeth; and on the fourth, fouwth teeth.
With a temperature drop, the contact arm alidee downward along the comb
and therefore praaee consecutively from the let to the 2nd tooth, fran the
2nd to the 3rd, from the 3rd to tho 4th, from the 4th to the let, etc, thus
passing from one section to another. Ae the temperature rises, the contact
arm slides upwards alone thA enmh snf~ the teeth rri11 be pa33cd in the oppo-
site order. Since the temperature in the atmosphere ueuelly deoreaees wihh
altitude, the contact arm will coneoutively pane teeth 1, 2, 3, 4, etc,, se
the radiosonde rieee. If the radiosonde passes through an inversion, the or-
der of the teeth will be reversed t 1, 4, 3, 2, 1, 4, etc. As we shall see,
the radiosonde transmitter in this case sends signals in the form of inter-
rupted tones (aimlar to te'egraph dots). If the tempert~ture contact arm r
rests on the first tooth of any section, one dot will be heard; it it rests
on the second tooth of any section, two dots will be heard; on the third,
three and on the fourth, four. Thus, whenLthe temperature falls as the ra-
diosonde rises, we shall consecutively hear one dot, two dots, three, four,
one, etc. In inversions, the signals will be heard in the reverse order.
With the comb construction detailed thus far, the actual por ition of
the contact arm can be determined accurately only for uninterrupted signal
reception. Given this condition and knowing the number of the section in
which the contact arm was resting before the ascent, we can confidently
state the number of the section in whi h the contact arm is resting at any
mcnent. However, signal race terrupted. Let us assume that
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CUIifIDENTIAI.
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after an interruption we hex tour dote. The tour dote dndioate only that
the oontsot arm is tieting on a tourth tooth and does nut indicate which
section that tooth bc1onge to. A'htltth plate, ca11?d the control plate, was
introduced to elia-ina to this defect. Thin plate was placed Bret trcm the
inside (Fig. 3).
The distance between the teeth of this plate is eight times the width
of one tooth (16 mm). Its teeth are positioned in the tollowing ways he
first tooth of the third eeotion is eawed ol'f,? but there ie a tooth of the
eaaae width opposite it on the control comb. Consequently, if he contact
arm ie resting on the 4th tooth of the second ee ction, a further de cre aee
in temperature will move i~ to the control comb instead of to the let tooth
of the third section. The signal will therefore consist of seven consecu-
tive dote (the reason for which will be given later) instead of one dot.
The next (2nd) tooth of the control comb replaces the 2nd tooth of the
5th section; the 3rd control tooth replacea the 3rd tooth of the 7th eec-
tion; the 4th control tooth, the 4th tooth of the 9th section; the 5th con-
trol tooth, the 1st tooth of the 12th section; the 6th control tooth, the
2nd tooth of the 14th section; the 7th control tooth, the 3rd tooth of the
16th section; and, finally, the 8th control tooth, the 4th tooth of the
18th section.
The control comb permits accurate determination of the position o,f the
contact arm even if there is a temporary interruption in signal reception.
Let us assume that after a temporary interruption, we hear four dots, then
one dot follawdd; by seven dots. Thus, the control boQth here replaces a 2nd
tooth in the temperature comb. Looking at the distribution of the control
teeth on the comb diagram (which is drawn in at the top of the signal recap-
Lion blank), we observe that the control tooth replaces a 2nd tooth is the
5th and 14th sections. The temperature difference between these two posi-
tions, however, amounts to about 400. Therefore, knowing the initial pcei-
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T
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CONFIDENTIAt,
tion of the contact eras and thu appra~cimate height of the instrument the true
pooit1.on oi' the contact arm oan ba accurately determined,
4. gaoh of the live plate a of tho radiosonde tsmpenture carob ie connected
by moana of insulated conduotore with the spring contact etripa (32) m1, n,
m31 m4, mp, and r (Figa. 1 and 2). Theec are mounted on a oe11u1oid backing
(48), which is atbached to the channel frame and thus insulated t'rom the
in-
etrument housing, A rod (21) with sprocket wheel,. on it Lite into a metal
bar (49) which connec to the two celluloid plate e. The other end of the rod
(21) rotates in a bearing which ie aleo insulated trccn the instrument
houe-
tn~. TA rM with o nj,'uukdt wheele ie called a commutator. The eprocket
wheels are placed opposite the contact plates and have different number. of
teeth.
Wheel n1, which is opposite spring contact etrip m1 (connected with the
let plate of the temperature comb), has one tooth; wheel n2, opposite etri
F
m2, has two teeth; wheel n3, opposite strip m3, has three teeth= wheel nz,
opposite etrip m4, hoe four teeth; and wheel nk, opposite strip ask,hoe seven
teeth. Wheel np and etrip mp will be discussed later.
On the lower part of the commutator there is a pinion (19), connected by
a gear drive to a cup gear (18) on the propellor shaft (16). This shaft ie
insulated from the instrument housing and is driven by the propellor at
its
lower end. The number of teeth an the cup gear (18) is one-fourth the number
on the pinion (19 ) and therefore ones complete revolution of the commutator cor-
reeponde to four turns of the propellor. The propellor blades are bent eo b
that the air preseure on them (when the radiosonde ie rising) oaueee the o-
pallor to turn clockwise (looking 'downward) and consequently, oaueee the com-
mutator with ite sprocket wheels to turn countesclockwiee.
The contact etripa m1, m2, m3, m4, mF, and ask are regulated so that the
sprocket teeth touch these plates when the commutator rotates. Thus, during
one complete revolution of the commutator, the sprocket wheel nl
CONFtrNyf i.
COUF1IkkaYapl
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CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
$,
;~ 1,AUOhea
t
tQUuhaa iU aQrret+Aondi s nt On" (it hAri ort th) ; wheel rl
1
a n, Pour timea, and n kaevert tifhoa. Thus, the
twioe~ rt:j three tii e1
4
uifior of suclh oontact? to equal to the ttW1hbu of the comb plate.
.
n_
pda(~O 'l ,tj'
In a,iernilF1. thu it?otrieal circuit of the uun', th? wire tram
G
the rhu~ u }~sate t~attery i~ fastened to olitmmp (36) on
~~ativu teri~.nal or th ,
the htttul bier (49)? Thou, ~aurrdnt from the nod:htivu torti.nal ut' the
plrttn battur? is euppiiul to the sprocket whools. Irt or"tur to cloaa the'
Y
pl;htu atrcuit of thA tr~tnuntttrH', the nogntive torstinrhl of the pl!tt hat
,
tery rtu~t % connuctuc~ to thfiltinhertt 1tt tho tubo prong which is conneo-
Y
tt 1 t,n t~hu Aobitivu torPtnol of tlhu fil ment battery (Fin. 4). - wire
from thir prone ie conrhuct id to Ufh m~~afi, p&-
ntunt housing. liowrhvctr, ntnre the comr,~utator
is inulnterI from the huusin;, thi plate ctr{=
.utt is st tip. open. In vrler to e1o a the
circuit,, the eprochot whale must be eonrhec-
ted to tha ir~gtrumcrtt hnubirhg. Th~.9 eonnAc-
t ion 13 nude through the teen wrutur contact
arm.
?hen3'thc~ I ternr~hruture contact arm
(connuctud with tho inetrurnnt ho-tging)
c~etinon thu 4th tooth of any eoction, iiL, 4. Dir,gr'un for Connuct-
be r ldPoSo(
~to
1 L at' in th undo n,o thn i1.~a
Thrh, current from thu rtugativc~ tnrminn
thu pauto hatt,ory tiRri11 flow irrto the ccmhmu- circuit of thc~ Transmitter
tatcr, through the four-tooth :hprucket wheel
q:5 Y;,
e ) into the m1. Thu latter ie eon-
th ~
~.nr~ ~
(if ~,ts tooth is touching
with the 1,t ,plate of the comb, and t,hi refore the ei,.rrent flows into
thnctnd
UfIOE!TIA1
CONHOENTIAL
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tONJflENTIAt
thfi! 1.tter, Az~J from thu t~tr, p1,4to through one o~ its taat4h (the orWI of Wht(rh
tha cmntriet arm ii r~+ett n8) tnto tha tomrnrataur' cnP7tact or 1 ar-d t1 thu
horrntrt. Th" k-1ttu ~i "eti-t of thEr t,ranwmittor is thug e1v u ci wut ttn trtina-
m].tt~rr sends l1i4na1, -, a MQ1~r1 arhl at],o, 1t' tho eonmut:ator U riot rPtalt-
?n 14(VI tiro tQ(t)$ tri tni r~htnE: tho
p t,lrfr eoru:ruta ttcw r i-t4 rotateth~r eta c rauit is mpAned.., ud ;rtlos d
(4y '7ft ,4,,11$'1L ~ rrc k~ r
Nt idly r'rur ttrar~s and l'raur dote ire rApirt uoctw nco rratoid t' ~~ soltct wliis-
A
t11,u art hoard to thu ropvo~iL1&r. Thu four' i1~tA wilt bc~ r~pueit,dd (ovary 1.
to 1. sucondc) u0 1'rts~ Rio th?r turi;acrr~}t.uru cantart am ii r'cratin on tho
fourth tooth. ~w ?oot; ae tt nnvos to ax,othur t,' t,h (to thu ]:st, ?'or uxw'itplu),
onu dot, it4 hoard irrrrtwcd eat' four, if the cA?~t,uct, rtrrf~ rr~w'c to a Porit,rol
sfi~
s crochet whuu1 to~ichir-~ the
,. ~ ryl bu heEtr
tooth, rrdvurr du,, ~ " . cl :-er?uwie tlw t
itik }i11 su'rriri tcet't, otr,.
54 Fi'ltu at)nvf! shows thit, -fit!- d.I,griu-l.c :tcnurat,n1~- indic rttV
thr, ritu-tibc!r of tho tooth upon *ht ch t,llo tr3mj,~rrst,r~r~~ aria ] r~ v~rstin, rrhi1'
o c wn(j of ;iif!rt]r n~-,~rccct~t~;~~~ rhsnF~n r,f that r~nnti~rt lrtn fror' onrr
tr)oth tt,ho next. Kno~rtr, i the sitt.r i ryf ttr~ r?nrtt~rt irr on the rr-r4h
A' d t.hF, air t,eri11urat,urw hof',i t iwitrurlFmt wus re].r~~~~~,rl plug the nuri iit,-
:hdLy or t>>c, ~].~,rtcrit, tF turr ~f rEktur C.rr bc; cilculatrd earji1~' wrh'' thq i -
r 1u c;h Ar1gU. ufort the triat,rurunt ii rul fhsw~t, it q~ih nct?d to thF, no-
Fvi
ctcli r~ci "exposurer" (;r urid check); thu t,r, ,cur tur is rncnrJor1
ern ~'-ssr-; ri nhruniatc~r utrt thu ,1n,~4tic,n :t' thfl cant, t(t 'trig cltl tha t oin;sera
turn Lnmt~ is detarrnirrrr~l. Trig data . ,r ~f o,sciut~inru in firidint? the tur~pora-
turu w}1eit thu tit,r!nals chan~ca .
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
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Qt4FIDEM1AL
C
T J F
ENTIAI
CONF
4 P ins Qru rolet r -3Aa` the tamp wiitura contact arrn 1~ in
soetton an the 'ird tooth alt u poet that is ?.b At' the widtli cif the'
the 13th
,
tooth (Dr~a tap to c ttoni). Thie written tfit;s: 3/ (Q.).
i
tl~~ e,lem~r~t, ti r~atU e, 1 + cii ~1 to 1;b? pr tf~oth.
The sanoitivit,v (
It, t neeoeQS!^y tsr, find thi tninperature when the contact arm rrvcra from the'
o
3rd tt) t~-a 4th tooth of the 16th auetiAn. '1) calcul Uu-+ ?M mace as A11 -~ s
UP to th' bu inniri(; the Ji th suotinn, the Arm haft pnr d 1.4 teeth; then
eoed 4 teeth in the 15th eection and 3 teeth in the 16U- ouotion. Thus,
it pe ~
latt hrrd ;race?d n tatul o 8.4 tuAth. Thtemper\ture changed (decrnasnd) by
x 1.6 s 1, ,LE?. Thus, ,a trsncr it from the 3rd to thu 4th tuoth of the
ar~r in" tor-cl tc~ ~i' _O0+(_1 .Ii) :-J1~,L.?.
1th oetion c ~
E, e
T'h() bOvu c~XWjlfJ wta~'.I that tht~ t t lj-+~~~tt,~rr1 can bo c leulatc,~t un1v w}gun
the ui'nn1s (,h+~ri -,(), bcrusauuu t) Lruci posltion o!' tf,.i cnnt.ct arnr io kr~r,wr,
aC CUratuly urtly at t ti tii;Io ,
rr l1 i ' "bn"ic;'u ", ri thtc; r :iMOr, ae WO will riE--(' b~jtir)w, tho tampt ru-
rl4:4rx,, a 1't t1
turi' irc r ?"S of + cr:lr?~tljitrtd for oi, ~ -1 r (bUuih recaive'i t t .~tw~y
/law ~. ~ ~?
after ir~t,erru,~tirt~, Ir,ct 1LYi, to cc~lctJl t: cr t triir lit tk~ raxt st.4;n~aJ
chw~g ~ i
Corse+?wrtd~r, h4vir1C net,-~d in ci 1ri a1 r~ccptio:i rM!mAnth of chan,lo, wA
1 : oee$$
1 f'u1 tr thr: tnmp,nt+I r1 Par f`~~rh of t,hoso mocuimt,ti. In c1.aki* ; (o
cn ca.
hater IV) it, i algn possl~l.cs to ca1cu1a+rra th h i~tht t~? t,hradioor~nde
when t,hu st,~t~r1 chi-nge and thus obtain thw distribuLL ti of tompcraturo with
radio ax
n' er the ro ion ~rhure the s reletas?d,
6. 3ourdnn tuk'e is wed aq the pr~c mrE, u).emcint it the rasnrtde, Or
ard of th tube is fagt~rt to tho hc,lder (L1) (which u1so hupport.s thu t~rt~-
e
CONFfpF.NTIA!
~Qi1fI~~P~TiAI
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GONFIDENTIAL
CONFIQ~NTIAI
rd
purctGui ulemunt1 z~ci trta Other end is cortr-uctud Icy
, ~ ~ r i
ttvity irnl (3)) t~ thu p. ~asure LJThJTt (J3). thU lunrs''
thu tuwf, tl~tt Nht~r1H nti the prueetlre arm move dOWnwcu'd a1or~ the 1ar~~~r~tr~u
u.i;ib (" '. ,1h~n tt tnaru tJ ii tub buftdO ~?1 th? rr~: I LOVQg U;tWtl1'~1.
j , 411-'
,eI 11 itt ' the Bann tivity urn t ~. ,
axe for thu eLUVIe 1+~4rrr~tU) eta thcry ~Inre trt t,l~~; t;urcr+~tlr ,t}r l?'f:Wft,, ~n
the fidrrlw (`'i) or t,h', dowul pin (go) ,auat not bt nfovu~L after 1~hr ul~tfL.
a ,
I;k 1!I1) the ractory *hi-u1, tliri ttt'r;.ty Qt' the pran~nre d ernunL i~
set so thu1t u 1O-1 ~ i:tl,~tr~ftt(fru(nrorr:t~~;~ ie,1u mn) Chun ; t to atr~ennhurtr pruA-
ure Nt_ a , +,)V thu t'vonsur' urm 1 ~~r along; th~a pre nr~'4 ~fttib. the
e-~ T ,
otIt tVi4' t' 1,};r! run nurtt 1n t . ? repr'nnOt,(l t n the f'r~rc cat' + crurh pN
l~au ~
t,hP~ pc) it,t: )t1 r f tht, prus,iur! ;raft +ri t1:
~,t~noc hr,ric prusMCtr'~,.
T1' ~;u-tr(lr)n tuhe ?~I c,~r' ft Ly tt~,~l;rt1-plt~t,~(1 to 1,rr!v-;nt air notr~att:''r
+, r-~t~ h +,hc+, pores hI' tFt ~;,tNt~~1=). J itvJ this, h(twover, aft,cr t,rin~pnr't-
lot c;r pt'o1c'r11!ud uto';1i~t1, t hr, ~r'~tnnUr O ,L'cta is frec;unri+if (1t spt; k U(1 !~r!-~t-
ut t
w; r 1 frrn'I t,he t should ocoupy at~.u rjt?'/r,r~. b,tr,tbbpLu,iic prOuSu'~ c-
4~
or Th3.cf it; t;tot ot'tr~fy cit.~n to ~ri+ pc~nu#
rc.rt~ to th(~ ~f+rtiflc;~~t o.
atiott of cdr irtt, t,hu tuba th-r'tit;h thc~ por,ti of ,}1Ft rtt,L'l or throtth
tr
hole itt defurtivo tuba , It~dl~o
be N,kucud h; thL 1,i.boratinft of ad-
w 4 . c IL
sorbed/ i' `.rnoluuul,cs fr'hfrt thu innor wa1is of the tuba.
Liior' rule aee th' refor~, t 1,~ :1r .tion of the pros ure aria should bo
CJ 1, ea1!', s
(rd n it~inr,t thE- ?nt~ graph and a -.~nr:trol priinirtg or, the pres$uru ul~i--
hec~ ,
~. ~
hOUlri bc: n-ad 3. The instrument uhould riot bct re1e s(td in axi' cone if
r--t nt
tho deviation uxcanrts tha toier;mc1.
cONcfflFTIAl
CU11FINT1AL
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GOUFIOENTIAI
CONFIDENTIAL
7. Thn prnure aamb (~a) ie, tn-thaatorm off' an ero of a circle whnaA can-
ter is the pivot, adXia or tha Aorttrt nru~ (ia). It to fastened on the chan-
nel Frame and ir-ou.t tt' 1 from it (earl oon&erjuunLiy Drcri the heuoir~g) by it
Aol-
lulaid trip, Thu C (11b I t $1Htu ai' two tootPw'd ,.tatoA, ono mdt d. and t,ha a t
other ee11u1oi1, put to~aat,her uo that t1-~ g~pa brtwaon the ita1 tauth uru
filled by they eollulc~d. Thit prnvidefi amaath eltppiri of
the praA iur t contw t. z'rtt alcii Lhu cun~b. In al, thuru ci' 1$ rliutal (or Hll-
ctO l Il/d~..
viw, ue thoy era cltllftl iYL pr'u ticn, air~~rt the prusuuru oornta uaud
to bu rvtdu of nllvur) ~nd.1`' 1lu1Aid tuetk~ an the comb. Thai cu11uioid urtd
rnut,ul tvuth rt; rtur'bur 1 Mivi~Iutlly t'ro-i~ top to bottom (i,ure 5). 'hue,
k. 1C h,,c y.
f.mc 3s Vs ' _
r'i~, 5, 4-rrun j o t r nt of the Vonth on thcj h'roaeuru L o b
thtj first rtr.tul tooth from thy: top to c. /lid thr firwt silver 19, thon the
firet celluloid, lc; further 2, t)' r 2c, etc,
The preo~quro signals, ire contrw t to tho tumporature signals, uru kilike
for all toot}t of the comb. In order that, three ho nc nttgt~AkEt in thk~
trf teeth numb.'rq rIuririh; aigrtal reception, rJequnntial uigncL1 reception must
be obt,tid from a12. teeth which are pw,od over by tho contact rarm. To fa,-
~tc
cilitate tho epani'bf teeth rrumbora during a poe iblo lapAA in signal re--
ee,)tion, the teeth are made both r ii'rrv: rmbro~id r The 3r?i, 6th, 9th, 12th,
15th, ~ittd 1E~th teeth are throe time wrier th~r the ad Jacent tooth Etnci thuro-
foru the tiru?i during which signals will bri hoarri from three tooth is three
Limos grouter than for the adjacent teeth,
CONFIDctVilAl
CO1FDETAL
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1!! lIP
w
CONFIDENTIAL
"~NFIDEN?LdP
The metal teeth are Aaltianeri ao thRt ane 'ytrie t,AAth tUi- W twv narrow
pit "d
pro o , Thu control metal tbott (l ), {'_ enllulpid iA p1aQQdi he.
tv-eAn 9s nl paculiaritter in the Arran ea-ant anri width er the
T ~eaa
t?eth ,'ke it pae?tls to correctly nwnber the teeth during a l tP a in prAe-
sure $iL;rlale.
1e11
This width or th ducruae i ,' tll tl:c nW%ber of the teeth but the relative
ell
+n Or~Cr
dirrerdfce ir- t* w clth is uu ~ntcined ` i tin" to feu ~ the tir~ri required
Lox' Uit ec~ntact iirun to pc ?o~aover UT,H tooth approxin-atalY conbtant in bt rw
p
c trerer-t~ prescui'ee.
h~kric layUX wit d~
~
p. 'This prunAur~Promb is connected with an inAulaterl coniuetor to a eprin
cont~et flJ'. It 1e?l np with a tooth in thCorm oa actor
of to eirCL* (intersuct,ir1L; an :&r" o#' x'20) in put on ui~dorr,urtth thin T~lat ~an
th~i commutator. Thn pree9t~ra it ;nal rcuLvuri, ther?roro, to u dtieh, 1=1icttn
0, 2 of the Limo roquirn~1 for one commutator ruvelutit)r1, i. e ? , a runt ~Qr-n o
0.2 to O.3 second. ;since thv preeeure sector n iu ~lacud ort a common pivot
1
with thw trmperttturp 9rrocket wheols, id since thin pivot is connected to
the no ativn tar'mirta1 of the plates battor'i Qth-, preweuro contact arm is con-
nocterl tr) thu inetrurnerllt housing in the sctmc~ manrtter an the tc~mrorKt,>>re con-
tact arm), thu nreseurm sign~lseexAfl be rneiive'I independently of the i rnper~-
ture signals at any ti w whon the pressure contact arm i~ r' ting ?n any mot-
al tooth.
4,-v 'r
All temperuture sprocket whebls. are set on thu eel so that, their last.
tooth corn iiderin~ t,h t. thw convtiutator is moving in u counter-clockwise di-
ruction ire., in thq ascent of t-hu in.~trunent) is on the s .ntc lino as the
tooth of the one-tooth sprocket wheel. Consoquently, it thu one-tooth sproc'
(%fl1c iDE1 IAI
~k1FIENTIAL
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iFIDNT1At
i Z Z~
L;tjNFIOFNTIM
kct iQ touching itA plate, than bt thitt rranent all rert~tntn ipraaket wheel
arts tquahing thatr platc with tlieir l at teaith. The pressure sector it set
up on the oommutBtor pivot Aa that it.s inittal line (fur counter-ulookwiee
rotation oz' th~a commutator) is also on ho sumo line ae thn toath off' the
one-tooth eproaket wheel and coneecuent1' on the eamo line an th" last tooth
of all sprocket wheele Theretoro, whatt thu proaeure contact ie reet-
ing on u celluloid tooth, the plate circuit of the transmittAr is c1oee"l
ear ~ beard
or. through th? temp.srcitura ep'oeket ~',heeie, and only
Ita soon ae the preeeure aontuct ;arm rovas to a mAtit1 Moth, the plato
eiroait of t,1io trE~ni~mitter i, closucl through to induk*ndunt paths, Lu.,
thruuh tha tutitpc:rnture aprorkat wheel -t the'temperuturre eontract orm -
houu1ng, a-nd throu ;li the presriurd 3aator - thu rrosal:tre contact urm -
ho~-~+int;. The last ddota? of tho temperature di ;itu1s uro tranoformed into
u dash. If ut given t itao, for oxamplo, thu tamporaturc~ contint uro~ reotod
upon firdt tCath, one du;ih would Le h. urd inetead of ono dot; i~ on a ?e-
~
coed tooth, a clot and a daghinstead of tiro dote; if on a hird troth, two
dote 9nd one daoh; on a fourth tooth, three dots and ono cla3h; and on a con-
trol tenth, six rloto and one dash (1igure 6).
Obv'rvat-ion of Me t~ppgarancca and disappearance of a da9h in tho tvmper-
ature signals rnkno it pos~ibla th detormino the times when the r reAsurcon-
tact arm is moving from a celluloid tor*h to a metal tooth and vice-versa.
Kno~in; the atnospharic preseurP and the p?dtion of the convict arm on the
I r.i .1
comb at i ~eerse'and using thn sensitivity graph (see p~go 2O text), the.;.p~
preagures corresponding; to thoso transition timdn dan be determined.
En practice, thri atmospheric prnssure is not calculated for the transi4
L'afrf7~1 ? r
Lion thruga fror.~ tooth to tooth, but for thi time whon he s ones the
CUNcIDET11
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CONcIDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
1osition Of the ~itnsieigiAtra-
TonNerutura Gan-4 tion in
tai in .Ji y, tteapption
Scotian Proaed>re contract 'trr had ~c~~ted
up o1 th' 3rd tenth, three dots would huvu been rep~atert five timmn,utc,
Thy , by rount-in! the numbor hf ti,~is t,hH tnmporturo gigna1 is rupdated
s ~
from th$ end of thn sQconrt cull igna1 to tho t~oxt hur-idit~- 1 t;" a1, thu num-
ber of the tooth ( or L ht t bar) upon which the hurnirlity eDntact arm ii roet-
ing at . tvun time, is duturr ifl d.
i ~reesuro contract arm is tustin~ on thu control tooth, t.hruu call
Ihen thf i
' .nale will bheard indte,nd of two. 't'his count be noted in reception ~ro-
ex~
cQdura, because tha presence of a r.ontrol prucsure ai na1 is ianportant for
determiflind the t~ieth numbers on the prnisure comb.
Knowing the relative humidity aria the position of th~i contact irm on
th ismb when the inskJrum~nt wan re1easad, anti also thin ienattivity of the
p
re1E~tive humdity n asily ho found for the tinny when the
and id'IKII
contact arm i 1vi,tf1J from ono tooth to another.
UU1AFIDENTIAL
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,~Qacarcia
oa oi' uun Aa. Qf Con JinL1A ink of
tuct i f~l cm tiict -~'n~ can he lty
tluntidity eomb ,'A~ ). r~iT i
3inala
Gig. , f i:~:r:L t oi' t4h' equ nc;e of Hunvlity unr! Tcirtperiiture ai nale
11. Tht &nctrjMont la placed in a box before .].*wo , ~ii1tlrrc 9) to
~oN aMa-l (r
e -~ t'rr r'd n, rr. tng, and nthor fuctcrs
protect th
whi rh affect the oper;iti?t& oJ' the raaon'1 wlversaly ~ to prc)t got
thy' elements fronj 'iirect tiolar raciiati gin. Thc~ thin paeteboard box is
coated with enamel paint for moieturo-protection. FadJ itiee are provi.~1ed
in thu upn"r part, or they box ror ty1n4 the I -~ tr~a,u~nt to tht b+~tloon.
Thore is t floor on },o nclrrow 9Hu a' the hoc which is on 8d f( takirg
/dvr-a4/lc 4,
iLet
t;round checlcr after hirh (before ~+~) it is lr~rk'oljth u
t.h . ~ ,
clwapa (in tthr models, there wore two Uttle wtndrs). The box i"
fastened to the instrument, vwith two maul clips.
12. There is an ad iition1 side 9hieir: on oro wail of t,ho boy' to pro-
teet tho 91imjnts front )4?' rt~diiition. Thir iq s shpt, of thin pate-
board, ptiiotc d with white Hnamel, .ind proviried with holey: for attachinrnt
(with hoka) to t}n box (i~'iure 9)..Therc- must be an air gap of nc~t lest
than 1 cecttimator t~?+tween the ; astaboard wall and the ari1itiarta1 ahielci,
This vrrlll?`rcntilatod air ga;: ig ro13.csb1e i~rotc~ction from
CUWfVOE~ITIAI
COUHDETIAL
r~
t, fv
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y-
i:. 'phi 1wQp~11or k,u;I ~'~ur ~kux~r~lwc rtu
14I(t1! , furh U}j {;41UL=~atW' th; 3h. `i~1e U~?
pr )lu(kau urn' t u,) Yflrtlt lly, r1rf+1 t't '
.rI
Lower onf tt w ~rt~1o ut' 45' with the 1iori
zonti11t. The pr'' 1lor la net nr u h t,l,
tlntl f'4''tfftli with a cottr ptn, i)urtnt; -
~'rt, }f 4d1 inctriurisRrt, the +r~f~Ij~ll t' rr-
t t,e~ c.lackwl ee , (t,laAHrvc~~l f r r4 t h trp 7.
J 4Jy w.
e ?roPkt~t, whip 1y rot tte
lht~~ ~,1 tl~~~t th p
tIt? 4+F.~f~ ,~f +~wN~ j '%r1 r . t 1W+;v1"?
d I~dIo,raNdc. ,
(wt h miL ht ciiu"t' .111 rt) b s1M6 ' hrq- Fi9. '1'hA t lto 11th
v1~~~~~ of -tlc~rt f,t' 4 h,~ 11r1in : cor-t. -r,t?-~ J the j~jttiorl ~1 jhio1d
-*_-f$LT tfIW tl1J PrcjP~+ ~e?;llet~c~ of tlt~; c1) ;Ar1ia c;ountin ht,u irl~t,yi crit;-
nrdy ( r,ntu~t,1r-c1ock d.MU).
l t. ,-rt ~sfct,-3rtsit-, pr)cl la ir-o(r1it(Ir1 in t,hj cpoc~ths, surttttat, ar,ci, urtrt thr~ h*s*h,
xectly to 4 t~ltr~
, 'tor th t orrnnoction? are r:turio, the' trunertitter car o} ar~tto if tho
't glue iti eAnn~ctac} to tho coufter potrn I (ti) th( j houctn~) &r it
leari front E
#;t
ttlc one-t,octh 31jror}ct+t web] its y~if (if this ii truf', aU the
h t'hiV th~ .1?tt,ta ctrarttt =.' r.tocl t,ht'ottiIh
a fro 3t,
ov~cr~i1 c)r them).
t nt~~cln't 7 mt Utrs 1tr and a counteroitU 5 mctnr long uro ~tttache1
bld ~ ~ vw+ d
w ~hcAt, Iln '~-
pctrraln.'t~3t~
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CONF1DENTIAL
CONFIDENT1 At
on, the cord otretohoe and the antenna is held in a vertical position.
The antenna bhsr~lber+ should be given some e2.aok so that it will not break
or be greatly stretched when the cord is tightened by the balloon.
The counterpoise is wound on the extension rod and dropped below. The
end of the extension rod must bi' d, d below the propellor' o plane of ro4
tation. Utheriise, the counterpoise may become fouled in the propellor when
d tKt-ru ~ uJivdr r
thu rocks in flight, which will transmission or tr ue
the signals into a solid whistle (since the propellor will mot bo rotating).
C. Transmitter Sup 3.y
Primary batteries, made up of L.llanohe dry cells, are used to supply
k(.'t ~'C ' .5'?-i" t
the transmitters. The L(lanche cells manufactured in 1941 were o~.broe-
ative
e
th
th
I
4
g
e n
ese,
n
n preoeding pw o e.
ferent
in the cylinder which is Lade from paraffined paper. (Figure 15, s ow 8
d'r 4
k9r-Aa1 ,*aif
~S.dry cells conneoti4r-a$I+ias, ossitted).
covered w t er paper gg ?
h
w
p
~ 7r l~
ale atrode, zinc, is no longer used as thA cylinder, but is a zinc plate,
laced
ith an a lacerate The zinc plate is
filt
i
The plate battery consists of 30 dry ceps connected in series, deliv-
ering 45 volts. When the voltage drops to less than 38 welts, the battery
is considered worthless. The plate battery has a capacity of 0.04 a*pere-
hours, i.e.r it can deliver 20 MiUi?r V~ for two hours.
iw J`r +'t t
Tu a plbhttbribs A#re usually used to supply the tra~asaitter, i.e., 90
P1 '* I, p ? ? ." (41 , %,S Coma c" ' r
~ " ,-.''lMk 'h, t 1 '~~iu b r?-Vs i i. 4 :' . Y M
volts is applied to the plate. However, experiments beguia in 1935-1936
i* Hukta Tikhgya (V. G. Kanaki I.sdokhovich) on decreasing the
plate voltage and the 1,1~at g check of these experiments ra
by other polar aerologists (P. M. Dushev, I. I. Tsarev, V. Ye. 9lagodarov
F. D. 8kipilov) showed that the rasoai ranaaitter can operate with a
CONADENTIAL
CONFIDENTJgL
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CONF1DEN is
CIA
, .~ , I .~.
/`,+ e
plate voltage of 4~ volts, which would pewit ras.Oe to be released with
oae battery iutead of two. The drop in plate voltage, beeidoe reduoing
tho weight of the rye, would deoreaso the plate current, thus increaa-
44t.J y' ,'j, H+1 ~, .
ing the lit. bg the battery. The release of : with one batt?ry
would tkju inorease thu height of aacont and thus would bo vorr wain.
Thd filament batteries of the old modol oonsil~ted of lour ImClanehe
colla connected in eerios. Tho oieo of the battery was 3.5 x 3.5 x 7.5 cc
d omb io~e and the weight was around 150 greats. The eat of the
battery was about b volts Ite voltage under woad should not in any case
fsll below b? vote. The oapacity of the fila~aent battery is 0.2 aaapere-
hours, i.e., it can deliver 100 milliamporf-e for two houre, and thus can
he&t tho filaments of the UB-107 or the Il9.i0 for this period.
a lower til~aent voltage and a higher tilamont current is required
for the U9-152 than for the UB-107 or U9-110. In releasing a raeonde
using a UB452, therefore, the fitment battery must be reconnected;
two pairs of cells connedted in sense are connected in parallel. The
battery then has an emf of 3 volts, while itd capacity is twice that of
the battery of four cells connected in eoriee, and it thus can heat the
filament of the 89-152 for three hours. This battery ie ueeleee when
its emf falls below 2.5 volts.
If there are no filament batteries (made up of four cells), they can
be made from the plate batteries. To do this, three rows of five cell.
connected in series are connected in parallel. The ernf of this battery
is about 7 volts or about 7.5 volts). Another filament battery can be
mado from the reasining 15 cells of the plate battery.
It e filament battery moat be made Fran a plate battery for the U8r152
CONF1ULtai'iAl
CONFIDENTIAL
q1 "~r~?`
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tube live rows of three calla oanneatod in eerie. should be oonnected in p tt
arsllel. Thi. battery delivers about 3.0 to 3.5 yr lte. It should be
A
?iiwI that filament batteries made from plate battoriee are not very reli-
able and wear out very rapidly. They ehsMII be ueed only in exceptional
oaeea. The ti1amont batteries mado froc oella of the dry battery 8A9-80
are more reliable, Three of thee. cells oonnected in eeries deliver about
.6 to 3.8 volta under toed. They givo a better account of theaaaelvee in
3
operation than either the tilwnent batteries of L.Clanohe coll. (factory-
produced) or thoee made from plate batterieo. The filamont batteriee mane-
factored in 1941 ooneieted of 15 q calla of the esme type ae the plate
batteriee and were connected as described for the 7-volt filament battery.
More recent ieeues of batteries have much emaller cells and filament bat-
teriee cannot be made from them.
Batteriee from nei+ coneignmente and batteriee made up at the location
from 1fj batteriep or plate batteriee have different propertie.. In all
of three oaeee, one filament and on.' plate battery should be tooted. For
this purpose, the battery ie connected to the tranemitter and the voltage
at the terminate under load ie meaeured every 5 or 10 mitaitee. The test
laete from 1 to 1i houre. If, during an hoar of oontinuoue operation, the
filament battery voltage has not fallen below 3.5 volts, the coneignatent
can be considered to be good. The plate battery voltage for the eeme per-
iod ehould not fall below 30 volts.
The device ehorm in Figure a20 euggeeted by A. A. Aire, mounted on a
board 40 x 30 oentimetere, should be ueed to teat batteriee at etatione.
The contacte for the voltmeter leads 4J4O l5, 44 eh6uldhbe made in the
form of woke, where the ends of leads can be ineerted. All the wiring
CONJ!NTIAL
GONcIDENIIA I
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-r
CONFIDENTIAL
CONFIOFNTIAI
Fig. Z. arrangement Diagram of the Demme for Teeting the Quality of Batterid
can be made underneath the board - A transmitter with a tube ie installed p e
permanently. The proper terminals of the batteries under test are connec-
ted to the oepe B-, A4, 84., and A-.
The transfer switch B ie then thrown to the contacte 150 and B-A4, and
the trranefer snitch P to the contact B4. The voltmeter then ehowe the vo1-
tage of the plate battery. The transfer switch B ie then thrown to the con-
tact. 15 and A-, and tho traneter switch P to the contact B-A4. The voitme-
ter then reade the voltage of the filament battery. In order that the cor-
rect position of the ewitohee will not be forgotten each time, the followin g
rule can be remembered: the transfer switch B can be eet on either of the p
pairs of contacts, and the transfer switch P can be put on the contact B?A,'
only when this contact is not occupied by the transfer switch B; if this con.m
tact ie occupied, then ' muet be thrown to Bfs. The voltmeter indication will
immediately show which voltage ie being meaewed, that of the plate battery
or the filament battery.
END
CONFJUtN T!4 L
CONFIDENTIAI
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Chapter Y1 p Rquip~ent of a First-Rank Arctic 3tetiri
The bartr 1net411ct1one of an Ar do aerologieal etatiortl w
cert~~ daily r ores
~rrd,~~Kr
1 The Ierollo ioal labo ato where the pweRd~0"ts prepared Par la~inch-
ing and the eign'ile arc reooived and proceeeed.
2. The erolo,ti al pavilion, where gas ie generated and the balloane are
3. Thn place where the instrut entA am around-oheoked and launched.
ot1VffiNY*1I4 1.
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cxt
-
-aeic on the conetrurtion and equipnwnt of theeo inatru1ationa a~ polar
a E
brj d7C are,~p, op,
ntione and a d n of the conetruction of eome baeic inetru-
et
mente in the uquipment of an aerological etation follows
~eotion 1 - The Aerolo2ioal Laboratory
Fig. 21. Plan-Diagram of an aerological Laboratory in the Arctic.
Fig, 21 ehowe 4 athematic diagram of an aerological laboratory-n1the'-
t which Ibe beet fitted to Arctic eondi-
/a 4o re
tione. Thiu plan should bR conaulted when equipping a or build-
ing a new one. The aerological laboratory should coneiet of two adjoining
roomer a) the room for preparing and calibrating rasondee and b) the p"o-
ceasing room.
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
,;,o d i.i h 0 e j
A. The Room for Proparing and Choking wee
We _ the equipment and then a-~e'
the oonetruotioa and operation at' the individual instruments.
Th*tain working e-rea in the room ie the table for preparing the in-
too~.e ~~ edrat
e d i
strumsnte. , board with a set of prepar the
inAtrument4ie hung on tho wall (to the left of the table. A vied ie in-
etallod on tho loft edge of the table. A apeoial stand for preparing the
/I: roMm4s set up on the The indiw4or for tunin the transmitter
i ter. g
is ei .uated` on the wull (or at thwall on the table) to the right. There
should bo three sockets on t. ho will, one for connecting' the lighting, one
for the soldering iroh, and a third for tho indieatur and devices for ahenk-
r~al~aso~dt
inb the electrical circuit of the rme T . On the table, there should also
/ors
be a voltmeter, a eolciering iron, mat'riale Lor soldering, j-ir w.th electro-
ing bttteriia, weights for sue-
lyte,eeNl~bulbe for fill
rq d asoM ofe
pending the rusu*1, etc?
rJ.;roso K 4:
There ehould aleo be a cabinet to contain the rauirriM-e, tranemittere,
plate and filament batteries, counterpoieee, antenna propillore, and other
peed e.d 1'; S
lees n. y prepare the in,tr?ment.
There in also a table for the Garf inetrument, w -1~ which is ueed to
rid iotoMit
make a control calibration of the proeeure tube of the r.O. A manometer
ie attached to the wall, and a pump is placed on a special eupport to the
right of the table. The log-book of the control Calibration of the pressure
element shoulel always be on the table.
v&7'
The *aa44. for a control calibration of the temperature and humidity
e%e%?r ie on the third wall. The rules of calibration and tho descrip-
tion of the equipment are given in "Instructions for the Calibration of
Meteorological and Aerological Instruments" (reference,6 in Eiblio~raphy).
The table for signal reception is lonated at the window which opens
tUNFiDENTMk,
GOi1flNT1AL
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
r`~dlvs?"~`~
onto the plaoe where the rrtu arc launched. Therc are two KU9-1i reoeivero
on thA ta~le~ one (t) of on the right) being an auxiliary receiver. The
batteries eupplying the receivers and other unite are. undor the table, The
charge-discharge switchboard and the antenna switch are on the wall to the
left of this t.ieble? Sound-powersri te+lphone eq-ii;+ment to installed under
thc~ left edge of the table, the tube of which t.e to th. left on the table.
The telephone connote the place of ground-checking and launching, thR aero-
logical pavilion, and the obeeri?ation points with the aerological laboratory.
There lea push button on the table to the left to tranemit the Aignale "clofl
the tranemitter eirnuit", "releaee ths eonde", etc. i Atop-watch with 100
divibione on thti dial iti p.aced xt an angle to the aurfaee of the table to
the left of the receiver.
sn+, ll
There in a aril table to the right of this table for ground stook of
rjd+ojoNdcr
Y-IeILTtiwe. There in a epeeial support with a blower (Fig. 22), on which
the !e 'ii inetalled. There iH a hook in
the wall over the emall table to support an
,'t m r/e;
- Aeen' n psychrometer. The hook must be
that, t,hA ele~tente of the thermometers
,4(, tit
am on the same as the temperat?re ole-
ra alrp.ro~ele~
ment of the ~. A bulb with distilled water
for wetting the t&Liit of the psychrometer ie
a r .'rc
Fig, 22. The ventilation hung on the wall, meal a barometor Cif the metso-
unit (blower) used at room is dictgnt) arnd contact clocke, ~eend1g eig-d Jar t/1 ~;"i w
Bukhta Tikhaya. nals for readings a^ o n a aruaG~i~
1 Vie now g1c-::^ff etail* detpddoww- the more importcnt, individual in-
etrument?.
C oNFmENriN,.
COIFItTL
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c~iP~l~tr-~
u r'/5
1. Th Yn~ttU.
~Ji~l.' '1
. ~rund ohe ok of a ~`rreie both in eheltar end ina.i,r ontinuou s
e
lip of thA elements and a blower must be do
thpurpoeA. Tha blower ueed at the ~-Aukhta Tikhaya polar itition and at
Wry r
Cape Chelyuekin eerpi'a'e a d. c. motor ir(1/32 horeopow~r) to rotate an alum-
inum multiblade propellor. Thi propellor bladoe are bent eo that the air
awe
orw ea ~
passes through the shaft from top to &ianct th!~ motor' a heat, rem
the elemnte. If a motor of th' ie not available, a blower
can be oonstructe4 , as was done by V. Ye. Flagoriarov and N. F. Zhirkov (gukh-
ta Tikei aerolbgiste)~ rem the timing meohaniem for eel!-raoor~lers~
2. Toolj
The boarri with the eat of tools should include a eat of pliers,
eet of files, Bold#+ring ironed etc.
J~ 4
~, r d r
-bs~ ode.
f?'
?3 . The ,3tand for Preparing the ~ftw1i!:k_
r~ d; a,ta-'~,de, CO-+ ye N
The ga~da can be prepared on a etRnd about 4g centimetere
long, 25 eentiretere wide, snrl 20 oentimetere deep.
/? d, i.roe.icf
the_Electrical sir t of the e
4. The Device for - -- e, etin_g_
r'~a~i~sc,{alc.
The electrical assembly of the ree is checked with the ueual elec-
tric light bulb with two prongs. When the teat prongs are ehortedj thA 6v/4
L.__ a
- lights. One prong ie made like # e pin of a radio tube (for connection
with the housing) and the other ie made in a strip with a clip for connection
to terminal 36 (1'ig. 1) on the coamutator strip. It ie best to use a flash-'
light ba lm to check the preeAure comb bocause t,her a i, sometimee a thin
foyer of insulating material on this comb which twill flash the bulb
when checked with a high current. Howevor, a tooth with thia insulation
ra cr;'c,,r a
will not rloee the plate circuit in 6p ration. A bad contact can
be eaAi1y discovered i.f the comb is checked with a low current.
CONFIDENTIAL
GO11: 11
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
5, In ioato a for Tuning the smittar
Threo tyke of indip!ttore oan be uoed at polar etationa, nwaolys a) a
"Micro" lamps b) a thermocouple indicator; and e) a high-frequoncy irndtAator. l
TM "Micro" indicator lamp ie tote aitnplest to handle. The filament
~~tr rswar d~/,vexed
pine of the "Micro" are connected to the antenna; the ths+
to the antenna, the greutar the heating of tha "Micro" tilamont. ~-t a
iMic. ~~ 0''I
plate voltage of !5 volts, however, the ~ is a rough indicator,
/wJ r;J
since delivi ry into the antenni ie not au'ffioient to make the lamp
(,ether
glow. The wn iruI catore -are more aeneitive.
The thermocouple indicator, whoee eeheratic diagram is shown in Pig.
gig, ie a very aenaitive indicator. The thRrmooouplTP-5 - TP-6 are con-'
nected in the antenna and connected
to a galvanometer. The greater the
powor delivered to thr antenna, the
H high-freque4y indicator in conjunction with a "Micro" Thadv~an-
tage of a high-frequency indicator for polar stations is t111at it can bR
eaeily aBeernhl~d from l~a pArte which*are always available at any station
g q~' i I ~aalro.toK~ts~
i J, _ -- - -. -, _ -J A. +. 1, , ----- _1.~1....( ., A ?s-~r..~ad
The schematic; diagram o the high-frequency indicator is shown in
A9j y 4.4 '7tt.
a UB-107 tube (ii), -
Pigs, 34 and 35, The indicator
CONFIDENTIAL
greater the galvanometer defection.
Ueing this indication, the transmitter
i~ tuned to maximum delivery into the
Fig. 29. schematic 1)iagram of antenna and the courntRrpot~e length
Thermocouple Indicator required ie selected.
~~1r~1+e~e~r-e~-be-Me~-ed-erg-~-elee~~~e-p~e~-w~kl~-e-weeele~-~~ ~ acc~t~oK~~/.t ~lro w~ d ~,
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
r-? 1,7_
sw, r ~i ~d 0 ~.
pate and ti wn.nt circuitre euprrd, the milliwnaaoter 10, or galvanometer
with thu proper a hunt, will indinatu a p18to current, whoee mainitude will
MKT
'amain eonntt~b or the nonatant voltagee 1' the plate and tilement batter-
iee. It, now, the t?p$ot tho - rw and thr ra*snO antenna are eonnedted
roepeativoly to terminals 4 and 5, the antenna ourrant will inarease the fil-
'
vent current, in turn produoing a highor plate o~irrMr,~,,iwh iA recorded
by the galy*r' terily. The, gre+uter the power delivery into the antenna,
the greater th? ewing of the galvanometer needle. The transmitter can then
be tuned by ehan ing the indue N (by moving the tape) and the capaci-
tance (through thn variably eondeneer) +tntil maximum deviation of the gal-
vanometer needle ie obtained. '
The ohokea la erA inserted eo
that the antenna current (r.t, current)
will be blocked from the filamer;t bat-
'1wrt. ate rheoetat 13, teed to regu-
late filamunt current, ie placed be-
tween the filament battr~ry end the
chokes to -,revant, uxceeeiveloee~ of
antenna current,
It is sometimes desirable to Co c '
eltb the filwnent of A pT-2 lamp
Fig. 34. $chematir Diagreln of the "Micro" in the circuit with the indi-
High-.requency Indicator
cater tuhr, The transmitter can then
tuned by the galvanometer with thu "Micro" cut out, and than cheek-
ed by the "Micro" with the galvanometer cut out.
CONFIDENTIAL
COUFIDEWT9AL
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-vf-
CO(JFiDEEdTlAL
COVIDENTIA1
6. The "aarr" lnetrw ton
large continental aerelo~ioai etatiQ e~ a Apeaiai be1i jar is used
to check the pre$eure element. Theao unite are a1eo ovailable at mM. .
eome polar etationo (l3ukhta Tikhaya, x'or uxample ) . Thtt majority of polar
etiiona, howevor, use a turf inetrunont, deei?ned i'or teetin~ altimeter.,
to teat the preaeurA dlemente of metuoroaraAhe and ,i e~,~
Fig. 38. Diagrwn of the GarL' Instrument
The in$trwaent includee tree following (Fig, 38); the chamber 1, a o~
with hand or electric drive 2, a mercury man'n ter 3, a spare hand pump, a
~ wi~Ml h0 ? 44.de.. d40 r f~ h r
using for th . chamber 4, a #~ ~F th anometer, rubber
tubes 5 and ~, annl minor app rtenarmes (a flack with mercury designed for
I di o ~r hr I dr rrtr't~a1~!'~+,~
two '
manomet grnun~b 5oc, a t laela with glycer n rams
r
for using he unit and the arrangement diagram, etc).
".,.~,-.. Cyl/Nc' ci/
The c~r iisetrumant ie a iron vessel, divided in-
to upper and lower parts by a a 1 4
r
horizontal" partition. The instrument to
bo checked ie placed in the upper chamber !, whip tho, lower serves
to cre-
ate additional vacuum. The chamhere are connected by a email tube 9 to an
overlapping ~-~1ve O. Thd upper chamber
has four U. for obeer-
vationa on the preesur~. contact arm of thenetrumnnt under teat. The
chamber is covered by a epherical lid and is drawn down by a screw 13 into
a hinged rocker arm 14. There is s sleeve with a valvd 17 i,n the lower cham-
ber 8 for conncten~ the pump. In the upper rhamb~r, the slive lg is used
CONADENTIAI
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to oonrot the pukp with the manoms ter 16, tnd the valve 19 connects thA o am-
ber with the Quter medium (t,a adrit sir). The oadoil pump ie mounted with
a hm d driv++ iit i one urni.t.. Later pump models ara equipped ~lith an electric
motor. T rn Uu. hapAd mercury 81aee tenometer has A aa+t1e for reading vaouna
correapondin8 to heidhto ?rctn 0 to 18,000 meterR.
/ I
f~-- /c o F v~r
iE "
s ID?NTIAI
CO'IUEtiT%AL
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__w
7. T. OY
a. Oenoral Inforw tion
The short-waVe eoeiver~ (Fig. 42 aie used for reopption of aerlerrie
eignale in almost all Jpctio, aerblogioal etatione. The KUB-4 ie a tour-tube ' ? e
4 regenerative receiver . The electromagnetic oe-
oillatione from the antenna enter the r.f. amplification stage, and then
c.~ '-'vJ ?' . , n
go ?diiptly ( and not after prellMnary 4MPmW of the ruts friueur
into an ,sae is the case in superheterodyne raceivere )
~rorw
into the detector stage. The low-frequency oci11atiofl3 obtained
a
.,
detector stage are amplified by two eu+Y amplification stages and
enter the telephone, which reproduces the eignale received on the antenna.
This receiver bete he regenerative "pp beoauee the detector stage
is connected in a regenerative ciroit with negative feedback. The KUB-4
is supplied from direct current eourcee. Its output power ie 0 05 watt,
which is eufTcient to drive a low-power loudspeaker.
b ra 11
Fig. 42. ?ss View of the KUB4 Receiver
The wavelength range of the receiver, equal to 10-200 meters, is divided
into five frequency bands: I - 10-19 meters; II - 19-34 meters; III - 34-62
meters; iV-12-112 meters; V - 112-200 meters.
c..ie"r'1t the r.f. coils (Fig. 43) of
Th? frequency bands are changed by I~sg 6.
two tuned cirCUite. Within each band, the receiver is tuned to various wave-
e6NFIOENTIRI
COI4FIDEPoiIAL
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tiUtifIDEN11Al
lengths by aimplY ohngins the oapicitance of the tuned circuit , while tho
inductance reaaaine constant - The oaPaoitanco of the tuned oirouite (I and
.
Ir) is changed by means o! the variAtble cendeneore 4 and 10 44j- The
Vernier knmbe of condoneere 4 and 14 are lurnieh~d wt+h po~ntAre and ~cale~
with 100 divieione-(Fi6. 42)- Turning the knob to the left deoreaeee the
oapaoit&floe and -t tht r&ht
Faoh wavelength within a given frequendY band correeponde to a definite
scale division. Therefore, by graduating the scale , the receiver can be
tuned ap required wavelength by Betting the pointer on
-~roximate lY ~i the'
The reeulte of graduating
the proper scale division 'oJ-U
the ~tiaiag~'~041Adof,;bosadSt I1 ie ehowa in Table -
the bande with respect to
used for determining the wavelength (with an acmu'acy
The emae table can be
of /about 5~) corresponding to any value of the tuning ec~e in any of the
five frequency bands. starting with the reception of a etation whoee wave-
roximate tuning to the regttred etat3on ie deter-
length is known, the app
mined the table and the scale pointers of both circuita are
Bet in this poistion. Finer tuning Le done by ear.
Table 2 - Receiver Wavelengths
Wave
Lun~th Bands
Degrees
of Tuning
Scale I II :iii IV V
Fig. 43, R,F, Coils of the
KUB-4 Receiver
CO NFIDENT! A I
CONFIDENTIAL
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LIUF1O&1UAL
tIflDEN1 IAI
To CorreaAond with the number of b8nde, rive pairs of r.t. tuning voila
ire ittachdd to the receiver, tour of which ore art ma rack on the outer
aide of the cibinst top while the titth set is inserted in a block ?f the
s
receivur.
The coils (Fig. 43) are wound on wooden frames with ebonite bases. The
bases have for metal prongs to which the ends of the windings are connected.(
When the coils are inserted in tho block designated for them, the windinge
are connected to tht ruoeiver circuit through theso prongs.
Fig. 44. 9chomatic Diagram of the KUA-4..
t~ _tas her
these wind-
f tuned circuit I
il
,
s o
For co
ire two windings.
in6a are s the upper winding ie the induction coil 2 (Fig. 44) and the low-
er winding is the antenna coupling coil 1. for coils of tuned circuit II,
the upper winding is also an induction coil 6, while the lower is the d?ga=
btiue feedback coil 7. The dietance between windings ie fixed by a collar.
vile are inscribed with the nunLber of the tuned circuit (I or II) and
The c
the frequency band for which they are intended.
b. The ectrical Circuit of thu Receiver
Tho receiver KUg-4 hae four st agee (Fig. 44): the r, f . amplification
stage, the detector stage, and two .t1ti ' amplification stages.
dt,rc~F'6t ~
ae of circuit is designated 1-V-2. The individual stages are d
This ty,
below.
crnc IDENTIAL
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONIO?iflAL.
Trp Tha R.'. Amplitioation Stage. The oleotromagnetio oucillationc received
by he antenna are traaomitted by meano of ind~bttve coupling (coils 1, 2,
Fig.. 46 and 4~) into tuned circuit I of the rJ. amplification atone. The
C~+~tti
tuned circuit ie connected to the^gr poi of the tetrode SD-147, and
i
thus thA voltage oocillatione from thu tunod oirquit i ra t*mmIWd to th~r
:F$1 tomes. @ grid uf-ttii LL. Thu voltage oecillationa en the i plat current
71*f. _iJ ~/G
oeoil l ationf Tuned circuit Il,i*euind12btio1c;cbi1 ahcl thef con-
denaes' 10, are connected in the plate ctDeuit , and ropreoent the tube' e
plato load.
Thu plate current oecillaticre create voltage oscillations aoroed the
terminals of this load which arc in phase with,tbot greater in amplitude
thgn, the voltage oecillMtions on the grid. Coneequontl,y, the voltage oe-
oillations from tuned circuit 1 are amplified by the tube arid "traneterred"
into tuned circuit II. The two tuned circuite provide good eeleotivity
for the receiver. This type of r.f, amplification circuit ie culled a ree-
onance amplification circuit with the tuned circuit in the plate (plate-tiin-
ing).
A tetrode, the SB.447, is used for this
UB-100, and others ) are aiirlrebie for
na'r'5?v# ?l
ae tetrodea are for
Ii_ f ,arN~D~~i~.1rr-r.
fr r c~
amplification, Juet
amplification. I' .~
, it ie very important to ~e paraeitic
c4pacitative coupling between the elements of the grid and plate circuits.
When theec eouplinge are present, the plate circuit oscillations may be
partially trayemitted into the grid circuit and cause j t-'excitation of
' w#t dJ~ r~~ t'I Kt
the stage. The stage would then begin to generate *damped e
of th be oeu eed
the frequency to which it was tuned. Paraeitie coupling Q
by inter-electrode, capacitance between the plate and the grid of the tube.
g,m~C radyee,r
The suppressor j,Eti in the SB~rl47 greatly da-n this coupling if this
CONFIDENTIA I
GOWIDETIAL
etage,_eince triodes (UB-l()7,,
r.
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ubc t acno
CONFIDENTI At
OUFIflENTIAL
grid ie scan , doted to the filament through a condeneer having auffioient cap-
,
The ecroen rid ie connected to 40 volts, taken Fran the plate batt~r7
Th i
of tk~e receiver.
In the SD-ltr7i the Plate ie brought out to a oar inetead of
i? o e3Minote paraeitio oouplit~e. The eoreon grid ie con-
to th.
Within the tube, the ecreen grid, in the form of
nected to the plate pin.
a ,1 plate, ie placAd beneath the plate and eervee to screen the plate
from the holders ap the grid wires. Thu screen ii eupplemented by an
external ecreen to ecreen the plate outeide the tube. For this purpooe,
the tuba ie pla-ced horizontal and paeeea through a hole made in a metal
,
aoit anoe to pMa kMfl NSRA Mi?Y
M rC-vr-ic u-
en which are aontinuee the surface of the internal eoreen.
Bore
xK
' am li~ oeciiatione without distortion, the oper-
~`b eb#1 p e t7'e /'Heir
ofhthe
acing point of the tube must be on the middle
tdriiticacreVe. This ie accomplished in the KU2-4 by applying
tiube er~abacAc
a bias voltage of 2 volts to the grid.
To prevent the plate battery from ehort circuiting if the variable con-
denser 10 in tuned circuit II (Fig. i4) should breakdowns a fixed condeneer
U with a capacitance of 55 'micro-mibrofarade iA obsd in aeries with
.DII
it. The blocking eondeneere 3, b, and 9 with capacitance of`
~/,~"4araeitic coupling/ through
caicrof grade are used in this stage to p
the supply circuit. The eehematic ` diagraaa of this etage remaine unchanged
in the change from one frequency band to another.
eeher-+8t e? Volt gC' v' riaticne in the plate circuit of the
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The Detector Stage. The KU'.'receiver makes uoe of grid detection, i.e.,
~tho i? separated ain ~ oporating oint en too
_ by ~w r -~ -
i/~t i 4~i.. ova $ P'
,~
bend off' the grid current oharacterietio curve~ iithik'i
La1j ,,on the middle of the part of the plate oharaoterietie curve.
From the Plate circuit of the first tubes the oscillation voltage fie
fed to the grid o t the detector .5 through the fixed condeneer 12 (Fig. 44)
The condenser prevents a terminal of the plate battery from being connected
to the detector arid.
The oecillatione entering the grid of the detector pranote aaeumulation
eleotroms on +he grid, which can decease the plate current. To avoid
of
this, high ohaio resistance 13 (a Kai -nekiy resistance of 1 rogohm) is
inserted, throwgh which the ocum, u~la? leotrone an !fir Oft. The vo]."
tag d oscillations on the detector grid cause grid current osoillations,
which in turn cause voltage oscillations on the grid reeist~ece 13. These
oscillations entering the grid of tube 15, join with rJ. oecillatioae
fed fr om the plate circuit of tube 5, which is operating under eelf-exoi-
oJc,11 eD;.N~ b two wlt ee,
tation conditions. The resulting , caused y ag
are nmpliBied by the tube
since the operating point lies on the middle of the nbct3' ' J tr$X't of
the plate current characteristic curve), and, "iw.ii! - e current oecil-
latione, are transmitted into the plate circuit of the detector.
As was previously mentioned, the detector stage uses a regenerative air-
cwit mid operatee with a Ug-107 tube, which is bbit .4etootPrband aopli-
Cd G iNCC
fier (because he and resistance of the grid-leak circuit are
so selected). The regeneration eoneiete of the negative feedback between
def~c1or is accomplished
the plate and griducirouit of thedpae~ar 15, which
4 e!0 r f o'1J with the
en 'induction through ne;tf~clclet'~~ ~~ ~, wNa~ coil 7
CONEIDENTA,
QONFIDEN TM L
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ca~lB~fl~~
eoii 1, Regenerative Mrmits oonsidersble para 1itioettion of the oo-
aillatione a.le" tram the plate circuit of the first tube Isih # rs-
the oscillations from the plate circuit into the did
oiroui , i.e., at the expense of o plate battery eires'-. Regeneration in-
creases the sensitivity of the receiver eoneiderably, since energy "traneferir
eg df 1J4K71' c,eJri ~
lrer the Nla ir! attenu-
to into the grid dircuit ie to biro d
,
Thar r
ation of the tuned circuit, dad ooneequently a resonanoa curve is lMlr
ili.1 / hi m. i I ;
t
tained.
If the energy obtained from the plate circuit is eutfieient to ooapeneate
for daaping leeeee (very strong negative ), the grid cirouit of
tube 15 will be traneforad into an oeoillator of undraped nat re-
?
quency oscillations ? The latter,. g 'With the rod4a-A'.q oscillations
received on the antonna and a beat
74~g'-" `y oscillations
equal to the differonce of the frequency of natural
and the frequencies received. The beat frequency after eaplifioetion is fed
to the telephone and driven the membrane at audio frequencies.
If the knobs of the tuning circuits are rotated, the natural frequency
of the tuned circuit is changed, i.e., the frequency difference is changed
which changee the pitch of the beat frequency tone in t~e telephone. When
the tuning knobs ara rotated to the right (increasing capacitance), thelfre-
queney of natural oscillations decreases and, if it is greater than the
frequency of the oscillations received, the frequency difference decreases
(approaching resonance), which gives a beat frequency with a lower pitch.
Thus, when approaching resonance, a whistle with a decreasing pitch is heard.
When the resonance point ie passed, the pitch of the beat tone increases.
This is ueually used in practice in tuning to a given wavelength.
If :t: negative fee ack is increased, the oecillatione~will be ampli-
Lied up to the threshold of ge ralnlron~. As Boon ae the
sd/ dace*I o~c.r6?
CONFIDENTIAl
CONADEMIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
threeheld ie passed, the natural oeoilletiena in the tuned circuit
rrill be imposed on he received signals end the beet foauanoiea will be die-
torted.
teed-back i
ruins. I
Par examp e ) co
latione because
oscillation,
e other hand,
ale (Morse code,
t the atura1 oecil-
te traneait ng etation ' e e
latio produced by
oecf ator when th key i oloeed canno produce undo in the to phone.
B.llg i*poeed on then Ural oeeillatione, they 11 produce a beat requen-
whioh reproducg/ tt+~ dots and iaehes reed from tihe~tranemittin~t
ion in the t phone. /
~e negative feeeaek is regulated by eban~igg the direct feltage on
;I' tr is` r vle~~
s d$I.b.r plate. This plate voltage by changing the aalitode .~abrobe the reeiet$*ee 20, which a connected in cerise in the plate
p w d
s rpoee, an additional UB-107 (17) ie 4Me'"4h?
circuit. For thi Pu
arc.
this stage. This tube ie connected in the circuit eo that to ?
eraieeion current paeeee through resistance 20 and creates an additional vol-
tage drop acmes it, thue dropping the plate voltage of tube 15 still fur-
ther. The grebter the heating of the . filament of tube 17, the greater~ite
~nt1y, the greater the voltage drip bn the re-
/
* M" t 6a t~4e
.
i
eietance 20 and the lee y ebector tube 15, ?e?,
the 1see the negativo lead-biok,$nd vice-area. Thu4 when1 heating
of the filament of tube 17 is in leased, the negative feed-back ie decreased,
~a
rhooetat is is placed in the, filament circuit, whose arm is the knob
A
and vice-vore*.
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coI(F:IaETIL
CONFIDENTIAL
in the roooiver. When the eptive teed-
of negative tee ack regulation
bark knob is turned to the right, heating of tube 17 deareaseo and tee"
r
negative feed-bsok knoreaeee, anti vioe-versa. The letters U and g are
above the knob., indicating "wall" and "large" negative teed-back.
This method of negative feed-back regulation causes non-produativO ex-
penditure of plate battery power and requiree i other tube in the oir-
/oss
cuit, but it is used nonethele.e,beaau.e it produaos b g'C detuning
of the ~eaoivor in negative tea aok regulation than any other method.
The fixed cndeaeers 14 and 16 prsi ote eaooth and positive Beira
aeNdaM $'!I
ice s negativo teed-book and shorte (primarily ,ooM mMr 16) ths r.f
Gohda++tcr'
aurronte to the filament circuit. The e21 ehorte the a. f . cur-
1*v ,4eeu~l
circuit and ie is' a by-pave condeuer
rents to the filament
which eliminate. po.eible paraeitio oouplinge through the supply circuit.
The plate current of the deteator tube oontaine three canponente $
the r.t. ooPr anent, the osinponent, and the aJi.iceaponent. The
r~.re ~f
rJ. ourrente an was indicated, are grounded through condie 14 and
15, einoe the winding of tranefoaNer 19 preeenbs a very high iapedioe
7 ?4t_ a d,c? a.
ice r and hu component, on the
ether hand, paee through the primary winding of the tranef eraser, but do not
paee through condeneere 14 and 1~. Thue, the path of all three coinponente
of plate current in the plate circuit are eoperated. The a-f. . component,
pae.ini; through the primary winding of the inter-tube etep-up tranelormer
r,,daa71NGl is
19 is tranemitted iinto the eeaondary wiadiag, which_ Ii c nnec-
23
ted in the grid circuit of the ubetub4defor the first etage of
fey ea~plification.
CONFIDENTIAL
O'DN IDE LL
L
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Cp~~1lilAl
CONFIDENTIAL
Au o The tint a.l. Np1ilioation
I~~t~"Nct
atM. wet U8-11O ti~be (23) and is -coupled to the t.Uowing
etge. The a eoandcry Minding othe inter-tube tranele~er (with a etepUp
a
ratio of l:3) ie. connected in the grid circuit, and a Kawinakiy reeietance
~
Y
(24) of ?o,ooo ohms is used se a plate lead. the oscillations
!ed to the grid of tuba 23) from the plate circuit of the detector cause plate
atione which are in phase with, but graater in uplitude than,
current oeoill
thorrespoading 0e0il1Atione on the grid. The plate current oeaillatione
ions the tersinals of the plate load (23
eauee oorreppc-n1ing oeoillat
the condeneer 26, w)ioh blsoke the constant Component of the plate
Through th
1kg, //e-//O
current of Wbr41, the a. l. oeoillatione whioh h&ve bee amplified by the
62W
transmitted to the grid of the U9-1o7, the tube enployed in
Bret tube an
the eecend etage of a.f. saplificatien.
The grid resistor 25 ie eeleoted, as is the oapaoitanoe x(26), eo that
,3u,/7
the e tPerates se an amplifies and not se a detector. Coneequently,
ilhatione are amplified further by ~Ne tuber* and transmitted
the a. f . oe o
oee late load is the telephone (or a low-power
into the plate circuit, wh p r?dfrc,t4
Loudspeaker). The a. f . component of the oscillations ~ vibrations of
the telephone membrane which correopond to vibrations of the microphone mem-
brane at the transmitting station, i.e., repooducee the transmitted eounde.
o. magnetize
The naon,ponent, paeeing through the telephone windings, can magn
or demagnetize the permanent magnete in the telephone, in dependence upon
the direction of current. To avoid demagnetization, polarity should be ?b-
served in connected the telephone (or loudspeaker).
the alternating and direct oomponenteudf the plate current of the
Since
last tube 27 are not divided and the output jaeke of the receiver have d. e.
voltage on then, special card ehould be taken in working with the receiver
to provont short-eirouiting of the plate battery.
CONFIDENTIAL
GG4rIBENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
The output jaokt togethir nth the supply saute. irs b~epW~.Ljb~rhbhsar
oondeaur 28. BbY t*kssvMl,tJjt Mo~'rpait$ng sEages~ar
/c .raa. 'flu &. hT t +i~r 2 wtts~ bi$ssf
External Appearance. The reaeivor is plaoed in a welded iron box, which
proteote ita aaseably froa mechanical injuries and is at the sine time an
external shield for the receiver. The outer ourtace of the cabinet 1. paint..
ed green. The overall weight of the receivor is 8 kilegraae. The dimeneiona
of the panel are 500 x 155 x 130 williweterr.
e.
0. Construction of the Receiver
T
The to of the panel ie hinged to the book wall and given when open free
aooeu to the tube. and the plug-in coils of the receiver.
The receiver ha. throe oontrol knobe located on the front panel (Fig. 42).
The control knob. arcs a) a vernier knob for the variable oondeneer of tuned
circuit 1; i b~ a vernier knob for variable oondeneer of tuned circuit II; and
o) a knob for regulating negative feedack.
A supply ewitoh with off-on poeitione and the telephone jacks with the
inscription "output" over hem d an indication of the polarity of the d. c.
voltage on the
telephon
1-- - ..-i! J 4o !K .G'KT`'
The antenna bbrai~ale A the reunde Z, and r ll r~
g , nd the five for cones
noting the supply voltagee a located on the back wall of the cabinet. The
inscriptions -120, -4, 0, -2 over these terainale indicite the voltage. con -
neeted to these terminals,
d. Conditione of cnloitation
pIe,
!eeeiver Supply. The following batter ea are
v~ed to supply the re-
ceiver: plate battery-120 volts; filament battery-4vvo1te; biae battery-2 volts.
CONFIDENTIAL
~pW~IDE"riT1Al
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GOFII1EN hAL
CONFIDENTIAL
Tho plate battery also han a 40-volt tap. The maxiaum platie current er
the reoeiver is 17 millia~pe, and the lMuim riloment ourrent, 400 mtlliampe.
The choice of tho correct voltage upon the or the tube.
2. 34oltagee up to 4O volts
r
can be used to supply the plate circuite. Tho voltage on the screen grid
in this daee should be raised to 60-80 volts.
The eenaitivity of the receiver increaeee when the platua are overdriven.
However, receiver operation ie lees stable and more power ie drawn from the
plate battery.
The Antenna. The KUB-14 receiver normally operatea with an outside antenna
of any type. Aa aanaverage, the horizontal part $hou ri be 15-20 metere and
dcve?~dJ
dinee the : plate current, ie low, either low-oapaoity storage batteriee or
batteries made up of dry' cello can be used ae a 8-battery. If dry cello are
used, the battery should be by-passed by a condenser with a oapaoitance of
p"t%,gp_i?1~_) + M .: 'Nit' K
1-2 microfarade, since the receiver might eo~uae of
the high internal resietance of the batten'Y. The t'il n 4 have -
`~ of at least 20-40 ape.
Notea s 1., The receiver eenaitivity ie aomotimea increased slightly it
60 vult,a ie uaed inetead of 40 volte on the ecroen grid of the 3H-l47 tube.
the vertical part, 5-10 metere. The use of an indoor antenna Ia in general
inEfticient. It ie not to be reeomrn ended in particular in houaea with elec-
trio lights, where the antenna is especially eueceptible to loc&-l noise.
Neither ahbuld the lighting circuit bA used as an antenna.
r r
rave ale b Derr ~ ~~ Id?1 n
Grounding. The receiver is a metal sheaf 0.5 square
meters in area te whLehbhegi'eund lead is . The eheet should be bur-
ied in tht~ ground, down to the ground water leval (2 metere) if possible.
Ca'flEflEflT AL
CONFIDENTIA.
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l ~c14 r f j c kc
9. a
Gitk~7E~tilAl
OHEIDENTIAt
Aatteri~A r de up of LealRnoha Celle, load-said b tt+eriA., 4nd alkalin4
bettertse are ueed ae eupply eouroas to radioeoursdi-ng. 4U k41tne hKtterien
~Q~ uj~1
we
have a number of advantageo over batter r, on~i therlforQ ha4"
g-ae~ recently. The battgri.e prorluoed by the ~3arAtov plant
(S opAz) ie similar in construction to the "31" type Jungner battery. The
separate Celle are~wuoually o v into a battery in practice. although
f;M~ ((J~
th ~aratov plant praduaea ~-''~ 4teriee, the major Aart of ite produc-
Lion goes to the consumer in the f crr of individual eella. Therefore, be-
low we give basic data on u assembly of battcriee according to
etandard requiremente (TAhle 4). Batteries of different types are dietin-
guiehed by their external appearance, ae well ae by ti,eir voltage and cap-
acity. There arty batteriee in wooden eaeee with ere~l covers on hinges and
lvoo dt ~.,
batberiee in 1i1ien caeee with individual covers (special form M). In bat-
teries with capacity of 10 actpere-houre, the wooden caee ie replaced by
lathing without covers Fund handlee.
Table 4-Characterietice of Storage Eatteri's
Mo of Nominal Nominal Uimansione
Type of Battery Celle Voltage r.a1iecity, Length Width Height,
in a ampere.
Battery houre
32A1-2 ? 2%(
64AKN?2.25
lONKN-2s1
17NKN-22
4NK 45
4NIM45
5NKN-t~5
6NKN-45 i
BNKN-45A
IONKN=4 5
4NKN.60&
SNKN-6()
7NKN-6QL
IONKN-6CI~
4NKN-loch
5NKN-lo(
IONKN-10CM
iONKN..1OO
4NKN-1OG
4NKN-1OS
SNKN-10
CONIDFNTI Al
ciiFIDT1AL
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~Veigh~
of Bat-
tery
with
~-lectra-
lyt e, kg
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
CO~i11f11T~1~1.
The battery tYpea are aoording to a goneral prinaiplo ror
alkaline batteries, namely: the number beto;'e +he designation he
.~
number of aella oonneotod in eeriei in a battery, next the letters
(plot.-cadmium-niokel) or NKN (fi?lament-cadrniumrninkel), then the nwnbern
indiowting the , and the latter M I'or ~+et,teriaA with
extonnal appearwnoe (aaeee of a eoial form).
The Following arrangement of celle in batteriee ie accepted: for 4-5
eille, in one row; for 17-32 calla,in two rowe; 49 Aelle, in 3 rows; and
64 cell., in 4 rows.
The baeic rules for maint~nanee and exploitation of alkalino batter-
e- rG~
iee are etJiq,, in "Inetructione on the Maintenance of alkaline Cadmium-
Nickel Atte ie " (reference 21 in Bibliography).
.iYh-IiVGIT.' -'f YM ,., i , MCA
9, ngt r~ _ .in .~s. of Alkaline Cadmiu Nieke1
2teriee
S11'ofa,C0
After the electrolyte is eetabliehed at the normal level, the batter-
ies arR put, on charge. The battoriee are charged by normal charging our-
rent (Table 5) for 6 hours, then by half the normal charging current for
6 more hours, and then discharged by normal discharge current for 4 hours.
Thie charge-dieoharge cycle le repeated 2-3 times. The batteries may then
0 6r~'~ew
be put into tas.
Table 5 - Characterietica of Varioue Type of Storage Batteries
Nominal Normal Normal Amount of Vdeight of Sat-
Battery Capacity, 7-hour 8-hour ?t~etroiyte tery with Elee -
Type am rketvar Charging Control for one Sat- trolyte, kilo-
Current,' Cycle Chr~rg tery, Liters grams
imp.-hour ing Current,
amp.-hour
aKN-2.75
NKN-lO
NKN-22
NKN-45
NKN-5p
NKN.,100.
2-FKN
CONFIDENTIAL
IDE thL
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 Declassified in Part - Sanzed Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
GUWfi
coN~m~~i~E
a few, drops of vaseline oil are ueualy poured in each battery to pre-
vent the ol.otrolyte rrom absorbing carbon dioxide from the otr.
There arN two typoo of oloctrolytea for a1k411no ebbrage b*tteriee,
i.e. wintor and eusrer. The wniar e1e trof4a conei~r of a solution
an c , ~
or caustic soda in water with a der1eity of 1.17-1.19 432 and are used
Tile
#'or temperatures of the surrounding air From 10?Land above, 9tm winter
eloetrolyte consists off' a solution of caustic soda (rT.le72 OOKhP) in
water with dennitteA dependent upon the temperature: from -l to a
deneity of 1.27-1.30. In extreme neceeeit,y, when no oaaetio soda is
available, a solution of potassium hydroxide with specific gravity of
1.lg-1.19 can be used ae the elRetrolyte in the aurmier. If thic is done,
the batteries rchc)uld be charged at night if possible, kept in the shade
sl-avld
in the daytime, and ei not be put an the warm earth.
10. Ixstructione on 1tesborin the Capacity of &UgUine Cadrniw -Nickel
/~J/zret cif 'ice M'11a(
6ihich Have Lost Ug to 25-4O of their Capacity in U th ?7c
tro3ste Fro a Potassium }hydroxide ~o trop
e t wA.1ra ~apsc.i i1d c! ?)
why bapseity has dropped 25-40 hplow ra -e din exploi-
tation w,l~ an Alectro to Prom a potassium hydroxide volution -
ly : 'Ml~pte
:Mr can be restored by wrpLeiejsubetituting an electrolyte using a caustic
soda solution. Cnt~rof tests of all batteries, both those in use and those
on the shelf which havR out,iived their iw.sefullnPse, must he made to find the
batteries whose capacity has dropped ? The control to is areeumad~
in the f ollowi ng way:
First cycle. The batteries are put under quick charge (6#ihour normal
current and 6-hoer half) and discharged 4urider normal -hour conditions to
a voltage of 1,0 volt on the tenminale of Babb battery.
Second cycle. Charging for 6 hours under normal rhrging conditions,
and discharge under normal P-hour conditions to a voltage of 1.0 volt on
CONFIQNTI A;
COiJrIfiEIi TM!.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
Ql~aT~Q~
~~ty~I
y
CDNFIDENTIAC
new eleatrolytA ie poured out of the batteries and a t
by 0
A e~ ustin eoda solution of the at2Ieeanie specific gravity it n de-.
8~rlyt~
The 0? the first replacement $ho~~ld bR eaved and u!+nd -
ae a "cuter electrolyte", -Lfter a second ohange of the elec-
trolyte, he batteries ehould b~ given two qu7 ck charee rind dieohergee,
a~K rt aa~-d
the terminals of each battery. Ths+ oepMnity of eaoh battery 1a detemined
Prom the data of the eecond oyole. ~attcriee delivering l ee than rated
aapaeity on t) oontrol eyele ehoulA be sA1en-
ted to have their oApaoity roetored. T'he electrolyte of the batteriea eel-
$fr4 /d
sated toy reetoration ehould bA poured out; thoy then be waehed 2-3
timee with r$ietilled eater, and then fillerl with a solution of oauetio
eoda wi.t,h a specific gravity of 1.17-1.19. They are then left Far two
hours eo that the near c1eetrnlyte can penetrate into the plate after which
they are ~tven two quick charges (7-hour normal current and 6-hour half n"r-
mAt current), Ap er each of theee charges, tt+p batteries are dienharged un-
der normal, conditions for R houre, h?t not LJ rt hb~low 1:.n vr. )$'.+ en t,}1e
terminAle of each battery. After two cycler with quick charges, the firet
era normal 7-hour charge and a control diobharge under 6-hour eonditione
tkA. ~,p1
to a voltage of 1.0 volt on the,e of each battery, after which the
batteries, with their capacity now reetored to rated or not leee than 85
of rated are put into ex Loitation.
"r'.-
11. T Charging-D4 e. r bution Switchboard
' e-tr
The batteries are charged and their dietribut~d thraigh the char-
ging-distribution ewitchhoard, which rnuet eatie,fy the following requirements;
1) aimnly and conveniently switch the batteries on charge and on oper-
ation; 2) ,h?windie~.te the voltage of each b ttbery and tho voltage at the
CONfIDENTIAi.
QiicIDEtflIAI
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/30 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100080086-9
output terminele f ~) indicate the oh`rging current 1) prevent t}'e betty'"iQ5
e 5) racily ahangc~ the votr~ge of a filw"ent battery f
-
from ,hArtoirouit j
wets ~'
and 6) on the resietnnoe or ohargtng circuit to
when ~~, g
allow Por the proper e~urrent in chArging buttAri~a.
T1 OOnAtruAt+ Such Awitchboard, un ebonite (or other insulator) hoard
~
at' imutolY 50 crt x 30 cm is t~-ken ink the ol~owing ecVuip-
dinune ions upprox
meet mounted on it: ) tw~-waY knito ewitnhosj h) L voltmeter with i ehun~.
a
rheoetut end
&n d tree Per ewitch c) an wnmoter, d) d) a 50-ohrn ,
) ~heoetutu in the chargtnE; circuit of tho tilwncnt and plate.
~
ire Zj .
Fi~, ,fi, Schematic U agrem o? the ~hurg g~ istrihutirm switchboard for arc
g i
tic ,trologicai Stationr
The poeitiva poles of two plate batteries ore connected to the knivee
of knifeewitch 1 and 2 (F 4g), while the plus of the fii~{ment battery
ee
~,~
ar ter-
ed to knife 4. Flue of thee notwork to connected to the upp
is connect
CONFIDENTIAL
COIiFIDEIi TM L
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CUi1HIV~T1Rl
CDNIDENTIAL
rai a of eee
n le th knire-ewitohen through a t,
T~` negative poloa or
the b4tter1ee are aonneeted directly to the common rrinue, except for ono
plate bat,tsry minus, which is connected to r inun off` the network through a
knire or ewitnh 3. This ie done eo that when the ewitoh ie "down", i.e.,
when the batterieo are ewitohed on opnration, bath bfttterSea on be con-
/o
neoted in aeries (to obtain volte) TfJ aaaompltt h this, thn lower
termi rlala of thn 2nd and 3rd awitnroe, I.e., the plus 01' th' first anii
the mintie of the second plet' buttery, are jumpered. Thy lower terminate
of knire ?witchee 1, 2, and 4 ere connected to the output terminals, ? from
whi rh plus or minue l~q, 80, and 4 volts can bu ohtainud. Ty~uo, by throw-
ing tha knife-ywitohee tip', we put all batte' en in`the network on charge,
end by throwirg then down, we eupply voltage to the output temninsla,
which the supply for thn receiver iiM other equipment ie taken,
r1'f tarvr t,
1 pOltmeter 9 to installed in the center of the board to s the
voltage, or the batteries, the minus of which is connected to the common mirn-
ne, and tho glue to either thu plus of the plate or tho plus of the filament
battery through the ewitch 6. Tie ammeter E' is connecters in ?eriee in the
network and reeorde the ohal~ging current. Thy fuoee 9 aro selected for max-
charging
imam d~eeh~rge current anus the ruse 10 for maximum diechargR current.
There is a rbeoetat 11 in the diechargo circuit of the filament battery
to rogulatc thcl filament battery voltage, 5~nCe charging is done from the
, a ice
network/.i1" supply courcAC whose voltage ie higher than that of the bat-
teriee, the rheostats 12 and 13 arc connected in thti charging circuit of
the p&ate and filament hatteriee to drop the oxcese voltage of the battery.
47i; ` , ras #1 T+ce.
r~iu 3J"~
M;light! of varying are often used ae .
T. switchboard described above ie very efmple and can be ueed at etat-
ione where there is only one radio receiver. lsrgcr statione(~odueing
coc1DET 1
COIIFIDENTIAL
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COfLFfQNT1AL
CBNFlOE1At
rJiirro++~"
daily ), ther e Lo boo a spare (emergency) radio raeiver with eep-
irate eup~ly anal antenna. T ere ahould not be a coi n-on minus an the ewttah-
+ ~
board, since thaen two reeeivere muaat be isolated.
r~ ewitahboard ueod ror this type of etatiOf is t11un-
r ~
tr ~ ewitQhhoard,
atod by thEi ono used sit khta Tikai (F. 49), ]'this
ouble-throw knife switch for each battery instead
thane ie ai double polo, d
ble-throw. The plusea and minuses 0' the batter/ Aa
of N single polo, don
are feed to the knives of th switohea , while the plea and ntinttA of the line
e
oonnoatert to their upr terminals. lr M1ition, there are more terming
r~ ~e
~,.
als on the transfer ewitoh 6, to ' which is eupplied the plus or the line and
the pltte of the outputs 160, 80, and 4 volts, which are connected with the
plug of the voltmeter through a gliding contact and the shaft of the switch.
volts
The minus of tho line and the minua front the outputs N, 80, end 4 ,
which nre fed to the terminals connecter) with the minu' of' the voltmeter
1
through two jod contacts on the eliding contact, are to the lower
utaper
e of th!+ transfer switch. h~! connerttng the voltir,Ater
eerier of terninNl
through the ending contact oar thn switch b into the lino or onto the 160
can read the voltage of the lire, of the batteries
volt output, etc., we
on thn l$0 volt output, etc.
inale of each battery can bA measured aeparately#
TrQ voltage at thA term
knife-switch of the be-tt1r7 is thrown up)
by connecting it in the line (the
with the liana switched out. Then, when the sliding contact of the switch 6
/)
set in the "Line" position, the voltmeter ehowe t e~ g
is
~r inetead of line voltage'.
In addition to t,hn .q1pp1y, telephone linee and dignallinr; equipment
?"nt -board. Th spare darks 18 from the