MILITARY GEOGRAPHIC DATA ON LIBYA

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 126
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 21, 2012
• Sequence Number: 66
• Publication Date: August 10, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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!LTARY QBOGRAP iIC DATA ON LIBYA
Xilitsrgeographieahe Beeohreibung Von Libyen, Jan 1918
10 Auguet 190
50X1 -HUM
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CONFIDENTIAL
A . 1L1!!L: IE?Z?V
a a t a l~:
This military geography of libya presents a sums? ry of the oaturtl f et-
turee oi' the caw try which arc oi' r?et solitary aianif to~inao.
The doAoription of the individual aectiono of the country ivos details
only on those regions in whioh military op?rntions might ba likely to take
place. The desert nreas nva doacribnd only briefly.
The description starts with the oAawtnl wren of Narthern Libya and is
followed by a dinousnion of thn southern regions, with the emphasis on the in-
dividw1 groups of o'~sos. Then follow brief crinnting desoriptions of the most
important cities and ports.
Part D, which gives detail dato, degoribee the mist important roMn.
2. Territorial divi~io~r,s ac n +
Ljbya contains two narrow, steppe-like coastalseporated by the
Gran Sirte,~ a 660 ton expanee of desert land, and the huge Libyan desert
with itA sporadic oases.
These three parts are not of equal importance.
The economic and political centers of the country are its two "islands
of culture", Tripolitania anct Cyrenica. Only these regions have sufficient
rainfall or ground water to allow habitation. In Tripolitania, the steep rim
N,# rti ; J
of the desert plateau, the recadee from the coast, and ie
N r,r r+f ,' I
repiaced,,,Xeet of Tri'noli, by a bror4!'!t coastal plain. The.1iJ'NIl.Th is
eteppe w iO h resembles ~aetern Tunisia, Oyrenaica ie a high limestone plat-
eau which abruptly ends at the ass in several, breaking off from the
ry~"~h kr',?4',
Jaral +eie.-_::Mi, and elopee gradually toward the South where the steppe rapid-
ly turns into semi-desert and desert.
Aven these regions are at n digaddvantage, ae compared to Algeria and Tu-
nisia, The French part of the Miditerranean coast of Africa is muoh more
humid and thus lenda it~blf 1)ttor to agriculture. In Tripolitania and 4yre-
naica, on the other hand, habitation prior to Itaian colonization waa almost
entirely restricted to n series of coa,atal oaaeg. Ti rtaliana extended habw
ittion tilno to the steppe. Oren in these aroa.a, climaticnlly the beet in
Libya, the water queation is of the utmoat importance. All military operations
in those areas cl auPT y', -~"
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(ONFIDENTlAL
G y,she
'.nn u~' th) ~.v
The pas~abi].ity or these areas is ueturtnirt~id by the iocta
the steep bLi11ks of`' the v&. u s a.nu the Cunuit 5nrt o ? th a surface (,i' the p L t eaus.
f1_ 6..7 VG 1+ ~'WI t~- t fih ~rrr~.~~,1 mPfi v('T~ti hurICi rid fneter'S high, are n oblr`i"
hCa~ vWU,
taCle Which cart be negotiated by tnutori7ed co iumhs only it very ?ev~ 1Joints
Tri1 oiit In :-t + Si;frcfi4a 4 J. fah r -T~ I:L;rL ~ct key h gat art- Ltke
%rt :b 1Qf,E th !~'f~n a tU, 1'h~ aQ~i t~1ilfl-h~dit eou~t i
i~ Li; QV cA;If.ulri Ctiul u~t;`'ut/f tk~ it i~ .~nti,1 ?Q Khi a}~~titon
in +:;stern Libyf4,
~.
Thu Qrkti 'U aQU t~ t'n hibyu iU (QaQ 't ~taf4 t~ t;r yQfU tha 2uth
'rfU uifi: ut~f~:fi Qr' utUi6t~.nt" thut'a }k, ff~it,~~i 'y EaU;tt,( c~E;ffs Ufsist af' lees-, i'ir,-irr~irkd i~ rauety/
sL~ii, ir1t'~ 'C)~'JrC~G v;ith ~d.trl~i , t t1 vi tiu Tnc oo r'sor ttl turi i
i.j Eject11nutLitud ;-t Ui i bur'r' tu.
'ih~s f;r' -veii,i (todut~td r:iru t'.L t or' siirthLiy r'oliitlj,
tiitlfi oft1ir! t,CV 3' ?f+i'~!C & , IitACU the ~ t'ut1i is uoi'~ so Liu t iu r~urf~cu, they
c,if bo t~r;~vir sue ire a~l,~ uiruc;tint ~ uv~~r~ t; h' y tx'ucks. ~,-otur vehicios urossing
thi.5 ur~JEA l~av~ h~-1iuv; t ic;-s " tcT'hj r-r'uL't;x-r shi1lo%; LfU
cLir b ci r 5 du iiy, but LUU J1' U1J iueLcc>iyls h~=VC uir'i'iuu1ty ~ElCC 1tiC>{; i+i Rl.
C - t'he ~rinuy aeserts nriy bO C,1LAssi1'ieC rr ~v~ir~ 4.'t~~ urtt c' ill io Vi
uu t~r tit' i ti r ltrt; v~~ in. Tr tutu , ~~ -,t o ', i rt
& ti Lin i~yr~c`:-~iC~i
.
i~ tdh th? clo' L1s~~~ th~ c rr~iLt e t , kit f'roitt
tk1 ~ fir?xs t;or, ~~ itt~uct ~~irc~ cF ~
' rte tL , ftUs1 i~ ~U o.ittt, my ?`ju , ="hi1~ `Co1rtr~ iiu iirttd
iri ctly t~ ur~t ~ f ttt? ?- aurcti ~ , 3~b tt~u 14'u ittrn PuuPcctiV ly.
t
~-,~~o~,oc~~ ~ ~~h'~~~~rr
=+ ch
~.. ,y ~4a c~c i~ ollurtik tlce vustu.'l,/ w1c~uv hit tshe Jr,bci1 r-i'~ thi
~H~1~~.~~ ~~L t~I a 4),
M
~:~ the ~lbul, itra
1r'orh ltth:u~t W rr'th~&~t . 'h Ir~ii~,t , 'i EF ~ i i ort J
~;~t~~t'1dJ '- ti'it~ l~~ ~~ ~ i.~~~ ~
ton t uitit thttt'u by V us phis
r: Stan ci kI't}r~i t,i vi y t ti lu pro Ci 1}it, .Jtio n) ai' e hick
t he rx: t: rice ivos ~- rnouest shLru .
low c~U~ L trA ; ir}Ljrius of tetra
o L1ot~iua~tV:ar'u the JLbri and the
1't~ ri c J hi ch run 1 arL~i 1el tie- it ::L1 tr thr;ir cur su.
,.e tuurct oi' ruin 'tiJwll in the citio ri r thu cost, :rn cuustr. st;r'ip.
H 28 t, ~tut1 L o bnr k 1t~u ttt~, ,-1 .rtic ria 2()4 ituu, ti nu or t 5gid only 33 run
1i~r'r-fw ret,el,
ui r'uin E ur year.
3 r ~t3 r -1nl~t; r Ch auco~~U t~,u rlur'rr~`~i .Or1~ ~i' the cor,st~1 eases to V' t'a
I rl t h r t
, .- ~ 1 p ~a cin ,,r~r,ural ~ ttt.er~~t,ure ~t;~-~r,r'ent1;~ ,duc riot differ much ?r in tlmt
~hF...t~teri0r, ~~ flc-
'A'hus ;b::J.L1 if in ulittiz L La his a yearly min tiumperaturu of
tai rha t-ur t citi us
21?C , lo ut th r: c~o l e t ttt crnth ( J rrt ua ry , l l'' C ) a to th e ho tt e st month ( J uly, 3 u? ) rai f fer
~c f
,p~
?C vet ile t $1 Jul Ii. r ch is c~niy 40 km t'rvt~t th e u st , the yeai'1 y v iri ..tii,n
1g
by a
6'
r tumrorM,ure is 5?C E; . r'e ~-ter ti at '1'r ipnil . N'ur thr;rtnc~ , in the interior of the
Jfar~, t!-, het,tet rnunth ?al tte year is not-I,rgust, but July. In Trioli, t~urir;
1
~a~, ~ ?
uuiy, the yr,r~11~ ef'feot the sea is st1LLi noticeLib1e, ':1 itt thu itcoro t~istr-nt
~r
p:rte Of t; ?1sti1 plr.i ns tttd,,irtturn t ~t-l:ie rr,t tie s ar{e rare d uurirtg than tnccth.
r
hg c,
L) L v nus u;Lov,, d i~uu .~a t~ i-lQ4 ~~ 3f' tt,~s tiho n 5O?(; hive tne n re-
n c~~.ys ~',hen e~~~rr}r
- sevcrai times; in Septertcb~' 1C2, the highdst r~dy t tnpera ure
~,~t~red ' ~t
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(ONF1Dflg
~E~~R4f~~fD
ever reoordod at any moteoroloioa1 ntation in the world we-a reietored
o c
zt 58 . On the other hand, during the winter of the
eame year, the absolute mintrni m temperature ti T* w-3,2" 0
The yoarly and daily vartationa are ema13 er in the steppe tone of
SvL vdr 0
Cyrennicas 1 , with a January temperature of 12 C and a June temper..
nture of 27? 0, has a mean yearly variation of 16? C. Rainfall in the steppe
zone of tho ooeeta1 plains amounts to between 100 end 260 millimetere, Cee,.
tel Benito, 28 km eouth of Tripoli, reoeivee ^60 mm of rain while
16 Inn ;farther eouth, receivee only 180 mm. or the renter part of the
Tripolitenhn Jnfara,nn avorn60 of 120 to 160 mm on be nnnUmed tin bnin~
correct. In the etepne zone of Cyrenaion 120 mm were recorded, nt A~edLb~iCL and
I1
166 mm at J.
In the part of the Tripo1itanian Jabal fnrtheet from the covet, the
yeax1y vnrii tione of temperatre era 6renter, At Grarian (721 m) a July
mean of 27? 0 ie contrasted by a January mean of 8? C. The absolute maximum i'
is 48? 0 for GariE#,n and 45? for J fr ' . Duz+in the winter, temperaturee drop
e,n low Qr? the freezing point. During 1918, a tempoz'nture of .6? was re -
corded nt Na1ut. At such low temperrturen, snow in not rare.
In the Tripolitanian Jaba11December and January e.re generally the monthe
with the most ri1:in. The further the mountain range retrort n from the coat,
the more the amount of rainfnlD. diminisaheR. While Jabr~1 Gnrian receives
378 mm of rain, the amount of rein in the Jabal Jafran rogion in r~Ullr
258 mm, and in the Jabe1 Na1ut aren~whioh extends all the way to the Tunieian
frontier and, is more than 150 km from the covet/rairifa11 is on1,y 162 mm.
The eemt-deeert belt in 60 to 100 km wide, and toward the south it gra4u-
e,11y turns into the true Libyan deeert. A clear borderline of this zone can
be given neither in termn of climate nor of flora. Temperaturee here approach
those of the true desert. Maximum temperaturse of 50 to 6200 are contracted
E%TtPUi'E0
CONRDENflAL
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(olWIDEHTIAt
RE3T~MrEO
by remarkably low minima, even during the susuner, which are due to etro
radiation during the night. Tha daily course of the tomporature
is thus eubjeot to widw fluctuations, Ib i~ t~t~'iki that the mesa
temperaturo of the `Tripoli lnian semi-doeert ie 1,3? lower than that of the
coastnl etappe. While ili ler in the etoppe has a July tampernttu s of 30,1?
o, that of Miedn, 120 km farther south, le only 38,80 C. The January tomper-
ature of the steppe, likewise, is 1.1? 0 highor than that of the eami-desert.
dfld
Thane apparently pnrndoxionl oonditions nro or~ueed by the a tot denoend-
ing wind which comes down from the Jabal into the conetnl p1ain1where it some-
times crtueee the temperature to rise 8 to 10? C. The relative humidity , of
course, is conoiderably lower in the semi-doeert thAn in the steppe, It
varies between 3( percent in the summer and 60 percent in the winter. Rainfall
is alrsL-dy very sonroe, as evidenced by the f+sot that it it only 80 mm in )r!
1' j?lL
and 50 mm in J4 18 to 20 days of rainfall per year is the maximum.
The entire central part of Libya is a trtuo desert. Thie, the driest cli-
matic area, where organio life is restricted to a few oasee and wadis, is a
multiple of the sire of all other climatic areas of the country. The maxiutut
temperatures exceed 53? C very seldom, but below freezing temperatures are
not rare. A temperatttre of -604 has been registered at aadnmon.
In the eastern part of the Libyan desert, the mean temperatures of both
the coideet and hottest months are higher than in the western part. The oaeie
of 4r~dnmes on the Tunisian frontier hne a July mean of 34.3? C land g January
mean of 10.7? C. At Oiarabub, however, on the Agyptian frontier, the June tem-
pers,ture ig ,9.20 C and the January temperat re 19.1? C.
The daily temperature variation, during the hot season, lies between
15 and 25? C, and probably does not exceed 350 4 in the Libyan desert, These
unusually great variations in air temperatures are stir, not as great as those
of the ground temperatures. The ro:oke in the desert heat up to 660 C during
?
the day, and cool off to 104 or less during the night. These fluctuations in
-gw
CONFJDENriAL
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however, never reacher the fu11 toroe Qf the real deeort ~torma,
t~/'1:
Tho , it Thyrionily eXha% ting. The dry.hot storm driou out the
human body, ven the Arab peaaantr in the ooaatnl plains f1Ae from their f .1O
nt its appronoh, leaving the1z' huddling ehop unguarded on the pnatures.
Oame1 and automobile anravnns in the desert moat halt, beonuae the masses
of ePnd, hurled into the 'ir forz height of revernl hundred meters, :reduce
visibility to zero.
Eu.ropeans, during; the oan eaoily drink 4 to 6 liter' of water
per &ky, while the negroer working, in th? oaser of Tnuroga and in Tercnn
will drink aA much r#o g or 10 uteri per day. Th Tiaregr protect themselves
again?t exeesiiive evaporation through their breath by using the famous Litham,
a cloth tied ire front of mouth rind nose
5, lnnttnry con tor.
Life in Libya is much more bet~rnb1e for Europcwnr thn.n ie generai1y assumed.
The winter monthA eapeciai1y are very mild in the coaettil rogions, so that
many sick persons go there to convnleece, Sumner ie much more etrenuoas,
becnuse the heat Aometimes 1n9t for months without any .relief from i,ain.
The exertions of troops stationed in the country away from inho.bited regions
and. without permanent billets are, of course, much greeter, even dur~n; the
winter, This is the case eepecinll' during tho sudden cloudburst like thunderstorrrr.s
which sire raro, nrrd during northwesterly winds which cause a noticeable drnp in
temperature, It is essential, therefore,to be equipped with warm clothing;
and waterproof tents.
The climatic peculiarities which prevail in a1J. of Libya and North Af-
rica explain the f~-.ct thLt the following diseases am common,
1s Diseases of the reapirs;tory tract (bronchitis, pneumonia, purulent in
faction of the middle ear as complications of cold.a)
a
k'. j f i t.
~aNFiDF'Nr-u
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CONFIDENTIAL
3s Pturu1ant toneillitie
31 flheui.tia diaeaeen,
41 Acute tnteltinal dieeceee rnd diarrhea,
The sore skin caused by the effect of perspiration is beet
L i` ttii`
T1' onueoo off' these diseases nre the Brent daily verirttione in tem-
perature, the look of trees and hnueoe which might Itff ordl ehado ttnd the
unn tnitnry ,oon1 ouetome which nre it wetter of eouree~ It must be avoided
under nl1 oonditione to drink cold water while hot, or to drink a large
quantity of w~-ter all at once, likewiee, bathe should be avoided while
hot, and eepeoiaUy while nerepirin~ It in nleo advier~b:e to protect
the abdomen and to wear warm olothinngainst the etrong nightly cooling-off
Strictest warn!ng ie given agr-inet keeping periehable fonds, eepeoially meat
and delicateeeen products, beoauee they will epoil within n very short time,
often within 24 houre, and cause the most eerirus oases of food poisoning.
Opened, cane of meat must be coneumet r^t once, and shipmente of meat end, del-
ioateeeen products from home eh ~tld be forbidden, beoause these paokages are
ueual'ly epoiled by the time they reach those areoe, toe cream frequently
causes diarrhea.
Lemons are in amrle eupply everywhere in the country.
When excon ive heat prevaile, drinke should be teken only one ewallow
at a time. Thiret ie beet quenohed by lukewarm tea or lemon juice with water.
The drinking water of the welle contains more ertlt then the water in
Europe, in some regions noticeabl eo. Slight cases of diarrhea, caused by
magnesium etiltn, therefore, can be expected. This etlt content does not in-
terfere with cooking, and is not harnd'ul to the human organism, which beoomee
accustomed to it after a short time. By boiling the water used in making tea,
or &4 ing some lemoi 3uic&, the a+lty taste can be elimin&ted, Since there
to no ealt4 ree water to be had, nothing can be Bono about this minor nuisance.
(ONFIDEp4'rIAt
The feet require very thorough care, The body ehould not be washed
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(Os FIDENTIAL
EST BCTrJ
avoided by freauont ohaa~ee of underwear, so that the wet olothtn, cannot
ohafe the sktn. Powder made of one part wino oxtde and parts tnloum aplted eve?/ times a thy is reoommended both ao a preventative and ae a therapoutio
measure. The U5$ of "Atridol" soap io also advisable. The skin can be aooti-
matised by very oarefulty dosed, short eunbathi~
The head must always be protected from the direct rays of tho sun.
The flies are an uctremely annoying post everywhere, and protection
from them should be provided for with all means at one's dteposnil, especially
xtreme cleanliness in bivouao wrens and billets (e.g. burying of gnrbnge)
0
and building of latrines aocording to regulationi"? 3ivouaes should never be
net up clone to native settlements.
Sunglasses should be worn alwnys during the dsy~ especially in summer.
Inasmttoh ae all avnilnble proutituteo may be aseumed to be infected
with venereal diseases, proper prophylnctic measures must be strictly observed.
8eeruee of its potentialities as a carrier of Malta fever, consumption
of unboiled milk, especially of goat milk , must be abstained from.
The dwellings of the native Arabe and Jews nro infested with vermin
(lice, bed-bugs, f 1e). Such houses will thereforelbe strictly avoided. Con-
tact with doge and cats will likewise be avoided1because their main pe1raeitee
may alvo threaten human being.
Plague xid spotted fever are likely to occur in North Africa at
r).ny time. The former is carried and spread by fleas, the latter by lice
:tnd ticke. It is imperative, therefore, that meticulous personal cleanli-
ness be observed and staying overnight in native homes be avoided. It must
be stressed that pereons afflicted with plague or spotted fever may not be aware of
it because the natives frequently do not consult a physician and in many eases
pYLysiciane are not within re~lch.
As a matter of general practice, instead of the afflicted person reporting
hi9 disease, the authorities have to eoarch for the eonraes of infection.
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(ONFIDEHIIAL
flFSTRi TED
It ie also advisable sot to camp in 1oosttena havtng numerous rat..holoa.
Typ iue and dysontery (usually amoebio d rsentory) occur frequently. Only
tested and a~aproved water, theroforo, Ahold be consumed without previous
ateriltPf tion. By tho esme token v,Mtabins, unlosa their origin has been
tested and approvod, should not bo par en of unoookod`and fruit must bo waehed
and poelod before oonswnptlon.
The water basins ars filled with tiny leeches which, if imbibod with ~Ghe
water, oling to the groat and grow there, oauetn~ serious disoomfort for
weoke. 8nthing in or drinking of such wctter, therefore, iw prohibited.
It ie erife to bathe only in salt water (ocean wnter).
Malaria occurs throughout the coastal areas and in the oases. Pre-
saribed proph~LLctio meaeurea will, therefore, be etriotly observed. 4ntmps
ehould not be set up near stagnant bodiee of wetter or smell pools, but at
least ten minutes/ distance away from them and, if poeoibie, on high grounds.
Mosquito netting ehould be used.
Trachoma, the justly feared 1gyntia.n eye dieeano, ie widespread , affect-
ing at least 60 percent of all natives. The duration of the disease in con-
niderable, the treatment painful, and the c.tro Jiff icult. Prevention of oor--
tact with the nativee ie a sure method of avoiding contagion. All indicat;.onn
of ?onjuctiva tttnica must be reported at once.
All n inor in ju,i'ido it be carefully treated, especially if affecting the
leg, in order to avoid formation of slow-healing abeeeenen.
The cottntry~a many half~navage doge, the majority of which are
afflicted with rabies, constitute a nerioue scourge. The following preventive
meanuren must bo obnerveds
1. Rabid dogs, or c~ ge eunpected of hewing rabies, which have not bitten
anybody are to be shot at once.
(ONFIdLTIAI
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(O1FIDENIA I.
2. node euepeoted of nevus rabies who have already bitten hwaan beinee
are to bo- eaueht alive if 'posaiblo, and tarred ovor to the peterinary for
observation. Nhould examination prove that the doe in question is not af-
tliotod with rabies, the person bitten by it need not be eubJeoted to anti-
rabie? treatment. ~{owover, to the event the doe haA bean killed, the victim
must submit to n series of vaocinntiona, inaamuoh as examinations of a do&R brains
f'or tr?ccee of rnbiea is a cumbersome process and findings cannot be obtained
quickly enou8h. Innemuoh nR the human ouro r?quires 16 to 25 days and is br+th
painful and dangerous, veterinary observation of live dogs is of gent prac-
tical significance.
3. If the does Mving inflioted bites oannot bo found, all persona
so bitten meet be given prophylactic troatmsutw
nespito the winter rains, Trino1i'A habitability depends upon the
exploitation of ground-water. The notiveo call this water "dead water" in
oontra~t to the "live water" which flowe on the eurfRce. Drillin;A undertaken
by the Ita1iRn9 have led to the discovery of a number of ground-water zones
with n high yield.
,
The upper ground-water zone is in the contact area between the out-
oropping limestone plate and the lr}ose soil above it. This ie where
the
quite drinkable, although insufficient in gwtntity to meet the annual re~
quirements of the population. It crtn easily be made accessible by means
of shallow wells. The depth of theee f reap-water zones in the coastal
oases mensures between 5 and 15 meters. Beoause of the even sloping of
rain-water which pas pe rcolRted through the ground colleotn; it is
the Jafara, the depth of the ground-water level increases towards the
ra w /g/ / ,'41,w)VP s,, , jN/
south. At e - li -it measures 40 meters and at Pe,. i1iri* * in the
Jafara 80 meters. This infiltration-water zone wag made accessible by the
wells built by the natives prior to Italian coloni7A,tion and was exploited
to the greatest poaible extent. In the oases of Tripoli and Tagd,ura alone
-13- 1
11
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(ONFtDE%
ED
8000 wollo axe employed to pwnp up water. Only in few locations oould tho
Italians add new we11o to the 30,000 old ones alroady in exiotenoe, ao that
an inoreaee of baxely 800 ws11e wits etfoot~d.
Below thin upper-love/ freak water Bone there lien a ddsepor salt-water
Bone which owes its ori6in to the ntn~nant ground-water itreamn a1on6 the
ooast. In many plnol, therefore, the fresh-watex wills onnnot he 'artically
extended because of the preAenoe of salt-wator beneath a 'iven depth. Hence
food drinkin water ie found at low depth in the ooaetal tire, even aloes
to the eeaehore, while wells of greater depth yield only Aalt,y water, Beoauee
of the water ehrrtne it ie nooeenary to exploit both ro~~nd.watex zones, with
the upper ono eatiefyin the drinking water requirements, and the water fro'
the lower level being used for waehin~ and other hrueehold needs. In Tripoli
one house f roquently contninn two well s , one of which ht~s a depth of 2 me-
ters afLt euppliee fresh-water1whi1 e the other reaches the ertlt-water level
at only 6 meters.
CONFIDENTIAL
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The water rn 4y of TrinoUtnia was greatly expanded in l926 f
whero the italinns started large-seals deep drilling?o it was dteoov.
eyed that there is nnother love], of fr@eh water below the two aforomenttonod
ground water levels in tho ooaatal plain and in moat party of the rest of Trip.
olitania, This water level it under proaAUre~ The artoaian water riaee in
the drill holes at far ae the seepage water level, sand eometimes even all
the way to tho surface, Large amounts of water at depths of 300 to 400 motere
w J
were with the moot modern equipment, A drilling near Misurata yield-
ed 360 oubio maters of water par hour, and another drilling at Sidi Nl,sri
400 per hour, In 1937 there were S60 artoaian we11w in operation, and drillings
hive been oontinuin ev r ~`Aa~~~ r~
g e since, Drillings West of ne~jr 2urra and
Bu h'~ve estnblirhed the presence of deep ground water levels, but the
water temperature is too high and the water ie not drinkable. The yield of
the artesian wells incr~aeoA from west to east, The ten welle of 4riepi and
the four wells of Mt~rio 4ioda, South of Misurata, yield 300 oubio metere of
water per hour each.
There ie a largo number of swings at the edge of the Jabal, but their
yield iq limited and the water of neirly all of them ie brackish, All the
Ahrj $ N,M
wadie running down from the end in the Southern Jnfara , Wadi j ie tie
only one weft of Tripoli to reach the eea. Only in the eastern part
where the plain is very narrow, are there a f ew valleye which go as far as the
~eaahore. Torrents flow through them during the rainy eeaaon, but they
contain hardly an,y water during the dry season. The same applies to the
wells in the Ji!ara. While they overflow during the rainy eeason,
their yield decreases oonsiderably during the dry period; the wells become
gradually more and more salty, and frequently run completely dry.
The only we11e on the Jabal )fun plateau are located in the vicinity
of Jaf'ren and Ghicla. Some of them yield 1&rge volumes of water, each ae
those of
and but the yield deorenees considerably during
/YY,N /1c- 1 ~ ~ ~~
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CONFIDENT! Al
AES~AIC'1`~9`"
the vummer when the additional water requiramonte it be net with water
from cioterns which were filled during the rainy sCMone
of Misurata begins the semi?deeert cone of the Gran dirta,
BautheaAt
covering the between Tripolitania. and Oyrenaioa. No drUlirlge for ar-
a a
ro
been onrriod out hero, and the anly water available
teAian around water have
is that of the smo11 ooaetal oases.
s its the pruenae of some we11R with high yields, the
n Oyrenaioa dep
I ,
s an even greeter problem than in Tripolltania , beoauNS the
water supply pOee
ermea'b1e and there are no artesian wells. There
limestone terrain is highly p
w sma11 welle in the Bengaei rogion, not enough for local con-
are only a f e
umption and inadeqa te to meet any greater demands. The highest ground water
o
1 is not renaht~d until a depth of 10 to 20 meters. The water struck by
loo
s is nearly always a little brnokieh, sometimes impotnble and oontaininf
well
alt than the sea. Nven 8engiaei' s nine deep wells yield only eli,htly
more e
sa1ty water, which is not sufficient to satisfy all the water demand of the
city. None of the drillings which have reached depths of nearly 1000 metera
truck artesian water. A long-distance water pipeline had to be aid
have s uwrn~3
from Legeto Mioiiia to irrigate the Italian coloniste' eettlemer-t of
south of Benghazi. Drinking water ie brought in daily by railroad from
iJ I. FJ
is Near mac, terminal of the narrow gauge railroad from 8engaai, there
dt1~Q9
~
ome ~ ~onSalt water at a depth of 20 meters. The only
is s
water apply. therefore, comes from rainfall which is collected in a cistern
with a cope.city of 1000 cubic meters. New drillings have been started
near Agedabia, 160 kilomr~terg south of Benggai, but nothing is 1nown as yet
about the results.
Be.roe basin, the well water is excellent in compari$on to that
In the
of the aoasta1 plain, even though it is not completely free of mineral ad-
water level is not directly above the limestone etratum; the
mixtures. The
rocks must be drilled through a few meters before the water t struck.
the central part of the plain the wells yield up to 400 cubic
In
mAtA a~+. Barce is supplied by a well built in ancient timea.
~-a of water per d
the airfield and is 46 meters daep?, there app
It is located 1 km north of
/.
(0 NFl DEH
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(OHFIDEHTI M
T
(l) erbaro, who ors the ori;inn1 natives, a1thou6h moms of them have main.
trio?4 thotr eriginal oharaet~riettoe and 1fntuage under Arab pressure. About
one third of hiby& s native population eti11 s~enkm Berber dialeotA. Lnrgs
groups of perbero nre Found chiefly in the orate of uara in the ooaAta1 re-
L
gion, (~nd in the Jnba1 )1 fuss, Tho Berber languago also predominates in
the oasen of aMnmee and Ont. 1n astern Libyn only the Berbers of the or a
of Aught have withotood, Arab in 1 onoo. ?'heir frith is not thct of the
orthodox Ie1am, nu is that of the Aube; they ore m4ot1y Ibaditce. Almost
ali of them nre peneirts. Rnoially, the Mediterranean element predominates.
(2) Arnbe; Moat of the natives nre oa11~,lArabs, but a lhrge number of
them core renlly,Arabici~ed 2erbors, who have adopted the Arrb lnngun ;e, re-
ligion, and cuetomc, They constitute about one third of the population of
Tri~olitania rind more than ht1f of the population of Cyrenaicn,, only npprox-
tmntely 10 percent of the rmtivo population is Arab in the strict aense, i.s,
Semite, The Arabs axe orthodox Mohnmmdans. They were the most active ele-
went in the fight ngatnst the Itali~j.ne. They are either nomncds or semi-nomad?.
Only a few of them have settled in ones where they carry on aric~~lturnl
pursuits.
(r) Negroes; About 20 percent of the r~oslem population consists of Negroea
or ha'Negro blood. They are the descendants of freed slaves. Almost nil
of them r.tre udanege Negroes who have maintained their lnngua.ea c.nct custome.
(4) Jewel who connstituto the fourth element of the native population, nearly
alJ. town dwellers. There are 15,000 Jews in Tripoli alone, i.e., more
than half of the entire Jewish population of Libya. They are merchnnte or
rtisans Hnd are opposed to the Mohammeclnn population,
b) ~co~ nomy
In addition to their linguistic and r?ligious differencee, the natives
p~ qN differ in
t.h s r
r. vin
iG :f t If III MI'Y~
meLjl~d(.
CONFIDENTIAL
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(ON FIDE!lTIAL
~dittI'T
Since tho country ie so diveree in its natural features, a balanoed a ri?
culture, oon~iotin of aultivntion and animal husbandry, iA rnrely poanible.
Thee, pert o? the population antes for fioide and ardene, while the roma3n
der
raises anttlo, But atnce the neasnnte frequently own herds of onttle, while
the ontt1Qman eomettmee grow barley hero or there in the step a and own date
pnlmo and fruit trove, there are U. indn of trnnsitionni etrt. from settled.
peanr~nts to outrifht nomads, and nn unequivocal distinction cannot be made,
Neverthe1eee, the oonfliot betw
111w p ?en peae~nts and nomrctn ie great and often 1eadA
to fighting resulting in the sZtii a,nd robbin
~ of the peaernte by the
nomr~de. The settled po?ulation wae, therefore, in favor of the annexation of
the country by the I talictno and were helpful in the sub jugctition and pacif ication
of tkie country, A clever policy toward the natives, however, has enabled the
Ital iane to win the faavor a1 so of the nomadic part of the population.
The economy of the natives in TripolitrLnia ie dnminnted by the eaeantr
in Cyronaicn by nom cjc, In Cyrenaic,, therefore, agrioulture and horticulture
are found only on a very small ecr,le, The re,eon for that ig the fAet that
the pop+.la.tion of Cyren,ica hi n adopted the economic customs of the Arnbe in
the co' of its Arabi~ation, while the Berbers of Tril,olihnia h've mi intained
their own cuatoma, including agriculture,
The nntivu grow grain and build orchards, with or without ,rtificial t:rri-
gation, Rainfall is sufficient only in the consul thin of Jnfarii and in the
~
~
northern pt~rt of the Jabnl N fusA for agriculture with naturnl irrigation, but
even there agriculture and horticulture are carried on with artificial irriga..
tion wherever possible. In the interior p .,the country, where rain is
too
scarce, cultivation ie possible only with the aid of artificial irrigation,'
Artificial irrigation by water supplied by eprings exists only y in isolat
~ ed
spots on the elope of the J11 N fuen, The artesian wells of the oasis of
Cadamee wa.e the only one known prior to the colonizct.tion of the country by
the Italiane. It had been supplying the neeeesary water for irri ration sine
g e
I Evrflrr,TEo
CONFIDENTIAL
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antiqutty. Mtde from th oee oxceptione, oultivation in the doaorb
oaaoa a in t he coaetsJ, aroao of Tripolitania could uee onr buohet
woiie to 7 m deep, which tapped the ground water and uti1ieod
it to the utmost. sinoe 1926, artesian weUa have bean dug in the
Jafara and moat of the other regions of Tripolitania, thue makth
poeeible a peat expansion of agrioulturo through artifioi&1
irrigation.
The moct important crop grown by tho natives without artificial
irrigation is barley. whoat playa only a eubordinato rat?.
Artifioial irrigation is ueed for growing d v?gotab1ec se well ae
gain. In tho put few yearn, grain~groNing by the nativoc has
increaeed con iderably with the aesistanoe of the Italians. Tho
extent and the location of the cultivated areas, howover, depond
each year on the amount of rain reoeived.
The oraharcS are typioal of the peasant eettlemernts of
Tripo1itania. The beautiful groves of date palms, olive troes, and
fig trees are the most remarkable features of the region. Those
fruit trees are essential to the food supp1 of the natives.
The most important fruit tree grown in Tripolitania is the
data palm. Libya has 3j million date palms, of which approximately
2 million are in the ooastal area of Tripolitania, i iEth Mte
largest date pa-oducing country in the world. The beet conditions
for date-grog prevail in the desert oases, however, where the
summer heat grid dry air, ,bthod with the ample supply of ground
enable the fruit/to grow to large size. These dates can
water,
be easily stored and shipped, while those produced in the coastal
oases oontain less sugar and axe ueuaUy consumed locally. The
date palm is a source of wealth for a portion of the native
population in the oases in the interior of the country. The
Italians are attempting to encourage the planting of new date pains.
(ONFIDENT! At
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(OHFIDtHTA1
The o1iv? troe needo oal~ ve little rain. Tt is grc~ iri the
~'
~
coart. rsgiono and in the Jabal N Sa betWoen Jafran and Ktu~rabat
~
without artificia1 i tion. It it the t _oa1 tr?e of the Jabal.
~
ginoe their root ryrtemo are wid? spread due to to dryneao of the
~'
grounds the trace are p3,01211ted at 20 m interYa~. Tho olive ~rov?o
Cher?tore, are usual thim ~ ~ . The olive grove of the nativeo
~+` very ~
pyronaiaa
of Tripolitania conta total of 800,000 trees, while
in a
had on17 about 100,000.
also oorc-on in the graver and oroharde of the
The fig true it
Jabal. villag?o ? It usw'lT dose not reach great wise and ie much
weather than the olive tree. Its fruit taker
more esnaitire to dry
of the date in the diet of the Jabal peaeante.
the place
The gardens of the natives esidom contain any types of fruit
treed exoept those mentioned above.
Most productive regione of Libya are suitable only for oattle
ied on by the nomads and semi--nomads in the
raising, which t cars
drier erase of Tr~.politania, s 0 enaioaf and the southern desert
3~'
steppes.
The wealth of the nomads ie constituted by their ebeep hords,
which is very well adapted to local conditions ? The Berbor pcant?
also own sheep and coat herds. They do not graze near the villages,
however, but move through the country in search of water and grazing
herders. Recently', the Italians have also begun
lands , led by tiired
n . The total number of sheep in 1937 was
to engage in shoopra Jig
M
61.3,000, while goats totaled l~o8,000. The Italians are enoouraging
the breeding o? small anim1s by makdng available ter water supplies.
on a limited scale since the pgsioal oonditio1
Beef cattle are raised
e not f avorabla to the cattle industry. There were
o f the country ar
7,O00 heads of cattle in 1993?. Horse brooding is also of little
importance (8,700 heads).
(ONFEN1IAL
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(ONF1DFiTi M.
a and the donkey are the dry anima3J o~ the
The dromedy
natives . 8eoauee of their frugality, they are vary w.3. suited to
th? country. In 1937, there Were 39000 donkoye afd 66 000 dromedaries.
six100 1928, the Fu4IatI have turned their attention toRard the
aaloization of the new count through Italian peasant?. Thie
~`
project has mado great pro ese eopeoi&Uy during the pa~et Law yearn.
~'
ouant population at preeent numbers about IO,OOO.
The Italian p
The Italian eettlemefts ore in the Tripolitanian coaotal plain on
the Faroe plateau in ez &ioa, and on the Jabal I. The
~' ~
rural e ettlemente of Italians in the eastern Jabal N fuss and in
tho 8engasi ooaatal plain are- emal1?
eaoante grog barley, wheats vegetablee, wine, olives,
Tho Italian p
other fruit trees. The oroharde grown by the Italian
almonde, and
cover an area of about ~3,000 heotaree.
The paoi Lion and the colonization of the country have caused
fice
under cultivation to inoreaee eteadily during the pact
the area
yeaxs e Tho arops varY in size every year, due to the great variations
a11. In 1938, the wheat crop was 3,~2O tone, while in
in annual rain
2939 it wa0 2,app tone ? In normal/ years the production of the
s n~Y'
sufficient to cover the food requirements of the civilian
country is
population. The garrisons , however, rmuzt be supplied from home.
6. Corflunioation
a) Railroads
There are few railroads in Libya. The development of the
automobila made it more practicable to build highways instead,
since railroads, owing to the huge size of the country and
especially
the comparativel~Y small volume of traffio of goods , would not be
eoono~tca 7 sound.
(1OtIF1Dtfl1 AL
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(ONFIDENTI Al
reasons. Theo linos origihato is the potato oP Tripoli aid Ben
and their roopvativa length ie a~ tol7.owe (in Ka-)i
The Italians built only tour short rail lima during tho firot
y ollaw.ng their annex tion of Libyan pally fair otrategic
Tripoli - Zuara ll8
Tripoli - Qaarian - 89
8erigasi - Harae - U6
8engaei 8o1uk - 56
by Roads
The moot important oovnunioations link in Libya is the great
coastal highway known ae the Litoran?a, running from the Tunisian to
the Egyptian Frontier snd conrn oting the two "islanda of oivilization'I
of northern Libya, namely Tripolitania and Cyrenaioa.
The asphalt highway is oonneoted to a number of unimproved and
dirt road, the latter being passable oroae-country routes with road
markers. The oases of Oadamcs, Mizda, Nalut, Hun, and Murzuoh can be
reached by good highways which are passable throughout the year even
by heavy trucks; but in general, dirt roads are the on1r means o?
communication in eouthorn Libya. Good road oonnootions between southern
Libya and southern Cyrenaica are lacking.
The best road leading to the Sahara connects Tripolitania and
Gadames, Other roads lead from Tripolitania to the oases of the
Fezzan and to the Tibesti mountaixs, from where traokn or caravan
rout es run t o Lake Chad, while there are als o roads from
Cyrenaica t o Kura and Giarabub.
Details on the individudl roads and tracks em given in
section D.
OP4flDENflAt
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(OHflDETIAL
Ao a 1'eeu1t of the developmor~t of automobile traffic, caravan
traffio has decreased, eepooi in the northern regions of the
oountz7. The numbor of aat1a in $37 66,004, altar have
euffered' oooeiderable 1oeeee in i previoua 1011'5. In the outhi
parrtiou2r1r in the Felean, oaravano are etill important today.
o) !xperienoee on t he uae of motor vehicles in the Libyan Desert.
Trio grave]1 r desert (~rir) ie noarly everywhere passable for
oz!dinary tarlke and truoke ? They oan be driven at epeed5 up to 70
Ion/hr. They do not leave deep traokn on eolid eur face. The rook
desert (Hamada) has a solid enough eurfaoe to eupport motor vehiolee
but, due to the great number of outcropping jagged rocker it can often
be paeeed only after the rooke have been oleared any.
Truoke find it difficult to negotiate areae of 'i loon a rubble
piles and drift'tn eaM. Vehialee ehould never be eent on desert
i~
miseiorie einply, burl in oonvo~r.
Wire meek up t o 3 in in length is used to move oars aired in the
nand of the Libyan Desert, as in the Sahara. Trucks should also take
along boards. The ire mesh is pushed undorrieath the front and rear
wheels and the vehicle is etarted up with a jerk. The J,oards are
placed underneath the front wheels. Combined use of wire mesh and
boards will get az vehicle out of the eax~d.
For t ripe through sand and dunes , the uee of 12 in long rope
laddere with etepe made of tough bamboo sticks has proved to be
practicable. e .iJJL _- .
Light care are more suitable than heavy ones. Tracked vehicles
are no longer used for passenger or cargo traffic. The Ford Model A
with 9-inch to i.preseure tireehas proved to be a very useful vehicle.
I
These tires are now genera1r used in all desert areas of the world.
CONFIDENTIAL
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(O1EDE11 Al
COIIVIDEHI! At
They emau Foord has also boon used with good raou1ta, It should, be
equipped with 7,5 inch tires. When traveling through oand, the air
pressure in the tires should not be too high.
If the proper teohnique ie ueed, even tho 70 to 100 m high dune'
of the Libyan deeer't oan be negotiated, since they usually oonaiet
of packed sand and have a dangeroua zone of loose sand only at the foot
of their western elopes.
The explorer L, E, d~Almasy gives the following advice fore oroethg
those dunes, on the baste of his tripe through tha Libyan Deserts
"Ruch the elope which appoare to be porfootly vertical at a speed
of 80 km/hr. The yellow sand blinde one so badly that it is
impoesib1e to sea any oontoure in the sand at the foot of the dune,
despite the wearing of vory dark eunglaeeee. The only markor for tho
eye is the crest of the dune, which is visible as a sharp lino against
the deep blue slcr. This line d esoenda with frightening rapidity as
soon as the climb etarts. At the very moment when it stops descending,
tho car has to be whipped around sharply to the right or to the left,
because this means that the crest has been reached.
In order to get down to the space separating two dunes over the
tern slope of the dune, it is best to make a run on the vest of
the :packed dune and the make a s harp ninety.degree turn and drive
straight down the slope. Even at high speeds, the driver must always be
Toady to shift to a lower gear, so as not to get mired in t he strip of
drifting sand.
In the opposite direction, from west to east, spots should be
picked far the ascent where there is no drifting sand. These apots
should be marked so the driver will not miss them when he rushes the
dufQ
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(ONFtDF)Tt Al
Tt io advisable to travel in the early morning houi, ainoo tho
nightly cooling 1aakea the nand harder and more suitable to oarry
heavier /cede ?II
In general, the orooaing of dune areaa ie oo difftoult that it
should be reetrioted to risky individual mieeione ? Lien thou should
be carried out in convoy form, wit) at loaet two vehioleaa participating.
When the oar ie equipped with oondenoero (all apeoial deeert
vehiolee carry them), a daisy quantity of i~.5 litere of cooling water
must bo refilled. During hot eouth windaJf'), own, or tail wj.ndf
tho water ooneumpption may double. It ie advisablo to take along enough
radiator water for twice tho length of the projected journey
litere of water for drinking and other pereonal uaee per man per day
/
Should.-be taken. This figure appliee to the winter months ? Near
the ooaat, the rate of water consumption ie lower.
When traveling through urinarkod terrain, the direction is to be
deter nine aaref uLly by uoo of a oompass ~ and the lon~th of the route
traveled is to bo rocorded. It is advisable to carry a log for this
purpose, in which one member of the craw constantly records direction
and dLstances ? If the destination of the watering poi has been
missed, navigation procedures (entering of the route and direction
to scale on the map) can be used for an approximate determination of
the position. Any other kind of navigation will fail, as oxperienc?
has shown. If reinforcernents are expected, the route is to be marked.
zn those parts of the dasnrt where drifting sand is rare, tracks
will remain for years, even for decades. Drifting sand, however,
may obliterate them temporarily or permanently. Sections running
through 8 and must, t horefore, be marked very thoroughly.
A
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LONFIDEN?x.0.4
Co fined e,utomobi1e - airplne iaoiono havo boon found to be
voY practicable. If radio oonIfluflioation io not poeaiblot light
r'
si for both partiee, to be given et dofinite timoa ofi the night j
should be e-arranged. It i? important to note that distant light
1~'
~t o o:e difficult to eoo in ~oonlight~ eepooial],y whoa loolcing
toward the moon. Observation ie beat owned out by having four
mon obeorvo the horizon at t1~ arranged timo, eaoh oboeiwing one
quartor eeotion of the horizon. Sinoe vietbtlity la good, light
ei 1 oar be even over dietanooa of 20 lan. In order to avoid
oorLt'ttiaf of eiga with shooting atare, a euaveeeion of two
e ina1 at prearvanged time int erv~ale o hould be ue ed (d' A].maay' e
exp4rienooa) . It should be pointed out that car traoke are diffioj)lt
to see from an airplane during the noon hours b o oaue a of t ho blinding
effoot of tho eand.
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CONFIDENTIAL
3, S JPTxO)T P T VARIOUS AUAB
Ioi it nod. Ovrczsio~
1. ' hn Ooaata1 Area of Tripolitania
Thu coach, aroa of Taipo1itania ha, oomparod wit2L tho other
areao of tho country, more rainfall, a ooolor o1imato, and above
?11, a chain of coantal oases. Howaver, it io by no means oxolur
sivoly arab1o land.
Small oalt water laoons and dune? aro scattered throuAhout
largo areas along the ooant. The salt niaxehes, which the Arab
call , arifwary shallow lakes which dry out completely durii
the loot soason. Primarily sodium, calcium, and magnesiwn compounds,
besides sodium oh1orir1e, ore found in these nt1t marshes. The sa1ino
of the wostern part of Tripo1itania., the yp eGuun crunto axe an
thick an 1.80 meters. The largest nebkan of Libya are located at
1;g~y p ___
the Gran Sirte, ono of which, the jiM ?of' along the coaat,
is 3 kilomotern wid0 and n-oro than 120 ki1ometern long.
and gypneoun oruntn aro uptto 30 oentimet?rs thick; in the n
D1nen, 10 to 20 meters high, separate the jbIa n from the nea.
The dunea are 30 meters high along a ntretch of 20 ki1oinetorn, near
the ooaet of ,!!ripolitania, north and northwest of Minurata.
Oliffn which are generally only a few meters high although in
some placers they reach 16 to 20 meters, borcl.er on the Tripolitanian
Jafara toward the Mediterranean (photograph No 8 and No 9).
(OtIHDEKT1'
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There are no largo oases on the Sirte.
The oaaoa of the ooa~ta3. arse dopond+ on the ovorflowing ground
water. They bogin in the wort with the Zuara Oasis followed by to
oao?a of , , Zanaus, and Tr 4o1i in as almost
oontinaue ohain. Tho Jabal reaohor the eoa oast of Tripoli and from
thero along a strotoh of approxiujatoly 1~ jrasaa (33O )ectaros) , and the 8r 94O heotaroe).
Th. ealt plaino aro surrowded by a wida border oyellow eat,
The basin near the old'i'e is sharply obit by gulliee which ere eov-
er is voters wide id a f 'w meters deep. They have to be by.pineoed
by all tratfio and cannot be crossed beoAuse their edges are very
rough. There is little vegAtatiun, wit) the exception of some
bont~graoo on the edges of the salt plains. The date palms grow
irregularly and at great interYais. They form more oompaot groupe
sear the small brains, but are oovored with wand. ti larger and
well oultivated date palm grove is looted near the village of
Oiarabub,
The only permanent settlement of the oasis ie the village of
Giarabub, a religious settlement of the S nusi oeot. The housee
of the settlement, whiab hive thick walis Md no windows form a
oaotle?like rootringle. Very few gatee lead to the interior which
is croaeed by a main street s-nd a number of narrow etreeto. A
road leads to the moeque and the tomb of the founder of the S'nuei
meet. The other buildings include echoole, eheltere for Koran etu-
dente and largo living quarters for the Senuei families.
The X78 inhabit'~nte of the village (1937 census) are membera
of the Koran school, or former negro slaves who cultiv&tte the irri.
gated garden land adjacent to the village. A pipe lino runs from
the main well of the settlement to the garden land. There are
also several other open wells. The water ie somewhat ealt~- and
bitter. Barley, wheat, vogetablee, potatoes, pepwere, tomatoes,
pumpkins, melons, lettuce and pomegranates rise ' planted in ad-IJj dition to date palms.
(d) tho Kufra Oasia
All oases of the Italian eoutheaatern prrt of Libya, which ex.
CONFIDE NTIAL
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!C!rI tiT, Al
tend tom the Taeerbo Oit ie in the north-wt beyond Bir ?i6hen,
Rebiana, and the Knfra Oaeie , to the mountain rodion of the
Arohonu Jaba ?thd ft yNA r
l and the 4u~t J`bal~l)over a desert arm of 6OO ktloi
stem, '%re generally known as )Cufra Oaeee, Trey are of two different
types, nnmoly of the basin onsie type to whioh bolong wort of them
and to the mountain ontsis type of the Arohonu Jabal and t Jabal, & FMf
Tho Taeerbo Onsie is an oval basin of 166 square kilometers,
which cute approximately 30 meters into tho surrounding desert area
(200 ?eterc above sea level) and opens onto a wide shallow depression
toward the north-out, The entire nrea is approximntely 1600 square
kilomatereI
The o~eie iA of importnnoe b'o une it is looatod on the southern
t
edge of the oomletely dry .9~rir Oalanseio, It is the first
water place south of the "Outs Ohrtin of the 9 Degree of Latitude"
Ground water can be found just a few meters below the aurfaoe and
there are about 46,000 palm trees, many email eettlemente (total
population about 700) are located wear the water placee at the basin's
edge, The basin of Zighen, which ie loef,ted 70 kilometers f Cher
!1
east, comprises about 600 sgtaro kilometers and consiete of a small
basin and n large basin, both very shallow (hardly 10 meters deep ,
These banine are covered with numerous email sand hills on which grow,
in some places, ectnty brushos, dry roots, or trunks of palm troes,
The Zighen area can be dietinguishgd from the surrounding desert only
by ito ecrxnty vegetation. The region in not inhabited, It isfimportant
however, fort oaravne t`o
ufra ,since ground water can be found
1 meter below the nurTce. There re 6 wells, the most important
aiM)
of which ig thtt of fir with palm treon. The water of the
well of Sir Aeash iA braeki$ii, but can be used for drinking purposes.
R
cONF!DEt4TIAL
plaoe,
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The 3e ma Oasio, which ti boated 8O kilometexr eou~th of Ztghon
~~?~'tyd~
and halt-way botwoen Toorbo and ' (Xufra) it a arosoont-
ehaped balm on the dopes of the cltffy 8sema J al. This basin
is a shallow salt le~CO with palm groves on its ode. The main settle-
nt which is boated on tho edge of this baste is Breaa (popuation,+ 80;
ale
mostly stone hot . ). There is sufficient fresh water. Whoat is
grown under the palm trees.
Thtt. Rebiana Oars is to abed 73 kilometers south of Bums, and 130
kilometers wart of (uf ra) , and covers 9 kilometers from south to
In the north, it extends into a 4 -kilometer long salt 1r1ce
north.
Due1' ahriy. The desert area rises to 160 to 170 meters abovo sea
,
/,
level (Rebiann Jabal, 638 meters) ? tte eastern peat of the basin.
There are several small settlements under the palm trees with a total
population of 366.
T e Kufra Oe.sis itoelf consists of 3 irregular basins, namely tote
in the north, the ~ in the center, and tie,4-Ta11ab
in the south. The aurrounding desert area, 460 meters above see level,
breaks off in sandstone gradients toward
the basin. The paASage between the basins is wide and low; The central
and southern bagine Wtw1uWiWl LM and form a depr rice 30 kilometers
~~:)-- Ad-~
.K
wide and 50 kilometers long, which is oalled.~ .
The ground water of the basins forms small salt lakee in various
places. It can be found relatively clogs to the surface (center of
w~
the basin, 4 to 6 meters; 'the edges, 30 meters). It is braokiah in
various places.
Bent-grass and other plants grow in the vicinity of the lakes
and malt p1aing? A few acacias, tamarisks, an:t scanty brushes grow
(OI4FI'-.
ENiiAi.
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'(ONFIDENTIAi.
a littl? larOkser aw~y~ wl~ilo Ehs rir pl~toaa of tha deaost et~ea
ie almoeb rri0haut vegebabion.
The XuSra Oasis is populated rather densely (4,700 in 1937 includ-
ing 900 negroes) . Its B oott1ements aret at-Tag, euma,
Ar. T ini 3
Buajna, ae?Zurgh, M 'b, and at-Ta11Ab whtob are located in the
aroa of large date palm plf~ntations and dardene. In addition to more
than 100,000 date palm., there are several hundred wild olive trees.
Fruit trees (applo, peaoh, apricot, orange, 1emon,fig, mulberry, and
some wine) grow in the jarden. as well as barley, millet, wheat, and
veieta' lee and fruit (tomatoes, onioao, mAlone, oucumbero, etc).
The gardens rare fenced in by ciny wal'n. Bch garden has a
well.
nn the rn tic settlements of the Rufra Oasis nre the twin settlements
zj16_
of JJ1, an industrial center with a population of arproaimately
2500, with a market place, and an Italian-Arabio eohool and hospital; and at-
Tag, the holy S~nustan city with a moeque ctnd other religious buildings
R~
and houses of the S Anunian families, aclminintration buildings, a radio
station, rind an airport which in loowted farther north on the edge of
the steep slope tho sandstone plateau.
Trade with Egypt and the Sudan, which formerly wan very active,
han deoreaned since the Italian occupation (Jan.tary 1931) because ofth0
people' a reei~tance,
CONFIDENTiAL
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CALII AND
1. Apollonia (!'oa Suoa)
Apollonia io an inoioat city with a populatiAn of approximately
1,000. It it the northorzoAt city of Oyronaio and an important
haz~bor~o~~l "~ oonnootod with Oirona by an excellent roF~d.
porpondicularlf, id vor~- picturesque. The riopa behind the
rtfeooh other
This sma11 city with its straight atroota,
:t~' :;
t~
city.
The oity~o water supply syotom consiots of a-five- pipe
lino from the Suaa Rivor a.d fivo public wo11a. Numorouo private
water pipoa take care of cU tribution. The water is also wood for
irrigation. Apollonia in equipped with elootricity ao well ao with a
poet office which Ma tolephono and tolograph faoilitioo.
Tho old/ 3'uine are located. ot'at of tho city; tho forte in the
oaotern and woaterri parti'-
Tho lancting beach (Marta Suoa) hau no wind protoction- The
water in tan metero deep at a diatance of 3 to 3.5 ki1omotera from
tho coast. Ships can dock at a landing pier or on two sma11, candy
beachec. The water pipo line is looatod 500 metero from the eta. The
chips of tho coastal navigation aervioe dock every two weeks. Military
?' r w
seap1nnoa land on the waters of Pietro pegli Angeli. The coastline
wort of Apollonia ig high arnd stoop; it is lower in the east.
2. Baz'oe (Popuulation 8,800)
Barce io locatod half-way between Bengati and Oirene, on the
main highway, 30 km from tho sea (Tocra). The city is located 285
meters abovo eea 1evo3,, on the graciient of the Jabal, below the
plateau, in an undrained basin of 10 to 15 1ci1ometers in diameter,
filled with red alluvial fertile earth. This area is an excellent
starting point for modern colonization. The settling of Italian
farmers, under government supervision, takes plaoo continually in the
vicinity of Brice which is an important canter of Oyrenaica and one
of the moet boautiful towns in the colony, The streeta run mostly
Gros
straight and awaeachnothermost erpenrucularly. Most of the
)3FIDEHflAL
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houses axe now and havc+ unooriah arohea boauti#'u1 wooden doors.
Tyro aro tho following public buildinget diatriot
oomu~ieaariat, town ha11, poiioo hoadcuartera, dopertmant of agriou1turo,
Pooloniaation bureau, poet offioo and tolograph oxohu e, houao oi' tho
Paeoio ,,Saaoiot Party xqJ', eavinge bank, and hospital. Thorn is also
a ropair shop and a motion pioture theater.
`moo railroad station of the Bongaai..Baroe railroad line io
looatocl at tho aouthoaatorn end of the city.
Baroe also has an airfiold. An anoiont well, whioh is 46
notero cue; vend atilt in uce today, is looatodd ono kilomotor north
of the airfi4t1d. Thoro are throe additional wells in the city.
Arty barraokc and training grounds are looatoct eouthweot of
Barce.
Prim~~rilY grain is plated in the basin around Baroo, in addition
to all kinds of vogetablea. Treec of all kinda/gzrown n1ong the border
of tho basin.
3, Bardia (Population 2,370) (Photograph No 66)
The village of Bardia is located 116 motero above sea lovel
overlooking the harbor of Porto 8ardia. In white houses can be sf on
from the aea. Sts population conoifits primarily of nativoc. Bardia
has govornmont buildings, a post office with toloaph a,nd tolophono
facilities, sohoolo, and a first..aid ctation. The village and harbor
of Bardia have a sufficiont uupply of good drinking water. The water
1ine~'~kM~
pipe as far as the harbor.
alto
A small power plant and slaughterhouse axe/located in Bardia.
The harbor of Baxdia is a sheltered bay whichopo na toward the
northeast. The harbor is borderod by almost vertioally alopedd rock
walla sever a1 hundrdd. maters high. The bay ig dangerous during
northeast winds. The inlet of the bay is betwoen 6 and 16 meters deep.
Shipa of medium tonnage can ontor the harbor. Shipa of the coastal
navigation service dock every two weeks.
CONFIDENTIAL
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A radio ntatiosa, a nma11 repair chop, and niliin~ station
ore aloe availablo in thin oity.
There io no rolar corvioo at the airfield oi' 8ardia. Tho
civil and military airfis1d off' Amneat and tho oucton houco are boated
~thoi oal~t toward the t border`
The ooaat1ino toward the tborder is high and nlopoa
ntoeply toward t1 c Ooa. Numoroun rivorc i'1ow into the Mediterranoan
a1o thin Coast. Border fortifioation ' ra boat@d near Sir Rwnla.
t
4. 8oagaai (Photograph No~38 to No 40)
Romani io th? capital and main oeaport of Oyraaaiaa. Ito
population of 60,761 (1936 ooaouu) inoludeo 16,000 Italian. and
2,400 Jowa.
The "Old City" io uitvra,t?d on a promontory and is surrounded,
toward the ' ntorland1by salt lakes. The city ham expanded toward
the youth over an isthmus between the malt lakeo.
Tho old harbor wao originally a oalt lagoon with a o1 nne1
toward the or~on eea. The harbor is located southwoot of the "O1d oityt~
and iu bordered in tho oouthweat by the Oiuliana Peninoula. It ire
protocted in the north by a mole. The new harbor wra built f then
went in front of the old one. The harbor oponu toward the north
between two moles with an inlet 30 metorn wide. P1ans have been made
to dredge the harbor to a depth of 6 meters. The old harbor is
constantly silted and a umeful depth of only 4 metoro can be ep?cted.
A cable railway for loading of malt from the lagoon of Junta
Sabkhah is located in the southsaatern cornor of the old harbor.
The city covorm as area which is not quite one kilometer wide
between the sea and the ealt lakes; it extends beyond the isthmus in
the south where the suburb of Hsrca is located. Bengapi consists of
the old Arab district which io poor, with the exception of the market
and the City Hall plaza, and the mode' n district which extends along
the harbor toward the south.
(ONF1oHTIAL
3uNi
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The etroeta .in the Arab district run etraiht and parallOl.
The mo&orn impreesivo ttaUan-built buildi o, auOh ao the OOVorW1Ont
palace, the atminietxation 'din, tho new thoator are located
a1an~ the modorn and m 4 nif ioont boardwalks of tho harbor. A now
cathedral hau been built and now otroeto cad paXke have boon dovolopod.
The monument to tho war dead to looatod on the 6iu1iana Promontory.
The luxuriant boaoh grouacio of the Lido oxtond toward the aouth.
ooneulatos, baako, the main Dot offioo, military hoadquartere,
numerous military barraoks, oxoellent hoapitala, a querantino station,
a moteoro1ogioa3. observatory, a coastal radio station, and othor
inctaliatione aro also locatod in 8ongasi.
The Stato Sabha Salt Mine is looatod south of the city.
Water moot be uaoa very cparingly, since tho 9 doep wollo in
tho southeastern uootion of tho city oannot auply the city with
cuff ioiont water. Water tanks and maino with good water aro looatod
in the hatbor diatriot. 9evora3. power planta are located in Bez aai.
Tho railroad station in locatod in tho noutheaator n part of
the city. Thom ~o railroad connection with 8arce cM Soluch.
A seaplane brio is located on Einta Sabkhah.
In addition, Regasi hao two airf ildss 1) The 1 Rena
airf iold for military and civil aircraft located 2.5 kilometers
southcrst of 8angaoi, equipped with fuel depota,locatod in the formor
quarries1and entrenched fuel tanks; and 2) the 8onina military airf ield.
located 20 kiloinoters east of Rengasi, equipped with military bar~'acke,
underground quartexi9, and ammunition depots. A fuel depot is locat?d
01 % 4.t.4
1 in? rune
is ax-Rogima, 14 kilometers farther sasth sni wharonft pipo
to tho aixfild. 8enina' in located on the Rbngaei-Rance railroad line.
Handicraft products of Rongasi include woven fabrics, rush
mats, rugs, drapes, and gold and silver jowelry. European industry
conaistg chiefly of factories for the processing of tuna fish. Poodetuffa,
tobacco, textiloe, iron ware, drugs, and pottery are imported. ~gge,
gheop, woolens, hides, rugs, a,nd rats axe oxported.
CONFIDENTIAL
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(QttFLDE(1M
6outh of B@ asi there era iar~a a'eao of ecpaxto ~rsco, which
is ucod as a fibre (oolluloso ).
6. Cireno (population 2,000)
Cirono is located on a high chain of hills, at tho stoop
northern odgo off' the Jabal Plateau, 620 motes above sea level.
This anciont city extondc over 2 hills and one dcpreasion.
ire, just ac in anoint times, the mein aotivitioc of the city taco
plaoe. The small aho6ab JL. in the aontez' of the vill o.
The busincen life in conaontratod around ahegab Place. The
new district of Cireno is located on the Ain Rea Hill.
Cirono hap an administration building, a :pot office t, ci..'
tolegre~ph oxchn o, a bureau of agrioulture, a house of the Pasaio,
and a foroat guards hoadquarters. The anciont oxoavations of Oirone
are of world-wide renown. An office for acavations and and an
archaeological inntituto have boon eetabliehed.
Oirone is the center of a large-ecalo Italian colonization
program which it to promote cjrioulturo, plant troos, axed increase the
acreage of cultivated land oonetantly. The Italians arc being aettlod
eaot and wont .of Cirono. Stations for e:perimontal farming have boon
set up.
water.
The ancient Apollo:We11 still aupplios the city with excol~ont
Cirene io located iorr"he main highway, but has good
CO: s a1MJs U ~ 71C7 tLC1L~
connoctione with it.
Th? aroa surrounding the city is either fertile ooil or brush
land with the exception of some sectiona of unproductive lima soil.
6. Derua (Population 11,000) (Photograph No 61 through 63)
Dorna is a pleasant and, hospitable city located 16 motero above
sea level on both be,nkn of the Deena River, which cutri deeply through
the chain of hills behind the city. This hilly country changao abruptly
into a plateau, which is gonarally 260 moterss high and, rioac in places
up to 360 meters. This plateau protects D rn froi the hot wCutho
CONFIDENTIAL
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wino ao that the winta'a axe mi34 and the ewaror a moderato. The
coastal oroa ie 2 kilometers we. The oity ie located in a very
fei'tilo oaein with vogotablo garena and palm, banes, fig, ant other
fruit tree plantatione. The hoaeoa of the city, which are white, aro
~en?rally aurroundod by vineyaxda.
The Staliane have divided Dorn into the followiz four aectionat
a) B' Menaur, which is lOORted on the right bank of the Dorn
River trout t c harbor.
b)i a b la, which is looated on the left bank of the Derna
Riber. Adjoining - a to tho northwoot along tho coast are the
modorn ? e' diotricta with govar cnt buildings, a poct offico,
tho house of the Paacio, and hotaln. There arc now bathing oattbliah-
mento on the coast.
2Q
c) , Bilad., which ie tho old: Arab city * has a city hail,
narrow atreot crocoOd by arcades, and axoador over house entro.ncu.
d) . ai +c, which oxtendn wont of t Bilad. Tho now
nlaughterhoute is looatod in the northwont42i41
Palm trees, gardens, and small canaln, which arc often covorod
with clear water, bordoi the ntreet~ .
New market inntailationn are locatod in the center of the city.
A monque with 42 domes is one of the striking otructuro of
the city. ~'ortifioationo are located on both oid.oo of the mountain
pa. Dorna has a police ct~ution, military hOadquartara (barracks,)
a hospital with 90 beds, a naval radio otation at the harbor, a customs
hotitoe, and a health dapartmont. A ou!t1icient supply of good water is
available, which io not true of any other city on this coact. There
are cevor l water recervoiro with pi-ie lines and. a large irrigation
f3ystom. Derry is ?- equitibnd with eloctricity.
The harbor is protcctod by two moloc, often oilted by aand.
and sea-woodo and is only navigable by ships with draught of lean than
five meter. At the pior, the draught of the ships cannot oxceed 3.6
meters. The landing place io not chelteroa.
(ONFIDEt.tTIAL
bC-
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a off' tho Coastal T v gation Qervioe look in or~a
Tho e P
ovor~r two wooke.
o is 1ooa.tod- at the entranao of tho harbor. A
A aoaplano bra
r ' icld 1e 1ooat?d 14 kilomo for o aouthoMt of ~rra.
military a1
an the ooadtal highway from Whioh a 1~ighway
nova is c J MM
into tho int ox iox to ~
brafehCA ofd' oouthoast of tho oity
he PoA ulation of Damn ongagoa in trade and hortlcultvro.
T?
U.flt
c~
Meet coneuJaor good' required rz'? imorted? Woolone, hidv, butter, p
cattle are c ported.
7. Gaon (Photograph No 24)
tuat?d 717 metcre above eea lovol on tho Jabal
pnxlaa iai
kilomotorLs from Tripoli, to which it is linked by an
Plateau, 90
oxcellont highway.
a modorn cantor of colonization in an area which wan
barian,
not song ago oocupiod by cavo dwo118re, is a cxoatian of Paeoiot Italy.
tr?ett~ and new buildinge occupied by oiCec for
It has beautiful e
atmintetration a?d colonization.
Garian hao a city hall, a houao of the Fancio, a poet office, a
catholic church, a m0eciu?, cchoole1anc1, electric facilities. A tx?e
rues y of importance and lame cxporir*ontel fioldt for
abl?
ru ooasidnz`
colonization ai'e located in Garian, water is supplied by wells.
The large shallow d?preoaion of Togz'inna+ Coverall with loecc -like
ickeana, in today a growing rogion of great irrrportance f or tobacco.
qu
to in the vicinity of Garian? In addition, local
olive trees prodomirra
condit ann are f avorable to the lantinb of fig uses and. grain.
farian i an important road junction. Roads branch off
s
Garian Jefron n the west and 14izda in tho south.
farther nouth inm to Gaxian fx'om ~. Tarcin.
A ca2?p.va1 road
amoxgency lancting field is located nnc Aaabaa?
o,tive district of Ga,rtan inclwdee Chicla and Asabaa.
The administr
The n mb?x of Italian oo3onists in tho area in not known.
CONFIDENTIAL
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Roma (popu1ation 2,5b3
Roma is 3,ooated on the spuru of tho Morghob Ri31e and is
otisrrounded by plateaus.
Its importanco io duo to the #'aot that the romaine of the awnciont
city of Loptis Minn, whioh is looatod 2 kilomotora oast of the
Lobda Va11oy Syotom, gttraot anr Vioitors~rar~ Remo is the
oonter of a 1azo oo1oni:ation area and tho again city oi' the district.
Italian colonieto aro boing oott1od auocoaafu.1y in tho hilly country
around: Home.
Homo in a boautifu1 city with parka and paps tree, new
govorrunont buildings, military buildings, a Ohnmbor of oommaroo and
Inc'ustry, a pout offioo with tolegraph faoilitios, hotcia, now markot
faoilitieo including a fish maxkot of oonaid?rab1e iaaportanoo, moaquoa,
and mia,ituu'y barracka. A fort is boat?d on the plateau oouthweat of
tho city.
Oisterno supptiy the city with wator w1tch muat be used
oparingly. Homo hoe o1ectricity.
Homu ie an important cantor of the esparto grass industry and
a~
has daily bus connoctions with Tripoli, Miourata, and ~Gusb,t.
Tho harbor of Homo is protoct?d by a mole 300 motors 1ox,ut
is navigable only by uz all shipos Tho bottom of the anchorage its rocky.
Ships of the Ooaotal Navigation Sarvico dock in Honts every two week.
9. Miaurata (Population in 1936, 9,000)
Misurata is, after Tripoli, tho most important city of
Tripolitania, becauao it is e, large nw,rkat, a lively trade cantor, and -L
coat of the General 0ommiar~eriat of tho District of Misurata. It is
1ocato~6 meters above sea level on the eoe,sta1 highway and is
surrouMedd by a fertile oasis.
Mieurata and the harbor o? Misurata Marina, which is located
10 1cilotaeters east of the city proper, form one community.
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CONfID~~'T' ~?~-
The appoaranoe of this beautiful old city was m.rkadiy
improved. reoant1y. 5tootc, builds a~ and wet@r supply and aanit ry
installations wore improved. The old moaquo was repairod. New
ats'eete, public and adrninistrative buildin~e, eohoola, markot
fe ilit oo, and a Christian oemetery wore bunt. A saw a uaduot
makes the diatrib ion of water poseib1o through public wells.
The main atroot is the Oorso Vittorio ~manuolo XII whioh runs
from wont to asst into the markot place, where the poet office with
telegraph and tolephono facilities is looatod. A oivilian hospital
is located in the northern part of the city. Tharp ere aleo a
military club aanct a motion picture thoator. Misurata has elootrioal
and radio facilities.
A~roa.d ~'oirt loads to Misurctta Marina. Thie small harbor
is protoctad by the low, roo r poninoula of Aso Zarrugh and is navigab1o
only by small chips. Tho anahorage is candy and rocky and offor`'11tt1o
protection. Ships of tho Coastal Navigation Service dock hero.
Mieurata Marina has only ono important atreot on which the
moat important bui1cliz, arc located. A well yioldixig non ?dri]cing
water is located 150 meters from the coast.
There is an emergency landing field, but no regular air service.
Misurata imports flour, barley, toa, coffee, sugax and cotton
fabrics; it exports dues, woolen fabrics, and rugs. Wooven woolen
goods and rugs are the chief products brought to thr~ marls~t of Misurata
although the grain, fish, and oil markoto are also important. In
addition, there is some trading in cattle.
A secondary highway leads from Miaurata to the interior of
B. Duf'an, whero it branches off to Sedada in the south and to Beni
U1i1?5cemech in the southwest.
SA r~ar~
10. a' 1!.ii r-
Sabratba is locatod on the coastal toad and railroad line from
Tripoli to Zuara,; it hag a xailroad. station.
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8abrat ' c arohi&tolo~ioal disaoveriec make this dace the moot
j1wortant exahseolo~ioal city in Libya after Leptia Mama. The
Arohaoolo&ioal Fheoum is of goat intoroat. The ruins of an
mphithoater aro looted the ride of a hill.
Modern 8 brat is a ti?hin~ villa~o (tw a fish f ishinc).
It has a post office with tolc vapb u t telephone faoilitioa
.nd newly built public buidia. The atroota arro bordored by
cyDroaaea. Locinkin~ water is available.
Shipo 100 ~roaa tons otn dock in tho ?mall bay of Mara.
Sabrat.
11. Tobruk (Poraulation 4,130)
Tobruk is located 30 motors obovo yea lovol on the aouthorn
coat of a cmmll poninaula which ,orojootc into tho ooa toward tho oast
tend thereby prnvidoo excellont protoction for tho harbor. Tobruk is
the main city in MarrnaThi and an importarit rmval bc~ae. It is evenly
constrUetod and almost oompletoly built bp Italians. The modorn city
walla extend to the haxrbor. The main atreot io Via Roma with the moat
notoworthy buoinot~a oatabliahmonto. Beautiful boa dwalka along the
ahoro were congtructod recently. Tobrul: hao a city hall, a pocst office
with tolo~raph facilitioo, ochoolo, a collego, a hoopital, a now
co,tholic church, bathing aottib34nkunontl~, pucka, and a c1au~htorhoude.
Tobruk bas a 1t~rge fresh water ciatern. The low quality of
the water yielded by the old inatallo,tionu io mndo dxinkable through a
ehamical prococo. The water, howovor, rmtiot be used sparingly. Some
walla yield brackish water.
Tho natural harbor of Tobruk, which in ahelterod from the wind,
is the beat in Cyrenaica; it to 3.8 kilometer>i 1on, 1.6 kilometers
wid,o, 2 meteor deep in tho conter~ and. 10 motero at a distance of one
kilometer from trio ohore. The /Wading places are nlco tirotectod. The
brarbor ho three moleo and to uoad primarily ad a navel baeo. It to
eciuippod with a coaotal to oto,tion and a somaphoro. Shire of the
f#1-IPH' wi r' .
%iiriii 1r
lIPd.7O.N
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CONFIDEtITI At
Ooaotal }Tavi~ation Sorviao dock ~Qre evoi'y two wooka. A military
soaplano baao io looatad in tho southern part of the atty.
A military airfiuld is loaatod in the northoastorn it of the
city with two taro fool tanko and radio c nd motoorolo ioal oorvioe.
Ariothor military airf io1d is locatod. ate Ad`m, ~o kilomotcr a south
of Tobz'uc.
Tho population ova oo in tradii on a oma11 Esoalo.
12. To1me to
Tolmota to a villa o with a population of 400 tho majority o f~'m.
1
moe1om5 It i 1ooafod o o
n a m11 pro
a montory in the lowlata, at
o
the foot of a chain of hi11a eloping toward tho boa. Tho we11-ps'ooorvod
ruinb of tho ancient city of Ptolomaia m,ko thin vi11n o important.
Tolmata ho a goat offico with toloraph and telephone
facilition, a milit ry headquartora, a customs houao,ant foal dopota.
, Tho villt:t c ie aupplied. with drinking water by draw wo11n.
The ooact is protoctcd by a number of sandy aliffe. A ama11
bay with a wooden pion for oailin vaasolo and bargen is looatod
between thono cliffs. The anchora~o is unrotcctcd. Shi o of the
Coastal Navigation Service clock hone every two woolco.
13. Tripoli (Photo r ph Nos 10 through 12)
Tripoli is the capital, the renidunco of the governor Gonoral,
and the contar of political and economic activity of Libya. Ito 1936
population of 102,728 included. 36,610 Italians. Tho "Old. City",
which is located on a peninsula, is inhabit?d by nativee and a.uxroun,dact
by a city wall. It has not yet lost its old oriental character. The
"Old City"Sin sharp contract to the modern "Now City" in the south and
~
ootititheaet1 which was built by notable architects, The I)ublic buildin~e
anct apartment houoo a are imps nd ivo and very raoclarn. Tho Turkish
oat 1e, which is occupied by the Oovernor and. the Secrotary C.eneral of
Libya, ie located in the eaoternmost section of the ~'01d City." The
wall of the "Old. City" was torn clown in tho vicinity of the castle to
make xooca for modern streets. The Piazza d,tItalia is the cantor of
the city from whom large otrenta br nch off. ~eatttiful parks with
(ONF4E)4T1AL
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CONFIDENTIAL
pa1u1 treed and boardwalk 1ino4 by ni2'ioon'b buildi a to to a
~ o tod
. along tho chore. The now palaao o~ tho Oovo~'nor Gonoi'e. at th
0
aoutheaetarn end of the Ooroo Vittorio 3m1nualo io a notoworth w
~ ork
of arohitoaturo. it i~ eurrou.n od b boautitu1 Cardono.
The O%t ltaliau sit
y into the Oaaia of Tripod
toward the south and particularly toward the at, This cit ire
y alno
surrounded by a city wa11 whioh, however, leaven room for further
developments
Aa a modern oapita1, Tripoli lea in ny public bui1din~o,
schools, baba, hoto1 and various Turopean ooasulatvs. A now
oathocral with a 60 motor high bo1ft'y, a thoater a m
~ otion picture
theater, a pout offico with te1e tph and to1ophono faoilitjoo
,and
otho:' aub1io buildin~a are looatoci on tho Oo Sao Vittorio mmanuolo
Tho hospitals axo of the Auropoan type.
Tripoli has an arohaoo1o coal mu~oum and a motooro1o joO,1
obnorvi tory.
A power plant ounplica tho city with oloctxio current.
The city is nuffioiontly nupplied with gooc1 water. A
comp1cte1y now and largo titator supply inato.11ation with two iar o
ronorvoira hao been built. One roaorvoir is 1ooa,toci in tho vicinity
of tho monumont to tho war ctoad which io locatod at the hi hest point
of the city and iw visible from afar. Tho wator distribution network
nupplioa Tripoli with 11,000 cubic metozin of water pox day. The n
hen an 60 ton tank-chip. The port piers aro equip od with water
p pipes.
The harbor of Tripoli to located along the ahore of the "Old
City" and in aholterect frt~m the wind by two moles. Tho depth of the
inlet in nine meters, that of the centor of the harbor 6 to 7 m
store
h&t of the ro&datead in 22 to 30 meters. A aoctian of the harbor
is aged an a, naval bane. The harbor has a railroad aiding, a ship
repair yax;a, a radio station, r nd a health depai tmr;nt with a quarantine
atation~ Modern warehouac~n with a total capacity of 25,000 to
sg n are
located, behind the Omni Pier. A grain elevator with a capacity of
40,000 tone in located in the/x rt1~at~tern_coxner a ~ to pier. A Tel
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(ONFIDENTIAL
du-ip looabod an tha eouth bier of tha tlael mole axu1. two
other A. do~otsn'~n tk~e oaa~e aaubh off' tha city.
Tho rbor hunciloe a ooaaidornb1o smouat of steamship tratt'io
ao woll ~o ooaabRi trat~io. Thora is a aclmno b o in the waetern
o06ti, On of to )1arbor.
Tho airi'iald of Mianini, at they (salt-pit), to looatod
10 kilomotora oast of Tripoli r n4 one kilomotor south of tho lose ooaet.
Tho nirfio1d, bns road ana rai1rond oonnectionn via brnnoh linos oi'
the Tripoli-Tagiura railroad. and h&u U.oa civilian nsx wall ao
rn.11itaxy traffio. A aooonc~ airfi@34 Down ao Enon Rea anon is under
oonatraction nonr Cnatal Bonito, 23 kilometers south of Tripoli. It
is oonnocted with Tripoli by road.
Shod;, underground i'uo1 tanks, win nation ctopoto with ancrobo
covoriTk, milittury barraclco, workahopo, and a powox plant i re occ tc~d
in Tripoli.
Thorc aro rai1roac1. connoctiono with Zuara,, Taiura, and ac~xian.
Ono railroad station ire located in the ootuthoaatern, another ithe
nouthwoatnrn aoction of the city.
Tho Piazza Italia is tha atarting point of numoroua local and
out-of.-town bus lines. Good coastal roarla load to Garian and Tarhuxm.
Tripoli's handicraft products include csilk, wool, anc cotton
fabrics. GO1d and silvorware are aloo produced. Industrial onterpriaea
include mills, tobacco f&actorioo, broworiaa, tannerioa, and construction
firma. Cattle, eggs, @sparto graaao, epongoo, canned. tuna fish, and.
skins are expox'tad. Pabrica, flour, wino, rau~ar, tea, rico, metal, and
pottory aro importod.
The lowlands in the v~ainity of Tripoli are barren and sandy
in the woat, but have palm txeei and gardens in the east and couth.
Italian co1onista ,ire being s7ett1oc~ hero )and the oasis is constantly
?xp&Mi .
mA ~, "/iN
The Wadieachna the soacoast east of the city.
CO1b1TIAL
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(ONFIDEM
A chain 4f dunoc 40 kt m~tere long and 16 kilometore wide
aur~oun1c tha oaaoo of Tripoli and Tiura.
14. Zliton (Population 4,000)
Zliten ie looatod more than 3 kilometers inland on the
Micurate'-TriPoli road. Thu Zliton Oaaia extends to the aecehoro ~r
, I the ho:bor of Ziiton Maria.
Zliten is a boautiful city ana is considered as the "Holy
City of TriPolitania~ boaauoo the tomb of a Moalom saint io 1ocatod
there. A bocutiful moequc boars tho saint 1 e neme.
The city io arruoundod by a wall which was r?oontly ir~roved
and ro~)aired. The city hall with a tower and, clock, a Poet office
with telegraph f toilitioe, a aavingc ban/:, a hoepita1, ochoole, hotols,
the district admiaiotrative building, office bui~dinga, apartmont
houeoo, mar3cot facilities, and a atock-yard wero built recontly.
New, wide atraoto asst auareo with pa1tu trooa coi p1?to the
ploaoant pictvxo of thin cityr.
Zliten ie a market of conoidor;b1e importance. It is en oil
4L1
produoi canter, h an impoxtrtnt cattle markot, and is l'iown the
typic.l inductriea of the natives (fabricc, raga, motel waro).
The city has a ouf icinnt aupply of good water anct a pipe line.
Zliten is also of importance to caravans. The caravan roacl to
3oni Ulid stamp here; in addition, tho 1iighway to B. ]hfan branchoa
off from the main road.
ri
41 ~} I j Gt' 1r'r.~.t~rr
w Carabinieri LItaltajo1tc7 barre,ckc ar? located on tho coacoact
at Zlitan Maxim, as well ac a small fort, a cuctomo honca, a.nd several
water recervoira from which good water is pumped to Zliten. An emergency
landing field is locatect between the harbor ani the city. The harbor ie
small and ita anchorage offers little protection. Arc eological
digcoveriea have been made nay Zliten.
15. Zuaxa (population 8,408)
znara is the first Libyan city along the aeaehore oast of the
Tun~cian border. It is a small city in the middle of a fertile oaaie
r
(OFDtNT1AL
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coRrtti AL
CONFIDENTIAL
which oxtoo 8 kilomotoro along tho ooaot, The oaeie oonoioto of
palm, olivo, and fruit trooaj vogotabloa and grams a'o ]o grown.
Zuara is notab1o booauAo it is the only 8orbor oity on the
African coast o ' the ditorranoan~
ITow buildings, a now mi'kot, military barraoko, and bueiaeia
ootablio ut~ woro r,oontly oonetruotod. The now poet office
building with tolograph and telephone f'aoilitioa ire looatod in the
main equaro. Tho govornmont buildi rs are looated in the Vittorio
E anuolo ZII Square.
Zuara aleo has variou? aohoola, a moteorological station,
a military hospital with 200 bode, aM a powor plant.
wolla supply the city with writer.
Zuara and Zuas'a Marina,, a harbor looatod oast of tho city
proper, form ono community. Hnlf-way botwoon Zuara and Zuara Marina
is th?Araiiroad station of tho Tripoli~Zuaro, railroad line.
Tho Earbor Office of Zuazra Marina in locatod on the small
rocky peninIula of Rao Giogghip. The harbor is neither aholtorod from
tho wind nor loop. The mob? in 200 mctera long.
Tho population of Zuara onagea, in addition to farm ng, in
fiahilsg, especially in apongo fihing.
The aoacoaot wont of Zucra is low, sandy, end in some placoa
oovorod with brush. In the et rise nand dunes, which the
terrain gradually beooinoa hilly.
Z'aara iris located on tho coastal road. Other roads branch off
.H /
from here to Aasa on the Tun Asian border and to the oaaea o?" the
Jabal in the south.
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C0t4FIDEt%TIAI.
peaeEesl nomad (Litornne~a)
Tho Ooantal Arad ie a wide highway of ooneiderablo military
importnnoe, It wan opened to traffic in 1937 and follows the Libyan
Bent comet f'or more than 1,800 kilomotore, except in Oyrenaioa where,
from Toorn to nerna, it rune over the Jaba1 Aohdar plateau,
The Road oomprt es a level and fully anphnlted roadway, 6 metorn
`ride, and two lateral footpaths one meter in width The roadway in
f
composed of 1~yers of lime gravel oovered with asphalt, At rogular
intervale ire found the houeee of road eupervisors which offer fsOilities
for motor vehicle repairs,
The following is a detailed description of the Road;
0 km Tunisian border, From the border to eu' l1 M fti
the Road follows a narrow strip of land, btr~1y one kilo.
meter wide, flanked by a salt pit and the,~ea; then it leads
through a plain burins steppe vegetation,
S ig iM~~M
21 km eu 1Is (Pisida) . Artesian well (40 cubic meters of brackish
water per hour) and an ordinary well (1,000 liters of brackish
water per hour),
The Road follows a completely level stretch of terrain
between lagoons on the left and colt pits on the right; swamps
23 km along the road during the winter , Grove of palmtrees.
28 km Airfield,
39 1an Zelten .. Numerous wells, partly obstructed; two of them supply
8 cubic meters of drinking water per hour; the others yield brackish
wator,
41 km Road eupervisorls house- well yielding drinking water.
68 km Basics Amer R~ -
en Milad two walle yielding 1,000 cubic meters
of drinking water per hour, The Road passes coastal dunes and a lagoon,
A ,' 4".1 q0
I I4trftD
CONF6E14UR I
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RESTI (UIEu
162 km Oarparosa? in the vicinity of Tripoli the Road is !leaked
by Auetraltan aoaoias, tamarind., and eucal~rptu. trees.
n1 r-v+
l A
The Road orosaoe tho dry wadi of and the railroad lino;
then it orators Tripoli via the Corso Sicilia.
170 km Tripoli has several wells drilled by the natives. The pity'.
water supply is assured by the agueduot of Mellaha and the
new communal aqueduct of 8u . The apring of Fort Ratde
is connected with the 8u a agaeduct and is fed by two
artesian wells looatod at the Gate of Air Zara, each of which
yields 200 cubic meters per hour. The water, after having
been purified, is piped into a euspendedd tank at Dahzra in the
highest eeotion of the ousts, which ie the dietributing point.
S-! p 4.7yM'$N. s' 'i1
176 km Iiii er - #Iw * Spring: artesian we11 ,yielding 400
cubic meters of drinking; water per hour
178.6 km The Pietro Manzini Air ort is paeeed on the right of the road.
Nl#?LL.# W#
181 lan Pawing the ~Ii Sn1t Pit on the right the rood oroseee
the connecting onnal to the sea; on the left, coastal dunes.
The Road 1eade over a depression.
188 km Tagiura - drinking writer; rrte?tn well (260 cubic meters per
hour), and ordinary well (200 liters per hour).
The Road orosses the railroad tracks and meets the road coming
from Tripoli via ?ornnci.
Flanked by euoalyptue trees, the Road turne towards the sea;
on the right, ema11 hills under forestation.
On the right extends the fertile region of Sbabil with drinking
water: wells (200 liters per hour), eprin (200 liters per hour).
Beyond this point the steppe gradtua11r becomes barren and soon
fo11owe an extended area of dune9 bearing , in places, vegetar
Lion consisting of aoaoiae, tamarinds, and even .tone-pines.
t-qb~-CONFIDENTIAL
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?ir
(ONADENT! A I
232 km atone bridge over the Wadi ? Re-m1; On the far aide the Road
oircumvents the dune ro,Sion which is followed by small yoga-
tat ion-besr ins one es
230 km Stone bridge over the Wadi el Mid,
231.? Guar Gorabulli (olevation 42 motor');' drinking wntar, artostftn
well (360 eubio matara per hour), a group of artesian we11s (6Q0
cubic meters per hour) , and a group of ordinary wells (200 liters
per hour).
240 1cm Stone bridge over the Wadi Turdjurt.
246 km Garr Ohiar (elevation 133 maters); drinking water; wall(1?,000
liters per hour). The road crosses a plain which is covered with
rather dense growths of olive trees, fig trees, palm trees, and
vine.
254 km Littoriano. The Road leads over a aeries of wads arid siproaahes
the eea.
266 km i~ an..Negazza - drinking water; well (200 liters per hour)
The Road winds through the knolls of Ohiogran, with eleva'.
tions of more than 160 meters, then crosses a series of smooth hills bearing
palm trees and thiok-leaved olive trees.
282 km Junotirn to Tarhuna; on the left, the tort Italia on the Merghet
Sill (elevation 180 meters). Here the Road reaches the sea.
290 km Horns - surrounded by palm and olive trues; drinking water; er-
teatan well (over 1,000 liters per hour), a group of artesian
wells (over 1,000 liters per hour) , ,end a group of ordinary
wells (over 1,000 liters per hour).
293 km Leaving the ruins of Leptia Magna behind on the left, the Road
leads into the Oasis of as Sah~pl, 1? kilometers long and 3
kilometers wide, covering an area of 2,600 hectares and com-
prising 190,000 palm trees. At the edge of the palm grove
the Road leads across the wadi Kaam and crosses a steppe where
~rowgroups .of trees.r
(9NFIDEPIIIAL
Y~
t
:j: . IF. **
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
(ONFIDENT'.. t
The Road bade into the Zliten Oaeia f'orcaad by palm grouse
and olive tree lantntione eeprt ed by of ?arine thero are 200,000
p
palm tree.m H/,~-
Junotioa of ooravan road to ; drinktag water; a group
321
of we11e (1,000 liter. par hour).
n . t the heart of the oasis -population 4000; center of
327 km Z1ite
ail produationdrinking water; a group of wells (more than 1,000
~
liters per ur) N
. drinking water; well (200 liters per hour).
332 km
362 km Garibaldi ? a village of oolonisto; drinking water; two arteoian
wells (1,000 1iterr and 200 liters per hour respootively; or-
~ wells. The quantity of water avoilable totals 960 oubio
dincry
metore per hour.
391 km Misuretc . population 6,000 (34,866 in the entire oasis); water
resources of the Mieurata. Oasis; 100 small we11e.
In the west, two nrteeian wells (each yielding; 600 oubio metes
per hour), and the ordinary we11 of 7~aniet~at-Mahd~~ub (200 liters per
hoar).
In the east, two artesian we11e (200 and 60 cubic maters per
hour respective/) anc1 a eeriee of ordinary we11s yielding 1000 cu-
bic meters per hoar respectively) and a eerie. of ordinary we11s
yielding; 1000 cubic motern par hour.
A motor route 48 kilometers long etarts at Misurata, and meete
the Coastal Road at marker 423. This branch road connects the three
a and Taaogrt, products of co1onize.tion--
villFtgee of Cri9p/)4iod ,
(a) Orispi- drinking water; ten ! ~ eeiAt~~;wells ytelaing
P a totc-1 of 3,000 cubic meters; (b) Gioda drinking water; four
1 artesian we11e with a toted yield of 1,200 cubic meters;
(OP1iFfj'jt
'-O
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(d)
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
OC~Ynfc ~?~
CONFIDENTIAL
(0) Tauroga . drinking wator; arteeinr~ we11a yielding t total of
300 cubic meters.
The Road arossea a monotonous atoppe whioh is completely level
and used re a sheep Pasture.
403 km Pirat road supervisor's houso (Casa Oantoniera) on to
Sirte surroundld by palm.treee.
AMA
412 1cm iii . deep well; abundant water.
.
11?
423 1i eranah of the rnotor route to Tau 6a (10 kilometers).
425 1oa Seoond road supervioor's house, well with slightly
salty water.
431 km Reinforced oonorete bridge across the Wadi Sof eggin
with throe spans of 192 meters; barley fields in the wadi.
The Road makes c~ detour of 7 kilometers in order to avoid the
swampy zone of the Sibkha at TRUE ~a
446 km On the right, branch road to Run.
The Road goes etraight ae far ae the Wadi G rgur; beyond the wadi
is a monotonous steppe with few trees,
471 km Bridge aoroso the Wadi
476 km Third road supervieor1s house.
497 km On the right, branch road to the Pezsan,
The Road croeees stony, level terrain bearing; bush vegetir-
Lion,
2 rn4
616 km Road. oroeees the Wadi IIuuaisr; dam. Good clear water in the vioin,.
s Isri~
ity of Bir fem.
627 km Tm4d1 gas an - road eupervinor' e house. Well with abundant
good water. The Road, flanked on the left by a eerier of
dune; runs etraight over monotonous terrain.
605 km Bir Bu ~jarada - last road supervieor'e house west of the Sirte
614 km Bir Bu Retma. The Road oroegee donee.
634 km Sirte - population ",600. Leaving the airfield behind on the
right, the Coastal Road leads through flat terrain covered with
CONFIDENTIAL
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'ftf
(014F1 DENTIAL
674 km Road suporvisor's house with wator supply from we11 at
?A$ Sultan (20 kilometers away), The terrain is rolling
and gradually ohanRee into grasi; land,
680 km Reint'raod annorote bridge aarooe the wadi Xenon; five P.
motor a~fa, Thu Road auproaahos the series of dunes on the coast,
694 km As Sultan ? a small oasis surrounded by duxes; wells `nd emer-
genoy landing field.
The Road leads through an rtren covered with esprtirto grasr and
bushes; on t };e 1ef`t is the 84bkha ac Sultan Lcoon into which flow the
aI
A~'~ Wf!
' Amra and - Wadis, which are spanned by roinforced conorote
bridges,
724 km Rorid supervioor! a house with a large oistern= freoh water from
the well of Sir Aoka (3 kilometers distant, on the ooast).
0~-
The Road orooses the Ahmar River over a arnorete bridge
with five 7-meter pane.
The road at this point leads over a dRm into uneven terrain. Nu.
merous wndis form c?astral legoons and feed a series of fresh-water
wells.
760 km Road supervisor's house, Bridge across the wadi ben Gauad with
26-meter epee/.
823 km Road supervisors house,
839 km Aroh of Triumph of Philenes, built in 1937. The road onntin.
ues strAight over flat terrain,
877 km Road supervisor' a house - restaurant, motor fuel s~ipply. The
Road orosseo a region of small hills which cut off the lagoon
of the faxtlleet section of the Sirte, and skirts the wells
o Bu and $u r L.
G
917 km Agheila - 'Red,io station; emergency lending field;, starting
point of the road to Kufra;
CONFIDENTIALM,flw-
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
M/wHIP/1u $
949 km Sidi 1 1 i~ The Road 1eadQ through rollin
sa.bl ~~~-
Lorrain with eovexal The E2.1m of Corn o1 Melah ara
located to th? loft,
961 km Rand r1Lpervi.orI a houe? - brnnoh road to 3rega Melelli (1,100 kilo.
meters) ; abundant water; gra?etng land.
t,00d km Masten !abilba - we11e; drinking; water The Road oroeeee hi11y
terrain
1,023 km Road supervi.or~. house. The Road proceed. on grid and rookq
terrain bearing sparse vegetation,
1,034 km Agedabia (600 inhabitants) is the starting point of the
most oormonly used road in Ruf ra; water. The Road oroeeee
a deeert steppe and skirts the fortif ioatione of Tilgher, Rorai,
and Peseana.
1,062 km Branoh road to 2uetina (8 kilomotere, abundant good water just
below, the ourfao~. The Road prooeede along the ooaetal donee.
ZiL,,Y1',9r Ai' ~NAxA~
1,091 km The road entere n etenpe zone,
1,122 km Paneinp; the we le of Geer And Trab,
,HNI/JP 1-
1,128 km Sidi Magnin; large Roman well yielding; 8ma11 amounts
yp
of drinking water; cistern of. w Lei.
1,138 km Intereection; left to Onrcura (ealt pits), right in the direc-
tion of 9oluch ( motor route).
1,161 Ian Gheminee - Plentiful, slightly brackish water suitable for
drinking, numerous gardens producing melons, datee, tabl?
grapes. On the right, motor route branches off to Soluch
(22 kin).
1,171 km Bu Lghima 2 kilometere to the right of the Road is a well
yielding drinking water,
1,200 km Branch road on the right to the Guarecia Oaeie (3 km).
1,203 km Bengaei, In Bengt ei the Road (first asphalted, then gravel,
?. 11ny/
without foundation) branches off to Barce via T.. It
leads through the ae Sa ri Palm Grove (group of wells) on the
dew AS:.A l A MA_fJ
left, and the 1j LagoOI on the right; then rune
. . CONTIAL . . .
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CONFIDENTIAL
ESiB1
ough to steppe. lts 'nu'eo to etvight up to the
I. Ooefia Penal colony (wet with braokieh wator).
t,3 1 Sidi Chnlifa -road supervisor+a houee. The road rune
on a straight line through a limoetone plain which bears
aoaparatively groon paetureo.
1,239 km prism - Nell (braokieh water), The Road leads taro gh
slightly rolling etep~aeland. 1 z
1,247 km Tantoluoh - well! The road skirts the
1,548 km Well -2 1ci1omotere from the Ron.
$t? $dN1
1,255 1cm -rood eupervieor'e house; well (braokieh water).
1,272 km Tocra - drinking water; motor fuel depot,
Beyond Toora the Rond leaver the coast and begins to climb
ffr4DA1
the firet gradient of the Jaba1~ over a winding route
through the Wadi Bakur Gorge.
1,280 km Geesa (elevation 307 meters), ddrinlring water; Baaur
fortif toationa. The road reacher this point within one
gradient,
1,266 km Wall-type bridge &Croar the Um el Amain Wadi
1,287 km Fortifioatione of Bu G9eir (elevation 374 motera).
1,268 km- Junction of the motor routes to the colonial villages of
Baracca and
Preliminary terminal of the aqueduct originating at Ain Mar.
1,306 km Baroe - water of the An Mara aqueduct.
Branoh roado to Bongaei via el Abiar and Giovanni
1,315 km Sidi Rahuma - junction of road to Tolemaide (Toimeta),-
drinking water.
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Colonial ville,ge of Modalenna.
The Road continue in an easterly direction, skirting the
rocky hill ofAuelia (elev 330 meters) on the right and
running along the foot of the eeoondd gradient of th abal
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
~ d bf?
, It onters a dore surrounded by the Mboiohia (olov
J(4 w,r
614 meters) and the Sultana (e1ev 609 meters) . In a gredt~o~l
ascont tt reaehee tho eu Gr Plaine which extend for over two kilo.
u et ax's.
Oo1on1e1 village of D'M nuneio.
T. Road rises over knolls baaring bramble vegetation to en eleva~
bAr! ~
tion o 483 meters; then it elopes downward to Garib.
1,346 tan WGortbJI.Gv(tt0fl 387 meters) - 6rinkin, water.
Aotweon U Oarib and Air M'Tauaz the Road crones several
small wadie which oonvorge and form the es 8ellum Walt.
The Road enters the vellsy of the Ohehemi wadi whioh is oovorod
with dense brueh-wood inclining iuniper buehee~mastte treee, and rather
dense strawberry trees.
1,363 km Air M~Pat3I (elevation 449 meters)- Orossroacta; on the left,
qJ. ~y
road to Go.or of ; on the right, oaravan road to Maraua.
1,383 kin Gasr Beni Odeon.
The Road enters the valley of the Ash Ghiahriz Wadi whioh
Ct~~ ~d F
Joine other wadig and forms the _Wadi; the valleye,
sunken into limestone-like depreesiona, a e wooded.
The Road elopan downward, orooees the Wadi over a re-
inforced concrete bridge, then rieea gradually through a grove of oarobe,
-r e
strawberry and green oaks; it reaches the ple.teau at the marker
~~~IA h h
606 in Sidi a lateral valley
$L Wp y/D
l,3c)l km Sidi Abdo, the beet geographically located ro~ion in
Oyrenaica, with nwneroun ~nringn and plentiful wild vegetation.
19yN ,'Is
1,397 km ld*IIjM - to the right of the Road is found the colonial village
of Luigi Razza, in n depreaston nurrounded by gardens with
many, water epring~; to the left there are quarries which
su,rply building material.
k
~ t
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 (ONF1DENTI AL
Z$H1)f.'
1,408 km ,and tho colonial vi11a o of 3eda 1
~ attar o, (slow
634 voters) , looatod on o~mparativol~- fertilo terrain.
Tho Road oroaaoo emiiJ,1 meadows and walleye whioh slope down-
ward from the plttoau to the Bret 6radiont; then leade throu6h tige
arl1Ppr Rt?JRMN
doproeaion of the~~~,~
1,423 km Junction of road to Oirone,
1,429 1 6tfinf - to the right of the Road, oietorn of Gas e1 8eilioh
with 19,000 cubic motern.
1,434 km Luigi di 8nooia, oolonial village ; drinking water,
The Road elopes downwnrd towards the east, leading throu6 h an
area bearing brueh.wood.
Tiflr
1,448.6 J qimi- pnmpinj; station and water reeervoir fed by
the Ain Mara-8araooa pipe line,
3,449 km Lamluda - junction with road to 8aroe via Slonta.
1,461 km Giovanni Rerta (El Gubba) (elevation 677 m) -oaionial village;
wa,t el' supply p1 ent if .l,
1,457 km Well of Siret 8ettamet; pumping station and water reeervoir
(capacity 1,040 cubic meters) fed by pipeline from Airy Mara
1,47 km Junction of road to Ain Mara, wh?re 6 important a ri s food, the
water pipeline which will supply 8engani (at present it terminates
in ~nraooa); excellent water,
The road risen over a small promontory and reaohes the edge
of the aGOOnd gradient of the plateau; then deacends to the
Got at Manair plain, ig 7 km long and a little over 1 km
wide from went to east; it ig bordered in the north by the
edge of the first gradient of the plateau and in the eouth
by the ff eld In the eastern neotion of the plain grow
Crean
c;Pprone./ At its farthest end (Got Djua, elevation 376 m the
road is hewn into rook and undorbuilt by supporting walls.
It runs down the elope grid daar.arde in g wiMir, course
toward Harris. (ONF1D.~pf[
r~ ~M i :
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
toward Demo.
1,603 km Dorm . (pop, 11,000) , in an oasis with palm, pomegranate
banana, fig, and orano traeat
1, 313 1 Tattoria la arotte - on the right branches off the motor
road to el Meohili.
The road, bypateee the Derna airport whioh is looatod to the
left.
1,629 km Branch road on the right to Martuba (3 km, distant springs,
with a pumping etation for the water pipeline from Bu Maneu', and a
radio etatinn),
1,531 km Maeonry brie over the Martuba Wt4i
Z6qwiy,,ir it ez4 1
1,666 k?
+~e M - er)rine;i, uumring station for the Derna-
Tobruk water pipeline, radio atation.
3
1,860 km
Junotion of road to"
w'fr
1
, 10 km distant,
1,680 km
Ain at Tmimi - epringe
1,683 km
Branch road on the right to El Mechili.
The road crosaee the Gsebeiat Wadi which f lows into a narrow
bay on the Gulf of Bombay
1,619 km Branch road on the left to IM (6 km distant with
potable water).
1,647 km Branoh road on the riglst to Acroma.
The road rune through monotonous terrain with sparse vagetatinn
to be found only around the numerous nomad cems.
1,678 km Tobruk - no potable water; until completion of the water
pipeline from Au Mansur three tank ships will bring water
from Taranto (Italy),
.
ly^^1 {R} ?r way r+y ~M yy^^^q^^^qP,.
^lTl~'
CONFIDENTIAL
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
(ONFP)FP')TAI
J
(a) Th& road aoro s s the Jabn1 Nef usa
~~M~y-4
-(8
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1 X789- 3ranoh road on the loft to 8t4t Mammut, on the rtght t the
. Adem airport (entirely aephal tod) and to Gtarabnb (motor
road) . Tho road rand cloee to the ecacoaet,
1-7e km The road prises the Rardia airport, on ita left and the
former caravan road to Amseat which branohee off to the
right.
1,7 6 km Road guard etatton .. junction of the asphnlted rond to 3ardia
(4 km distant with potable water and a radio station).
7MFA~ &AtTh)'fr
RoinTroed oonorete bridge over the and TLC
waddis.
1,800 km The branoh rond to 3ardia, which rwae along the ooaet, re-
joins the Ooaet~l. Road (Litoranea).
1,81 i Ridotta Oapusso (AtAeat)- potable water
1,819 km Egyptian border
1,836 km 9ollum (~ggyt~t) - potable water.
~- dp l 7~
from LfJTI lW to Oadnmee. It usually takes 4 to b days to cover this
Asphalt road from Tripoli to/r.1 " gravel road without foundation)
669 km road.
0 kin Tripol
The road rune at first para11e1 to the railroad line. tt
crosses a dune rogion bearing Australian acacias and poplars. Young
euoalyptus and cypress trees have been planted in the various land con-
cessions long the road.
13,N
21 km 8uani Adem ? potable water; spring (200 liters per hoar)
and well (1,000 1it ra per hour).
42 km Limestone hill ofd, on the Jafara plateau.
CONFIDENTIAL
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
CONFIDENTIAL
trees appear in inoreaaing numbers,
at? LYL/
83 1cm +U.. Well of the Sainte, 65 m deep, supplies plenty
of good water.
68 km The road croseee the S 1Lira Wadi. The area in covered with
alluvial gravel; vegetation thine ottt.
The road leads into the aura depression, which le bordered
by two spurs o* the Jabal, and reachen the high plateau of the Jabal
at an elevation of 230 meters above eea level.
GHYLF?PI
72 1cm Bu ~w (elevation 361 m) , potable water; epringe (l,o00
litere per hoar). The forest hrre been replenished with
pine, pistachio, oypreee, and loouet trees.
The road 8eoende then to the first gradient of the Jabal,
190 meters above the cepreoeion. Between Bu aheilnn and Garin
the road is dangerot~a to traffic in many plaooa.
This ie a 1e'rae oo1onieation oenter of the Jafara and as im?
portent road junotion, The road to )Talut, which rune along the toot
of the plateau, branohoa off hero. Tho population inoludeo 26,OAO
nativeo and 446 Italians. Potable waters well (1,000 liters per hour).
ai.z,Z,y
Boyond.TTT road rises. On the land oonooaeions ju~ubo
Vegetation begins jttst before the slope and includes predominantly
olive trees, though also fig trees, grapevinee, almond, and pomegranate
'geol.
The road leads past the voloanic peak of the Oaf Tecttt (elevation
724 in).
e2 km The road. deecenda slowly to the baein of the G~reem Wadi and
from there approaohe$ the second gradient of the plateau.
Slightly bolow the road lies the spring of Oaf Tobi which
yields good water.
88 km Gariara, 1oceted on the plateatt amidst olive Gnu ?'itree
plRntatidns and, cornfields, which appear lees froguently
CONRDEHTIAL r1
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CONF1DI!I M...
toward the south. Part of tho population dwells in aavee. South-
wont of Garin tho spring of tho Rucaa Wadi (good water).
97 km ' =potable rater; well (200 litorg per hour) d
ena11 oietorn. Junction of the road to the Psuaa. The
road oroesee undulating terrain where tree voaetation is
dense toward the odge of the plateau and several sources of
wadie whioh descend toward the Oran 8irte.
100 ]c The road crosses the plateaus of Djanduba and Aeaba where
mugwort, eeparto graee end tree grow.
The road enters the depression of the upper Rwmia Wadi.
There are email water ooursee in the wadi throughout the
year, which are oonneoted with the groundwater level feeding
the springy; of the Rumia. The reservoirs and water pipeline
of the Jafran are located in the vicinity.
Iii, - ICUM i yr9
162 tom - junotion of the road to the important city of
Jafran (10 km distant; (elevation 680 meters; populatio>>
7,700 nrtivee); power plctnt end oil mills.
VLiu.
The road bypasses the upper Wadi and leads into the steppe.
u w,lyrv l yr4
162 tan . - a group of wells and small springs with considerable
hourly yield.
170 km Junction of thg road to,.'r-Riaina (6 km distant) in the midst
of an olive grove. r.Riaina is located on the upper edge of
a slope. Below the village there is a spring with good and
sufficient water (1,000 liters per hour), a well (1,000
liter per hour), and a group o#' cisterns.
The road runs through a steppe where esparto grass is prevalent
and enters the olive grove ofA7?Zintan.
A f,5 ~ r~ru
(ONVtDtITI Al
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
183 km Junction of thtr read from 4wZtntan (3 1 diatant)9o3.1.
Ia .~Zintan a spring of potablo wator yieido 2OO liter. per hour.
The road oroeoee the undulating terrain of the oteppe,
whore ousteri of esparto graeo how, and bypnoeeo the upper A. r
Aodjoan WAdi.
To the right of the road is a oistorn
212 km Junotion of the road from Taredia (12 km) where are located
a group of .pring. (200 liter. per hour) and it well (2C()
liter. an hour.)
214 km Junotton of the road from Giado (1 km dietant) diado (e ovn-
tion 659 m) han n population of 1,160;;we11 (1,000 literi
per hour); spring in Zarga. Olive and fig tree, and grape-
vine cultivation.
218 kin Beyond the Oaeie of Giado the rond. followa a straight oourne
through the steppe. It rertiohes the A? Zr.+rgn 1radi and oroesee
a
the deaert-like region of Ar?Rehibat.
227 km Junction of road to el Oherba (16 km distant)
236 km To the left of the road io 8i1 rnb t1 the auxiliary airfield.
296 km As Sider Wacti, which is overgrown with Jujube ehrube.
251 km Umm Greb - ?pring (1,000 liter pr houur) anct well (2n0
liter per hour) . At left the oaravdn road from Sinauen,
278 km Junction of road to RBhighila (16 km dietant) via Merghes.
300 km Junction of road to Oabao (10 km dietant).
316 km. The road crosses the Oabao-Sinauen caravan road,
Shortly before the crowing on the right 2u Rebr ine appears;
well (200 liters per hour) anc1. reservoir.
346 km Junction of the caravan road to Sinauen;well (200 liters
per hour).
367 km Naliit- (eleve.tton GOO m) located in a deep, erosion-
. formed val.l ey; from afar it appeare a. a congl omerat ion of
rocks, Part of the population of 4,000 dwell in caves,
7, w
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
II EtTfli TED
CONFIDENTIAL
Availability of watery cistern (oapaoity 8OO aubto meter,);
G Qc ~yA1
sArin s, most notablo ttho,o of + T & 1i,e (720 liters pot' hour)
~~N
~Ad ::-: ;"nla (loo litors pr hour) ; two wells in tho vioinity 001?
tr ibut o to the wet or e~pply of Nalut.
The sptrin~a z' loontod wh@ro the yellow, gypsum4ike autrls
moot the 1itone terrain of Na1ut; 16 to 20 motor, below this
wntor level thero is a eooond sorioo of springs, probably fed by
RrN ~'_
the f irnt ono (o-ring of Sri ~tho1) and oorre,ponding to the tufa'.
oeous limostono stratum,
Auxiliary nirf told at the other and of Na1ut,
369 km Gubia - well (200 liters per hour),
T ho region assume, an inoreasingl?eteppe-like oharaot~r
(desort broom, German broom), The road orooeee the Oeroiuf Wadi,
473 km 8inauen(o1evation 490 meters - two emell eettlement~ located
at the end of a 1 h ` Potable water
, well (1,000 liters
per hour). 8raolcinh water; epringe (200 liters per hour),
well (100 1 ittre per hour),
The water in dietrubuted through oanci s,
488 Ian Well (200 liters par hour).
518 tan Chaamet an Noza; well,
5~O kin Bir Tifist well (1,000 liters per h(,ur) ;' water slightly
brackish, otherwise good. The rotc1 descends to a plateau
located between the slope of the Ramada am that of the Ten-
arut Wadi,
572 km Tgutta- (elevation 550 meters, radio station; meteorological
station, The oasis lies in an extensive depression where
malaria occurs,
675 km L berg- palm grove in the center of the Ghibla; potable water;
well (1,004 liters pera} two wells (200 liters per hour
1 ' Y
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aiititED
CONFIDPITI 411
eaoh) ; group of spr inks (200 litore per flour).
The road turns weetwnrd end enters the dtu elroa of Bab, an
extoneion of the 6outhorn Tunieit~n l'g.
The road oroseee the Aua1 wadi and then a high pleteau from
whnro the Ond~mea Oaeia ovn bo seen.
b8b km Matree - well (200 liters Baer hour).
6o3 km ~ograr - weld (200 liters of br+eokieh water par tour).
ski L
611 km Sir - well (200 lit?t'e per hour).
gag km Ot~damee (elevation 760 netore)- irrdgularly built town with
paved atreete.
The oasis covers 76 heotares, the eouthorn third of which is
only eparnely oustivated due to lack of water. A reeorvoir
was under conetruotion in 1936 to remedy thle situation.
Irrigation to provided by t e ? f ol1owinl$
R,,, F~
(1) the "mare npring" (T :L i , an e1d artesian
well which i p fed from a very deep groundwt~t er level. The
brao d. h but 1-oteb1 e water in gathered in n oquare basin
which io enclot?d by a wall ctnd a row of three (30 m long,
"0 m wide, 1 to 6 in deep). Pron here emanato three irrtga-
tion oranale.
(2) two natural d rings (Ta1a); their water in din-
tributed trough ema11 oanaln and, pumps.
(3) an arteeisn well which wan drilled in 1922 on the
edge of the oasis! It yields 120 cubic maters of water per
hour~maken ponnible the irrigation of 20 hectares. The water
in allotted to the nativee, who grow barley and palm three
with the obligation to plant a certain number of palm treoa
annually.
(b) The road along the foot of the Jabal N fuea. Thin road leads
t 4 `t"''C!'1l~IDENTIAL
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alone the Foot of the Jaba.1 and partia1~.y rap1ncea the roc d, above
deeoribed, short nin it b d?
g y 71. It s anph ited up to it 11J' o
8otwoon air and Nnlut , the nephrltin wne ota
t rt?d in 1939.
0 km - After croeeing the rai1ron~t 1i, the road,
f 3, *ed by 1i~nd oonoeeaions, rune strnight aouthweetwar
d, It rieoe
grAdfally to emn11, rooky hills (foothills of the Jabal nn
sUTAy~Anl ) ~ d reaohe~a
Bir?, a deep well, which given good water in ouffi
o i ont quant i ty,
The road Continuos through unduinting terrain berrin. t
e epee
Vegetation,
30 km Sir Mdnohem - well drilled into the rock; euffici
ant goad
water ( 200 liter per hour),
The road leads thr()tsgh t}ia plain of 0attie, which, with its
wheat and barley plantations, is th? richest region of the
Colony. Eir eoh Koheb - well on right of road yie1din euf-
g
ficieit but brnokieh water,
a!. r I M
4;! pir (elevation 178 moters.) Two we11s with b
rackieh
but p'tt b1o water, one of which yie1ct 1,0(1n liters per
hour.
The roe.d oroeoes a 1Ii11 range adjoining the Jabal; then con...
tinues fora distance of 6 or 7 km along the foot of the
Jai through an area with
saline Aoil enrl rich vcgetation,
102 km Gar el Hag.. potable water; springs (204 liter
per hour)
olaee to the edge of n wMi; well (200 liter per hoir
P ),
The road continues along the foot of the Jabal,
which here is cut by a number of deep va11oys, The
road
crosses these valleys which during the riathy season o,ro
filled with stagnant wc,ter,
i i & aw?~ .
II
f
,
4
aj rrrj
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122 kat Junatton of the road to Gtabo (ii km distant) ?
338 km eoe5otuch ? potable water; groin of aprtnge (204 lttere
p.? hour) ? The oaete off' ' Maetda wtth a lignite dopowtt to
located several hundred meters to the east.
Far a dietanoe of 24 km the road rune along t1 foot of the
Jabal through stony terrain with may ema11 eprtnge which
owe their ext'tenoe to inundations caused 'by the winter
raino
YN ~~. GNAT~~. hour)
16fl km *mii_ epxiuj (20C) liters per
The road oroenee the depreeoian of the Djaddu Wadi, eaeilY the
largest wndt in the nren.
Rye 52/A
166 km k . spring (200 liter per hour); important caravan
center,
162 km Junction of the road from Zuara
(OWFIDEHTIAi.
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r ..
Sir A hila - potable w& r s a group of we 110 (3, 000
CONFIDENTIAL
c41-
16 kn i ,,GiQeo -spring with pQttbie water, which becQrL eweanpy$
particularly in winter. One of the epringo yields 2,000
2ite'o per houra~d ie equipped with redalatin devices.
The road 1o13.ow0 the etecp elope of the Jabal.
19$ kin Ti~i - water (eiichtly 0u1phurio ); t group of wa1ia (1,000
liter per hour); eprin~ (J,000 liters per hour).
liters per hour). The road winds its way over c stoop
011opc to N dut.
23~ Ito Nat t - 357 km a~arl er on the Tripoli-GaUatr road.
3? North-South Tripoli-i~ruch-Tcu~~o rock/ iinkcd ??ith (3a) branch
roaiJ to ~ax'fL i (`Vibe ;ti )
The road branoh?o out iroa the Tripoli-Gadwnui road which
1o .din aorocu the plateau, tit Ru (97 km anarkr). From B
to izda it has dry artificial rolled ncan-s,ephaltecl founc1ation. From
~.1izda to -yurruch tha row! is goon and rests on natt.u.3. foundation; from
Chore , n it beconis a pod. rlirt t'o td
0 km Tripoli
2' yN~
97 km Bu lirt
The road descends toward the wadis which originate
in the Jabai. Ve;cts,tion thins out gre,dua11y. The
terrain is undulating, covered with brush and single
trey;s, and is reminiscent of the Jafara. Farther south
it is seri-desert.
liters
145 km Chaguig - water (not pntib1e ); well (2o0
per hour).
180 km !izda (elevation 52 meters) - potable water; a group of
. weiis -9M1din~ i,c litals der hour. 'be grater becnw s
brci.ckish when used frequently ~nd seams to diminish as a
result of heavy demand (garrison). 4Iindmi.ll available to
pump water. In 1937, attempts were made to drill in
CONFIDNTML
~96
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(OI4FIDE1IAI
3401 cr
artesian weld penetrated the cryot@J-ine )4iieetone end
greenish al~alk iyer~ down to 27 metere without etrikin~
aroundwator. The oaoie has about 2CC) 1J1J2o, but thin number
ie Cr~duI y deBre :in 4 there are no yount prim trsee. The
otoppa beam little veetaticn. it io dotted with piotahio
pi-ante which survive despite ire'.t duc.ae cued by nomads
and ca rav~ur1 o.
t~vr~tion 637 More) - main
l (?l
9
e6tti:?mo1rt o1' 1 he Ghibla, FOZ't 3ccar1, located ors a
ict~ unto, r 1oUo, towors bovo it. ha native village conoicta
og clay Mute covomd with font cloth/ and palm 1?av?a.
Thg ousie hac rnalL~ria contaminated o~jrinco rLn1 give
well? w11eh yield bracki Ph vat?r.
Thu ar;Llirait . of tho uoil fir itro plantin;~ Lo t1m try cu
1.,Gco), who&t, bor oe', nth rams ve etabias. Sanit:Lion
work rte ho crams Vitas been started.
'the road pa?uef, ~l1 tiuXilit 1Y r-ir'ickir! on its right
anal c roeseu n undu1at i w, out iii o rocs-y ~rirea devoid og
aril ve ntLt 4On.
380 1rm Bi.r Su Ohi1a - Amidst stoppe-iike pa,otures ; potable water;
43inn ;:_Iir;;r (rncih) d,tho nc iveo
wE? 1 40 ter, deep.
Gv
rw i - Lcattle. pot,ihie water corns fom1I S rju:iLT I1It?
Fuel d_wi,p, at xi:i iary cirgieid, radio station.
The road tuns south wd croesou the narrow vegetated
564 in
vi1e o a branch wadi of the Ghe T.n iiadi ( elevation 265 meters).
c t'-' II1 GA/V/ YYN
nir (elevation 430 meters) - water (brackish);
well 47 meters deep.
76 krt Bach elevation X65 inters) w population 73n; wells lacking
here but abound in the entire area of the Ash-Shiyati Nei.
ft/N /5 13ldPraH, ,)YN4I. ,~y1
Very important springs jIII-,, waghi rah,
jil~f~r
k ~- u
int n1 t for rri ~t ior1 t r o 1gh l 1rc
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CONFIDENTIAL
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
ey~tera of oLraie. he Q s ,e c~ae 17,000 in trees and 2C'
ar~ler~o with variouo p tatiQns. Oo,ttle 1'6 soy roo. Tharp
i s a t'1ie 1 d1.u1p.
A gavel ~'Aad runnini waetwac'd from roeh eonneote the
oases on the right of the Aeh-Zhiyati Wadi up to Idri.
'these orss lave btu'v1 mt ?{;nLe c.
the Iralih ~liaf enndf iu 1ct,
the road to ~?bl,a bypasese
Tho road rune in the A?h-Shiyati ~wadi s,t the foot of the
adient of the /o-6' J J tba,1.
lcm Junction with 'ot~d f'romMiaurnte (cea below).
'/9
Tho road cro?acs dritbinC dunes of the i uila nc a uirs.
lath?r Qteep descent to the Croir '~'Iadi (c nncwhat ifficult
L or c utorco'rr11c c ).
911 ~Qn Urnn~ ~Abid - Abuncl tnt rand oxcellor~t water; well 370 meters
distant. }\e1 dwrp, auxi1ia17 Airfield, radio station.
T1~c road turns southwestward through stony torran.
9eynnd SnrIU1u drifting dUncs hinder nutomobi1e trafS'lc.
knt 3ebha (o1 vation about 400 meters) - importcint t er,tcx' of the
1dc5
Fezzan; radio station, wells and windmills.
On a rocky hill .long the road iins L ort Elcr-n.1so
an airfiEIld.
Seven km north-northWust 1ius the lrc e A1-'G did oasis
wh:Lch ii 1ude~y Lhrec gro.x . of t1nt groves, the largest of
which his 1 ,000 halm trees and more thin 100 gardens
(well yielding sufficient water).
There are salt ntrshcs to the right of the Y=oad, rocky
desert with low brush to the left. Then foi1owti the terraced
a ~Q
edge of the Srir e' Gattust7. The road crosses a sni.1i wadi
and later runs through rocl~/ desert.
Bir el Feghar - a well at the beginning of the oasis of Goddua.
107
1071+ IQ's Goddua - several fresh water wel:Lsd
Thr~ road runs in the V'tadi aXi Nesciua,
(1DNTIAL
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(c*LcIDEM~';
1113 1w Tha road oroeese barren and
1147 lam Mur~uoh (elevation 391 Moro) - ontire1 r surrounded b r the
dunes of the Mur~uch Band deaort.
Airto1d d radio etation.
ta?t of )huruoh the dirt road to Huila preoente
dittio+Lltioe to tratSio in aeveral dune ~oneo. Then it
oontiruea for 125 km th 'ough a h da interw ~eraed with
windy otriiz~a.
1200 km Tratlhen (elovation 394 r etarw) - potable water; 130 wa11s
cncl ei.~, cringes
The oawie haw 60,000 pa]sm~and gardon?.
1236 ni Ur- Aran?b - jotabla wate 'a 36 wQ11o' 1G,OCt psi : t~'eee
1254 km Branch ro, d to i~a (24 i:m diatant), which hce c-bout 1CC
wolla yio1din brackiah water and 8mOC'O palm tree.
The sand ceo it c~itficult to reach 1-Gatrun.
1378 km /.rGatrun - in the crntor of tho ,di FLekma with 105 we112.
1457 km Tcgorhi (eievntion 5OC peters ) - ;-0 wells loccr~ed h< a depres-
sion at the edge of the itm1a Tegrhi. In the west and south
it is monncad by drifting duos,
Beyond Tegerhi the valley of the Nadi ii$kms, blend into
the dtitncs. The d.ir'. road turns e;istward and enters a rocky
desert.
151 kin Al Ui.rh ai~Ch?bir - 1ocM ed n cry extensive depression 5.n
whi.ci- pastur'e 1~.nd with dwar 1ia1iTic id bitth are widespread.
There are seven rolls` yieldiri fresh water throughout
the y ar? The road. runs over undulnting a,nd solid terrain
thi'nugh tt valley with stoc p walls (autoi?obilQs ca,n proceed
only at inndgr:tte speed). The dirt road becomes better after
crossing the Tropic of Cancer. It is flanked by about tan
paraiie1 footpaths. The roc4 crosses the 'ddadi a1 Agaba in a
gravai decert,
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
The plateau-lilac Ioi~te o `hc;to to oven r the
hori~pn, The dirt rQad ).eade rr ~~d r Izto t vil?
(Chormot Trio) an. follows tho bottoc aD the wadi, which ie
buriod under inie of rook nd ie eurmountad by the eteep
gope of a 3,er'e nih platoau.
1717 ' Sir liar cr Tww o - intportant watorin point on the road
to he Chad (1ronoh quator~ial Africa ) ' five emrtll we lie
which are located in A. a itT.1 votto ix or~n ~o toed only with
difficulty ~auc to the narrow entritnoo which ioade obliquoly
inty the rock, Their total ca,city ie only 1 cubic metere.
The dirt roa i i;rooea~-la oouthward along the olt caravan road
via Bile to the Chad,
a) Branch road to ardai (Tibeoti)
Caravc,n road 1,000 !,m lor'r~,
0 kin urzuch (oiov ti,on 395 mot?rs)
372 km Al vi~h al-Choir - well. From hore the rocui tune
couthaastwtird directl~-:ntC~ the'csart~
620 krn Aui - well,
637 km Thd road crosses the ' i di Arrachio.
712 km Uolosscna (o1.vation 800 tnetera) - a valley depression in
the northetn Tibosti, opentn~ to the north; severxrl wtdie
join here corning from the northern alopc of tha Tibesti; well.
The caravan road continuos in the ~Yadi 3urdn3he.
82 km Guesso - the e~ara.v to roar, enters the vaUey of Zwnmeri.
1000 km 3c,rclai (olevation 93u meters)
4. The North-South Misurata-Jun-Sebha link with (4a ) 3ranch road
to Jebbi 13u (Tibesti),
The first 116 kilometers follow the coaotal roads import,nt
traffic artery between the Mediterranean, the oases of the Giofra, and
the center of the Fezan. Level terrain up to Su Ngem, rough up to Hun,
Spw1t4
and` gravelly desert in the Jabal
(ONRDErnAI
/d0
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 CONFIDENTIAL
0 km Miourata - from Miaurata to km 12,6 n rker cr. oaetal
load (Litorm).
65 Branch road to Tort.
116 km The r x i bchee off the Cot. Road ancr1 croaaaa a
level and rooky terrain with brush vo8etation.
128 knt 1 Gheddahia - water medioore; 20 metero doop well. Radio station.
The road croaaes the Zemzam ~Yndi and other wadis oS
tho steppe which precedee tho desert.
230 km Bu Nom (Jalevation 125 rnetero) - this oasis has only 150
palms anti about twenty well 5 to 1O0 netera deep, only
three of which yie1e clear water. The water of th? other
w?lls cont,tir~a a rthcr high peg bent t e of r nasia,
Tort D?maridato; ,del dump; airrield; radio station,
Bu NSem is Surrounded by dunes, ho road bypa esea
thorn by following the w,di which, up to Bir al ?stint, is
surrounded by snb,ll ?nndy hilla, Sufficicrnt potable water
yielded by wells 24 meters deep. A halite mine is looatod
to the North.
The road crosoos a small chain of dunes.
29~ km Bir Bu Atic, - in .t depressjori which include G ci ht welly
g: meters deep which yi?1d sufficient but brackish water.
3E7 km Sir e~ Tar (elevation 220 meters)
423 km Nun (elevation 207 maters) - radio station; center of the
Giofra. Junction of the road to Zella (196 km distant).
Only Brackish water available. Fresh water is brought into
the village from a well about 5 loin distant.
440 km Socna (elevation 249 meters) - 18,000 palms; fresh water
from the sam well which supplies Nun.
45 km On to Bind. Uasca road are located large conorete tanks
containing potable waiter.
a)-
473 km Bir ad, Gteifa (elevation 396 meters) well supplies ample
potable water; old fort nearby.
CONFIDENIIM.
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(OHFIDEH1 AL
The road runs thrcwh u~Uulctin torr4 n; then it
cacerde to ~n elevation o meters and rocchao tho
a
high platecu of the Dahre-t Mwnuren (baoaltia hauiriiida)
which i? cr?sce~1 by wadi. Above it towers the Dart Kale
(alevatian L303 meter?), owrur~it of the Jabcl co oda~
The road rleacunda into valley, at the axit of which
the biaocltio area ends cnr} a level, c1i ;htly alopin
I)) c f //) 'A i
3rav?11y desert
J.
548 km Bir C t (?levation 50~ meters ) - junotion of the road
to Tibecti in the dircctioiof Jebbi 2u; water; fuel dump;
auxiliary cirf field.
~1,d ///'/
The roacl turino ?outhwoctwcrd end reaches the
gravelly doe?xt, which ;liter bccoris candy and is know ce
plc Chobirc,
612 bm Branch road to Brach (93 km dicto.nt). C. road Tripoli-
$ebha-Tu1:[ullo from km marker 7E6 to icm marker X79?
For t}ic branch ro~rl from Brnuh to atha cf. roicl
Trij~oli-Sebl~a-~`u Flo road from kn1 rntrkcr 79 to ninrkar l(A)5.
738 km Sebha
a) Branch road to Jeboi Bu (Tibesti) .
The mmdtt direct roars aplwoaohinn Tib?sti branches off
the Aisurata-Sahba road nc r Bir el oaf ( 548 ltm).
From Bir caf to Jebbi Bu (France Tibesti): 920 km.
This is a c;irt road up to Uau el Chebir (350 km).
The route becomes a c,iravan trail from Ucu el Chebir
to Bir Birki at to Foot of tho Tibasti. No accurrate
information is ava il,b 1e on the road from Bir Birki to Jebbi Bu.
According to a conununicatinrn of Colonel TiTo of
28 January 1935 the road leading into the desert goes
through tho Wadi Jebbighe via Jebbi Suns, Jebbi Bu, and the
Mnhi pass.
CONFIDENTIAL.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
CONFID'~K'~~ ?'~
SW
Morn od~? of tnU
0 km fir Oat - the roil orooaoo the
trm~ve11y cieoart of (ri) Air attusa, which io dominated in
tk~e UTiat by thU t1A,4U QL' the Uor el Gani p1tteuu.
231 km Tmm oea - oasis waU yioidin drinkt~ ww.tor.
350 km U u Chebir (U16VCCtion 415 metes) - located in a bas ;
clrinkin wc,ter; 1,700 pa1in tree.
The road now a rr ze caravan th, oroooao the vaQt
the Uerir north of Tibeati whio~m is 200 km wide and
plain of
totelly 1~icka water. Approx Jr~t?iy 1VC kit south of U t ut
aJu
. Chcbir (u1uvation 54 retera ) c,t the junctiaf of a path
the mein road beainc a cartwan trEiok which 1uado in a
and
aOLith-aoutheCtetarly cU rection.
570 km Ae?arfa a - wia cr
630 km Bir Uoi~h well
690 km Acheibosc - wager
720 km Tiir Birk; - ,tell
The ro .d leads thi'oa ;h tho Sebbi,he w iley.
900 km Jeobi Sun - controls the way to Tschad by niearis of the
,
ro L . of ? ' and the Misch Valley.
nar
-920 lam Jebbi F3u (elevation 1360 meters) - is a doacl-end trail
ladi 'g throegh the naiirow pass of Mohi to the Mich Valley'
~,a-
(both Jeb.,i B and the pass of Mohi are in French territory).
u
5. Additional roads .nd traiis in Tripolitania irul in Fezzaan,
tx) In Tri olitafia (Zuar'a el Gioso; Tripoli-hrhuna-Moms;
a VAL.l)
rhuna-0en1. Uiid-iizda Miourata-S~r~i
Ts
w
Zuara-* Giose
This road conrneets Zuara with the roa'I at the foot of the
plateau irhich lands to Nahut and Gadames. It has a rolled non-aophait
surface with the ~xcep tide of a 12 km stretch of road to the north of
~,? Uotia where there is only a dirt road.
0 care, - the road runs in a str tight line toward the
km ~
orosst r seriss of small oe,ses. Then st comes
southwest,
to hilly terrain. (ONflDENItAL
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otablu wr~tov; 2 walls (uch 1,000 lituro per hour)
37 }m fir ~?rir p
in p f~ bi?.
31 km Al Debdaba
pncture1an1 alpthen through e1i htly ear c1y country, which
The i'otd runo in ~, atrail ht lie throu it undo t ng
(3,OOc 1itore por hour)
CONFIDENTIAL
5 kits ~ idi Aband - well (more than l,O(I)p 1ltora per hour)
MiNSNI9 km '4th tr~nkna ~'f1tcrt br,nQh@6 ?tt
- oae,e Well
from Ali where thew are ?Qur wel.e, eh o whloh
?urniaha8 1,000 liturt per hour; then it oraeaoo deeert 1ud.
tzgy'M R Q fir jj l - watuv not otuble.
22 %i Bir - water Overage quality); a group of wa118
It crooeas the ?'okha Thodir el Heusi, U~er~ dunce covered
with & rub.
cm Al doti~a - r1rinktg wato ; well (200 /hero pur 1~our)
63
79 rn Al Hobilla - well with brackish but potablu water; a well
with drinking ~vter at somc dirotanca to tho right (1,000
litn rs per k~our )
91 kin Gsur D uddu
water (light 11ngnasiwln content);
'~ ~ fir ~ ~~11rt~1'Q - drinl~~alg ~
A grou1~ of wells (2,0CQ liters ,ter hour)
km }3ranchcs off to~tard $ G uch via fir Ebla; wolf with
llg
a at km marker 162.
The road runs into th~o j ' J ..Naiut rod
124 km 2 h
potable water.
f~C ~~IZryyA
130 kin Al Giooc
Tripoli-TarhUf.-home; asphait road
0 km Tripoli
to the right of he road leading to Tagura via'ornaci. It
'the road leaves Triprili through ?orta Benito and bears
grow. It c'ocscc he shallow ~`iadi Liegenin, which is covored
plants. Thor, it goes through dunes where Austrai1ian locusts
Ic iined on both sides with eucalyptus trees and o~.stor-oil
with dunes.
(ONFVDEHIIAL
/o4liu
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CONFIDENTIAL
23 kris Castel bonito -airport, Dre,nahae o!f towar4i 8uani bon Atom
conneoting with the Trlpoll- are ,a~-helot road 1 of b1~
watezwe1I,e and springs (total 1,000 litere par hour).
The road leads through flint terrain with irrigatod find
oonoueaions.
Fu"avp
3a km h-5hs,ri1 - drinking water; well (200 liter'o per hour).
33 km Such as ~cbh(elevation 104 n tern) - larp;? estate; bridge
- IA3AM~M
over the /Iacti iM. Ott its Lleepest point. Desert 1Pmnd in
. background, Thu road 1?a,dp into the gorgo of 1adi Mi1~a,
which cute through the ?ro t of the plateau o? the TarhuM.
Then it cross?s the '1adi ~Cheraa over a bridge,
As'
6o km Branch road towa1ht1T Bhox=t1y boforo the mountain to
:the left o? the road is a well with potable water (2? liters
psi' hour), Tiro t'oacl then leads into a broad v:c11e,4f grid bugino
to climb. It crosses the 'Nadi lailga- The va.iey narrows
and assume? desert-iiko characteristics. The ro,d flanked
tho vradf fn its tributari?s
t: Imes. on the right a,re , three st,aliow wells, built by the
Ancient tornane. S
~M /r#M/
Beyo
nd flurjj -- i the road crosses a siightlundulating
hiLh plateau covered with drifting dunes; then crosses the
wadi L'or the 1t time, There i+s . spring on the left.
A group of wells at Abia Meggi; drinking water (2C0
liters pox= hour). Tha road goes into a depression after
crossing a rocky ur?a.
89 km Tarhuna (elevation 398 meters ) - located in a fertile but
treeless depression; radio station tirfie1d; potable water;
springs (360 cubic meters per hour),
The road runs through hilly ter,:ain n rked by a group
of olive trees, then turns southeastward. The land is
oharacterized by broom vegetation and especially by esparto
grass. The road then crosses the Baragha, Menchi, and
(OtIFIDENTIAL
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(OI4EtDt4iAL
4x
AZ F r j n Fin Uy it de c nd into the lath Phan,
which contains numerous old weix'e. south of the road dear
Mudiria there io a we iii with drinking water.
U2 k Drevi~lieri - colonial villaEe; we11.
121 kn coni - colonial vi11ag?1 aprin with c~rinkin water (60
cubic motors per hour ). The road arooaee the Vradi?oa,
aoopin the ridCe located between the Rae e1 laid and Rea
Ahn 1 hills, and /Bade into a da x'eeeion with ooparto rue
.
and ardena in which grow alive grid pomegranate treas. Then
the void math c1irnbo over anothcr
-ouebal - iocat?d in a rich ban with elivo trQo ochardo;
135
drinkin water: wail (2C'u 1itero per hour
160 km
Tarhuna - B`ni U1i1 - MiNda
15 1i Rolled n9n-ash?1tad road up to Uorsctala, from there to F3en3`WD
Bab ~~:end
CJ1i(i gavel covered road w1t out born
to the I!tS4da,di1't Y'od.
b
Tarhuno - he d~pr?asion of Tarhunri the road rune
o nNnthor
over a hilly terrain, then thnou,h/fertild depression,
unit?rrupted d.e4ert1~nd, whe~a;tter~Pts have been ir~ad toward
foretatiof. After running in a straipht line over G. 1orij
dist1 nce, the road leads into the p1a5.n of Tonzina.
Gasr Tenzin - the ro id crosses undulating terrain
1~ kin
characterized b;: a groin of jujube trees.
3~ km Ues1r~ - well
In the background large pistachio trees line the road. There
,are a.lre nanta of forests which brcak the none y of the
terrain. Then the road leads through a rocky completely
barren high plateau.
The road descends tv the be inning of the Wadi miner
Nl ,Llt:)
which f lows into the Wadi The vaa ey has , rock
bottom with rio vegetation, except for a few juubs treas.
(OWEIDENTI Al
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CONFIDENTIAL.
The"'i~di wMoh at rirot; is broad u d t i Liow tovn n rrowc
end deep~nc. It teen pee tha 'opt Qf utt31 uiou d
which hQlde the ruins of G r Th? villoy ~~ noloeed
by eteep elcapes, which ure formed hori,ontal. layers of
~incetornee.
The road 1e4veo this va-ley tnd olimbs onto the plateau,;
then it dceoenda into trio rooky valley of th? `ile,di b~ira o,
which ie anothe~tributary of tha 8i ad. It than
o1:lmb?
enu Arc irt, bctoro doeo?ndin8 into the deep gor8o
onto the alntf3IINI WAirli
of tha .adi J
j3fr1W1 w~~r
91 1jn - beautiful oaeia with olive trees; 0 k.m 1on ;a
located in a cnyor~. It o~;A 1:tc xiAter~c- to tho wator
stored b,rthe rri,rLrt o ' th? wr di. Thorn nuts 1 wo11s,
1,000 olive trees, 3,700 palm trooe, and 1,300 fig treers,
l3rarrch of the dirt road from ~~ieurcta. Durin the rainy eea?on
a ig,ce forms after abundant r',rtinfall, which rernair,s'irl th?
wcdi until "prirnj.
Tho rotted proce~dc to 5cemoch, It follows a 1eve1 plateau
which is ctrewn ,kith limoct~ nos acid trnchyto fro ~nunts, but
has no vegdta,tjon. It then ~esconds into the valley of the
ryad Sofog~in.
hw
136 ism ~
ch - two wells one 60 ma ~,
tars deed, with abundant
drinking water. Smnch-Mida ro ~d, which has been under
11'' II
c on st YIuct ion for two yep; rc.
158 kin Mizda
13#i' WgiiJD
Misurata - ' T 14
132 km of rather good dirt road.
0 km Misurata - coastal rood (Litoranoa) to 6.5 km marker,
6.5 kin The dirt road leads into rocky terrain towrc sauthWedt and
rises to thr~ 1irne tone slopes of Lhe platsaU known as the
leas-Ad.sn, Desert-type vsgetation.
(OPIFJDENTIAt
Yb~+
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(OHFIDEHTIAI
The road then lends into a depresciof Why oh is planted
with brio. It paaeae the Air Fa' lndia~ nn old wu3-1 with
abundant water, which lies in n uma1l dapreeoiof t1iIrP
-jc:rni cov@red wit1 und?rbr eh.
The road c';-imb? a suoond 11e,teau and than claoaendo
into a broad'1at area.
22 1cJn Uir Gatariana - old well 32 Mere deep.
Thu road 1?ade over a rocky deport nraa~
Q. well
31 km fir 1?Gardabia -/40 meters deep
The r0e, crossc the U 1- tar and ' ruhar wadi
e
j4,2_ I'
which With acacia and broom v?gutation, then the
Bey unit d Tah-~,a `Mai ? (barley fiel?c )
56 km Gar ~u Ch rian - th? road croesee the DurChie Nadi (barley
a
ainall Ch?tib l-Uir 'c1i
fielde), glen the oorinriing of the
Nor hwcst of 3ir D.U ari, the it road briric1tes off tow iLd
Zlit?n. Bir nufan - well 68 meters; abundant water, avcrage
,ua1ity; 'ath life reservati~an.
The road proceeds westward over the dcpression of the di
imun,
d m Gasr Lirntm - the dirt ro,&d runs southwestWard, Croseea
undulatingerrath which is Covered with sparse brush,
rocky
It crosses the jari 1i~,nsur which hardly' c s into the surface
a(-
of the p,1teau. Cistern at Fe,schiat-?~,-atnamla~ crossea
the `itadi Tme sia sand erns into the galley of a short
tributary of the V~adi Mcrdwn.
labs - Crossas the Wadi Merdcun along the right bank
1121un Gasr
which the road iuads to the mouth of the V1adi Kerchcnria,
of
which it folio i3 up to itg atlurCG.
131 km Auxiliary airfield
32 ton
b) In Fez~an-liar-Z
T1it road l i 'i tGC Agin fat' 196 :ilo rs'
0 km Hun
CONFIDENTIAL
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 (ONFIDEt4TIAL
17 cm Vaddan (elevattQn 247 meters popu1ntion 15,000; loaatod
3n n basin surrounded by dune', extonding 15 km From north-
west to eouthonat, The oaate hne 30,000 palm trees,
40 km Teeaeni - well
118 n Aghaib
The road oroe?ee eeriee of wadies running northwt~ra
196 km 'ellf- (3l3vrtion 196 metern.. copulation 2,600; radio eta..
t ion,
Zelia oo~ppriAeo n group of several 'mall fertile odsee where
ample drinking water it availaba,e,
$eb)n.O'at
Gravel road without eubstruoture. In two plaoea, 20 km
eaet of Serdelee, there is danger of sand blocking the rond
and causing inexperionoed drivers considerable difficulties.
This is an oaeio road whion ende in the Wadi el Agial
0 km Sebha
59 km Junction of road to
79 km Chief - 5000 palm trees; 22 gardens
96 km Gasr 8endbeia - 6100 ptlm treee ; 29 gardens
129 km AGheraia - 3000 palm trees
-~ r
139 km Peg . 16 welle with braokieh w~-te'r; 110 p.lm tre?e
142 km Teohartiba ? ?0 we1i ; abundant freeh water; 90() palm trees;
17 gardene,
,
146 km Al-Gragi - 23 welle, fresh water; 5,600 palm trees,
160 km 2rech 35 wo11 e
162 km Tuach - 26 wells; 1,,300 palm trees
. 166 km Germs - 16 wells
172 km AlwGrefa 1O,Oc~O palm trees
(O$HD(NTIAL
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(OHFIDEI4TIAI
? is
1'~~ ~ Al8&t
197 km Ubnri (elevation 4'b metore)- 60 we11e, eeveri1 of which
yield good tor; Airfield radio station; fuel dump.
The rolid leade to the foot of the amMr, , which is eit~ ated
Ir n.
more than 300 meters abovo the va11ey of the Wadi
316 km Bit Manu?r - water abundant and good.
333 km Bir as~.8ermachi - wr-tor good.
326 km Tin Abunda- water abundant and soot. Here are the 1st water-
irtg places before 8erde1ee whioh is 233 km fnrther. Beyond Tin Abunda
the road climbs to a height of 640 metrebove the Wadi Ira, then
lends through the 4rir. and crossed three drifting dune.S,
460 km Serde1oe (olevnttonte3Q metere - auxili+sry airfield; fuel
1
dump The Ain fll..Ohebi?a spring hat excellent and abundant water in the
court-yard of a ema11 fort. In the depression there are 49 epringe
yielding good water. Beyond Serdeles the road croeees the northern
part of the Tadrart mountain chain, and deecende ewiftly into the Wadi
Tnnezzuft.
684 km Oat- 20 welle; 22 epringe all of which flow during the en-
tire year; airf ie1d; radio etntion; a fuel dump. Tin
Alcum ie eituated. 64 km south of apt with 15 epringe, 2
weller 3,600 palm trees, and 30 gardens.
6. Road and trail connections to Kufra
a) A1" Aghei 1a - Kuf ra
Gravel rond without substructure es far as Marada; from there on
trail to Kufra. Terrain changee little, affords good visibility for
r^ot'irists.
0 km Al- Aghoila
33 km Maaten ciofer - brackish water.
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
Tho road turns toward the rooks of Guest as?8hia,
121 an Marada- line in a urge depression with it somioirole off' rooks
around it.
The oasis bas plenty of water and welle,
Beyond Harada, tho trail leads eouthoastward on Flat terrain,
then oross a duns area known it, Rr.mlet Zelton,
231 1 Water of msdioora quality,
The rood turns directly southeastward
641 km Ain 1?Qiulalatt center of the Taserbo~ olueter off' oaeee
aoneieting of three small oaeee eurrounded by Bandy ettipe
oontaining many epringe.
There ie a number of palm groves with 48,000 palm trees,
Sind stripe and erlty swampe oxtend between the arioue o eee. M A ye
Main groups Ain t 1-Qiulnlatr~n$nd Mn at-Ta1 ~b, RM""-,
Maabug Yueef, and Maabt Rueg, located to the ooutheaet; Mn al
a
aedeied, gar a1*8ahri, Hagar al?Auin, and MaabuA Gheoh-ahesh located to the
X a Ad
northoast. Ain al Qoebaia ig isolated in the northeast;,4d-Dahw ,,fd
Dehew1:, and Abd-n1-Tungi are ieolated places in the southwest. The
greateet dietltnoe betweon palm groves ie 47 km. Their elevation is
betweon 166 and 200 motors.
888 km Rebiana. (elevation 391 meters)- a series of palm groves, ox-
tonding, over a diotanoe of 9 km from n'~rth to eouth, located
to the North of a salty lagoon 4 km long. Water is avai1M
able.
The road descends along the southern elopes of the Jabal Di
Rebirtna , then croesoe a series of dunes located at a. 90 degree angle
to the road. After croeeing the donee, the road crosaee a flat area
between the Jabal Muse on the right and the Jabal 'fl*L on the left.
km A-Tg (Rufra) (Pho t egraph No 91).
998
b) Sengasi - infra
1094 km of road, partially gravel without subetructure, partially trail.
(QNFIsmEP1T(A.L
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 CONFIDENTIAL
00070066-2
Between Or a1,-Bahabi and xu!ra the road, although built on
natural round, persaito a good driver to travel nt Fairly high speeds.
0 km 8enge1i
].CO km The road oroeoos .lightly rolling terrain and apnree, low
ehrab i'oreat. Then the terrain Gradually becomes rooky
and turni into wemi-desert.
wadi al-Tar z iw renohed, where the water;die covered
by a layer of .and 1 meter thick. There are several wells.
13 Ion The road reaches ~1-aeeiat, then turns southeastward
through rolling terrain.
26~ km Maaten-ar-Rieam; well with brnokiah water.
872 km Bate of Gasr-as-Sehabi; gasoline etation. Beyond thie point
tha road crosaee a deeert-like zone.
368 km Maaten t%8-S bit- well fed by the ground water table of
Augila.
Sandy terrain at the entrance to the oaeie; danger of bog-
ging down.
370 kin Augila- (elevation 36 meters)- the oaeie is aurrou.nded by a palm
grove, which in turn is surrounded by a belt of shrubbery.
Many wells with slightly braokieh water.
The trail turns southeastward.
416 km Gialo (Photograph No 87-89).
420 km Al? Rr;h- extensive oaeie eurrounded by a shrubbery zone and
containing about 63,000 palms. The water ie brackish in vsry-
ing degreoa. The water of the well of Bettafal, 46 km to the
eoi~theast, however, is excellent,
Beyond this point, the trail leads into a flr.t rock desert
with solid surface, where automobiles can travel at a fairly
high rate of speed. This zone stretohee dpO a to t' -1o-' aridnsnd
eandy bone extending northward from the wadi Zighen.
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
620 km Gasoline station.
865 km air D-~t1n,
e76 km air al~Earaoh has moat important well in the Wadi 7iahen;
also figs main wells at Bit' n1wHarasi, Sir Bu it1n, Sir a1~
Atraoh, Bir 8u Ros , and Bir Bu 7erreigh
b
The trail turns beef east outheast.
880 km Wells.
The trail orosses a series of dunes which care not too ditf-
n
soult to negotiate. It then reaohes the Jabal al"aardaba , ooneieti
of table -top or oonioal mountains.
The trail then proceede southeastward
982 km it f rom,Jnba1; slightly rolling terrain,
,I
1091 km At'ag (Nuf ra) . (Photograph No 91)
Rn o st tion; airport.
1094 km; A1- (elevation 396 meters)- population 26t~0.
7. Road and trail connections to Giarabub.
a) Tobruk - Giarabub (280 km) . The road branches off nt the
1689 km marker of the coaetn1 highway (Litoranea) 1 As far as the
Q'? AdAA~m airport (30 km from Tobruk), it has can asphalt surface; from there
ll
on it is a. trail of fair quality.
0 km Tobruk - cf. Coastal }{ighwey,`1678- 1689 km markers.
10 km Fork. The Oiarabub road branches off the ooaetal highway.
It ascends the northern edge of a plateau. Beyond Sghif el AA
~ rl
31 km
Am it makes a second ascent, passing the,1MAd m airport.,on the
Intereection of Benfha~:i- 1 Abyat- 1?Mechili - Ameeat road.
The road climbs over another gradient 130 to 161 meters high.
It then leads to Ragf eteg Nezha (e1evA.tion 182 meters) on
a slight upgrade, passing to the right of the settlement. The
ow G?
road proceeds over the plain toward'Bir-ei. `
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
`the road then ontor~ into trio hone of c avai1 r doge o (tr).
The frequent prQaono? of b3itok pob loa gtvoA tho ''ol
appcaranao i
13 km Aaaeehot-a1- oira ? tho road lea aea to hA right o tho
trough of t Q 1A i?r uu ~,'t1i
$1
200 }sm A1-Oar'n- 2?U~'ot o2sv&4on 127 motors - ?'ho ~r~antiar
turns to~rai'd tho oath, whi1o tho road turw aouthvroat-
v~ rd ttn(1 rur throe gh flat tit,rrain; thon eroaaoa an o,roa
with v i'ioct torr~.in ?F ttIwt , dottocl with tablo-top,
1o1~ tocl root rnounLwi?gyn.
225 }on 'rho road oroac(ro tiio trail oond i from Tobruk.
230 Lm
A1~1,fisa,lla olova?tio~~ 79 motors t tlio odga of tho platoau
which clominotr~o thc- plain of Oiarabub. T hi plain is
vory wide cLnd hontains mostly you.n; palm troos Mich ;crow
wild. Aft ~r driscondirir; over a gradiont1tha road continuos
through a very sandy ncl rocky dosort dotted by rocky
hills.
2O kin Giarabub Photograph No 90 To plains externd betweon 29?
10' and 290301 North Latitude and 21.? and East
Longitude. Thoro is a radio station.
6. Other roads in,yrenaica.
a) l3arce - Oiovanni Berta
This asphalt road runs through Cyronaica, approxiinatoly
para11e1 to the Coastal Road (Litoranea),
0 km &trco. The road gradus,lly ,kends from the trough of
13arce and soon reaches the ed;e of the Jabal, which
is topped by the Ossario monument. passing to the
(ONRDENTJAL
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(O'4FIDENTIAL
loft ei the road to peaario~ the lama- iov~nni Derto
rondo 1t d in a 1t ht up '&k to t.~@ ooaond radiont o
the Jabal throufh shrub ?orQat oi' t~aaUo a,nd junipor
i ,
trooa. Otono bride a,orooo the ~Yad?0attara (photo..
Graph No. 61i). Tho road roaoh?o an elevation oi' AGO ui toral
thon d?aoonda Jo' J kn to a road intoraAotton (alovatiori
L7i4 motoro ), and roaohoa anit and Dour.
Vo otation beconteo moro denoo; titadtio and junipar
treoo ra with otrrtwbor al nto and w 1U olivo trt oa
(romnanto of abanlonod plantations nld form tlo forost of
Tocnis.
27 1sT Teonio (olevation iJ O motors) - population 2,000; radio
station; drinltirtf; watov; numurou wo11s and cistorns.
Tho r sad tt~ tt wt d tha sauth, rnrw aoross sma11 barren
hi11s vtioh conotituto tho lirn.to of tho Tocni:c trouth,
ascends across artd tk~rrain in an vent-northoast dirootion
and then orossas a sparse shrub forost, coniistin; mostly
of mastic trees. Tho shrub forest than onda and the
road procaoda across sma11 hi11s boarinwith olivo treas.
The road orossos tho 1acli alp;, aharzat.
~61an Afiaraua (elevation X10 motors) population 1,000j drinking
wator; sovera1 we11s.
The road turns nnrthoastward into harren terrain,
crosscrs tho depression 01 a wadi, and reaches brieadi 1
Mesied where there is a forost
714 1T1 Bir al-'Oaridula - roman ciotern
At an olevation df 130 motors tho woods booome sparse.
Mountains and daprossions interchan~o.
CONF1DEpj
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CONFIDENTIAL
911 Sionta (e1ovton 73 met) - population 2, 000j drinkinu
grater; 2 wo11o with ?princ wet?r and numoroua oiattwn.
Tho road riooo through di'ioult terrain in an aaot~north-
eaot direction.
112 On A1~ Faidia
'rho road orooooa in 1i ht turna a oorioa o1' dopros iono
afld hiUook with oxo?1iont paoturoo and n nerouo t~prin o
2I Km A1- Gh thab
139 Km Ls~ 1uda
To rood moot? tho coastal road (Litoranva) at tho
1,14~9 {on rnc.rkor and roaohos Giovanni aorta.
i;i Km Giovanni rorta.
b) Hcn asi - Ridotta Co tz o (SoUwn)
Asphalt roads from ,on;asi to~ ' b, , ; naturai r;round
with repaiiiti tinder wad' from Al Abiar to t idotta Capuzzo.
0 Km Ban;as i
The road foilovis tho railroad iirio through stoppo-iiko
orrain.
19 Km Benirna ( elevation 119 motors ) on high ground; airport.
The road s urmounts the stoop gradioi~t of the piatoau,
crosses tho railroad, and turns toward the depressions
. (donnas ) cxf Haua Sadja and Haua Sebrok.
30 Km A4gima (oievation 321 meter:)
The road doscoi~ds into the undulating doprossion of
the p1 teau, crosses tho railroad ties, and proceods
M~r~y ~M
through the basin of 13u
CONF1Dt1!A 1.
- 1/7-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/05/21 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100070066-2
 (OLFDt$l i
9 T,m A1$ (ov tton Q i tern)
A gr~voi rQud br nOhQO Q f to f CQ (I9 km).
The d c1imbc thQ QQOrld L; gad ,ont oC t; ~A p1ato~u
(AA ~;~QtQro ht ;h), b,q nsotn ~ Ain J barn (wQ11, drinkin
vr~tcr) on the-) 1f~ RL. 1t ?'irQ L thQ for .. n tO QovQrOd -~ tf
bramble, 1ator it bt ot A otQp c- incl ~icoort4ik . 1t
aroraooo i:1Lit 1tQ cQvor9d w'rith fQrtilrod ooi,1~ wharo
fcrr Rj roo aaoturoa I ktiy bo ff~w~c1 aftor vein otuo.
b4G Km `1;hc Wadi, UwJuis ero wcci
1l4L1. 1'in ion tho Srl