REASONS FOR THE LOSS OF WINTER WHEAT IN THE WESTERN URALS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP82-00039R000100060004-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 14
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 4, 2012
• Sequence Number: 4
• Publication Date: June 29, 1950
• Content Type: REPORT

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29 June 1990
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xrLaoNe FOR TI was oP raPrsx W =x 'i'BS 1UT1a1 vau$
50X1 -HUM
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CONFIbEN VAt
3a&IOxf I TU LOS/ CI Mi3!U VU11! ix TU O8~l ~ILI
' to the prueat ttae? Minter Wheat has eel bese e~a1tivatsd
on a large Dale to thi Msetera Vials prtrrt17 b.o s. of fregiat
uses.. of srepe brta j rielerto j. Thi spp3 t stioe of ~re?
t?obatoal aethol? here Pot jtvea potve r?ealte. 3reKoarlp,
It Pao supposed that the less of winter crop. wao eausd b7 the
low te~eratnrss of the Minter
ported. Obeernttons tatia M
the traiaet deleettoa ltatioa ever a p.zLod f
?ko th? 0oli?et aoaths of $h? 7eae to bs oharast?rtsed b7
the ioUovio j tsPperahee:
Air Zap?rattar?* NOT aeo ja l .a Mar
Man 1ai17
.6.8
?16.3
46.3
?14.7
~.7
Msaa daily
atntaoa
?96.6
?33.6
?69.1
?66.3
?30.5
'!he pr?e?aa? of tsap?ratares as boy as 59 d jre?e b?lsw ser?,
With an abrolat? atniaoa LP sons Tears of 18 dgnes b iew ion,
aatnral171?d to the oonoltutoa that the loss of crops vu d. to
0011 wsather.
ror this rsason, La 1136 tho trasaoifiuk 1slsottoa $tattea
bslaa to develop as"s of oombatttnj winter Whsat losses, p1'ta2il7
br orsatiai ions farorabi? te~?ratarss for tbJ crepe darifg the
wiat?r period. j~psriaeats wore ooMot?d ever a period of 5 piers
by btlltPd the aside Late tho paid sad bi soverta j the seeds
with straw at diffreat pertols. 3esnlte of the ?upsriasnts are
shown is the follovtPl tables
AU i ro ridings tee' sintigrade
lIPIIBEIIML
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GDFLUENI IL
Lei! st Viat.: Vh~atLis Pp:enfa4l.S)
$MV eehs ftsw eoTSr hM? nMllM ti.
~0 a ~0 es -oiae Niat~s aasia~
-- lttM
1pri t~.Ae~rm~d
?r
1911.1 I.1 57.1 43,s 1.0 511
1U .u U.S U.S l9.1 91.6 9S?5 l'P.b
10I .49 e4.o N.o 93.0 94.0 94.0 u.e
Ls is ovidool fro* the chart, rd~on the suds darillsd or
sovsrsd with otrar, orop losses inorsassd instsad of dsorsasiai,
is spits of the fut that 1ho straw oovor provide hi jbsr tsu~srM rs
conditions. Obsirvatiou shovsd that tho tsupsrat*rs ryas early
6 doprus bsiov ooro in Jauary 1939vbIa a b0 oa our OOYsr,
whsrsu With a stray oovsr the tsspsrat~ro Was only a dodrooo bolow
soro. ?Uitioaal star of winter vhsat lossou on s~possd aott *e
shored that the faro oo1lrsuistant typos of sssds Wars ibis to Si'.
dnrs frosts of 30 lsgrsss buoy soro. Nhsn thous ooods vsr. roi svod
to tihs laboratory, thsy groatsd aorully. Ixpsrisats by ?OMS*ioian
Lysenko With llabsskiy but ender Siberian oonditions ialioatsl
that this typs oon1d snLrrs a ts.raturs of 33 Lodrsou bslow ssro.
Obssmtions taken at the Zrasnotifiask lolsotion station over a
period of pours prove that the tiNpsratnrs nnlsr a snow oovsr loos
not drop to loss than U loss. bslOW sore even in the ooldost
rintors as shown by the following tablet
00N11b(Nru1
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Oso.
Tears
Jan.
web.
II
a
8
h
rI
19$9.40
11.0
?6.7
16,7
?6.8
19.0
?10.9
38.3
?9.8
88.8
?6.1
1940.41
8.0
4.0
~.6
?1.9
41.6
4.0
43.7
?4.6
46.0
?9.6
1941.46
14.3
4.6
11.6
?4.0
40.9
?2.8
47.8
?4.7
00.0
.3.0
1941.41
14.8
?1.0
1L1
?3.0
34.4
?4.7
49.1
?6.9
47.6
?3.1
1943.44
8.1
.3,0
23.8
?3.8
61,0
?8.6
66.4
?1.6
67.4
?0.6
1944.41
9.6
?4.4
14.0
?'1.9
16.0
?10.1
17.0
-10.0
86.0
?6.6
1940.46
18.0
4.0
41.0
68.0
?4.6
6.0
?3.6
78.0
?1.6
1946.47
6.0
?l.~s
62.0
-4.0
89.7
?4.1
.0
-6.0
41.0
-1.3
During there winters the snow oover ,as gaits thiok, ruchi
og
70 centiaters and pore at times. 'The presence of this snow oover
was the determining factor in the rather high temperature of the
ground vbioh fluctuated at abort 4 degrees below germ
/g.xnt most o.;
the years. After studying the temperature pattern of winter ore
psi
a number of scientists came to the conclusion that winter wheat
wintered best under a snow corer and with a temperature of 10
degrees
below care. In the lmrt 10 ys$rr, two winters, 198%440 and 1944.40
stood out sharply as representing periods of relat
!rely small snowfalls
and estramely low teaoperatur,s. She snow corer duri these psr
ni ieds
was only half the nornal snow corer and the air temperature dropped
to 49 degrees below cero. The temperature wader the snow averaged
nearly 10 degrees below sero.
- 3 CONFIbENTIAL
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eIcaEK11
The wlater wheat barrert aaooated to N asntners r
po heolare
in 140 and 10 oogtners per hsotars is 1941. On the other saM,
a 1$rg.'t o even wlaler rye Mar bit dears the
ng 11, 1q44
and 1146 winters whi oh Mezrs ohn aeteri sed a heat/
b' r u*ow ooV1r and
1oderate reathe! With tegeratearel under the /aoM
oo.er of enly 1
and a degrees below sere.
It is evident, then, that the loss of winter whoa
t crops in the
Vsstela Urals is not oaeasod by low air t ratear
ceps er bvt by the cola.
t1MO1y high temperatearer eandsr the snow ooror which
oaease Velar Mort.
ant ph,~iolooal oil is the plants.
11
ens of the trasaoafiesk kleotioa station hats
proved that Minter what plants aa cos. np prenatns'el . If
~ Ihq par r
through the stage of Vsrnalisation during the sinter
and aosplet? this
process by March, the winter wheat plants not oaly beooae acre sea
suite
to ti,~perateare changes, beat g.nerally develop ahl their
vital processes
iore intensirel7. she work of P. p, Potapora proved that Winter
wheal
plants after passing through the stage of vornalisati
on respire ?ors
oaergetioaliy than plant. +ess detslopod. 8s explained this phe
noaMnon
bP the fact that the ?eraali:ed plant's cspacit for
~ anabiosis is lowered
after passage of the stage of Vernalisation. (eriodi
~ sal
ldslsatioa and k.drowj7 No. 1, lag), 'fhe higher
teiperatearer (1 to d degree, below sere) varier the snow which aid the
wornalisation proooss at the same ti~ae oaease a Varied degree of saw
tenrit7 is the respiration process. The de ee of i
tinder ~ atenrlty will depend
on
both on the teseratnrelthe snow and
IphYsiologlaal changes in the
plant's detslopasnt.
The prooesr~ of respiration is carried oeat with ens.
aprovided by
the decoaposition of organic smbstancss, espeoiali oarbobrat
P ~-d es, which
tOLcIDEK11a~
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. CONFIDENTIAL
have loin soora1sto4 by the plant is thi preoooe if photoqathosis.
!ho arouat Of osrbehpdrsto renown whisk is ?oeossaz !or the plaat1 s
ssi$tona suds' a snow oovor and at suitsb1o toysrstuss, Is shows
by the fo11ontni data al trotoooor paaaovi aviator wheat plants with
a sugar roso:.o o! db poreost boffin to Its o!f altar bout sailors ssow
cows 00 dye it the toaporstrre Hader the snow is about eoro. Plants
with the as srgar reeorvo will sot din o!f until th.T have loon
railer the sear 116 des i! the tesporaturo emdor iho now is ! doissoe
below soro. ooasogaiatlp, aviator what plants drowsy under wasters
Oral teuporstures (.host d doireos below sera bs o3peotod to
din of oshanetion boloro the snow oovor aslts, rva if thq have a
suifioioat resorro of niar. blesrlts of obeorvations of vintoriag
shown
whost, taken or a period of Tars, srs/in the lefowiai table:
ltorago poroatK. of winter what
le ~_ ar Beath
Pavorablo
O
O
p
8
is
~o
Onfavorsblo
O
d
10
48
Si
94
In Tears cost uafavorsbio for winterini, tho gresteot plant loss
was observed in harsh= and is son Tsars the loss durinr this south
reached 100 peroat.
Thrso losses are osplMaed, first)b7 the rather high tes~persturss
ruder the ground and seoon4l7~ bar the sow plgrsiologia1 ooMitios of
the plant (a oonsoquaoe of the tsrrinatios of the stag. of voraali.
sation), which is oharaoterisod 17 as unreason respirstioa intonsit7?
ooablation
'ho/GMs of high undorgrouM toaperattiro and the doss phydelogoal
condition of the plant hastous the output of the preoduots of photo.,
synthesis with the result that the vintor wheat plant begins to die
of eshsut i oa long before Its spring irovi ni peri od?
SONFIDEN TI AL
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GUkVdIEK'I1Al
k.
ar
ng the aataan period and, secondly, by low?riog the to stare
Pact s~erieac?s in the Urals showed thst wyr mintier crops had
wintered nnd?r pscked snow without being daosged. A hear wooden
corrop~ted roller was built to psok the snow. '!he roller was 76 ca
in diaastir and capable of paokisag 4.6 hectares in 6 hours.
in 1946 an erperiaent was oondncted with winter rye on a field
of 0.8 hectares. On 96 December, snow,le.20 oeatiuters diep, ootored
the field. A single rolling psoked the snow to 11 oeatiuters.
She tes~perst~r? tinder the now was recorded throw th? minter.
Sh?s? data are shows in the following tablet
tw of droned rfaor
Vad?r psoked snow .4. 7 .9. 0 us7. a
Pot paoke4 ?1.4 .4.2 .4.0 .2.6
CONFffiENiIAI
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whu doter whut looses raMr w?stern Orai oondttions odour
dtiriai periods of high t?peratare e ( nadir the seer), an fur. sod
iotensity of p~yreto1ogiov prooeseos takes place io the pleat, rhioh
is taco lsM. to the plant1s preaataro eoksuttoa sad nbeeguatly to
the lose of the pleat botoro the vaow soar pelts. '!'hie eitaatton
aan be i~rored,firet, by prortdiag ooaditione which wi11 g srute?
oatiwaa sooaralstion of the prodaots of photosyothesie by the plants
d
i
wader the soar cover, thus raking possible o~onomioal ooamaeltion of food
mabstsnoes.
pith the sbo-s ooaditioaas as a kits, the irasuufiuk loleotioa
$tation to 1141 ndortook new esperiaoats to find wage of ooibstt!
ag
the 1011 of wiat?r orops.
As a first step, it was dooid?d to try nethods of ping scow
with the Ma of lowering the teeporatnre on the groins snrfaoe.
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GOIFIDEN hAt
It I. qpa:ost ire. thle table, the tssporatvrs ?f the gremnl
oessidsrsbl~r
ovrfaos vss jw~ lovsr on the now psoked !loll tha it r~ss on the
coo paokad field. she groad f ro se 1$ oat i sst ore drop on the slow
psaksd flop and oalf 40 osotiastors on the other. she photo is
the .nev psetod fLSU uprootsd 1.4 da7s later thaw these on the
sea paoksd !loll. /isos the 1047 eprtsg was ohsrsotsrised b7 rs.
eorrtos cold vevss, plant. vhiah hsd atartsd to sprout sarir
ff
so
sred gratl7. The Mors i!port$at role of user packiag during
the sold mater of 1047 !s iMiostsd the fact that the ha=,sst
on the IJsriaatal ( ssav ps *.d) f i sid rise 20 suture per hsat sr. ,
vhsrsae sospaok.d fields 7isldsd only NJ ooatnsrs psr bsotsrs.
I!ss 17? the most vistsm?rssistsot slop, shoved a msrhsd Isarssse
is mold as s result of packing the aow oorsr.
laoilsntsll7~ r7s suffers 'ors from as abuudssoo of aov thss less
wheat.
fault
Late loving is a serious/!sk is winter vhsst cultivation in the
Vrase.
it is co* ao1s111of that the but tame for soviog in the Wsstsru
Urals is bstwoes 16 and 60 ?ngnst. Hovsvor, it is koo~M thst 66 to 60
ls~s are ssedsd for the sorasi dsveloprnt of crops is the sutuan
period from the tins of ssedtog to tho arrival of dat37 man tsrpsrsturss
bs1oM 6 degrees above ssro, whtoh usually take. plsos about 26s27
Isptaber. 4osssqusnt37i iostiM of the 66 to 60 dare r~hish ars asdsd
for the suty lvolopasut of winter vhsat, soviag bstvsus 15 and 20
august only allows 40 4571 for autumn levslopasnt. If the for tsapsratmrss
of Ssptsiber which retard the growth of the plant ars taksa into oon.
sidoration, the insufficient propsz'stion of the p:snt for vlatorig bo.
n
loss. obvious. she plant grove o5~.7 a or 4 stalks and the root system
dsvslops 0517 slightly C the ssoontary root 171t55 only begins to a
tin4or thous oondltions, tb plant entire tho viatsr period with
an insufficient quantity of the prolucts of hots
p erntheeis. As a rssalt~
CJF1OEN
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ccNriEN IML
is parts of snddanlp rsonrria sprig frosts, irsat aabers of onto
parish beoause thjr are not ttralp entrsnobs is the pound.
Oiro~wtanoe1 nr s$3j coshed that the sowiap tins for winter
rkaat be ohaa sI. 8owwrer, sirirsntai work data showsd that
.11)q-
luist sowias often led to tarp orop loses bspiuini ties t
ho asttmta
ported.
!hi.e /woos are e~plaiosd by the fact that the plants,
wheat is
Particular, rttsrtthe
wiat.r period chile passim throng the sta.
of ?SYUlls$tion, aal ~oeueegwntl
p~ 1y- of this Its.
'pennants in sarlp sir periods for oowie j vsre courted is
1940 and indicated that when the plants wsre corn as earl as
p ?lie 10
Jam, most of the plants snt.rsd the via with
ter period/vernalisation
inoo pl.te. Pnrth.r rssesroh showsd that late Jn17 sari i
ni mprones the
nstnrs of the s..d strain, eking it more wintsr?r.sistant and
prodnolire.
Lihswi.., plants sown at this tine pMallp winter bsttsr.
Basnlts of t sria.nts with various dots, for sowing winter wheat
(of the n$rist7 71t.etsns 0329) b. in
t'~ 3946 are shown in the lollowin
tabis*
Tears Ttae of dorm Mh.at harvest ( oentnsrs per p hooters)
1947
96/TII
16.9
AO/Tilt
9.7
1949
96/TIi
94.8
a0/Tilt
19.0
Li is appar.nt from thi chart, sn.n in a p.$r as nnfanorabl. for
winter whoat as 19+6.47, when sn.rs sprint frosts wsre r.oordd t hi
set of wheat sown in July aaonntsd to 16.9 osntners per hsotars
the harvest of what planted on 90 ?ntast was on] 2.?
osntners
4t::. hs
otare.
~9NiIQEM~IAI
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CONFIDENTIAL
1* 1N7.~S the harrest vas $4.S sad 15.0 aataers per heotaro
respeetivolr.
The plants sows sa Jyl7 eater the winter period is a stroag~
health7 oonditios. 37 wistsr, the? bare deaelepsd 10 to 11 stalks
end have a wll developed root gitea.
Miatir wheat o~psitasuts wlre oosdaotod is LN7?t94S. The
esow was rolled on tiM U of Deaaber? aeforo being solloa, the
/sow was 11 to SO aatiastors tbioic and the goaM was 0e17 froset
to a depth of 7 cantiistsrs. The tso~ersture nader the snow reasined
fsirL~r oonstant at about 91a ses below sere.
after the snow had been rolled, the tssparsture dropped sharpy
gronnd?
qim~tt
$ad the frost p.Detrst ep4 isto they
Data showing teiperMi*re chugs. nMir the saw oorertar & Os
pondsst gpon thr thiokness of this eovsr are prossatsd in the following
table
3lsants observed
Tegeratnre
under Snow
Depth of OroaM
Trost is Oenti-
asters
Thickness of
Snow Ooter
It is evident f roa the chart that the teeperati under the snow
dropped after the snow was packed and ruined nottosab17 lower throngoat
the winter than on the non?paoked fields. frosts penetrated the ground
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFffiEN hAt
00 ?*liMO.rg so ibo raori paa-kod li.ld
s~ bmt orals 30.5 oonilmrtrrr
oa th. Ioa..pao.d :i ds,
from Juva.r7 on, th. thiok srr of t h. raow oorrr th.
saa. oa both thr snow padc.d and aon.. oksd
~ li.ldr. Thr followia~
table oo*?os los,sr of wiat.r rhrat
plants oa fi.lds with paok.d
aad aonpaokrd snow.
Tian of
Oowi*1
Lorr of pint.r Khat Plants (in !
~ .rowtap)
6.o~ 4.91 9.( L0 2.1 t s .
/YZIZ I l I
n n.
p
? ? Il . 4a.9 19., ,i 69.0
P*' snao.rrfnl wint.rin(,oropr dA.ad b
ooa farorabl. rowie, data
and snow pa~ias. J217 rowiai rhi- 1 r
~ ~ .duo.i crop loss. llthon~h
0n17 19.6 prrorat of the plants rows is
Jhlr oa firldr without snow
~~nt w.r. lost, plants town is Art an
~ d wiat.r.d and.. th? ra~os
oonditioar roff.rsd loss., ~p to 69 sro.n
p t.
laow paokla1 sherpl3- r.dno.r lot,
also a?~0?a plant, sown in .ith.r
p.riod. PaOUiad/~ sharply onrtailr logs.. of pleat, rows duri~
both eoathr with Jn1~ lor,.r dro ! t
pp ag roar 19.6 to 3.1 p.ro.nt and
art 1.rr.r from 69 to 19.4 prro.nt
D.~z' ~~ frosts in th. g.otioa,
with paok.d ,now r.tard.d
Urontini of th. plants in th. rprin~.
Plaatr ,arras oa t~ ?;p.ria,ntal roll
~ .d fi.ldr, as io th..i~.
p.rimrnt with r~r., rpront.d a to 4 plants
dyr lat.r thaw/l9pnc rows on ths
nonwpaok.d f i.ldr. This sass ph.nom.aon war also ob
r.rv.d in .perimsnts
COPIFIflEN11A!
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A?T1 Vp 47 p
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irnruiEtU1A1
rde L riN Iho vtater period.
This /seer sprouttng is a re17 1Iportant factor in plant $1
vivat dwring reonrrtng sprtng frosts.
D11 shoving the vtoter wheat ~1e1d in relation to the time
of sowing and the paoking of the snow cover is shown in the follow.
ml table.
....Meld Sn O~ntnslr~ mx wears
lowing Period With mow
5/VII 1947 50,3
20/TII I 1947 20.8
Increase from
Jul? lowing 9.7
Withoat IDOW
24,8
12.0
12.8
Percentagis of xon?
122.0
171.0
These data show the grant effectiveness of snow packing dnri
ng
both these sowing periods. Por the 25 July sowing, the additional
yield amounted to 5.E oentners or a 22 perosnt increase over the 7ield
of non pac~nd fields. for the 20 Angnst sowing, the additional yield
was 8.6 oentners or s- 71 percent increase.
The largest Tield, 50.3 centners per hectare, was obtained from
the 26 Jn17 sowing wintered under packed snow. The additional 7ie16
was 18.3 oentners per hectare or 163 percent in excess of the harvest
obtained from the 20 M gust sowing which wintered under normal non.
packed snow cover.
CLiIFIbFN HAL
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?OI IDE1 1Al
Oevolaoisas
1. She work of tbs =rauovfi.sk Isleotion Itstiea priced $hM Mn
vMestsrn Oro, ooMitioeo the prsssnw of a fairly deep snow Ntor of
'70 osatiutsrs or sore is sets years eansos an laoxare is Obe tss~peratase
+ rtnlerr
of Obi grotiad s snrfsoi (d dsgrass below sere) dartog tbi
pMor n ak vintsring ooadltioao1 the prooissss io'elrod in Obi plant t s
direlepMMat and resplrstion sri lateasifled sad ~ooniS uS tly,thi food
rssine it aooarDlatid by the plants is the fall is uNd qp eors
rapidly. ,
do a rssult, the pleat ease up its food supply irsa before it
sprouts uadsr the snow (vsvally in )lsroh) snd it thin dies from
esbsustion.
rinser
a. Xuyf vhest plants which hsis smsrgod from the .mow outer in a vssksaed
oondition ars still oapwble of vigorous growth owing to their bsviag
passed through osrtsin itsgss of development. Shaw plats begin to
grow vith the first spring thaws but aster die from rsoorring spring
frost..
a. lowing winter whist plats during 16 to 20 Atignet (oonsidired the
optimum period for sowing) doss not give them sufficisat tin for their
growth and developmsnt and, oonsegvently, for the aaaamnlation of the
nioesssry 1 food swerve. Thu plants c?N out la winter thinly bashed
out and with poorly dviloped root systems. A. a risult, during yews
of ssvsre~ spring frosts, they die of e~sustion.
d. On the basis of ospsrimsnts oonduatid b7 the Zrauovfim.k libation
It at i on on vi nt it wheat and rye, it u 7 bi ss sumod that packing snots
oTer winter grains in Dsosmbsr by a oorrag$ted roller will snabis them
to winter bitter undsr Mistsrn Ural conditions.
COIFIoEN Ira:
./2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/04 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100060004-1
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/04 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100060004-1
COIF,bENriu
feviag winter wheat at &* earlter date (35 JU]>> p.rstto the
plant. be dvelop sore filly M to sooalMi a svfitoteat gautttp
of the prod~oto of photoo7-theot. daring the satusa pistol.
Uttltotag there uthodo sad observing all the other raleo for
the oaltivstton of sister grata. (proper working of the loll, eprea4?
gag of annum, etc.), W'orkero at the Lrarnoafiaek k1.ot1on ltsttoa
harveitod 10.3 oentners of vintor wheat per hectare.
CdNFf4ENrra~
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/04/04 : CIA-RDP82-00039R000100060004-1