(SANITIZED)PUBLICATION ENTITLED, "THE CENTENARY OF ROMANIA'S OIL INDUSTRY," 1959 (SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 133
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 25, 2014
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: January 1, 1960
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE CENTENARY
OF RUMANIA'S OIL INDUSTRY
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FOREIGN LANGUAGES PUBLISHING HOUSE
BUCHAREST
1959
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The Beginnings of the Rumanian Oil Industry knot its Development
until the End of the First World War -
5
The Rumanian Oil Industry After the First World War and
up to 1948
19
The Rumanian Oil Industry After 1948
27
Views of Rumania's Oil Industry
37
Graphs, Drawings, Maps: Geological character of the Transylvanian
Depression, Moldavia, Western Wallachia, Central Wallachia and
Central Oltenia. Graph showing the growth of crude-oil production.
Graph showing the volume of crude oil processed in Rumanian
refineries between 1900 and 1957. Graph showing the capital
invested in the Rumanian oil industry bettirezem 1900 and 1945.
Graph showing the development of drilling. Fine drawings in celestite.
Map of oil industry
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THE BEGINNINGS OF THE RUMANIAN OIL INDUSTRY
AND ITS DEVELOPMENT UNTIL THE END OF
THE FIRST WORLD WAR
In 1957 the Rumanian oil industry celebrated its first centenary.
The events ,marking 1857 as the birth year of the Rumanian oil industry were the following:
the start of Theodor Mehedinteanu's kerosene refinery at Rifov and thelighting of
Bucharest's streets with kerosene lamps, the first town in the world to be so lit;
?the first official records with regard to the production of crude oil on an industrial
scale. The output of crude oil in 1857 was 275 tons.
Crude oil was known and used since ancient times on what is now the territory of the
Rumanian People's Republic. The "ever-burning" fires at Lopatari?Buzau, already known
at the time of the Romans, were indications of the existence of oil and gas in formations
near the surface.
In the Rumanian Principalities, both in Moldavia and in Wallachia, oil was known and
used for many hundreds of years.
In the notes left by foreign travellers who had passed on different missions through the
Rumanian Principalities and in some autochtonous documents one finds that crude oil was
extracted in Rumania as far back as the first half of the 16th century.
These documents mention the existence of oil shafts at Mosoarele, Poeni, Doftana and
Pacureti, the use of oil for medicinal purposes and for the greasing of cart axles, and later
the export of crude oil in barrels, to Hungary and Turkey.
The missionary monk Baudinus passed through Moldavia in 1646, and was amazed by
the number of pits from which the peasants extracted a black and viscous liquid called by
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them 'Acura which they used as medicine in certain illnesses or for greasing the axles of
their carts.
In the following century Dimitrie Cantemir, Prince of Moldavia, wrote in his Descriptio
Moldaviae, published in 1716, that on the banks of the river Tazl'aul Sarat, near the village
of Moinesti, a mineral resin was oozing out of the earth and used by the peasants for greasing
cart axles. On the map of Moldavia drawn by the prince in 1720, he marked the places
where crude oil was being extracted at that time.
More detailed information about crude-oil production in the Rumanian Principalities was
supplied by some French teachers who lived here between 1760 and 1792 as tutors to children
of Rumanian boyars, and also by some foreign dignitaries who passed through the Rumanian
Principalities during that period.
Stefan Raicovici, the first Austrian consular agent in Bucharest, who had been the teacher
of Prince Alexandru lpsilanti's children, wrote in 1788 a work entitled: Osservazioni storiche,
naturali e politiche intorno la Valachia e Moldavia, in which he mentioned the existence of
oil seepages in the Rumanian Principalities and the various uses of oil at that time.
A year later the work of another Austrian official, Ritter von Radischitz, was published:
Die Topographische und Statistische Beschaffenheit von der Moldau und der Walachei. In
this book Radischitz mentions Rumanian crude oil, stating that it made good cart grease.
Between 1785 and 1812 the Frenchmen Saint-Cyr, Saint-Luce and Comte de Langevin
mentioned in their writings the existence in the Rumanian Principalities of a valuable liquid
which the native population called pacura.
Andreas Wolf, medical officer of'the city of Sibiu, also spoke in one of his works about
seepages of "mineral tar," called pekura by the Moldavians and used by them for greasing
harnesses and carts, as well as a medicine against insect bites.
The first researches of a scientific ?-.haracter into Rumanian oil resources were made by
a commission of Russian mineralogists from Petersburg, headed by the scientist Anatol Demidov.
Studying the pits at PacureIi, Demidov found that they were producing about 225,000' kg.
of crude oil per annum, the daily output varying between 15 and 80 kg. per pit,. which, in
his opinion, could be considerably increased.
In the beginnings, at a time when there was no great demand for oil, crude-oil produc-
tion was limited to the collection of crude oil oozing from the earth in pits dug in valleys
or in low-lying ground.
As soon as crude oil began to be used on a larger scale, its collection in pits was gra-
dually abandoned in favour of "washing places" arranged in the beds of rivers, in which the
oil carried by the water was. gathered. Later deeper pits, called "baths," wert dug. Such
"baths," 4 to 5 metres long, were carefully excavated to a depth of up to 18 or 20 metres.
Their walls were lined with hardwood boards.
Thin oil ran into the pits during the summer and was left exposed to the heat of the
sun and the action of the wind for the evaporation of volatile particles, so as to become
sufficiently thick for use as wheel grease.
In the course of time, however, the quantities of crude oil extracted from the "pits"
and "baths" became insufficient to cover the steadily growing demand. It therefore became
necessary to search for oil at greater depth; consequently deeper shafts were dug, resembling
water wells. At first this was done in the neighbourhood of oil outcrops and then at ever
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greater distances from these. The transversal section of the shaft was as a rule a square, the
sides measuring 1.2 to 1.5 metres at the surface, gradually nqrrowing down to about 80 cm.
at the bottom, which is the minimum space required by a man for digging and loading the
earth. The wails of these shafts were strengthened with hardwood boards called Tambre. When
shafts had to be dug in hard rock, as was the case in Moldavia, their section was circular
and the walls were lined with wattle.
At first the shafts were no more than 15 or 20 metres deep. Later, when the demand
for oil increased, the technique of shaft digging improved, and their average depth reached
40 to 50 metres. Some shafts were sunk to considerably greater depths, exceeding in some
cases 200 metres, which represented a remarkable achievement at that time. Such shafts
were the "Aneloaia" at Lucace0, 250 metres.deep, the "Sfetescu" at Baicoi, 240 metres and
the "Magura" at Mati/a, 268 metres deep.
To get the earth out of the shaft and for the extraction of the crude oil, big wooden
buckets of about 50 litres capacity c.,r? else leather sacks of about 100 litres capacity were
employed. The buckets or sacks were lifted to the surface with the aid of strong ropes made
of lime-tree bark or hemp; later steel cables were used, wound on Wooden drums mounted
at the mouth of the shafts and worked by hand.
In deeper shafts hecne were employed, drums on a vertical axle set in motion by horses.
The bucket was hung at?the end of the rope descending into the shaft, whose other end
was fixed to the rotating drum set in motion by horses walking in a circle.
Working conditions in these shafts were extremely hard and dangerous, because in addi-
tion to the ever-present risk of the walls caving in and of explosions, the men had to work
standing in oil and in an atmosphere vitiated by gas, without proper ventilation and without
light. As the only means of protection the men wore leather suits and placed pails over
their fur caps to protect their heads. The shafts were ventilated in a very primitive way by
pulling up and down bundles of leafy branches attached at intervals to the bucket rope. To
avoid asphyxiation, a shaft digger worked at the bottom of the well for only a few minutes
at a time, after which he was pulled up and another man went down.
When shaft diggers were working in oil strata during the winter, snow was thrown clown,
because its cooling effect reduced the gas emanations. That was the reason for which deep
shafts used to be sunk preferably in the winter.
Owing to the presence of gas and the permaneot danger of explosion, no artificial lighting
could possibly be used in the shaft. The only light came from the sun, and mirrors were
placed at the shaft mouth to reflect the sunrays down to the bottom where the men were
working.
When the shaft :was dug and the oil was flowing into the pit, the extraction was
cfftcted with the aid of the same drum, a leather sack or a wooden pail being fixed
to the rope.
In the course of the last century the digging of such shafts became a highly specialized
job. Whole villages went in for this ocupation. The mmeni (free peasants) village of Pacureti
became famous fol its shaft diggers, whose specrality was the digging of shafts lined with
boards. These men were in demand all over the country for the digging of oil shafts.
Increasing oil output and the steadily growing sales greatly contributed to the flourishing
state of many market towns in the oil regions.
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In 1827, Ploesti, well-known today as an oil centre, was only a market town with a
population of about 8,000. Thirty years later, due to the development .of neighbouring oil-
fields, Ploesti was a real town with shops and inns, to which travellers and merchants came
not only from nearby market places and villages, but even from beyond the borders of the
country and its population had risen to 26,000.
By 1844 the market town of Moinesti was also a busy oil centre, from which carts laden
with barrels of crude oil set out for.destinations in the country and abroad.
Contemporary documents show that between 1780 and 1820 a customs duty amount-
ing to 120 bani per barrel of crude oil was charged on oil leaving the Rumanian
Principalities.
In 1856 the building of the first industrial, establishment connected with oil was begun
in the village of Rifov, near Ploesti. This was Theodor Mehedinteanu's refinery which started
production in 1857.
This factory produced kerosene from crude oil on an industrial scale, and its refining capa-
city was 2,700 tons of crude oil p.a., i.e., considerably bigger than the productidn of 275 tons
indicated by Rumanian official statistics for that year.
The construction of the refinery was determined by the results of research undertaken
by Alexe Marin, professor of chemistry, Hege, apothecary to the Prince's Court, and T. Mehe-
dinteanu; they experimented with Pacureti crude oil, distilling it in a still used by Hege for
preparing essences from flowers and plants. By distilling crude oil they obtained a light-
coloured liquid (kerosene), which could be burnt in special lamps brought by Mehedinteanu
from abroad; it gave a more powerful light and produced a less unpleasant smell than oil
distilled from bituminous shale or colza oil. Ap.art from that, the new oil did not congeal
and was cheaper than either of the above oils.
Encouraged by these results Mehedinteanu took part in the bidding for the contract to
provide street lighting in Bucharest, offering to undertake the job for 335 lei a year per lamp
post, as compared with 600 lei demanded by his competitors for lighting the streets with
colza or walnut oil.
Bucharest became the first town in the world to be lit by kerosene lamps, a fact which
at that time was an astonishing event.
On October 8, 1856, the Bucharest City Council signed an agreement with T. Mehedin-
teanu, the latter undertaking to set up lamp-posts for lighting the streets of the capital with
kerosene.
Mehedinteanu then went to several European countries and finally arrived at Hamburg,
where he ordered an oil distilling plant from the firm of C. Moltrecht. This plant was based
upon principles arrived at in the course of experiments carried out in Rumania.
The plant consisted of two vertical cylindrical boilers of 10,000 litres capacity each, with
domes, dephlegmators and water coolers, burning refinery residues.
Mehedinteanu's example was followed by a number of other refiners. The E. Wolf metal-
lurgical works in Bucharest built dozens of boilers of the type ordered by Mehedinteanu and
all of them Went to various crude oil distilleries at Tetcani, Valea Arinilor (Moinesti) and a
number of other places.
In 1871. Grigore Monteoru, encouraged by Mehedinteanu's success, built a refinery next
to the Monteoru railway station, 10 km. from Buzau; this refinery could process 9,000 tons
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of crude oil p.a.; in 1873 he introduced some additional equipment and started producing lubri-
cating oils from the distillation residues.
The demand for crude oil and kerosene grew at such a rate that, as the economist Dio-
nisie Pop-Martian pointed out, there were 101 crude oil merchants in Wallachia alone, as
proved by the "occupation statistics" for 1860, and 58 kerosene manufacturers in 1863, according
to the "statistics of industrial establishments."
Kerosene acquired outstanding importance in the national economy of the country and
this determined the government of the day to enact a law in 1895 which imposed certain
standards of quality for kerosene produced by Rumanian distilleries; among the conditions
was the minimum flash point of 23? (Abel-Pensky).
The use of kerosene for home lighting spread very rapidly, greatly boosting the extraction
of crude oil. In order to comply with the ever growing demand for crude oil, shaft digging
had to be intensified and at the same time the methods of sinking shafts and extracting
oil had to be improved. For this reason numerous oil shafts were sunk to ever greater depths.
But as the depth of the shafts increased, the serious risks and dangers encountered by the
diggers grew enormously.
In 1857 sheet-iron pipes were introduced for the ventilation of the shafts. The air was
blown through them with the aid of bellows that were similar to those used in primitive
smithies. Another safety measure adopted in some deep shafts, was the use of two hecne one
of which was kept working while the other was kept in reserve, ready for use at any time.
In spite of these measures, cases of asphyxiation were common occurrences. A good many
accidents were registered as being provoked by the slip of sand, the breaking of ropes, or
by explosions due to sparks produced when hitting a sandstone layer.
Ever growing difficulties were encountered in the digging of deep shafts, affecting first
and foremost the profits of the oil firms and determining the introduction of mechanical
methods of well drilling, alongside the old-fashioned shaft digging. The first attempts were
quite rudimentary, work being carried out by percussion with the aid of wooden rods worked
by hand, i.e., a method known to the Chinese more than 2,000 years ago.
In 1861 the first well of this kind was drilled to a depth of 150 metres, at Mosoarele,
near Tirgu Ocna.
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In 1863 an attempt was made to drill a well in the Draganeasa oilfields, using cable per-
cussion for the first time and in 1879 Grigore Monteoru drilled three wells at Sarata with
this method. The drilling of these wells was done under difficult conditions caused by repeated
alternations of hard and soft rocks and the very great dip of the layers, as well as by the
deficiencies and the rudimentary character of the drilling rigs.
Rumanian technicians and workmen not only learned quickly how to use such equipment
.but also improved it, adapting it to Rumanian geological conditions, and succeeded in drilling
a great number of productive wells in the regions of Cimpina, Bustenari and Baicoi. Some of
these wells are still in existence. In 1895 Polish engineers introduced to Rumania the drilling
method with steel rods, which became the prevailing method in Rumanian oilfields up to the
First World War.
In 1896 the hydraulic percussion method appeared, which permitted the attaining of much
higher drilling speeds.
In 1904 A. Raky, who had been working for a long time in Rumanian oilfields, made an
important improvement of the hydraulic percussion drilling method by applying an elastic
suspension between the walking-beam and the drilling rods, so that a greater number of
percussions became possible which, implicitly, meant a higher penetration rate of the drilling
bit. Due to this modification the number of fishing jobs dropped, as the bits no longer remained
stuck in the bottom and the stress applied to the drilling rods was reduced.
In 1910 experiments were carried out at Ompina using a percussion drilling method with
a bottom motor driven by water ? an invention made by Beldiman, a Rumanian engineer.
The motor was mounted above the drilling bit and was driven by a current of water pumped
through the drilling rods, transmitting to the bit up to 200 percussions per minute. In 1912
a test was made in the same oilfield with a drilling tool designed by the Rumanian engineer
Cantili; it consisted of a reamer with two adjustable blades. Neither of these systems produced
results justifying their use on a wide scale.
Some 800 oil wells were drilled by 1915; 92 per cent of them by the rod per-
cussion system, 3 per cent by the cable tool system, and 5 per cent by the hydraulic
percussion system.
Rotary hydraulic drilling was tried out in Rumania for the first time in 1901, on a well
300 metre deep. In 1906 this method was experimented with in drilling a well in the Tetcani?
Moldavia oilfield, and later in drilling a well at Moreni and four at Pacureti. The wells, however,
could not be completed because of technical difficulties and the existence of extremely hard
layers of rock. In spite of these failures a new attempt was made in 1911, when a well was
successfully drilled at Filipestii de Padure to a depth of 1,170 metres.
' Hydraulic rotary drilling finally came to stay when a 700-metre deep well was drilled
at Bana?Moreni in 1914, in the record time of only 16 days.
Until 1889 the casing of wells was done with riveted sheet iron tubes or, sometimes, in
the case of shallow wells, with cast-iron tubes. In that year casing pipes drawn from steel
bars were used for the first time; since then riveted pipes continued to be used only in shallow
wells or for surface strings.
The number of casing strings in a well was very great, at times reaching 10 or even 11.
That is why the 'drilling of wells started with pipes of 700-800 mm. in diameter at the surface,
gradually diminishing to 100 mm. at a depth of about 800 metres.
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In addition to high penetration rates, the rotary hydraulic drilling method permitted a
reduction in the number of casing strings to three at the most, owing to the fact that the
bore hole could be drilled uncased for long distances.
From now on only seamless steel casings were used in drilling wells.
In the pits the water was shut off with clay compressed by beating it with mallets behind
the boards, lining the walls of the shafts, and in wells by pressing the casing strings into an
impervious layer of clay.
Cementing behind the casing strings was also used, up to a height of a few metres,
with a mixture of sand and slow-setting cement.
The output of crude oil, which was 250,000 tons in 1900, increased to 1,847,875 tons in
1913, due mainly to the exploitation of gushers in the rich oilfields of Ompina, Bustenari,
Colibasi, Buzau, S'arata Monteoru and Moinesti.
The first "gusher" was completed in 1883 in the Draganeasa-Ompina oilfield. The eruption
was free, the oil gushing through the derrick into the air, rising to a great height and being
collected upon falling to the ground in so-called batale (pits) dug round the well:
In order to avoid too wide a scattering of oil and gas around the well and to reduce
the danger of fire, the derricks were lined with boards and sheet iron since 1899, with a
heavy bell-shaped cast-iron piece called linzei fixed near the top.
The crude oil gushing out of the well mouth fell down after hitting the linza and ran
into specially prepared troughs, while the gas leaving the well with the oil was absorbed by
exhausters and directed into the network of gas pipelines. This primitive arrangement was
the first attempt to separate crude oil and gas.
The consequence of free eruption was a tremendous pressure decline in the oilfields,
because of the complete degasifying of the oil-bearing formations. Huge quantities of oil remained
in these formations and could only be partially extracted with great difficulty and at a very
high cost. Because of this many wells and even whole oilfields were considered to be no
longer paying propositions and were consequently abandoned.
? The Stejarul oilfield at Busteni, once famous for its production, was completely abandoned
for this very reason. The Ompina oilfield which produced 100,000 tons in 1901, yielded
333,000 in 1910; due to irrational exploitation by free eruption, the output dropped to only
57,600 tons by 1916.
When free eruption stopped, the extraction of oil continued by bailing with the aid of
the so-called lingura de laceirit (production bailer), run with the same equipment which was
used in drilling the well.
Concurrently with the increasing depths of the wells and the development of hydraulic
rotary drilling, the diameters of the casing strings were reduced, so that the production
obtained by bailing became rather small. In 1909 production of crude oil by swabbing replaced
bailing. Swabbing was done with the aid of special 5 to 7-inch production strings, known
as "swabbing casing strings." At first these strings stood at the bottom of the well, being
perforated in their lower portion, but later they were suspended above the pay-sand, as it was
found that they often got stuck on the bottom owing to collapse or deviation of the strings.
The daily output of crude oil by swabbing was much higher than could be obtained by
b.,iling; in the Moreni oilfield, for instance, 300 tons a day were extracted from a well, vsing
a 7-inch swab.
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z--
JO.
At Draganeasa-Cimpina pumping was started as far back
as 1884 and it was later adopted on a large scale at Bustenari
and in the Moldavian oilfields.
These primitive production pumps had a steel pipe body
and a piston, with hemp rope packings or cup-shaped leather
gaskets.
In 1903 attempts were made to use devices for controlling
flowing wells. These outfits which were only a kind of big
safety valve, did not work when eruptions became violent,
because they soon became clogged with sand blown out of the
well with the oil. In 1912 Rumanian engineers constructed a
valve with a cylindrical piston, working hydraulically from a
distance. The results of tests made on gushers were very
successful.
At about the same time a primitive flowing head was
mounted on a well at Moreni. It consisted of two valves with
two branches each, which guided the oil flowing at high pres-
sure from the well to a wooden hut lined inside with sheet iron,
where oil and gas were separated. A technical improvement
was made to this method at a later date, when each of the
two branches of the flowing head was connected to two or
three cylindrical tanks filled with gravel, so as to provide a
back-pressure of 2 or 3 atmospheres on the well head, which
would reduce the velocity of the flow (gas and oil), as well as
the quantity of sand associated to the mixture. Unfortunately the gravel tanks became very
quickly clogged by sand and stopped working. These may be considered to have been the
first attempts for controlling the production of wells and separating oil and gas.
The use of flow beans at the flowing head was tried for the first time in 1916. This exper-
iment was carried out at a well in the Pleasa (Moreni) oilfield, a four-branched flowing head
being fitted to its mouth. A flow bean was placed in every branch. The quantities of sand
throWn up by the well were, however, so great, that the flowing head device was soon worn
away, valves and all. At about the same time a flowing choke made from a thick-walled 1 1/2"
pipe was tested at a well in the Baicoi oilfield. The well was flowing 45 days and 30,000
tons of oil passed through the choke, but by then the device mounted on the well head was
completely destroyed by erosion.
Concurrently with the increase of crude-oil output in the fields, the oil-processing industry
continued its development at an even faster rate than oil production.
The increase of kerosene consumption for lighting purposes and the ever growing use
of fuel oil in railway locomotives and steamships on the one hand and the invention of the
internal combustion engine on the other, led to a considerable growth in the demand for
oil products a demand that could not be satisfied by the working capacity of the small
refineries built in Rumania in the second half of the 19th century. In order to satisfy the
growing demands foroil products at home and abroad, more and more refineries were built
and by the end of 1914 they numbered 62.
Dr. Lazar Edeleanu
12
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0
0
?
?
?
?
?
?
LUME CRUDE OIL PRcESED IN M411
i-cREFINERIES SE1WEEN-1AND 1957
F;14.71:??'
0
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In 1897 the biggest Rumanian oil refinery of that time was built at Cimpina. It corisisted
of a battery of 16 continuous stills, with fire tubes, pre-heaters for residues and distillates,
and was provided with dephlegmators. The processing capacity of this refinery was 1,200 tons
per day. Distillation was effected by steam injection and the kerosene was refined. Some crude
oils were processed for the production of lubricating oils and paraffin.
This refinery was enlarged in 1903 by the addition of a battery of 9 fifty-ton stills for
the discontinual distillation of gasoline. To meet the needs of the refinery, a sulphuric acid
factory, working on the contact principle, was built at Cimpina in 1907.
From the point of view of planning and technical set-up the new refineries built between
1900 and 1914 were much superior to the small refineries erected prior to 1900. The crude-
oil stills now had a capacity of up to 50 tons each and were provided with two tubular
fire boxes, while distillation itself was done with superheated steam. New types of dephleg-
mators appeared at this time in great numbers. The whole quantity of gasoline obtained in
these refineries was distilled by the heat recuperated from the pre-heaters for residues and
distillates.
In 1908 Dr. Lazar Edeleanu, a Rumanian scientist, worked out a method for the selective
refining of kerosene with the aid of liquid sulphuric dioxide. Thanks to Dr. Edeleanu's inven-
tion Rumania obtained priority in the use of selective solvents for the refining of oil products.
Starting with kerosene, the method of selective refining with sulphur dioxide was extended
to all other oil products. The method was continually improved, so that from the initial discon-
tinual process the continuous method was worked out. The
latter is at present also used for refining products derived from
coal-tar resulting from the distillation of coal. Large sulphur
dioxide refining plants are now successfully working all over
the world.
As a result of improvements introduced by the refineries,
gasoline output increased from 6 to 13 per cent, while that of
kerosene decreased from 68.5 to 29.9 per cent.
In 1900 gasoline consumption was quite insignificant com-
pared to kerosene consumption, but by 1913 world consumption
of gasoline reached .5,300,000 tons, Rumania's production during
that year being 422,000 metric tons, or equal to 8 per cent
of world consumption.
The processing capacity of the refineries increased rapidly,
reaching 1,200,000 tons in 1900, 2,090,000 tons in 1908 and
4,152,000 tons in 1914.
During the period preceding Rumania's entry into the
First World War, aromatic byproducts being needed for the
production of explosives, a small plant for the pyrogenous treat-
ment of oil fractions was built in Bucharest. Its output was
sufficient to cover the internal needs of the moment.
In the early years of the 20th century the bulk of Rumania's
crude-oil output was consumed at home. Exports of crude oil
and oil products barely accounted for 25 per cent of produc-
Geologist Ludowic Mrazek
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tion. After 1910; however, the export of crude oil and oil
products began began to increase rapidly and in 1913 represented more
than 57 per cent of the total output.
At first crude oil and oil products used to be exported to
Western Europe only; when production reached a higher
level, outlets were found in Egypt, Turkey and several other
countries.
Steel pipelines were built for transporting the crude oil
from the fields to the refineries. Their total length reached
1,600 kilometres in 1918 as compared with only 20 kilometres
in 1900. N'
Railway tank cars were built in great numbers for the
transport of oil products to export stations or large centres
of consumption at home. From about 750 in 1903, their number
increased to more than 4,200 in 1916.
Important progress was achieved in the building'bf storage
tanks for crude oil and oil products. The total storage capacity
of the Rumanian oil industry in 1918 was 386,333 cubic metres.
94 per cent of the tanks were made of steel and the rest
of wood.
In 1906 the storage tanks and the loading station in the
harbour of Constantza on the Black Sea were commissioned
and in 1907 export stations for oil products were opened in
.the Danube ports of Giurgiu, Cernavoda and Braila.
Simultaneously with the development of the oil industry, geological research was extended,
with a view to discovering new oil deposits. The first Rumanian geologists to acquire inter-
national reputation were Grigore Stefanescu, Grigore Cobalcescu, Mrazek and several others.
In his speech on the occasion of his election to the Rumanian Academy, Grigore Cobal-
cescu said:
"Oil exists in Rumania in oligocene, saliferous and pliocene formations, from the northern
frontier of Moldavia right down to Oltenia.
"From a tectonical point of view, the geological formations are folded and form numerous
anticlines which are split by deep faults in longitudinal and transversal directions. All folds
of the oil-bearing zone run parallel to the Carpathian ridge, i.e., in the direction S.W.?N.E.
in Wallachia and S.E.?N.W. in Moldavia. The oil is concentrated in anticlinal axes, where
it is often accompanied by salt stocks, as well as saline and sulphureous springs containing
iodines and bromides. There is no oil in the zones situated between the anticlines.
"In Moldavia the oil appears in miocene and oligocene formations, in Wallachia in oligo-
cene and Pliocene formations."
The studies made by Cobalcescu, $tefanescu and other Rumanian geologists prior
to 1900, led to the identification of rich oilfields in Rumania (at Colibasi, Baicoi, Matta,
Sarata Monteoru, Lucacesti, Tazlaul Sarat-Zemes, Solon, Tetcani, Sirbi, Cimpeni, etc.) thus
clearing the road for work of great scientific and practical value in connection with
Rumanian oil.
Geologist Gheorghe Murgoci
14
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kr 1903 the Commission for the Study of Oil Geology was set up. It was composed of
the geologists G. Murgoci, S. Atanasiu, V. Anastasiu and W. Teisseyre. The commission's report,
published as the result of studies extending over a number of years, presented for the first
time an official inventory of the natural sources of hydrocarbons, an enumeration and a
short technical and scientific description of all fields exploited at that time, as well as a
general survey of the geological structure of oil-bearing regions, which showed the oil-bearing
structures prospected up to that time.
In 1906 the Rumanian Institute of Geology was created, which carried out fruitful research
in the field of hydrocarbons.
The work which was done, and the results of which were published by the Institute of
Geology, was carried out with the participation of outstanding geologists, such as L. Mrazek,
S. Atanasiu, Popovici-HaTeg, G. Murgoci, I. Popescu-Voiteti, G. Botez, G. Macovei and some
younger men, and referred to the stratigraphy and tectonics: (a) of the marginal region ,of the
Eastern Carpathian flysch in the former counties of Neamt, Bacau and Putna, (b) of the Sub-
carpathian regions of Central and Southern Moldavia and the connetions of the latter with
the Moldavian plateau, (c) of the Southern Carpathian flysch zones; it also dealt with the
geological structure: (a) of the paleogene, miocene and pliocene Subcarpathian regions in the
former counties of Buzau, Prahova and Dimbovita, and (b) of the Subcarpathian region and
the pliocene zone in the Getic Depression (Oltenia).
In these publications an inventory is drawn up and a detailed description is given of all
natural outcrops of hydrocarbons, together with descriptions of the geological structures to
which they belong and of oilfields in exploitation at that time.
The inherent qualities of oil and particularly its increased use led to massive expropriation of
-the mosnern peasants in Rumania throughout the whole 19th century (and after the 1864 land
reform of the smallholders), as soon as oil was discovered on their land. The seizure of their
land was carried out by the boyars and landlords, by the rising bourgeoisie and by some
of the kulaks in the villages situated in oil regions (many of whom later became oil
manufacturers).
In 1867 the first oil company with Rumanian capital was founded under the name of
"Rumanian Limited Company for the Exploitation of and Trade with Fuel Oil." Its founders
were a group of landlords, bourgeois and politicians.
The rich Rumanian oilfields soon attracted the attention of foreign capital as well, whose
owners considered them a good source of new profits.
In 1862 a French company carried out some drilling in the Mosoarele region, near
Tirgu Ocna.
In the same year a British firm, "Jackson, Brown & Co.," was formed with a capital of
4,000,000 francs which bought land all over the Prahova county and built a refinery at Braila
to which the crude oil was transported in barrels. There was also a Viennese company, ,"Suchard
& Co.," which had obtained a concession at Colibai?Prahova.
The infiltration of foreign capital into the Rumanian oil industry was done with the direct
connivance of the Rumanian bourgeoisie and the big landowners, as well a. of the then leaders
of the Rumanian state and particularly of the Hohenzollern dynasty.
In 1895 the first Mining Law was passed, facilitating the acquisition of oil-bearing land
by foreign capital. This law established the principle that the owner of the land was ipso facto
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,
-
-
the owner of its subsoil, free to sell it outright to anyone or to grant a concession for its exploi-
tation, the state reserving no rights for itself, nor exercising any control.
State-owned oil-bearing land was divided into "perimetres" of no more than 40 hec-
tares each, and concessions were granted for periods of 30 years, with a royalty of 4 per cent
and an annual ground-rent of 20 lei per hectare.
In 1899 these provisions were amended; the perimetres were increased from 40 to 100
hectares and the royalties to 8-14 per cent. In 1900 the duration of the concessions was
increased to 50 years.
The 1895 Mining Law threw the doors wide open for the entry of foreign capital. German,
British, Dutch, and later American, French, Belgian and Italian capital came rushing in, and
the proportion of Rumanian capital invested in the oil industry kept going down.
In 1900, only five years after the enactment of this law, the proportions of capital invested
in the Rumanian oil industry were as follows:
German 60 per cent
Anglo-Dutch . 30 per cent
Rumanian 10 per cent
Attracted by the rich oilfields and the favourable laws, the two big oil trusts
"Standard Oil" and -Royal Dutch Shell" appeared on the scene.
In 1904 the American "Standard Oil" trust opened a branch under the name of
"RomIno-Americana," with a capital of 2,500,000 lei. In 1914 this company controlled 18
per cent of the country's crude-oil output, 23 per cent of its oil-processing capacity and 6.19
per cent of the capital invested in the oil industry.
The Anglo-Dutch trust "Royal Dutch Shell" created a subsidiary in 1910, under the name
of "Astra Romina," with a capital of 29,400,000 lei ; by 1914 it controlled 11.5 per cent of the
capital invested in the oil industry, 25 per cent of the crude-oil output and 40 per cent of the
processing capacity. Up to the outbreak of the First World War the distribution of invested
capital underwent the following changes:
16
???
Origin of capital
1905
1914
In millions of lei
Per cent
In millions of lei
Per cent
British
?
?
63
16.15
Dutch
?
?
28
7.18
Anglo-Dutch
13.2
875
61
15.64
French
?
?
31
7.95
Belgian
?
?
16
4.10
Franco-Belgian
6.5
4.31
?
?
American
5
3.32
26
6.67
German
97
64.32
130
33.33
Italian
7.5
4.98
5
1.28
Rumanian
21.6
14.32
18
4.62
Other
?
?
12
3.08
Total
150.8
100
390
100
/
:
--
\
..
_
,
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?
GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
OLI
ACNITA
?-?
TRANS YLVAN IAN 'DEPRESSION
N. S.
6 = Pliocene
5 = Sarmatian-Tottonian (salt)
4 =-- Aquitanian-Helvetian
3 = Paleogene
2 = Mezozoic + (Paleozoic?)
1 = Crystalline basement
The scale of the heights is twice as
as that of the lengths
GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
"".
?.
-
large
.0
Wtr-k
MOLDAVIA
W. E.
6 Miocene
5 Oligocene
4 = Eocene
3 . Oligocene
2 . Eocene
I . Eocene
Marginal zone
TazlIu zone
Tarau ,zone
ro?
1132.2rstglorome.
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GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
DUCEGI
CIMPINA
SAIC01
ARICETI
MANEFII
WEST WALLACHIA
N. S.
CENTRAL WALLACHIA
N. S.
8 = Pliocene
7 = Sarmatian-Tortonian (salt)
6 = Helvetian-Aquitanian (salt)
5 = Paleogene
4 = Cretaceous
3 Jurasic
2 = Triassic-Paleozoic
1 = Crystalline basement
The scale of the theights is twice as large
as that of the lengths
GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
PIT Cr
8 = Pliocene
7 Sarmatian-Tortonian (salt)
6 = Helvetian-Aquitanian (salt)
5 = Paleogene
4 = Cretaceous
3 = Jurasic
2 = Triassic-Paleozoic
1 = Crystalline basement
The scale of the heights is twice as large
as that of the lengths
GEOLOGICAL CHARACTER
CENTRAL OLTENIA
N. S.
8 = Pliocene
7 =-. Sarmatian-Tortonian (salt)
6 = Helvetian-Aquitanian
5 = Paleogene
4 = Cretaceous
3 = Jurasic
2 = Triassic-Paleozoic
1 = Crystalline basement
The scale of the heights is twice as large
as that of the ,lengths
?
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The foreign companies brought, their own plant and machinery and came with their own
technicians who were, in most cases, unfamiliar with geological conditions in Rumanian oilfields:
For this reason many oil wells were completed in bad conditions and even whole oilfields suffered
irreparable damage.
The training of Rumanian personnel, mostly only workers, was started after a considerable
delay. It included drillers, drilling foremen and auxiliary personnel such as motor mechanics.
fitters, electricians, etc.There were very few Rumanians on the medium and higher grade staffs,
as it was the standing policy of foreign firms to bring such men from their own country. This
policy was aided and abetted by the Rumanian governments of that period which did not
open any special higher grade technical schools.
In 1904, of the 530 drilling foremen who worked in various parts of the country, more
than 300 were foreigners.
Up to the end of the First World War there were only a few Rumanians in higher posi-
tions ? engineers who had studied abroad, often men who had not specialised in oil.
In December 1904 a school for drilling foremen was opened at Ompina, but it was only in
1914 that a mining and oil section was created at the Bucharest School of Roads and Bridges.
Due to their keenness in learning drilling and extraction techniques, Rumanian technicians
and engineers became competent oilfield managers in a short space of time and were worthy
representatives of Rumanian science and technique, successfully drilling wells in regions where
foreign technicians had failed.
Nevertheless up to the First World War the key positions in the oil companies continued
to be held almost exclusively by foreign citizens, while the proportion of other staffs was as
follows:
Rumanians %
Foreign citizens %
Engineers
47
53
Technicians
70
30
Drilling foremen
84
16
Office employees
66
34
After the outbreak of the First World War (1914) and particularly after Rumania's entry
into the war on August 15, 1916, the oil companies reduced their investments for drilling and
extraction; this led to d continuous decrease in the oil output, which fell from 1,810,170 in 1914
to 898,994 tons in 1916. The fact that war was being waged on Rumanian territory also con-
tributed to this situation.
When military operations forced the Rumanian troops to retreat temporarily to Moldavia,
the Allied Powers asked the Rumanian governrrient to 'destroy the wells, storage tanks, rolling
stock and refineries, undertaking to compensate the Rumanian state for the losses incurred.
On these conditions and under the direct orders and supervision of British officers, Colonel
Norton Griffiths and Colonel Thomson, the British Military Attach?n Rumania, about 1,500
wells were blocked and some 1,000 wells and shafts, as well as storage tanks holding more than
150,000 cubic metres of oil were set on fire. The plants and the storage tanks of the refineries
17
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were also set on fire or blown up, so that more than 230,000 tons of crude oil, gasoline and
kerosene were destroyed.
The majority of-the Rumanian workers ana technicians employed by the oil industry with-
drew with the Rumanian armies to Moldavia, and contributed to the development of the oil
industry in this region.
With the aid of rigs and materials brought to Moldavia they drilled new wells in the
Zemq and Solon I fields, the output of Moldavian oil rising from 25,536 tons in 1915
to 57,389 tons in 1917. The small local refineries were repaired and put into working order,
and at the same time two small refineries were built at Margineni?Bacau and at Socola?Jassy.
After the occupation of Wallachia, the German authorities created the "Erdolindustrie
A. G., " an oil company with. German capital, which was granted concessions of oil-bearing
land belonging to the state, for a period of 50 year5. In order to ensure regular fuel supplies
to the army, the German military administration immediately started to put the damaged
refineries into working order and to unblock the wells, at the same time drilling new ones.
As a result of these measures oil output in the occupied territory rose to 917,921 tons in 1918.
By the separate peace treaty of May 7, 1918, concluded between Rumania and the Central
Powers, the Rumanian state was obliged to cede 30,000 hectares of productive oil land for a
period of 50 years, with an eventual extension to 90 years, to the new German company
which had the exclusive right to oil exploitation in Rumania. The sale of oil products was
to become the monopoly of a German-Austrian-Hungarian company.- Following the defeat
of Germany, this enslaving treaty was cancelled, but instead of the Rumanian people, the true
owners of this wealth, drawing a benefit from it, the Rumanian oil industry fell into the hands
of other foreign companies.
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iiL

THE RUMANIAN OIL INDUSTRY AFTER THE FIRST
WORLD WAR AND UP TO 1948
At the end of the First World War (1918), the Rumanian oil industry was in an extremely
difficult situation, its output 'being only half of that of 1913, the processing,c'apacity of
the refineries was practically nil, and storage facilities were only a fifth of what they had be-en
in 1914, while equipment was either deteriorated or incomplete.
The valuation of the losses suffered by the Rumanian oil industry was done by an appointed
international commission, which arrived at an estimate of approximately 20 million pound
sterling. Half of this represented losses suffered by the state through the destruction of crude-
oil stocks, oil products, storage tanks, pumping stations, pipelines, etc., while the balance repre-
sented losses incurred by oil companies through the destruction of oilfields, refineries, drilling
and extracting equipment, stocks of oil products, etc.
Although the destruction of the major part of the Rumanian oil industry had been carried out
in accordance with the demand of the Allied governments, with an explicit undertaking on their
part to reimburse at the end of the war the entire value of the damage caused, it was only after
lengthy negotiations that the governments concerned agreed to pay a mere 4 million pound sterl-
ing, and even this sum was to be used as partial compensation of Rumanian war debts to the Allies.
The Rumanian state, however, was obliged to pay the oil companies the entire amount
of 9,978,890 pound sterling, fixed as the value of their losses during the war.
An immediate consequence of the cessation of the state of war was the return to the for-
mer owners of all enterprises with French, British, Italian and American capital which had
been confiscated by the German occupation authorities.
19
"-)
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oll110111110REINSISMI"3111181"111111112511.1111.1111111"..."."...."1".
?
---
The San Remo Convention (1920) for the settle_ment of war damages that Rumania must
pay to the Allies, established that the shares of oil companies with German capital should be
divided between Rumania, Great Britain and France in the proportion of 51 per cent to Rumania
and 24.5 per cent each to Great Britain and France.
The stipulations of the San Remo convention were not respected however, the bulk of
the shares of the former German companies being taken over by British and French compa-
nies as the result of various financial and political manoeuvres. In the case of the "Steaua Ro-
mina" Company the Rumanian group in the end received only one-fifth of this company's shares,
and in the case of the "Concordia" and "Vega" only 2 per cent. These financial manoeuvres
caused the Rumanian national economy losses estimated at 3,000 million lei.
Due to changes resulting from the distribution of the capital of former German companies,
and to the founding of new enterprises, the situation in the Rumanian oil industry in 1921
was as follows:
Cap.tal
Millions of lei
Per cent
British
377
16.85
Dutch
48
2.14
Anglo-Dutch
226
10.10
American
208
9.29
French
366
16.35
Belgian
187
8.36
Italian
11
0.49
Rumanian
800
35.75
Other
15
- 0.67
The Mining Law of 1895, under which the oil industry operated until 1924, facilitated an
unbridled sacrifice of oil-bearing land that formed the state reserve. In 1924, 96 per cent of
the 50,000 hectares under exploitation was privately-owned land, from which 1,208,000 tons
of crude oil were extracted, representing 65 per cent of the total output of the country. The
state-owned fields (1,900 ha), whose area was only 4 per cent of the total, produced 652,000
tons or 35 per cent of the total output of the country.
In 1924 a new Mining Law was passed which, in principle, provided that the whole wealth
of the subsoil was state property, with the exception of "established" rights over oil-bearing
land that was known as workable. Such "established rights" belonged in the majority of cases to
foreign and Rumanian oil companies and to politicians Of those times. The remainder of the
subsoil which now became the property of the state could, by virtue of this law, be concessioned
to oil companies on condition that 51 per cent of their capital was owned by Rumanian citizens.
The area now held on concession from the state reached 65 per cent of the total land
exploited, and the extraction of oil increased considerably. The exploitation of state
property was just as unscrupulous under the new law as it had been before.
In the fields leased by the state to the oil companies, the latter extracted in 1928 on the
average more than 7,000 tons of oil per well, while on privately-owned land they extracted
only 1,790 tons per well. Statistics show that .in the same year 2,085 tons of oil were ex-
tracted from every hectare on land leased from the .state, and only 651 tons per hectare on
privately-owned land. Foreign oil trusts and their governments retaliated against the 1924
Mining Law by various ways and means, ranging from diplomacy to economic measures, which
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CAPITAL INVESTED IN THE RUMANIAN OIL INDUSTRY
BETWEEN 1900 AND 1945
Lwr.,rer
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brought quick results in the form of far-reaching amendments to the law The 1924 Mining
Law thus proved to be but a timid attempt on the part of the Rumanian governing
circles to obtain a bigger share in the profits of the Rumanian oil industry.
The amendments introduced to the Mining Law in 1929 established equal treatment for
Rumanian and foreign capital The result of the application of this amendment was a new and
powerful offensive by foreign capital to take over Rumanian oil. In 1937 foreign companies.
holding 74 per cent of the capital invested in the Rumanian oil industry, accounted for 86 per
cent of the total oil output of the country In 1937 the Mining Law was again amended by
introducing the principle of preferential treatment of companies with Rumanian capital
These amendments had no.. the slightest effect upon the unrestrained activities of the foreign
companies, and -preferential treatment" only benefited the politicians of the time The losers
under all the laws were the Rumanian working people, particularly those who worked in the
oil industry
After 1918 the oil output steadily went up year by year, from 968,611 tons in 1918 to
4,836,974 tons in 1929, partly due to the enormous wealth of the new oilfields, but mostly
because of their forced exploitation
The notorious 1929-1933 economic crisis had no influence upon the rising curve of
production Although prices fell sharply and crude-oil production was considerably reduced
all over the world, the Rumanian crude-oil output increased to 7,376,604 tons in 1933, as a result
of the fantastic profits obtained by the companies even with the ridiculously low prices at which
crude oil was being sold at that time
In order to maintain profits on their capital even with the prices offered at the time in
the world markets, the big oil companies began to make huge cuts in their personnel, reducing
their investments and particularly their exploratory drilling Therefore no new productive
structures were discovered This can be seen from the fall in drilling figures 312,800 metres in
1929 compared with 124,400 metres in 1931
In order to justify the slowing down of their exploratory activity, the companies came out
with the theory of the exhaustion of existing Rumanian oil deposits and the lack of new ones,
even though many years before the Rumanian geologists Popescu-Voitesti. Murgoci and Macovei
had shown in their published works that considerable oil-bearing formations existed in regions
considered unproductive by the oil companies, e g , some regions in Moldavia and around Tirgu
flu and Pitesti in \Wallachia
After launching this theory about the exhaustion of Rumanian crude-oil reserves, the oil
companies no longer replaced old oilfield and refinery equipment
This time too the companies' profits came off the workers' backs In order to pass through
the crisis with the smallest possible risks and almost undiminished profits, foreign and Ruma-
nian companies pushed the whole weight of the crisis upon the shoulders of the workers who
were either discharged or worked reduced hours Wages were also reduced, or the men had
to work longer hours without additional pay
Although Rumania's oil output amounted to 7,376,604 tons in 1933, i e almost double that
of 1929, it was obtained by 15,777 workers instead of 30,017, which was the 1929 figure In
1933 wages were 40 per cent lower than in 1929
The companies took ever more drastic measures to reduce output, to cut down costs and
wages through the application of so-called curves of sacrifice, and through large-scale dismissals
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However, things did not go the way the Rumanian bourgeoisie and landlords would have
liked them to do. In 1933 the working class was no longer what it had been before the First
World War. Under the leadership of the Communist Party of Rumania the working class passed
to the counter-offensive in defence of its political and economic rights. In February 1933 the Ruma-
nian oil workers, together with the Rumanian railwaymen, and led by the Communist Party of
Rumania, wrote a glorious page in the history of the struggle of the Rumanian working
class against exploitation and misery, for the liberty and independence of their country.
While exploratory drilling represented a bare 10 per cent of the total volume of drilling,
productive drilling was intensified and increased from a total of 124,442 metres in 1931 to 385,318
metres in 1937. This resulted in an output of 8,703,497 tons in 1936, the highest figure ever
reached before the Second World War. Owing to the failure' to discover new productive structures,
and to the intensive exploitation of the existing ones, production could not be maintained at
this high level and kept falling steadily.
During the above-mentioned period drilling technique was greatly improved; the older
systems of dry and hydraulic percussion drilling were abandoned and hydraulic rotary drilling
came into general use. By this method numerous wells were drilled, some of them to a depth
of more than 3,000 metres. Owing to the new method, drilling time was greatly reduced and
instead of one to two years it now took only a few months to drill a well.
After the general introduction of rotary drilling (1928-1931), simplified casing was applied
by using single strings of casing which resulted in a reduction of more than 40 per cent in
casing consumption.
In 1927 electrical logging was used for the first time and soon became the general prac-
tice. It led to the solution of many geological problems in the Gura Ocni/ei, Bolde0 and
Moreni fields, and this had a great influence upon the development of this region.
Mechanical coring was now only being used for the investigation of small portions of
.oil-bearing layers.
After 1928 the perforation of casing strings opposite oil-bearing formations was done
with the aid of perforating devices invented by Rumanian engineers and technicians; some
of these had an electrical, others a mechanical drive. The first accurate selective perforating
equipment appeared in 1936.
After 1926 crude-oil production technique was generally by natural flow controlled with
the aid of flow beans and by the separation of gas in separator,, by artificial flowing (gaslift
and airlift), as well as by deep pumping.
Bailing and swabbing were still used sometimes in wells with a low production.
? Until 1933 the production of deep wells ? after the period of natural flow was over ?
was done only by artificial flowing and only for comparatively short periods, as long, as the
lifting costs remained profitable from the economic point of view.
Many wells that could still have provided a good production were abandoned the moment
theirs output no longer represented any interest from the point of view of profit.
I Although deep pumping had been used for years in shallow wells, producing a non-paraffin-
ous asphaltic oil, it was only in 1934 that it began to be extended to wells deeper than
1,000 metres and to paraffinous oil wells. That year pumping rigs and base equipment (pumps
and separators) with a construction suitable for great depths were introduced and tlie pro-
blems connected with the fight against -surplus paraffin" in casings were solved.
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In certain oilfields, wherethe lay of the land permitted it, group pumping was introduced
by building central pumping stations that were connected with the wells by transmission lines.
Between 1916 and 1940 the number of productive wells increased from 1,045 to 2,377.
Although methods of extraction had been greatly improved and certain rational exploi-
tation methods were introduced in a number of fields, the exploitation of the oil deposits
continued, as a general rule, just as intensively and irrationally as before, leading to the pre-
mature depletion of the natural energy of the formations in many oilfields. The case of the
Bucsani oilfield is a striking example. Work began here in 1934, with an output of 6,700 tons
for that year, which increased to 2,180,000 tons in 1936, when it represented about a quarter
of the total production of the country. Two years later the output was only 208,000 tons,
which denoted the almost complete degradation of the oil strata after only three years' working.
Owing to the irrational exploitation of the oilfields and the depletion of their natural
energy, large quantities of oil remained unextracted in the oil-bearing strata.
After the First World War the refineries were repaired rather slowly and the quantity of
crude oil processed by them in 1921 was only 1,046,992 tons compared with 1,787,245 tons in 1913.
Following this date the processing capacity of the Rumanian refineries gradually increased,
the refineries being enlarged and brought up to date, enabling them to handle 8,134,300 tons of
crude oil in 1935. Cracking plants were built in 1930 and their capacity increased every year.
Although the capacity of the cracking plants was rather small in comparison with the
need for the fullest utilisation of the crude oil, these plants were not kept fully employed,
fuel oil being exported and processed in Western European refineries.
Two thermic reforming plants were built, having a total capacity of 270,000 tons p.a.
Gasoline with a high octane number, required for aviation motors, was obtained in small
quantities and only by distillation from specially-selected crude oils.
Most refineries which produced lubricating oils maintained their old batteries of boilers for
fractional distillation. Only the Brasov refinery was equipped for work with selective solvents.
Refined paraffin was produced in two plants, one of which was in the Ompina refinery
and the other at Rimnicu Sarat.
Some progress was made in building equipment for gathering cracking gas in the distilling
and redistilling plants. The big refineries had introduced equipment for recovering gasoline
in gas'oil plants, as well as equipment for producing liquid gas.
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In 1940 there existed 12 refineries in Rumania, whose daily processing'capacity exceeded
1,500 tons each; only a single one belonged to a Rumanian company, the "Creditul Minier."
Its processing capacity was about 6 per cent of the total; all the other refineries belonged
to foreign oil companies.
The storage capacity increased to about 1,400,000 tons, ? some 400,000 for crude oil, and
the rest for oil products.
Crude oil was transported to loading stations in the ports by pipelines with a total length
of approximately 2,400 km; there were 19,500 tank cars for the transport of crude oil by rail.
In the balance of Rumania's foreign trade exports of oil and oil products were rising
to an ever higher place, going up from 1.66 per cent in 1913 to 52.8 per cent in 1934 and
40.6 per cent in 1937.
The percentage of capital of the various oil companies in Rumania on .the eve of
Rumania's entering the Second World War can be seen from the following table:
Le i
Per cent
British
1,248,716,985
11.72
Anglo-Dutch
2,200,580,000
20.66
American '
1,175,660,000
11.04
French
1,101,421,485
10.34
Dutch
31,255,000
' 0.29
Franco-Belgian
1,078,710,000
10.13
Belgian
46,725,000
0.44
Italian
373,613,000
3.50
German
582,184,000
5.46
Rumanian
2,719,742,210
25.54
Other
, 93,750,320
0.88
TOTAL
10,652.358,000
100
Following Rumania's entry into the orbit of Hitlerite Germany, Antonescu's fascist dicta-
torship was set up. Rumania was occupied by Hitlerite troops and ultimately pushed into
the crirraal aggression against the Soviet Union.
Under the royal dictatorship a special treaty had already been signed with Hitlerite Germa-
ny in 1940, the "Olpakt," under which Rumania's oil output was placed at the disposal of the
Hitlerite armies, in exchange for armament. Immediately after the proclamation of Antonescu's
dictatorship the whole oil-bearing region was occupied by great numbers of German troops.
After the outbreak of the Second World War the Rumanian oil industry was almost
completely monopolized by German capital. The Germans had full control of the oil industry
because, on the one hand, they either took over or acqUired control of the companies with
Franco-Belgo-Rumanian and Anglo-Dutch capital and, on the other hand, they formed a new
German company, the "Kontinentale 01 G.m.b.H.," which received concessions over vast
areas in the former Dimbovita and Prahova counties.
During t-ie Second World War, between the years 1941 and 1943, Rumanian crude-oil produc-
tion wa's maintained with small fluctuations round about the figure of 5,500,000 tons p.a. which
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In 1940 there existed 12 refineries in Rumania, whose daily processing capacity exceeded
1,500 tons each; only a single one belonged to a Rumanian company, the "Creditul Minier."
Its processing capacity was about 6 per cent of the total; all the other refineries belonged
to foreign oil companies.
The storage capacity increased to about 1,400,000 tons, ? some 400,000 for crude oil, and
the rest for oil products.
Crude oil was transported to loading stations in the ports by pipelines with a total length
of approximately 2,400 km; there were 10,500 tank cars for the transport of crude oil by rail.
In the balance of Rumania's foreign trade exports of oil and oil products were rising
to an ever higher place, going up from 1.66 per cent in 1913 to 52.8 per cent in 1934 and
40.6 per cent in 1937.
The percentage of capital of the various oil companies in Rumania on the eve of
Rumania's entering the Second World War can be seen from the following table:
Lei
Per cent
British
1,248,716,985
11.72
Anglo-Dutch
2,200,580,000
20.66
American
1,175,660,000
11.04
French
1,101,421,485
10,34
Dutch
31,255,000
0.29
Franco-Belgian
1,078,710,000
10.13
Belgian
46,725,000
0.44
Italian
373,613,000
3,50
German
582,184,000
5.46
Rumanian
2,719,742,210
25.54
Other
93,750,320
0.88
TOTAL
10,652.358,000
100
Following Rumania's entry into the orbit of Hitlerite Germany, Antonescu's fascist dicta-
torship was set up. Rumania was occupied by Hitlerite troops and ultimately pushed into
the criminal aggression against the Soviet Union.
Under the royal dictatorship a special treaty had already been signed with Hitlerite Germa-
ny in 1940, the "Olpakt," under which Rumania's oil output was placed at the disposal of the
Hitlerite armies, in exchange for armament. Immediately after the proclamation of Antonescu's
dictatorship the whole oil-bearing region was occupied by great numbers of German troops.
After the outbreak of the Second World War the Rumanian oil industry was almost
completely monopolized by German capital. The Germans had full control of the oil industry
because, on the one hand, they either took over or acquired control of the companies with
Franco-Belgo-Rumanian and Anglo-Dutch capital and, on the other hand, they formed a new
German company, the "Kontmentale 01 G.m.b.H.," which received concessions over vast
areas in the former Dimbovita and Prahova counties.
During the Second World War, between the years 1941 and 1943, Rumanian crude-oil produc-
tion was maintained with small fluctuations round about the figure of 5,500,000 tons p.a. which
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represented about 63 per cent of the 1936 productipn. This output came exclusively from
old oilfields and was produced only through extraction pushed to the utmost limits, as no
other productive fields had been discovered, exploratory drilling being almost non-existent.
To satisfy the requirements of the Hitlerite army, efforts were made to obtain as many
oil products as possible. The output of gas oil increased from 770,221 tons in 1939 to 897,650
tons in 1941 and the production of lubricating oils (went up from 65,500 tons in 1938 to
103,700 tons in 1943.
All through the war Rumania, supplied Hitlerite Germany with between 3 and 4 million
tons of oil products each year. Based upon forced agreements, the prices were 20 per cent
below world market prices and no taxes or dues whatever were paid by the Germans to the
Rumanian state. When the Germans paid 285 lei per litre f gasoline and 2.41 lei fOr a litre
of kerosene, the population of Rumania had to pay 14 lei for gasoline and 4 lei for kerosene.
Anglo-American air-raids, which began during the summer of 1943 and went on with
increasing force in 1944, when the Soviet armies were approaching Rumania's border, caused
heavy destructions and damage to refineries and storage tanks.
On August 23, 1944, the armed insurrection of the Rumanian patriotic forces led by the
Rumanian Communist Party overthrew the fascist didatorship of the Antonescu government
and brought about the turning of arms against Hitlerite Germany.
The victory of the armed insurrection created conditions for the gradual conquest of state
power by the mass of the people.
By the end of the Second World War the Rumanian oil industry was in an extremely
bad position. In 1944 crude-oil production had fallen to the very low figure of 3,519,000 tons.
The number of productive wells had decreased to 1,700; processing capacity of the refineries
had been reduced by 85 per cent and storage capacity by 61 per cent. Physical depreciation
of drilling and extracting equipment had reached an advanced stage. Apart from that, equip-
ment consisted of many different types, most of which were obsolete.
The average daily yield of the wells was only 5.6 tons each and drilling had decreased
by more than 50 per cent.
One might add that, although oil companies were, as a rule, using modern equipment
and tools, there still existed 107 hand-w. orked shafts in 1944. These belonged to some small
companies or to private people.
The oil companies that had been seized by the Germans during the war, were now taken
over by the representatives of the former owners and oil trusts.
Dr. Petru Groza's government of large democratic concentration, formed on March 6,
1945, and supported by the broad masses of the people led by the Rumanian Communist Party,
immediately started an intensive campaign for the reconstruction of the oil industry. The
government granted large credits for this purpose to all oil companies, irrespective of the
origin of their capital, so that they would repair and put the wells and refineries, damaged
during the war, back into function, and repair and renew the deteriorated oilfield equipment.
The oil companies delayed or postponed the reconstruction of the Rumanian oil industry,
alleging a shortage of equipment and materials. Nor did they make any attempt to start explo-
ration drilling thk would have led to-the opening of new oilfields. They once more launched
t the old theory about the exhaustion of Rumanian oil-deposits, although there existed ample
and precise indications about favourable prospects in many new regions.
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The Rumanian Institute of Geology played an important part in the drive started by the
Rumanian government for the earliest possible discovery of new oil-bearing structures that
could be exploited and for the establishment of the existing industrial crude-oil reserves.
The Institute expanded its research field by creating a geophysical prospecting service, for
which special funds were allocated by the government.
Based on detailed studies and research into the lithology and stratigraphy of geological
formations and on a more exact knowledge of the tectonics of oil-bearing structures, correct
scientific schedules were drawn up regarding the placing of wells so as to ensure rational
exploitation. Conditions were established for the preservation of gas in the oil layers and for
the isolation of water; scientific and technical conditions were drawn up for the exploitation
of oil at great depths in the lower Rliocene strata and in the miocene strata of the Wallachian
oil-bearing structures.
To facilitate the discovery of new workable geological structures, the geologists and geophy-
sicists of the Institute of Geology explored wide areas in the mountainous and hilly zones of Mol-
davia and Wallachia. The valuable works of the geologists G. Botea, S. Atanasiu, Popescu-Voite0,
G. Murgoci arid-Professor G. Macovei greatly assisted in the orientation of these discoveries.
The Rumanian Institute of Geology was further entrusted with the task of studying the geo-
logical formations which might contain oil in the Subcarpathian region of Northern Moldavia, in
the Transylvanian Basin, in the Banat, in the Pannonia Depression and in the Maramure. The
results of these studies contributed to the success of subsequent prospecting for oil and gas.
Great assistance was given by the Soviet Union in the action for rebuilding the oil industry.
In accordance with the treaty of economic co-operation, signed in Moscow on May 8, 1945,
providing for co-operation between the U.S.S.R. and Rumania in the reconstruction and raising
of Rumania's productive capacities, the Soviet Union supplied the Rumanian oil industry with
large quantities of equipment: up-to-date draw-works, pumps, geophysical instruments, log-
'ging equipment, drill-pipes, drilling rigs, cables, lorries, tractors, etc. Capitalist countries cate-
gorically refused to supply suck oil equipment to Rumania.
In October 1945 a Rumanian-Soviet oil company was formed under the name of "Sovrom-
petrol," an economic unit of a new type, hitherto unknown to the Rumanian economy. The
"Sovrompetrol" company was formed with the participation of the Rumanian and Soviet states
and based upon the principle of absolute equality of both parties. Both parties made an equal
contribution to the companyand had equal rights in the management. The enterprise was
incorporated in Rumania and subject to the laws of Rumania.
Founded at a time when the aftermath of war could be fully felt in the Rumanian oil
,industry, "Sovrompetrol" fought alongside the Rumanian people for the rebuilding and develop-
ment of the Rumanian national economy. "Sovrompetrol" brought oilfield equipnient and
machinery, reference material and plans from the U.S.S.R.; it carried out intense work in devel-
oping drilling ? particularly exploration drilling ? and productiOn, making great efforts
to improve the processing of the crude oil in the refineries.
Apart from this the Soviet Union assisted the Rumanian oil industry from the very outset
by sending engineers and?technical staff who, together with Rumanian engineers and techni-
cians, greatly contributed to the work of rebuilding the oil industry.
"Sovrompetrolc' was a powerful mainstay in the struggle for the reconstruction of Ruma-
nia's economy.
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V
THE RUMANIAN OIL I.NDUSTRY- AFTER 1948
The proclamation of the Rumanian People's Republic on December 30, 1947, followed
on June 11, 1948, by the nationalisation of the wealth of the subsoil, of industrial enterprises,
banks, insurance companies, mining and transport, etc.; was the main factor in the
total rebuilding and continuous development Of the oil industry, as well as of the entire
Rumanian economy, on its road to the construction of socialism. The oil industry, although
reconstructed to a considerable extent, was still in a rather bad state at the time it
was nationalised.
Nationalisation did away with dozens of oil companies which were fiercely competing
with each other and exhausting the wealth of the subsoil, and cleared the way for centralized
and harmonious management, and for planned organisation of production in powerful'and
well-equipped units. The nationalised oil companies were grouped in two state enterprises:
J
_ - ?
"Petrolifera 1"1untenia," which_co-ordinated_the_activities of oil _enterprises in Wallachia and
Oltenia, and "Petrolifera Moldova" which did the same in Moldavia. These state enterp?rIks
carried out the tasks assigned to them in the annual state plans for 1949 and 1950 regarding
the reconstruction and development of the oil industry.
Rumanian-Soviet co-operation in the. Joint company perfectly reflected the content of
the relations of a new type established between the two countries: full equality of rights,
respect of mutual interests, mutual and fraternal aid in the furtherance of general economic
progress. 0
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In 1955, when the oil industry of the Rumanian People's Republic had definitely been placed
on a solid basis, an agreement on advantageous terms was reached for transferring the Soviet
share in the "Sovrompetrol" company to the Rumanian People's Republic.
The "Sovrompetrol" company put the bases for a rational exploitation of the oil-bearing
formations and took energetic action in discovering and exploiting new oil-bearing regions.
The entire activity of the "Sovrompetrol" company was a school of technical progress.
'In order to obtain well-founded data with reference to the prospects of the oil-bearing
formations, a trust of geologieil exploration was created, an enterprise for geological and
geophysical prospecting, and a geological research laboratory. By centralizing and classifying
the geological material, it became possible to draw up an inventory of all known oil-bearing
structures, to reach an estimation of the prospects of new structural units and to calculate
the existing crude-oil reserves of various kinds. The result was that exploratory work in new
regions ? and in the old ones as well ? could be properly organised a'nd directed.
The prospecting and ex-ploratory activities were extended to all great structural units
where chances of finding oil existed. Exploratory drilling was extended to more than 100 unex-
plored structures. It also led to an extension of areas that were already being exploited in
known oil-bearing regions. 33 new productive structures were discovered, with 52 oil and ?gas-
bearing horizons.
The discovery of new structures after nationalisation led to the appearance of new oil
regions on the map of the Rumanian People's Republic. Such regions were situated in Western
Wallachia (Pitesti and Ploesti regions), in Oltenia and in the Maramures. The area of the
Moldavian oil region was greatly extended. -
In 1948 drilling activity was already greater than in 1938, and since 1951 it has been at
least three times greater. There was a noticeable increase in exploratory drilling in particular,,
and it now amounts to more than 50 per cent of the total drilling operations.
In 1953 alone the total amount of exploratory drilling exceeded the exploratory drilling
done in the 15 years preceding nationalisation.
A decisive part in reaching this position was played by the introduction and the extensive
use of the most up-to-date methods of drilling technique.
The most important of these methods,is turbine drilling, first applied in 1952.
In 1957 turbine drilling wasj being applied in more than 13 per cent of the total drilling,
and in Moldavia this percentage increased to 85 per cent.
Since 1954 this method has been extended to the Maramures region with its hard rock
formations which resemble those of Moldavia, and to regions with soft formations, as well
as to deep wells situated on the Rumanian plate-au.
' Turbine drilling lent/itself without difficulty to directional drilling, and was consequently
introduced on- a large Seale in Moldavia for drilling cluster wells and for the drilling of twin
wells. It also perrnitted wells to be drilled in places where the land formation was not very
accessible, caiising surface.work, mounting and the transport of materials to be done under
extremely difficult conditions. Directional drilling for deviated holes at angles of more than
45? from the vertical could be done from locations.,and positions where the lay of the land
permitted it. In this way the development of_the oil strata at ?Seninul Micoi lying beneath
the salt massif became possible, as well as of others which lay next to faults _and could-not
be traversed by ordinary rotary drilling.
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The reduction of costs in surface Work obtained through cluster drilling and the
drilling of twin wells; meant a 30 per cent economy in total drilling costs as compared with
individual drilling.
In 1957, rotary drilling with Water as drilling fluid was used in 33 per cent of the total amount
of drilled metres. This technical method has made it possible to increase penetration rates
four to five times, bringing the highest monthly speed per draw-works up to 7,621 metres.
A 1,300 metre--deep well in the Pitesti?Leordeni region was drilled in 5 day g and 3 hours.
In the same region average monthly drilling rates were 3,30Q metres per draw-works.
(Drilling with roller-bits has been greatly extended in the course of the last few years,
particularly in the hard rocks of Moldavia and Maramures. Research and planning institutes
have designed new, improved types of roller-bits. The characteristic feature of these is the
low washing of the rollers. The mechanical penetration rate is 2 to 3 times as high as it is
with ordinary bits, and the advance has been increased by 54 per cent. More than 35 per
cent of the total drilling is now being done with roller-bits.
Due to new drilling methods, the penetration rate and the advance of exploratory drilling
_
have been increased by an ,.average of 40 per cent all over the country.
For the survey of formations in cased and non-cased wells radioactive logging has been
introduced on a large scale; control of various drilling opei-ations, particularly of cementing
is being carried out with the aid of radioactive isotopes.
The big increase in oil reserves as a consequence of intensified geological and drilling activ-
ities led to a rapid growth in the production of crude oil. In 1953 oil output had already
exceeded the highest-pre-war figure, and in 1957 it reached 11,180,290 tons. Crude-oil output
per head of population increased from 422.7 kg in 1938 to 627.1 kg in 1957.
These remarkable results were to a great extent also due to the use of up-to-date and
rational methods of oilfield exploitation and crude-oil production..
Since 1950 the exploitation of oil formations has been carried out only on the basis of
exploitation plans drawn up by the Research Institute for Drilling and Extraction. These plans
fix the boundaries of the oilfield, the rhythm and the organisation of drilling, the number
of wells to be drilled, as well as the method of production and organisation of work in the
oilfield. The plans for the exploitation of new oilfields provide for the maintenance of pressure
in oil formations by injection of water, gas or both, according to the special characteristics
of the oil formations. _ _
?_ _
One of the thost serious consequences- of the exploitation of oil-bearing layers in the
past, was their premature depletion through the exhaustion of their natural energy,
so that great quantities of oil remained in he strata, or that their recovery factor was
exceedingly - low.
To raise the-recovery factor for old oil formations the method of secondary recovery
being applied today to an ever growing extent. It consists of washing the oil formations
with water or with gas injected through injection wells.
At present 50 per cent of the crude-oil production in the Rumanian People's Republic
is being extracted from the oil strata by means of water and gas injections.
In order to increase the flow of the oil towards the bore hole and to raise the recep-
tivity of the injection wells, the method of hydraulic fracturing of the strata has been applied
since 1955. About 300 fracturing operations are being executed each year.
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.--,_Owing to these operations the daily output of the wells has increased two or three times.
In some cases the whole character of exploitation has been changed, and instead of extraction
by pumping, natural flowing can be applied again.
The 500 or more fracturing operations executed in Moldavia between 1955 and the end
of 1957 haveresulted in an additional output of about 550,000 tons of crude oil.
In order to increase the output of productive wells and the receptive capacity of the
injection wells, a method of acidizing the strata has been introduced and thermo-chemical
treatment has been applied.
Deep pumping with tubular rods in wells bringing up much sand is in current use, and
so are vibrating separators and bottom flow beans in pumping wells with great gas quantities.
Other methods include: the consolidation of non-consolidated sands in the strata; the damming
of sudden sand flow with the aid of special filters (outside and inside the perforated casing),
the forced pumping in wells containing viater surpluses, etc.
In order to reduce consumption of materials at great depths, anti-corrosion protection
is being applied by introducing inhibitors into the aggressive medium, with the result that
the service-life of the pumps has increased up to 300 per cent. cathodic protection is now
used on pipelines carrying crude oil and 611 products.
leeping step with modernisation in drilling and producing, intensive work has been done
in the oil-processing sector and now the whole output of crude oil is being processed inside
the country.
During the period under review all the plant and equipment of the refineries damaged
by air-raids have been rebuilt, repaired and put in Working order. Many refineries were
brought up to date and enlarged, so as to correspond to the present needs of production.
Bottlenecks which existed in some plants have been eliminated and at the same time the
processing capacity for the. manufacture of refined products has been raised, consider4oly
increging their output. Facilities for making new products have also been created.
In order to increase processing capacity, to improve the quality of the products and to
create the possibility for manufacturing new products, the No. 8 refinery at Darmane0 and
the Teleajen lubricating oil .block have been built; a big refinery is being built and equipped
at Borzeti which will form part of an extensive oil and chemical combine. This modern refinery
will produce not only big quantities of various petroleum products, but in particular products
of a superior quality, at the same time supplying the necessary raw -material to synthetic
rubber and synthetic fibre works that are now under construction.
The building .of new refineries and the modernization of existing ones has already led
to an improvement in the quality of the products. The octane number of gasoline has been
raised, special fuels are,being produced for tractors;----spirits- for jet-propelled'aircraff, gas oils
v(iit-h-hig-ti octane numbers and low freezing points, special lubricating oils with a D.I.19ayiscosity
index, oils for use with superheated steam, anti-freezing mixtures, special bitumens, white
medicinal oils, transparent paraffin, natural pharmaceutic vaseline, demulsifiers, and in addition
to all these a great many products that serve as raw material for the chemical and other
industries.
Particular attention has been paid to the production of liquid gas for household use,
its output having grown from 1,713 tons in 1938 (the equivalent of 131,000 containers) to
? 51,585 tons in 1957 (the equivalent for over 4,000,000 containers).
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The export of oil products occupies an important place in the foreign trade of the Rumanian
People's Republic and covers 22 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.
One of the new industrial branches born in Rumania during the years of the people's
democratic rule is petro-chemistry. Apart from its use as fuel, oil has now become a first-
class raw material for the chemical industry.
One of the most remarkable achievements of Rumanian petro-chemistry is the oxidization
of paraffin, a method by which synthetic fatty acids required for the manufacture of soap can
be obtained. Just as important is the manufacture of synthetic detergents, at present produced
in two modern plants. One might also mention the successful manufacture of synthetic glyce-
rine, the extraction of cyclohexane, benzene and xylene from gasoline, as well as the manu-
facture of ethylic alcohol from oil-well gas. Of great importance is the elaboration of the
technological process for the manufacture of vinyl poly-chloride. The chemical treatment of
liquid-oil products produces naphtenic acids required for the manufacture of synthetic deter-
gents, as well as naphtenates which form the raw material for the paint and varnish industry.
In another petro-chemical unit cyclohexane used in the manufacture of relon synthetic
fibres will be obtained by the distillation of certain gasoline _fractions.
Work .is proceeding for the definite elaboration and improvement of technological methods
for the manufacture of synthetic rubber, synthetic fibres, plastics and chemical fertilizers.
Other important sectors of the petro-chemical industry, will be put into operation within
the next few years. Among these is a large synthetic rubber works, with a capacity of 50,000
tons p.a.; it will produce with half this capacity in 1960, using cracking gas as its raw material,
producing the most modern types of synthetic rubber' knoNkp till now. An acetone and methyl-
ethyl-cetone factory is under construction. It will use as raw material certain fractions resulting
from the distillation of crude oil.
It will not be long before cloth will be woven from wool or cotton fibres mixed with
relon. Tests are being,made with synthetic fibres made from ethylene xylonite, called "lanil."
They are similar to wool fibres, but their resistance is twice or three times as great.
Owing to the great possibilities opening up for the Rumanian oil and petro-chernical indus-
tries, the country's economy and its population will have at their disposal numerous industrial
products and consumer goocis, furnishedtby the petro-chemical industry.
One of the big problems facing the Rumanian oil industry was the manufacture of
essential equipment.
Towards the beginning of the Second World War the extracting and processing oil inchls-
tries had developed to a certain extent, but at that time practically no oilfield or refinery
equipment was made in Rumania. All that was done consisted of repairs, the manufacture
of certain spare parts and the making of some minor tools and fittings for producing and
exploration wells. Extremely small quantities of a few types of equipment were produced in
the .central workshops" of the "Concordia" oil company, including pumps, two or three
steam-engines per year, valves, storage tanks and tools. In 1938 almost 99 per cent of the
drilling and production rigs and all processing plants were of foreign manufacture: 80 per cent
_
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The export of oil products occupies an important place in the foreign trade of the Rumanian
People's Republic and covers 22 countries in Europe, Asia and Africa.
One of the new industrial branches born in Rumania during the years of the people's
democratic rule is petro-chemistry. Apart from its use as fuel, oil nas now become a first-
class raw material for the chemical industry.
One of the most remarkable achievements of Rumanian petro-chemistry is the oxidization
of paraffin, a method by which synthetic fatty acids required for the manufacture of soap can
be obtained. Just as important is the manufacture of synthetic detergents, at present produced
in two modeirn plants. One might also mention the successful manufacture of synthetic glyce-
rine, the extraction of cyclohexane, benzene and xylene from gasoline, as well as the manu-
facture of ethylic alcohol from oil-well gas. Of great importance is the elaboration of the
technological process for the manufacture of vinyl polychloride. The chemical treatment of
liquid-oil products produces naphtenic acids required for the manufacture of synthetic deter-
gents, as well as naphtenates which form the raw material for the paint and varnish industry.
In another petro-chemical unit cyclohexane used in the manufacture of relon synthetic
fibres will be obtained by the distillation of certain gasoline fractions.
Work is proceeding for the definite elaboration and improvement of technological methods
for the manufacture of synthetic rubber, synthetic fibres, plastics and chemical fertilizers.
Other important sectors of the petro-chemical industry will be put into operation within
the next few years. Among these is a large synthetic rubber Works, with a capacity of 50,000
tons p.a.; it will produce with half this capacity in 1960, using cracking gas as its raw material,
producing the most modern types of synthetic rubber known till now. An acetone and methyl-
ethyl-cetone factory is under construction. It will use as raw material certain fractions resulting
from the distillation of crude oil.
It will not be long before cloth will be woven from wool or cotton fibres mixed with
relon. Tests are'being made with synthetic fibres made from ethylene xylonite, called "lanil."
They are similar to wool fibres, but their resistance is twice or three times as great.
Owing to the great possibilities opening up for the Rumanian oil and petro-chemical indus-
tries, the country's economy and its population will have at their disposal numerous industrial
products and consumer goods, furnished by the petro-chemical industry. ?
One of the big problems facing the Rumanian oil industry was the manufacture of
essential equipment.
Towards the beginning of the Second World War the extracting and processing oil indus-
tries had developed to a certain extent, but at that time practically no oilfield or refinery
equipment was made in Rumania._ All that was_done consisted of repairs, the manufacture
of certain spare parts and the making of some minor tools and fittings for producing and
exploration wells. Extremely small quantities of a few types of equipment were produced in
the "fentral workshops" of the "Concordia" oil company, including pumps, two or three
steam-engines per year, valves, storage tanks and tools. In 1938 almost 99 per cent of the
drilling and production rigs and all processing plants were of foreign manufacture: 80 per cent
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were of American make and the rest came from Great Britain, Germany or Holland. There
were no more than 100 drilling rigs altogether, out of which 65 were steam-driven, 20 worked
by electricity and 15 by Diesel engines.
? Apart from the fact that most drilling rigs were of low capacity, they consisted of
different types and the majority were either worn out or obsolete:
When it became impossible to import goods from the West, owing to the war, the home
manufacture of oilfield equipment was intensified to a certain extent. The "Reita" works
produced 3 or 4 draw-works a year, a small quantity of heavy forged drill-collars, sucker-rods
_ and an exceedingly small number of tool-joints; "Concordia" increased the production of reduc-
tion _ _
gears for pumping units and the "Steaua Romina" workshop-s-at Cimpina buili. 'a-number
of extraction pumps. A good deal of the equipment was brought from Germany, but in most
cases as prototypes.
Apart from the equipment brought by the "Sovrompetrol" company, no othCer equipment
came into the country between 1944 and 1948, but home manufacture was somewhat expanded,
Particularly in the "Reita" works and the "Concordia" factory (now the "1 Mai" works,
Ploe0) which produced steam engines, transmission pumps, drilling draw-works: brown
blocks, traielling blocks, rotary swivels, drill-collars, kelly stems, valves, tool-joints, oil pumps,
flanges and, fittings, drilling and fishing tools, storage tanks and some steel constructions for
refineries. No complete drilling rigs were produced at that time.
It was after nationalisation that ? for the first time in the history of the Rumanian
People's Republic ? the '1 Mai" works began to produce complete steam-driven drilling rigs for
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depths ciTup to 2,500 metres and later rigs driven by Diesel engines for depths of up to 3,500
metres as well as transmission pumps, storage tanks, etc. The "23 August" works constructed the
first 190 h.p. and then 450 h.p. Diesel engines for drilling rigs. Other Rumanian works, such as
"ReOta," "Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej" of TirgoviTte, "Mao-Tze-Dun" and "Republica," both in
Bucharest, and others developed the production of drill-coll ars, tool-joints, steam-engines, sucker-
rods, pumping units, roller-bits, drill-pipes and casing, tubing apparatus and plants for refineries.
These successes were also due to the generous assistance of the Soviet Union in placing
documentary material at the disposal of the different works and factories, besides sending
technicians and machines.
. An outstanding success of the Rumanian oilfield equipment industry was the designing
and b'ulding of the first heavy drilling installations 4 D and 5 D for depths of up to 3,500
metres, driven by 450 h.p. Diesel engines with pneumatically-controlled clutches, belt or chain
transmissions and 500 to 800 h.p. slush pumps. The total nominal power of these installations
was raised from the about 800 h.p. of the old drilling rigs in use, to 1,800-L-12,000 h.p. The latest
type of the 4 LD drilling installations ? for depths of up to 3,500 metres ? is provided with
an A-shaped folding steel derrick.
Concurrently with the development of the oilfield equipment industry, speCial plants for
servicing and repairing Oilfield equipment were being enlarged or built in the years of the
first Five-Year Plan; some of these also make tools, spare parts and light equipment. Such
plants exist at Ploeti, Teleajen, Moreni, Poiana and Cimpina. A special plant exists for ser-
vicing and repairing the numerous motor vehicles employed in the oil industry.
Owing to the achievements of the oilfield equipment industry it became possible to replace
practically all the old drilling and production rigs. The present increased capacity of oilfield
equipment works in Rumania ensures not only the atisfaction of all home requirements,
but also leaves important quantities of oil equipment for export purposes.
?
? Although the Rumanian oil industry can look back on a century-old tradition and is one
of the basic branches of the national econom7iiup-toi-1948-1Fliddi_fnoi_scientituc-:researchT-Citftrie._-_.---
-or-planning institute which might have dealt with the various problems of the industry and
- with-the scientific and technical problems connected with oil generally.
To ensure that drilling, extracting, processing and constructional work in the oil industry
is carried out in accordance with up-to-date principles and with the highest technical and
-economic efficiency, research and planning institutes were founded following nationalisation,
with the scope of serving the various sectors of the industry: oil geology, drilling, extraction,
processing and the chemical treatment of crude oil, as well as the manufacture of oilfield
equipment.
Since 1951 a number of scientific institutions were founded for such purposes: the Scient-
ific Research Laboratory in CIiinpina which later became the Research Institute for Drilling
i and Extracting Oil and Gas; the Research Laboratory for the Technology of Processing, which
1subsequently merged with the Petro-chemical Institute for problems connected with the process-
;Inv and chemical treatment'of crude oil; the Plzinning Institute for Oilfields; the Refinery
Planning Institute_and the_Olifielth_Equipment:Planning Institute.
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depths of up to 2,500 metres and later rigs driven by Diesel engines for depths of up to 3,500
metres as well as transmission pumps, storage tanks, etc. The "23 August" works constructed the
first 190 h.p. and then 450 h.p. Diesel engines for drilling rigs. Other Rumanian works, such as
"Resita," "Gh. Gheorghiu-Dej" of Tirgoviste, "Mao-Tze-Dun" and "Republica," both in
Bucharest, and others developed the production of d ril I-col I ars, tool-joints, steam-engines, sucker-
rods, pumping units, roller-bits, drill-pipes and casing, tubing apparatus and plants for refineries.
These successes were also due to the generous assistance of the Soviet Union in placing
documentary material at the disposal of the-different works and factories-rbesides sending
technicians and machines.
- An outstanding success of the Rumanian oilfield equipment industry was the designing
_. _
and birlding of the first_ heavy drilling installations 4D and 5 D -for-depths of up to 3,500
metres, di iven by 450h.p. Diesel engines with pneumatically-controlled clutches, belt or chain
transmissions and 500 to 800 h.p. slush pumps. The total nominal power of these installations
was raised from the about 800 h.p. of the old drilling rigs in use, to 1,800-2,000 h.p. The latest
type of the 4 LD drilling installations ? for depths of up to 3,500 metres ? is provided with
an A-shaped folding steel derrick.
Concurrently with the development of the oilfield equipment industry, special plants for
servicing and repairing -oilfield equipment were being enlarged or built in the years of the
'first Five-Year Plan; some of these also make tools, spare parts and light equipment. Such
plants exist at Ploesti, Teleajen, Moreni, Poiana and Ompina. A special plant exists for---serz-
vicing and repairing the numerous motor vehicles employed in the oil industry..
Owing to the achievements of the oilfield equipment industry it became possible to replace
practically all the old drilling and production rigs. The present increased capacity of oilfield
equipment works in Rumania ensures not only the satisfaction of all hOine requirements,
but also leaves important quantities. of oil equipment for export purposes.
?
- Although the Rumanian oil industry, can look baek on a century-old tradition and is one
of the basic branches of the national economy, up to 1948 it had no scientific research centre
or planning institute which might have dealt with the various problems of the industry and
with'the_scientific and technical problems connf.,rte.a with generally. - - _ - -
To ensure that drilling, extracting, processing and constructional work in the oil industry
is carried out in accordance with up-to-date principles and with the highest technical and
-economic efficiency, research and planning institutes were founded following natIonalisation,
with the scope of serving the various sectors of the industry: oil geology, drilling, extraction,
_processing and the chemical treatment of crude oil, as well as the manufacture of oilfield
equipment.
Since 1951 a number of scientific institutions were founded for such purposes: the Scient-
ific Research Laboratory in, Cimpina which later became the Research Institute for-Drilling
and Extracting Oil and Gas; the Research Laboratory for the Technology of Processing, which
subsequ'ently merged with the Petro-chemical Institute for problems connected with the process-
ing and chemical treatment of crude oil; the Planning Institute -for Oilfields; the Refinery
Planning Institute and the Oilfield Equipment Planning Institute.
'
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Hundreds of engineers and technicians who had been in the oil and chemical industries
'for many years are now working in these institutes. Their knowledge makes a valuable contri-
bution to the solution of problems concerning the oil and petro-chemical industries.
Among the important works executed on the basis of the research work and plans of
these institutes are the following: the rational exploitation of oil formations, the construction
of oil and gas main pipelines, drilling installations for depths of up to 2,500 and 3,500 metres,
the triplex pump, the 800 h.p. pump, equipment for deep pumping, equipment for well ser-
vicing, equipment for the electrical desalination of crude oil, the extension of No. 7 and
No. 8 refineries, the plans for the Borze0 refinery, low-pressure polyethylenes, the oxidi-
zation of paraffin for the production of fatty acids, the purifying of naphthenic acids, multi-
functional adhesives for lubricating oils, anti-freezing mixtures, the production of tractor oils,
the manufacture of cetone and methyl-cetone, the extraction of cyclohexane and the manu-
facture of cyclohexanon, new technological methods for aromatizing gasolines, etc.
Apart from research and planning work, the above institutes, closely connected with
the production branches, also give technical assistance required for the introduction of the
most up-to-date methods.
Oil engineers, geologists and chemists frequently publish technical and scientific works
on problems which arise in the three main sectors: drilling, extraction .and processing. These
contributions, together with technical literature from abroad, form the basis of the technical
documentation which plays an important part in the development of the oil industry Of the
Rumanian People's Republic.
Prior to 1948, technical and scientific literature in connection with the oil industry was
published in Rumania to a very limited extent. In recent years the quantity of technical and
scientific publications ha!. grown enormously, the necessary technical and financial conditions
being created for the publication of a vast technical and scientific material in the shape of
original works and translations. For this purpose various state enterprises were founded, such
as the Technical Publishing House, the Institute for Technical Documentation, the Publishing
House of the Central Trade Union Council and the Publishing House for Scientific Literature.
In the Ministry for Petroleum and Chemical Industries itself there exists a Technical
Documentation Centre, with branches in the more important industrial centres. It receives
and distributes all periodical publications, and technical books dealing with oil and
chemistry which appear in the Rumanian People's Republic and abroad.
A technical magazine, "Petrol i Gaze" (Oil and Gas), is published monthly, containing
studies-and articles on the main problems of the oil industry, written by Rumanian oil engineers;
it also contains the latest technical information.
In order to ensure the rapid development of the oil industry on the basis of the most
advanced working methods, it was necessary to train new technical personnel and to con-
tindally raise the professional qualifications of the existing staff.
The Training and qualification of personnel was mainly done in two ways:.in training
schools for men taken from the enterprises, who continued to receive their full pay, and at
courses for raising professional qualifications, held at the place of work.
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From 1949 until now more than 75,000 workers and members of the technical and admi-
nistrative staff were trained at qualification courses at the place of work. In vocational
schools for adults 3,000 skilled workmen were trained between 1952 ,and 1956.
Professional schools for apprentices were opened, With a curriculym of 2 or 3 years;
more than 5,000 apprentices have been -trained in them. The pupils of such schools get free
board and lodging, clothes, books and utensils. After finishing school they are immediately
found a job. Until 1955 medium technical personnel were trained in 4-year technical schools.
In 1956 the medium schools were transformed into technical schools for foremen. Since
1950 more than 2,700 technicians have passed through these schools.
The higher-grade staffs required by the oil industry are trained in an university-grade
institute founded in 1948 and now bearing the name of the "Institute of Petroleum, Gas
and Geology." Up to the present 1,146 engineers have graduated from it:114 students from
18 foreign countries have also graduated from the Institute.
Numerous technicians and engineers in the Rumanian oil industry were sent abroad for
=speciaiization.- On'the other- hahd a grea-trnumber-of highly:qualified-Rumanian-engineers,? -
technicians and workers have given technical assistance to many countries whose oil industry .
is less highly developed.
As a result of the steady improvement of the professional standard of the workers and
technicians and of the encouragement given by the state to their creative initiative, the
drive for inventions, innovations and rationalization has enormously increased, and this has
been of great benefit to the oil, industry.
The introduction of technical and organisational improvements and rationalization in the
form of inventions and innovations, to which workers, technicians and engineers in the oil
industry have greatly contributed, led to kcontinuous rise in labour productivity and to sub-
stantial reductions of cost prices.
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Funds are allotted for manufacturing and testing prototypes of inventions till they can be
definitely adopted and applied on an industrial scale.
During the 1951-1957 period 9,200 inventions and innovations have been applied in the
oil industry, producing ii the first year of application economies estimated at 270 million lei,
for which the innovators nave been awarded corresponding bonuses. Five groups of engineers,
technicians and workers ha\.4 been awarded State Prizes for outstanding achievements in
the development of the oil industry.
The material situation of the personnel employed in the oil industry has considerably
improved in the last ten years. Apart from money wages paid on the basis of a system that
takes into consideration the degree of professional qualification, the wage earners enjoy the
advantages of a state system of social insurance and. of state grants for social and cultural
purposes. Taken together these represent the "social salary," which means a considerable
contribution in raising the living standard.
In the 1948-1957 period the volume of social and cultural building and building for
public health purposes has grown very considerably in the oil industry. Between 1951 and
1957 more than 1,700 dwelling houses, numerous canteens, etc., were erected, representing a
total value of 367 million lei. Dwelling houses alone account for about 300 million lei. The
rest is represented by 79 Halls and Clubs, 212 canteens and buffets, 77 health centres, 189
baths, 7 night sanatoria and 25 rest houses
The total amount of long-term credits granted by the state to employees in the oil industry
for the building of private houses exceeds 23 million lei.
The old settlements of Lucace0 and Onqti have been transformed into towns, the niajor-
ity of their inhabitants being oil workers.
Far the protection of the oit workers' health a special health-service network has been
'created in addition to the general state health service.
In 1956, some 21,000 oil and chemical workers and 3,500 oil and chemical ,workers' children
were sent to spas and health resorts, to rest houses and holiday camps at the expense of
the state insurance system. In 1957 the number rose to over 27,000.
Between 1949 and 1957 the state allocated more than 300,000,000 lei for materials and
work connected with labour safety and protection in the oil industry.
_
_
The hundredth anniversary. of the Rumanian oil industry coincided with the tenth annir
versary of the proclamation of the Rumanian People's Republic.
Rumania has always been known as one of the main oil-producing countries of the world,
but the highest -level Of output and technical achievement was reached in the years of the
people's democratic regime. 150,000,000 tons of crude oil were extracted in the 90 years
before nationalisation and 93,000,000 tons in the 10 years following nationalisation, the latter
figure representing almost \ 40 per cent of the total output of the country in the course of
100 years. The achievements of the Rumanian oil industry are something that all oil workers
are proud of? all those who have their heart and soul in an industry which uses the wealth
of Rumania's subsoil for the people's benefit.
36
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nar.laccifiart in Part - Sanitized Coov APProved for Release 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Page from the original manuscript copy (belonging to the Rumanian Academy) of the book Descriptio
Moldoviae by Dimitrie Cantemir. The last paragraph of Chapter V, De montibus et mineris Moldoviae,
testifies to the existence of crude-oil pits in the Tazlau Valley, describes them and shows the uses
given to the liquid extracted from the earth
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Oil well in the Cimpma oilfield in 1896.
Picture shows the hand-driven fan for
ventilating the shaft, and the digger
ready to go down
A well mouth lined with ambre
(cofferdams) in the Bustenari oilfield
(1857). Crude oil was lifted by means
of a metal bucket of 50 litres capacity
sonrie
-A ? ? tet: t
k474$4.',7=?? - agr,,ix-r;
'St 1
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?
View of a street in Bucharest lighted by kerosene lamps (1858).
7.9
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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?1141,1111t...4:11?:.-s": 1 ?
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Partial view of the Glodeni oilfield in the year 1886 showing hand- or
horse-drawn hecnos (hoists) for digging or extraction. Note the
system of ventilating the pit by means of bellows
e.,;'? .1?bk. ? ?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Aspects of the Butenart oilfield between 1905 and
1910, when the first Canadian drilling rig made its
appearance. Beside the drilling rig. w-...,11s producing
by hecnas may still be seen
View of the Cimpina oilfield
-
"
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Old type of horse-drawn production hoist, called "hecna".
i
:-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?
Moreni oilfield in which the old Canadian and Alianta drilling rigs
are intermingled with the new hydraulic rotary drilling rigs
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
The Runcu oilfield. Wells drilled between the years 1910 and
1915 with Canadian rigs
Cimpma. Gachita oilfield. A gusher well
Part of the old Gura Ocnitei oilfield
Moreni wells in the old oilfield drilled with Canadian and Alianta rigs
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
4;
General view of the Arbanai oilfield between 1905 and 1915.
The wells drilled with Canadian rigs were operated by bailing
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
?
50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Cimpina oilfield (1920) A well on fire
?chitin. Meripi . An old oilfield
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
111111.11111111117ctssified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
. , ts4
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Tuicani oilfield. Old
wells (Canadian and
Alianta types) and
new well drilled with
rotary outfit
View of the Scaeni
oilfield
411.16a.17.47Z21151'
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
First rotary drilling outfit (1930)
Cimpina oilfield. Old wells. Deep
pumping from a central power
station
Individual Canadian pumping equip- aw23===strm--aumm,-,.
ment with wooden walking beam
Gura Ocnitei oilfield
Moreni (1927)
General view
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
A
a
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Moreni.Well No. 160, Romino-Americana,
which caught fire in 1929 and burned for
3 years
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150007
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?-?
View of an oilfield.
a a,
ArP,
-
ft:
kt?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Wells in the Ocnqa oiltieIc
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
i
I
Wells in the Ocnita oilfield
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Y
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Fishing job on vc,ell ? about 1920
if
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Portable hoist pulling the plunger of a deep oil
pump
Boldest, oilfield. Long-distance killing operation carried out from behind
a shield (1930-1935)
41 irA
I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Moreni. Tuicani oilfield. Rotary-drilled
wells
General view of Bran refinery
ii
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Brazi refinery at night
General view of the Cimpina refinery
in 1940. The first big refinery built
in Rumania
sue?
A
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Vacuum fractionating
column
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?
Rrazi refinery View ol the
storage tanks
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
No I Ploesti refinery. Part of
the atmospheric distillation and
vacuum equipment
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Mounting a group of geophones for
geophysical exploration
Geophysical explorations carried
out by a flying crew
[1.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
t."."
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Mounting a metal derrick
A-
Exploration drilling in the Baragan plain
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Sliding a metal derrick from one location to
another without dismantling
Pulling drill-pipe
Pulling drill-pipes on a well in the
Prahova Valley
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Screwing drill-pipe stands
Radio-active logging logging at a completed well
Drilling crew hanging the swivel
and kelly to the hook
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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High pressure casing-head installed at a deep flowing well
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Inside view of a steel derrick
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Partial view of a new oilfield near Tirgomte
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High and low pressure separators in a producing oilfield
1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Running in pumping rode-
into a well
Portable hoist pulling an oil pump on a deep well
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Electrically-driven 12-ton individual pumping unit
-
rex
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
71"171I-VAA. tilfw f.ter.:4).
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An electrical desalination plant invented by C. Nicodimescu
Moreni. Group of old pumping wells
equipped with masts, derricks and jacks,
hooked to a central pumping power
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Gasoline plant absorbers. Partial view
,
1
,
Electrically-driven water station pump
\
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Compressor station with vertical engines
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
41:???????
Electrically-driven com-
pressor station
Electrically-driven ver-
tical compressors
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Workshop in the Tirgoviste oilfield equipment factory
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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@ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
t
In 1956, the "1 Mai" oil-equipment works at Ploesti started to
produce a new type of drilling rig called the 4 LD. Features: a
folding derrick which can be mounted in 5 minutes and dismantled
in less than a minute by an automatic device, four 450 h.p. Diesel
engines, drilling capacity to 13,500 ft. Pictures show three different
views-of the new drilling equipment
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
/
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_
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In the assembling workshop of the
"1 Mai" works at Ploe;ti. A group
of slush. pumps being mounted
300-ton swivel ready for shipping
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
41.
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Since they have been set up, Rumanian oil-equipment factories pro-
duced a wide range of equipments, whose quality has also been
appreciated abroad in the numerous countries to which these products
have been exported. Photo shows view of the Ploesti "1 Mai" works:
equipment ready for shipping
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Duplex steam-driven slush pump
Some of the products of Rumanian factories, ready for export
Light pumping unit
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
,Details of the 4 LD drilling rig (hook,
rotary table, draw-works and switch-board)
150-ton hook
Triplex slush pump
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
?
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Rotary table
View of a tubular good station. Drill-pipe racks
Three-cone roller bits
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
t
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View of a refinery
,
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Aspects inside a refinery
LT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Kerosene-neutralizing equipment at No. 8 refinery in
Moldavia
i
Switch-board in a refinery for measuring and checking instruments
Storage tank-farm in a Ploesti
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
View of m9dern distillation equip-
ment at No. 10 refinery ? a big
new Moldavian plant
No 1 Ploesti refinery Checking
the instruments on a distribution
manifold
1
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Control of crude-oil flow rate into the furnace
Manifolds and pipelines leading to the storage tanks of a refinery
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Building a new and up-to-date bitumen plant at an oil refinery
near Ploesti
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Pipelines inside a refinery
Partial view of the furfurol equipment
in a newly-built oil refinery
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
V A J. 3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
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50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Storage tank-farm in a refinery
Pipelines and tank-farm in an oil refinery near Ploesti
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Pumping station Inside a refinery for handling the products
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Pitch-producing and loading equipment in a refinery
Filling station for liquified gas containers at Bucharest main stoi age tank farm
^
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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I actionating toc er for liquid gases
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
A laboratory of the Cimpina Institute for
Drilling and Extraction Research. Gauge
for measuring the bottom pressure
A laboratory at the Ploesti Petro-Chemical Institute. Checking the apparatus on a
pilote station
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
The Bucharest Petroleum, Gas and Geological Institute Here future petroleum engineers and geologists at e trained
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Students at work in one of the Institute's laboratories for crude-oil technology
Students during their practical course studying the construction
and working principles of the roller-bit
Students receiving the first practical notions about drilling wells
and handling bits, in the laboratory for drilling technique
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Bucharest Head Office for the distribution of petroleum products
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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An oil tank-car filling station at a refinery
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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The port of Constantza is the principal gateway for the export ol
Rumanian petroleum products. Photo of the poi t's storage tank farm
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25 : 61A-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
4
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Net v ork of pipelmes Cometing peli oleum pi ?ducts
to the otl tankers vhich ship them all over the v.orld
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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The distribution of petrolewn products in towns and on highways
is ensured by filling stations stocked with the entire range of
petroleum products
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release . 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Filling station.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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At Lucaceti new and comfortable buildings for oilfield
workers have been built on the sites of the old houses
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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The Prahova Valley oil men are very keen footballers Their team ' Petrolul" Ploesti
is one of the best in the country. Our photo shows the Cmpina Stadium
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Little towns like these, inhabited by oil workers, have sprung up
as result of the exten.sion of the oilfields in the Pitesti region
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
The canteen of the "1 Mai" works, Ploesti
A workcP' club in Moineti district
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
1 11
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
The new club of the Lucacesti oil
workers has a spacious festival hall
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Workers at the Ploesti No 1 refinery have
an up-to-date well-equipped club
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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011 workers' chtldren 0 the Cimpina ..8 Martie" day-
nursery on their kaual after-breakfast stroll in the park
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
One of the operating theatres at Lucacesti hospital
Moinesti. The new hospital building
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/03/25: CIA-RDP81-01043R004200150002-3
The Ploe5ti Oil-Pe-
troleum Chemistry
professional school
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Those working in the oil industry spend their annual holiday at the
clothing resorts on the Black Sea coast ..
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