POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY MARIYSKAYA ASSR NO. 88

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R003500200005-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 30, 2014
• Sequence Number: 5
• Publication Date: February 13, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY
LOC/tTION OF
M AR I YSKAYA ASSR
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Political and. Population Survey.
No. 88
MA_RITSKAIA ASSR
Prepared by
Air Research Division
Library of Congress
1.3 February 1959
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Political and Population Survey
MARIYSKAYA ASSR
No. 88
Table of Contents
I.
Statistics
Government
A.
B.
Page
Controls .
General
Control Groups
1
1
1
2
1. Communist Party and Komsomol
3
2. Government
5
3. Military
6
4. Economic
7
II.
Population, Labor Force, and Ethnic Composition
9
III.
Psychological and Sociological Factors ..
14
A.
Political and Social Tensions
14
BO
("V" Defense ottetesetsemote*eseteeseeseee#4 ..
16
C.
Medical Facilities
18
D.
Educational and Cultural Facilities
21
IV.
Socio-Economic Factors
23
A.
Housing
23
B.
Food Supplies
24
C.
Transportation
25
1. General
25
2. Rail ...
25
3. Highways and Roads
27
4. Water .
27
5. Air
28
6. Telecommunications
29
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D. Utilities
1. General
P. Electric ?Older
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3. Local Utilities and Transit
E. Economic Significance
1. General ...., ?
2. Agriculture
3. Industry
V. Urban Areas ?
11
Page
30
30
30
31
32
32
33.
34
36
Tables
I. Estimated Republic Control Force: 1959 ........%0 3
II. Summary of Demographic Characteristics: 1959 9
III. Estimated Population by Administrative-Territorial
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.
Divisions: 1959
10
Population Changes: 1926-1959
11
Ethnic Distribution: 1926, 1939, 1959 ..t ..
12
Estimated! Age and .Sex Composition: 1959
13
Estimated Categories of Employment: 1959
13
Incidence of Civilian Medical Personnel and
Facilities per 1,000 Total Population: 1956
19
IX. Estimated Regional Distribution of Gross Industrial
Product: 1955 32
X. Utilization of the Area Sown to Crops: 1940-1956 33
XI. Estimated Distribution of Total Urban Population 36
Maps
I. Location of Max:iyskaya ASSR Frontispiece
II. Administrative-Territorial Divisions 0 Backpocket
III. Population Backpocket
IV. Transportation and Resources . Backpocket
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MARIYSKAYA ASSR
13 February 1959
Statistics
? 11 ?
.
.-
..
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:-
. . ?
. ,
.Towns
Urban Settlements
10
Total Est. 1959 Pop
Cities
Rural .Popbp
(Kozmodemyansk and Volzhsk)
(Yoshkar-01a) 670,000
Urban Pop
162,000
508,000
2
1
' ? Area in Sq. Mlles 8,958
?
Rural Rayons 20
Selsovets ? 177
I. Government Controls.
A. General' ?
?
?
a a
? Th'e area of present-day Mariyskaya ASSR was formed as an autono-
mous oblast in 1920. and subsequently Included as such in Nizhegorodskiy
Kray (later knOW.h as Gokovskiy Kray). When Kirovskiy Kray was separated
from Gorkovikiy Kray in 193, .c.riyskaya Autonomous Oblast remained in
Gorkovskiy Kray. 'On 5 December :1936,. It was constituted as the Mariy-
skaya Autonomous Soviet-Socialist:Republic. There hive been no major
'territorial adjustments since its establishment in 1936 except for
internal Changes which involved increasing the number of rural rayons
from 18- to the preseni po. ?
?
?
The republic i. iodated in the central part of European USSR and
was part of, the old dentrai. InC.4strial Region.. The V61ga River, one of
the principal waterways of the USSR,. runs through the .S part of the
?
? republic. Mariyakayd-ASSR is bounded by.Kirovskaya Oblast on the N and
NE, Tatarskaya ASSR On the SE; Chuvasihskaya ASSR on the S, and by Gorkov-
skaya Oblast on the W. lo?
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The total estimated 1959 population is 670,000 which represents
0.31 per cent of the total population of the USSR and 0.56 per cent of
the total population of the RSFSR. The over-all density of the republic
is 75 persons per square mile. About one fourth of the republic's
'population lives in urban areas, about 50 per cent of wham are located
in Yoshkar-Ola, the capital and cultural center of the ASSR.
The economy of the republic is essentially agricultural (mostly
grain); the most important single economic activity is the lumber indus-
try, including such allied activities as the manufacture of paper, cellu-
lose, and wood products. Industrially, .it has little nationwide signifi-
cance since in 1956 the republic represented only 0.244 per cent of the
USSR's gross. industrial production; 0.375 per cent of the RSFSR's; and
of the old Central Industrial Region, 0.426 per cent.
As an autonomouo republic; Mariyskaya ASSR has its own Supreme
Soviet and Council of Ministers as the highest local state organs which
are the approximate equivalents of an Oblast Soviet and its Executive .
Committee. These organs are subordinate to agencies of the RSFSR
government. The chief 'Party organ in the ASSR. is the OblAstli Committee
of the Communist Party, which is directly responsible to the Bureau for
RSFSR Affairs of the USSR Central Committee of the Communist Party In
Moskva. Significant economic control is exercised by the Mariyskaya ASSR
Council of National Economy (Mariyskiy SOvnarkhoz) which is subordinate
to the RSFSR Council of Ministers. The republic also has its own Supreme
Court whose jages are elected by the Supreme Soviet of the ASSR.
B. Control Gratm
The Mariyskaya ASSR control force is estimated to total 25,300,-
3.7 per cent of the total republic population, and 7.4 per cent of its
labor force. It includes all those who direct, supervise; and coordinate
lyf In an Autonomous Republic (ASSR) the highest making Party
Committee is call-' the Oblast Party Committee, rather than the.Autonamous
Republic Party CocJittee. Also; for convenience in this report, the
Antoncmous Republic is frequently referred to simply as "the republic."
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the activities of the population. The degree and scope of control
?
depends upon the level df the control force to which they belong: the
. .
? 6 ?
0
? ? ? 0 ? ? ? 0 e 0 0 0
0
? ? ?
primary, intermediate, br *lower control force. This applies to. the Party,
.
. :
? ? ?
, ?
government,' 'military, and.. economic components of control. In each of
?
these components, the primary conttor force is pomosed or those responsi-
? ble for policy making and genpral administrative functions; the inter-
mediate control force of those responsible for the supervision and imple-
?
?
?
ments:tion.of polidk, adapting and applying it to specific areas; and the
?
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? ?
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lower control 'force ? consists of those supervisory-administrative persdnnel
???? ?
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. ?
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.at th operational level and, clerical aides .of control Ponc;e, superl4sory-
? ?
?
?
administrative personnel.
?
?
?
? ?
?
?
?
?
? ? ?
I. ?
."
?
?
? ?
? ?
The control force, as'Ivwhole, repregents the power elite, of
. . 0
0 ? ."
. .
.Soviet society% The vaying degrtes of power and influkice it commands ?
. ? .
. ?? ? . .
. .
. ._
determine not only the individuals share of prestige,but also their
? . . .
?
? ?
? ?? ?
?
? ? ? ? ? 40. ?
? 0?05 ?
? econotic status. Thus the Rower elite is distinguished not only. by .its ?.
?
? ? ?
? o ?
se
?
?
office but by its wealth.
?
? ?
?
?
?
Compohent
?
. ^ .
? Party
?Ciyil
^ ' Government
Economic
Military
??
^ Total
.?
? ? 0 ? ?
?
?
? ? 2
? ?
?
?
?
S.
?
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?
ETIMATED
?
^ Primary
?
neg.
neg..
100%
neg.
100
? ?
?
0
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. ?
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?
TABLE I? ?
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?
*
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O?
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REPUBLIC CON'IktOL .5
FORCE 1.959
?
..Ititermediate ? Lower
?
? "200?
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?
? 1.,5oo ?
-6cio ? .
loo
? ?
02,4000
0
? ?
?
?
? ? 700
? 5,3C0
?
io,700,-
-100
? ?
?
?? ?
?
? Per Cent
Totsel ? pf Total
? .
? 0
?.900 ? S:5
6,800
61800 ? 26.9?
68.8
? ?
200 ? o? .8
212:806 *0 25;360
?
?
?
?
? ? ?
?
?
0
0
Communist.Barty and Komgomol.
, .
. . ? ? . . ??
.The most dimpovtant a.rm of control, Cdmmunist Party, has a
.. . . . ?
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?
0
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? ? ? ? ? ? . ? ? . ?
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..1959 0
'estmated Ipembership of 16,600,?=.25 members per 1,000:t9talopopulasz
.... ? ..
. . 0 .
. , ? . 0 ' 0 . - 5, o? - . ? 5 ? .- ?
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tibn,'which lb,c9nsiderably:lower thap the 39members.ptr.1,000.total
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population for the USSR as a whole. Information on Komsomol (Communist
Youth League) enrollment is not available. The primary Party control
force of the Autonomous Republic (reported as numerically negligible in
Table I) consists of a handful of officials in the republic, representing
the Party Central Committee and its agencies where all basic decisions
originate, whether political, economic, or military. The intermediate
Party control force in the republic consists of approximately 200
members, including a few workers of the USSR Central Committee's Bureau
for RSFSR Affairs detailed to the republic, and officials of the oblast
and city Party Committees. The lower Party control force, consisting of
an estimated 700 Party members, includes workers in the rayon Party
committees, full-time paid employees of Party primary organizations,
and clerical employees of oblast and city Party committees. These workers
are the chief agents of direct communication between the Party authorities
and the remaining 15,700 Party members, and to some extent, between the
Party and the population as a whole.
The hierarchical structure of the Party in the republic
follows the usual pattern: under the direction of the Bureau for RSFSR
Affairs of the USSR Central Committee of the Communist Party in Moskva,
the Oblast Party Committee of the republic oversees the work of local
Party Committees in each city, town, and rural rayon in the republic.
However, since the XX Party Congress in 1956, several important changes
have occurred in the Party's methods of control. The special Party agen-
cies directing the activity of Party organizations in the MVD militia
(regular police), railroad transport, merchant marine and civil air fleet,
and the positions of Party organizers from the center attached to large
plants and institutions have been abolished. The personnel and functions
of these former agencies have been absorbed by the appropriate territorial
committees. The Oblast Party Committee in the republic now controls all
Party activities, with the exception of military and security Party units.
4
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The structure of the Komsomol, for youths between the ages
of 15 and 28, is similar to the Party organization: the oblast, city,
and rayon Komsomol committees are each responsible to the next higher
Komsomol committee and are supervised by the Party Committee at the same
Party and Komsomol organizations in military units possibly
located in the republic are exempt from oblast, city, or rayon Party
committee supervision and have their own control apparatus. The Main
Political Administration, which functions both as a section of the USSR
Central Committee of the Communist Party and as a part of the USSR
Ministry of Defense controls the activities of Primary Party Organizations
in military units located in the republic through special offices at IN.,
Volga Military District, in Kuybyshev (Kuybyshevskaya Oblast). Party
organizations in militarized MVD units in the republic also are inde-
pendent of local Party authorities and are responsible, through their
own hierarchy, to the USSR Central Committee of the Communist Party.
2. Government
The primary function of the civil government of Mariyskaya
ASSR is to provide services such as public health, education, housing
etc. and to exercise control over one-third of the republic's economy.
The total control force of the civil government is estimated to be 6,8co,
or 26.9 per cent of the total republic control force (see Table I). The
primary control force consists of a few administrative-supervisory person-
nel of the central apparatus of the USSR government who oversee the
governmental and economic activities of the republic. The intermediate
control force is estimated to contain 5,300 persons. This group is
composed of administrative-supervisory personnel of the ASSR Council of
Ministers, and city executive committees, and of institutions funded
through local budgets, and is responsible for the implementation and
specific adaptation of policies and progvams formulated jointly by the
primary control force of the government and of the Party. In so doing;
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they are expected to cooperate with the intermediate echelon of the
Party. Harmony between these 2 groups is facilitated by the fact that
the highest officials in the intermediate governmental control force are
also members of the comparable Party agencies. The lower segment of the
government control force is estimated to +est-1 5,300
oftiokol
0441.41.11.
Oft0%%.,0 4.4.^
N..vaAoJ.muto vz
administrative-supervisory personnel of rayon and rural soviets, and
clerical aides of administrative-supervisory personnel funded through
ASSR, city, and rayon and rural budgets.
3. Military
Mariyskaya ASSR contains no identified Army, Air Force, or
militarized MVD units or headquarters; also, no information is available
on the number of militarized MVD personnel in the republic. Moreover,
the predominantly rural rt.e.racter_g-t7,-ne._ position of the republic
does not necessitate the presence of any significant military component.
The estimated 400 Air Force personnel in the republic are probably sub-
ordinate to Hq., Volga Military District, in Kuybyshev, as are any Army
personnel which may be stationed in the republic. Militarized MVD forces
in the republic) if there are any, vould be subordinate to the RSFSR
Ministry of Internal Affairs.
Yoshkar-Ola Airfield (Target 0155-8008), a natural-surfaced
military field with runways 9,000 to 9,999 ft. in length, is located 8
miles N of Yoshkar-Ola. It is the only targeted airfield in the republic.
The area of the republic is under the jurisdiction of 3 air
defense districts.. The major portion of the republic is within the Volga
Air Defense District, Hq., Kuybyshev; a small area in the NE
the republic is in the Sverdlovsk Air Defense District, Hq.,
(Sverdlovskaya Oblast); and a small area in the N is located
section of
Sverdlovsk
in the White
Sea Air Defense District, Hq., Arkhangelsk (Arkhangelskaya Oblast). Any
radar sites which might be located in the republic would be subordinate .
to the Hq. of the air defense district in which they were located.
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Owing to the very small military component, the total
military control force includes roughly 200 Air Force personnel divided
almost equally between the intermediate and lower control force, with
none in the primary echelon. The intermediate control force is made up
of Air Force equivalent' of field and company grade officers. A large
number of this echelon are members of the Communist Party. For the
entire military component of the USSR it has been reported that 86.4 per
cent of all officers in the regular armed forces are members of the Party
or Komsomol, depending on their age. This high membership is a safe-
guard against ideological deviation in the armed forces. The lower
control force is composed of Air Force noncommissioned officers, about
half of whom are Party members.
4. Economic
The ecoxiomic control force of Mariyskaya ASSR, estimated at
17,400, or 68.8 per cent of the total republic control force, is the
largest component of the control force in terms of numbers; but in
influence it is not the most powerful since the major decisions are made
by the primary control force of the Party. Members of the economic con-
trol force range from chairman of the Sovnarkhoz down to foreman of a
labor group on a collective farm, and may roughly be described as the
"managerial class" of the republic. Each member, whatever his level of
control, bears a degree of responsibility for the fulfillment of economic
plans. Within that part of the economic control force concerned with
locally administered industry and construction, agriculture, communi-
cations facilities, and trade, supply, procurement, and public catering,
the lines of authority follow the administrative-territorial structure.
For the remainder of the economic contcol force, they vary according to
the type of activity: for that segment concerned with industrial and
construction activities subordinated to the Sovnarkhoz, they run from
the enterprise or construction site to the Sovnarkhoz headquarters in
Yoshkar-Ola, the RSFSR Council of Ministers, and to the USSR Council of
-7-.
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Ministers; for those segments dealing with railroad transportation, for
example, the lines of authority run from stations, yards, and shops to
appropriate divisions of the Kazan Railroad System, in Kazan (Te.tarskaya
ASSR), to the USSR Ministry of Transportation, in Moskva.
Prior to the decentralization of the administration of
industry and construction in mid-1957, economic policies and plans for all
significant economic activities in the republic were determined in Moskva.
Today, however, approximately two-thirds of the economy is controlled by
the Sovnarkhoz. The Sovnarkhoz, organized by and directly subordinate to
the RSFSR Council of Ministers and composed of a chairman, deputy chair-
man, and members, functions as the highest ASSR administrative and
coordinating agency for industrial and construction enterprises of
Tester than local significance within the ASSR. It
=10b?at c
-! anA
implements current and long-range production plans, promotes industrial
specialization, arranges delivery of raw material and semifinished
products, and determines financial and economic acts of subordinate
agencies. Below the central apparatus of the Sovnarkhoz are functional
departments and administrations, production (branch) administrations,
and an advisory technical-economic council. The functional agencies
handle such problems as finance, labor and wages, education, and economic
planning. The number and type of branch or production administrations
depend upon the economic activities of the region. Therefore, the
Mariyskiy Sovnarkhoz probably has branch or production administrations
for the lumber industry, the food processing industry, and for any of
the industries in the ASSR which require a production administration for
its activities. The technical-advisory council is comDosed of directors
of the major enterprises, chief engineers and designers; production
innovators, and leaders of the Party, government, and trade union organs
in the economic region.
The intermediate economic control force consists of the staff
of the branch directorates of the Sovnarkhoz and forms the group which
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applies policies and plans drawn up at the primary level to specific
groups or enterprises. The lower economic control force includes 16,700
individuals who occupy administrative, clerical, and technical positions
at the plant or enterprise, in transportation, in telecommunications, and
in agricultural enterprises such as collective farms or repair technical
stations in the republic.
II. Population, Labor Force, and Ethnic Com osition
TABLE II
?
SUMMARY OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS: 1959 .
?
Total Population 670,000
Urban Population 162,000
Per Cent Urban 24
Population in Working Ages (16-59) ..... ....; .. 386,000
Per Cent of Total Population in Workirig Ages 57-6
Females Per 100 Males in Working Ages 117
Total Labor Force 341,000
Per Cent of Population in Total
Labor Force 50.9
Military Personnel
(Army and Air Force) Neg..
Forced Laborers Neg.
Per Cent Great Russians in
Total Population 11.9
.1?.11?1111101?111?1?111=1?1??????????????????1110.111111.1?11i..........
The estimated 1959 population of Mariyskaya ASSR is 670,000
including negligible numbers of forced laborers, militarized MVD
personnel, and military personnel. The republic contains an esti--+,-A
0.31 .per cent of the total population of the USSR and 0.56 per cent of
the total population of the RSFSR.
The over-all population density for Mariyskaya ASSR is estimated to.
be 75 persons per square mile, compared to 24 for the USSR, i8 for the
RSFSR, and 109 for the old Central industrial Region. The rural popula-
tion density is estimated to be 57 persons per square.mile. Almost half
of the urban population is located in Yoshkar-Ola. Most of the remaining
are located in urban areas along the Volga in the SW and S-central areas
?
9
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6
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of the republic: mainly in Gorno-Mariyskiy, Volzhskiy, Zvenigovskiy,
and lurionskiy Rayons (see Table III and refer to Map III).
Rural densities are hidhest (roughly 104 persons per square mile) in
the E rayons 'where ag.ridulture predomiwpes and lowest (roughly 39 per-
sons per square mile) in the timber-rieh-rayons pof the W section of the
republic.
111
?
?
?
? ?
?
. ?
?
.*
.?
? ?
TABLE fII ??.
?
?
?
ESTIMAT.ED POPULATION? 'BY. ADMINI5T'RATIV- ?
? pRRIT0AIAL DIVISIONS: 1959. ,
?
Administrative-Tefrftoeidl
? ?Division .?? otal
?
?
Rayons:.'
?
?
? Gorno-Mariyskfir
'Ke:zanslay
Khleb.nikov.skiy.
KilemarSkiy.
. KosolApovskiy
-Kuzhenerskiy
Mari-Turekk.l.y
Medvedevskiy
1rkins.kiy
Novo-.Toryalgkiy.
Orshanskiy
Parariginskiy_.
Pektubaydvskiy...%
Rohinskiy
-Semenovskiy ?
St4r4urs1dy . t?
Volzktskiy ?
Yelasavskiy .
Yurinskiy -
Zvenigovskiy
Area of the
Yoshkare-Ola.
. ?
?
Total
?
? ?
?
:Pcrnulation
?
?
4
?
?Utban ?
4o ?
0
? ?
?
?
?
?
? ?
? .
11.5 000_.? .,..... ..?22.nna?,,,,,
17,200 --77.71'.
27,000 '4,000 %
.,..,,?1*? ?
.., ? ? .
?
?
??
1712oq
25,800 ?
17
?? ,2od
31,700 ? DI
?
??
??
? te
3;000
2,000
?
?
?
? 59)400.
? ^ 28,700
31: 6PO.
? 20,100,
?? 20,100
? *25;80;0.
27,100
??
20,1n0
25,8()
14.5,600 ?
o ?3613o6
79,000*
0
?I?????0.
?
?
? ?
? ammo
? ND
7,000
??? ?
1 5 ;0900
: 14;odo
01.6;000.
-79,060
?
0 0. ? ? ?
?670,goo:1162;000
?
?
Rural
?
?
?
2,090
-171.200
231006
25)?00-
17,200
25:800
17,209
28,7.00
57:4od.
28,700
? 31,600
ko,ioo
? k):a.00
25;800-
? 20;400
28,700
%25,800
31?i60.0
e? 26,1.00,
?
^ ?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
0
?
?
?
?
??
0
0
?
011
?
0
0
05
?
0
?
?
C
?
el
.?
?
?
? . ?
. ?
In the intercensal period, 1926-199,?the total .population increased
? .
20.2 per cent t The?erural pokulation durin3 this period increabed on1:1%
.? ?
?-;.9 per .cent, * the result of.the-effects of famipe'and :collectivization in
?
tht early and mid..01930's and oi-roral to urban :migration during trip'.
0
?
?
?
0
? 0 ?
?
?
?
? 0 .
I S? E CR E ? .
?
?
?
0
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intensive period of industrialization beginning with the First Five-Year
Plan in 1928. There was a rapid growth of* the urban population, starting
from a small initial base,..auring this period. The* urban population
grew from 20,.000 .in 1926 to 75,.00 in 1939, an increase of 280 per cent.
This.. rapid increase was the.re4lt of a dombination of factors: rural to
urb.ari mi'gration, reclassification'Of rurpl populated 134ritS as urban
?
? ? ?? ? ?
?
? ? ? "?
? *
?
. .
. .? areas, and some in-migration fronioutside the republic. ,
%
. . . . : . . ? ? .
..
? ? ?? .. .
...?The presente estimated.^ :total population (670,000) is only 16 per cent
... ? ?
. .. ? ?
? ??
? ?
?
?
?
. .
?' ? ??? ? .
' 0
greater than itWas'in 1939-. This small increase, in 20 xears is largely
? ? . ? ? . .
?
? ?
? ?
the result of the decline ofthe 'Girth rate during and. immediately after
o ? ?
. ?
. ? .
?
? .. ? ? ?
WOrld-War.II:, A lettr contrJ:Buting'factoi is the ..probable 6ut-migratidn
. , .-.
- . . . .
?
e ?
from the re.publiCis rpral areas,.?prObably to such areas.of the USSR as
.. ? ?
Kazakhstan '
? ^ ? ?
. ?
. . ? ?
?
? ? ?
.? ? -? ..? ,
??
The total 1959 urban population is.estimated.tp be. 162; about
.. ? ? ? .
. .. .
?
?? ? e 0 ? e
?
?
113 Der cent ovr -Eie%1939 urban Population... Todeir, oneLfoUAh of the
,
?
, . ?? .
. ? ? .
, ? .? ? .
republic s populatimis urban and about one-half of that urban population
. . .
??
. . % ..
? : ? '
?
? ? ? ? .0 ? ? ?
?
? ?
. :-Es located in-YOSIqkdr:-Ola.. This urban growth was largely .a' result pf..:
1 ??
? . ? ? .
?? ? ? ? .Z. ? 0 0
? 0 0
? . ?? ? ? 0
? ? ' . *
? ? ? ?
. .iliral-to.-uAan. migration within the although there' was.soMe
.. , .
. ? ? . .
..... ' ' ? ... : . ? ? ? .
. ,.
?in-migration ?from 'outside the. republic: an those.?? who came probably '
?
?
?
?
? ?
?
? ?
uTban areas.. Fdi- example, Bdiode.:indufttfal waikers fromithe
? .
? ?
'threatened:areas of. webtern USSR were re-16?Ch:Eed in-Yoshke? 'r-Ola during
??
? ,,0
0
?
.gorld War?II.-
?
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? 0
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?. ?? ??
? ? ? ?
. 0 6,
? . 0
e . 6 TABIEHIV ? . . ., ? ??
. ?
? : ... ? II
e? . 0 ?? ? ?
0 49
?
. 0 ? ? ? 0
O 0 ? ? t . ? 0
0 ?? 9 ,
0
? . : ? ? ? ? ? ??
? ? 0 . P0PUIATION?CHAUGES: 126-1959. . . . . . . o
. o
?
. . . , ? ?
? 0 ,
? .
0
00
0
?
? ? ? ? ? ? ..0
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0 ? ? .
? ? ? 0. O.
? 0 . ? ? , 11 0 ?
O 0 ? ? 0
? 0 0 . ? ? :
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.?
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? e?
? 0? ?
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? *Tota:1 ? J.Jrban Pet Cent- :Rural' ,Ptr Cent
?
? Yqa.r- Popuaation -Population. Urban Pobulation Rural
.. 1926 ? 482,100 :* ? 20, 000 . . ? *14.1 -14-62,100 ? ' 95.9 .. ? .
. ? 1939 : ? 579, C).0.? . ? .75, 900 ' ? . ? .13 .1. 0 503, 6Q0 ' 86 .9. ? ??
.
?.. 1959. .6/0,000 ? 1162,p00??? ? ..24.2* ? 5013,006 . 75.8% . .
... ? .. . . ? . .
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Great' Russians and Mari (often referred to as Cheremiss) constitute
?
0
?
most of the republics population (see Table V). The bUmber of Great
?
liUssians and Mari are about equal, the Great Russians slightly more
numerous. About .5 per cent .of the pollulatioti is composed of Tatars, 0
? 0
?
Chuvash, Udmurt.s, Bashkir, an Mordvinians. Great FaissAAs, who began.
? ?.?
?
. settling in 'this region in:the second half 'of. the 1641 century, pre-
.
?
?
'dominate in the urban areas. Mari are found in all parts o the .republic.
?
Tatars are located mainly in the rayons con;tiguous to Tatarskaya ASSR
?
and the Chuvashoin'thbse rayons bordering Chlivashskayd ASSR.
?
?
0
0 ?
C
?
0
?
0
0
. TABL4 V S.
. ETHNIC DISTRIBUTION: ? 1926, 1939, 1959
?
?
O 1926 ? ? 1939 ? 1959
'Ethnic Popula- Per Cent Popl4a- Per Cent Poptila- Per Cent
Group tion of Total tioh of Total. tion of Total
Russian 210,000 44 2664000 e 46 . .328,00p )0
Mari 248,000 ? . 51 .272,000 .47 3d8,000. 46 ?
?
Others . 24l000 5 41,000. ? 7. ? 34,000 5
Total 482,000 ? .100 579,000? 2100 4 670,000 100
?
?
?
0
?
?
About 58 per cent of the total population of the republic is in the.
?
? ?
?
main working ages.(16-59). The ex ratio inthis group.is 117 females
?
?
n. to 100 males, which corresponds to the USSR ratio for this age group.
? ?
?
.
. .
. .
. .
. . The sex ra'tio of the republic's total population is 112 females to .1700
..
. ..
?? % .
.
. tuting apprbriqately 65 per cent of the.:total-repub.lic"popula:Lion.
. Thp republic.'s total laber force, virtually all.g which is
... 0. . .
. .
. . .
. .
. . .
.
..
0.
. .
-. .
..
S..
.
? .
? ?
..
..
,
. .
. . ? ?? 0 e
. maIeb, slightly lower than the USSR ratiO of 113-100. It is estikated 0
. .
. .
that tiie adult populatioia (age 18.arld over). numbers about438,000, Consti-
?
civilian., 'presents approximately-5)_ pier cent of .the total population
?
?
?
?
?
?
?
and 88 per cent of those n the .working ages (16-59).0. The labor force
.?
?
?
? 0
0 J
for the SSR, as a whole, represents 1 55:8 per cent of its total Popula-
0
? otion and 88 'per centef those in the woi-kiqg ages .?. Worker 8 and employees
. ?
. ?
?
?
?
? o ?
?
?
? 0
0
?
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?
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TABLE VI
ESTIMATED AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION:
Age Group
--16,???=1???????? ?
0-15
16-59
60 plus
Total
Male
Female
114,000
115,000
178;00o
208,000
23,000
32,000
315,000
355,000
Total
229,000
3861000
, 55,000
670,000
1959
Per Cent
of Total
34
58
8
100
account for about 38 per cent of the total labor force of the republic,
somewhat lower than the USSR's 46.1 per cent, but this is to be expected
since the republic has very little industry. Since the lumber industry
is chiefly active in rural as well as urban areas, many of the republic's
workers and employees are in rural areas. Th'' number of collective farm
workers, estimated at 55 per cent of the total labor force, is higher
than the USSR percentage (40 per cent) since the republic's agricultural
economy is proportionately larger.
TABLE VII
ESTIMATED CATEGORIES
Categories.
Workers and Employees
Collective and Individual
Farmers
Cooperative and Non-
Cooperative Handicraftsmen
Military Personnel
Othersl/
OF EMPLOYMENT: 1959
Number
131,000
186,00o
Per Cent
of Total
38.4
54.5
4,000 1.2
Negligible Negligible
20,000 5.9
341,00o
100.0
1 Includes persons who by definition are excluded
from reported categories (defense workers, full-time
Party and Komsomol officials, and self-employed persons).
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III. Psychological and. Sociological Factors
A. Political and Social Tensions
There is no evidence of any open hostility toward the regime
in Mariyskaya ASSR at the present time. However, there are several
possible sources of tension and dissatisfaction in the republic, one of
which is the fact that the population of the republic is almost equally
divided into Mari and Great Russians whose cultural backgrounds differ
considerably' The Mari (also called Cheremiss) are a Finnish people whose
language belongs to the Finno-Ugric sub-family of the Uralic family of
languages. By now, however, their language has become diluted by Russian
and Tatar.
The history of the contact between Russians and Mari is one
of almost continual resistance on the part of the Mari against the
Russians. In the long conflict between the Tatars and Russians the Mari
remained faithfully on the side of the Tatars and fought the Russians for
3 centuries. In 1445, the Mari supposedly sent 30,000 troops against the
Russians; even when Tatar rule was weakening and Ivan the Terrible became
Grand Prince of Moskva in 1533; the majority of the Mari continued to
resist Russian pressures until the overwhelming consolidation of Russian
power after the fall of Kazan in 1552. Only the "Mountain Mari" who
live S of the Volga and even today speak a different dialect from that of
the "Meadow Mari" supported the Russian drive; but this support was late
and largely in the interest of self-preservation. The number of
"Mountain Mari" in the repuolic today is small. After the defeat of
1552, the Mari maintained a revolt against Moskva for over a year. Again
in 1572 they began a rebellion which proved short-lived since the antici-
pated aid from the Tatar Khan of the Crimea was not forthcoming. Towards
the end of the 17th century; the landowning. Mari were accepting not
only
Russians but also their Christian religion. Large numbers of Mari became
Christians during the reign of the Empress Elizabeth (1741-1762), but
pagan practices, surviving to this day, existed as a substructure beneath
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their Christianity. Both pagan and Christian Mari took advantage of the
Peasant Revolt of 1773 (Pugachev's Rebellion) to fight the Russian rule
of Catherine the Great. Later rebellions, including the 1905 revolt of
the leather workers in Yurino, may have been based on purely economic
grounds, as Soviet historians maintain, but they may also have been
influenced by ethnic antagonisms. Through all these struggles and the
flood of Russian colonization in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries,
Finnish culture persisted at least until the 1930's among the intel-
lectual Mari.
There is a religious sect among the Mari known as the Kugu
Sorta (Big Candle) which practices a basically pagan religion with Islamic
and Christian features. In addition to its teachings and practices it has
been fanatically devoted to the destruction of Russianization whether
Czarist or Communist. Very little is known about this organization or
its membership.
In addition to the historical resentment against the Russians;
the Mari today are largely relegated to an inferior economic and social
status in the republic. Although the Mari hold many positions in the
ABM government, the posts are only nominal, and real power is exercised
by the Russians. This inability of the Mari to control their own home-
land and share equally in the fruit of their labor is a possible source
of tension between the 2 groups. Certain aspects of life in the republic
may produce dissatisfaction among all groups; poor housing, inadequate
medical care and the scarcity of consumer goods are probably resented by
the Russians even more than they
are by the non-Russians.
The status of the other ethnic groups in the republic is
probably the same as that of the Mari, if not even lower; their numerical
size does not warrant even the token recognition given the Mari, such as
unimportant governmental posts. They could hardly be considered a poten-
tial threat to the regime and neither could the few, if any, forced
laborers who may be detained in the republic.
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B. Civil Defense
Mariyskaya ASSR has a detailed plan for civil defense, but the
extent of its implementation is unknown.
The principal organization of civil defense in the ASSR is the
MPV0 (Local Civil Defense) which is responsible for coordinating its
plans with those of training units and supervising the functions of
subordinate MPVO organizations located in the urban rayons of Yoshkar-
Ola and the other urban areas and throughout the rural rayons of the
ASSR. Town planning and new construction must conform to the needs of
civil defense and is subject to the scrutiny and approval of MPVO inspec-
tors.
The organizational structure of the MPVO is hierarchical,
headed by the Main Administration of Local Civil Defense (GUMINO) in
Moskva. At each level--USSR, republic, ASSR (or oblast), and rayon--the
MPVO is an arm of the official unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs
(MVD) which exists at the appropriate cooresponding level. The MVD's
GUM() supervises civil defense plans and assists the USSR Council of
Ministers in developing civil defense policy. It also cooperates with
the office of Air Defense of the country (WO Strany) which coordinates
civil defense plans and is subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Defense.
The basic active unit of the civil defense plan is known as
the "group of self-defense." According to the plan, each dwelling,
school, farm, institution, or enterprise having 300 or more people has
at least one self-defense group. The number of groups increases with
the number of people but if an apartment, for example, has less than 300
people, it will share a self-defense group with another apartment of
similarsize.
Sparsely populated rural areas also meet the problem on a
z
1
I
cooperative basis by forming "unitary links" or "divisional posts" which
cooperate with self-defense groups of other communities.
Each MIN? self-defense group consists of a small staff (chief, 11
SECRET
I
assistant chief for political work, property manager, and messenger or
a
.............................iimmil
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communications manager) and 5 to 8 teams. The self-defense groups are
staffed by men between the ages of 16 to 60 and women 18 to 50. All people
in these age brackets are required to serve unless they are engaged in
some other activity
the MPV0.
Various duties
include: civil defense
training providing assistance to MPVO officers, preserving and main-
taining all property which must be protected from air attack, and
rendering assistance to those engaged in fire-fighting activities.
The most important civil defense training organization is the
Voluntary Society for Cooperation with the Army, Air Force, and Navy
(DOSAAF). Civil defense training today is operating under a resolution
adopted by the All-Union Congress of DOSAAF convened in Moskva in
February of 1958 which states in part that "the training of the whole
population in defense against conventionaiairaiiit, atomic attack, and
Chemical and bacteriological warfare is considered a most important task
of DOSAAF." The training is given in 3 stages: the first was a 10-hour
basic training program (PAZ) which taught defense against atomic attack.
It began in 1955 and was completed in 1956; the second stage covering the
period 1957-1958, consists of 22 hours of compulsory training in a
general civil defense program including defense against chemical, bac-
teriological, and nuclear attack; the third stage (1959-1960) is designed
to equip all the people of the USSR with practical skills and broad
knowledge necessary for implementing modern civil defense measures. In
this third, or "qualifying" stage, every Soviet citizen is expected to
qualify in all phases of civil defense activity normally expected, in
most countries, o.,Aly of certain highly trained and well-equipped civil
defense wardens and Red Cross personnel. If carried out properly, this
ambitious program would mean that by 1960 every Soviet citizen would have
completed over 40 hours of this technical training. Elaborate as the
DOSAAF plan is, Soviet sources indicate many shortcomings in the actual
operation. There has been difficulty in obtaining qualified instructors,
a lack of training materials, and some apathy toward the whole civil
- 17 -
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1
-11-111011-milim j
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defense program. This state of affairs probably prevails in Mariyskaya
ASSR.
There is no evidence of any plans for large-scale evacuation
of the population of Mariyskaya ASSR in the event of an emergency. How-
ever, if such an evacuation should occur there are several available
avenues of escape. The roads are the best, but they are in poor condi-
tion and impassable for vehicles,' during certain times of the year they
can serve for foot travel. In the more populous northeastern rayons
where the roads are more numerous, the inhabitants could evacuate to
Kirovskaya Oblast. In the less populated western rayons there are very
few roads but there are presumably foot trails and. paths.
4
Railroads are virtually useless for evacuation purposes. In
the ASSR there is only one single-track railroad, from Yoshkar-Ola and
Volzhsk, leading 8 to Ulyanovskaya Oblast and Chuvashskaya ASSR (refer
?
to Nap IV).
The Volga River crosses .pars of the sOuthern border of the
ASSR and wolild be ;, useful escape route if it were not for the lack of
0
4
adequate rail and road approaches to it, and the probable lack of
sufficient river craft. Escape 1)y. air would be possible only for the
?
high ranking Party, gove.rnment, and military personnel in Yoshkar-Ola,
the site of the only airfield in the republic.
The type of rock formaiion in the republic precludes the
?
construction of tunnel-type insiallatiohs and the unstable so- make
?
the whole area only moderately suitable for bunker-type installations.
?
However, the latter could be built by utilizing the republic's timber
resources in the co'nstruct'ion of subports.for such excavations.-
?
C. Medical Facilities
?
There is a serou shortage of medic personnel, facilities,
and equipment in Mariyskaya ASR. In 1956, there were only 510 doctors
or less than one doctor per l,000 total population, considerably below
USSR and RSFSR ratios (see Tglile TUT), The situation has not improved
's
?
?
- 1E3:-
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.
*
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0
?
?
?
0
a 0
?
?
?
?
e
. ?
?
?
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?
?
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?
0
?
?
?
?
0 0
?
? ?
?
?
?
?
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? ? :
. . .. .' TAELE 11-2ii ...? . . .
. ?. .
? 2 ?
0 ? 0
?
? . ?
TNCIDENCE. OF CIVII,,IAN MEDICAt PERSONITEL App.- .. ? . .? .
. : .
. . ? FACILITIES PER 1,000 *TOTAL POPULATIOIci: 1956- ? ? ?
. .
. ? ? 0
.?.?? . ? ? ? ? . . I
?
? ?
? ? ?
? ? ? ?
? . ? Doctoi:s . _ Ili.d.cu.&? medical PersOnnel ? Hospital .Beds
. .
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in the past few years,
republic still needed
be provided. .Although
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SECRET
stnCe it was reported early in 1958 that the
over 350 physicians 'if proper medical 9are was to
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there is no information on the number of doctors
the AcSR,
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very likely that the majority of
dOciors pxactite in the urbah areas., as is the case -.thr.oughout the USSR.
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mostly bk.poor sanitation :programs for which-those in pubfic
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SECRET
There are no institutions of higher learning for medicine in
the republic) but there are 3 schools for lesser medical personnel. The
1957 budget for public health amounted-to a reported 90 million rubles
or 28 per cent of the entire republic budget.
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? D. Educational: and Cultural Facilities
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FOr the academic year 1956-57, there were a total of 746
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schools of general' instruction of which 437 were primary, 217 seven-year,
and 92 secondary. For the same year there were 87,500 pupils, 38,700 of
whom were in grades 1-4, 30,600 in grades 5-7, and 18,200 in grades
8-10. There were a total of 6,000 teachers or about one teacher for
every 15 pupils. The republic has 2 institutions of higher?1earning, a.
?
forestry institute and a pedagogical institute, .both of which are located
?
in Yoshkar-Ola. There are 14 middle special schools: 2 for forestry, 3
for agriculture, 3 for medicine; and one for each.of the Lollowing
?
activities: thusic, pedagogy, the building industry, culture and eauca-
.
?
tion). the paper and cellulose industry, and the*me.chanization of agri-?
culture.
Since there is one teacher for every '15 pupils, thife literacy
rate for the republic is possibly comparable to, if not higher, than that
of the 'USSR as a whole.. But if teachers are in gooa supply, good plant
?
facilities for the school children are not. One complaint is that there
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are too many Fooden schools in poor condition. In 1959,.a need for
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capital.repairs'was the basj..s of a request for an additional 6 million
.rubles for the republic's school budget and almost 2 million additionl
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rubles were requested for capital repairs of the rural schools.
The chief complaint against. Soviet education. is that the .
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schools .graduate students .unable to ?apply theory to the work situations
which they assume after graduation. CQnsequently, it was announced in
1958 that practical work trainiong.will be combined with the general arts
?
and sciences curriculum. In vocational schools training will be made
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more practical so that the transition- from school to work will be
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21-a
?S'ECRET
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