"BOOK ON ROCKET ENGINEERING CRITIQUE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY" RUSSIAN NEWSPAPER, SOVETSKAYA AVIATSIYA, 19 MAR 57, PAGE 3 NR. 66 (2624)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 79
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 2, 2014
• Sequence Number: 3
• Publication Date: February 9, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
R
STAT
Next 2 Page(s) In Document Denied
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
411 I
1???? ? ao, ?
CHNICAL INTELLIGENCE
TRANSLATION
f
-...wraPsniatilirMEMZICINFOrt======s7.v.:11..:77..10Z,=2==
(Title Unclassified)
SELECTED ARTICLES
from
Sovetskaya A viatsiya
(Soviet Aviaticm)
4 3-atiaar; 1957 thru 5 June 1957
AIR TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE CENTER
WRIGHT?PATTERCON AIR FOR= BASE
OHIO
1st
1
-
TA3LE 0/ CONTENTS
41.
STAT-4
P.LGE3
1. Night Bombing, by S. Tvaglov 1
2, Among Our Friends; the Life and Training of Pilot: of
. Satellite Nations. They Lac.lived Distinguished
Awards 6
3. itt Night Undar Complex Ysteoroligioal ConditiGns, by .
V. Sivtsov
4, Ws Fly by Night; Impression? from Ilights, by Various
Authoro
At Night at the Aviation Yiring henget by Yr..
Komissarov
6.- Active Innovator, BoMbsight Testing,
7. On a Gunnery Trainer, by G. Troyan
8. In a Wing Twie4-Docoratod .71th the Ordor
by L. Grakhov
9. The Helicopter Goes to the Firing Lange,
of the Red Banner,
10
16
25
31
34
37
by Tu. Grachev.... 42
10. Young Navigatora in Formation. rotes from Navigation add
Bombing Trnintog, by B. Forsiyanov and V. Bychin
11, From Military Training -Experiences: Hdw ws Attacked
Banters, by B. Ivanchenko
47
53
12. Their Names are Immortal 61
66
69
13,
14,
15.
Votes of Foreign Aviatinn Technique
Take an Exrmple from the Cornmnder, by Z. SoroV-31,
Antiaircraft Puidad Rockets, by V. Greoln.
????????11..????
75
STAT
STAT
MaNI
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
-
",?:???????????????
? UM_
?
16. BlAtio at an Altitude of 10,000 Motors (33,000 Ft.')? by
Eduard Para....
82
17. High Altitude Attack on a Bomber, by P. Nosov
86
18. Book on Rocket Engineering Critique and BibliographYt 107
V. Glukhov And X. Tolstocanov
94
19. Toward the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Rovolution.
98
20, Tactical Train1n4 of Navigators in Ground Control of
Interception, 14 I. Boriaanko
100
21. In a CoNclicatod 3ituation: Training in Anti..itcmlo
Protez:tion, by Tito-
106
22, Bomber Attack from a High Altitude
113
23. On the Fr,..res of Gun Camera Film, ITN. Kos tit
116
NIGHT BOMBING
24. Tactical Trointng of Fighter Pilots, by re. Noakov
220
25. Toward the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Rovoln.
BY
tion, by A. Ludo:111ov ana B. Ivsehkin
128
26. Flights in the Cloud of an Atomic Elpiesicas
Weapons and Aviation, by N. Litvirrako
132
i
S. TYAGLOV, MAJOR, NAVIGATOR 14,7 CLASS
27. Anti-Atondo Protection of Airfields, Nuclear Weapon =1
3
?
FROM
Aviation, by H. Pavlov
141
A ;
11
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSIYA NO.3/2561, JANUARY 4, 1957
PAGE 2
1
? ?
? ? --
woo
? ?
???? ???????
??????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
...P4s31
1,STAT
7 -..
?
_
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
Night Bombing
by
S. Tyaglov
The jet-bomber crews of our group are carrying out flight mis-
sions by day and night in complex weather conditions. The excellent
knewaedge rained from the navigational and sighting radio-techniaal
equipment of the aircraft, the skillful utilization of all ways and
methods of air navigation and bombing are their assurance for perfect
fulfillment of the most difficult missions.
Practical experience shows that night and day flights under
complex meteorological conditione have much in common. For example,
the air navigation methods remain the same, the sequence of operating
the bombing equipment, the arder of searching for the target with the
aid or the radar sighting device and other prohlems also remair un-
changed. However, the work of the navigator during night flights
has a nuMber of distinctive characteristics.
The carrying out of navigational calculationa, the performance
-of the various operations with the sighting and bombing instruments
realized under poor lighting of the cabin raauire special precision
and accuracy in actions and stable habits.
Night missions are therefore preceded by thorough and detailed
preparations and briefings. Training in the handling of instruments
is conducted as a rule in darkened class rooms and in aircraft cabins
during evening hours. Strict timina is observed in the performance
of the various operations.
av.A14
2
?
?
?
During bombing flights with the employment of radio-technical
means, the young navigators must report the errors originating in
the performance of the equipment. The navigator is sometimes in
doubt as to the working conditicn of the rotary (switching) system.
'This is due to the fact that the in attention of-the navigator
during flight is devoted to the operation of the devices: he observes
only the pulses of ground etations and often is unaceuainted .frith the
locality over which the aircraft is flying..
The greatest-difficulties arise during the piloting of an aircraft
on a combat mission course. Yany of our crews employ the autopilot for
the purpose of guiding the aircraft toward the target. This is an.
Adroit application and at night tine it depends upon the habits acouir*
ed during day flights during visibility of the natural horizon. It
is known that in order to guide the aircraft toward the target by .
direction the pilot employs the courca indicator. Practice showed
that the crew commander cannot Always employ this instrument. In such
cases, the night boMbing results cannot.he expected to be hiOho
In our group, we developed and Introduced into application a
method of piloting the aircraft along the ground track with the aid
of the autopilot which is controlled independently by the navigator.
In this case, the autopilot is connected and its control is taken
a:er by the navigator. ntudying and observing the position of the
aircraft relative to the ground track by the pulses on the indicator,
? 3
wwwwww
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
d?
the navigator guides the bomber. As soon as the aircraft approaches
the line of operational flight (heading) with an accuracy of 300 -
400 meters (990 - 1320 ft), the navigatora by operating the "turn"
handle of the sighting device, secures an accurate approach of-the
aircraft to the target. The pilot at the same tine strives to main-
tain the Proper altitude And airspeed.
The piloting method adapted by our group enabled us to increase
the nuality of night bombing. True, the operational scope of the
nnvigator has been increased: it is difficult for him to control
simultaneously the handle of the autopilot and observe the indicator.
However, by systematic and persistent training, our navigators have
learned to aecamplIsh the proper target approach by this very method.
To confirm this, I would like to quote an example from my own ex-
perience:
During one of the recent night flights prior to approaching the
ground track (Lomb run), the intercom aystem broke down. Using
outside conmunication, I requested permission from the crew commander
to achieve control by means of the autopilot. Having obtained per-
mission, I guided the aircraft toward the firing range, made a
headinz correction in approaching the target, sighted, and dropped
the bomb on the target in an exactly fixed time.
This method of controlling the aircraft from the navigator's
cabin during bombing with the employment of radio-technical means
40, ? ?
4
1
has allowed, our crew to accomnlish the mission successfully.
Accurate bombing can also be achieved by still another factor -
strict maintenance of a Aven airspeed. or the purnose of control-
ling the airspeed, theaircraft.is equipped with a combination speed
indicator which shows the actual speed of -the aircraft.. However
this instrument produces errors which Are not uniform for various
fliaht altitudes. The navigators of our group developed a correction
chart for the Lustrument. In this chart, we have the altitudes and
flight specdr ai well as the corrections for the instrument indica-
tions. The chart is located in a visible point in the navigator's
cabin and is constantly used by us during flights.
All thin makes it possible for our navigators to carry out the
flight missions with hi ah (grant success), to strike the
target accurately under any weather conditions, and at any time of
the day.
Recently our ;motif) carried out night bombing flights. The crews
carried out their tasks under complex meteorolorical conditions.
Employing the experience-tested operational nethoda along the course
of the combat mission, the navigators-officers Kuprichenkov,
7anashko and others accurately hit the designatal targets.
Not overcome by the achievement of the title "Meter of Pre?
cision !lambing", they try daily to improve their skill and habits by
showing initiative toward further increase in the combat efficiency
of our group.
????????
. ? -
?????
rlf
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81 01043R0032001-innm
0
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
AMX4G CUR FR2E'MS1 *NE LIFE ANE TRAINING LA? PILOTf3 OF SATELLITE
NATIONS. T-EY RECDIVIT DISTINXICHED AWARDS
FP.Cil
SOVIETSKAYA AVIATSIYA NO. 4/2562, JAN 5, 1957
PA. M 3
???????????????
6
^
?????. In ?
Among Our Friends; Life and training of pilots
of Satellite Nations
The jet aircraft has taken off smoothly fram the airfield ani
gained altitude following a fixed course. The entire flight course
frem the basic point to the firing range was in a thick cloud. But
even in these complex meteorological conditions, MaaJr Ivanko
guided the bomber ovix the given course..
The navigw-or 2-nd Class, Mikhal Ivanko, was an experienced
pilot. He possessed excellent habits cc niloting (a.-:re-navigation)
by day end night. In his group, he was called "an expert in ac-
curate bombing". He always skillfully enrloys ma:ern jet technique.
Officer Ivanko is considered an authority by his subordirstea;
they respect him for his war record acquired during battles with
Hitler's invaders, for his courage demonstrated euring World War II.
when he served in the Czechosloyakian Al ha-assing the enemy in close
c.-.:-p.?ren with Soviet units, he flew as an aerial gunner on the
I1'yusl.!n-2 attack aircraft. He new thirty combat sorties and
tbaa once did he have to repulse sava#T attacks by fascist
scavengers. 7or his heroism in these battles and for his skill, he
vas awarded several medals, including the medal for berm.
In recent years, Yikhal Ivlunko graduated from the Aviation
School and became a navigator. During his service in the bomber
units, he was entrusted vdth carrying out various tasks. Under con-
Oitions of heavy clouds and by using inFtruments, he successfully
.? ?11.,iii?J?16.1.1164.13....................?????? ? ??????????
Ta.
??? ???????????????????????? .11 ? a+,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
41.
? ????IP
50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-0104riRnnq9nn1 qnnrvz g
STAT
STAT
W.12e4 4=
Ct
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1
?
-
????.41. I ...????????.....maill?
bombarded targets at night. He smmetimes fowl himself in a pre-
carious position but his will and good training always carried him
through to success.
Ri,fht at thi3 moment, the weather is plainly unfavorhble for
flights... A strong wind blows in the region of the firing range.
The aircraft drift sideways. Navigator Ivanko is forcei! to carry
out cam-lex recalculations Pnd in spite of the ext.semely limited
time he solvss th's problem without errors. The bombs which are
dropped land squarely on the target:. Navigator Ivanko has again
demonstratcd his will, calmness and experthlse.
The second crew member of tho bomber has also demonstrated
great skill. Navigator Sr. Lt. Franta Lubomir has guided the air-
craft exactly along the fixed course, found the target and dropped
the bomb load on it.
After several days, .loth navigators were on night missions;
this time they received high praise, for their expert acro-rurri-,
sation and bombing.
Our militar7 comrades - Eikhal Ivanko, Frhnts Lubomir as well
as all aviators of the Czechoslovak AF, devote much effart and
persistence to raise their combat efficiency to a still niftier
level. In 1956, they attained great results in this respect and in
this new year, 1957, they will continue to develon their successes.
?? ?
8
^
? ...????????????? ...??????????????41???0.??? ???? ? ? ? on....
4
???
'Fig. 1. Najor Ivanko (right) and senior
Lt.; F. Lubomir.
00.
c ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
'2?
STAT
'
: STAT
. k,
?
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @.50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5 _
?
AT NIGHT UNDER CaiPLU ISTDDROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
(NOCHITII V SLOZHNTRH FEL-TEcustovmul)
HT
V. SIVTSOV, LT. COL.
FROM
?SOVETSKATA AVIATSITA, NO. 0566, JAN. 10, 1957
Page
? e.
10
4",
?
AT NIGHT =ER COMPLEX iSTDDROIAGICAL CONDITICOS ?
by
V. Sivteov
On this particular evening, the pilots of a certain fighter aviation
wing have bopeftilly looked into the sky covered by heavy clouds. This
night.promieed to be "smitrible": a gusty wind blew, cloudiness reached
10 points, and around us was an impenetrable darkness.'
Upon the signal given from the flight towir, lst Lt. Usov? secre-
tary of the party organization of the squadron, took off. He had Atst
begun flying jets when assigned to this wing, but had ruccooded in
leaning a good deal. Within a cccperatively short tine, communist
USOT learned how to handle complex flight procedures.
Vow thaw is carrying out an =usual teak- he As making his first
eolo-flight at night under complex meteorological conditions. This in
itself is a epecial field and the pilot who qualifies in it is elevated
to a rtill higher degree of flight mastery.
When 13sov joined the equadron, not everything want smoothly with
him even though the officer vas no Wane In flying. Recently, in
complex :meteorological conditions, Deov flew a trainer with the group
commander Borisov onboard. The rilot succeosfully.accomplisbed his
mission in the air but on the 1=5134 mum' he could not aocurate1y
maintain the assigned flight regime. The vertical rate of descant was
somewhat highmr than required.
The error made by the pilot did not escape the experienced eye of
the group ccmander. Making a strict evaluation of Dsov's actions in
?
11
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003 9
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
. -
?
the air, the commander reminded him of hismeny previous deviations from
the fixed rate of descent. The reason for the error was that Usov had
incorrectly diverted his attention to the nnvigation instruments.
Helping Beov to eliminate his deficiency, the group commander
trained lum in the cockpit on the ground, on a special trainer and in
demonstration flights under the hood on a trainer aircraft.
"In order to maintain the rate of descent accurately? explained
the commander, "it is necessary to pay the main attention to the matt-
meter and vertical speed indicator. At the same time, we must also pay
attention to the indications of other instruments: gyro-horizon, electric
turn indicator, and compass".
Training end preparing Door for night flights under complex
meteorological conditions, the group commander made et iry effort to
transmit eil his personal experienno to his subordinate, not forgetting
for a minute the to-called "details". Borisov thoroughly explained that,
during Sight flights in clouds, the pilot in the cockpit often sees
flashes from the signal lights on board the aircraft, flashes sometimes
brighter or weaker depending upon the density of the clouds. The..
flashes distract the attention of the pilot from piloting the aircraft
by instruments. It is therefore necessary to become accustomed to and
not to react to, light MA's.
For normal operation of the pilot during night flights, it is also
imrrtant to properly adjust the cockpit lighting. It should be adjusted
in such a way that the instruments would be clearly visible. Bright
12
'
light is quite inconvenient: it may make it poseible, for example, not
to notice that the aircraft has gotten out of the clouds. In addition
the pilot, having beeomeadapted to bright cockpit illumination, rill
not be able to distinguish the outline of objects situated in the dark-
ness. This Linder* him in determining the aircraft altitude.
? Corr3ctione for small errors in landing approach, according to the
xaeommendations of the group commander, should not be made in the clouds ?
hut after the aircraft lenves the clouds. "It is better to maks a eome-
what inaccurate approal.:. nn the distant lead' than to begin immediately
to correct the deviation in the landing course" Borisov explained.
Otherwise, a grave error can $se ,-oamitted, e, g., one may exceed the
rats of descent or involuntarily produce tank and at the worst, lose
judgment of distance. Under the clouds, small errors in direction con
be easily corrected visueily.
Great attention was devoted in training the pilot in coordinated ?
hinAling of steering mechanisms especially when.naking a calculated turn
for lending approach by instruments. During trainer exercises, the group
commander required from the pilot a timely noticing of aircraft devia-
tions from normal bank and an immediate correction of same, as veil am
proper allotment of attention to other navigetiooal instruments. 13100,
has grasped All flight aspects well and haat prepared himself to carry out
a night flying nission in the elands. Capt. Borisov was firmly confident
of the actions of his subordinate.
'Or: "to the distant boning (stetioa)m Editor.
..11% MINN
. . 13
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
????
$
...I. ? .....
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 50-Yr2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1 ?
The fighter piloted by Howe pesiiitratod the Cloude upwards and gained
the assigned altitu0e. A star-studded sky was overhead and below, a dark
Shroud of clouds appeared.
The pilot skillfully set the aircraft on the listant homing PAR
Precision Approach Radar). Several minutes of horizontal flight passed;
USOT watched the instrument indications attentively. La soon as the
raalo-compass needle pointed to 180?, Usov immediately noted the time end
reported to the operations officer about the passing of the homing zone.
By an accurate coordinated turn, the pilot brcught the aircraft to the
computed angle. Having passed the time position in horizontal flight,
the fighter began turning toward the lending course.
Nov came the critical and responsible moment. The pilot was required
to Show great akiil in order to maintain accurately by instruments the
given vertical rate of descent from the clouds and, at a strictly defined
iltitude, again enter the distant range PAR end then gradually enter tn..
close rarge'PAB.
The constant training on the ground is now boing applied in the air.
let Lt. Usov has done exceptionally well in piloting the aircraft in the
clouds by instruments. The aircraft descended through the clouds and flaw
toward the nearest radio station. Soon lights of the runways appeared
ihead. The aircraft touched ground exactly at the landiLd 'Ps
Pilot Um, was hiely praised for his first night flight under
complex meteorological conaltioas.
On the same night, pilots let Lt. Omelin and Svedomteev also success-
( fully completed their night flying missions. Returning from the airfield,
40
14
?????
- ???? ? sot,
each of them carried away a feeling of "a job well done". .7he completed
flights were a new level in the attainment of flight prof:1=18=y for the
pilots.
Aviation Specialists Govorkov and Suryanitsa (Meched--4-e) Maintain
Combat Equipmont in Constant Combat Readiness. They'll= erten
Praised by the Commander as ExemlnlaryCommunistm.
Illustration: Privatos A. Govorkov (left) and V. Ttrnnitsat
}toady the Aircraft for Take-cdT.
?
??rawol... ? ? ?4111,
web .
?
_
15
-r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
FLY '1Y HIGHTs an73s1ons FROM FLIGHTS
AUTufAS: VARIOUS
FROM
3eVET3KAYA AVIATSIYA,M. 9/2567, JAI: 11, 1957
-
PAGE 2
16
????
?
?
?
? We Fly by 1,ight, Impressions from -
Authora: Various
Thum; fliers of a certain s-uadron are successfully adapting
themselves to day and night flights under comnlex meCeorclogical
conditions. At present, they con^idently fly in the clouds and
navigate their aircraft well by instunents.
This squadron set up the following order: after each flight
under complex meCeorolcwical c3n09.t..ions, the pilots prep-re a brief
report about their per5onal impressions which is later analyzed
during Classes.
Today we nublish several of such impressions of young pilots
about their individual by instruments.
1. Tire Goes Slowly...by Lt. V: Degtyarev
I prepared myself for my first indcpcndent fli.g.rt into the
clouds with great thoroughness. I paid speniml attertion to holding
correctly to my or. zone an? lenrned various methods of returning
to it in the case of deviation from it. All this appeared extremely
complicated -nd difficult to,..
Take-off, climb, and course flying made no inpressions.on me.
I felt the same ns I had eerire 'light into a zone under normal mete-
orological conditions.
I arrived in the zone under a low layer oe clouds. Prior to
entering, I repeated to myrelf the course, course (angle) of' the radio
STAT
_
....???=????????????
17
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81 01043R0032001-innm
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
_
station, --nd connected the chronoscope. 5oon I was in the clouds.
I exp.ctrd that I woule soon bLein gain,. over "bumps" and ttat it
would be_ difficult to mai nvdn the f2i ht asnects. Fut nothing like
that las evcr hanpcned. The f14,-ht on a combat aircraft produced no
s' ecalsensatie s excent that did feel a certain tension.
nuring the fli4tt., I ecame unexpecteOly disturbed by the thought
of maintaininE me awn position in the zone. A thour;ht flashed in my
mind: I must not lose the airfield. After a diCinite time of flying
in the clouds I turner' the aircra't le0? and began flying hack. It
became immediately clear to me that th,. tire era?s on very slewly.
Five minutes on the ,n...nind is generally a trifle but, in the air it
seemed like eterriLy. I even thou :ht. that thc clock bae stopped. But
I kept on rel'-5n1 on the clock and, havinl stuck strictly to the time
fixed, I emer,-ed from the cloud. Here I could see familiar reference
siens and mare a safe 1Pnding. I personally became convinced durIng
this fli,:ht that when piloting an aircraft in the clouds we must always
believe and trust the instruments.
2. To T:nter Determinedly into the rkearchlight Seam ... by Lt.
V. Delov
During my first individual nittt 1.ic,ht on a combat aircraft, I
encountered certain peculiarities and unusual conditions. One feature
was that immediately'atter the take-off, it became necessary for me to
chance over to piloting by instruments. in day time, I usually require-
ad their help somewhat later in the flirht. In addition, whr,n flying
. 18
toward a large light orienting point, I felt a great desire to bank
and observe how the region of the airfield appears from the air at
night. Put by force of will, I rrsisted this temptation Aryl eontinued
pilotinp, the aircraft by instruments.
'tiring flight in the zones and over the circle up to the third
turn, I discovered no difrerences from daytime flichts in the clouds,
but the time or grainy into the fourth turn was inaccurate. I made .
this turn before the se' time but I i=ediately discovered the error
and rapidly eliminated it by myself.
r-
I was especially disturbed before the entry iqo thjjfrtor a
(searchlight beam). I considered t-tis a wry comnlicated au 4 respons-
ible job, arri I teeated it as such. The moment or entry into the
searchlic,ht beam is not very simple to 'determine. rut I soled this
succeasfully. I entered witt,cut hesitation imo the light beam and
immediately caucht sidlt of the ground. Landinr: was as usual in accord-
area with all the rules.
3. Th" Gyro-horizon is the Main Thing....by Lt. I. Mentyukov
I have just completed by scheduled nicht in the clouds. I still
could not gather my thoughts but one thing it, Clear: the gyro-horison
is the main instrument in this type of fli4ht. This of course does not
mean that the other instruments are of lesser importance by any means.
These instrumc-nts must be used jointly. This is clear to everyone, but
the gyro-horizon must constantly be kept in the fteld of vision. Why?
t
1.11.11?11111
.111. ..111 01.
^
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
STAT :
3
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1
Because, by knowing well and considering its position in vari-
ous aspects, one cnn freely set and maintain these aspects.
My flieht in the clouds continued. The cloudiness sky condition
wan cAlm ani I encountered therefore no difficulties. However when
I was in the zone I clne lilt several times from the clouds just to
orient myself and check on my actions. Cr. the ehsle the flieht was
uneventful.
4. le.here is the Taxiway Here? by Lt. V. Remzeyev
rrior tu taking off on A combat nircraft ender cerrlex mcteoro-
loeical conditions at night, I enderwent long and Held training in
A cabin. I did that for the purpose o learing how to oon;ect
tog;ile switches automatically and not to distract by attention from
the instruments during flight.
During the take-off I experieocei something new. The retract-
ion of the nose wheel had to be carried mt along the line of lights
6f the take-off - landing strip) which are projected at different
an4es.
The second strong impression was as foliate: as soon as I left
spread over great distances. Iowever, as soon as the aircraft
touched the strip everything was again in right order. Where than
are the taxiways here? Apparently such a question. arises in the
mine of every pilot. The sane question Also came up in my own
mind, and. not accidentally. The red lights blend into one lino and
it is not easy (without practice) to distinguish one from another.
1:ven when on the groune, it is necessary te exercise great caution.
?
5. It is Possible to Roll Out Deyond ths 3:rip ....by Lt. V. Zimin
:Olen prepnring for night fli.hts ender conplex meteorological
coneitions do not aIlo: haste to overtake you. I personally checked
the brightness of all liehte, insoectee the operation of the instru-
ments, and adjustment and accuracy of the radio compaes. Prior to
take-off, I adjusted the lighting of the cockpit and rolled out for
'Ake-off. rurin.e climb, I triee to get away as smoothly as possible
from the liehts of the taem-off Inneing strip while devoting my at-
tention to the instruments. The mope:, difficult of all the elements
of flying 5n circle wan the estirration for lanOing. Just like certain
other of our young pilots do, I began making the fourth turn ahead of
the boundaries of the airfield, .ins imneAiately enveloned by dark- time because the area lights.appeared tdo.be blended in one line. I
nese. This exercised an unpleasant effect on me.
Urexpected fol me were the peculiarities of measuring and.
estimating -by eye. In the zone and during the flight arourd the
region of our airfield, the area lisht orienting markers appeared
( )
to be situated to 'ether in lino even though they were actually
. 20
??????.**0.
0?04,
-- ?
was continuously bothered by an obtrusive thought: I had flown too
far. That thoueht was so srcnI that I increaned the angle of glide
and approncbed the runeay from a lower altituee than was recommended.
I made a normal landing. I paid :,pecial attention to .he runway
21
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
STAT
STAT
ti
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
? -'
thinking how easy it is to roll out beyond the boundary of the runway
at night:.
6. Bral-ing on Tine is Necessary....by Lt. V. Kalinin.
_ I have listened tr. ,-Lny talks about night flying but had never
flown under such conditions. I have therefore awaited the flight with
impatience. And here I hM now in air. What are the impressions?
admit that 1 expecteu socething rore, an 1 always kept on thinking
that somehow or other it would become necessary to pilot the aircraft
by the horizon. Somehow I could not believe that it was imnoSsible to
see.in Rny direction. The fact is that it was necessary to oilot the
aircraft by instruments only, but this is not at all difficult provided
you pay strict attention to these instruments.
Yy main difficulties were connected with the exeeetion of the
fourth turn and the estimation of the distance to the ground for land-
ing. But I carried out everyt'ing properly and made a normal landing
except for the premature braking. Of course, this is not a particu-
larly g 3at error but, as the sayin.: goes, braking is necessary in the
proper tine.
7. In the Air You are Alone by Lt. Yu. Klinchikov
Personally I found maw unusual things during night flights. The
lights were perplexing and alitating. Put here I sat in the cockpit.
- emo?????
22
"-'
7
???
???????ft
Ain there was something new: the starting of the engine had to be
done almost by touch. Finally the en,:ine was started and the taxiinfi
begain. Put where sh.Juld I roll? The taxiway was poorly visible,.
especially when you take it cam:al look at the houndRry lights of the
runway.
After the take-off, the change 'rem the illuminated part of the
airfield into total dankness was quite unpleasant. After entering
the darkness, the cockpit apsears extmmely isolated and you have the
feeling that besides you are the instrument panel there is nothing but
emptiness in the air.
Havine ccmpleted the fcurth turn, I caught ait ,f the landing
strip. It arpeared narrow and very close. I began thinking: greater
Altitude, not to miss and pass. I almost could not rid myself of that
feeling.
During my first flight, I felt very strange in the beam of the
searchlight. Because of this I could not accurately determine the
speed during the landing run.
And furthermore, I was continuously troubled during the flight by
the thought: you are flying without the instructor, you are alone
All this seemed to urge me to pilot the aircraft more attentively and
saccurately.
?????????????????????
Mae. awde
'
? 23
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Co.y Ap?roved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R00320011nnm
STAT
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Fig. 1. Systematdc ane PersistInt Trrdning on Trainers Gives
Pliots a Thorough Preparntion to Carry Out Their
Exercisee in the Air and to Acnuire 17irm Practical
'hits. In the Illustration: Pilot First Lt. Cay?
ruin Trains in Sirhting and Firing Against Aerial
Tar-ets On a rodified qunnery Trainer.
4.4* ????? r?.????????? ?
. 24
.???????????????
1
AT NICIHT i Ti4Z AVIATION FIRING RANG/
Br
LT. COL. /U. =MONT
AND
ACTIVE INNOVATOR, BOMBSIGHT TESTING
FROM
SOVETSKAYA ANTIATSIIA, NO. 11/2569, JAIl. 13, 1957
Pigs 2
. 25
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1
4/
AT NIGHT AT THE AVIATION FIRING RANGE
by
Lt. Col. YU. Komissarov
The operation of night flights own.' an aviation firing range hem
numerous characteristics and requires from the entire personnel of the
firing range command great skill and knowledge of their duties, great
operational coordination and strict observation of measures in securing
order and safety of operations.
One or the characteristics of night operation on a firing range
is the difficulty of intersecting (locating) the bomb explosion points.
The obeerver must have acquired excellent experience in order to maks
a rapid and accurate determination of the point where the bonb struck
and be able, to oparato the observation instruments confidently and
faultlessly. Of no lesser importance in this case is al;,-.7 the depend-
able contact between the flight commander and the aircraft crews. Katy'
instances became known from night practice where, by clear and continuous
communication on the firing range, it was possible to prevent the causes
for aerial accidents.
1 good example of skillful organization in conducting night firing
practices was recently shown by the personnel of a certain firing range
commend.
The chief of the firing range assembled his subordinates, gave thee
a detailed briefing on the problem and designated the time for the given
operations. The job required fast and accurate action. Soldiers Dedukh
and Durakov prepared the flares. Prior to fueling the flares (torches),
26
? ? ? "'VI:. ??"*. ?
)
they thoroughly eleaned the latter of all carbon deposits, washed them
in kerosene and inserted new wicks. The observers, soldiers Ienuchsk
and Zelenko, readied the observation instruments and the lighting of .
working points on towers. PFC Govorov and other communications personnel
checked tha telephones and telephone lines connecting the command point
_ ?
of the firing range with the observation points. The radio operatcrs
under the supervision of FTC Shcherbakov readied the radio communication
media. Private Hiroshnichenko was asaignea as aid to the operations
officer. He made certain that the command point of the firing range
was provieed with the ground signal projector, rockets of various colors
and other media which might be necessary at night.
Two hours prior to the beginning of the bombing, the soldiers, under
command of Sgt. Listyev?drove to the points where the targets were
situated. They placed the torches in special designated plisses.
The airfield reported by radio that the aircraft had taken off
and headed toward the firing range. Immediately the telePbone opera,.
tore and other soldiers of the firing range command took up their reepeo-
tive posts. The observers, Privates Rybkin and Drach, took up positions .
at the stereo-tubes (battery commander's telescope). By means of a
rheostat, they adjusted the illumination brightness of the instrument
scales and set their reticles (cross halm.) on the green light indicating
the center of the target and reported their readiness to pin-point the
bomb explosions.
27
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release. @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
As the first aircraft appeared over the firing range, the crew
requested permission from the operations officer to carry out their
bombing practice.
New, the main job of the aoldier,-observere is to accurately pin-
point the explosion. In daytime, a column of dust, smoke and debris
hangs over the point of explosion for aeveral seconds after the both
strikes; there is sufficient tine to set the reticles of the stereo-
tubes an the point of explosion, to meaeure the angle and take a good
reading,
it is entirely different at night; the flash of the explosion is
visible for only a fraction of a second. Poor visibility complicates
the orientation of the place. But the soldiers are accustomed to the
difficulties of running night bombing operations. Tale, for example,
Private Bezrdkov; he possessed metrel specialties of firing range
operation including the job of observer. From his observation point,
he had a good view of the night target situated on the bombing field of
the firing range. As soon as the command point (CP) reported that a boa
had beer released, Private Bezrukov invdietely turned his attention to-
ward the fires of the target and stuck to the eyepiece of the instrument.
The whistle of the filling bomb vat: heard in the air, the neat and apleah
of the explosion,appoared but for a nonent. But this abort time use
sufficient for the observer to set the reticle of the instrument over the
point of bomb explosion, to eel* a reeding, enter it in the journal and
tranemit the findings to the CP of the firing range.
. 28
0.0.11.101????????????????????
/.?
??? ???????????
??????
_
The transmitted measurements were changed hero to linear distances.
The plotting beard today was haredee by the young coormniets Mates..
He picked up and recorded in .the observations journal all the data about
bomb deflections. Hie duty was to determine accurately the poxnt of
bomb explosion. Having put the telephone receiver down, Filatov took
three threads, the ends of which were fastened to the reference images
on the firing renge plotting board of the observation towers, and placed
them over the degree graduation transmitted by the cbeervero.
The point of intersection of.theee threads is the point of barb
explosion. Employing a ruled grid, he calculated the buMb deviations
from the center of the target in meters and together with the azimuth
recorded these figures on the target sheet of the firing ranee. All
this had to be -done rapidly and accurately..
"Our job is a very delicate one and at night requires special alert-
ness and attention" says Private Filatov. Our calculations can have no
errors because the slightest deviation leads to an inaccurate determination
of the bomb explosion point and this will make it impossible for the
commander to make an accurate evaluation of the crew performance..
It was a dark night. The sky was covered with thick clouds. Du's
in spite of the unfavorable weather, firing range flights do continue.
The aircraft successively male their bombing runs and accurately strike '
at the target.
.29 ?
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
ealft,
1.
4
(
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @.50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
All the soldiers of the firing range command worked concertedly
throughout the night. Hence, for exempla, after succeesfUl beeibing
by two crews, the light! situated in the center of the target were ex-
tinguished and the. configuration of the nUht target became undistin-
guishable. The operations officer gave an order to set-up tIle targets.
witbia the brief interval between flights. Ths soldiers of the firing
range command carried out the order rapidly an, accurately. There was
no delay in the flights.
Toward dawn the last of the aircraft left the sky over the firing
range and total silenee came.
The chief of the firing range collected the results of the night's
work, and praised the soldiers who had distinguished themselves in
maintaining the night flight operations. The operations officers at
the firing range also had high praise for the soldiers of the firing
range command. Also the daily bulletin carried some nice vords about
the coordinated and accurate performance of the soldiers of the firing
range commend in the way they had aided the commander in conducting and
controllint the bombing flights.
le.a.I?Whell????????????????????????? 111????.111,0
30
???????????????????????:????????????
ACTIVE INNOVATOR, WIWI= TESTING
The pilots, and especially the navigators, of a certain belabor
group mentioned the name of communist Capt. Belisbakov with great
affection. Who was this officer and how had be earned such respect
from his comrades? Bol'shakov yam the Crimii-irler of a group entrusted
with the maintenance of airs:traft equipment. His slogan was: the
slightest oversight or neglect might cauee a disruption in the flight
mimmice even lead to accidents. The fact that such eases did not occur
here was due to a large extent to the exceptional thoughtfulness of
Bollehakev.
Captain Bol'ehakov was a young communist. In the days Wtan the
20th Congress of the Communist Party USSR was held, he came to the
Party Office with a request "Please admit ma to the Party. I will not
upare any effeeets in carrying out assignments planned by the Congress"
wrote Bel's:ha:key in his application for pert, membership.
The comer:1sta unanimously accepted hist as a candidate for a
party member, and they made no mistake in this step. To ail the quali-
ties which were long inherent to this officer - integrity, leadership, -
faithfulness - he soon added still another important quality, name4
that of perserving innovator, .
Bollahekov was always an innovator, but after he becere a commuaist,
he studied the resolutions of the 20th Congress of the Party and under.
itood that the perty required of him still greater efforts and intensified
thoughts.
???????????? ???????? ? ???????
????
?
'ft
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
2.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
A long time ago, Hol'sbakov bad already become disturbed and angry
over the loss in time consumed for the testing and inspecting bomber
equipment. "Couldn't this be discontinued"? thought the young communist.
t.?.1 +.1.tram notimmAd and 'In answer
"It =1st -
to this problem could be found. Finally, a thought matured to eliminate
the separate checking of the "Fire" and "Safe" drives and mechanisms and
to make an instrument .which would allow one to control the working.con-
dition.of the entire unit.
Dsye of research and labor passed and such an instrument was developed.
The time required for inspection of the instrument was cut in half.
This not only brings a certain relief but also offers the possibility,
during this saved time, to inspect bomber equipment which is twice the
size of previous boMber equipment. This means greater assurance that
'not even one aircraft will go into the air with defective Weuer equip-
rent (armament). He hardly had time to finish with this instrument when
he suddenly had t desire to find more simple and convenient ways of
testing the disadjustnent in vertical plane betwpsn tha veep= and eight.
Yore research, more prototypes and more labor which was not Wasted. A
maw ds7ics appeared. It was considerably simpler in design and more con.
venient in operation, especially under field conditions.
Theme successes have kinfiled a still greater creative fire in the
heart of the innovator. Right now Captain Bollshskov is working on the
creation of a device for checking the parallelism of the lubber line of
the sight and the axis of the aircraft.
32
For his exemplary devotion to service and duty, for his creative'
innovaticn work, communist Bol'ahakov was repeatedly rewarded. Recently,
the commander of the unit banded him &monetary award and personally
expressed his gratitude.
In the illustration: Captain V. Bollihikov EZEM1DOS a Boasight.
33
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
ON A GUNNERY TRAINER
(11A STRELKOVCR TBENAZHERE)
BY
G. TAMAN
;74..Yri
SOVETSELTA AVIATSII1, NO. 12/2570, JAN. 15, 1957
Page 2
34
??????????
wog.' ""?-???????1r..........
ON A GUNNERY TRAINER
by
-G. Trojan
At the practice target range, student Shamayev is on the trainer.
Be determines the angle of load in relation to the angular velocity of
the target and the range to the target. The training classes are similar
to real flight conditions. Everything is done just as it is during .
actual aerial gunnery: the student assumes the basic position, turn.
toward the target, lays the gunsight reticle cx it, follows the moving
target and then opens fire.
Here you can see the firing results 1mmediate1y. If the firing
appeared inaccurate, the trains!, (with the aid of the teacher or instruo-
tor) finds his error and eliminates it in the following training lases,
On an ordinary gunnery trainer, it is impossible to work out a nunber
of elements of aerial gunnery and it is therefore impossible to mom am
?
objective evaluation of target hits. These deficiencies were elieinntod
by the instructora at aerial gunnery training schools. They attaehod ?
a &nal caliber rifle to the trainer. The firing from this rifle is
carried out by pressing a firing button. The improved trainer ie used
not only in class rouse but is also carried out into the open airfield.
The instructors, Officers Logak, Crachev, Bulanov and others have
contributed greatly to the training of accurate aerial gunners. Tht,
try to conduct thcir classes with live demonstrations of actual Welt
and instruments which helps to attain totter results in training, Trainer*,
models, dummies *to., all were prepared by their own hands.
0.11.
?
35
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
???????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
In tha illustration: Student P. Butkevidh and his instructor,
Engre-Maj..V. Graebev worked out on a trainer (link trainer) the e/ements
of aiming and firing against aerial targets.
36
????????????
???
IN A WING WICE-DECORATED IIITH THE ORDER OF THE RED BANNER
(V DVAZHDY ETASNOZNAEENTOH roma)
BY
CAPTAIN L. GRAKBOT
MOM
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSID., NO. 27/2585, FEB. 1, 1957
Pags 3
37
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
- a-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
IN A WING TWICE-DECORKIED WITH THE ORDER OF THE RED BANNER
by
L. Orakhov
The young soldiers newly assiamed to a certain bomber unit spend
considerable time in studying the large plaque -Battle History of tho
Unit" situated in the political-educational room of the unit. Their
hearts are filled with pride when they realize that they will have the
honor of serving in a wing having remarkable. battle traditions.
Behind the modest language of numbers and facts given on the Plaque
is hidden the rich history of war achievements of the aoldier..aviatore.
During the war years, this bonter group contributed greatly to the job
of defeating the enemy. Each one who served in this unit during World
War II performed a multitude of remarkable battle deeds.
It was in 1942. The crew of Guard Captain Eisaryuk had received
a Mi1510121 to destroy an important military target in the enemy rear.
Having dropped the bombs on the target, the aircraft was returning toward
base. Suddenly it was attacked by two Vesaerachmidts. The aerial gunner
guard, Master Sgt. Navernov, reported this to the commander and together
with another gunner immediately opened fire on the attacking fighters,
but the Measerachmitts did not fail behind. Suddenly the gunner was
wounded and the bomber received several shell holes from the cannon fire
of the fighters which continued the attack.
Guard Master Sgt. Navarnov well realized that the saving of the crew
and the bomber depended to a large extent on what he would do next. At
an opportune moment, he again set his sights on the attacking fighter and
fired a long burst.
38
?
TheMesserschmitt began belchiag with smoke and went into an uncontrolled
fall. After this, the second attacker pulleA out from battle and the
bomber returned safely to its base,
Many famous aviatore began tteir war career in thia certain bomber ?
unit. Aleksander Molodchiy, decorated twice a hero of the Soviet Union,
flew with this unit. The names of pilots V. Crechishlin, S. Kulikov,
A. Erasnukhin, A. Geranin, P. Tikhonov, N..Enaritonov, and others who
earned the high honors of being eroes of the Soviet Union are written
an large letters in the center of the plaque. Many were awarded with
decorations and medals of the USSR and the wing deservedly carries the
title "Guard Jing 'Mac. Dcorated with the Order of the Red Demmer";
The soldier-aviators sacredly protect the famous war traditions of
tUetr unitevrtA
theac traditions by their own outstanding raccasses
in military and political training. Everyone here is proud of the excel.
lent crews of squadron commander Major Nikolayev, Capt. Yamedov, Iermilov
and others. They all ear ry out their flight miseions with execellent
results by making accurate hits against the respective targets. The
number of men distinguishing themselves in military and political train.
ing, and the number of cliaaroon pilcts, navigators, radio operators In-
creases from month to month in this unit.
At present, the unit appears to be the leading one in the wing. Its
soldiers have achieved high results in aero-navigation and bombing; for
many years, the crews have flown without accidents and without damages.
39
_
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
?
The wing has veterans which have served in it since ita activation.
'Guard Lt. Col. of maintena3ce services, Lobzov Hilton Afanasevidh,
began his career as an aircraft mechanic. Now he is the senior engineer
of the wing, a communist; a man respected by all.
Also Nikolay Ivanovich Kudryavtsev, presently aircraft mechanic,
captain of technical servAces; has served with this wing since its In-
ception. For his conscientious work, he recently received a valuable
gift from the general. The soldiers carry on in the famous traditions
of the wing and obtain new successes in their military training.
The crew of Capt. Ilkhomirov consists exclusively of young airmen.
1st Lt. Nikitin, Lt. Abramov, Kozlov and others of this small united
group have one common goal - the achievemeLt o: high combat preparedness.
They desire to learn to fly better and to strike the target accurately.
17...+17 +him crew rt.veived an order fnr a fli oht 1#14!: pratio:0111A4
i4nertry with bombing. Then they were aloft, the situation changed.
They had to fly through-cloudg and bomb an invisible target. But even
In these complex meteorological conditions, the young airman completed
their mission successfully and attained direct hits on the target.
And so, by increasing the military traditions of their predecessors,
the airmen of this certain air wing (bomber-wing) are dependably guarding
our socialist nation.
40
J
'
Illustration - First-class Navigator, let Lt. P. Kapralov,
Skillfully Handles a Modern BeMbsight! He Can
Bomb in Any Given Weather, by Day or Night and
His Results Are Always Good or Excellent,
In Illustration: Officer P. Kapralov
/raining in a Cockpit.
?
???????..
41 /
a-
-
r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release. @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
??? ?????? ? .0...????
I ;
J
,
? : i
I
1
TIM HELICOPTER GOES TO THE FIRING RANGE
BY
'FIRST LT. IU. GRACHEV
FK
SOVETSKAT1 AVIATSITA, NO.. 31 (2589), 6 FEBRUART 1957
PAGE 2
442 4 ;
?
tt;
1:
42 i
!
1
;
! W! . -
i
Cr?
THE HELICOPTER GOES TO THE FIRING RANGE
by
Grachev
From behind the woods came the cteady roar of an engine. The roar
became louder and nearer. Soot- a helicopter appeared over the pine
tree tops. It hovered over the edge of -the woods, then descended to
about five meters and slowly approached t6e landing area.
The wheels of the machine touched ground and the cabin door -sprang
open. From the helicopter, the pilot emerged; it was Captain NiktilaT
Temallyanovich Dmitriyev. Is removed the headphone; the high forehead
of the pilot bore a scar. Thin lir..., of --iodate ran from the- corners?
of the eyes.
"The crow has carried out your order", DmitriTav reported to the
cc:wander.
Judging by his outer appeareace and his brief, report about the
difficult flight, not much could be learned about the Officer Dmitriyev,
but be described his experience on the very same evening...
To fly a helicopter was a long cheriabee. dream of Dmitriyev: This
desire came to him when he saw the wingless machine for the first time.
In the air. The officer, of course, already knew about the existenoe of
such an original construction but somehow he never had the opportunity
to watch personally the flight of a modern helicopter. The idea of be...
coming a belicOpter pilot was on Dmitriyavta mind continuously. Tbe
command took this desire into consideration and offered the pilot the
chance of learning bow to hanile the new machine. He studied its oce.
structiom for entire dye and at night in the class room be rood and
studied the iastamotiosi.
???? ,????
I
?
43
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
;
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release. @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?-???? ???
?
His liking for the profession and his great thirst for knowledge
enabled the comunist officer to handle all forms of helicopter flights.
All this indicates the great knowledge of the pilot, as well as his
great initiative and resourcefamess.
The crew was given an order to fly out to the H-firing range. The
fact is that early on the same day a truck detail wee sent there with
target equipment. But an their way the leaders got into trouble; a
snowstorm set in. After the cessation of the storm, the roads baoame
impaaeable and it was decided to call an the helicopter for the transfer
of the land from the bogged-down trucks to the firing range.
At the apprcach to the firing range, the crew encountered a large
wooded area. Thickly grown pine trees covered the earth and detailed
orientation became extremely difficult. The navigator did not let the
map leave his hands.
Proa the 30? frost outside, the inside of theviniows of the hell.
copter cabin became coated with hoarfrost. Visibility became very poor.
The pilot looked more often at the instruments and, with their help,
piloted the craft,
Only 15 minutes remained to the lending point. "Previous course",
reported the navigator; "Understoodf...briofly answered the coaaander.
Dmitriyev confidently piloted the helicopter. The estimated flight
time had run out. He opened the little hinged window of the cabin
slightly and looted down. The frost, bit at his face. Under the hell,.
?optsr he could see two little houses with :Inow-eevered roofs. A lino
of ? Sled trail was clearly vieible not far to the left... and bare vas
4 4 .
? IN
moarombrek ?????????????-.....
???????????.,
an area forty to fifty meters in width; the little opening was surrounded
by tail pine trera.
The pilot changed the rotor pitch and released the throttle. The
helicopter descended into the little clearing in the woods. Just
several seconds back he could maneuver the cleft freely but soon the
helicopter was closely Larrounded by dark brown tree-trunks. The air-
stream of the rotor kicked up a thick snow dust about futr meters high
and enveloped the helicopter cabin. It became necessary to retard the
descent and wait until the white snow duat had subsided. It was very
difficult to control the craft when it became heMmed in among tall
trees end the pilot could see neither earth nor ikr.'
Slowly, the mist settled and the helicopter wheels made gradual -
?Detect with the snow-covered surface. The pilot was very careful. It
was a swampy locatiun where saw might conceal holes and quagmires.
The wheels of the machine begen sinking in the snowdrifts, suddenly
it Logan heeling. The officer stepped on the gas and the madhine be.
caza airborne, the helicopter moved forward and made its landing. The
commander's order was carried out.
At one time, Capt. Dmitriyev and his subordinates had to take the
job of artillery fire observer-correctors. The crew had to find the
position (battery) of the imaginary opponent, report its coordinates to
the observation point and than contrl the exploaions (correct the bits
of the artillery shells).
The helicopter went aloft. It a predeterminod time, it appeared
mar the Artillery firing position. The navigator nada radio contact
4.5
.0.1.
?????41....???????
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?????
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
?
with the ground and the crew began its search for the camouflaged
battery of the "opponent".
Soon the observation point received a report -1klisget down below....
cooralruptes...."
Soon came the roar of artillery salvos. The observers in the
helicopter cabin caul& see how the shell explosions raked up columns
of earth and smoke. The navigator immediately reported the data to
the observation point.
The accuracy in the computations and proper determination of the
explosion points made it possible for the artillery gunners to correct
the error and neutralize the battery of the "opponent' by volley fire.
for your aid, job well done"? spoke the artillery
commander over the radio to Capt. Dimitriyev and his crow.
The pilot and navigator could see throuehthe cabin windows how ?
the artillery gunners welcomed them, as if inviting their comFedes to
increase combat efficiency still further.
Illustration - TrainingWith Special Equipment Plays &Major Role
in the Pr.psration of Pilots. Maj. M.Zbinyakev
gives Special Ehphasis to Trainers. On the Ground.
he Instructs and Teaches to his Student Pilots all
the Aspects of Actual Flight. Officer M. alnyakov
supervises the training of let Lt. S. Scam
ICUNG NAVIGATORS IN FORMATION. VOTES FROM NAVIGATION AND ECM:BING TRAINING
BI
LT. COL. B. FERSITANOV AND CAPT. V. BURIN
!BOK
SOVETSKLYA ANUATSITA, NO. 40 (2598), 26 FEBRDARI 1957
????? ????..
4t
?
S TAT
1
1
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
YOUNG NAVIGATORS IN FORMATION ?
try
B. Fersieanov and V. Dychia
Young airmen - pilots, navigators - graduates cf Military Institutions,
are joining the ranks of AP-units. Pal of strength and energy, they
demonstrate a flaming desire to improve their flying ceeeriences on modern
aircraft. This noble trend finds willing support from Our conosnders
who handle the young cadres with great care and attention and help then
to reach their longed-for goals.
However, the training of young flying persennel is not always amooth
and organized; some youths learn very slowly. There are known cases
where young aviators learn to fly under complex meteorological conditions
only after spending considerable time with the unit (Al-Wing).. This
harms the job of improving the combat efficiency and it fiefilly leads ti
the point where the lagging pilots and navigators gradusi14,begin
losing faith in their own oapacilities.
The experience of our own bonber wing shows that it is possible to
train young cadres to ay by inatrunents in a much aborter training time
than before. A group of young officers were assigned to our wing. The
commander, of course, became interested in the level of their training.
He found out that the pilots had only inconsiderable experience in flying
tactical aircraft and the navigators carried out only a few bombing
practices with the aid of optical sights. By order of the senior commander,
the young group of aviators was formed into an individual squadron, with
entirely eeparate flight training days scheduled for this unit. Such a
48
?
??????????????????............
ayetem was found to be worthwhile. The approeimatsly uniform level of
flight training of this group nada it possible for the squadron commander
to organize properly and conduct the flight training of the crews.
The training of pilots and navigators in the art of flying under
complex meteorological conditions was simultaneous in our unit. The
navigators have not waited until the pilots acquired their piloting
experience. They trainee' stranouely and by the time the pilots began
flying in the gouda and beyond the clouds, the navigators were well
trained in the art of bombing by means-of radar boodasighte.
The training of the young navigators has begun immediately after
learning about the level of their education and training. We began with
studies and examinations of the texts of different Technical Manuals,
instructions and other documents governing flying practice. Exeeieations
showed that not all young officers gained sufficient knowledge about the
structure or the bombsight and had an uncertain knowledge about air
navigation under complaxmeteorological conditions and in the art of
bombing from great altitudes.
1.4 then set up a program of theoretical training of navigators. Aa
important point of this program was the study of the material part of the
bombsight and the operation of same. The training was conducted not
only in class room but also on link trainers. We made good use of a
transport aircraft equipped with the proper boebing devices. Flying this
aircraft, the young navigators have become acquainted with the flight
al-a and with the firing range, after which they began with practical
application of air navigation and bombing with the aid of radar sights.
In practice, this was dome as follows:
49
z
5
3
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
The experienced navigator-instructor explained to the trainees
during flight the exact order of operation during flight, methods of
determining navigational data, and demonstrated target bombing. After
the first familiarization flights, the instructor allowed the young
navigators to demonstrate their knowledge in navigation and bpmbing.
This was done individeelly and as the instructor watched their actions
and performances, he ire diately pointed out the errors and recommended
corrections. These training .flights, augmented by the theoretical
training on the ground, contributed to the fact that the young naviga-
tors soon learned hew to handle and operate bombsights and each carried
vet tea or three independent bombing practices.
Tha first phase of training was completed by taking exams fraa
all the navigators regarding their knowledge of the technique and methods
of air navigation in various conditions with the use of the radar eye.
After this, we began training unit flights 011 combat aircraft. Tbe cone
struction of the jet bomber, which was assigned to us for training pure
poses allowed room in the forward cockpit for a second navigatoreinstruo-
tor.
The first flight for each young navigator was a familiarisetion
flight; he watched the actions of the instructor who, as be was carrying
out his reactions, explained what and how things had to be done and ace-
ducted a detailed orientation during the flight. The trainee, with the
.aid and under supervision of the very same instructor, next carried out
the approabh to the target and the bathing.
. 50
? 4. ...o.????????..11. ?????
???
Ac soon as the inetructor had become convinced about the fire and
reliable actions of tho young navigator, he went aloft with his
control flight and then allowed him free and independent action. The
sane procedures were applied in night flying training with the only
exception that the number of flights and bombings at night was somewhat
-
increased.
In our opinion such a method is effective because the young
navi-
gator starting to fly on tactical aircraft continuously receives the
qualified aid and support from the instructor directly in the kir. -
This 13 the-reazon that the trainee works confidently; he knows that
if he Should make any kind of error in his activities, the instructor
will immediately help to eliminate it.
A. eon practice is that the youths are trained by =any specialists,
beginning with the unit and squadron navigator and ending with the wing
navigator, Practical experience shows that frequent changes in instruo-
tors is harmful to training and introduces confusion in the training
methods. The instructors lose their sense of responsibility for the
training of trainees. That is why, in our unit, the trainiag of young
aviators was handled by instructors veil experienced in real bathinii
attacks and in cathodical navigation. We mover Change instructors without
special reason. Continuity in training is of great imeortance in the
successful preparation of navigators. Lent interruptions in flight
training have a detrimental effect on the flight habits of pilots and
navigators. Taking this into consideration, we never allow flight
51
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
-s -
?
training interruAions of More than two days, ki a result, our young
navigators hay* learned and acquired a good knowledge of their work and
can bomb airy kind of tr,.aet accurately.
It is understood that the progress attained did not come right
away; the instructors had to work very hard with the young trainees.
For example, two years ago, officer Ushenin was assigned to our wing.
Up to that time he had flown only by day and under normal meteorologi-
cal conditions. In a complex situation he could not determine the
position ef the aircraft rapidly and accurately; he was uncertain in
setting the autopilot, and committed errors in tkc work sequence during
the aircraft's course over the ground. Regular training under the
surveillance of experienced instructors-officers Babohenko and Fomichem
resulted in the elimination of all them shortcomings and now Lt.
Ushenin carries out his missions successfully by day and night and
under complex meteorological conditions.
The problem of breaking-in young aviation cadres can be solved
rapidly and very successfully. This csn be followed and practiced by
each commander provided he is persnnall7 concerned with its successful
fulfillment.
^
52
000
FROM MILITARY TRAINING IZPTRIV:OS: HOW:WF. ATTACKED SOMERS
BY
FLIGHT COMANDER CAPT. B. M.., PILOT 2-10 CLASS
FRIA
SOVETSKAYA AV:ATSIYA NO. 42/2600, FrsR. 19, 1957
PAGE 2 '
. 53
-
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
training interrudtions of More than two days. A3 a result, our young
navigators have learned and acquired a good knowledge of their work and
can bomb agy kind of tet accurately.
It is understood that the progress attained did not come right
away; the instructors had to work very hard with the young trainees.
For example, two years ago, officer Ushenin was assigned to our wing.
Up to that time he had flown only by day and under normal meteorologi-
cal conditions. In a complex situation ho could not determine the
position F.:2' the aircraft rapidly and accurately; he was uncertain in
setting the autopilot, and committed errors in thc work sequence during
the aircraft's course over the ground. Regular training under the
surveillance of experienced instructors-officers Babchenko and Fomichev
resulted in the elimination or all there ehortcominga and now Lt.
Ushenin carries out his missions successfully by day and night and
under complex meteorological conditions.
The problem of breaking-in young aviation cAdres can be solved
rapidly and very successfully. This can be follewed and practiced by
each commander provided he its personally concerned with its ancoesete
fulfillment.
???
FROM MILITARY TRAININq EVFILIMCES: HOW. WE ATTACKEP PCYBERS ?
BY
FLIGHT COMMANDER CAP?. B. 0....1147 PILOT 2.4&7) CLASS
FRCK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSITA NO. 42/2600, iR. 19, 1957
?11.. ? ?
PAG! 2
. 53
STAT
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
? ?
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
?
From Pilitary Traininr Experiences: How de Attacked Pombers
by
Flight Commander, Capt. R. Ivanct-mko. Combat Pilot 2nd Class
Among dluts, enrecially young ones, one ogl offen hepr a con-
versation that an air enragement with a bomber is simpler than one
with a fighter; the tar:et is lar-er, it can be eabliy spotted
from a greater distance anl all that is necessari is to close in
secretly, attack it by surp:ise, open fire with all cannons and
success is in the bag.
I perlonally think that these comrades TN v? r:' wrong.
Let
us discuss one element, the search for the target. Let us assume
that a flisht of fighters has taken off. Visual search is con-
ducted by four fighter-pilots and from heavy aircraft. Many pairs
of eyes scan the skies carefully. 7ach of the crew members of a
multiseater aircraft has his own zone of observation and those
zones mutually overlap. That means it is very difficult to ap-
proach a group of bombers without being observed. We rust also
remember that the enemy can detect a fighter or fighters with the
aid of radar devices.
Some pilots arrue this way: an aerial encounter with bombers
Is a very hazardous sob: they usually have a powerful fire pro-
tection and to engage in a fSre fight with such an aircraft is
possible only from a distance.
ii
.54
......?????????????
.0 ?
??????????????????=11.
Also these comrades are incorrect because the striking.proba-
bility euring long range shooting engagements Oecreases sharply.
Durinp the World :.1#1. IT, Soviet fighter pilots successfully downed
enemy aircraft at close ran;-es. rany thousands of enemy bombers
were destroyed in the pir by their accurate salvos. .For example, ?
in a sinPle air-battle, Pilot lorovets, shot dout nine enemy bombers!
Filots of the Korean teoples' Republic (Vorth Korea) and Chinese
Volunteer Pilots have successfully battled modern let bombers of the
American aggressors.
The examoles quoted give outrider:. proof that, on one hand, one
cannot underestimate the tactical possibilities of modern bombers
and, on the other hand, one must not exaggerate their fire pswer.
Experience shows that the victor in an air enragement with one or a
grouo of Pambers is the on:. '90hter-pilot who was well trained for
this Joh ane who has studied to the smallest details avenues of
search, approach, and naneuvers for attack. The victor is
the fir,hter-pilot who learned haw to coneuct properly and maintain
a fire fi4ht and who learned how to operate the eouipment of the
cockpit, runaidit, armament like an automat, in other words, a
pilot who learned how to shoot accurately. A well-trained pilot
also acts skillfully in the air; he attacks daringly, swiftly and
Recently, my unit was engaged in an air-battle with a bomber
????
ss
9.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
MOIL We prepared ourselves thoroughly for this particular
flight; we figured out and fixed our combat formation and, on the
basis- of models, we deduced the possible avenues of maneuvering
for attack. I called the main attention of my subordinates to
keeping their positions in the formation. It is no secret, that
if a flight unit keens its combat formation, each pilot will have
favorable firine conditions; he will select the target properly
and durinl, the attack will not interfere with the maneuvering of
the nelotboring pilots.
Finally our unit was in the air. Immediately after take-
off, we received the comm-ni from the leader-navigator: course
100, altitude 21,000 meters (36,300 ft).
This meant that the air battle would have to be conducted in
the lower layers of the stratosphere. In highly rarefied air,
one cannot make sharp evolutions, thus the search for the target
become's difficult. It.means that it is necessary to fly at such
a formation that would not restrict the maneuver of each pilot and
at the same time would not hinder the combined fire supeort, would
secure better wariness in the air, and provide for the detection
of aerial targets at maxinun ran-es from the fighters. Sueh a
combat formation was selected for our specific mission.
Following the line of interception, we anpeared over a solid
cloud cover. This made orientation very difficult. The flight of
56
1
Si
the fighters was watched 'attentively from the ccenecd point but
thiV-did not relieve us from the obligation of carefully watching
the course, speed and time so that we could go independently to
Our own or to an alternate airfield if needed.
Within the next few minutes came a ground ccemand
left, course " The aerial tarret must be somewhere near.
The pilots of our rroup inttnsified their caution. The outcome-et
the battle depends in many respects upon the timely detection of
the bombers.; should the "opponent" stot us "irst, 1-.e would im-
mediately begin maneuvering and try to cet away; should we spot
him first, we would try the surprise close-in, take up a suitable
position for attack, and attack silddealy.
Just now we listen to a report from the command point '"Op-
ponent" ahead, to the right' and sure thing, I suddenly spottel
a bomber groups The number ef aircraft, their type, flieht al-
titude and Melt formation were rapidly transmitted by radio to
the ground.
The air situation was favorable: the enemy bombers were
without fighter protection. 7 decided....to carry out the first
attack simultaneously by the entire group in close flight forma-
tion "wedge formation"....followed b.-repeated attacks....altere
nately in pairs.
There is no euestion about it; in order to inflict maximum
57
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
;
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
OP
damage on the enemy and to break up his formation, we must rake
?
maximum use of the fire power of each fighter. In this, lies
the vslue of a simultaneous attaek and in addition !t. also has
a strong demoralizing effect on the bomber crew because it
reduces the fire effectiveness of their own weapons.
The repeated attack - alternately in pairs - is based on
other factors. First of all at a great altitude, a pair of
fighters can maneuver much ensier than a whole flight; secondly,
th tht appearance of enemy fiAlters, it is possible not only
to carry on thc attack but also La defend ourselves; the attack
by one pair of fifilters is covered and supported by another
pair. t'oth attacking variants Were worked out well during
fliphts at medium altitudes. r.ach pilot knew beforehand what
kind of an enemy bomber formation he would have to at:ack.
Any -Au-iLional instructions fr-iz me were therefore unnecessary
and I barked a slier!, cummane; "Follow me all into attack!"
At a distance of approximatelf two km.((60 ft), the
bomber crew bouLteti Us and i-znediately increased speed and
chanred course. Rut the evading naneuver of the aerial tar-
get OM not stop us from closing in to a distance of effective
fire or from opening fire fram the camera guns with a sub-
sequent null-out to the right and. downward. As I pulled out
from the attack, 1 carefully watched the target-aircraft and
.58.
WetdOVV? +QM ???????????? OMVS??? ??????VO V 1...,14C .4.????? u????????:1" ? ,414?Po .1.....1No?Una 4.4
Vara
at the same time studied the skies. The bombers again changed the
flight aspects and tried at all costa to escape our repeated attack.
Taking into consideration the fact that there were no enepy fighters
In this vicinity, I decided to make the repeated attack not alter..
nately but in succession by pairs. -
The excess speed gained as a result of descent gave us a
chance to carry out lively maneuver. Soon our group, following in
a scattered formation, Again began attacking the enepy aircraft
in pairs from the right side.
During this aerial battle, I wetched the actions of our pilots
and noticed a number of errors. Fcr example, the young pilot 'bras-
nikav of the leading pair lagged behind the leader, First Lt.
Teplyakov. Instead of accurately maintainin: a distance of 30 - 40
e.z.tere,n L4 In the rear at a distance of more than 100 150
meters, was 1. n eoticing the maneuver of the leader and was late
in increasing the engine rpm. Trying to catch up with the leader,
he did not aim accurately against the selected target.
Next, the increased distance between the fighter, of the aim-
ond pair led to the lengthening of the pull-out distance. First IA.
TepIyakov ceased firing and began the pull-out and his follower had still
not opened fire. The decoded frames of films brought down by MY2Se
nikov were good but could have been excellent.
First Lt. Teplyalev also comaitted an error - his maneuver was
too long and he hesitated with the repeated attack. This under actual
F-TS-9290/111
59
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
combat conditionywould be intolerable. Continuous fighter fire
or small interval fire has a atunNing effect on the bomber crews
and lowers their will to resist. T4-.- their initiative, fast action
and high attackinr spirit, the finbters pin eown the enemy and
break up his defense organize.ion. The second fi,hter pair reduces
'44" t?e enemy crews. The
aerial lanners of the enemy could have tal-en advantagc of the
cessation of fighter fire ane have started -aimed fire against the
attackers.
The exuerience of the first aerial battle teth !-Gwbers at
great altitude shows that the better the pilot training on the
ground, the better the coordination of pairs and groups in flight
and the better the results of aerial combat missions.
1'
?????????
THEIR NAMES ARE IMAM.
TRW
COVMSICal AVIATSITA, VO. 47 (2605), FEMUR/ 241 1957
PAGE 1
7_Ts-9290xx
GO i 61
????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
41111-01.?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
_
Their Mmmes Are Immortal
Representatives of the KACTIUK Plont work.rs. the Krasnaya
Roza (Red Rose) Silk qeavine Plant, the Sverdlov Textile All, and
of oth.:r enterprises in the rrilnne relion of the cIty of Moscow
gathered Yester4hy ht tLe ::ovo-D?iviche Cerictery. Many of the city'e
high school sty: 'ents :sere psserhltd who-lad come to honor
the nemory of 1.;wo gcicrotions or soldier:: who had participated in
the Civil end Scond iorld 'Jars.
A solemn menorinl meet!ng wos-convenee at the graves of the
.soldiers who had sacrificed their livLs for the hapniness of the
Soviet Pecple. Secretary of the Frunze region Communist Party, V.
Trofimov, opened the meeting. Speeches were .made by the representa-
tive of the Soviet Veterans Committee, by a commander of a guerilla
brigade I. A. Kolos, by Lt. Col. M. A. Ivashchenko, and by girl
student of the 10th grade from School No. 43 of the city's school-
ing system L. Pozdmak. In their fiery speeches, they spoke about
the heroism and courage of the Soviet patriots who took part in the
bitter battles of the Civil and Second World Wars. The Soviet
people, under the leader.itip of the Communist Party, tn bloody
battle with all the enemies of our Fatherland defended the victories
of the Great October Socialistic Revolution. The names of soldiers
and their immortal heroic deeds became the symbol of the courage and
unflinching determination of our people.
62
??????aor Jrivat oak*/
1
4
Thcwurds of the sneakers aouneed like a vow when they kept on
assuring that the Soviet people will henceforth do everything in their
power to strengthen continuously the might of our nation and protect
the state interests of the Soviet Union, At the sound of taps and a
funeral march, the participants of the meeting placed wreaths on the
rraves of thc fallen soldiers. The first wreath was laid on the grave
of ...titer-soldier Nikolay Ostrovskiy. The ribbon on the wreath bore
the words "To a Heroic Fighter out of the Happiness of the People from
the Young Communists of the KAUCHUK Plant".
A wreath was also laid on the grave of another famous Soviet writer,
Dmitriy Furmanov, who, in his writings, glOrified the heroic deeds of
the Civil War heroes.
A croup of ymths placed a wreath on the grave of pilot Timur
Frunze, Hero of the Soviet Union, who lost his life in a daring fight
against overwhelming enemy air_raft. ,:reaths were placed on the
graves of Zoya and Aleksander Kosroderyanskiy whose brief but rich
life bDcame a symbol of supreme sacrifice for our De)oved country.
OM.
63.
1.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
di?????????..
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr 2014/06/02.: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
?cr
Illustration, Page 2, top: Aerial Ounner, Radio operator First
Class Sgt. Popov is Master of his military sneeialty. (Me
fires accurately against a..rial targets and always secures
uninterrupted radio contact with the ground. For his progress
in military training the exemplary soldier was awarded for
decorations and his nicture is placed among the distinguished ones).
In illustration: Sgt. N. Popov, outstanding in military and
political training.
?65
74.
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
-IF
NoTrs OF FGR:aGN AVIATTON TECHNIQUE
FRCS'.
S0VET1KAvA AVIATSIYA 1957, No. 49/2607, FEB. 27, 1957
PAGE 4
?ss
.)
Notes on Foreign Aviation Technique
The Swiss Aerial Cannon,
Some Enaiah, Swedish and Italian aircraft are now being equipped
withthe Swiss-made 30 um. HS-82; aerial cannon (Fig. 1). It has a
rate of 1. of 1000 rounds per minute, high initial velocity of the
shell (1050 meters/sec) and weighs 103 kg. After firing the first
round, the- movab]e system is operated by a device operating on the
principle of utilizing the as recoil. The energy of tit. recoil is
dampened by the system of springs which return the cannon to Its initial
nosition. At the und of the rearward motion of the barrel is an ad-
ditional shock absorber. The round-feeding mechanism can work on the
left and richt sides of the ammunition feed belt which is diatinguished.
by great flexibility. The cradle comprising the outer frame of the
cannon is made in two variants: for stationary mounting on the air-
craft and for n..4.:tAionary mounting.
Landinz.on Different Surface*.
Recently the news releases carried information about the coe'r.
atruction of an aircraft adapted for take-off and landing on water,
swampy regions, sand, snow, ice and .her sorfacos less suitable for
the landing of an ordinary aircraft. It has been reported that such
.a machine has already undergone tests under such conditions and by
its designation appears to be a Military TranspOrt Aircraft.
boundary layer control system as well as universal landing gear
The characteristic feature of this machino is that it has a
67
? ? ??????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130001
I
??????????M...M.
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
'115-
which appears to be a supplem,4it to the conventional ones. Tests
showed that the aircraft, with a gross weight of 22,700 kg (49,940
lbs.) thanks to its boundary layer control system, can reduce the
take-off run from 600 to 21:C meters (from 1980 to 825 ft) and the
landing run from 370 to 230 m (from 1222 V+ 759 ft.) The fuselage
is hermetically sealed because of the nossibility of landing on water.
Allen landing on water, the stability of the aircraft is secured
by two floats fastened to the wing tips.
11?????????????
6 8
'???????? ? ??? ??????????ar
TA EE AN EXAMPLE FR334 T-aCANtR
(BER1TE PRIMER S KOWINDIRA)
Z. SOE0E12, HERO OF TH3 SOVIET MOM
FROM
SOVRTSKAIA AVIATSIYA, NO. 5112632, YARCZ 5, 1957
pp. 2
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
.11.???.1?????????11?????,???
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
TAKE AN EZAKPLE ?ROH THE COMHANDER
by
Zi Sorokin
?
The aviators of our nation enjoy limitless admiration and rospect.
No wonder then that the article entitled "Aviator - the Word Has a Proud
Sound" had such a lively reception among the aviators. I too would
like to express py thoughts regarding this difficult and interesting
profeaeion.
Letters are addressed to me from all cities of our vast comitry.
Young people are asking counsel and advice on how to become a real
aviator.
I should say that the profession of an aviator is the profession
of courageous and persistent neople. An aviator is not afraid of diffi-
culties and usually overcomes thee, difficulties through insistent ef-
forts. To those who would like to become real fliers, I would like to
give this particular advice: "Take an exnmple from the commander'.
The cocmander is usually a first clam: aviator and our aviation-inclined
youth will rapidly fall into formation provided they always listen to the
compels and recommendations of their commanders and chiefs and acquire
skill, experience, courage and baldness from them.
I would like to cite an example from life in the combat sone. In.
September, 1941,52 enemy aircraft appeared in one of the regions of the
Arctic. At this time, seven Soviet fighters under the command of famous
aviator Boris &annoy were in the air. They received an order from the
command point to go immediately to the region of the Zapadnaya Lits
TO
? -.M. 4?????? ????
??????????????
River, find the enemy and to engoge him in battle. Our Ned Star fighter*
flew Into the region indicated. Safonov Ws the first to detect the
fascist bombers. Following its leader, the seven aircraft flew into a
sclidoloud, %thence they swiftly attacked the combat formations of the
Hitlerite groups. With our first attack, %Pedro?* the ?new from aim
planned cooihat mission. Taking advantage of the confusion of the fascist
fliers nnd of our own tactical altitude, our fighters destroyed five
enemy aircraft in auccessicn. Boris Safonov was outstanding in this
actions, he was a daring pilot and military commander. He was, the first to .
attack an enemy aircraft, and we, his pupils supported him by shooting
down four enemy airoraft.
In this unequal skirmish, North Sea pilots Kovelenko, Poearskiy,
and Makainovich courageouely fought the enctorn I too succeeded in
shooting down OW enemy aircraft. Such a success could be attributed
rainly to the courage of our commander. Ho did not lose control during
the entire battle and kept on giving timely advice (orders) to everyone
of us; he attacked, and directed our attacks. rnder such a fearless and
daring coccander, we did not per any attention to the =erica superiority
of the enemy. Safonov gave his commands with calmness and oonfidenoes
"Attack the leader. Cover your comrade. Firs from clone range.' Es
often boosted our courage by his shouts of "Let's get at them, comrades'.
By our bead attach:, we broke up the plans of tbe enemy and forced
him to drop his bomb load on his oun combat lines. This rode it possible
for our ground forcos to counterattack at the given soction of the front
line. All the *even fighter aircraft of our group returned safely to
our bass.
Ii?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA RDP81 01043R0017nni nnn _c
--
2
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
?
We fought actively, offensively .and at times came out the victors
from actions under extremely difficult conditions for us. Safonov taught
us never to wait for the enemr but to find him, attack him daringly,
destroy him and return unharned to our boors bases.
The commander devoted great attention to training of mutuel
assistance and rescue during aerial battles, he doapited and fought
tgeinct the slighteet highhandednees or unneceesary risk. He attained
undisputed diaplins and trained us in courage and bravery.
Our captain taught us that a flier must be courageous and daring.
There are the undeniable qualities of everyone, eapeciaIly of a combat
flier, who is training for aerial combat. It is known that the away
does not wait to be shot down; he is trying to destroy you, .
Courage and boldness are by no sena inherent v.:Utiles; they are
inollooted in us by our Soviet actuality, by the constant training of
our commanders and political propagandiats. There are times when even
the most courageous pilots experience a certain doubt. But under the
supervisiom 1:tf a daring end willing commander, the pilot soon overcomes
this feeling of doubt and becomos fearless. I personally underwent this
experience.
In the summer of 1941 as we were pursuing enemy aircraft, I suddenly
found myself alone facing three Vezeerechnitte. I was saved only by the
fact that I did not yuccuMb to the feeling of fear$ f mobilized my entire
will and energy and rapidly thought of ray commander Captain Safonov and
how he would act if :might in my predicament. Surely he would say: well, so
what, the greater the number of enemy aircraft, the more targets far
attacking.
. .72
The thought of my commander gave me a great boost and I immediately
attacked the enemy and .bat down one fascist plane. The remaining two
Messerschnitts did not accept battle. I remember when for tbe first ?
time I took off from a forwald airfield I bad a great desire to shoot
down an enemy aircraft rhich I had just then spotted in the sir. But
I could not fulfill this desire.. Between ytnting to and knowing bo'',
there is much persistont work. The know-bow involved in defeating an
enemy pilot cane later but only as the result of tedious and constant
training under the leadership of the commander.
At preee t, aviation techniquehas made a very long step forward.
The fliers of tbs World War II could only dream and hope of that:sand
kilometer speeds and about the possibilities of flying in the stratesPherm.
Modern jet aircraft are already flying at supersonic speeds. The
terrific increase in aircraft speeds has raised the pilot requirements
considerably. In order to become e successful and experienced pilot,
one must learn and train a great lot. My advice to the young aviators
is: pay more attention to the commander, tike over and odoet 'Moses- ?
perience acquired in battles with the enemy, and learn to carry out his
orders accurately and incontestably.
Doors Wild: openswide into the blue and limitless spaces invite
daring and discipline aviators.
T3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130001
,
?
;
(-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
?
?
Illustration - Major F. Pugach in the Cockpit of a Bomber Prior
to Take-off,
,!
Navigator, First Class Cor.,--7nist Pugach likes his
Particular Job, he Continuously improves his skill -
and knowledge and teaches ths art of coro-navigation 4
and Badbing Under Complex Yotoorological Conditions to
Ma Comrades in Arms. 4
1
?
?
5
.
..? 74
lb
ANTLURCRAFT GUIDM Rocrsrs
GI 1 t V. G.RENIN
FROK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSIZA? NO. 55 (2613), 6 MARCH 1957
PAGE 3 ?
, 75
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
. ?
1 ???
ANTIAIRCRAFT GUIDED ROCKETS
by
V. Grenin
The constant improvement of strategic bombers and long range
guided missiles capable of carrying atomic and thermonuclear warheads
has considerably raised the role and responsibility of antiaircraft de-
fense of etrateeically important industrial and samiaistrativa centers
against possible attacks from the air.
In this connection, in recent years great scientifio-research and
experimental-construction projects were initiated for the developnent
of effective means of antiaircraft defense. Included among these means,
in addition to the all-weather fighter-interceptors possessing high
flight and combat qualities, are antiaircraft guided missiles. These
missiles are in many cases reliable weapons for coMbatting memo, aircraft
and guided missiles.
Antiaircraft guided missiles are intended as countermeasures against
bombers, and flying bombs flying at glib- and supertonic speeds, for the
Interception of aerial targets at great distances from the defended target
and for combatting enemy guided missiles.
Guidinv,Arircraft Hiseilao Toward a Taraet. In certain types of anti.
aircraft guided missiles, the probability of hitting the target is more
than 65%. Their effective:me depends upon the ;Toper selection of the
aerodynamic design of the missile, its power unit, vise of warhead and
particularly urea the reliability and accuracy of the performance of the
guiding system.
4?1??????? ?
. Tt
??? ?
????
?
Under the term guiding system, we understand a combination of de-
vices allowing one to control the flight of the miaaile and to guide it
to the target. Among the existing guidance systems, the so-called
"command system" and the "bean-guidance system* have acquired the broadest .
application.
The command system includei two radar units: a radar-direction
finder, which continuously determines the coordinates of the detected_
target, and a control-radar matching the. position of the missile. The.
data from both radar units are fed to an automatiCcomputer which com-
piles and transmits the necessari commands to the missile, thus Ise--
curing the meeting ofthe mieztic with the target.
In the case of the "beam-guidance" system, the missile goes to the
target in a narrow been of radio umarnee emitted toward the target by the ?
ground radar guidance station. The axis of the been is continuous4
held on the target. The missile is provided with a device which determines
the dwriation of the missile from that axis and generates signals which
bring the missile back on the axis of the beam. Thema signals are sia-
piffled and transmitted to the steering mechanisms. .
According to foreign press reports, both guidance systems dwicribod
have a number of deficiencies. They are subjected to outside inter.
ferences and do not have the necessary guidance accuracy, espicial4 at
great range.. In liddition, the command system requires complex ground
equip:eat and a greater number of SerliA0 personnel.
In order to iLcrease firing accuracy, .elf-guiding systems are used
during the final stages of the flight trajectory of antiaircraft missiles.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
By their mode of operation, the missiles are divided into: active, semi..
aotive and passive. In the active system of self-guidance, the entire
instrumentation system is cmcentrated on the missile itself. The ail-
borne transmitter included in this system irradiates (sweeps) the target.
The radio waves reflected (bounced back) from the target are picked up
by the receiver of the missile tand by means of a computer are transformed
into commands which are in turn transmitted to the missile control organs.
The advantage of this system consists in its total independence from the
ground inetallation. However, the great weight of the airborne equip-
ment and through it the necessity of increasing the dimensions and weight
of the missile appear to be the disadvantages of the system.
The semi-active ayatem secures the guidance of the missile by the
signals of the ground station (which eweeps the target) and reflected
(repulsed) by the target. In this CAW the missile carries only a re-
ceiving devices. This gnaws one to reduce the weight and dimension,
of the mechanisms installed on the missile.
The guidance of a missile in the presence of a passive guiding
system is realized by the electromagnetic, thermal or light radiation
emitted by the target itself. Systems utilizing thermal 'infrared)
tion of targets, el. g., beat of the working aircraft engines, heating of
outer surfaces (skin) of rockets, are considered tho most suitable. Pao-
-sive self-guiding systems operate secretly (they are not easily detected
by the enemy - they do not reveal themselves to the enemy) and are com-
paratively slightly exposed to the effects of interferenoes. However,
their effective range is limited.
???
?.0^
7
.11) jk A 204.2.allis
The mission of antiaircraft guided missiles is to destroy aerial
targets at great altitudes normelly not accessible (not within reach)
of conventional artillery rcunds and fighter-interceptors.
In its external form, the missile is a controlled rocket equipped
with a cruciform triangular in plane (delta) wing with forward staggered
steering units. The launching weight ofsuch a missile is 1003 kg
(2200 lb), it is 6 me (19.8 ft) long, maxim= velocity about 700 Wee*
(2310 ft/Sec), effective ceiling - 20 - 23 kve (12.92 to 14.86 miles)
and 'slant range e'30 - 40 he. (19.38 to 25.84 miles). The missile is
powered veth a liquid rocket engine which operates on concentrated nie
trio acid with adeietures of nitric oxide (oxidizer) and petroleum fuel
normally used for turbojet cnginee. Tho laumchin, (see drawing on right
side) is realized with the assist of a powder charge (assisted take-off
CRITO] ) rocket which detaches itself from the :missile after eehanstien
of its fuel supply.
Missiles are fired from special launching installations.
The interception of aerial targets at law altitudes is coenected
with a number of difficulties due mainly to the more difficult operational
coedit/ens of the guidance system instruments, it low altitudes: have
additional reflections from local objects: hills, structures, wavy seas
clouds. All this creates a background which interferes with or makes the
detection of moving aerial target extremely difficelt.
The main object in the development of missiles intended for use
against low-flying targets is the creation of properly operating guideloe
????? 40.10 .111m.
79
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
(.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
-16
systems. According to preps reports, for such target. (low-flying),
a liquid-rocket missile is being acveloped with an effective range of
up to 80 km. (51.68 riles).
As a rule antiaircraft lone-range missiles are powered with ramjet
engines which haea a lower specific fuel consumptioa ratio; they can
secure a high airspeed four times greater thrm the speed of aound and a
combat range in altitude of up to 30 - 35 km. Structurally each missiles
are made in the form of flying bombs (robot bomb).
Py its outer appearance, one of Euch missiles (roe drawing on left)
represents an all-metil monoplane with triangular (delta) wing and the
same empennage. It is powered with two ramjet engines mounted ori pylons.
A liquid rocket unit placed in the tail section of the missile is used
as a RATO unit to accelerate the movement of missile into epees. The
length of the missile is 11 meters (36.3 ft.), maxim= velocity - 3200
keihr. (2067.2 miles/hr.), mazizazt range - 320 to 400 km. (20 - 25 miles).
The guiding of the missile toward the target is apparaLtly realized with
the aid of a cobbinad guidance system and, at the final utages of the
trajectory, by means of a self-guiding gyeten.
The broad employment of antiaircraft rocket weapons should increase
the effectiveness of antiaircraft defense greatly. Steps are being taken
to improve further and to increaee the effectiveness of antiaircraft
guided 'missiles. One of the mesaures is to equip antiaircraft guided
missile, with atomic warheads. The enployment of atomic charges Should
guarantee a sharp increase in the probability of hitting the aerial target
and even destroy groups of aircraft with one single missile. Al quoted
... 80
1
by the press, such chargcs (w 'beads) are already in the developmental
stage. .
Up to the present, as was stated by the Soviet Minister of -Defense,
Marshal of the USSR G. K. Zhukov in his speech at the 20th Congress of
the Cammunist Party of tee USSR, our country has carried out large scale
work in the organization of antiaircraft defenee. As a result of all
these efforts, the aerial defense of our country has at its disposal a
modern fighter aviation, highly effective antiaircraftartillery and
antiaircraft rocket weapons.
011,
81
/ ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
. -
BATTLE AT AN ALTITVDE OF 10,000 laTERS (33,000 FT)
(BOY NA VYS(YTE 10,000 ISTROV)
BY
EDUARD PAR/
FMK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSITA, NO. 60619, MARCH 13, 1957
Page 3
82
??11.
BATTLE AT AN ALTITUDE OF 10,000 )ETtitS (33,000 FT) ? -
by . ?
Eduard Para
gz12L_ovakiarAmenCcIOure
The pre-flight preparation at the N-airfield of Czechoslovakia vu
completed. The pilots went their separate ways knowing exactly what to
do in the air. This time a difficult flirht was on schedule for them.
They had to find the "mere' aboye the clouds and attack him at 10,000
motors, which was no easy Job. To make thing: mcra complicated, the
pilots were not allowed to use radar means for the detection of the
enemy.
The problem of detecting and attacking the enemy was given to the
flight group headed by Captain Shramek. Pilots of another flight group
Chechil, Baran, Kadlechek and Vinsh - were to act as protection for the
.
enemy aircraft.
The take-off tire for the first group approached. The engines were
tested and the aircraft began rolling out toward the runww.
"No. 249....tako-off1, No. 231....take-offl" commanded the opera..
tions officer.
The aircraft, having penetrated the cloud layers, kart on clinbing
higher and higher. The altimeter showed 1800, then 1900 meters. The
clouds became thinner and finally the aircraft were above the clouds.
The first pair of the flight group was visible in the distance. Having
increased their speed, Kadlechek and Vinsh fell into formation with the
aircraft of Chechil and Doran. In its combat formation, the group begun
climbing to an altitude of 10,000 rotors.
. 83
.y44
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
-
?
Within five minutes after the take-off of the first group, Captain
Shramek's group took to the air. Having passed the clouds, the aircraft
at this unit assembled in formation and flew into the air battle zone.
Nov the Shramek group was faced with the most difficult port of the flights
to find the air-enemy and attack it. It was not as simple as it appeared
to be. The fliers of Captain Chechills group had groat flight experi-
ence and were well trained in Jet technique. But this time they were
betrayed by condensation (vapor) trails which were visible for tens of
kilometers.
Plot Kadlechek was the first of the Chechil group to notice that
and he immediately reported this fact to the loader. Having changed the
flight altitude, the Captain led his group away from the give-away (re-
vealing) trail, but this msneuver was too late because his croup had
already been discovered.
Nan the right, in front of us, is the target", came the voice of
Captain Shramek, Who was first to diecover the "enemy". Utilizing the
advantage of altitude, Shrmar.tWas trying to get into a suitable positicn.
for attack.
Soon he shouted the commend...."We shaIl attack!"
The pilots of his group accurately carried out the command of the
leader and each one picked a suitable target for himself.
During the analysis of the flight results, it was noticed that the
fliers of both groups sucoessfully overcame the complex meteorological
conditions as well as the difficulties involved in aerial encounter at
84
,)
?
great altitude.
-
In +Ile illustrations Group Comeanders, Captains Chedhil and
Shramek, Study the Film of the Gun Camera.
85
.? r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
HIGH ALTITUDE ATTAG4 ON A BaRFA
BY
LT. CC:. P. NOSOV, CaPAT FLUM, 1ST CLASS
FRaK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSIYA NO. 66/2624, MAR. 19; 1957
t__
4...????
PAM 2
r86 .
? ???????
Attack on a DoMber at High Altitude
by
It. Col, P..Nosov, Combat Flier, First Class
Lodern jet bombers can operate at high altitudes and in the.
stratosohere. Consenuently, our fighter pilots should known well
how to conduct aerial battles unde:. such conditions. .They must
know under existing conditions hoa best to utilize the tactical
methods and advantage:, such as attack by surprise from the most
advantageous position.
The task of intercentinp n 'aiq' speed aerial target by a
pair of fighters begins imnediately after the enemy has been dis-
covered by ground radar means. The csmmander, having evaluated
the situation, reaches a decinion, issues the necessary inetiuc-
tions to his men who, upon his cc vi, roll-out and then take-off.
wTbe approach of jet fitter-interceptors to an aerial target
under present day conditions, as Fi rule, is carried out upon the
command of leader-navigators on whose tactica maturity and opera-
tional skill very often depends not only the success of the first
attack but also the outcome of the entire aerial bnttle.
Leader-navigators usually try to .aride their interceptors
.
into the rear hemisphere into a. position most advantageous for
assuming the attacking position. The navigator must make not
only accurate and rapid computations but he must also communicate
the nigh conditions to the attacking fighters in time and
al??
?
?
. 787
%
STAT
STAT
- I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81:01043R003200130003-5
?
?
?
secure for them the tactical advantage with respect to the aerial
target.
Mode-11 bombers c,In fly at great :pceds, Nave great maneuver-
ability and carry powerful armament. Our pilots must strive to
shoot down such targets during the 'irst attack because during a
repeated attack in the strntosohere where a maneuver with low bank
and !-ter radii is perfectly possible, the firhters will exceed
the limit of target visibility are it -will h.:ctme necessary to
guide them for the second time toward the targets.
In order to intercept '1.rh speed aerial targets successfully
at a hirh altitude the fighter pilots mutt stud:, continuously the
flidht-tactic'l cbaracteristics of the b:.mbers, including their
weak and strong points, and on these bases find the most effective
means and methoss or eNonducting an aerial battle.
The basic facto in carrying out bomber attacks from high
altitudes is the suAll speed advantage of fighters. The attacks
must therefore be carried out at reduced aerial-target approach
speeds. This also explains the increase in space necessary for
engaging tv enemy; the execution of repeated attactcs becomes
extrerely difficult.
The tire the attacking fidhter is along the attac% curve
has also increased. True, the sighting (aiming) ani firing from
the eighter uncier such,conditions is much more advantageous but
the fighter is exposed for a longer period te the deencivc fire
;88
?
..."'-????????-?
?
of the bomber.
the increase in altitude, the mhneuverability of fighter-
aircraft, especially in group foritation, ie reduced considerably,
? the excess thrust drops and- -s result of this the vertical rate of
climb decreases. This places a demand upon _the pilot to maintain
accurately the mos:1 advtntageous conditions oe climb. He must
remember and take into consideration the fact that. the time of air-
craft acceleration with altitude increases for many-reasons; the
radius and time for tile execution of turns also became greater.
The attack is possible at a smaller angle of apprPsch because due'
to the flow separation from the wins it is impossible to create
? the required overload. Another possibility is that the attacking .
fighters may fall into the wake of the target aircraft.
The wakol of jet bombe's represents a disturbed air flow which
is being formed behind an aircraft flying at high speed. The wake
occupiez about 50 angle along the horizon and deviates from the
aircraft downwards by up to 8? and upwards - by approximately 20.
With the increase in flight Altitude due to the drop in air
density, the power of the wake decreases somewhat but its effect
on the fighter does not diminish bacause the fighter flies at
greater angles of attack and wall indicated speeds. The bomber
In -mact17 the -sme situation. For this very reason, the wake
behind the bomber in climb always deviates downwards. Its harm-
ful effect is usually felt at a distance of 1..14 km. The lighter-
?
89
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
-
t,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release e 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
'
?
pilot feels the severe iolting of the aircraft, and the in?
voluntary bumps of the aircraft from win7 to wing followed by
considerable loss of Altitude.
center of the disturbed flow at
he may have trouble with engine
jolting makes aimed fire almost
If the fighter stays in the
distances of less than one km,
stonnages. In addition, severe
impossible.
Our fighter pilots must also keep in mind the fact that the
wake is not the same for all types of bombers: it differs in size
and direction. For =ample, in bombers with engines suspended
on nylons, the wake passes much below the aircraft.
Puring a high altitude engagement between a pair of righters
and a jet bomber, timely detection of the enemy is of utmost is?
_
portance. This is not quite a simple task. Visibility at high
altitudes becomes considerable lower, the color of the sky
changes: it becomes much darlrer toward the upper hemisphere.
The solar radiation effect is much stronger here. That is why
it is hard to detect an aircraft from the arection of the run
whereas visibility is much better from the opposite direction. In
addition, the detection of the enemy under such conditions is fur?
ther hampered by the rt-duction in the keenness of vision due to
oxygen deficiency. Because of this it is necessary, during the
search, to pay special attention to some revealing (give?away)
signs: vapor and smoke trails left behind jet engines and reflec?
tions of sunlight against the aircraft.
...4????????????-
90
?
t
The important task of fighters during approach is to find and
occupy a suitable initial position for attack. A pair of fighters
should invariably take up a position above the target with the
purpose of-subsequently utilizing it for acceleration during the
In order to gain the element of surprise and attack suddenly, it is
necessary to take advantage of the aun, haze, cloudiness, trail of
target, shielded and poorly visible sectors of observation.
The attack on a bomber by a pair of fighters is carried out
in various ways depending upon the accuracy of approach o' the
fighters to the target. These attacks can be in succession, simul?
taneous, or from one and two directions.
Not so very long ago a pair of fighters (leader pilot aromov
and pilot Grushevskiy follow) went Ur, on a mission of intercepting
a hip4h, speed let bomber. The leader spotted the enemy along the
intersecting courses at a range of 8 ? le km. and decided to at?
tack in succeasion from one direction from the right lower rear.
The pull?out from attack was in the very same direction from which
the attack came.
As a result of the air battle, each pilot attacked the target
twice. The gun?camera results were excellent.
Sometime later another pair of our fighters (leader pilot
Shevehenko and his follower pilot Grushevakiy) spotted a target
flying at great speed and high altitude. The leader, having
eval?
uated the aerial situation decided to attack from the lower rear.
^
? ?
STATT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1_
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
-*
The attack was carried out in succession, one fighter at a time.
Up to the moment the fighters apPeared at the initial position,
thi4 relined the advantage in speed by approximately 150 km/hr as
a result of flying at an altitude below that cf the target.
From the initial attacking position, the leader of the pair,
pilot Shevchenko, broueht his aircraft in a angle climb and simul-
taneously transmitted over the'radio "I .m attacking". When the
nose of the aircraft reached almost 8 - 10? from the target the
pilot shifted the control $tick and brought the aircraft into the
curve efIattack. After the leading aircraft went into attack the
following one flew for several seconds in a straight line and then
repeated the maneuver of the leader. The pull-out from attack was
to the side. They did not, fall into the wake cf the enemy aircraft
because the maneuver was well executed. This of course does not
mean that falling into the wake is impossible. This can happen with
a pilot who has brought his aircraft into the lower layer of the
wake. The aiming (sighting) accuracy will be upset in this case.
0' ?eat importance in modern aerial warfare is the two-way
(from two different directions) attack on a bomber by a pair of
fighters. The pilots of our group employ this msthool quite fro-
nuently. For exaisple, a pair of our fighters headed by expert pilot
Sidellniko recently took off to intercept a high speed jet bomber.
The attack was carried out from the rear, above and to the side of
the target. The aerial target maneuvered in speed and direction.
Under these conditions, our Pilots decided to attack simultaneously
;
4
r..
from two eirections: the leader from the right and the follower
from the left. Ono of the aircraft was in a precarious position
but the other one made his aLtwick .lth perfect success. The pilots
made two nhoto-camera films each .and eccomplished their mission
euccessfUlly.
Puring. aerial engagecents between a pair of fiOhters and a
single boaber, the most effective attacks are those carried out in -
succession frum one direction and with minimum possible time inter-
vals. the
tactic-- viewpoint, attacks from different directions
are also advisable because such maneuvers break-up the defensive
fire concentration or tl-st
(Jur fiirhter-pilots should te able to handlc.all these attack-
ing methods to perfection and apply t'lem skillfully during aerial
encounters with eneFw bombers.
????
.,????????? 1.0???????????.?
?
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
l?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
BOOK ON ROCKET ENGINEERING CRITIQUE AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
BI .
? LT. COL. ENGINEER V. GLUKROF AND MU. ENGINEER E. TOLSTOGANOV
rRaK
SOVETSKAIA AVIATSIIA, NO. 66/2624, 19 MARCH 1937
1.011?????? ????????07.....411.????
Pairs 3
)94
8001 CV Rocat ENGINFERING CRITIQUE AND DIBLIVIRLPHY
by
V. Glukhov and I. Toletoganov
The book written by V. I. Feudoryirr and G. B. Sinyarevx
published recently by Oborongis (Office for the Publication of Defenos
Literature, USSR), is devoted entirely to the basal; of rocket engineering.
It appears to to the first attempt to generalize the group of problems
connected with the theory, design principles and performance of modern
rockots. The book is intended for readers familiar with the bases of
higher mathematics and theoretical mechanics. This book will no doubt
also 3tir up interest among aviatori.
The first chapters of the book are devoted to the general problems .
of rocket travel and design of pilotless flying machines. Concluziens
derived from the Toiolkovekiy for=ala for en Meal rocket speed mod fras
the Moshcherakiy equation regarding the thrust of a rocket engine are
explained in a quite popular manner. The reader becomes aoluainted with
a variety of structural designs of jot device:. and particularly with .
various types of rockets. This includes long range rockets-with a speed
of up to 3300 /Sec (10,890 ft/Sec) ?nd range of up to 5033 km. (3230
miles), meteorological rockets with a rate of climb of up to 2200 m/Ses
(7260 ft/Sec), and ascent up to an altitude of more than 400 km. (253.4
mile.).
The took familiarizes the reader with the basic elements of a rocket
the propulsion unit and processos occurring in the combustion chamber.
I. Feodonyev, G. B. Sinyarev. Introduction to Rocket Engineering, STAT
Oborongis, 1956, 375 p, price 9 rubles 70 copecks.
-
? 95
STAT
1/
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
The book also discusses the otruetural characteristics of jet and
rocket engines only and for a perfect reason becauoto the construction
of powder (solid fuel) :-..eines is quite simple.
Of great. Interest are the chapters devoted to external ballistics
of rockets. Given here are data abcrat the terrestrial atmosphere and
its characteristics, physical bass of supersonic flow around bodies and
the creation of an artificial satellite of the earth erc. However, it
should be mentioned that the system of differeutial equations for rocket
armament is more powerful than regular cannon armament (artillery). It
should be remembered that in the long run, the firepower of an aircraft
is determined by the dcmage inflicted on the enemy. And if we speak
*bout unguided missiles, then it is still, too early to discuss their ad-
vantages in comparison with the firepower of cannons on modern aircraft.
It is said on page 75 that the rate of eas discharge from the nozzle
',quo to the proceeses Occurring in the engine, is greater than the speed
of the rocket and as a result of it wet have thrust". Such statement is
contrary to the truth. In order to rroduce thrust in a jet engine, it
is necessary that the rate of motion of the discharge gapes be greater
than the rate of motion of the intake air. The rate of motion of discharge
gases is determined not only by the rate of outflow but also by the mass
of the discharge gases and thrust mgy also originate when the rate of
outflow is smaller than the speed of the rocket.
Tho authors divide the rocket control oratesi into autonomous and
non-autonomous. This is much too primitive. Such a breakdown does not
give a clear picture about the multitude of systems and principles of
1 96
_
????wao....???
of their design. It would have been more advisable to divide control
systems in accordance with the movement of the miesiles into inertia and
astronavigational (autonomous); remote control with visual, radiotele-
metering or television control of the flight; self-guidance based on lit,
heat or radar contrast of targets and also combination guidance systems.
The description of the gyroscopo appears to be inaccurate. Us read
on one of the pages that it in "a maseiVe, precision balanced flywheel
rotating at groat angular velocities". Immediately on the following pap
vs read: "the gyroscope represents a sy=rxtrical body with one fixed.
point and this point appears to be its ^enter of gravity". It is asked
then which of the definitions is correct? The truth is t.bnt any given'
flywheel, especially a well balanced one, apparently has .not one fixed
point but a geometric place of fixed points, i. 0., an axis of rotation.
Therefore, up to the point when a flywheel is not placed in a special sum.
pension device which secures at least two dagreos of freedom, it cannot
be called a gyroscope. The second definition given by the authors to the
Evroscopa'is more proper but still not accurate. Thera are gyroscopes in
which the center of gravity is not a fixed point, i,, e., it does not Gob,.
cide with the center of suspension.
In spite of all the flaws, the book will bring some aid not only to
students of higher technical institutions (as it is stated in the foreword)
but also to a wide circle of readers-aviators.
? ???? 11.???? 41?0
? ?
STAT
w
../???
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-,RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
TOWARD THE 40TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE GREAT OCTOBER REVOLUTION
(NAVSTRECHU 40-LETIYU VELIKOGO OKTTABRA)
FMK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSITA, NO. 70635, MARCH 31, 1957
Pags 1
. 98
....14.??????????????????????????
-TOWARD THE 40-TR ANNIVERSARY or THE GREAT OCTOBER REVOLUTION
At the airfield of the N-Reconnaiseance Unit we eve great activity.
The aviation specialists prepare the aChines and oquipMent for flight;
in the air the craws work to improve their proficiency'.
Here we ece the experienced pilot, communist Capt. P.'llaroshryy.
He trained many of the young aviators. ror his excellent work and.
achievemente the officer was awarded meny valuable gifts and received
thanks (commendations) from the cc;mmander of the regional AY. Tight
noW the captain is watching the notions of young aviator Lt. S. Ovsyan.
nikov Who is training in an aircraft coapit,
The aerial photo cameras must always be in tip-top-shape and
function properly. The cameras are being readied by photo-specitlists
under the supervision of technician It. I. Pirovarov. Prior to fixing
the cameras on the aircraft it would do no harm to Check once more the
interior of the camera and this is w.:actly what Lt. Pivovarav and eon/or
mechanic private T. BaYbozov are doing.
The flights conclue.ed. Navigator, Lt. V. PUchkov came into the
photo-lab; he studies the negatives rade a day before. Mission well done.
On the illustration bclov.you see subordinates of Capt. S. DuneYsv.
The specialists are making a certain rapid and good repair. In front
Private A. Konovalov tests the headlights.
.S9
/ ?
? ???????????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
LT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
TACTICAL TRAINING OF NAVIGATORS IN GROU71) CONTROL OF INTERCEPrION
BY
LT. COL. I. BORISENKO, HERO OF THC 'SOVIET trION -
FROM
SOVETSMA AVIA=YA NO.79/2637, APR. 3, 1957
PACS 2
100
Tactical Training of Navigators in .;round Control Interception
by
Lt. Col. I. %rise!**
The navigator plays an important role in guiding the aircraft
toward aerial tarretl!, and in the execution of the commendees co&
bat intentions. Torether with his aiees ane speealists of rildiq
stations, they solve such an important oroblem as .calculation of
the boundaries of climb are !nterception, guieance of firhters
into initdal position, and if necessary again oirect the pilots
into repeated attacks.
It is perfectly undtrstood that such corplex problems can
be successfully carred out by the navigator only if he himself
possesses hie tacticAl training, follows tactically proper
methods of guiding, ant' with consideration of the concrete aerial -
sittations, employs the mart e.dvisable we effective methods of
combatting the'bnemy". Tht .::.-!1::atcr must have a thorough
knowledge of the flight-tactical characteristics of friendly as
will as forcign aircraft and must continuous17 improve the
methods of -uidin;.; tnder any meteorolorical can4itions.
Acting in the proper manner are those commanders and chiefs
who strive for the tactical training of nnvigatars and training
in making coabat estimates of all ccrrand points. Great ex-
perience in this respect was acnuired by the 1:-unit. The train-
ing of soldiers in the art of navii!ating pursues both the idea
of increas3ng their theoretical knowledge and of developing
Siam.
101
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
c.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
certain habitshabits during the period of special and comn lex training
in actual and simulated flirhts of the fighter aircraft.
During theoretical practices, the officers make navigational
calculations of interception fliehts uneer vormal and adverse
meteorological coreitions and become aceuainted uith tht mecha-
nisms, with the opwratisn E?ne rules roverning the use of radio
media ard, brush up their skills directly at the PPI (plan position
indicator). 'Making navigational connutations, they .-oncentrate
their basic Attention on such elements as the determination of
boundariet. for the climb of fighters, boundaries of interception,
determination of basic Points from whidh?the fi.ihters turn toward
the target, and time periods for the issuance of comands, etc.
The value of such trainin, practices consists in that they
are conducted in groun exercises. The students take an active
part in solving tactiral problems. The instructor builds up con,
?
crete aerial situatiors, indicates the hasic data (position of
the target, its -ltitude, course ane the home base, of
the firhter aircraft) ane demands independent solutions of the
problems presented. 7:rich navigator must rapidly, within a time
limit fixed by the instructor, eerinuta the boundary for climb of
the fiehiers and interception of the trtret. Such a training
method has found full justification. It offerr the possibility
of attaining a h;Rh perforrgnce efficiency ane 4evelops a tacti-
cal way of thinking In the officers.
??????????
1
102
??? ??????????? ? .
???
1
????
?
?
Hl4y 5retieective are the classes conducted by Maj. Lepe-
lehko. Himself a past fiehter,pilot, a veteran uf the war, he
possesses a broad tactical knowled4e and has attained great ex-
perience in guiding fighters both from the plotting board and by,
the plan position indicator (PPI). This officer devotedly teaches
the young navigators and conveys to them his skill and experience.
The ability of the navirater.to guide firhters directly by
the PPI is a highly imnortant ane necessary fe,mtion; that is Idly
the command point at the F,unit.trains its navigators in proper
utilization of this method. The navigr.tors train 1n.radar appli-
cation and thus develop experience in securinR interceptions.
Sirilar training practice" are often conducted during days of
regular tralning flights. The navirator-operator then carries
out his functions and duties under the supervision of an experi-
enced officer.
A characteristic example in this respect is Officer Kondri-
yev. Ha has been at the command point for a short time only.
At first he learned to guide fighters from the planning board.
Assiduously gaining knowledge of the tactical methods of guiding,
the officer has continuously improved the quality of his per-
formance. Then he began studying the methods of FPI homing.
Major 7depelenkA has often been interested in this officer
and helped him many times. The navigator also devoted much time
on individual training. He prepared critical reviews of the
? ?
103
STAT
STAT
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1
results of each homing and discuSsed the experience of his cam,
r'des with interest. Now Officer Kondriyev is an expert navigator
at the commud point.
The tactical training of navigatcrs in many respects guaran-
tees the reliability and proper .opportunity of inte.rcestin aerial
tragets. This has been confirmed by ttp? actions of officers
Lemyakin, 3orovitsi7, ';ozylcv who control interception flights of
fig,hter r42cts flyinF, aircraft couippod 4ith raecr eltts. The
navi,-ators are :ell acquainted with radio cvices and intorooption
methoes ane they daily improve their experience in ?PI homing.
flecause of this they eo successfully solve the most difficult tact-
ical rroblems. For their outstandia, performance in carrying out
their duties, Lcmyakir and 'Iorovitskiy were presented valuable
gifts.
There are many other navi'ators who handle tactical problems
well; they find effective methods or ruidin; (hcming) the inter-
ceptors and eemonstrate great initiative and utilize various ways
of solvin complex problems. Dut unfortunately this cannot be
said about all the navipators.
This occurs because Individual commnders and chiefs of
staffs do not attach too much importance to the training of navi-
gators in ground control of interception, and seldom take the
trouble of expandinff the scope of their tactical knowledge. The
tactical training exercises are sometimes on a low level.
/
4???????????????????701?? ??????Z?? ?
104
b???? ???????? Adi??????? ????-???????.. .????????????????? ???r?????
???
????? ? ??? ???? ?????? ???
The tactical knowledqe of navigators in 4round control of
intercention is being attained not only during the! process of
planned exercises nut 4so by assiduous and thorough independent
-work. Ineependent training is the basic method or trainirm any
givro 3fficer. There are 1150 some vong the navigators who show
no interest in tactics. Among the latter ones we can include,
: for example, Captain Korol'. 1Ce is insufficiently accurate in
the maidin- (homing) interceptors in the stratosphere and wiltes
errora.-
We cannot consider aa normal the fact t.trit certain naviga-
tors have 4 poor knowledge of the flight-tactical characteristics
?I
of aircraft.
The true medium of improving the tactical skill of officers
in condtctirv ground control of interception is a comtlined review
and criticism of interception flights, but even this form of train-
ing is not always universally applied.
A continuous improvement of the tactical experience of navi-
gators in r.poune control of interception means the achievement of
better results in the solution of problems regarOing interception
of any given aerial targets. The aviation commaneers and chiefs
of staffs snoeld strive continuously for the tactical training of
e!fficers in groune control of interception.
Va.
105.
S'^'
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
"*.?????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
IN A COPPLICAMD SITLATION: TRAIrIN.; .i-ATOMIC PROTECTION
BT
LT. COL. I. TITOV
(_ FROM
SOVETSKAYA AVIAMIYA NO.79/2637, APR. 3, 1957
ow*, ?
PAGE 2
10G 1
In a Complicated Situation: Training in Anti-Atomic Protaction
by
Lt. Col. I. Titov
At the airfield, preparations were being made for scheduled
flikhts. Suddenly and unexpectedly from the command point came a
warning sinal about atomic danger.
The duty officer at the aircraft parking zone rapidly put on
his gas maek and then repeated the alarm signal by ringing a bell.
The aviation specialists, acting on the impetus of defense,
immediately removed the covers from their aircraft and kept them
in combat readiness. The Captain Orley, First Lt. Pus-
havirov, Captain Piksasov and other officers belonging to the
units of Mt.jors Abramov and Lyulina had already come running to
their jet fighters. They immediately took their places in tho
cockpits of the aircraft so that upon the first given.commend
they would rapidly take off, intercept the "enemy" or remove the
aircraft from the atomic attack. Soon the order came from the
command point for the fightPrs to take-off. The jet aircraft roll-
ed out, going for the take-off. Minutes have passed from the
moment the "atomic" alarm was sounded.
After the departure of the aircraft, the mechanics and
junior aviation specialists disposed of the remaining aircraft by
placing the machines in shelters situated beyond the boundaries STAT
k
of the airfield and then they rapidly saapht shelter in pits and
?
107 _
STAT
1
1
- -
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
treeehes. All other personnel immediately put on their individual
means or protection. Heee Paso the personnel hive demonstrated
the good training they received.
An "atomic explosion" was prdcluced. A bright flash inu-
minated the airfield me! then eurrounded it, and a large smoke
cloud rose hien into the sky. "rires" broke out beyond the bound:
aries of the airfield. The soelial automobile of private Tolkachev
"cau, t fire". Rut the eilitele, driver remeined calm; he picked
up the fire extinguisher and squirted a strong stream of foam on
tne flame and put out the fire. Tolkachev was aided by sediers
from the maintenence crews. In other places, fires were also being
successfully extineuished.
A'-out this time, two deelmeterine specialists, Jr. Sgt. Seregin
end Private Fota arrived at the scene. These soldiers had learned
how to handle well and operate the dosimetric devices which Make it
possible to discover cceitaminated areas, and to determine the degree
of radioactive contamination of the lance and equipment.
The camman4er gave the order: "Determine the extent and mark
the boundaries of the contaminated area!". The "radiatien" level
for the particular area was found to be safe, but three eircraft
were "contamthated" above the Remissible limit.
"Decontarinate the aircraft": ordered Frvineer Lt. Bokasov.
The tow-truck emerged from its shelter, hooked up the aircraft, and
towed it away to the dosimeterine control station where the aircraft
was again inspected.
108
"The level or radiation was found to be above the perniasible
limit" notified the dosimeter -operator, Sgt. lereein.
The aircraft was taken out to the decontamination area and the
crew began working on it. .via:. on snecialists under the super-
vision of First It. Kedryashov work fast, thorouqhly and properly.
However, certain errors were committed in the processing of
the first aircraft because some of the aviation seecialists had
not acquired sufficient experience yet. rmring the flushieg of
the lower part of the aircraft, the men allowed the water to ba
spattered over the already treated unper surfaces of the fuselage.
It is clear that in such a situation the decontamination Would
have become incomplete.
The supervising officer immediately pointed put this error to
the aviation speciftlists. The second aircraft, subjected to a
greater degree of cuntnrination was decontarinated with mud' greater
care and skill. Together ?lth the tow truck, it was pulled through
a special shower inetallation prepared under the supervision nf
Officer Gill. This arrange:rent consisted of an arc-shaped system
of pipes throueh the small holes or which stroll?, streams of water
were comity- eut under great pressure. This produced an original
"sho4er" which flushed the aircraft elean from top to bottom ine
cluding the landing gear, wings and empennage.
To one side of the washing point, the decontarination of
(
103
STAT
1
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
wruns went on. Th:s lea was aup-zrvised by Officer Yeloyev. The
automatic guns and rifles were washed with a snecial solution.
Aviation specialists SA. Fedosenko, Jr. Sgt. Kir:lyuk and others,
after repeatedly applying the solution, completely disassembled and
cleaned all small arms: each part was thorou illy wiped with
patches and then lubricated with a thin iayer of oil. The uscd-up
patches were 'Iuried.
The actions of the entire personnel under simul.ted conditions
of an atomic attack were critically analyzed from every possible
wide by the commander. He note'l that the 'decontamination of any
aircraft should be carried out by its own crew without outside
assistance. Under war conditions, At may become necessary for the
crew to dec-)ntaminate the aircraft en its owri Pnd for such a lob,
one must be trained riftt now.
Acting under simulated .conditions, the solOiers obtained
good practical training; they have acquired still further knowledge
and are learning constantly what is necessary for successful re-
alization of a combat mission under the most adverse conditions of
modern warfare.
110
1?
???????0??????????*
?
; 7? ? ? ????????.......
Fig. 1. Simulated atonic explosion.
Fig. 2. Chemist-inspector Private M. Fota
determines the degree of contamina-
tion of the aircraft parking zone.
Fig. 3. Decontamination of an aircraft by
41.111.
STAT
moans of a special shcwsr installation
1 111 STAT
1
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA RDP81 01043R0017nnilnnn _c
????
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
? 1
-
a--
BOMBER ATTACK FROM A HIGH ALTITCMC
(BOMBOVTI MAR S BOLISHOY MOTT)
Zig. 4. Senior dosimeter operator Sgt. 790M .
N. 5ere4n tests the ouklity of
a fiehter decontarination.
SOVETSIELTA AVILTSIrlo NO. 82/2640, APRIL 6, 1957
Fig. 5. Complete decontamination of weapons.
Photo by: I. CurnouriatoY.
112
?ty
?????
PP. 1
113
STAT.
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
BOMBER ATTIC?: FROM A HIGH ALTITUDI
4
TbeS-Aviation Air Bees, April 5. (Frvim eur correspondents).
On the ataff, in Classes and at the airfield of the H-boaber air
base placards were posted and appeals about the approaching 40-th anal.
versary of the October Revolution calling for further development and
improvement in honor of the great celebration. The entire military
trag of pilots, navigators, technicians and rechnnico was con.
ducted under the sign of further improvement in military training of
crews of individual wings and flight groups.
A jet bomber has just taken into the air. Included in its crew
are the young communists, pilot let Lt. BeIyayev, navigator Lt. Griehin,
aerial gunner and radio operator Private Gorulev. The aircraft broke
through the clouds and came out into the blue specioneneee of the sky.
The earth is hidden from the eye but these aviatora carry out their
duties skillfally.
Soon they were over the firing range. The navigator is attentive
and concentrated (calm and collected). He has just spotted the target
and takes over control. The aircraft is an battle course, No he must
demonstrate extreme calmest', accuracy and clearness of action. The
young communist, Griebin, possesses such via/ties. In apite of the high
altitude mad complex conditions, the bombs strike the target with &nursery,
In reviewing the flight results, the-common:1r- -Moor commended the
farformance of the aviators 14147.
114 ?
A ???????..1?1?11.???..
e-,..*?????????????
High praise for good bombing was also obtained by the crews of'young
communist Lt. Muratov, lit Lt. Mitrefanov and otherm. The unit bulletin
carried special anneuncements about the new euccesses of the young offi.
core who responded with patriotic deeds to the resolution of the Central
Coemittee of the Con:mast Party USSR celling for preparedness for the
celebration of the 40-th anniversary of the Soviet regime.
-
115
_ -
1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
4
?
ON THE FaAmns OF GM: CAM-.F.A FILM
BY
CA?'. P. KOITTU
FROM
SuIrr.TSKA'A AVIATnIvA No.84/2642, AM. 9, 1957
????????????????????
PAGE 2
116
?
?????
-
On the Frames of a.Oun Camera Film
by
Capt. N. Kostin
The aviators entered the photo-lab. in in the lead of the
? Froup, Lt. Inatenko inquired of the m-ecialist examiner of aerial
ohotoqraphy:
"Now eid my film urn out, is it. possible t.tat I was amin a
little ton late in nulling my aircraft out from the attack?"
"It appears to ne, Comrade It., .hat the rilm frames indicate
otherwise" answered the aerial Photography examiner. This.time
it looks as if you were too hasty in opening fire!
Lt. Ignatenko took the film from the-hands of ?Pfc. Kupriyancv
and hegsin an atter,tive study of frame after frame. At this point.,
he was approached by tIrst It. Topiliskiy.
It is perfectly clear", said the First It.. "that the sighting
device has not yet developed an angle of lead and you had already
opened fire."
KAl'chenko was Also interested in the results of his.
firing.
"One minute, Comrade Ealor" said Pfc. Kupriyanov" I will now
decode your film.* Placing the film in the decoder, the Pfc. be-
calm absorbed with his work.
As the decoding of the film neared an end, tension among the
onlookers slowly mounted. Eajor Kril'chenko heaved a deep sigh
117
STAT
. STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
and together with the phc,tce7a hic technician, began counting the
number of frames he had exposed.
"Eight, nine, ten" he whisper to himself. nuddenly, in
the tenFe stillness, he spoke out loudly "twelve:"
The pilots warmly coneratulated Maj. Knl'chenko for his sue-
cessnil execution of t.he aerial fiein:- exercises.
The aviators had long left the photo-lab and the decoders,
Pfc. Nepriyanov an Pvt. ;cab, still continued working on the
development o' films.
By eight o'clock in the morning, th( corrander wau to have
the aerial firing records on his desk. The commander'c evaluation
of the military training of each aviator will depend to a large
extent on the renorts of the decoder and upon the data which he
himself will enter in the records. From this one can understand
what a resoorsible ?job he has lieen entrusted to the aerial photo-
graphy specinlist.
Proceedine with hi6 .ork in the development of films, Pfc.
Kuoriyanov fully realiees his personal responsibility for the as-
' siened job. The experienced, scrutinizing eye of the photo-spe-
cialist (decoder) discerns everything on the frames of the film:
has the pilot taken this proper angle oP lead, was fire opened too
soon or too late, What was the angle of dive, What was the lateral
error nefore his eyes on the frosted screen of the decoder
the entire complex of actions of the pilot in the :dr Passes in
review. That is why Lt. Igntenkos who now carries out all hie
e
118
?
aerial gunnery exercises with excellent results, is as before a
frecuent visitor at the photo-lab.
"How is my film?" one can hear his cheerful voice. asking.
The results of aviator aero-training exercises are on the frames'
of the film. No errors are possi'ae in their evaluation.
Pip. 1. Pfc. V. Kupriyenov Working
on the !.ecoding of a nun
Camera Film.
119
STAT
STAT
i a -
CODV Aoorov
d for Rel
50-Yr 2014/06/02? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP8101043R003200130003-5
7=1:Jr; OF FIrMTER PILOTS
fly
FIRST LT. 7%. nOV
Frtor.
SS:772iAn A'rIATS:n 7/2614.5, APR 12, 1957
PAGE 2
120
?
Tactical Training of Fighter-Pilots
by
First It. Ye. Noskov
- The aviators 1-ave assembled in class. They listmled atten-
tively to the lectere or Cfricer Pisetskiy entitled "Characteriatics
of :'11cting Technique and IN Tactics of ri.-hter Airor:Ift eting the
Interception of a S-eeell:, Eaneuvering Tar.let in the Stratosphere".
The lecturer has expinined the ?r.portant thevretical ;robleme
c]early and unr'erstan0ably. :ith particular thorour.hness, 'e ex-
elainee the effect or speed and altitude on tht zones of possible
attacks; he elaborated on the-fl. t-Lactical cualities of the mod-
ern fighter at altitudes clore to the practical eeiling of aircraft.
In order to broaden the scope of the subsiect, to help the pilots,
especially the young ones, how to fPster and better understmnd the
subject: the officer used rram of demonstrating; he quoted ex-
amples of experiences of Soviet combat fliers during .:orld .ar II
and he also thoroughly analyzed aerial training battles which were
carried out by this particular unit.
....At one tire the pilots of Yaja- nornichev's seuadron were
faced with the following task: to intercept a group of Neneme
aircraf%, attack and "destroy" it. The meteorological sitl.ation?
up to the neetrit of take-off had worsened considerably: cloudi-
ness reached up 7 - 8 points, the ceiling of its ler layer was
at a minimum. This made the flight mission very comnlicated.
121
STAT
STAT
?I?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
IL.
However, the nilots were very well tr:inee for flight and they
worked smoothly in an oreanized fashion. They kept a strict time
interval luring take-off and maintained the proper course .and rate
of climb.
paving brOken through the .clouds, .the fillters climbed to the
netessary altitude and soon Leo% up their position in combat form-
ation. They kept their intervals and dist nces in formation while
the interceptors flew along a fixed course. The formation chosen
by the group warranted sufricient freedom of raneuvering, coniten-
ience in searching an timely detection of the target.
The orders given by the navigator of ground centrol of inter-
ception about the changes in flirht aspects were eZecuted rapidly
and accurately. Aftee a certain peried, the lender of cur fighter
group received a message from tau. :round that the "enemy" aircraft .
were to the left-front. The position of the intercepters was tacti-
cally suitable for a surprise attack.
Having reported to the cotrand point about the detection of the
target, its composition, altitude, course and having received per-
mission to attace, Fajer lornichev made a proper evaluation of the
situation, skillfUlly changed the combat formation and led his
group on the approach toward the "en4my".
The bomber crews, naving spotted the attackers, began maneuver-
ing in direction but in vain. The outcome of the aerial "battle"
was a foregone conclusion. The first fighter attack was swift and
. 122
?
? ?
- . .
irresistible. As became evident during the eecoding of fUms,
all the pilots had firgd their vgeiera guns with excellent results. .
"This example has again confirued that A perfect knowledge of
aircraft piloting within a group at high altitude, comhined with
a skillful organization of combat forta'dons and maneuvering are
the eccisive factors of victory in an air-battle" emphasized the
lecturer as he ex:lained, by means or a drawing nettle 'blackboard,
the dynsmdcs of an air engagement.
Other comelex flight miss:ons were also thoroughly analyzed
by Officer Pisetskiy. The lecture, based on concrete examples,
was interesting and constructive.
For several days, the pilots of the unit attended class ex-
ercises on the tactics of air battles of fi;;hters at higher alti-
tudes. The officers took active part in discussing the subject.
They not only shared the experience acquired hut expressed their
opinions, introduced sugzestions concerning the most expedient
maneuvers and ways of attacking fighter grouns in aerial en,mee-
ments..
Pilot First Class. Fcnomarev discussed certain characteristic.:
of piloting in the stratosphere. lence, during, flight at speeds
close to maximum, the control stick is affected by certain pulling
forces; the sircraft begins eropping its "nose". In order to main-
thin the aircraft in a horizontal position, we must carry out timely
and energetic operations with the steering mechanisms which sometimes
reglire great physica1 strains on the contra nrgans.
"During air battles at altitudes close to the practical ceiling" STAT
STAT
123
. _ .
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1:
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81,-01043R003200130003-5
interjected the commander "it is prohibited to produce great bank
during the pull-out from attack, otherwise the interceptor laga behind
the"enemy", loses sit of tie le.ter, and cannot make a repeated
attack. Pilot Ponomarev, for exkmple, -/ulle4 out from attack in
an opposite direction which allowed hir to hold the tarseL within
thp field of his vision at all times."
nquadron :.:ommanr!er Raj. "ornichev, supportd h- his experi-
ence of flyim. at hit altiaudes, expressed the idea about the
expediency of employin.- a closed eamb-it formation (mass formation)
after the 'etection of the aerial target, asstr..in.3 that :he maxi-
mum effect in atticking a lomber pryoup is aChieved when .the fi7hter
group foil ews :n Wedge formatIon.
Officer :*aslennikov spoke about various tactical methods of
conductine aerial battles. "e this that an attack from behind
and at a hi-ht.r alt Lode rives the attr.cker irlaccalse advantages.
?or exArmle, if th fishter, 'avinr ceised firinr, passes over the
Amami .3,0 tit..., nus,. fv? 41 -..- +hp, monrws,. t ha AAncom, ,rpw
?
ir denrive.' or the possibility of c'orOucting aimed fire against it.
Of great '-nterest was thc anpearance of Officer Grillo, Hero
of the Soviet Unior, who !"r,ci gained great exnerience in the air
battles during ..!orld .hr II.
The aviators not only Oland the comhat training experiences
but also discussed the facture hinderins them in the perfection of
124
//
?????????????......,
a
?
????????????????????????????....-...?..... r ?
their professional experience. Sometimes e.nplificationa and.slack-
enings were allowed in the practice of trainina the flight personnel.
And so, free. individual air battles by a pair of fi..hters are often
conducted in a pre-reconnoIterin: zone after both pilots arrive in
that me. And we %now that. this c'uld never be the case during
actual war: The search for and detection of the tareet, approach to
it and finally the rudde urarise attack...that ic what should pre-
cede edcl- simulated (trainina) air tr.ttle. Concrete proposals were
made for larther imp-overeaf of the tactical trainin:?, of avi-mtors.
'or exarple, a deLire war expressed that the timeliness?of intercep-
tion are the effectiveness or attacking an aerie'. target 'me evaluated
not only by the photo-firinc results of the fighter but also by the
check data submittvd by the :unner of the bocher aircraft, Ebubasis
was placed on the exnediency of sylitematic traininA of pilots in the
skill of descending at maximum speed sinlly or in groups.
The interesting appearances of the officers bowed that the
raterial taught by the instrlicter was constructive -,nd helped them
gain knowledge in rany tr..portant tactical problems.
Lectures on the tactics of ground troops And the coordination
of aviation with ground forces were also of great interest among
the aviators. fevoted to this particular subject was a lccture
the commander, who spoke about the action of an aviation unit in
covering ground troop.. by day and ni.ht under normal and adverse
meteorological :onditione.
441.
125
a-
STAT
STAT
nprIassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-.01043R003200130003-5
The pila. learned to master the tactics not only during group
exercises but also in serainar (class) exercises. The material stud-
ied here is =iiscussee in -eater detail with a consideration of the
concrete problems or forthcczning 'lights. The instructor presents
certain -..ecific conmitments and tries to repror'uce such an aerial
situation b.nich micht actually oe co as a rtsult of battle. This
teaches the aviatorz to thin: creativel:- (c=,nstreotively) and to
deve.2.op initiative and ingernity. It. t;timulates the search for new
tactical ways and means of canductin- for the purpose of achieving
victcry. -
The skills leaned ty the aviaters e?rin? lectures = nc' seminars
are beinf; ^erfected by their :ndivid.tal practice. All the cenditionc
necessary for r!roductive training aM conti:mous improventnt of the
tactic-Al scope or the officers of the ;.ave been created.
The corral neer and the staff have made a timely preparation of the
necessary e?luipmnt for a -ooci %raining center a-xi have ..rovided the
trainees with s'oecial literature and demonstrt.tim? reerlia. In recent
days, they `;.ve begun using trainirg films tore often than befcre
and have intruciuced an exchange of ideas ?mogram for the solving of
comollex flight problems.
The problems of tacti ca.1 elc?Iloyment of avin ti on are wcrked out
during found training and in actual flights. The flifht and rpoup
carrnanders are tr?irr, continuously to imbue these problens with tact-
ical eler.tnts, to teach the avintnrs initiative and skill in utilizing
the tactical possibilities of their aircraft in various aerial situ-
ations and to strike successfully ant efeat a technically trained
and powerful cremy.
? ???
126
As a ryle, the actions of fi!;hters in the air are thoroughly
are =:?1oFely analyzed in post-flight reviews. -ach mission
is evaluated first of all from the f.t.:indpoint of the tactical ex-
ediency of methods employed in thc- air, skill in con?hicting, search,
expertness in mateuvering in
during the first attack. -
aer
battle and hitting the target
The starch fcr nc.-; methods a' tonreucting training exercises
an" the :e.parttre from established ::....?tents rend standards in the -
pilot training orerrizati en are important factors in further im-
provement of the quality of the er.tirr? tactical training and in the
trairiin of pilots in tactically nropt?r, decisive actior.s ir. aerial
engarements..
e
41.
127
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
11
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
a_
TOitkrt!' 7'47 4079 Analr7.5.ARY OF Tr:- 3WIAT t....:7,2711'111710.11..101:
BY
OTT. A. LUCHNIKO mx FIRST LT. B. IVASW.IN
FROM
r,v-ETSKA'.!A AVI?1",TY: U. 120/2678, MAT 21, 1957
FAG F 1
128
Mb.
?
Toward the 40th Anniversary of the Great October Revolution
by
Chpt. A. Luchnikov rnd First Lt. P. Ivashkin
Itarching Forward
The crumuniat ane young caremnists of '_hc N-aviation unit
appear to he rellohl.: osnistants to thr_ comm nder in solving pro-
blems of tactical and political traininr. Take for example Maj.
Svetlichnyy. His crew is justly considered one of the best in the
unit. The commnists of the unit have unanirously picked comrade
Svetlichnyy for the position o' secretor:, of the perty organization.
The young cor-unists (KOrSU:OLTSYtake their 7ue from the older
communists. An expert in his work in armorer, member or the yoUng
Communist LeaEue, Pvt. Tkachev. His vork is always without criti-
cism.
Gathering of Outstandinr Ones
At the N-avf.ation rroup, a gathering of personnel considered
outstaneinc in the field of tactical and political training recently
took nlace. The memers of the gathering were faced with an im-
portant problem. Many officers, members of the Party and the KGE-
SOYCI (Young Communist Ltarue) talked with the :;uests and requested
that one of them give> n sneech durinr the gathering.
There were many who rave a speech and thus shared their expert-
re, introducing rany vnluable surgestione.
"Anyone can become oerfect" said Master 3gt. Trofimchuk. *Thic
129
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
IL.
?
Pip. 1. Left fhe Ceew of First Class Combat Pilot Enj,3vet-
lichnyy After Completion of Scheduled Flight.
?i4ht Pvt. V. i"k.,,chev Keeps Aircraft Armament in
Readiness,
requires a rincere attitude toward the service, thorouph performance
of uties and assienments, and a continuous improvement by experience.
An outstandin^ !.0161c- is ..'love all a well disciplined roldier."
Easter Set. Trofimehuk is himself an expert aerial gunner. On
his chest he wenrr three "Aviation rxpert" medals. The Party Organ:-
130
???
ration recently accented him as a candidtte for membership of t'gt
Communist Part of the USSR.
Set. Shmulcvich aaie that the exrerienced ones should aid their
f how soldiers, especially the young recruits, in learnine their
sp
cialties :.rad in the acauisition of tactical experience. e
Very constructive was the npcec^ by vt. Andre:.-ev; he was first
in Rearting the tizhtenine of th,_c-nvas covers of svmerin: surfaces.
He trainee! three r,ecruits in this joh. From tht platform of the
gatterino, Andreyev spoke about his work.
Then Pfc. Simakov, expert r:1-lin operator, asked for crmission.
to npeak. Havin attained outstr.ndini? .ret,%its in r-,dio communication,
the soldier is continuously !izrov?r is knosled.:e In? elm. In
hs speech, Simakov ca1.le3 uron the aviators not to be pleased ?tnd
satisfied merelywdth past achievements l'ut to greet the 40t$- Anni-
versary of the :3reat October Revolution with new successes in tactical
and political training.
The outstandincr young communircs, Master Sgt. Trofimohuk, Sgt.
Xochalov, Pfc. Simakov and Tasellskiy, as well as Sgts. Krylov,
TI.udaycv and Olishanskiy, were liven nonorary memberships sirned by
thr lentral Comittec of the Yourm Communiat League of the USSR.
?-?
131
STAT
STAT.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
PLIGUS IN THE CLOUD OF AN ATOMIC EXPLOSIONJNUOLEAR WEAPONS AND
AVIATION
HT
LT. COL. N. LITVINEaD, ENGINEER
FROK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSIYA, NO. 126 (2684), 30 MAI 1957
page 2
132
4.? 1?./.../. OM.
I
1
FLIGHTS IN THE CLOUD OF AN ATOMIC EXPLOSION
NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND AVIATION
by
N. Litvinenko
The burst of an atomic bomb is followed by radioactive contamina-
tion of a considerable volume of air masses. During the explosion of a
bomb with a TNT equivalent of 20 thousand tons (all further deliberep,
tions will pertain to such bombs), the volume of the forming radio-
active cloud rzaches a magnitude of 100 cubic km. within one hour after
the explosion. With the increase in the caliber of the atomic boas,
the dimensions of the cloud will of course also increase.
Upon What Doer the Radiation Dosage Depend?
The dosage-of radiation for a crew during the flight of their air- -
craft in atmosphere contaminated with radioactive substances is deter-
mined by the gamma-radiation of the entire volume of contaminated air,
by the gamma, beta and alpha-radiations of the contaminated air entering
the cabin, and gamma radiation of radioactive substances deposited on the
aircraft after flying through the cloud. The effect of gamma-radiation
of the entire volume of contaminated air depends upon the levelof
radiation in the cloud, duration of flight in the cloud and the position
cf the aircraft with respect to the center of the cloud. The radiation
level in the cloud formed by the explosion of the bomb depends basically
upon the time which has elapsed from the moment cf explosion (rise of the
cloud). As time passes, the activity of the explosion products and con-
sequently also the level of radiation in the cloud diminish noticeably.
133
STAT
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @.50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
A diminishirg in the radiation also takes place
as a result of the fall-out (from the cloud) of a certain amount of
radioactive substancea contairIng particles of the soil Which were
carried upward by the cloud during the explosion.
Literature contains various data on the radiation 'es's,. in the
cloud in relatim to its rise. This is partially explained by the non,
uniform denaity in the distribution of radioactive matter over the
volume of the cloud in each concrete case. However it can be assumed
on the baser of these data that the average dosage of radiation picked
up by the crew of the aircraft within one or two minutes' flight in a
radioactive cloud is 5 to 10 times smaller, than the permissible radia-
tion dosage, provided the age of the cloud is about one hour. Even in
the et se when the flight through the cloud is within one half hour after
the atomic explosion, the radiation dosage of the crew during the entire
flight will be less than permissible.
A serious danger to the crew may be presented by the contaminated
air Beeping into the cabin of the aircraft -luring its flight in a radio-
active cloud.
When flying through a radioactive cloud the aircraft becomes
contaminated. This fact must be taken Into consideration during further
tactical employment of t aircraft. The fact is that the radiation
from a contaminated aircraft in contrast to the radiation of the cloud
is effective not may when the aircraft ix in the cloud but also during
the entire time of flight. In this way, the radiation picked up by the
134
e
ii
?
?
-
crew in the cloud is augmented by the effect of radioactive substances
doposited on tv.o surface of the aircraft, which lcada to en imcreass in
the total radiation dosage.
How Does the Aircraft Become Contaminated in the Cloud?
It may appear that the improvement of the as:odynamic form of the
aircraft and thorough treatment of its surfaces eliminate the possibility
of radioactive contamination or practically reduce it to zero. ActusAy
thiz is not the case. The amount of radioactive matter which may
accumulate on the surface of the aircraft and its components will prove
to be sufficient to produce a noticeable level of radiation.
This is further aided by the great specific activity (activity per
gram of radioactive matter) of the fission products of the bb Charge
particularly during the first hours after the explosion. For example,
one millig-am of one hour old fission products has the activity of more
than 5000 curie units. The radiation level produced by such a source of
radiation at a distance of 1 in. ie more than 1000 roentgen units per hour
and at a distance of 2 in. - 250 roentgen units per hour. This example
makes it clear that the deposition of 1 milligram of fission products
near the cabin is sufficient to increase the radiation level in the cabin
?
to a dangerous point. One must also tale into consideration the time of
flight of the aircraft after passing through the cloud and consequent4
the time the crew was exposed to radioactive dust which settled on the
aircraft.
????
135
STAT
tAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5 -
?
?
However, the fission product* in the cloud are net pure but are
mixed with non-radioactive substances. The chemical composition and
amount forming thereat depend upon the height of bomb-bersts, nature
of the locality, and meteerological coeeemions, that is, upon all the
factors which determine the conteut of dust and moisture in the clod.
An atomic explosion cloud, in addition to containing radioactive
fission products, dust and moisture, also contains a great amount of
nitric ?elle. According to calculations, during the explosion of an
atomic bomb with a-TNT equivalent of 20 thousand tone, about 100 tons of
nitrogen peroxide nay form. The presence of moisture aad nitrogen
peroxide lead to the formation of nitric acid in the cloud.
Thus the cloud represents a mixture of radioactive particles in
the fnrm of oxides and salts, drops and water vapors and fine soil
dust. The radioactive particles when colliding with the dust particles
or with the water drops, which .as a rule are much larger in size, fora
a strong conglomeration with the latter. As u result of this, the water
droplets and the dust in the cloud become radioactive. The specific
activity of mach a mixture will be euch lower than that of the fission
products of the substance contained in the iriginal oharge. However,
even under such conditions where the specific activity of the mixture
will be hunireds of time less than the activity of the fission products,
the level of radiation produced by a email amount of the mixture (about
1 g) will be sufficiently high. Consequently, if a small amount of wudh
radioactive dust (fell-out) will settle on the surface of the aircraft
136
ff????????????1/????
during its flight in the cloud, 4ts degree of contamination may then
exceed 'he permissible limits.
Of eourso not all dust particles wihich came in contact with the
surface of a streamlined body-will remain on that surface. Whether the
dust particles will remeie on the surface or be separated from it by
the air flow depende upon the ratio of the adhesion ane separation
forces affecting the particle after the collision.
In spite of the great speed of the aircraft, tho'speed of the air
in the boundary layer (directly near the surface) is low, much lower
than the speed of the aircraft. In this connection, the forces of
separation affecting the dust particles which stuck to the surfaoe of
the aircraft will be smail. The eealler the. dimensions of thweerticles,
the smaller will be the eeperation forces. At particle dimensions not
exceeding 40 - 50 microns, the forces needed for their separation from
the surface, as a rule, will be mailer than the adhesion forcesl'ellith
is the reason for the strong adherence of the dust particles to the
surface. Such phenomenon is also observed during the falling of radioao-
tive dust on the surface of an aircraft having flown through a radioactive
cloud. It should I-- added here that the microscopic surface roughness
which is unavoidable even at high degree of surface purity contributes
to the retention of the duet.
Coneidering the aircraft as sn object of radioactive contaminatioa
we must first of all mention the engine. The features of te,h1,air-pessages
- -
OS. ???
137
STAT
J I /-k I
?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
t-?
?
0
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @50-Yr2014/06/02:CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
through the engine are each that they aid in the separation of the dust
from the air flow thus creating the possibility for a eteong redioective
contamination of the engine during the flight of the aircraft in an atomic
exploeicnacloud. The high rate of motion of the air In a jot engine and
the curvature of the ducts owe which the air flew promote the collision
of the dust particles with the wane of the ducts. A particularly con-
tributing factor to the contemeetion of the engine is the effect of
considerable centrifugal forces on the. dust particles passing through
the compressors.
eadioactive contamination of pisten engines during flight in an
atemic explosion cloud will, ee a rule, be loss than the contamination
of jot engines in apite of the fact that the conditions for the Reparation
or duet in piston engines are more favorable than in jet engines. This
is explained by the comparatively snail air consumption of the piston
engine and consequently by the small amount of radioactive duet entering
the engine at a uniform degree of air contamination.
The picture of relative astribution of radioactive dust over the
engine, apparently, Should remain approximately constant for different
conditions of contamination. There is a possfoility o: strong contanine-
tion of the frontal section of the engine, intake nozzles of the centri-
fugal compressor and particularly the internal surface of the compressor
body. The dust on the body of the compressor Ail be distributed unevenly;
moat contaminated will be the center section of the compressor disk.
138
?
1)
The intake nonzlee of the combustion chembers will become contenineted
alone the yeripheral side approximately 2 to 3 timeu more than in the .
interior. Of the total amount of radioactive duet retained in a jet
engine: about one half a. it will fail to the lot of the structural parts
indicated.
Radioactive dust will also appear in the cobhustion cheehers, gas
collectors,ee;zzle mechanism, en the turbine blades and in the jot
nozzle of the engine. The dust will ahoy a tendency of departing from
the axis toward the periphery of the engine. For example, the contamina-
tion of the internal eurface of a jet nozzle may be strehger than the
surface of the core in one cane out of ten. Shown in the drawing is a
jet engine and the 'Keel, crosses mark the points of naeinum radioantive
contaminatiom.
Drawing - 1 - intake section; 2 - axial compressor; 3 ? combustion -
chamber; 4 - gas turbine; 5 - jet nozzle.
In a piston =gibe the components moat exposed to contamination
are the compressor and combustion chambers. The redioactive dust deposited
on the internal surface of the cylinders is picked up by the piston zings
and from there goes into the lubrication system. In this wee the lUbricam
tion ispit= of an aircraft powered with a reciprocating engine accumulates
radioactive duet and becomes a source of radiation.
????
133 -
STAT
I rA I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
i
i
t metric devices. i
t
1 C i
Declassified in Part -.Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
IL-
?
Operatiene 04 a Contaminated Aircrlfl.
The level of radiation in a cockpit of a contaminated aircraft even
during unfavorable conditions, as a rule, is inconsiderable. The dosages.
to which the aircraft crew may be exposed during the flight on a contami_Vetel
aircraft is usually seen.
In this wey, an aircraft contaminated with radioactive natter does
not present a danger from the viewpoint of exposing the drew to radiution.
However, the operation on this aircraft and particularly any work on the
engine revtres the adoption of precautionary measures. It is therefore,
advisable to employ desiretric instruments in order to determine the
degree of contamination of the aircraft in time.
If the tactical situation /Mows its the aircraft contaminated with
radioactive matter should be decontaminated. The engine is decottaninated
oniy from the outside.
Radioactive substances remaining an the internal eurface of the
engine will gradually decompose and their activity will decrease. A
gradual self-decontamination takes place during the operation of the
;
engine, i. e., the radieaetive dust particles break away froc. the sure
face end are carried out by tho air not, from the engine. However, the
process of delf-decontaminatica is not sufficimtly effective to have this 1
accomplidhed by an idling engine.
When working on a contaminated aircraft, one must exercise constant
control of the radiation level by using oollective and individual dosie
I,
t
140
am??????./..m/???? ????? ors
I. ?
.1^.1^?-?." ?????????????? ?-?????-?
INTI-ATOHIC PROTECTION OF AIRF/ELDS, NUCLEAR WEAPON AND AVIATION'
(PROTIVOLICHHAIA ZASECNITA'ALRODROMOV, IADLE5OIE OEUZHIIE DAVIATS11)
Br
LT. COL, M. PAVLOV, CANDIDATE CF TECHNICAL SCIENCES
- - -
F3OK
SOVETSKAYA AVIATSIIL, NO, 132A6S9, JUNE 3, 1937
. pp.,
? ?????
141
?
STAT ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
1
?
?
ANTI-ATOMIC PROTECTION OF AIRFIELDS, NUCLEAR WEAPON AND AVIATION
by
M. Pavlov
At preeentk foreign military literature thoroughly discusses
the problem of employing atomic weapons against airfielis. The in-
creased interest in this problem appears to be a reflection of the
views existing abroad regarding the nature and problems of the initial
period of the future war. As is Imoun, certain representatives of
military circles of the USA, England and other capitalistic states
assume that during the initial period of a war the most important
problem will be to gain strategic superiority in the air by mass appli-
catien of nuclear weapons, aimed primarily against enemy airbateei - the
carriers of atomic and hydrogen bombs.
The authors of certain articles point out that, at preot, no
military target is more vulnerable than a modern airfield with an.
craft and equipment situated over a email area. As is st4te4 in
literature, it cannot be taken for granted that an atomic explosion will
destroy for certain the entire airfield because its effectiveness is
always limited to a certain extent. It also calls attention to the
possibility of employing otertaiu measures considerably reducing the de-
structive effect of atomic bombing or malrIng the employment of &toads
weapons against airfields unsuitable. The idea of mai-atonic proteatiaa
of airfields includes a combination of such measures.
What than era thee* measures? They inelude fillet of all the
dispersion of aircraft and services, construction of Shelters, camouflage
and imerease in the =ber of r49411.4aifiilj ete,
142
?
?
?
-
sel
Great attention is being even to the dispersion of aircraft
end equipment on the airfield. Military specialists figure that the
dispersion of aircraft and evipeent over the airfield will reduce the
bombing effect and that oro atotec bomb will destroy only aome of the
buildings and a small nuMber of aircraft. At the sans time an atom's
attack may turn cut to be a failure. Literature quotes an example of
anti-atonie protection of a permanent airfield by the dispersion measure.
The solution saggasysd provides for tho reoonstruction of the -
airfield and the estahlishoout of aircraft dispersion soma oriented
?
at distances of more than 3600 meters frcathe epicenter of the probable
explosion (aupposedly in the center oY the take-off and landing area).
With such a dispositim of aviation equipzent, the explosion of ennbomb
with a force equivalent to 20,000 tons of TNT will not be able to destroy
a oonsiderable number of aircraft.
Acoording to another auggesticm (see drawing) it is advisable
to place aircraft in groups of .4 to 8 along throe sides of the air base
on parking areas removed from the take-off landing area by not loos Ulm
3 km. At the same time the shorter:nines of such protection variants
are pentei out. First, by dispersing ve reduce almost by half the
number of aircraft based an the airfield. ?Secondly, it is difficult ti
send all aircraft into 'the air rapidly beoauss prior to the setual
take-oft they have to taxi (roll) for 3 km. to the take-off landing
strip. Finally and thirdly, the dispersion is accompanied by the veal-
ening of the airfield ground deans* and is connected 4th a largo
penditure of forces, means and tins.
' 141
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
C.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
. ?
Two cf the last disadvantageg can be largely eliminated by having
proteoted the aircraft at the parking areas which offers the possibility -
of having the dispersion zenee clover to ti-n take-off landing strips.
Protective buildings (shelters), as figured by name military specialists,
viii considerably reduce the effect of the shock wave end flash radio,
tion of an eerial atomic explosion and will protect a greater number of
aircraft and equipment not situated in direct proximity to the epicenter
of explosion. However, in order to avoid destruction of the shelters
by an underground .atomic exploeion, 4t is not recommended that these
shelters be situated closer than 2.000 meters from the center of the take-
off and lending area.
/n order to protect aircraft at the parking trees, it is also con-
sidered possible to utilize seni-ergrourel shelters and caves as
natural and artificial shields. Such a type of structures, as is
stated in literature, have stood up yell, giving protection to aircraft
against ordinary ceans of destruction during the period of World War II
as yell as during the Korean War. In additneet there is a steement that,
during the atonic attacks on Hiroshima and Nagnaaki: certain equipment,
es g., transforms:al remained intact only because of tba protective walls
and sand bags.
With a favorable topography, places for &beret can also be built
ia speoial subterranean shelters of tunne/ type. According to literature
(Sweden), in order to protect suCh shelters against the offsets of ma
atomic bb, they an built in mine pits situated close to certain sire.
fiellds. ?
144
??? V. ???1?1?1???????? ???? ?
1'
L.
?=???????????????????????? ?????????.
??????????,....??????m?
sal
It is reoenmeedni that airfield personnel shelters should be of the
semi- or fullyundergroaed tens and located at distances of. not more than
100 meters from the places of occupation, and the living quarters of
flintt persocnel should be at u safe distaece.
Cortain opintnee are expreceed with ',nerd to the decentralise.
tion (dispersion) of certain serines at distances securing the vegan.
bility for their immediate action after an atomic attack. One of tleos
services is the nedical (first aid) service. It must adapt itself to
the rev situations and reorganize into a center of kiretaid. The fire
finhtinn service mAT be confronted with the read of fighting several
fires ut the same tire with limited wuter supplies which aro trans-
portel in tank-trucks. It is noose:mare te aecure.the possibility of
ienediats action of the trensportstion (evacuation) servine.
There are conflicting opinions regarding the imports/2os of CWOOOm
flaging in the syetca of measures on anti-atonic protection of pernanent
nirfielde. Many authors consider that, for sae, reasons (the informer. ?
tion of the =any' about the location of the airfield, development of the
technique of reconnoitering and detection froathe sir, the effoct of
an atonic weapon over a large area) thn expenditures for the =now,
fining of perranent airfields urs not justified. Others, on the con.
trary, referring to the fortunate. exenples of World War /I, insist welt
further improvement of osannflaging skill and method,. Nounear, regard.
less of the opinions with respect to camouflage In ednnection with the
appearance of the atonic veapon, &majority of countries (pond large
WIND
145
r
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02: CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
c.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
?
_
sums on sascuflage counternaenures. le is poiuted out in many journals,
camouflage Materials and structures muat first of all be fire-resistant.
Ihs object of special importeace to the military circles of capitalietic
nations is to secure effective bases for tactical aviation ainreft,
fighters arta fighter-bra, or which airfields are being maned
during the Proosen of coMbat operations. However, it is considered that
the prennvqion of such airfieldapin connection with the increase in
speed sni loed of modern aircraft, has become c=plicated and involves
the expendi ture of much time, manpower and money.
In 00er to facilitate the solution of this problem, a number of
authors Ignftost the deetiopetent or spacial ..ircrat which, la ..ddition
to high flying qualities, would not require large end permanent ruaweye.
It if the Spinion of these thors that aircraft adapted for atomic
fare ahould he capable of taking-off and landing from natural ground
areas, sections of roads, froe the icefields of the Arctic as yell as
from the seiface of rivers, lakes, and reservoirs,
The cFeation of a jet fighter hydro-aviation has been suggested in
many countries. For the purpose of solving the problem of anti-eta/Le
protection bf tactical aviation airfields for example, they are construct-
ing verticlii tabs-off and landing aircraft and jet hydroplaues-fighters
and are alga working on the improvz=nt of caterydAlar type lending gear
for aircraft.
It is bentioned in ;tress releases that the preelem of getting an
aircraft to the air is preamtly no leager considered as root important
te.e.olray a
14d
?
because there are numerous means and ?system (catapults, assisted take-
off devioes etc.) Which make it possible fer aircraft to take off feein
a Mall eras vtiob can he built almost anywhere. A greater and more
difficulx problem is prosentel by the leading of the aircraft. It is
reccaneuded here that conventional eirflelds ues brake eyuttes which are
effective on aircraft carriers, reverse engines and many other .means,
The idea is that by employing new take-off 'and landing methods, one
can solve the problem of adapting aircraft to atomic warfare.
In addition to ths above discussed methods of protecting aircraft
It the airfields =glee eanditiane of maes eerloyment of atomic weapons,
litei'sture also suggests the timely removal (evacuation) of aircraft
from the possible attack area by sandiagtbam aloft. This method of
preserving aviation has developed on the basis of eumerous studies
carried out abroad (not in the USSR). But in order for aircraft to mak*
a rapid take-off (gat-inav) foreign specialists cc:wilder it necessary
to change the AF organisation. It is statol that in this atomics age,
air bases can not be set up in the stme form as they are at prevent,
e., consisting of am or several runways yurroundod byaircraft'and
an imposing coils otic of installaticns and equipcent concentrated withia
tZls confines of relatively limited epee*.
In order to maks it possible for aviation units to carry on their
tactical operations regardless of the atomic threat, it is confidered
advisable to subdivide them into smeller units, to apply Matt= dispersion
but at the same time secure theta operational effectivenass. All auxiliary
eervices should teoome mechanised (mobile). Bea aviation unit accsbering
??????????a?????.???? 4.0?-???? 4.1D ?
??????????????????
141-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
50-Yr 2014/06/02 ? CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
It
s.-
( 2
?
?????14...
aircraft should be perfectly independent in teemical and ofers.tional
respeots. It is agormed that euch breakine don of aviation eats
into manor components viii reduce the atcaLic threat to a know: dives.
??.r ?-?
t?
148
???????????? ????? ?
IMMO
-
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5
STAT # eb
,soe'4
40
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2014/06/02 : CIA-RDP81-01043R003200130003-5