SCIENTIFIC WORK IN METEOROLOGY

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• Document Release Date: May 29, 2014
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• Publication Date: October 27, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT;
ZY Ootober 1968
wigwam WORE IN NETEOROWGY
U.S. JOINT PUBLICATIONS
RESEARCH SERVICE
Main ?fries:
Suits 300
205 E. 42o4 Straat
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Washington 9, D.C.
STAT
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Soobshoheniye o Nauohnykh
lakotakh po Meteorologii
Z?mport on Scientific Work
in Veteorolo
Submitted to t e International Association
on Meteorology for the 11th General-Aesembly
of the International Geodetical and Geophysioal
Union, Mesoowi, 1957
51-page pamphlet
INTRODUCTION
Academy of Sciences
of the USSR
Committee on Geodesy
and Geophysics
pg 3 The present report embodies the results of soientifio
investigations carried out in the USSR during 1950 - 1955 in the
following branches of meteorology: climatology; synoptic meteor-
ology; dynamic meteorology; aotinometry, atmospheric optics; physics
of clouds and preoipitationeu physics of this ground surfaoe layer
and atmospheric turbulence.
Together with the bibliography, which is listed by branches, it
was deemed expedient to furnish a short list of textbooks and manuals
on meteorology, Lowell as comprehensive monographs on specific problems
of meteorology, published during the period indicated above.
1. Kura moteorologii course in Meteorologe (physics of the
atmosphere), edited by F. N. Tverskoy (1951, 878 pp.) - For hydro-
meteorological institutes and universities.
2. Osnavy dinamichesicoy meteorologii Lfili.sio Principles of
Dynamic Meteorologe, edited by D. L. Laykhtman and M. I. Tudin
(1955, 647 pp.). A. manual for students and scientific workers.
3. Meteorologicheskiye pribory geteorological Instrumentg,
by V. N. Kedrolivanskiy and M. S. Sternsat (3rd edition, 1953,
540 pp.) - Contains a description and the theory of modern instruments
used in observatories, seven. as of instruments for the measurement
of radiation, optical and electrical properties, etc.
4. Fizika atmosfery ghysics of the Atmosphorg, by A. Kh.
Khrgian (1953, 456 pp.), - For universities and hydrometeorologioal
institutes; contains a relatively detailed physical and mathematical
treatment of certain problems in meteorology.
5, Oanovy aviatsionnoympteorologii ffrinciples of Aviation
Meteorologi4 by L. T. Matveyev and P. L. Smirnov (1955, 353 pp.)
Describes in condensed form modern principles of general and synoptic
meteorology and methods for their practical application, with
partioular reference to weather forecasting.
STAT
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6. Kurs klimatologii (Fours. in Climatologg, by B. P. Alisov,
0. A. Drozdov, and E. S. Ru inshtein. (Parts I, II - General
climatology and methods of olimatologioal processing, 1952, 487 pp;
part III - Climates of the Earth, 1954, 320 pp.) - An extensive manual
for universities and specialists engaged in olimatologioal research.
7. Klimato1oiiya2Tlimat0loge, by S. I. Kostin and T. V. -
Pokrovskaya (1953, 425 pp.) - A textbook for agricultural institutes
and agronomio speoialistsi a comparatively large portion of the text
is devoted to problems of olimatological processing.
8. Rukovodstvo po prognozam for
Short Range Weatai ForecastinanaiTIY-Us Central Institut*
for Weather Fbrecasting (parts I, II, 1954 - 1955) - Summarize*
the results of modern methods for synoptic weather forecasting in a
brief and convenient fora for practical purposes, and inoludes
numerous examples and diagrams.
pg 4 9. DinamichaskayalmagrYnando Meteorolo by K. T.
Logvinov (1952, 150 pp.) - A conoise and comparatively elementary
practical exposition of the principles of modern dynamic meteorology.
The following extensive reviews dealing with basic problems in
meteorology should be mentioned:
1. Luohistaya emir i a Solntsa adiant Energy of the sug, by
K. Ya. Kondrat yev pp. Tis book, together with the
latest book by the same author "Atmospheric Radiant Beat Exchange
(1956, 420 pp.), is the world's most comprehensive review of radiation
processes in the atmosphere, reflecting the presont status of Soviet
and non-Soviet science in this field. b
2. Atmosfernyyozon5tmospherio ?song, by I. A. Prokoflyeva
(1951, 231 pp.) A oondena?d, but very full summary of scientific
work in the field of atmospheric ozone.
3. Obloka, osadki i grozovoye elektriohestvogiouds? Precipita-
tion, and Thunderstorm Eleotrioit , by N. S. Shiahkin (1954, 280 pp.)
Devoted primarily to physical processes occurring in clouds and to
their mathematical treatment, and also to processes leading to forma-
tion of precipitation (particularly in convective clouds).
4. Atmosfernyy led Jtmospheric log% by A. D. Zamorskiy
(1955, 37/- pp.). - The most oomprehensive description of various
forms of solid precipitation, their growth and destruction, their
statistics, conditions for their observation and settling, *to.
0
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I. CLIMATOLCa
General Problems, Instruction Manuals and Courses. In 1951-54,
a number of articles, discussing the present7tatus of climatology
and its development trends, were published. LT- 3B:7
An extensive discussion of the above problems took plaoe during
a conference on climatology, organized in June 1953, by the Main
Administration of the Eydrometeorologioal Service. The data reviewed
at the conference were published in the form of a symposium entitled:
"The Contemporary Status of Climatologioal Investigations and Their
Development Trends," edited by M. I. Budyko, and published in 1954.
Climatic Radiation Factors. In recent years, numerous investi-
gations of the problem of climatic radiation factors were conducted,
a considerable part of which was related to the study of radiation
and heat balances. Charts showing components of radiation and heat
balances for a number of territories were drawn up for the first
time by members of the Main Geophysical Observatory Imeni A. I.
Voyeykov. (41) - (50), (52), (57), (58), (60).
This cycle of articles culminated in the publioation of an "Atlas
of Heat Balance" (40), 2ontaining 66 world charts of average annual
and monthly values of radiation and heat balm** components of the
earth's surface.
Maw' studies were devoted to the investigation of radiation and
heat balances in. individual regtons with the aid of especially
orgavized observations. Work performed by members of the Tashkent
Geopndaical Observatory (36) - (39), (51), (53) - (56), (59), (61) -
(63) forms an important part of these observations. In particular,
the problem concerning differenoes in the heat balance of various
types of basement surfaces, effect of irrigation, etc. was studied
in detail.
Circulation Factor. of Climates Humidi C ale. In recent years,
researoh on c re at on actors o * ma e was oonsuoted both on the
scale of the Northern Hemisphere (64). (65), (73), (74), (80), (83),
(89), (100) - (104), (107) - (111), (113), (114), (120), (122), as
well as along the line of study of separate regions or phenomena
(66) - (69), (75), (76), (38), (92), (96) - (99), (105), (119), (121).
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The first group included a study of synoptic macro-processes in
large areas of the globe and their conneotion with circulation
indices, and an investigation of the role which these processes
play in the formation of climate. The second group describes cir-
culation factors which are responsible for general olimate charaoteris-
tics in various areas of the Soviet Union, and also discusses the
development of certain processes or phenomena (for example, dry
winds) or certain weather and olimatio conditions (for example,
precipitation in south eastern portions of the European territory of
the Soviet Union.
A great deal of attention was devoted to investigation of the
humidity cycle, specifically having in mind the reckoning of its
pg 6 possible modification in connection with work or ths climate
transformation (70), (72), (77) - (79), (86), (87), d4, (91),
(93) - (95), (103), (106), (112), (115) - (118), (123) - (126), (128).
A large meeting, devoted to these problems, was held at the
Institute of Geography of the USSR Academy of Soleness, and the data
discussed at this meeting were published in the press (181).
Theorx of Climate. Changes and Variations in Climate. Research
an the theory of atmospheric circulation was continued in the work
dealing with the theory of climate (134), (142), (149), (150),
(155). Proceeding from fundamental principles of hydrodynamics,
a theoretical explanation of temperature distribution in the earth's
atmosphere, of pressure and wind distribution, etc. was obtained.
At the MANZ time, it was possible to evaluate the role played by
various basement surfaces, albedo, effect of evaporation and con-
densation, etc.
Numerous investigations were devoted to olimatic changes during
historical time and preceding epochs. Published works (129) - (133),
(135) - (141), (143) - (148), (151) - (154), (156) gives data on
brief variations and prolonged changes in the thermal regime and
humidification conditions of various territories. The progress of
general ?Janata warming during the past decade and the problem deal-
ing with the start of a new period of climatic changes were studied
in particular detail. Some of the studies listed make use of solar
activity data in explaining the observed climatic changes (157) - (159).
Climatic Factors of Natural Processes. The most of these works
devoted to the study of climatic factors of natural processes
examined the relationship between climatic conditions and the
indices of hydrological processes: evaporation, drainage, intensity
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of snow melting, and others (161) - (164), (166), (167), (169) -
(181).
The relation between soil zones and climate was investigated
in a monograph (185), published in 1953.
The connection existing between olimatio conditions and overall
geographical zonality was examined in studies (160), (168).
Melioration of Climate. Inveatisation of Local Climate. A eon..
siderable number of climatologists in our country participated, in
recent years, in a study of the hydrometeorologioal efficiency of
meliorative measures. Specifically, numerous investigations were
conduoted aimed at the study of the effects of irrigation upon the
climate of the ground air layer. The following ref:torsi/ere examined:
the effect of irrigation upon the radiation balance, various stages
of thermal balance under different conditions of vegetation. soil
temperatures, conditions in the ground air layer, early light frosts,
duration of the growing season, ate., (182), (183), (188) - (191),
(194), (196), (197), (200) - (203), (200), (208), (211) - (214),
(217) - (219), (224) -(230), (235), (238), (239), (241) - (244).
(249), (251) - (258), (266) - (268), (271), (272), (274), (275),
(277), (285), (288), (289), (293), (294), (298) - (300), (302) -
(304), (307) - (309). A number of studies investigated the effect
of forest shelter belts upon the meteorological regime, turbulence
and air oiroulation, characteristics of thermal balance, snow cover
and soil temperature, duration of the growing season (184), (185),
(187), (192), (193), (195), (198), (199), (204), (209), (215)#
(220), (222), (223), (225), (226), (228), (231), (233), (234),
(236), (237), (240), (245), (246), (248), (250), (259) - (264),
(289), (270). (273), (2/6), (279) - (281), (283), (284), (286),
(290) - (292), (295), (296), (301), (305), (306).
Several investigations were devoted to the study of climatic
changes occurring during drainage of marshy regions (188), (210),
(221), (227), (278), (282).
The above studies, as far as the method of investigation in
concerned, are rather closely related to the study of the peculiarities
of local climate in different geographical areas. A oonsiderable
portion of such research was devoted to the study of looal climates
of areas where meliorative measures are being carried out.
roa1imato1oy. Pheaolocu. The soientifio work conducted in
these field* hac ales.r y expressed practical objectives in view. All
the studies concentrate from different directions on the problem of
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improving the development of agricultural crops and raising orop
capacity.
The topics studied included the connection existing between
hydrometeorologioal and climatic conditions and individual crops,
their crop capacity, areas of distribution, the effeot of certain
adverse weather conditions on plant development, and general laws
governing the interaction between climate and agricultural crops.
Problems concerned with the effect of irrigated cultivated lands
upon the climates of large regions, for instance in Central Asia,
have been studied. (311) - (376).
Investigations related to the rayon development of mineral-
bearing and virgin lands in the oblasts of the USSR should be
particularly noted. Extensive data on agroolimatic and water re-
sources of rayons where virgin and mineral-bearing lands are under
development have been processed.
plimato ra h . Soviet olimatographic studies covered many
sections of the globe, including the Antarctic. Various rayons of
the USSR were studied in particular detail. Numerous climatic hand-
books were published, containing digests of actual data. Detailed
monographs or articles dealing with the climate of numerous sections
of the USSR have been published. A study was made of the formation
conditions of individual climatic and weather phenomena (377) - (425).
Methods Used in Di satin and Gensralizin Observation Data.
Problems connected with the tnermal balanue and its separate com-
ponents occupy a prominent place among these investigations. The
development of climatological computation methods for calculating
thermal balance components is of particular importance. Methods for
olimatographic processing of data are reflected in studies related to
problems of complex climatology and mechanical data processing
(426) - (449).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Aleksandryan G. A., "Certain. Observations on Problems of
Climatology," Meteorologiya I gidrologiya gieteorology and Hydrologec
No 12, 1952.
2. Alisom? B.F. "On Climate and Climatology," Meteorologiya i
gidro1o0a,Lyeteorology and Hydrologe, RC 12, 1952.
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3. Annoy, B. P., "On Soientifio Trends in Soviet Climatology
and Their Practical Signifioance," yurosy geografii groblems of
Goograple, Collection 28, 1952.
4. Arkhangel' skiy, A. 11., "On Certain Problems of Climate
Evolution," Isveetiya Veaeouusnogo fieograficheskogo obshohestva
jewel of the-III-Union-Geographical Society?, Vol. 85, io 4, 1653
5. Arkhangel/skiy, V. L., "On Development Trends of Soviet
Climatology," Meteorolop.ya i gidrologiya ffeteorology and Hydrologi?",
No 5, 1953.
6. Babenkov, Ye., F., "On the Problem of the Theory of Climate,"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiya glitteorology and Hydrolo, No 10, 1951.
7. Bagrov, N. A., "On Certain Problems of Climatology," (Pro-
cessing of papers presented at the seminar of the Main Geophysical
Observatory, 12 July 1951) Meteorologiya i gidro1ogi7a giteorology
and Hydrologil, No 7, 1952.
8. Balabuyev, A. G., "Attempt at Establishing a Method for '
Climatic-Genetic Analysis," Trudy Institute geofiziki AN Gruz SSSR,
jransactions of the Geophysics Institute of the Academy of Sciences
of the Georgian 5S/J7, Vol.-IS, 1953.
9. Borisov, A. A., "Definition of the Term 'Climate/ in
Connection With the Development of Climatology in the Soviet Union,"
lzvesti a Vseso zno o eo.-rafiohesko o obshchestva jima of the
1-4Jnion Goographica Sooie Vol. 84, No 4 952.
10. Davitaya, F. F., "The Status and Development Prospects of
Soviet Climatology," Meteoro1o4iya I jidrologiya Zieteorology and
Hydrologi?", No 9, 1953.
11. Drozdov, O. A., "On the Status axil Long Range Prospects of
Climatology," Meteorologiya Ig yirolgiyaffetoorology and HYdrolo
No 12, 1952; NO 1* 1953.
12. Dubinskiy, G. P., "Meteorology and Climatology at Khartkov
University" Uohen1ye zapiski Kharlkovskogo tuilversitets. goientific
Notes of Kharkov niversitz/3 fol. 66, 1953.
. 13. Yoshov, A. A., "On Climatology," keteorologiya I gidrolo;iya
jig t e orol ogy and Ityth'ologf, No 5, 1963.
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14. Kostin, S. I., "Some Romarks on the Problem of Development
of Climatology," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya LMoteorology and Hydrologi.
No 5, 1953.
15. Kostin, S. I., "Foundations of Meteorology and Climatology."
(Textbook for Forestry and Technioal Forestry Institutes), 2nd edition,
1951, published by the Hydrometeorology Publishing House (Gidrometeoizdat)
16. Kostin, S. I., "Foundations of Meteorology and Climatology,"
3rd corrected and Supplemented edition, 1955, published by the
Hydrometeorology Publishing douse (Gidrometeoizdat)
17. Kuvshinov, K. V., "All-Union Conference on Climatology,"
Izvestiya AN SSSR, Soriya geogratficheska a gows of the USSR
Academy of geiences, Geographical psries , No 6, 1953.
18. Lebedev.L. A. N., "On Climatology." (Discussion), Met_eriza
zp'ete or ?logy and Hydro1o47, No 2, 1952.
19. Maksimov, S. A., "P. I. Brounov, Founder of Agricultural
Meteorology," (on the 100th anniversary of his birth). Edited by
A. I. Rudenko, 2nd corrected and supplemented edition, 1952, published
by Gidrometeoi zdat. 4,
20. Markov, K. K., "A. K. Voyeykov as Hiatorisn of the Earth's
Climates," ,zvestiya AN SSSR, Seriya Geografioheskaya fiews of the
USSR Academy of Soienoes, Geographical Barley, No 8, 1951.
21. Marker, K. 4., "Problems of Historical Climatology," (Paleo-
olimatology), I zve sti AN SSSR, Sort a ?eocrafioneska a Zgews of
USSR Academy of Sciences, Geographica No 4, 51.
22. Novikov, A. G., "Climatology and Industrial Requirements,"
Meteorologiya I4?...drologiya oteorology and Hydro1o7, No 5, 1953.
23. "On the Present Status of Climatological Investigations and
Trends in Their Development," (Data presented at a conference on
climatology held at the Main Administration of the Hydrometeorologieal
Service on 22-25 June 1953). Edited by M. I. Budyko, 1954, published
by Gidrometeoizdat. (Main Administration of Hydrometeorologieal
Service, Information Collection, Nos 3-4) .
24. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "on the Present Status of el i Ma tology,"
Izvestiya Vsesoyuzno o oo afiohesko o obshohestva iews of the
All-Union ollographisa c ? , Vol. ff4, No 5, 1952.
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25. Pogosyan, lb. P., "On the Presont Status and Development
Trends of Climatology. (Disoussion)." 1$101E2.21210;e_LsjusLut
Lyeteorology and nydro1og No 1, 1952.
26. Ramenskiy, L. G., Tsatsenkin, P. A., and Rabotnov, T. A.,
"Concerning Agricultural Climatology," Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo
geograficheskogo obshohestvaLTOWS of the All-Union Geographical
Societ,z(, Vol. 84, No 5, 1952.
27. Rubinshtein, Ye. S., "On Development Tronds in Climatology,"
Meteorologiya 3. gidrologiyageteorology and Hydrologg, No 11, 1952;
No 1, 1953.
28, Rudanko, A. I., "Status, Significance and Problems of Soviet
Phenology. Izvestiya Vsesoyuzno o -4so ? iohesko o obshohestvagews
of the All-linion Geographical too e o . 8
29. Sapozhnikova, S. A., "Oa Climatology and Its Practical
Application," Noteorolo&a i sidrologiya Lgetoorology and Bydrologg,
No 1, 1952.
$0. Selyaninov, G. T., "On the Climatologioal Study of the USSR
(In reference to a disoussion of the present status of climatology)."
Isvostiya Vsessoyusnogo geo raficheskogo obehohestvagews of the
Union Geographical Waist , Vol. 84, No 1, 1952.
31. Tronov, M. V., "Problem of Glacial Climatology," Ibid.,
Vol. 85, No 3, 1953.
32. aromov, S. P., "Climate, Uacroolimate, Looal Climate,
Microolimate," Ibid., Vol. 84, No 3, 1952.
33. Khromov, S. P., "On Causes and Factors of Climate," Ibid.,
Vol. 83, No 6, 1951.
34. Khromov, S. P., "On the Present Status of Climatology,"
Ibid., Vol. 83, No 2, 1951. .
35. Khromov, S. P., "On the Status and Problems of Soviet
Climatology. Isvestiya AN SSSR, Soriya Geografiaheakeqa sews of the
USSR Academy dr-Maness, Geographical &wily, No 3, 1952.
36. Aysenshtat, B. A., "On the Thermal Balance of the Basement
Surfacas in Tashkent " Isveati Akadomii Nauk SSR. Seri eo-rafioheska
geofisioheskaya ews of the US R Ace *my o Soienoes, Geographic
and Geophysical Gerbig, No 1, 1951.
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$7. Ayzenshtat, B. A., "Comparison of tho Compensation Bothod
and of Gradient Methods for Determining Turbulent Thermal Flow, and
Gemmel Characteristics of the Thermal Balance of semi-Desert Areas,"
Tru. lavno eofisichesko obesrvatorii Efransactions of the Main
Opt sloal La orator No 39 101 955.
38. Aysenshtat, B. A., and Ageshina, Ye. I., "Some Results of
the Study of Thermal Balance of the Active Surface in Tashkent,"
Tru Tashkentsko eofiziohesko observatorii jransaotions of the
Tashkent Goophysio Observato 7? 5 6 951.
39. Ayzenshtat, B. A., and Zuyev, M. V., "Certain Charaoteristios
of Thermal Balance in Sand Desert," Ibid., No 6 (7), 1952.
40. Atlas of Tb._.rmal Balance. Edited by M. I. Budyko, 1955
(5), 41 lithographic charts (Main Administration of Bydromoteorologioal
Service of the USSR Council of Ministers. Bain Geophysical Observatory.)
The Atlas oontains the following series of ohartss
A - Total solar radiation - annual and monthly values for the
surface of the earth.
B - Radiation balance - annual and monthly values for the surface
of the earth.
C - Consumption of heat for evaporation - annual values for the
surfaoo of the earth and moni;hly values for ocean surfaces.
D - Beat, gained or lost by ooran su-faoem 48 a result of the
action of sea currents - annual values.
E Zvaporation - annual values for the surface of the earth and
monthly values for (moan rfaces.
In addition to charts showing consumption of heat for evaporation
ad turbulent heat exchange, the Atlas contains graphs showing the
annual progress of these values for various climatic land areas.
The authors of the charts are M. I. Budyko, T. G. Barband and
L. I. Zubenok? under the direction of Prof. M. I. Budyko.
41. Bozrukova, A. Ya., "The Effect of Solar Activity and of
the Nature of Atmospheric Circulation upon Variations of Lake levels
and Droughts," Trudy Laboratorii ozerovedeniya AN SM. graasaotions
of the Liminology Laboratory of the USSR Academy of Soienoeg, Vol.
3, 1954.
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42. Berlyand, T. G., "Annual Progress of Heat Advection in
Certain Climatic Regions of the USSR. ?3,-lear2.131oia
gsteorology and Hydrologi", No 7, 1951.
43. Berlyand, T. G., "Annual Progress of Total Solar Radiation
Aaoording to Data Derived from Actual Observations," Trudy glavnoy
4eofizicheskoy observatorii ifiansaotions of the Main Geophysical
Laboratory'', No 48 (I10), 194.
44. Berlyand, T. G., and Yefimova, N. A., "Monthly Charts of
Total Solar Radiation and Radiation Balance on the Territory of the
Soviet Union, Ibid., No 50 (112), 1955.
45. Borisov, A. A., "GeographiG Distribution of Radiation
Balance and of its Components on the Territory of the USSR,"
Vestnik Leningradskogo unlversiteta, Seriya biologii? geografii
solo ii &braid of Leningrad University, Biology, Geography and
Geology Serie, No 10, 1952.
46. Bugayev, V. A., Dshordshio, V. A. and Dubentsov, V. R.,
-"On the Thermal Effect of Duet During Dust and Sand Storms,"
izvestiya AN SSR, Seri a geograficheskaya glows of USSR Academy of
Scimaces, Geographical Serieil, No 3, 152.
47. Budyko, M. I., Berlyand, T. G. and Zubenok, L. I., 'The
Thermal Balance of the Earthrs Surface," Ibid., No 3, 1954.
48. Vitelts, L. A., "On the Problem of the Relationship Between
Precipitation and Solar Activity, Byulleten/ Kommissii po issledovani
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ITIM?Astronomical Council of the USSR Academy of Soleness
49. Gavrilova, M. X., "Radiation Balance in the Yakutsk Region."
Vestaik Moskovskogo universiteta, Seriya fisiko-matomatioheskikh i
estestvennykh nauk Zperald of Moscow University, Series of Physical-
Mathematloal and Natural Scienoeilr, Issue 4, No 6, 1954.
50. Gayevskiy., V. L., "On the Problem of the Effect of Albedo
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tizichesko observatorii Zfransactions of the Main Geophysical
Laboratoryj, Issue 39 (101), 1953.
61. Goysa, N. I., "Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Free
Atmosphere in the Kiev Area," Trudy Ukrainsko o aauohno issledovitelt
skogo gidrometeorologiohoskogo instituta LTranaaetions of the Ukrainian
Salentine Research Hydrometeorologioal lastitutg, Issue 3, 1955.
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52. Kondratlyev, K. Ya., and Ter-Markaryants, N. Ye., "On the
Daytime Progress of Albedo," Moteorologiya i gidrologiyagsteorology
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55. Lopukhin, Ye. A., "Intensity of Ultraviolet Radiations in
Tashkent," Ibid., No 1, 1956.
54. Lopukhin, Ye. A., "Investigation of the Radiation Field in
the Lower Part of the Troposphere for Clear-Sky Days over Tashkent,"
Trudy Institute matematiki I mekhaniki AN Uzb SSRffranaaotiona of
the Institute of Mathematios arid Mbehanics of the Uzbek SSR Academy
of Scieneeil, Issue 14, 1955 - Geophysics Section.
55. Mukhenberg? V. V., "Radiation and Thermal 6alanees in the
Leningrad Region," Msteorologiya I idrologiya nieteorology and
Hydrologg, No 4, 1953.
56. Myagkov, N. Ye., and Kapitonova, I. I. "Radiation and Thermal
Balmnoes of Turkmenistan," Ibid., No 4, 1952.
57. ?guava, T. A., "Certain Peouliarities of Thermal Balance
of the Active Surface (based on observations in Koltushi). Edited
by D. L. Laykhtman 1955, published by Gidrometeolzdat. Main Adminis-
tration of the Hydrometeorologioal Service of the USSR, Main Gee,'
physical Observatory.
58. Sulakvelidze, G. K., "Albedo of Snow Cover." Isaly_Instituta
geofiziki AN Gruz SSSR5ransaotions of the Geophysioa Institute of
the Academy of Sciences of the Georgian 5827, Vol. 12, 1953.
59. Ulanov, Kh. K., "Total Heat of Solar Radiation in Riga,"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiyagoteorology and liydrolo7, No 10, 1952.
60. Yedoseyeva, A. I., "Albedo of the Earth - Atmosphere System
and its Distribution Over the Globe. Trudy glavnoyoofizioheskoy
observatorii 4fransactions of the Main Geophysical Laborator,e,
Issue 41 (103, 1953.
61. Shoharbany, M. /., "Solar Radiation in Kiev," Trudy kievskoy
geofisicheskoy observatorii jransaotions of the kiev Geophysical
Observatory", Issue 1, 1952.
62. Yaroslavtsev, I. N., "Midday Values of the Intensity of
Direct Solar Radiation in Tashkent," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya
tool afgy and Rydrologg, No 5, 1952.
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63. Yaroslavtsev, I. N., "Results of Solar Energy Reoordings in
Uzbekistan." Extract from books Meteorology and Hydrology in
Uzbekistan, 1955.
64. Andrianov, M. S., On Circulation Factors of ths Climate in
the Western Oblasts of the Ukrainian SSR," (excluding the Trans-
carpathian oblast) Uohenyye zapiski Livovskogo gosudarstvennogo
universiteta (Scientific Notes of the Livov State University), Vol. 1,
Geographic Collection, Issue 1, 1951.
65. Baydal, M. Kh., "Oa the Problem of zonal Circulation in the
Atmosphere," Trudy kazakhstansko o nauohno-issledovateItsko o
gidrometeorologioheskogo institute Transactions of the K,azekhetan
&dentine Research Rydrometeorologioal Institut?, .Insue 3, 1954.
66. Baydal, M. Kh., and Serebryakova, A.A. "Climatic Peculiarities
of Cold Waves in Kazakhstan During the Cold Period of the Year," Ibid.,
7ssue 5, 1955.
67. Blyumina, L. I., "Analysis of the Recurrence of Certain
Synoptical Processes," 1954, Published by Gidrameteolzdat. Hain
Administration of the Hydrometeorologioal Service of the USSR (GUMS),
Central Institute of Forecasts (TSIP).
68. Bregina, A. Yu., "Evaluation of the Transfer Speeds of Air
Masses over the European Territory of the USSR. A000rding to Data
of &trio Topographic Charts," Trudy glavnoypofizicheskor observatorii
Tr-ransactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratore, Issue 45 (101),
954t.
69. Bugivev, V. A., Dzhordzhio, V. A. and Petrosyants, M. A.,
"Additional Information About the Nature of tee Pre-Asiatic Law
Pressure Area," Doklady Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR &ports of the
Academy of &Aeneas of the Uzbek 8 No 10,950.
10 70. Budyko, M. I., aed brozdov, O. A., "Laws Governing the
Moisture Cpl.' in the Atmosphere," Isvestiya AN SSR Seri a eo-
rafioheekm&ws of USSR Aoademy of Sciences, Oeographioal Serie?,
71. Budyko, M. I. and Drozdov, O. A., "On. Laws Governing the
Moisture Cycle in the Atmosphere," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR
&ports of the USSR Academy of Soienees(, Vol. 90, No 2, 1953.
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72. Burtsev, A. I., "Elements of the Moisture Cycle in the
European Territory of the USSR," Trud Tsentralyno o Institute TSIP
giansactionx of the Central Forecasting Institute Issue 38 (35
1955.
73. But, I. V. and Perelet, G. I., "On the Problem of the
Dynamios of Dry Winds and the Possible Role of Vertical Velocities
in the Formation of Dry Winds," Tz'udy Odessko o idrometeoro1og&ohesko
institute ffransaotions of the Odessa Hydrometeorological institute
lame 7, 1955.
74. Bykov, V. V. and Mashkovich, S. A. "On the Charaoteristios
of Zonal Circulation in the Atmosphere," Meteorolotsiya i gidrol%iya
geteorology and Hydrologib No 2, 1956.
76. Vitvitskiy, G. N. "The nature of Dry Rinds." From the books
Mioroolimatio and Climatic Investigations in the Caspian Lowland," 1953.
78, Vitells, L. A., "Calendar Peculiarities in the Intensity
Fluctuations of Ioelandie and North...European Cyolones," Izvestiza AN
SSR, Seriya eo4rafioheskayaiews of USSR Academy of Sciences,
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Geographical Seri.y, No 4, 152.
77. Vitel/s, L. A., "Annual Course of Lae Precipitation
Abnormalities," idro1ogiya and 4ydrologg,
No 3, 1952.
78. Vitolls, L. A., "The Equinoctial Effect in Precipitation
Abnormalities and its Frequent Annual Changes,* Ibid., No 6, 1952.
79. Voroblyeva, Ia. V. and Zgurko, V. B., "The probability of
Precipitation Depending on the Synoptic Conditions, Temperature, and
Air Humidity during the Warm Season in the Southern Part of the
European Territory of the USSR,* Trudy alavnoy 40ofizioheskoz
observatorii jransactions of the lain aeopfiysiaai Laboratorld,
Issue 0 (107)? 1954.
80. Vulifson, N. I., "Circulation Factors of Drought in the
Lamm?Volga Region, Kazakhstan, and Central Asia," lzvostiya AN SSR,
s
Seriy:/pesraficheskva g, '61. 76, No 2. 1952.ews of USSR Academy of &lioness, Geographical
Serie
SI. Gal/tsov, A. P., "Conferment)* on the Problem of the Moisture
Xole in the Atmosphere,* Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya gejraficheakva
es of USSR Academy of Soienoes, Geographical Series' , No 6, 1962.
? 14 ?
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82. Gelimgoltts, N. F., "Aerological Analysis of Atmospheric
Drought in Western Kazakhstan," Trudykasakhstansko o skogo ransaotions
WiliirkSoientiTisakhstaeli-Hy4:?I------l?rosteteoroogioal Institut?,
Issue 5, 1955.
83. Gin, A. A., "On the Problem of the Study of General Cir-
culation in the Atmosphere," Isveeti a AN SSR Seri a eo renal-wake a
of USSR Aoademy of Sciences, Geographical Series No 4, 1955.
84. Girs, A. A., "Certain Peculiarities of Synoptic Processes
in the Arctic and their Connection with the General Circulation in
the Atmosphere," Trudy lavno eofiziohesko- observatorii ffrans-
actions of the Main Geophysical Laborato Issue 5U-(I15), 1956.
85. Gins, A. A., "Properties of the Planetary High-Altitude
Frontal Zone Peculiar to the Principal Forms of Circulation,"
Mateorologiya I gidrologiyageteorology and Hydrologg No 1953.
86. Grigoeyeva, A. A. "Moisture Cycle during Different Years
In the South of the European Territory of the USSR," Trudy glavnoi
eofizioheako observatorii diensactions of the Main Geophysical
La rato ? Issue 50 1955.
87. Grigortyeva, A. A., "Certain Peouliarities of the Moisture
Cycle in the South of the European territory of the USSR during
Various Years," Ibid., Issue 45 (107), 1954.
88. Dzerdseyevskiy, B. L., "Preliminary Data on the Circulation
of the Atmosphere during Dry Wind Days in the Caspian Sea Region,"
From books Mioroelimatio and Climatic Investigations in the Caspian
Lowland, 1953.
89. Dsordzwevskiy, B. L. and Moan, "Type Diagrams of
General Atmospherio Circulation in the Northern Hemisphere and the
Circulation Index." Isvesti a AN SSR, Seri :eo:rafiehis a gewe
of USSR Academy of Sciences, Geographical Series No 6, 1954.
90. Drosdov, O. A., "Data on the Moisture Cycle in the European
Territory of the USSR and Central Asia," Trudy glom-no), geofisicheakey
obeervatorii gransactions of the Main Geophysioal Laboratory],
91. Drosdov, O. A., "On Differences in Temperature and Humidity
Values in the Free Atmosphere During Days with Precipitation and Days
Without Precipitation." Ibid., Issue 50 (112), 1955.
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92. loveorm, P. K., "On the Nature of Summer Dry Winds in the
South-eastern European Territory of the USSR," Isvestiya AN SSR,
Serlyaporafiahsekaya sews of USSR Academy of Sciences, Geographioal
Series/, No 2, 1954.
93. Zhakov, S. I., "Certain Data on the Origin of Atmospheric
Precipitation During the Summer Period in the Lower-Volga Region,"
Isvesti a Vs's? rao o ioo rafichosko o obshohestva ews of the
ion Geograp ioal Sooiet ?o . 84, Issue 162.
94. Zhakov, S. I., "On the Study of Geographical Peculiarities
in the Origin of Atmospheric Precipitutions." Ibid., Vol. 83,
Issue 2, 1951.
95. Zavarina, M. V., "Variations in the Beat end Uoisture
Content of an Aerial MASS Moving Over a Uniform Basement Surface,"
Trudy glavnof eofiziohesku observatorii ffransactions of the Main
*ueophysioal Laboratorxi, Issue 48 (110), 1954.
96. &marina, M.V,. "On the nature of Dry Winds. Critical
Review of the Literature," Ibid., Issue 30 (92), 1951.
97. Zavarina? U. V., "Dry Winds of 1949. (Aerologio-Synoptio
Analysis)." Ibid., Issue 36 (98), 1952.
98. &marina, X. V., "Dry Winds in the Southeast of the
European USSR." From Books Nicroolimatio and Climatic Investiga-
tions in the Caspian Lowland. Uosoow, 1953.
99. 2avarina, M. V., "Cold Dry Wind," Prirodagaturg, No 12,
1955.
100. Isayev, E. A.. "Synoptic Processes over the Atlantic Ocean
and Eurasia." Edited by O. A. Deosdova. Published by Gidromoteoisdat,
Leningrad, 1955.
101. Kats, A. L., "Quantitative Characteristic/a of Rorixontal
Components of General Atmospheric Ciroulation in the Northern Hemis-
phere. Noteorologiya i,gidrolotiya Potiporology and Ilydrologg
No 2, 1065.
102. Kurganskaya, V. M., "Characteristics of Drought Periods
from the Standpoint of GenorarAtmospherio Circulation." Irvestiya
AN SSR Sdoriya geografiohoskayaffiews of USSR Academy of Scienoss,
ographisa Serie!(, No 2, 1063.
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103. Minina, L. S., "Change in the Moisture Content of an Air
Mass Under the Action of the Basement Surfaos," Meteoroloiye
4idro1ogiyaj6teoro1ogy and Bydrologec No 5, 1955.
104. Mikhell, V. M., "On the Problem of Motion and Capacity Changes
of Bario Areas." Trudy glavnoy eofiziohesko observatorii ffrans-
actions of the Main Geophysical Laborato
Issue 66 giu, 1956.
105. Mishutin, D. A., "Dry Atmospheric Fronts in the Southern
Ukrainian steppes," Meteorolool,ra i idrolo i a geteorology and
Hydrologe, No 6, 19 .
106. Orlova, V. V., "Moisture Cycle During the Growing Season
of a Drought Year in Western Siberia as Related to the Ori in of
Precipitation," Trudy glavnoy eofiziohesko observatorii rens-
actions of the Main Geophysical Laboratory/, Issue 50 (m), 1955.
.107. Pagava, S. T., "Reaurrenoe of Certain Types of Synoptic
Processes," !..TITIlat211_11..1...elo/!....jay:gorteorology and Bydrologe,
NO 6, 1951.
108. Patrosyants, M. A., "On the Problem of Formation of the
Siberian Antioyolone." Doklady Akacitnii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSR geports
of the Academy of Sciences or the Uzbek SSW, No 2, 1951.
10S. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Intensity of Inter-latitudinal Exchange
of Air Masses During Different Seasons," Meteorolo4iya I0.drologya,
gilateorology and Bydrologe, No 6, 1954.
110. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Planetary Frontal Zones in the Northern
and Southern Bomisphores," Published by Gidromoteoizdat, 1955.
Mein Administration of the Hydrometeorologioal Service of the USSR
(GUGMS).
111. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Seasonal Changes of Planetary Frontal
Zones," Meteorologiya i gidro1og4wLffeteoro1ogy and Hydrologe,
SO 4, 1954.
112. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Diagram of Moisture Cycle in the Ateosphere,"
(Discussion). Isvestiya AN SSE, Seri a eo afiohes a gown of
USSR Academy of Soienees, Geographica No 5, 1952.
113. Pokravskaya, T. V. and Rubinshtein. Ye. S., "On the Problem
of the Study of Heat Exchange Between Oceans and Continents," s.)2,.../.2_.oi.aMetsoz
Lfil...drologiya geteorology and 10dro1oge, No 3, 1955.
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114. Polosova, L. G., "Characteristics of the continental
Nature of Climate," Isvestip Vessoyumnogo geuraficheskogo
obshohestva gees of the All-Union Geographical Societyl, Vol. 86,
No 5, 1954.
115. Rakhmanov, V. V. "An Artificial Diagram of the Moisture
Cycle," (Discussion). Ibid., Vol. 66, No 20 1954.
116. Rakhmanov, V. V., "The Extent of the Action Exerted by Forests
on the Moisture Cycle in the Atmosphere," Ibid., Vol. 85, No 1, 1953.
117. Rudakov, V. Ye., "On the Problem of Internal Moisture Cycle,"
Les i step' ffoods and Steppog, No 3, 1953.
118. Eutkovskiyi.V. I., "Intra-oontinental Moisture Cyole,"
Voprosy geografii /Problems of Geographg? Collection 28, 1952.
119. SOMOUOT, V. G., "Meridional and Latitudinal Synoptic
Processes over Europe During the Winter Months," Meteorologiya i
gidrologiya geteorology and HydrologyJ. No 8, 1953.
120. Semenov, V. G., *On the Connection Between the Intensity
of Atmospheric Circulation and the Temperature of the Basement Sur-
Laos," Ibid., No 1, 1952.
121. Sokolov, I. F., "On the Problem of the Meteorological Criterion
of Dry Winds in Monsoon Climate, Ibid., No 1, 1954.
122. Usmanov, R. F., "Oa Causes Leading to Formation of a Planetary
Frontal Zone and a SubtreNpical High Pressure Belt," Ibid., No 3, 1963.
123. Khromov, S. P., "Oa the Problem of the Origin of Precipi-
tation in the Lover Volga Region," Isvestiya Veesoyusnogo gwografiohes-
kojko obshchistvaLieews of the All-Union Geographioal Sooiste, VOI. 85,
Issue 1, 1963*
124. 'thruway, S. P., *Kith Reference to the DiJOU4SiOU on the
Internal Moisture Cycle (in the Atmosphere)." Ibid., Vol. 63,
Issue 5, 1951.
125. Tsinserling, V. V., "Naturall
on the Climate of the USSR." (Report
Council of the Geographical Institute
in May 1952). Isvesti a AN SSR Seri
USSR Academy of So enoes Geographic
Water Gyoles and their Effeot
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of the USSR Academy f &donee*
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Series ? No 5 52.
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126. Shvets, M. E., "On the Problem of the Moisture 2yele in the
Atmoephore," Tru&y glavnoyeofiziebesko obeervatorii 7ransaotiona
of the Main Nonphysical Laborato Issue 33 (93 1952.
127. Shvets, M. E., "Peculiarities of Atmospheric Movements in
the Equatorial Region." Ibid.. Issue 33 (95), 1952.
128. Shipchinskiy, A. V., "On the Problem of InternallMoistUro
Cole," (Discussion). Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya geograficheskaya
&awn of USSR Academy of Soienoes, Geographical Serielys No 6, 1952.
129. Abramovich, D. I., "Secular Variations in Humidification of
Western Siberia and Methods for Their Moderation," Trud1 Tran ortno.-
enorgeticheskogo instituta 2apadno Sibirskoe Miele AR SSSR rans-
actions of the Transport and Power Engineering Institute of the
Western Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Scienceg, No 3, 1952,
Novosibirsk.
130. Anosova, L. S., "Changes v. Ice and Thawing and Freezing
Periods of the Western Dvina River as a Function of Climate Warming"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiyaffeteorology and Hydrologg, No 6, 1955.
131. Arkhangellskiy, V. L.. "On the Problem of Climate Fluctua-
tion," Ibid., No 9, 1952.
132. Bezrukova, A. Ya., *The Effect Exerted by Solar Activity and
the Nature of Atmospheric Circulation upon Variations in the Levels
of Lakes and upon Droughts. Trudy Laboratorii ozerovedeniya AN SSSR
piansaotions of the Liminology Laboratory of the USSR Academy of
oence17, Vol. 3, 1954.
133. Berg, L. S., On the Problematic Drying-Up of Steppes and
Deserts," Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya keografioheskayagfews of USSR
Academy of &steno's, Geographical Seriey, No 5, 1953.
134. Blinova, Ye. N., "On the Problem of Pressure Determination
at Sea Level," Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR frteports of the USSR Aoademy
of Scieneeg, Vol. 92, No 3, 1953.
135. Bonchkovskaya, T. V., "Certain Characteristics of Atmospheric
Monsoon Activity," Trod Moskovsko dezichesko o institute grans-
actions of the Moscow Geodetic Institute - MG 1 Vol. 4, 1954.
136. Borisov, A. A., "Did the Climate of Leningrad Change?"
(Leningrad State University), Leningrad, 1953.
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Periods," irretnik Lenin radsko o universiteta Seri a biolo
ii I Iierald of Leningrad Univorsity, Biology, Geo-
graphy and Geology Seriwg, Issue 2, No 4, 1955.
138. Buohinskiy, I. Ye., "Did the Climate of the Ukraine Change
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graficheakogo obahowstvaffews of the All-Union Geographioal Sooietg,
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139. Buohinskiy, I. Ye., "On the Problem of Climatic flhatIce in
the Ukrainian SSR during the Period of Historical Time," lAtt2atol.paaya
gidrologiya teorology and Hydro1o7, No 5, 1952.
140. Buohinskiy, I. Ye., "Data on the Climate of the Northern
Bleak Sea Area in Ancient Times," Trudy Ukrainskogo nauohno-laaledovatelt
skogo gidrometeorologioheskogo institute LTransactions ot the Ukrainian
Scientific Research Bydrometeorologioil Inetitut!?, Issue 1, 1954. ?
141. Buohinskiy, I. Ye., "Sketohes on the Climate of the Russian
Plain. During Bistorioal Times,* published by Gidrometeoizdat,
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Mountains on Pressure Changes in the Central Troposphere," Mateorologiya,
I gidrologiyageteorology and Hydrologg, No 4, 1955.
143. Griohuk, V. P., "The Drought Period in Post-Glacial Times
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botanical data). Voprosy geografii bleats of Geograp
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144. Drozdov, O. A., "On the Conneetion Between Relative Humidity
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145. Maksimov, I. V., "The Eighty-Year Cycle of Climatic Varia-
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the Central Foreoast netitute ssue x, 1947.
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grafii , Collection 24, 1951.
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observatorii Z"fransactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratore,
Issue 33 (95), 1952.
150. Rakipova, L. P., "The Average Annual Zonal Temperature of
the Earth's Atmosphere and its Determining Factors," Ibid., Issue 41
(103), 1963.
151. Rubashev, B. M., "Secular Changes in the Earth's Rotation
Speed and Certain Characteristics of General Circulation of the Earth's
Atmoisphere in the Geological Past," Izvesti Vseso sno.o oo rafiohes-
,IETE!22:92m1.2Ltirligems of the All-Union Geographical Boa* Vol. 83,
Issue 2, 1951.
152. Rukhin, L. B., "The Climates of The Past," Ibid., Vol. 87,
Issue 2, 1955.
153. Sokolov, A. A., "Reduction in the Duration of Ice-Cover in
Conneotion with the Warming of Climate," Prirodagaturil, No 7, 1955.
154. Khromov, S. P. and Eygenson, M. S., "Zonal Peculiarities
of General Ciroulation in the Earth's Atmosphere, Geoid Critical
Parallels of and Solar Activity," Tsirkulyar No 28. Astronomicheskeya,
observatoriza L'vovskogo universiteta ifiroular No 26. Astronomic
Observatory of the
I. Universite, 954.
155. Shvets, M. Ye., "On the Bydrodynamio Theory of Zonal
Atmospheric Circulation," Trud larno oofizichesko observatorii
firansactions of the Main Geophysical Laborator ? Issue 41 103
1953.
156. Shullgin, L. M., "On Changes of Climate in the Town of
Barnaul," Izvestiya Vsecoyuznogo geografioheskogo obshohestva germ
of the All-Union Geographical Sooietz(0 Vol. 85, Issue 1, 1953.
157. Eygenson, M. S., "Briknerts Cycle and Solar Activity,"
Byulletent Kommitsii ye iaa1edovaniii Solntsa gulletin of the
Commission for the Study of the St1, No 7 (21), 1951.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Cop Approved for Release
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168. Bygenson, M. S., "Geophysical Manifestations of the Centennial
Cycle of the Sun's Activity," Izvesti a Vseso zno o ?eo rafichesko o
obshohestvagews of the All-Union Geographical Sooiet Vol. 83,
Issue 1,
159. Eygenson, M. S., "On the Possible Nature of Paleoolimatio
Changes," Ibid., Vol. 85, Issue 4, 1953.
160. Alisov, B. P., "The Problem of Latitudinal Climatio Zoning,"
Vestnik Moskoyskogo Universiteta, Seriya fiziko-matamaticheskikh i
estestvennykh nauk HeraldL of Moscow University, Series of Physical-
Mathematical and Natural Science17? Nos 3 and 5, 1953.
161. Berlyand, T. G., "On Changes in the Moisture Content of the
Soil and in the Thermal Balance During Drought Years." Trudy3lavnoy
geofizioheskoy observatorii ffransaotions of the Main Geophysical
Laboratorzi, Issue 29 (91), 1962.
162. Budyko, M. I., "Climatic Conditions for Humidification on
,
Continents," Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya gi.b.rafichesk No 2, 4, 1955.
163.
of USSR
Academy of Sciences, Geographical Series
163. Budyko, N. I., "The Climatic Factors of Drainage," Problemy
fizioheekoy geografii ZFroblems of Physical Geographil, Vol. 16, 1951.
164. Budyko, M. I., "On Transformation of Solar Energy on the
Earth's Surface," IsvestiyaAN SSR, Seriya grfrafiobearagews of
USSR Academy of Sciono6s, Geographical Series , No 1, 1954.
165. Vblobuyev, V. R., "aoils and Climate," Institut poohvovedeniya
I agrokhimii. AN Azerb. SSR, Baku Zrnstitute for Soil Science and
Agricultural Chemistry - Academy of Sciences of the Azerbaydzhan
SSR, Bekg, 1953.
166. Gnedin, N. D., "The Spring and Summer Temperature Regime of
Soil on Slopes According to Their Exkosure," Trudy Chuvashskogo
xellsko-Khozyaystvonnogo Institute Ztransaotions of the Chuvash Agri-
cultural Instituty, Vol. 2, 1951.
167. Demohenko, L. N., "On the Problem of Evaporation from. Water
Surfaces on the Plain Territory," Meteorologiva I idrolo,giyagoteor..
ology and ydrolog, No 10, 1952.
168. Zhegnevskaya, G. S., "On the Problem of Climatic Bumidifioa-
tion Factors in the Southern Part of the European USSR," Izvestiya
Voissoyuznop pografioheskogo obshchestva sews of the All-Union
Geographical Societe, Vol. 86', Issue 6, 1954.
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169. Zubenok, L. I., "Determination of Evaporation in Drought
Regions of the USSR," Ibid., Vol. 86, Issue 6, 1954.
170. Zykov, I. V., "Why Zmeinoye Lake dries up." Ibid., Vol. 86,
Issue 3, 1954.
PS 13 171. Ivanov, N. N., "Determination of the Magnitude of Evaporation,"
Ibid., Vol. 86, Issue 2, 1954.
172. Ioganson, V. Ye., "Experiments in the Study of Evaporation
in the Caspian Region." From book: "Mioroolimatio and Climatic
Investigations in the Caspian Lowland." Moscow, 1953.
173. "Investigations on Snow Melting, Infiltration and Dynamics
of Moisture in Soils," edited by P. P. Kuemin. Published by
Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1951. Main Administration of the
Hydrometeorologioal Service of the USSR (GUMS). Trudy Gosudarstvennogo
Gidrologicheskop institutaaransaations of the State Hydrological
Institut2/, Issue 32 (86).
174. Komarov, V. D., "On Processes of Snow Thawing in the European
JSSR." Meteorologiya I gidrologiya geteorology and Hydrologg, No 1,
1951.
175. Smolyakov, P. T., Kozhevnikov, Z. P.0. Kolobov, 14, V. and
Fedotov, E. D., "The Orographic Factors in the General Ciroulation
of the Atmosphere," Uohe, pa za iski Kazansko o osudarstvenno o
?
universitetagoientifio Notes of the Kazan State Universi
Vol. 111, Book 5, 1951.
176. Puzanov? V. P., "On the Complex Manifestation of Thermal
Effects in Nature," Vestaik Moskowiskigo Universiteta, Seriya fiziko-
temkhiestestvekhnaukLlierald of Moscow University,
Series or Soiencleg, Issue 8,
No 12, 1954.
177. Raspopov, LP., "Problems of the Moisture Cyole in Subsoils
of the North-Western Section of the Caspian Lowland." Izvestiya
VsesokruznosolooloPraficheskogo obehohestvaLriews of the All-Union
Geographieal Societil, Vol. 86, Issue 2, 1954,
178. Rubinentoiu, Ye. S., "The Effeot Exerted by Distribution of
Oceans and Land on the Earthls Surfaee Upon the Air Temperature."
Ibid., Vol. 85, Issue 4. 1955.
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179. Shultgin, A. U., "Climate of Soils in the European USSR
2onality, Isvestiya AN SSR, SoriyAyAgews of USSR Academy of Soleness, Geographical Series , No 6,
in Connection with Soil " .:/geografiches
1955.
180.
180. Shultts, V. L., "Evaporation and Condensation on the Sur-
face of snow Banks during their Thawing Period," Isvestiya Uzbekskogo
filiala geo4raficheskoge Obshohestva SSR frown of the Uzbek Branch
of the Geographical Association of the US gra Vol. 1 (22), 1955.
181. Shullts, V. L. and Shalatova, L. I., "On the Relation
Between Intensity of Snow Thawing and its Duration," Doklady Akademii
NTUzbekskoy SSR porta of the Academy of Scienoes of the Uzbek
SS , No 12, 1952.
182. Alpattywv, S. M., "Irrigation as a Method for Combating
Drought in the Irrigation Region," Trudy Konferentsii p0 vo rosu
vodnogo khozyaystva Ukrainyjransac ions of Conference on the Water
Economy of the Ukraine, Kiev, 1952.
183. Andrianov, M. S., "Wioroelimatio Peculiarities of the City
of Lvov," Uohenyys sapiski Ltvovskogo gesudarstvennogo universiteta
joiontific Notes of Ltvov State Universiti.(rV41. 18; Geografioheskiy
sborak jeographic Colleetiog, Issue 1, 51.
184. Arkhipova, Ye. P., "The Effect of Arrest Belts upon the
Temperature Regime of Soil," Trud lava() eofizieheskov observatorii
7iaasaotions of the Main Geop si rate ssue S6 (98),
1962.
185. Arkhipova, Ye. P., "On the Problem of Soil Temperatures
in Forest Cultivation Areas," Ibid., Issue 30 (92), 1951.
186. Arkhipova, Y8. P., "The Temperature Regime of Soils in
Reolaimed Marshes," Ibid., Issue 49 (121), 1955.
187. Arkhipova, Ye. P., "Soil Temperatures in Forest Belts and
in the Fields," Ibid., Issue 44 (106), 1954.
188. Arkhipova, Ye. P. and Glebova, M. Ya., "The Mioroolimatie
Peculiarities of an Irrigated Field," Ibid., Issue 38 (98), 1952.
189. Arkhipova, Ye. P. and Glebova, U. Ya., "Some Data on the
Climate of an Irrigated Field," Meteoro1o4Va I gidrologiya aeteorology
and *drologe, NO 6, 1952.
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189a. Babushkin, L. N., "Moteorologioal Faotors and Plants,"
Trudy Sredneaziatskogo Universitet* gransaotions of the Central
Asia Universitzi, issue II, 195$.
190. Beresneva, I. A. and Dantlova, L. P., "The Effect of Plain
Elevation on Precipitation and Moisture Cycle." Trudy glavnoy
geofizicheskoy observatorii ffransaotions of the Main Geophysical
Laboratory!, Issue 45 (107), 1954.
191. Blagoveshohenskiy, E. N., "Investigations on Soil Moisture
In the Eastern Kara-Kum." Izvestiya AN Turkmen SSSR sews of the
Academir of Sciences of the Turkmen sssy, No 4, 1952.
192. Bobrov, V. Ya and Shohitov, A. S., "About One of the Causes
of Dry Winds in the Western Pre-Caucasus," Priroda gatur27, No 1, 1954.
193. Budyko, "Changes in the Thermal Balance during
Realization of Stalin's Plan for the Transformation of Nature."
Meteorologiya i rit.dr,o,.logiya..Seteorology and Hydrologil, No 12, 1951.
194. Budyko, N. I., "The Effect of Meliorative Measures Upon
Evaporability, Izvestiya. AN SSR, Seri/a geograficheskaya gews of
USSR Aoademy of Scienoes, Geographical Soriey, lio 1, 1051.
195. Budyko, U. I., "The Ilydrosteteorological Elf latency of Field-
Protective Forest Belt Cultivation. Theses of a Report," :Voprosy.
geografii ffroblems of Geography7, Collection 23, 1950.
196. Budyko, M. I., Drosdov, 0. A. and Yudin, N. I., "On the
Problem of Quantitative Calculations of Changes in Natural Conditions."
Izvestiya AN SSR, Soriya pografieheskaja Ziews of USSR Academy of
Zoienees, GeograAioal Serie.il, No 2, 1951.
** 197 at bottom
198. Budyko, M. I. and Yudin, M. I., "On Setting up Experimental
Investigations of the Meteorologioal Efficiency of Field Protective
Forest Belts,* Trudy ELlavnoy goofizieheskoy observatorii Zirraneactions
of the Main Geophysical LaIxsratoryl, Issue 29 (9'1), 1952.
199. Budyko, N. I. and Yudin, M. I., "On Setting up Experi-
mental Investigations for the Study of Turbulence in Regions of Field
Protective Forest Belts," Meteorologiya Igidroloam LKeteorology
and Bydrologg, No 5, 1951.
200. Budyko, U. I., Yudin? N. I. and Yakovlerra, N. I., "Evapora-
tion from Irrigated Sections and Evaporability," Ibid., No 1, 1954.
*4;197. Budyka, M. I. and Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Changes of the Climate
in the Ground-Surface Air Layer Luring Melioration of Drought Regions,"
Priroda gature..7, No 5, 1954. 20 r
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201. Buohinskiy, I. Ye., *The Effect of Law Elevations Upon
Precipitation," Ibid., No 6, 1953.
202. Buohinskiy, I. Ye. "Relief and Preapitations." Izveatya
Vsesoyuznop eo4rafichaskoso obshohestvagews of the All-Union
Geographioal ScieT, Vol. 66, Issue 2, 1954.
pg 14 203. Vasillyev, I. S., "Soil Freezing and Thawing in the Moscow
Region," Poohvovedeniye oi1 Soienag, No 9, 1952.
204. Bernatskiy, D. P., Vinokurova, M. K., Kaganov, M;. A.,
Rozhanskaya, A. D., Chudnavskiy, A. F., *Effect of Forest Belts upon
Microolimate," Lea i Ste, goods and Steppegc No 1, 1952.
205. Volevakha, N. M. and Polovko, I. K., "The Mioroolimate of
Ponds, Wator Reservoirs and Irrigated Sections in the Southern
Ukraine." Trudy Ukrainskego nauohno issledovatellskogo gidro-
meteorologioheskogo instituta aransaations of the Ukrainian Scientific
Research Bydrometeorologioal Institutg, Issue 1, 1954.
206. Vorontsov, P. A., "Aerologioal Conditions of Arid Periods
During the Summer of 1951 in the Emmennaya Steppe," .Trudy glavney
geofizicheekoy observatoriiffransaotions of the Main Geopnysieal
Laboratoril, Issue 36 (98), 1952.
207. Vorontsov, P. A., "Breezes of the Tsimlyansk Water
Reservoir," Dodd., Issue 54 (116), 1955.
208. Vorontsov, P. A., "Vortical Air Movements during the
Summer in the Tsimlyansk Water Reservoir Area," Ibid., Issue 56 (118),
1956.
209. Vorontsov, P. A., "Study of Wind Gusts over Forest Belts."
Ibid., Issue 38 (100), 1953.
210. Vorontsov, P. A., "Investigation of Air Motion Trajectories
and of Night Radiation Inversion over Seaters in Various Stages of
Reclamation," Ibid., Issue 49 (111), 1955.
211. Vorontsov, P. A., "Certain Problems of Local Air Circula-
tion," Ibid., Issue 54 (116), 1955.
212. Vorontsov, P. A., "Experimental Investigations of Air
Currents over Forest Bolts and Intorbelt Strips in the Kamennaya
Steppe," Ibid., Issue 32 (94), 1952.
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213. Vorontsov, P. A., "Peculiarities of Local Winds in the
Erlbrus Region," Ibid., Issue 32 (94), 1962.
214. Vorontsov, P. A. and Kazakov, L. A., "Peouliarities of
the Wind Regime over a Cotton Oasis and a Semi-Desert," Ibid., Issue
39 (101), 1953.
215. Galakhov, N. N., "The Effect of Forest-forming Species
upon Thawing of the Snow Cover." From book: "Problems of Snow Studies
and Utilization of Snow in the National Economy," Moscow, 1955,
published by the Geographical Institute of the USSR Academy of Soien5ws, _
216. Galakhov, N. N., "Relation Between the Course of Individual
Meteorological Elements and the Weather." From book: "Mieroolimatio
and Climatic Investigations in the Caspian Lowland," Moscow, 1963,
published by the Geographical Institute of the USSR Aoademy of Sciences.
217. Gal'tsov, A. P., "Drought and its Prevention." Nauka
zhizni goienoe and Lig, No 8. 1955.
218. GalItsov, A. P., "Haw a Drought Originates and Drought
Preventive Measures," Popular-scientific lecture. (Kolkhos Series).
"Pravda," 1951.
219. Galftsov, A: P., "On Climatic Interaotion Between Irrigated
and Nonirrigated Areas," Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya geograficheskeya
616ws of USSR Academy of Sciences, Geographical Serits/c No 3, 1953.
220. Glebava, M. Ya., "Some Peculiarities of the Temperature
Regime and Air Humidity in Afforestation Areas and in Fields."
Trudy glavnoy eofizioheskoy observatorii ransaotions of the Main
Geop sioal La ratorje, Issue 30 (92), 1961.
221. Glebova, M. Ya., "Results of Expedition Observations of
Air Temperature and Humidity in a Reclaimed Marsh." Ibid., issue 49
(11)0 1955.
222. Glebova, M. Ya., "Air Temperature Field Protective Forest
Belts." Ibid., Issue 36 (98), 1952.
223. Glebova, M. Ya., "Air Temperature and Humidity in Forest
Belts During the Growing Season." Ibid., Issue 44 (106), 1954.
224. Gnedin, N. D., "Spring and Summer Temperature Regime of
Soil in Slopes According to their BJ, sure." Trudy Chuvashskogo
sellsko-Khozya stvenao o Institute ransaotions of the Chuvash Agri-
oulcural Insti uty, ViL. 2, 1961.
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225. Golubova, T. A., "Certain Peculiarities of Air Humidity
in Forest Belts." Trudy glavnoy goofizicheskoy observatorii
gransaations of the Main Geophysical Laboratoril, Issue 36 (98),
1952.
226. Golubova, T. A., "Radiation Regime Inside a Forest Belt."
Ibid., Issue 36 (98), 1952.
227. Golubova, T. A., "Radiation Balance of a Dry Gap and of
Various Sectors in a Reclaimed Marsh." ibid., Issue 49 (111), 1955.
228. Golubova, T. A., "Radiation Regime under the Tree Tops
of Forest Bolts," Ibid., Issue 44 (106), 1954.
229. Golttsborg, I. A., "Early Frosts in Reclaimed Marshes,"
ibid., Issue 49 (111), 1955.
230. Golltsborg, I. A., "Changes in the Duration of the Frost-
free period on Inter-strip Fields." Ibid., Issue 36 (98), 1952.
231. Golitsborg, I. A., "Usteorologioal Efficiency of Blown
Forest Belts of Various Structure.* Ibid., Issue 44 (106), 1954.
232. Golltsberg, I. A., "Uidroolimatio Peculiarities of
Reclaimed Marshes,* I.t.oro1oiya and
Rydrologe, No 2, 1955.
233. Golltsberg, I. A., "Air Humidity and Evaporation in Field
Protective Belts.* Trudy glavnoy geofiziohoskoy observatorii
gransactions of the Main (oophysical Laboratorx(, Issue 29 /91),
982.
234.
Turbulenoe
235.
Storms in
Soioncg,
Gol.taberg, I. A., *Expedition for the study of Atmospherie
in Field Protective Belts,* Ibid., Issue 29 (91), 1962.
Gribanov, L. N., *On Understanding the Nature of Black
the Kulunda Steppe of Altay Kray,* Poohvovedeniye goil
No 9, 1954.
pg 15 236. Gurevioh, M. l*, *The Effect of Forest Belts upon Snow-
Retaining Capacity under Conditions Prevailing in the Kamennevi.
Steppe," Trudy Gosudarstvennor gidrolosioheekogo ins#tuta Lfrans-
actions of the State Hydrological Instituty, Issue 34 (885, 1952.
257. Deryabin, D. I, "Distribution af Winter Preaipitation
and Accumulation of Moisture Reserves in Forests and in Fields.
(Central Volga Region)," Lesnoxm Khozyaystvo gbrest &moose,
No 2, 1952.
238. Dzerdzeyevskiy, B. L., "Methods of Changing the Climatic
Conditions in the Caspian Region." av_oLt.i.e....ANeriaso-
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aficheskaya gews of USSR Academy of Sciences, Geographical Serieg,
o -1, 1952.
239. Dzerdzeyevskiy, B. L., "Thermal Balance and Microclimate
of Estuary and Dry Steppe in the Caspian Region." Ibid., No 2, 1954.
240. Dzetavskiy, B. V., "Theoretical Fbundationa for Measuring
Mioroolimate by Means of Afforestation Belts," aornik trudov
Novooherkasskogo inzhenerno-meliorativnogo institutaipollected
Works of the Novocherkassk Engineering Melioration Institutg,
Vol 5, 1955.
241. Drozdov, A. 0., "Certain Peculiarities of Moisture Cycle
in Connection with Meliorative Measures," Trudy glavnoy geofizicheskoy
observatorii gransaotions of the Main Geophysical Laboratoril,
Issue 36 (98), 1952.
242. Dubinskiy, G. P., "Mioroclimate of the Kamensk Irrigated
Mountain Range," Trudy Ukrainskogo nauchno issledovatelgskogo
gidrometeorolegiohesko o instituta LTr1act10ns of the Ukrainian
Soientifio Researoh Hydrom.teorologloal Institutii, Issue 3, 1955.
245. Dubinskiy, G. P., "Mioroolimatio Cross Section of the
Dnepr River Valley in the Kakhovka Region," Uchenyye zapiski
Khaekavsko o universiteta &tontine Notes of Khartkov Universitz7,
Vol. 56, 1956.
244. Dubinskiy, G. P., "Askaniya-Nova Steppo-oasis." (Essay
on Preliminary Microolimatio Charaoterization). Ibid., Vol. 56* 1956.
245. Yevdokimov, K. T., "On Snow Retarding Aotion of aind-
Blown Forest Belts," Les i Step' &oda and Steppeg, No 1, 1953.
246. Yefimova, N. A., "The Effect of Forest Belts upon Air
Temperature and Humidity in Fields Located Between the Belts,"
Trudy dammoy eofizichexkoy observatorii Lsnsaotiozz3 of the Main
Geophysioa La ratorie, Issue 44 (1-05), 154.
247. Zavarina, U. V., "Drought and its Prevention," Geografgiz
&blishing House of Geographical Literaturil, Moscow, 1954.
248. M. I. Budyko, O. A. Drozdov, M. I. LIvovioh, Khs P.
Pogosyan, S. A..Sapozhnikova, M. I. Yudin, "Laws Governing Changes
in Climate During Execution of Stalin's Plan for the Transformation
of Nature," Voprosy 4wo4rafii groblems of Geographe, Collection 28,
1952.
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249. U. I. Budyko, O. A. Drozdow, M. I. LIvovich? Kh. P.
Pogosyan, S. A. Saposhinikova, lato I. Yudin, "Changes in Climate
Connected With the Plan for Transforming the Nature of Arid Regions
in the ussa," edited by Kh. P. Pogosyan. Published by Gidrome.-^4,,A,?+,
Leningrad, 1952,
250. "Investigations on Changes of the Hydrometeorologioal
Regime Under the Action of Protective Field Afforestation," edited
by P. P. Kuzfnin. Published by Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad. 1952.
GUGMS.; Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Gidrologiohesko o institute g-rans
A -
actiors of the State ydrologioal Institut2i? Issue 3 8 .
251. Isherskaya, Ye. V., "Some Observations on the Looal Climate
in the Volga River Valley." Prom book: "Microclinmtio and Climatic:
Investigations in the Caspian Lowland," Moscow, 1953, Geographical
Institute and Forestry Institute of the USSR /Wade/Ay of &fiances.
252. Kirillova, T. V., "The Effect of Irrigation upon Radiation
Characteristics of the Active Surface," Trudy glavnoz geofizioheskoy
observatorii gransactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratory('
Issue 37 (99), 1952.
253. Kirillova, T. V. and Nesins, L. V., "The Effect of
Irrigation upon Changes in the Components of Thermal Balance in
a Wheat Field," Ibid., Issue 55 (115), 1955.
254. Koldomasov, L. I., "Properties of Droughts and Dry Winds
in Western Siberia and Methods for Their Prevention," All.-Union
Association for the Dissemination of Political.' and" Scientific
Knowledge, Novosibirsk Section, published by the Novosibirsk State
Publishing House, 1951.
265. "Composite Expedition for Hydrometoorologioal Service in
Pakhta-.Aral During the Summer of 1952," edited by D. L. Laykhtaan,
published by Gidrometooisdat, Leningrad, 1955. GUGMS? Main Administra..,
tion of the Hydrometeorologioal Servioe of the USSR; Trudyslsrnoy
geofizioheskey observatorii ffransaations of the Main Geophysical
Laboratory/, Issue 39 (101).
266. Kondratlyev, K. Ya. and Manolova. U. P., "On the Problem
of Supply of Dispersed and Total Radiation on the Surface of a slpps."
Meteoro15147211.1a:5216121g4teorology and Hydrology?, No 6, 1965.
257. Kondratlywv, K. Ya. and Podoltakaya, E. L., "The Effeotive
Radiation of Slopes," Isvesti a AN SSR Seri so retches a
J6ws of USSR Academy o a ones., Geograp i.e Series No 4 953.
30
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7nnicinnn4
?
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258. Konstantinov, A. R., "The Effect Upon Atmospheric Pre-
cipitation of Complex Measures for the Trensformation of Nature,"
Neteorologiya Isidrologixa geteorology and hydrologe, Mo 8, 1952r.
259. Konstantinov, A. R., "Evaluation of the Effect Exerted
by Protective Field Afforestation Upon Atmospheric Precipitation,"
Trudy Gosudarstvennogo idrolo* iohosko o institute ifransactions
of the Stat. Hydrologioa InStIssue 34 (86), 1952.
260. Konstantinov, A. R., "Computation of Evaporation from
Ag-ricultural Fields, Taking into Account the Effect of Forest Belts,"
Ibid., Issue 34 (88), 1952,
281. Konstantinov, A. R., "Computation of Wind V elooitie s in
the System of Protective Field Afforestation." MeteoroloAiya 3.
dro 1 c)4. ya , No 12, 1951,
262. Kopanev, I. D., "The Effect of Protective Field Forest
Belts on Distribution of Sam Cover in the Arid Zone of the European
USSR." Edited py M. I. Budyko, published by Gidrometeoisdat,
Leningrad, 1955. GUGMS; Trudj Go sudarstrannogo Gidro1o4icheskogo
institute jransaotions ot the Stat. ILyttrologieel Institut.!(',
Main Goophysioal Observatory.
263. Kopenev, I. D., "The Effect of Forest Belts on Snow
Retention," Trudy 41arnoy goofizioheskoy obeervatorii iensactione
of the Main Geophysical Laboratoril, Issue 44 (106), 154.
264. Kopenev, I. D. "Snow Deposits Near Forest Belts of Various
Structure," Lesnoys Khozyaystvo gorest Boonome, No 12, 1954.
266. KO Still, S ? I "Climatio Conditions in the Region of the
Tsimlyansk Water Reservoir," Nauchnyy. Zapiski Voronezhskogo
lesokhozyeystvennogo institute irientifio Notes of .014, Voronezh
Forest Eoonomy Institutly, Vol. 3, 1952.
266. Krylov, P. A., "Dry Winds in the Volga Region." Izvestiya
AN SSRiL Seriya geograficheskeya golfs of the Aoademy of Sciences,
Goographioal Serioy, No 5, 192.
pg 16 267. Laykhtman, D. L., Ogneva, T. A., "Experimental Data on
the Effect of Irrigation Upon Changes of Turbulent Exchange in
Lower Air Strata." (According to data of the Pakhta-Aral Expedition).
Tru -lava() eofiziohmako- observatorii gransaotions of the Main
eophysic La ra o Issue 3 0 ), 1953.
? 31 ?
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268. Laykhtamn, D. L. and Tseytin? G. Kh., "Temperature Changes
in the Ground Surface Layer of the Atmosphere During Irrigation."
Ibid., Issue 39 (101), 1953.
269. LIvovioh, M. I., "Changes in the wind and Water Regimes
of a Territory Resulting from Agricultural and Forest Melioration,"
Trudy Institute goografii AN SSRZfransaotions of the Geographical
Institute of the USSR Acadeby of Soienoeg, Issue 64, 1955.
270. Livovich, M. I., "Investigations on the Hydrometoorologioal
Effect of Protective field Afforestation," Trudy Gosudarstvennogo
gidrologichoskop institutajransactions of the dtate Hydrological
Institutil, Issue 54 (88), 1952.
271. Lyakhov, M. Ye., "Microolimetio Observations in the
Chernyy Yar Rayon of Aetrakhan' Oblast' " From books "Mioroollmatio
and Climatic Investigations in the Caspian Lowland." Moscow, 1953.
272. Data From the Expedition into the Kamennaya Steppe,"
edited by O. A. Drozdov, Trudzgtlavnoy pofizioheskoy obeervatorii
gransaotions of the Main Geophysical Laboratoril, Issue 40 1102),
1953.
273. Matyakin, G. I., "Forest Field-Protective Belts and
Nicroolimate," published by Geografgiz, Moscow, 1952.
274. Mikhaylenko, N. N. and Prikhottko, G. F., "Some Woroclimatio
Peouliarities of a Humidified Ravine," Trudy Ukrainskogo nauohno -
issledovatel'skogo gidromotoorologioheskogo institute Lranaaotions
of the Ukrainian Scientifio Aestearch Aydrometeorologinal Institutg,
Issue 1, 1954.
275. Uolchanav, L. A., "Expected Changes in Climatic and
Hydrological conditions in Central Asia Resulting nrom the Develop-
ment of Irrigation in its Southern Section." Izvestila Uzbekskogo
filial& geovaficheskogo Obshohestva SSR gems of the Uzbek Branch
of the Geographical Association of the USS87, Vol. 1 (22), 1955.
276. Nolohanov, L. A., "The Role of Field-Protective Forest
Belts in Increasing Humidity of Fields by Snow Aooumulation."
Ukrainskogo nauchno issledovateltskogo zidrometeorologioheskogo
inst tuta rensactions of tfis Ukrainian Scientific, Reeeareh Hydro- '
?"1"671"-met.00 oal Institutg, Issue 3, 1955.
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277. Morozova, M. I., "The Role of the Phonological Effect
Exerted by Mountain and Valley Circulation in the Formation of the
Temperature Regime in the Angren Valley." From book: "Meteorology
and Hydrology in Uzbekistan," 1955.
278. Arkhipava, Ye. P,, Glebova, M. Ya., Golubova, T. A. and
Ramonova, Ye. N., "Certain Thermal Balanee Data in a Reclaimed Marsh
and in a Dry Gap," Trudy 41avnoy geofizioheskoy observatoriifrans-
actions of the Main boophysioal Laboratorz(, Issue 49 (111),1955.
279. Poltaraus, B. V., "The Effect of Field Protective Forest
Belts on Air Temperature."12a....jorf_a_k_eorafiiffroblems of Geographer,
Collection 28, 1952*
280. Popov, V. P., "Changes in the Agrtoultural Climate of.
Steppe and Forest-Steppe Rayons in the Ukrainian SSR, as Related to
the Execution of Stalin's Plan For the Transformation of Nature,"
from book: "SyMpoaium of Transactions at the Conference on. Water
Resources in the Ukraine," Kiev, 1952.
281. Romanava, Ye. N., "The Effect of Forest Belts on the
Vertical Structure of Wind and Turbulent Exchange." Trudy glavaoy
geofiziobeskoy observatorii gransactions of the Main Geophysical
Laboratore, Issue 44 (106), 1954.
282. Romanova, Ye., ItinypeilitiowilaFa Reclaimed Marsh and in a
Dry Gap," Ibid., Issue 49 (111), 1955.
283, Romanova, Ye. N., "The Effect of Forest Belts on Turbulont
Exchange," Ibid., Issue 36 (98), 1952.
284. Rutkovskiy, V. I., "Dynamies of Climate on the Pease.-
Kamensk State Protective Forest Belt Line.' From book: Transactions
of a ComplAz Scientific Expedition for the Study, 4-A" vt.,113.ir:#4uotivoi
Afforestation," Vol. 2, Iczur; I. lezz.
285. Sambikin, M. M. and Suvorova, N. D., "Dry Winds of Stalin-
grad," Stalinvadskiye when ? zapiski Stalingradskogo gosudarstvennogo
podaegioheskor institute. talingrad Scientific Motes of th4, Stalin-
grad State Pedagogical Institut22c 1955.
286. Sapozhnikova, S. A., "The Problem of Standardization in
Afforestation as a Factor Affecting Climate," Trudylavno to-
fizioheslx7 observatorii ransaotions of the Main Geophysical
Laborato , Issue 30 (92J, 1951.
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287. Saposhnikova, S. A., "The Mioroolimate of Irrigated Fields
(Air Temperature and Humidity, Soil Temperature). Ibid., Issue 45
(107), 1954.
288. Saposhnikova, S. A., "Some Peculiarities in the Climate
of Oases Under Conditions Prevailing in Central Asia," Ibid., Issue
30 (92), 1951.
289. Sapozhaikova, S. A., "On the Climate of Oases Under
Conditions Prevailing in Central Asia," Meteorologiya I. gidrologiya
jeteorology and Bydrologe, No 3, 1952.
290. Smallko, Ya. A., "Wind Protective Zones of Forest Belts
of Various Structure," Isvestiya AN SSR, Seriya gsograficheskaya
2.116we of the Academy of Scienoes, Geographical Sorieg, Mo 5, 1952.
291. Smallko, Ya. A., "On the Problem of Variations in Absolute
Air Humidity in Forests and Fields Sheltered by a Network of Forest
Belts." Ibid., No 3, 1952.
292. Smaltko, Ya. A., "The Effect Exerted by Protective Forest
Belts in Changing the Mioroolimato of Fields Located Between Belts
Under Various Weather Conditions," from book: "Transactions on
Agricultural and Forest Melioration," Kiev, 1952; Ukrainian Scientific-
Research Institute for Agricultural and Forest Melioration and Forest
Economy.
293. Smirnova, N. V., "Climatic Sketch of an Area of Activity
Covered by the Expedition in the Pakhta-Aral Sovkhos." Trudy glaInoy
-eofisichesko observatorii grans:Lotions of the Main Geophysical
Laborato Issue 952.
294. Smolyakov, P. T., "Climate of Tataria as Related to the
Creation of the Kuybyshev Sea." Uehenyys sapiski Kasanskogo gomudarst-
vennop universitetacientifia Notes of the Kazan State Universitzt,
Vol. 111, Book 7, 195L
295. Sobolev, L. N., "Results of Observations on the Volume of
Snow Cover in Various Vegetation Habitats in the Forest-Meadow Belt
of Northern Tien-Shan. Geopaficheskiy sbornik geographioal Collectiog,
Vol. 4, 1954.
296. Sumarokov, V. S., "The Effect of Forest Belts on Snow
Thawing and Surface Drainage." Les i Step/ goods and Stoppg.
No 1, 1952.
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pg 17 297. Sus, N. 1., Golubeva, N. A., and Androsava, T. P., "Improvement
of Microolimatio Conditions in the Steppe for Pramating_the Growth
of Young Tree Plantings," Meteoralogiya i gidrologiyageteorology- and
Rrdro1og, No 6, 1954.
298. Temnikova, N. S., "Dust Storms in Stalingrad Oblast',"
Ibid., No 1, 1955.
299. Temnikova, N. S., "A Rare Case of Ground Inversion,' Ibid.,
No 2, 1953.
300. Treshchevskiy, V. O., "The Effect of Agrioultural Crops
on Microolimate," Ibid., No 1, 1958.
301. Troitskiy, N. A., "The Effect of Green Vegetation an
Urban Climate," Isvestiya Krymskogo atrial& Geo&rafioheska o obshchestva
SSSR jaws of the Crimean Section of the OSSR Geographio sAtitlieV
Issue 3, 1954.
302. Fedorov, Ye. Ye. and Chubukav, L. A., "Formation of Arid
Weather and Methods for iheir Possible TransformatioaL! Problemy
fisioheskoy geo4rafii froblems of Physical Geographx(, Vol. 18, 1951.
303. Felidman, Ye. I., "Some Results of Microolimatie Investi-
gations in the Caspian Lowland." Fran books"Mioroolimatic and
Climatic Investigations in the Caspian Lowland," Moscow, 1953.
304. Feledman, Ya. I. and Chubukov, L. A., "Climate of Arid
Regions of the USSR and Methods for its Improvement," Mosoaw, 1956;
published by the USSR Academy of Sciences, Scientific-Popular Series.
305. Khromov, S. P. "Climate in Stalin's Plan for the Trans-
formation of Nature,' Vt.ltnik Lenin radskop Universitetagerald
of Leningrad UniversitW, No 4, l91.
306. Tsuberbiller, Ye. A. and Belukhina, O. V., "Weakening of
Dry Winds under the Action of Forest Belts," Trudy Tsentraltnogo
Institute TSIP jransactions of the Central Forecasting Institut,
Issue 41 ( 1956.
307. Chudnovskiy, A. F., "Microolimate and Thermal Balance of
an Irrigated Field," from book: "Mioroolimetic and Climatic Investi-
gations in the Caspian Lowland," Moscow, 1953.
308. Shullgin, A. M., 'The Distribution Pattern of the Snow Cover
in Fields," from books "Problems Related to the Study of Snow and its
Utilisation in the National Economy," Moscow, 1955.
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309. Yastrebova, O. P., "Climatie Characterization of the Area
Occupied by the Onokhaysk Selection Station," Transactions of the
Onokhaysk State Soleotion Station during 1938 - 1949, Issue 1, 1951.
310. Budyko, M. I., "The Thermal Balance of the Earths s Surface,"
published by Gidrometeoisdat, 1956.
311. "Agroclimatio and Water Resources in Regions of Develop-
ment of Virgin and Mineral-Bearing Lands." Edited by F. F. Davitaya,
published by Gidrometooizdat, Leningrad, 1955, Main Administration of
the Bydrommteorological Servioe of the USSR (GUGMS).
312. "Agroolimatio Conditions in Regions of Development of
Virgin and Mineral-Bearing Lands." Edited by F. F. Davitaya,
published by Gidrometooizdat, Leningrad, 1954, Main Administration' of
the Bydrometeoralogioal Service of the USSR (JS).
313. "Agroolimatio Handbook for tae Moscow Oblast" puZlished
by Gidrometeoisdat, Leningrad, 1954. Main Administtation of the
--Byidrometeorological Service of the USSRk(GUGMB); Moscow Administra-
tion of Hydrometeorologioal Service.
314. Aysenshtat, B. A., "Hydrometeorologioal Effieiency of
Irrigational Agrioulturs in the Golodnaya Steppe," from Books
"Hydrometuorology Helps the National Economy," based on data pre-
sented at a conference on 24-27 March, 1954, in Tashkent.
315. Aysonshtat? B. A. and Zuyev, M. V., "Certain Peculiarities
of the Meteorological Regime in Cotton Fields in the Semi-Desert
during the Autumn Period." Trudy glavno geofiziohoskey observatorii
cf7ransactions of the Main Geophysiosa Laboretorf, Issue 39 (Ali,
953.
316. Aleksandrova, A. G. and Chuykova, A. T., "Agroclimatio
Characteristics of Gremyaohinskiy Rayon," from book: "The Nature and
the Economy of Gremyaohinskiy Rayon in Voronezh Oblast," Voronezh,
1953.
317. Allayasov, A. K., "Estimate of the Suitability of the
Climate in the Lower Amu-Darlya River for Cotton Growing," Sbornik
studenoheskikh rabot Sredneasiatsko o gosudarstvennop universIteta
2po11ected?Taint Works of the Central Asian State thiversite,
Issue 5, 1953, Tashkent.
318. Alpattywr, A. N., "Evaporability as an Approximate Index
of Agricultural Crops Grown in Water," Meteorologiya gidrologiya
geteorology and Hydrology?' No 5, 1952.
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319. Alpat'yev, A. M., "On an Index of Drought," Ibid., No 4,
1955.
320. Akhmedov, G., "Certain Properties of the Mioroolimate of
an Alfalfa Field." from book: "Meteorology and Hydrology in Uzbekistan,"
Tashkent, 1955.
321. Babushkin, L. N., "Agrometeorologioal Evaluation of
Seasons," Trudy Tashkentskoy geofizioheskoy observatorii gransaotions
of the Tashkent Geophysical Observatoril, Issue 6 (a), 1954.
322. Babushkin, L. N., "Agromateoro1oGica3 nbservations in
Rice Fields," Ibid., Issue 8 (9), 1954.
323. Babushkin, L. N,, "The Method of Agroolimatic Division
into Distriots in Uzbekistan," Trudy Srednea-geograficheskiye nauki,
19.114e,2, 1951 gransactions of the Central Asian State University,
New Series, Issue 28, Geographic Sciences, Book 2, 19517.
324. Babushkin, L. N., "On the Sawing Periods of Grain Crops
on a Hill of Uzbekistan," Trudy Tashkentskoy goofizicheskoy
obaervatorii gransaotions of the Tashkent Geophysical Observatorii%
Issue 8 (9), 1954.
325. Babushkin, L. N., "Air Temperature and Humidity in Cotton
and Lucerne Fields under the Conditions of Irrigational Economy in
Uzbekistan," Ibid., Issue 7 (8). 1952.
326. Babushkin, L. N., "On Agroolimatic Peculiarities of Pamir,"
Trudy Srednea-Feo raficheakiyo naukil knio 2, 1951 jransaations of
the Central Asian Stat. University, New Series, Issue 28, Geographic
Sciences, Book 2, 195g.
327. Babushkina, N. N., "Temperature Regime of Soil in Soil under
Alfalfa Crops During the Autumn Period." Trucly Tashkentakoy geotisicheskoy
observatorii 4Transaotions of the Tashkent Geophysical Observatoril?
Issue 7 (8), 952.
pg 18 328. Babushkina, N. N., "Certain Peculiarities of the
Temperature Regime of Soil in a Cotton Field," Ibid., Issue 7, 1952.
329. Brileva, N. A., "The Effect of Residual Grass Among
Agricultural Crops Sown on Forest Bolts on the Thermal Regime of the
Air Ground Surface Layer,* Trudy lavnoy eofizicheskv observatorii
ffransaations of the in Geophysical LaboratorV, Issue 36 (98),
1952.
-37-
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330. Verigo, S. A., Mostindkaya, S. B. and Razumova, L.
"The Moisture Supply of Spring Wheat in an Area of Development of
Virgin and Mineral-Bearingiamds." Meteorologiya i gidrologiya
goteorology and Hydrologi
, No 5, 3465.
331. Veselovzorov, R. D., "Computation of the Period Between
Corn Sowing and Maturing Based on Air Temperature," Ibid., No 12,
1952.
332. Galakhov, N. N., "Pre-Spring 'Sunburn' of Wood Plants,"
Prirodagaturg, No3,1955.
333. Dzerdzeyevskiy, B. L., "Meteorologioal Peculiarities in
Virgin and Mineral-Bearing Lands of Altay Kray and Northern Kasakhstan
During 1954,"z?)._.__I.IlsvestiaANS8SR?eco:-?erafiohesjiews of the
Academy of Soiaeoghioarap?es..-NO-2--,--1955.
334. Dolgashev, V., "Autumn. Frosts and Plants," Isvestiya
Vsesoyusnogo geograficheskogo obshohestvaNews of the All-Union
Geograihical Sooiotd, Vol.-85, Issue 2, 1953.
335. Zinina, A. F. and Fel"dman, Ya. I., "Microolimatio
Conditions in Areas of Tea Cultivation in the Northern Fbothills of
Krasnodar Kray During Wintertime," Izvesti a AN SSR Seri a
geografioheskaya ging'', of the Aeadegy at Soienoes, Geographioal
Serieil, Mb 1,
335. Zinina, A. F. and Felldman, Ta. I., "Mieroalimatic Con-
ditions in Areas of Tea Cultivation in the Kuban' During Summertime,"
Ibid., No 5, 1955.
337. Zubarev, N. A., "Meteorological Peculiarities of Regions
of Development of Virgin and Mineral-Bearing Lands," from book*
"Assistance to Agricultural Specialists in the Development of Virgin
and Mineral-Bearing Lands," Moscow, 1964.
338, Zuyev, M. V., "Formation of an Air Temperature Inversion
over a Cotton Field," Tru Tashkentsko eofisichesk observatorii
4ansactions of the Tashkent Geopllysioal Observato Issue 8
954.
339. Zuyev, M. V., "Mioroolimate Formation in a Cotton Field,"
Tashkent, 1955; AN Usb. SSR Institut satoslatiki i mekhaniki obademy
of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Institute of Mathematics and Mochaniag.
359a. Zuywr, M. V., "Mioroolimate Formation of Cotton Fields,"
published by Gidrometeoizdat, 1956.
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4
340. Zuysv, M. V. an4 Chertis.nava, N. A., "Certain Peculiarities
of the Microelimmte of a Cottnn Field," from book: Hydrometeorology
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Oblast',"
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342.
Kabanov, P. G. "'Weather Conditions in 1950/51 in Saratov
from book. "Brief epert on Scientific Research Work Per-
the South-Eastern Agrimatural Institute in 1951," Saratov?
Kirillov, T. V., "The Thermal Balance in a Wheat Field."
Voteorolo
Eajaiidoloiageteorology and Hydro1o4g, No 2, 1955.
343. Klyuohnikov, Yu. I., "The Agroclimatio Potential for
Expanding Sowings of Winter and Spring Wheat in North-Eastern
Kazakhstan2 T.L.A...fart;flil_CazhstVoroeolakanaffeographic Problems of
Kazakhstay, Issue , 9 .
344. Kopyt? A. D., "Characterization of the Soil Humidity
Reserves Available Under Principal Agricultural Crops in Grain
Regions of Kazakhstan." Trudy Kazakhatanskop nauchno - issledovatel,
akogo gidroneteorolofillts!IEEo institute LTransaotione of the Kazakhstan
Scientific Research Ily-dr-om?ateorological Institutg, Issue 4, 1955.
345. Kulik, M. S., "Certain Indices for the Evaluation of
Drought Phenomena," Meteorologiya i gidrologiyageteorology and
Hydrologg, No 9, 1952.
346. Kulik, M. S., 'On the Evaluation of Drought Phenomena,"
Ibid., No 1, 1952.
347. Kurguzov, Ya. V., "Agroolimatic Conditions in the Bashkir
ASSR," published by Bashgosizdat Oashkir State Publishing Housg,
Ufa, 1952.
346. Lyatkovskiy, A. K., "Sequence of Phonologioal Phases in
the 'Unshiul tangerine under Conditions Prevailing in Western Georgia
Dependirn Meteorologiaal Fectors," Trudy Tsentrallnogo Institute
(TSIP) Transaotions of the Central Forecast-in-Institut?), Issue 37
(64), 1954.
349. Mostinskaya, S. B., "Agrometeorological Conditions of the
Growth of Spring Wheat on the Irrigated Territory of the Kuybyshev
Hydroelectric Development*" Ibid., Issue 29 (56), 1953.
350. Mostinskaya? S. B., "The Soil Humidity Regime of Principal
Crop Rotation Fields Under Conditions of Protective Field Afforesta-
tion in the Trans.-Volga Area," Ibid., Issue 33 (60), 1954.
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351. Okushko, A. A., "Agrameteorologioal Desoription of Winter-.
ing Conditions of Winter Crops on the Irrigated Territory of the
Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Development," Ibid., Issue 29 (56), 1953.
352. Ostroumov, S., "Climate and Agriculture in the Irkutsk
Oblast'," published by Oblgosizdat 61.1ast* State Publishing Housil,
Irkutsk, 1951.
353. Pavlovskiy, Ye. S., "Nature of Microolimatio Conditions in
Forest Belts in the Corridor Method of Oak Tree Growing," Meteorologiya i
gidrologiya asteorology and Hydro1ogy7, No 2, 1956.
354. Petelin, B. M., "Soil-Climatic Conditions of the Oblast',"
published by Oblizdat Lalast, Publishing Houog, Vladimir, 1951;
Oblast' Agricultural Administration. Aloksandrovsk Selection Station.
355. Protserov? A. V., "Desoription of the Drought Occurring
During the Growing Season of Agricultural Crops on the Irrigated
Territory of the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric Development," Tr....1...AE
Tsentral'no o Institut& (TSIP)fransaotions of the Central Fore-
casting Ins itutil, Issue 29 (6's), 1953.
pg 19 356. Rozhanskaya, O. D., *Computation of Total Evaporation from
Irrigated Fields under Grain Crops.* from books "Mioroolimatio and
Climatio Investigations in the Caspian Lowland," Moscow, 1953.
357. Rusin, N. P., *Physioal and Meteorological Conditions of
Dry Winds in Aricultural Fields,* Trudy glavnoy eofizicheskol,
obeirvatorii flrauaactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratory";
Issue 53 (lisT, 1955.
358. Sabinina, I. G., *The ffeat of the Temperature Factor
upon the Unfolding of the First Leaves of the Mulberry Tree in the
Springtime Under Conditions Prevailing in Uzbekistan,* Trudy Tsentral,
noe Instituta (TSIP) ifransactions of the Central Forecasting
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359. Samokhvalov, N. F., "Agroolimatia Basis for Determining
the Period of Spring Field Work in the Virgin Land Devolopment Areas
of Northern Kazakhstan,* Trudy Kazakhstanskogo nauchno issledovatel"
akog9idrometeorolo iohesko o institute LTransaations of the Kazakhstan
Soent fiolifesearoh Hydrame oiirgria artitut27, Issue 4, 1955.
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Observations During 1950," Isvestiya Vsesoyuznogo pograficheskoga
obshohestva flows of the All-Union Geographieal Societe, Vol. 83,
Issue 4, 195
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361. Solishohenekaya, A. A., "Review of Phonological Observa-
tions during the summer of 1950." Ibid., Vol. 83, Issue 1, 1951.
362. Temnikova, N. S., "Frosts on Pura Fallow Land and Residual
Grass Land," Meteorologiya igidrologVa, eteorology and Hydrologg,
No 5, 1965.
363. Terent'yeva, N. L. and Gurinova, L. V., "The Effect of
Forest Field Protective Belts on Soil Fertility in Areas Located
Between Belts," from books "Transactions on Agricultural and Forest
Melioration," Kiev, 1952; Ukrainian Scientific-Research Institute for
Agricultural and Forest Melioration and Forest Economy.
364. Tyurin, A. V., "Seasonal Development of the Oak Tree and
of its Companions in the European USSR," published by Goslesbumisdat
qntate and Paper Publishing Housg, Mosoow-Leningrad, 1954; All-
ion Scientific Engineering and Technioal Society for Wood Industry
and Wood Economy, Public University.
365. Ulanova, Ye. S., "Agroolimatio Conditions of the Autumn
Development and Growth Period of Winter Crops in. Western Siberia,"
Moscow, 1954; GUGMS Main Administration of the Hydrometeorological
Servioil and TSIP Central Weather Inetitutg.
366. Fedoseyev, A. P., "On the Problem of Agroolimatio Condi-
tions for Cultivation of Sown Grass in the Semi-Desert Zone."
Trud Kasakhstanskogo nauohno ? issladovateleskogo gidrometeorologiches-
kogo institute 40ransaotions dif the Kazakhstan Scientific Research
Hydrometeorological institutg. Issue 4, 1955.
367. Famine, N. A., *Elements of the Radiation and Thermal
Balanoes in a Cotton Field,* Tashkent. 1954. Trudy Srednea-
eo raficheski e nauki kni a 2, 1951 gran:motions of the Central
Asian State 1iv.raity, 141w Series, Issue 28, Geographic Sciences,
Book 2, 19527, Issue 58, Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Book II.
368. Tsuberbiller, Ye. A. "Agroclimatio Characterization of
Dry Winds on the Irrigated Territory of the Kuybyshev Hydroelectric
Development,* Trudy Tsentraltnogo Institute (TSI!) 5ransactions of
the Central Forsoasting Institut!/, Issue 29 (56), 953.
369. Tsuberbiller, Ye. A., and Krasnitskiy, G. A., "The Action
of Low Air Humidity on Wheat Growth under Artificial Irrigation,"
Ibid., Issue 37 (64), 1954.
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?
370. Akinovich, T. I., "The Altitude of Tropopause over the
Southern Part of the European USSR During the S ji ring Season," Trudy
Odesskogo gidrometeorolo-icheskogo institute Transactions of the
Odessa 4ydrometeoro1ogic Institut!(,c Issue , 1955.
371. "Aotinometrio Rand Book," edited by Prof. I. N.
Yaroslavtsev, Administration of the Bydrometeorological Service of
the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent, Geophysical Observatory. Issue 1: 1953;
Issue 2: 1954; Issue 3: 1956.
371a. Alisov, B. P., "Climatic Regions of Foreign Countries,"
published by GeograftAz, 1950.
372. Antonov, V. S., "Cliwatio Zonixiof Tuve," Izvestiya
VAesoyuznogo eografioheskogo obshohestva pews of the All-Union
Geographical Sooi.til, Vol. 86, Issue 6,, 1954.
373. Arkhipova, Ye. P., "Temperature Charts of the Surface of
Barron Soil," Trudy glavnoy 4eofizioheskoy obsorvatorii gran:motions
of the Main Geophysical LaboratorW, Issue 45 (let), ).964.
374. Babushkin, L. N., "Climate of Uzbekistan,' published by
Aoademy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSR, Tashkent, 1953.
375. Borisov, A. A'. "The Degree of Climatic Knowledge Avail-
able on the Crimea,' Tru Ukrainsko o nauohno - isslodovatellsko o
gidrommteorologioheskogo inst u ransaotions of the rainian
Scientific Research Rydroneteorologioal Institutg, Issue 3, 1955.
576. Borisov, A. A., "On Principles of Climatic Zoning,"
Izvesti:ya Vsesoyusnogo geo rafiohesko o obshohestva?Mws of the
All-Union Geographical Soo Vo . 8 No 3,
377. Borisov, G. N., and Kapitonova, I. I., Vaximum Air
Temperatures in Turkmenistan," Izvostiya AN Turkm. SSR sews of the
Academy of Sciences of the Turkmen SSW, No 4, 1952.
378. Brudin, I. D., "Snow Storms in the Spurs of the Southern
Pre-Urals Region," Izvestiya Vsesoyuznogo geografieheskogo obshohestva
56ws of the All-Union Geographical SocietE(s Vol. 83, Issue 2, 1951.
379. Bugayev, V. A., "The Study of the Climate of Central Asia
tiva a Dynamic and Stoohastio Viewpoint," Trudy Tashkantskoy
eofisicheskoy observatorii jransaotions of the Tashkent Geophysical
0 servatoril, Issue 5 (6), 1961.
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380. Veymov, K., "The Climate of North-Eaatern Turkmenistan,"
Uche. 14 ? sa.iski Turkamasko o taliversitetagoientific Notes of the
??,.xt tat
vers ? Issue 4, ?
381. Gavlina? G. B., "Climate of Khakassia," from books
Natural Conditions and Agriculture in the Khakasskaya Autonomous
?blasts,* Moscow, 1964.
382. Galakhov, N. N., "Climate of the Central Fro-Angara
Region an of the Upper Lena River Basin," Trudy Inatituta geografii
AN SSSRLTransaotions of the Geographio Institute of the USSR
Aoademy of Seism:mil, Issue 64, 1965.
382a. Vitvitskiy, G. N., "Climate of Japan," published by
Geograf,Aiz, 1954.
382b. Vitvitskiy, G. N., "Climates of North America," published
kraffitE.Salb 1953.
383. "Hydrometeorologioal Observations of the "Slava" Whale-
Fishing Flotilla in 1949/60 in the Antarctic," edited by L. F.
Rudovita, published by Gidrometeoizdat, 1954; Trudy Gosudarstvennogo
okeanograficheskogo institutaffransactions of the State Oceanographic
Instituty, Issue 24 C36l":-
384. Dmitriyeva, 0. B., "Last Spring Frosts and First Autumn
Frosts in the Moscow Oblast'," Trud Tsentrallno o Institute (TSIF
ffransaotions of the Central Forecasting Inst tute Issas 3
1954.
pg 20 385. Zubkov, Ye. F., "July Frosts in the Molotov Oblast',"
Trudy Molotovskop osude.rstvenno o sellsko-khoziraystvenno o
ins; tut* Ltransact ons of the Mb ?tor state Agriculture/ nstitutg,
Vol. 13, 1961.
386. Ivanov, N. N., "Annual Amplitude of Atmospherics Precipi-
tation," Isvsstiya Vsesoyuznog000araficheskogo obahohestva gems
of the All-Union Geographical Sooietzir, Vol. 87, Issue 6, 1956.
387. Karetnikove., K. A4, "Temperature Characteristios of
Seasons in Central Asia According to Data Obtained at the
Meteorological Station of Tashkent Observatory," Trudy institute
matematiki i mokhaniki AN Usbok SSRifransactions of the Institute
a tirathematfint anA Mechanics of oademy of Sciences of the
Uzbek SSffl, Issue 12, 1953.
43
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388. "Climate of Oceans," Monkey Atlaseaval Atl&g, Vol. 2,
published by the General Staff of the Navy, -'19 3.
389. "Climatic Data For the Area Lying Between the Volga and
the Ural Rivers." edited by S. A. Sapozhnikova, published by
Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1951; GUMS Main Administration of the
Bydrameteorologioal Servio27 and TSIP Central Weather Institutg.
390. Konoplev, N. P., "Attempt at Classification of the
Climates of the World Ocean," Trudy Okeanografioheskogo Institut&
giansaotions of the Oceanographio Institut2i, Issue 21 (33), 1952.
391. Kostin, S. I., "Climatic) Zones and Regions of the Central
and Eastern Forest-Steppe and of the Russian Plain Steppe," Trudy
Voronezhskogo Gosudarstvonnogo universiteta, tom 30, Sbornik rabot
geografichaskop fakuetetaZTransactions of the Voronezh State
University, Vol. 30, Colleoted Works of the Geographic Facultg, 1954.
392. Lopukhin, Ye. A., "Actinometric Observations in Turks,"
,T;udy instituta matematiki mekhaniki AN Uzbek SSRZfransaotions
o the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of
Sciences of the Uzbek 0117, Issue 14, Tashkent, 1955, Geophysics.
393. Lvvova, S. N., "The Snow Cover in Tashkent," Trudy
Tashkentskoy geofizicheskoy observatorii gransactions of the
Tashkent Geophysical Observatoril, Issue 8 (9), 1954.
394. Molohanov, L. A., "New Chart Showing Evaporation Over
the Territory of Central Asia," from book: "Meteorology and Bydrology
in Uzbekistan," 1955.
395. Morozova, M. I., "Results of a Statistical and Stochastic
Analysis of Precipitation Anomalies in Tashkent," Trudy instituta
matematiki i mekhaniki AN Uzbek SSRlfransaotions of the Institute of
Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek
347, Issue 12, 1953, Geophysics.
396. Uurzayev, E. M., "System For a Physical and Geographical
Zoning of Central Asia," Izvestiya AN SSR, Soriya geyaficheskaya
sews of the Academy of Sciences, Geographioal Series , No 6, 1953.
397. Muzanava, A. A., "Snow Cover in the South Eastern USSR "
8e1'sky. khosyaystvo Povo1rzh/ya,ggrioulture in the Volga Regio
No 3, 1955.
44
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of?
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398. Navrotskaya, V. S., "On the Problem of Climatic Boundaries
of the Bleak Sea Steppe," Trudz Odes:kap gidrometeorologicheskogo
inetituta ffrainaaotione of the Odessa Hydrometoorologioal Lastitutg,
T7if.v, 1955.
399. Nazarov, V. S. and Rybnikov, A. A., "Hydrometeorologioal
Observations on the Whale Ship *Slava-16' of the Antarctic Whaling
Flotilla in 19502," edited by L. F. Rudovits, Trudy Gosudaretvennogo
okeano aficheskogo institute gransaotions of the State Oceanographic
Institute Issue 25 57), published by Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad,
1954.
400. Orlova, V. V., "Climatic' Sketch of the Barabinsk Lowland,"
edited by M. I. Budyko and T. V. Pokrovskiy, published by Gidro-
meteoizdat, Leningrad, 1954; USSR Ministry of Agriculture; GUGMS
Ain Administration of the Hydrometeorologioal Servicgand TSIP
ntral Weather Institutg.
401. Ponomarenko, I. N., "Unusual Snow Storms in the Eastern
Regions of the Northern Caucasus," Meteorologiya ijidrologiya
Zpiteorology and Hydrologg, No 1, 1955.
402. Popov, N. I., "Tornadoes on the Black Sea Shore," Ibid.,
No 5, 1955.
405. Puzyreva, A. A., "Climatic Conditions in the South-
Kazakhstan Oblast' of the Kazakh SSR," Hoseart, 1963; Geographic
Institute of the USSR Aoademy of Sciences.
404. Romanov, N. N., "On Prolonged and Strong Cold Spells in
Central Asia," Trudy instituta matematiki I mekheniki AN Uzbek SSR
gransactions of the Institute of MeIhemation an&Mechanios of the
Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek SSg, Issue 14, 1955, Goophysios.
405. Samokhvalav, N. F., "Dry Winds in Kazakhstan,"TruAy
Kazakhetanekoge nauchno issledovatelIskogp 4idromoteorologicheskogp
institutaere.nsaationa of the Kazakhstan Scientific Research Hydro-
meteorological Institut, Issue 1, 1953.
406. Semenova, O. A., "Soma Anomalies of Precipitation in Central
Asia," from book: "Meteorology and Hydrology in Uzbekistan," 1955.
407. Sirotov, K. M., 'Brief Climatic Sketch of a Western Area in
the North-Eastern Part of the Atlantic Ocean," Trudy Okeanograflobeskop
instituta gransactions of the Oceanographic Institutiel, Issue 20 (152),
1952.
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408. Sorokina, A. I., "Review of Hydrometeorologioal Conditions
During the Sailing from Odessa to Vladivostok in the Spring of 1949,"
Ibid., Issue 21 (33), 1952,
409. Stepanov, N. D., "Weather in the Central Urals,"
Sverdlovsk, 1955.
410. Tauber, G. M., "Hydrometeorologioal Observations on the
Whaling Mother Ship 'Slava' of the Antarctic Whaling Flotilla in
1947/48 and 1948/49," edited by L. F. Rudaritsa, Trudy Okeano-
grafioheskogo institute ffransaotions of the Oceanographic institutlIT
Issue 19 (31), published by Gidrometeoizdat, 1951.
410a. Tauber, G. M., "The Antarctic. Basic Charaateristics of
Climate and Weather," published by Gidrometeoizdat, Moscow, 1956.
411, Tauber, G. U., "The climate of the Antarctic," Geografiya
v shkole &ography in Schoog, No 4, 1952.
412. Tauber, G. M., "Basio Climate Characteristics in the
Antarctic," Moteorolp5iya i gidrolo?iyageteorology and Hydrolo,gg,
No 1, 1956.
413. Uteshev, A. S., "Atmospheric Droughts in the Northern
Section of Kazakhstan," Trudy Kazekhatanskogo nauohao issledovatel"
,skogo Gidrometeamllgicheskor inatitutaaransactions ot the
Kazakhstan Soientifie Research Hydrometeorologioal Institutgc
Issue 1, 1955.
414. Felvdman, Ya. I.
tions in the Land Territory
Northern. Kazakhstan and in t
AN SSR Seri a so rafiahes
Geograp loal Series
and Shvareva, Yu. N.,"Qlimatio Condi-
Under Recent Agricultural Development in
he Foothills of Altay Kray." Isvestiya
gews of the Academy of Sciences,
D54.
415. Cherkasov, V. M., "Certain Conclusions Derived From
Experimental Atmospheric Temperature Probing Over Tashkent."
Trudy Tashkentskoy soofizichesillobservatorii 2Transaotions of the
Tas ent GeophysicalObservato Issue-C-1T, 951.
416. Ayzenshtat? B. A., "Practical Method for Determining the
Components of Thermal Balance of the Barth's Surface," Ibid., Issue
5 (6), 1951.
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pg 21 417. Alekseyov, G. A., "Determination of the Probability of
Hydrological and Climatologioal Phenomena Occurring Several Times
During the Year," Trudy Gosudarstvenno o idro1ogicheskojo instituta
jransactions of the State Hydrological Instituty, Issue 43 (97),
1954.
418. Arkhipava, Ye. P. "Method of Indirect Determination of
the Temperature on the Surface of Barren Soil," Trudy glavnoy
geofizioheskoy observatorii flransactiona of the Main Geophysical
Laborato ssue 30 (92), 951.
419. Bogoslovskiy, B. B., "Computation of Atmospheric Pre-
eipibation Based on Hypsometric Data," Meteorologiya i gidrolo42.ya
Lyeteorology and Bydrologg, No 5, 1951.
420. Budyko, M. I., Berlyand, T. G. and Zubenok, L. I., "Methods
of Climatologioal Computations of the Components of Thermal Balance,"
Trud lavno eofiziohesko obeervatorii jransaotions of the Main
Geophysical Laborato Immo 48 1954.
421. Budyko, M. I. and Yofimova, N. A., "On the Acouracy of
Charts Showing the Components of Thermal Balance," Ibid., Issue
50 (112), 1955.
422. Voronteov, P. A., "Methods For Aeroelimatio Processing of
Data Obtained in Baloon Flights," Ibid., Issue 47 (109), 1954.
423. Golub, Ye. V., "Analytic Method for Constructing the
Curve Showing the Annual Course of Air Temperature," ILIALL4mAaNe
gidrometeorologicheskogo institute gransactions of the Odessa Hydro-
meteorologloal Institutyc Issue /. 1955.
424. Golubov, R. S., "On the Problem of Utilizing Climatologioal
Datalbr Makin Long-Rang. Weather Forecasts," Meteorologiya i
gidrologiyaaieteorolou and BydroIc7, No 9,70117-
425. Guterman, I. D., Dunayeva, S. I. and momayeva, L. V.,
"Applicability of the Difference Method in Agroolimatio and Pro-
cessing," Trudy* Toentralinogo nauchno-issledovatolfskogp gidro-
meteorologichoskogo arichivaZyransaations of the Central Scientific
Research Mydromoteorological Arohivegc Issue 2, 1955.
426. Drozdov, O. A., "Space-Time Characteristics of Climate
and Their Practical Significance," (Theses of Reports at the
University Jubilee Session). Uehenyyo sapiski Kasanskoe_icsudarstvennogo
universitota (scientific Notes of the Kazan State Universite,VoI. 115,
Book 10,19S5.
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427. Yovesyev, P. K., *Attempt at the Neohanized Proosising
of Neteorolo oal Obeervations for Agrioultural Use," Natoorologiya
gidrologiya eteorology and Bydrologes No 6, 1954.
428. Ivanov, N. N., "Determination of the Magnitude of Climate
Continentality," Izvesti a Vass? ano o eo rafioheako obshoheetva
gews of the All-Union Geographic Soot. Vol. 85, Issue 4, 1953.
429, Klyuohnikovs Yu. I., "On the Problem of Complex Characteri-
zation of Climatic Elements," Uchenyys zapiski Kasakhako osuderst-
;awn? o)universiteta Soientifio Notes of the &Mil State vers
Vol. 18, IssaWIT (Geology and Geography).
430. Kolosnikov, A. R. and Pivovarov, A. A., "Computation of
the Thermal Helenas and of its Individual Components on the Basis of
Air Temperature," Trucly Morskogo idrofizioneskogo institute jrans-
actions of the Naval Hydrophysic Institutil, Vol. 6, 1955.
431. Ilszontsav, V. R., wAftitl,nn +ha Cnmnnitation of Average
Total Ev rations* Meteorcilogiya igidrologiyageteorology and
Hydrolo No 5. 1955.
432. Nal:womb, I. V., Sidorova, I. I. and Bobrikova, V. M.,
"Distribution of Air Temperature and Mind Velocity According to
Wind Directions," edited by V. N. Sokolova, published by Gidrometeoisdat,
Moscow, 1955.
433. Ped,, D. A., "Determination of Constant Passage Figures
of Air Temperature through Definite Values," Netoorologiya i gidrologiya
????????????????????????
gatteorology and Hydroloze, No 10, 1951.
434. Pokrovskayas T. V., "Certain Summaries Obtained in Compil-
ing the Climatologio Handbook of the USSR by Areas,* Ibid., No 10,
1952.
435. Samoohkins V. M., "Utilization of the Thermal Wanes
Equation in Arriving at Precise Formulae for Caloulating at
Losses from &Water Surface," Ibid., No 2, 1956.
436. Sapozhnikova, S. A., *Method for Computing the Probability
(Provision) of Mean Decade Temperatures," Trudy Tsentrallnogo
Institute (TSIP) ffiansaotions of the Central Poreoasting rnstitutg,
Issue 41 (68), 1956.
437. Felidman Ye. I. and Chubukov, L. A., *Climate in Different
Weather," Priroda Atturg, No 10, 1953.
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pg 22 II SYNOPTIC METEOROLOGY
The results of a large number of investigations on synoptic)
meteorology by Soviet authors, as well as the results of many years
of practical experience, by eynoptie researchers of the USSR MIrdro-
meteorological Servioe? particular of synoptia researchers working
at the Central Institute of Forecasts, engaged in the compilation of
various types of weather forecasts, are summarised in a oolleotive
work (1) published under the title: "Guide for Shorts-Range Weather
Forecasts." This is the first time that such a summary, which
includes results of investigations on problems of synoptic meteorology
published in the USSR and in foreisa countries, has been compiled.
The *Guide" consists of two parts and contains a sufficiently vows
plot* and systematic exposition of contemporary synoptic methods used
for short-range weather forecasts. More detailed information on
subjects listed in this guide can be found in the studies listed
below, which were carried out during the period 1951-56.
General problems of great significance to modern science, such
as problems of Graeae and anticyclone formation, theory of local
variations in atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity, are
examined in studies (2) - (29).
Studies (30) - (37) give formulas for ?Deputing regulated
vertieal velocities in the field of pressure or wind.
The experimental synoptic investigations (37) (76) desoribe
the spatial structure of Ulric formations, the conditions resulting
in their evolution and displaooment, and also the changes caused by
these formations and other faotors in the fields of pressure and
temperature at various levels of the troposphere and under various
physical and geographioal conditions in the USSR.
Studies (77) - (86) examine theoretical systems of front-
formation, the spatial structure of atmospheric fronts and their
cloud systems, data on microstructure of clouds, and results of
studies of inner mass cloudiness, its origin and structure.
The calculation of regulated vertical movements formed the basic
for analysing formation conditions and for establishing a method used
in the quantitative forecast of continuous and heavy (*loud burst)
precipitation.
Other problems studied included the theory used in calculating
factors leading to formation of cloud bursts and vertical velocities
in frontal zones, as well as the results of corresponding experimental
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lig 23
investigations. Summaries of these investigations, as well as
results of studies of specific weather phenomena (cloudiness, fog,
early frosts, snowstorms, eta.), and corresponding forecasting
methods aro described in studies (89) - (150).
A large number of experimental investigations related to synoptic
meteorology were carried out in oonnection with the development of a
synoptic long-range weather forecasting method. Studies (151) - (167),
in which data from aorologioal observations were utilized, expounded
individual aspects of B. M. Multtanovskirs method (concerning natural
synoptic periods and seasons, extreme seasons, etc.). Problems
related to methods used for long-range weather forecasting based on
data of general atmospheric circulation, and their relation to the
action of basement surface and solar activity, are described in
studies (168) - (182). Other possible methods for long-range fore-
casting, and certain problems related to this aspect of synoptic
meteorology, are described in studies (183) - (194).
Basic facts related to the maorooiroulation method for making
long-range weather fo-eoasts in the Arctic Region over a protracted
period lasting for 4 to 6 months, which is indispensable in making
forecasts of ice formations well in advance, were successfully worked
out at the Arctic Scientifio-Research Institute (195) (196).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. "Guide for Short-Range sieather Forecasting," Parts 1 and 2.
Published by Gidrometeoisdat, 1954-1953.
2. Berlyand, M. Ye. and Zavarina, M. V., "Analysis of Heat
Transformation of Nbving Air Masses," Trudy glavnay eofizichesko
obeervatorii jransactions of the Main Geophysical La rato Issue
13795), 1962.
3. Bogeys's., V. A., "On the Order of Magnitudes of Derivatives
of Atmospheric Baric and Temperature Fields," /12.1.,tiaAL_ILM,
Soriya eo aficheskaya Slaws of USSR Aoademy of Sciences, Geographical
Series/, 4, 1952.
4. Bugayev, V. A., "Signs Denoting Changes in Pressure in the
Principal Types of High-Altitude Frontal Zones," Dokla AN Uzb SSR
deports of tho Academy of Scienoes of the Uzbek SS o 4, 1952.
5. Bugayev, V. A., "Slow Antioyclonea2 Symposiums nkicroolimate
of the Caspian Lowland," Isvestiya AN SSR drew* of the USSR Aoademy
of Soiencei, 195$.
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6. Bykov, V. V., The Effect Exerted by Mountains on Pressure
Changes in the Middle Troposphere," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya
geteorology and Hydrologg, No 4, 1955.
7. Gubin, V. I., "Concerning One Method for Preealculating
Adveotive Changes of Tenperature and Pressure," Trudy Institute
Matematiki i mekbaniki (IMM) Akademii Nauk Usbekskoy SSRLTransactions
of the Institute for Mathematics and Meehanios of the Academy- of
Sciences of the Uzbek SS, Issue 12, 1956.
8. CIL/bin, V. I., "A Generalization of Bjerknest Theorem." Ibid.,
Issue 12, 1953.
9. Dyubyuk, A. F., "Changes in Air Bumidity.Over a Water
Surface," Trudy Tsentrallno, Institute TSIP) eransactions of the
Central Forecasting Institut!(, Issue 26/53, 1951.
10. Matveyev, L. T. and Morskoy, G. I., "Pressure and Temperature
Changes Caused by Vertical Currents," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya
ffeteorology and Bydrologg, No 9, 1951.
11. Matveyev, L. T., "Concerning the Adveotive Dynamic Theory of
Cyclone and Antioyolone Formation," Ti_.:2ALV(..._:oeo-zulGs_azhdsuisko62.
Morskogo Flota Sovetskoy Arktiki jransactions of the Military and
Civilian Naval Fleet of the Soviet Arctig(?), Trudy Vsesoyuznogo
Gidrometeorologioheskoe Fakulteta Sovetskoy Arkti (or Sovetskow
Arkhiva or Sovetskoy Armii?) i'ransaotions of the All-Union Byero-
meteorological Faculty ot the Soviet Arctic (or of the Soviet
Archives or of the Soviet Arnie(?), Issue 5, 1952.*
12. Matveyev, L. T., "Temperature and Pressure Changes in the
Lower and Middle Troposphere," Tr. VW SA, IMMO 8, 1956. (Sim Item
11 above).
13. Matveyev, L. T., "Qualitative Analysis of the Conditions
Loading to Vortex (Whirlwind) Formation in the Atmosphere," Tr.
VGMF SA, Issue 12, 1955. (See Item 11),
14. Mertsalov, A. N., "The Part Played by Wind Divergenoe and
Convergence in Variations of Cyclone Antioyolonicity?" Meteorolooiya
3. gidrologiyageteorology and Bydrologg, No 4, 1956.
* The meaning of the abbreviations Tr. VW SA could not be established
and the above hypothetical guesses are suggested.
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15. Monin, A. S,, "Development Prospects of Short-Range Synoptics,"
Izvestiya Vsesoyuzno o geo afioheskoio obshahestvagews of the
All-Union ditographica Soo et/, Issue 2, 1952.
16. Morskoy, G. I., "Theoretical System For Short-Range Fore-
casting of Air Pressure and Temperature Aecording to I. A. Kibel'."
Meteoroloqiya i gidrologiyaffeteorology and Iydrolo7, No 2, 1951.
17. Uorskoy, G. I., "Convection Theory of Changes in Atmospheric:
Pressure," Ibid., No 1, 1953.
18. Bovikov, B. M., "Direct Physical Causes of Pressure Changes,"
Tr. VGUF SA, Issue 5. 1952. (See Item 11, page 5').
19. Petrosyants, M. A., "Evolution of a Cyclone and Structure
of the Thermobaric Field," Trudy Institute Matematiki i mekhaniki
(UAM) Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy 88RLTranattations of the Institute for
Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek
SSY, Issue 12, 1953.
20. Romov? A. I., "Concerning the Basic Factors of Pressure
Changes," Trudy Ukrainsko o nauchno issledovatellsko o Gidro-
meteoroloipheskogp institute rangactions of the Ukrainian Scientific
gesearoh Rydrometeorologioal Institute*, Issue 5, 1956.
21. Slavin, I. A., "Analysis of the Motions of Metedrologioal
Temperatures frost the Standpoint of the Second Principle of Thermo-
dynamics," Tr. vamp SA, Issus 12, 1955. (See It 11, page 51).
22. Smirnov, P. I., "Certain Investigations of P. I. Brounov
in the Field of Synoptic Meteorology," Tr. IMF Si, Issue 5, 1952.
(See Item 11. page 51).
23. Titov. S. I., "Physical Explanation of Certain Principles of
Prof. I. A. Kibeits Method," Ibid., Issue 5, 1962.
24. Titov, S. I.. "Baste Principles of the Advective-Dynamio
Analysis and Hydrodynamic Theory of Pressure Changes," Ibid., Issue 8,
1963.
26. Uspenskiy, B. D., "Concerning the Utilization of Wind
Observations in Forecasting Changes in Atmospheric Pressure."
Meteorologiya I gidrolo$iyageteorology and Rydrolo&g, No 2, 1954.
26. Uspenskiy. B. D., "Theory of Loofa Changes of Geopotential
Altitudes in Isobaric Surfaces." Ibid., No 5, 1954.
-52-
S.
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P6 24 27. Uspenskiy, B. D., "Theory of Local Changes in Ground
Pressure," Ibid., BO 1, 1955.
28. Khromov, S. P., "On Contemporary Theories of Cyologenesis,"
Izvestiya Vailsozuznovjeograficheskoe obshohestva grows of the
All-Union Geographical Sooietil? Vol. 85, Issue 5, 1952.
29. Yudin, M. P. "One Basic Generalization of the Method of
Bari() Tvraphy," Meteoro1o4ixa i gidrolosiva geteorology and
Bydrolo , No 10, 1152.
30. Dyubyuk, A. F., "Vertical Velocities Resulting from Friction,"
Trudy Tsentralonogo Institut& (TSIP)gransaotions of the Central
Forecasting Issue 26(53, 951.
31. Zubryakov, V. A., "Concerning the Computation of Vertical
Velocities in the Friction Layer," Tr. VGLIF SA, Issue 8, 1953.
(See Item 11, page 51).
32. Matveyev, L. T., "Vortical Currents in the Border Layer of
the Atmosphere," Izvestiya AnfIS4W6 Soriya geofizieheskayalews of
the USSR Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Seriey, No 5, 155.
33. Mertsalov, A. N., "Determination of Vertical Velocities in
the Friction Layer in the Field of Ground Pressure with Ciroular
Isobars," Metoorologiya isidrologiza, No 11, 1951. geteorology and
BydrologW.
34. Mertsalov, A. N., "Qualitative Determination of Regulated
Vertical Air Movements in the Bari() Field," Trudy Tsentrallnogo
Instituta (TSIP) jransactiona of the Central Fbreoasting Institutg,
Issue 54/72, 1956.
35. Morskoy, G. I., "The Problem of Computing Vertical Air
Velocity," Meteorologiya i gidrologiyageteorology and Hydrologg,
No 1, 1954.
36. Orlova, Ye. M., "On the Computation of Vertical Velooitiets
According to Data of the Wind Field," Ibid., No 1, 1955.
37. Bolov, P. N., "Study of the Contributions of Separate
Atmospheric Layers to Changes in Ground Pressure Under Various
Synoptic Conditions," Ibid., No 6, 1954.
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38. Bygayev, V. A., "Use of Relative Topographic Maps in Fore.-
casting the Synoptic Situation," Trudy Institut& Matomatiki i mekhaniki
(IMO Akademii Nauk Uzbekskoy SSRLTransactions of the Institute for
Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek
ss.gr, Issue 14, 1955.
39. Bugayev, V. A., Dshordzhio, V. A., Sarymsakovi T. A. and
Petrosyants, M. A. "The Nature of the Pre-Asiatic Law Pressure
Area," Doklady AN SSRgeports of the USSR Academy of Scienceg?.
Vol. 23, Vo 41951.
Bushuk, V..I., "Forecasts of Cyclone Displacements Azoord-
5s; to Structure of the Thermobaric Field," Meteorologiya I gidrologiya
aiteorology and Itydrologg, No 1, 1953.
41. Vasyukov, K. A., "Analysis of Local Changes in Pressure and
Conditions of Cyolone Formation in the Troposphere," Trudy Tsentrall
noge Institut& (TSIP) ransactions of the Central Foreeasting
% insitutli, Issue 45f7, 1966.
42. Vetlov, I. P., "Variation of the Thermal Field According to
Altitude," Meteorologiya i gidrologiyageteorology and gydrologsg,
Mo 12, 1952.
43. Gaygerov, S. S. and Kastrov, V. G., "Study of the Thermal
Transformation of Moving Air Based on Data of Free Balloon Flights,"
Trud Tsentraltno astronomiohesko obeervatorii (TSA0 q6rans-
ao one t Con ra Astro ea 0 servato Immo . 1952.
44, Gaygerov? S. S. and Kastrov, V. G., "Certain Generalizations
Concerning Thermal Transformation of Air Based on Free Balloon
Flights," Ibid., Issue 13, 1964.
46. Dshordzhio, V. A. and Petrosyants, M. A? "Summer Antioyolone
in the Vicinity of Tibet," Doklady AN Usb SSR porta of the Academy
of Sciences of the Uzbek SSy, No 6, 1/50.
46. Dshuraysv, A. D., "Connection Between Diurnal Changes in
Pressure and Temperature at Various Altitudes Above the Aral Sea,"
Trudy Institut& Nktematiki I mekhaniki (DEM) Akademii Nauk Usbekeboy.
SSRZfransactions of the institute fim Mathematics and Meohanies
of the Academy of Science* of the Uzbek ssg, Issue 14, 1955.
47. Zavarina, M. V., "Aerosynoptio Analysis of the Thermal
Transformation of Cold Air Meese.," Trudy irtlavnoy eofizichoskg
observatorii4.ransaotions of the Main Geophysics boratoril,
Issue 41403, 952.
-.54-
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48. 2avarina, M. V. "Changes in the Heat and Moisture Content
of an Air Mass Moving Over a Homogeneous Basement Surface," Ibid.,
Issue 4010? 1954.
49. Zavarina, IL. V*, "Changes in Air Temperature and BUmidity During
its Transformation in Stationary Anticyolones Over the European ussa,"
issue 5017, 1955.
50. Kashin, K. I. and Gritsenko, M. V., "On the Problem of
Displacement of Anticyclones," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya geteorclogy
and rdro1o7, No 6, 1954.
51. Kashin, K. I. and Gritsenko, M. V., "Changes in Pressure
near the Earth's Surface," Ibid., No 5, 1954.
52. Klyucharev, S. S., "About Computation of Temperature
Advection for Aerological Analytical Purposes," .Ibid., No 3, 1951.
53. Klyucharev, S. S., "On the Use of Extrapolation Formulae in
Forecasting Displaoements of Bane Centers," Ibid., No 3, 1956.
54. Komissarova, L. N., "Recurrence of Southern Cyclones over
Central Asia and Kazakhstan," Trudy Kazakhstanskego nauohno -
issledovatel'sko o gidrometeorOlogichoskogo cnstituta Zfransactions
oi the Kazakhstan oientific Nesearoh BydrometeorefFacial Institntg,
Issue 5, 1955.
55. Iomonosov, Ye. G., "Altitude Distribution of Vertical
Velocities in the Friction Layer," Tr. V(MF SA, Issue 11, 1955.
(See Item 11, page 51).
56. Mertsalov, A. N., "Determination of the 'Vortex Section' of
Pressure Change Based on Maps of Absolute Dario Topogr hy,"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiyageteorology and ydro1o7, No 6, 1955.
57. Mikheyev, V. M. and Petrov*, A. F., "Certain Results Obtained
in Chsoking the Veracity of the Rule Concerning the Convergence and
Divergence of Wind at High Altitudes," Ibid., No 1, 1954.
pg 26 58. Mikheyev? V* M., "On the Problem of Motion and Capacity
Changes of Bowie Areas," Trudy Alavno eefizioheskoy obsorratorii
..franeaotions of the Main Geophysical La ratorzb Issue 54C118?
956.
59. Fed', D. A., "Diurnal Changes of Altitudes at a 500
Millibar Surfaoe," Motoorologiya igidrolokiyaffeteorology an&
Ijdro1o7, No 7, 193,,
-.55-
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60. Petrosyants, M. A., "Evolution of a Cyclone and Structure of
the Thermobario Field," Trudy Institute Matamatiki i mekhaniki (UGA)
Akademii Nae,1s Uzbekskoy fSR Aram:actions of the Institute for
Mathematics and Moohanies of the Academy of Soleness of the Uzbek S47,
Issue 12, 1953.
61. Petrosyants, M. A., "The Degree of Orographio Effects Upon
Synoptic Processes," Methodical No 27 of the Forecasting Servioo,
USMS Uzb. SSR, Tashkent, 1951. (Upravleniye (or Ukazatelt) Sinopticheskoy
Meteorologicheskoy Sluzhby Uzbekskoy SSR Administration of the Synoptic
Meteorological Service of the Uzbek s7 ) ) (or Index)*
62. Petrosyants, M. A. and Chernyshova, O. N., "Thermobario
Fields of Intensive Areas of Pressure Change," Trudy Institute
Matematiki imokhaniki IMM) Akademii Nauk Uzbeksko SSR erten-
aotions of the Institute for Mathematics and Mechanics of the
Academy of Soienees of the Uzbek SS127, Issue 14, 1955.
63. Pinus, N. Z., "Characteristics of Vertical Air Movements in
the Free Atmosphere," Trucly Teentral'noy astronomioheskoy observatorii
(TSAD) ffransactions of the Central Astronomical Obeervatoryt, Issue 6,
1952.
64. Pogogyan, Kin. P. and Burtsev, A. 1., "The Effect of Vertical
Air Movements on Changes in the Thermal Field of the Troposphere,"
Meteorologiya i 0.dro1oliyagieteoro1ogy and Rydrologg, No 3, 1955.
65. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Changes in Air Temperature in the
System of a Developing Cyclone," Ibid., No 1, 1956.
66. Pogrebayy, Ye. D. and Sklyarskiy, O. M., "On the Exit of
Cyclones from the Balkan Peninsula Into the European USSR," Ibid.,
No 1, 1954.
67. Poluektova, I. R., "On the Calculation of Advective Tempera-
ture Changes According to Pilot-Balloon Data," Trudy glavnoy
eofizioh.skoy observatorii ranesotions of the Main Geophysical
looratoryy, ssue 209, 191.
68. Pononareako, I. N., "Migration of Antioyolones in the Vicinity
of Wide Mountain Ranges in Europe and Central Asia," Metoorologiya 1.
jildroiogiya Z.-Meteorology and Rydrolege, Mb 5, 1953.
69. Ponomarenko, I. N., "Synoptic Conditions for the Displace-
ment of Antioyclones in the Ukraine," Trudy Ukrainskop nauohno -
iesledovatollakego Gidrameteorologicheskow instituta eransaations
of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Bydromateorologieal Institut27,
Issue 5, 1956.
* The meaning of the abbreviations USMS Uzb. SSR could not be established
and the above hypothetical guesses are suggested.
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70. Ponamarenko, I. N., "Effect of the Black Sea Depression Upon
Distribution of Precipitation Anomalies," Ibid., Issue 5, 1956.
71. Popov, G. F., "Significance of Temperature Contrasts in the
Transformation of the Bario Field of the Lower Troposphere," Tr. VOUF
SA, Issue 12, 1955. (See Item 11, page 51).
72. Romano'', N. N., "On Prolonged and Strong Cold Peviods in
Central Asia," Trudy Institute MAtematiki i mekhaniki (EMM) Akademii
Mauk Uzbekskoy SSR LTranaaotiona of the Institute for Mathematics and
Meohanios of the Academy of Soleness of the Uzbek SS, Issue 14,
1955.
73. Romano'', N. N., "Certain Peouliarities in the Movement of
Anticyclones over Central Asia and Adjacent Territories," Motoorologiya
I gidrologiya geteorology and Bydrologlic No 6, 1955.
74. Serdyuk, V. N., "On Spatial Distribution of Local Changes
in Atmospherio Pressure in Connection with the Evolution of Cyclones
and Anticyclones," Tr. VLF SA, Issue 12, 1955. (Sim Item 11, page 51).
75. Usa&nov, R. F., "On Causes Leading to Formation of a
Planetary Frontal Zone and of a Subtropical High Pressure Belt,"
Miteorologiya i gidrologilya geteorology and Jkfdro1og7, No 3, 1953.
76. Khanevskaya, I. Ve, "'Vertical Air Movements in Anticyclones,"
Trud? Tsentra1,no astronomichesko obeervatorii TSAO ffransactions
of t.. Contra Astrono o 0 mervato Issue 6, 952.
77. Bugayev, V. A., "Planetary High-Altitude Frontal Zones and
Cyclone Formation," TrukInstituta Matematiki i mekhaniki_(IM/9
Akademii Nauk Usbekskoy SSRLTransaotlons of the Institute for
Mathematics and gechanics of the Academy of Soiences of the Uzbek
ssg, Issue 14, 1955.
78. Bugayev, V. A. and Dzhordshio, V. A., "Certain Problems of
Frontal Analysis," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya geteorology and
Hydrologg. No 3, 1951.
79. Vetlov, I. P., "Front Formation and Transformation of High-
Altitude Field Deformations," Trudy TsontralInogo Institute (TSIP)
:franseotions of the Central Forecasting Institutil, Issue 20/47,
1951.
80. Gubin, V. I., "On the Theory of Front Formation," Ilyez
AN Uzb SSR porta of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek S
NO 9, 1952.
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81. Gubin, V. I., "On the Theory of Local Front Formation,"
Trudy Institute Matematiki i makbaniki COM Akademii Nauk Uzbeksko
SSR ransaotions of t.e nstitute or Mat ematios and Mechanics
the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek ST, Issue 14, 1955.
82. Zubyan? G. D., "Praotical Problems in Front Analysis,"
Metodioheskiy ukasateltothodical Indeg, Issue 11, 1951.
83. Zubyan, G. D. "Problems of Space Structure and Front
Analysis," Trudy Tsentrallnogo Institute (TSIP) iTransactions of
the Central Forecasting Institute', Issue 202, 1951.
84. Zubyan, G. D., "On the Planet
gidrologiya aleteorology and Aydrolo
Frontal Zone," Metecrologiya
No 7, 1952.
86. Zubyan, G. D., "On the Problem of Vertical Extension of
Tropospheric Frontal Sections," Ibid., No 11, 1952.
86. Matveyev, L. T., "The Field of Geostrophic Wind Near the
Frontal Surface in the Atmosphere," Tr. VGUF sit, Issue 5, 1952.
(See Item 11, page 51).
87. Mishutia? D. A., "Dry Atmospheric Fronts in the Southern
Steppes of the Ukraine," Metiorologiya i gidivlogiyageteorology
and Hydrologe, No 6, 1952.
88. Petrosyants, M. A., "Front FOrmation During the Evolution of
Cyclones and Anticyclonos," Truly Institute Matematiki i makbaniki
(INI9 Akadsmii Nauk Usbekskey SSRaranaaations of the Institute of
Mathematics and Meohanies of the Aoadsmy of Soleness of the Uzbek s47
Issue 14, 1955.
89. Baohurina, A. A. and Cherkasskaya, V. M., "Formation of
Steady Rains Over Central Areas of the European USSR During the
Period From August 12 to 1.?.# 1950," Moteorologiya gidrologiya
getoorology and Nydrologe, Mb 1, 1951.
90. Baohurina, A. A. and Turketti, Z. L., "On the Formation
of Precipitation," Trudy Tsontrallnogo Institute (TSIP)reas-
he
actions of t Central Forecasting Institut,s/c Issue 26/2, 1951.
91. Beiverkluwaya, Sh. A., "Synoptic Conditions of Atmospheric,
Drought in, Western Kazakhstan," Trudy Kazakhetansko o nauchno -
issledovateltsko o drometsporolo ransaotions
o ? as ? sten em c Rosser? Hy rometeoro ogioal Institutg,
Issue 5, 1955.
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?
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pg 26 92. Berlyand, M. I., "Temperature Change in the Ground Surface
Atmospheric) Layer and Frost Foreoasting," Izvestiya AN SSSR, Seriya
eofizioheskaya Clews of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Geophysical
riey,
No 2, 1953.
93. Berlyand, M. I., "Method of Forecasting Radiation Fogs,"
Trudy filarnoy geofizicheeko observatorii giansaotions of the Main
Geophysical Laboratory", Issue 48/110, 1954.
94. Bogatye, L. F. and Romov, A. I., "Properties of the
Atmosphere During Thunderstorms and Showers," Trudy KievskoL
geofizicheskoy obsorvatorii jransactions of the Kiev Geophysical
Observatory', Issue 1, 1952.
95. Borisenkov, Ye. P., "Application of S. I. Troitskiy's
Theory for Wind Determination in the Upper Troposphere," Meteorologiya
I gidrologiya aeteoroloa and Rydrologg. No 1, 1954.
96. Burkova, M. V., "Analysis of Fronts in Vertical Crossections."
Tru. Institxta Matematiki I mekhaniki 'MU Akademii Nauk Uzbeksko
SSR Transactions of the Institute of Mathematic's and Mechanics of 'he
137Cdany of Sciences of the Uzbek Mg, Issue 14, 1955.
97. Burtsev, A. I., "Evolution of Precipitation in Connection
With Changing Moisture Content in the Air and Vertical Velocities in
a Cyclone System," MeteoroloiamIA4221m00.64teorology and
Bydrologe, No 1, On.
- 98. Burman, B. A., "Experiment in Forecasting the Daily Course
of Air Temperature in a Gametal Zone," Ibid., No 11, 1952.
99. Vetlov, I. P. and Petrenko, I. V., "Cold Front Precipitation
In the Central Part of the European USSR During the Warm Period of
the Year," published by Gidrometeoizdat, 1955.
100. Vorobtm, I. V., "Some Results of Comparison Between
Geostrophic Gradient and Observed Wind at a 300 Millibar Surface
Level," Tr. VGMF SA, Issue 12, 1956. (See Item 11, page 51).
101. Vorontaov, P. A., "On Convective Movements in the Ground
Surface Layer of the Atmosphere," Trudy lavno eofiziohesko
observatorii gransactions of the Main Geophysioal Laborato
Issue 54/116, 1955.
102. Gavrilenko, N. M., "Wpoptio Conditions of Prolonged Pre.-
2gitation in the Kiev Oblast'," Metoorologiya I gidrologiya
teorology and drolo7, No 4, 1955.
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103. Gavrilenko, N. M., "Synoptic Conditions of Snowstorms on
the Territory of the Ukrainian SSA," Truck Ukrainskogo nauohno -
issledovateltsko Gidromsteorolo ichesko o institute. LTransactions
of the Ukrainian Scientific Research Bydrometeorological Institutg,
Issue 6, 1956
104. Gelgmgolets, N. F., "Atmospheric Fronts and Precipitation
in the Valley Section of Kazakhstan," Vostnik AN Kazakh, SSA fierald
of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazaiih SW, No 5, 1964.
105. Gel'mgolits, N. F., "Aerological Analysis of Atmospheric'
Drought in Western Kazakhstan," Trud Kazakhstansko o nauchno -
issledovatellskoo drometeorolo Booing uta rans4r ions
of the Kazakhstan Scientific Research Bydrometeorological Institutg,
Issue 5, 1955.
106. Gel,mgol/ts, N. F., "Aerologioal Analysis of Atmospheric
Drought in Western Kazakhstan," Ibid., Issue 5, 1955.
107. Gogoleva, Ye. I. "Diagnosis and Forecast of Low Cloudiness,"
Metodiaheskiy ukazatell Aethodioal Lithe', Issue 18, 1952.
108. Gritsenko, M. V., "Effect of Precipitation on Forest Firen,"
/12..teoraliyalpLALtlzt.ffieteorology and Bydrologg, MO 5, 1954.
109. Gubin, V. 1., "Quantitative Forecast of Wind Velocity Changes
Near the Barth, "Trudy Institute Matematiki i makhaniki (Ii)Akademii
Nauk Uzbokskoy SSZgransactions of the Institute of Mathematios and
Meohanics of the Academy of Scienoes of the Uzbek sq7; Issue 14, 1956.
110. Dyubyuk, A. F.? "Vertical Velocities in the Area of a
,
Stationary Front," Trudy Tmentrallny Institute (TSIP) ffransaations
of the Central Foreoasting Institute Issue 54(72, 1958.
111. p7tlyuk? A. F. and Monin? A. S., "Prognosis of Soil
Temperature under a Snow Cover," Ibid., Issue 21/48, 1950.
112. Zavarine, M. V., "Experiment in the Operative Utilization
of the Method for Forecasting Early Frosts on the Basis of Synoptic
Data," Trudy glavaox geofiziohesko obeervatorii jransactions of the
Main Geophysical Laboratnrzic Issue 55/117, 1955.
113. Zak, Ye. G. and Marfenko, O. V., "Structure of the Lower
Edge of a Cloud FOrmation,"entrudTsomiheako
observatorii (TSAO) 4Transaolitram-tionsofthtroncatioai
Observatorzi, Issue , 1962.
60
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114. Zverev, N. I., "Temperature Foreoasting," NeteorologXya
gidro1o6iya geteorology and Hydroloqi No 2, 1955.
115. Zubyan, G. D., "Certain Peculiarities of Cloud Systems of
Stationary Fronts," Ibid., NO 2, 1953.
116. Zubyan, 6. D., "Changes of the Beric Field with Altitude in
the Front Arra," Ibid., No 3, 1954.
117. Imyanitov, I. M. and Chuvayev? A. P., "On Conditions Lead-
ing to Passage of Heavy Cumuli Clouds over the Horizon," Ibid., No 2,
1956.
118. Kaahurin, L. G., "Formation of Precipitation in Clouds with
Small Vertical Currents," isvestiya AN SSSR, Seri a geofizicheskeya
&MB of the USSR Academy of toionoes, GeophysicaL Serioll, No 2, 1956.
119. Kashin, K. I., "Distribution of Wind in Space and Precipi-
tation," Informatsionnyy sbornikgnforstation SymposiWc No 1, 1951.
120. Kashin, K. I., "On Forest Fires," Moteorologiya i gidrologiya
geteorology and Hydrologi No 1, 1951.
121. Koshelenko, I. V., "On the Forecasting of Radiation Fog,"
Ibid., No 3, 1956.
122. Koshelenko, I. V., "The Role of Advection in Fog Formation,"
Trud Ukrainsko o nauohno isslodovatorsko Gidrometeorolo iohesko o
at tuta ransaotions o the nian Solon io Beare
meteorological Institutisi Issue 5, 1956.
ram*
123. Knkhto? A. P., "On Deviation of factual Wind from Gradient
Wind," Neteorologire gidroloilylgeteorology and Hydroloe, No 2,
19560
124. Lebedeva, N. V., "Construction of a Convection Model and
Computation of the Amount of Shower Precipitation,* Truk Teentralt
nogo Institute (T8I) giansaotions of the Central Foreoasting Institute',
Issue 4/58, 1954.
125. Lebedeva, N. V., "Conveotion on Fronts in Cyclonic Areas,"
Ibid., Issue 38/ 650 1955.
126. Iebedeva, N. V., "On Accounting for the Role Played by
Dynamic Turbulence in the Development of Convection," Motoorologiya
4itiro1ogiyagisteoro1ogy and HydroIogg, No 2, 1955.
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pg 27 127. Lebedeva, N. V "Vortioal Movements in a Front," Tidy
Tsontraltno o Institute TSIP giansaotions of the Central ore-
oast 2, 1956.
128. Lugohenko, A. K., *Variation in the Altitude of the Lower
Border of Internal Cloud Masses During the Might," Tr. VGMF SA,
Issue 8, 1953. (See Item 11, page 51).
129. Mazurin, N. I. and Novikov, B. M., "Certain Peculiarities of
Cloud Systems in Cold Fronts," Ibid., Issue 11, 1955.
130. Matveyev, L. T., *Vertical Currents in the Border Layer of
the Atmosphere and Their Relation to the Upper and Lower Limits of
Cloudiness," Ibid., Issue 11, 1955.
131. Minina, L. S., "Changes in the Moisture Content of an Air
Mass Under the Influence of the Basement Surface," Moteorologiya
gidrologiya geteorology and Hydrologi?", No 5, 1955.
132. Muohnik? V. M., "Certain Problems in the, Forecasting of
Thunderstorms," Ibid., No 3, 1956.
133. Nikanorov, G. T. and Chuvayeir, A. P., "The aole of Retard-
ing Layers in the Settlement of Precipitation," Ibid., No 4, 1956.
134. Orlova, Ye. M., "On the Problem of Determining Changes in
Air Stratification," Trudy Tsentral'nogo Institute. (TSIP) ffrans-
actions of the Central Forecasting Institut", Issue 25/52, 1951.
135. Orlova, Ye. M., *The Role Played by a Front in the Origin
of Shower Precipitation," Ibid., Issue 38/65, 1955.
136. Popova, T. P., "On the Phase Condition of Precipitation,"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiyagateorology and Hydrologie, No 5, 1955.
137. Prikhottko, G. F., "Causes Leading to Formation of Advective
Frontal Fogs," Ibid., No 11, 1952.
138. Prikhottko, G. V.,
Fogs," Ibid., No 7, 1953.
139. Prikhottko, G. V.,
Ibid., No 3, 1953.
"Stratification of the Atmosphere During
"On Vertical Air Movements During Fogs,"
140. Reshetov, V. D., "On Explaining the Familiarities of the
Daily Wind Course in the Atmosphere," Ibid., No 5. 1955.
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141. Reshchikova, A. A. and Tonkova, Z. V., "On the Connection
Between the Beight of the Lower Border of Clouds and the Visibility
Range," Trudy Tsentralono astronomiehesko observatorii !SAO
ffransaotione of the Contra Astrono ea 0 ? serve o ssue 1952.
142. Sadovnikov, A. V., "On the Problem of Accounting for the
Effect of Temperature Adveotion upon Atmospheric Stratification,"
Tr. VGMF SA, Issue 6, 1953. (See Item 11, page 51).
143. Slobodov, B. A., "Determination of the Geopotential Limits
of Instability Energy and of the Reserves of Circulation Energy,"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiyaffeteorology and hydrolosg, No 1, 1956.
144. Timofeyev, M., P., "The Theory of Adveotive Fogs," Izvesti,ya
AN SSSR, Seriya geofizicheskaya gave of the USSR Aoademy of Selena',
Geophysical Serielf, No 6, 1955.
145. Turketti, Z. L., "Methods for Studying Precipitation,"
Meteorologiya i gidrologiyageteorology and Hydrologi?, No 1, 1951.
146. Chestnaya, I. I., "On Variations in the Height of the Lower
Border of Stratus Clouds," Trudy glavnoyArfizioheskoy observatorii
granaaotions of the Main Geophysical Laboratot1L/, Issue 54/116, 1965.
147. Cherkaaskaya, V. M., "Peculiarities in the Formation and
Development of Internal Mass Convective Precipitation Under Various
Symoptie Conditions." Trudy Teentralenogo Institut* (TSIP)4rans-
actions of the Central Foreeasting Institut?", Issue 31/58, 954.
148. Shiahkin, N. S., "Conditions for the Development of
Convection in the Atmosphere," Trudy glavnoyfoofizichoskoy observatorii
Lfi*nesotione of the Mein Geophysical Laboratoril, Issue 47/109, 194.
149. Shishkin, N. S., "Utilization of the Layer Method for Fore-
casting the Vertical Capacity of Convective Clouds," Ibid., Issue
54/116, 1955.
160. Yakovleva, N. I., "Analysis of Nocturnal Cooling and Fore-
casting of Frosts," Meteorologiya I 1drolo4amiPteorology and
Hydrologg? No 3, 194.
151. Blyumina, L. I., "Analysis of the Recurrence of Certain
Ultrapolar Prooessos," Ibid., No 1, 1964.
152. Borisova, LA G., "The Phasing of Atmospheric Macroprocesses,"
Trudy Tsentral,noe Institut* (TSIP) 4Fransaotions of the Central
Forecasting Institute, Issue 6f6, 954.
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153. Hyalnitakays, V. G. and Pod', D. A.?%a Forecasting Cloudiness
for a Natural Symoptio Period," jillletokke_Lkji.m221107.ALteorology
and Rydro1o7, NO 2, 1955.
154. Gorge'', O. N. and Pod', D.
"
High-Altitude
;1' o
(
'Forecasting InstitutV, Issue 3A/63,
A., "On Displacement of Components
of Natural Synoptic Periods,"
4Transaotions of the Central
954.
155. Kato, A. L., "On the Problem of Determining the Limits of
Natural Synoptic Periods," Neteorologiya i gidrologie geteorology
and Rydrolo 7, No 10, 1953.
156. Kurganakaya, V. M., "Synoptic Conditions of Significant
Chilling Periods in Eastern Areas of Northern Kazakhstan," Trudy
Tsentraltnogo Instituta (TSIP) ffiansacetions of the Central Fore-
oastfng Institut?", Issue 36/63, 1954.
157. Pagava, S. T., "Adjacent Analogous Natural Synoptic
Periods," )Leteorologiya i kidrologlia&eteorology and Hydrologe
No 4, 1951.
158. Pagava. S. T., "Reourrenoe of Certain Synoptic Promises,"
Ibid., NO 6, 1951.
159. Pagava, S. T., "Oa a Natural Synoptic Region." Ibid., No 10,
1953.
160. Pagava, S. T., "The Foumilations of the Synoptic Method for
Lon&-Range Weather Forecasts," Ibid., No 3, 1953.
P6 28 161. Pagava, S. T., "On the Possibility of Preparing Daily Weather
Forecasts Covering a 3-day Period," Ibid., No 3, 1953.
162. Pagava, S. T., "A Natural Synoptic Region," Trudz Teentralt
no Institut& ?SIP ffransaotion.s of the Central Forecasting Institut?,
Issue 36 63 954.
163. Pod', A. D. and Blinnikova,, Z. G., "Determination of the
Components of High-Altitude Deformation Fields of Natural Synoptic
Periods," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya getsorology and Hydrologi
No 10? 1953.
164. Khrabrov, Yu. B., "Experiment in Forecasting Early Autumn
Frosts Over a Natural Synoptic Period," Ibid., No 2, 1951.
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165. Ehrabrov, Yu. B., "On Forecasts Over a Natural Synoptic
Period," Ibid., No 6, 1955.
186. Shishkov, V. G., "On Certain More Precise Definitions in
the Method of Forecasting Extremely Warm and Extremely Cold Autumn
Seasons," Trudy Tsentralgnogo Irttituta Gansactions of the
Central Forecasting inatitutil, Issue 36763, 19W4.
167. Shishkov, V. G., "The Role of Certain Symptoms in the Current
Natural Synoptic Period in Forecasting the Following Natural Synoptic
Period," Neteorologiya I gidrologiga giateorology and Bydrologg, No 4,
1955.
168. Astakhova, A. I. and Semenov, V. G., "On the Stability of
Water Temperature Distribution in the North Atlantic." Ibid., No 2,
1953.
169. Belinskiy? N. A., "On the Problem of Interaction Between the
Ocean and the Atmosphere," Ibid., No 8, 1953.
- 170. Vitells, L. A., "Arinual Course of Large Precipitation
Anomalies," Ibid., No 3, 1952.
171. Vitelts, L. A., "Equinoatial Effect in Precipitation
Anomalies and its Variation Over the Course of Many Years," Ibid.,
No 6# 1952.
172. Girs, A. A., "Concerning the Study of General Atmospheric
Circulation," Iovestilys. AN SSR, &wive Geo rafichesksagaws of the
USSR Aoademy of Sciences, Geographical ries No 4-,--19.55.
173. Gins, A. A., "Transformation of Atmospheric Circulation
Forma and their Analysis," Metacrologiya i gidrologiyaffteteorolou
and Bydrologe, No 3, 1956.
174. Giro, A. A., "Properties of the Planetary Frontal Zona
Peculiar to the Principal Forms of Circulation," Ibid., No 4, 1953.
175. Dserdzsyevskiy, B. L. and Monin, A. S., "Standard Systems
of General Atmospheric Circulation in the Northern Banisphere and the
Circulation Index," lovestiy& AN SSSR, Sexily& geofizichoskaya gems
of the USSR Academy Traiiienoes, Geophysical Serify, No 8, 1954.
176. Kate, A. L., "quantitative Characteristics of Horizontal
Components of General Atmospheric Circulation in the Northern
Hemisphere," Meteorologiya I gidrologizageteorology and Hydrologe,
No 2, 1955.
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177. Kate, A. L., "On the Study and Evaluation of Circulation,"
Ibid., No 6, 1954.
178. Kurganskaya, V. M., "Characteristics of Drought Periods from
the Standpoint of General Circulation," Isvestiza AN SSR, Soriya
keografiehoska,ya lews of the USSR, Academy of Sciences, Geographical
14riey, No 2* I93.
179. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Seasonal Changes of Planetary Frontal
Zones," UCteorologiya iOroloGlageteorology and Bydrologg.
No 4, l914.
180. Pogosyan, Kh. P., "Intensity of Interlatitudinal Exchange of
Air Masses in Various Seasons," Ibid., No 6, 1954.
181. Samenair, V. G., "On the Relation Between Intensity of
Atmospheric Circulation to and the Temperature of the Basement
Surfams," Ibid., No 1, 1952.
182. Semenov, V. G., "The Effeot Exerted by the Basement Surface
on the Formation of Atmospheric Nacroprooesses," Trudy:Tsentrallnogo
Institute LEI:LTSZfransaotions of the Central Forecasting Institutil,
Issue 35/62, 1954.
183. Bagrov, N. A. and Morskoy, G. I. "Method for Evaluating
Forecasts," Meteorolo.Aiya i.gidrolosiya dioteorology and Hydrologi
No 4, 1955.
184. Gavrilenko, "Extremely Warm and Cold Winters in the Ukraine
and their Effect Upon Ice Breaking in Rivers," Trudy. Ukrainskogo
nauehno issledovatelvako o Gidrommtecrolo-iehesko o Institute
o Researe dromoteorologieal
ransactlona o he Ukr ate
natitutil, Issue 6, 1956.
185. Karetnikova? K. A., "Temperature Characteristics of Seasons
in Contra). Asia Based on Data Obtained at the Tashkent Observatory
Meteorological Station," Trudy Institute Matematiki I mekheniki IWO
Akademii Nauk Usbekskoy SSR LTranaaations of the Institute of Nat atlas
and Neofianics of the Academy of Sciences of the Uzbek BSc, Issue 12,
1953.
186. Kurganskaya, V. M., "Synoptic Conditions of Significant
Cold Spells in Eastern Areas of the Norezra Caucasus,"
Trudy Tmentrallnogo Institute (TSIP)fransaations of the Central
Foreeesting Institutil, Issue 36/63, 1954.
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187. Morozova, M. I., "Result& of the Statistical and Stochastio
Analysis of Precipitation Anomalies in Tashkent,' Trudy Inatituta
Hatematiki i mekhaniki (IMM) Akademii Nauk Ushekskoy SSA: aransaotions
of the Institute of Mathematios and Mechanics of the Academy of
SOl0/10023 of the Uzbek sw, Issue 12, 1953.
188. Mbrskoy, G. I., "On the Application of Extrapolation in
Forecasting Ciroulatory Conditions in the Atmosphere," Trudy Tsentrall
nor Institute (TSIP ffransactions of the Central Forecasting
Institutisi; Issue 34/62, 1954.
189. Nazarova, V. L., "The Effect of Air Masses of Tropical Origin
on Spring and Summer Precipitation in Uzbekistan," Trudy Institute.
Matematiki imekhaniki (UMM) Akademii Nauk UXbeksko SSALTransactione
of the Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics of the Academy of
Sciences of the Uzbek 347, 1955.
190. Obukhov, A. M., "On Estimating the Success of Alternate
Forecasts," Isvestiia AN SSR, Seriya geofiziahaukayaWews of the
USSR Avadmny of Saone's, Geophysical Sorisy i
, NO 4, 955.
191. Saryasakov, T. A., "Chain Processes and Problems of Weather
Forecasting," Trudy Institut* Matematiki i mekhaniki (IM) Akademii
Kauk Uzbekskoy 831 ransections of the Institute of Mathematics and
Meohanics of the Academy of Seiences of the Uzbek 317, 1955.
192, Semenov? V. G., "Utilization of Intermediate Relative
Topographic, Mgas in Long-Range Weather Forecasts," Miteorologiya i
gidrologiyateorology and Rydrologg, No 4, 1951.
193. Sommenov, V. G., "Meridional and Latitudinal Synoptic Pro-.
ceases Occurring Over Europe During the Winter Months," Ibid., lb 8,
1953.
PE 29 194. Fbkina, re. A., "Types of Monthly Negative Temperature
Anomalies in Tashkent," Trudy Institute. Matomatiki i mekhaniki {11110
Akademii Nauk Usbokskoy SSA ransactions of the Institute of
Mathematics and Meohanios of the Academy of Soienoes of the Uzbek
SS, 1955.
195. Geygerov; S, S., "Scma Results of Amrologioal Observations
at the "North Pole-4" DriftimELStation During the Summer of 3956,"
1ro1ogiya and Bydrologyl No 6, 1956.
196? Giros, A. A., "Some Peouliarities of Synoptic Processes in
the Arctic and Their Relation to General Atmospherio Circulation,'
Tru lavno eofisichesko observatorii 5ransaotione of the Vain
?s cal Laborato ssue 564118, 19 ?
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PsK 30
III. DYNAMIC METEOROLOGY
A review of the principal investigations carried out in dynamic
meteorology (up to the end of 1953) is given in a textbook (1),
which also contains a number of new results and methodical gen-
eralizations.
In recent years, serious attention, was given to the problem of
general atmospheric circulation and to the related problem of
computing the average distribution of temperature in the atmosphere.
The development and application of theories of general circulation,
proposed by N. Ye. Koohin (2) and (3), and by Ye. N. Blinova (7),
are described in studies (5), (8), (15), (18), (45), (56) - (59),
(81), (90) and (91). Study (60) is devoted to the application of
the same ideas to monsoon circulation. The problem of modeling
atmospherio circulations is disoussed in study (26). An analysis
of the annual course of the Earth's rotation speed and its connection
with atmospheric circulation is given in studies (64) and (65).
Problems of horizontal mixing with the scope of general circulation
are examined in studies (48), (49) and (71). Various aspects of the
theory concerned with temperature distribution in tho atmosphere are
described in studies (9), (42), (43), (46), (61), (66), (86), (87)
and (96). A combined computation of temperature distribution and
heat currents has been performed (67).
In studies (29), (36) and (54), it has been proposed to investi-
gate an important problem concerning orographio influences upon air
currents, based on fundamental work performed in the 1930's by N. Ye.
Kochin and A. A. Dorodnitsyn. The theory of conveotive movements in
the atmosphere, and specifically the theory of breezy and mountain
and valley winds, has been further developed in studies (4), (12),
(23) - (25), (98), and others.
The theory concerned with the transformation of air masses and
its applications is covered in a series of studies. The work per-
formed by M. Ye. Shuts (93) shows that the approximate method
devised by the author for solving equations of the parabolic type
can be successfully used in problems related to boundary layers and,
specifically, in problems ooncerning the transformation of air
masses. The monograph by M. Ye. Berlyand (6) presents a generaliza-
tion of the investigations carried out by the author over a long
period of years in the field of the theory of thermal transformation
of air, daily oouries of meteorological elements and applications of
theoretioal results in weather forecasting and aottve influence upon
the meteorological regime of the ground surface layer. For further
information on this problem, attention is directed to studies (13),
(19), (30), (35) and (89).
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The problem of the effect exerted by the non-gradient nature of
winds in the free atmosphere upon winds in the atmospheric boundary
layer was examined from various aspects in studies (50), (55), and
(70). A number of studies is devoted to the development of methods
for computing vertical velocities, i.e., (52), (63), (74) and others,
speoificallyLin the boundary layer C(40), (44), (47)J and in a
front area C(28), (31), (41)1. The effect of vertical currents on
evaporation and condensation of water vapors was investigated in
studies (94), (95), (97) and others. Individual principles of
atmospherics thermodynamics have been defined with greater precision
in studies (76), (78) - (80), (83), (88) and others.
Investigation and interpretation of the method for forecasting
pg 31 temperature and pressure, proposed by' I. A. Kibelf in (10). (37),
(53), (72), and (82), were continued in the early 19501s. In 1949,
A. M. Obukhav used the vertex equation for analyzing non-stationary
atmospheric processes. Since 1952, the vortex equation has been
utilized as the principal relation, together with the heat inflow
equation, for studies in the field of weather forecasting by means of
dynamic meteorological methods. The investigations performed in this
field examine various factors which exert an effect upon pressure
changes in the middle troposphere, including the effect exerted by
orography and the presence of fronts. A method has been developed
for computing local changes in pressure, which takes into account
the initial field of wind (17), (84) and (85). In studies (20), (32)
and (75), certain new aspects of the problem concerning wind deviation
from gradient wind are examined. Avery general interpretation of the
laws governing non-stationary atmosphorio processes is given in study
(38), and the concepts, presented in study (62), concerning adjuistment
of the pressure field to the wind field, are further developed. The
transformation of coordinates, whioh defines more precisely those
equations which are used in numerical foreoasting, is suggested in
study (99).
Problems related to the structure of meteorological fields in
which large-scale movements occur, and problems conneeted with
characteristic values of space and time "derivatives," are discussed
in studies (11), (74), (90), (100) and (101).
The results obtained in study (101) are utilized in estimating
the accuracy of various simplified equations of atmospheric dynamios
(including vortex and divergence equations), while the results
obtained in study (90) are used for the construction of empirical
"influenoo functions," for the purpose of utilizing these functions
in numerical prognosis. Specific problems of atmospheric dynamics
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were investigated in studies (21), (22), (27), (33), (39), (88),
(89) and others. Many studies, which have both a dynamie-sset?orologioal
and synoptic significance, are listed in the "Synoptic Meteorology"
Section.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Gaudin, L. S., Laykhtman, D. L., Matveyev, L. T. and
Yudin, M. Is, "Foundations of Dynamic Meteorology," published by
Gidroneteoisdat, 1955.
2. Koohin, N. Ye., "Simplificatton of Hydromechanioal Equations
in Case of General Atmospheric Circulation," 1935. Collected Works,
Vol. I, 1949, published by the USSR Academy of Soienoes.
3. Koohin, N. Ye., "Construction of a Model of Zonal Atmospheric
Circulation," 1938. Collected Works, Vol, I, 1949, publishe4,by the
USSR Academy of Soiencee.
4. Baysv, V. K., "Free Convection in the Atmosphere," Personal
Paper, 1953, Central Institute of Forecasts,
5. Berlyand, 0. S., "Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure Over
the Earth's Surface in the Case of Zonal Stationary Circulation of
the Atmosphere," Isvestiya Akadonsii Nauk SSSRi Seriya geografioheakpya
I geofisicheskva Lyons of the USSR Aaadepy of Sciences, Geographioal
and Geophysical Seriog, Vol. 14, No 3, 1950.
6. Berlyand, M. Ye., "Forecast and Control of the Thermal Regime
of the Ground Surface Atmospheric Layer," published by Gidrometeoizdat,
1958.
7, Blinova, Ye. N., 'Hydrodynamic, Theory of Pressure Waves and
Atmospheric Action Centers, Dokiady AN SSSROreports of the USSR
Acadeny of Salome?, Vol. 39, No 7,1945.
8. Blinava, Ye. N., "On the Determination of Pressure at Sea
Level," Ibid., Vol. 92, No 3, 1953.
9. Blinova? Ye. N., "On the Problem of Average Annual Temperature
Distribution in the Earth's Atmosphere, Taking Into Aecount Both
Continents and Oceans," Ievestiya Mdeii Nauk SSSR, Seriya goo-
grafioheskaya I &?ofisichesksiya /News of the USSR Academy of Sciences,
Geographical and a.ophyiioal srT.j, Vol. II, No 1, 1947.
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10. Bugayar, V. A., 'Rules for Qualitative Hydrodynamio
Forecasts of Pressure Changes," Tashkent, 1951.
11. Bugayev, V. A., "On the Order of Magnitudes of Horizontal
Derivatives of Atmospheric Pressure and ToLiporature Fields.*
Izvest&ya a &own of the USSR Aoadomy
o Sciences, deophysioal Series , No 1952.
12. Burman, E. A., "On the Distribution of Vertical Velooities
in Breeze Ciroulations." Triad Odessko o idrometeorolo ichosko
institute jransactions o the 0 essa ?ydrometeoro ogica ns itutg,
No 5, 1963.
13. Burman, E. A., "Experiment in Advance Computation of the
Daily Course of Air Temperature in a Coastal Area," MeteoroleAiya i
gidrololya geteorology and Hydrologe, No 5, 1952.
14. Byzoms, N. L., "On the Theory of Self-Excited Fluctuations
in a Thermal Convection Current," .....dz_TruMorskooidira_g_?ofizioANR
institute ffransactiona of the Naval Hydrophysioal Institute of the
USSR Academy of Scienaag, Vol. 6, 1955.
15. Bykov, V. V. and Moshkovioh, S. A., "Characteristics of
Atmospheric) Zonal Circulation," Meteorologiya i_gidroloOyageteorology
and Bydrologe, No 2, 1956.
pg 32 16. Bykov, V. V., "Effect of Mountains Upon Pressure Changes
in the Middle Troposphere," Ibid., No 4, 1955.
17. Vasenkov, K. A., "Analysis of Local Pressure Changes and
of Conditions Leading to Cyclone Pormation in the Troposphere,"
Trudy Tsentrallnogo Institute (Tall') 5raneaotione of the Central
Forecasting institute-, Issue 402, T956.
18. Vul*fson, N. I., "Computation of a Noni.Zonal Came of
Stationary Atmospheric Circulation," Ievestira AN SSR, Seri a imp-
fizicheskaya gews of the USSR Academy of Saienoss, op a ea
Serial", No 2, 1951.
19. Gandin, L. S. and Solovoychik. R. E., "Periodic Temperature
Course in the Presence of Adveotion." Trudy giavnox geofizioheskay
observatorii gramsactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratord, Issue
601122, 1956.
20. Gubin, V. I., "Determination of Wind Velocity Based on the
Pressure Field," Trudy Institute Matematiki i mekhaulki (IBM) Ikademii
Nauk Umbekskoy SOILTransaetions of the Institute ofikathematias ancr
lgichanfoi of the Aoadamy of Seim:acres of the Uzbek 37, Issue 14, 1955.
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91
21. Oubin, V. I., "On the Construction of Solenoids in the
Friction liver," Trudy Taxhkentskoy geofisicheskoy observatorii
ffransaotions of the Tashkent Geophysical Obserratord, Issue 5,
1951.
22. Gubin, V. I? "Front Formation and Pressure Changes,"
Doklady AB Usb SSR iieports of the Academy of Soiencos of the
Uzbek S8y, No '1, 955.
23. Gutman, L. N. and Monin, A. Se, "Looal Winds in a
Mountain Area," Trudy Tsontralinov Institute (TSIP) (Transactions
of the Central Forecasting inetitut!t, No 21/48, 1960.
24. Gutman, L. N., "Thermal DistUrbanoes in a Horizontal Air
Current," Prikladnaya matematika i mekhanikagpplied Mathematics
and Meohanie4i, lamas 3, 1950.
25. Gutman, L. N., "On Slope Wind Over a Slightly Sloping
Basement Surface," Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya reloeizioheaksa
gems of the USSR Academy of Sciences, &ophy.oal S.ri.7 No 4,
1953.
26. Dmitriyev, A. A., "On the Modeling of Geophysical Ciroula-
tions in a Rotating Parabolic Vessel," Ibid., No 3, 1956.
27. Dmitriyev, A. A., "Certain Problems of Cyclone Dynamics as
Vortex Cores in a Heterogeneous Layer," Trudy Morskop gidrofisiehoskoso
institute AN SSSRoransectiorut of the Naval Hydrophysical Institute
of the USSR Academy of Seienceg, Vol. 6, 1955.
28. Dogadkina, N. P. and Dyubyuk, A. F., "Vertical Velocities
in the Area of a Stationary Front," Trudy Tsontraltnosa_pastituta
(TST jransaetions of the Central Forecasting Issue
45/72, 1958.
29. Dorodnitsyn, A. A., *Meet of the Relie of the Earth's
Surface on Air Currents," Ibid., Issue 21, 1950.
30. Dyubyuk, A. F., "Changes in Air Humidity Over a Water
Surface," Ibid.* Issue 25/53, 1951.
31. Dyubyuk, A. F., "Vertical Velocities Caused by Friction in
the Frontal Area," Ibid., Issue 25/53, 1951.
32. Dyubyuk, A. F., "Determination of Instant Velocity Champs
in Meteorological Elements," Ibid., Issue 26, 1951.
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33. Dyubyuk? A. F., "Abnormal Motion Velookties of Pressure
Centers," Ibid., Issue 203, 1961.
34. Kaohurin, L. G., "Formation of Precipitation in Clouds With
Small Vertical Currents," Izvesti a AN SSR Seri a eofiziches a
gews of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Series 2, 1956.
35. Klyuchnikova, L. A., *On Formation of Advective Fogs,"
Truday glavnoy geofizioheskoz obeervatorii jransactions of the Main
Geophysical Laboratoryj, Issue 6022, 1968.
36. Kibelt, I. A., "Space Problems of an Air Current Flawing
Around Rough Spots on the Earth's Surface," Dokiady AN SSSRLireports
of the USSR Academy of Soienceg, Vol. 100, Ao 2, 1955.
37. Mel', I. A., "Meteorologioal Application of Equations on
the Hydromeohanics of a Baroolinic Fluid,* lzvestiza Akademii Nauk
SSSR Seri a eo rafiohes a i eofiziohesk a LNews of the USSR
Academy o oienoes, graph o an. f op s oaT Serieg, No 5, 1940.
38. Kibelt, I. A., "On the AJ:stment of Air Motion to a
Gradient Motion,* Doklady Al SSSR ports of the USSR Aoadezly of
Soienoeic Vol. 104, No 1, 1955.
39. Kogan, S. Ya., "On the Method of Computing an Adveotive Beat
Inflow,"Tr u?teofiziohisiwoiz_.tautAkademiiNaukSSSRffrans-
aotions (sopbyaioal of of
the US8g71, No 37/184, 1958.
40. Laykhtanan, D. L., "On the Problea of Estimating the Vertical
Component of Wind Velocity in the Ground Surface Lower,* 8bornik
trudov Lenin&radskogo idramisteorologichesko o institute Zrarreted
Works of the Leningr HydrometeorologA.oal Wo 3, 1964.
41. Lebedeva, N. V., "Vertical Movements in a Front,*
Tsentral'nogo Institute (TSIFiffransactions of the Central li
seating Institut!/, Issue 45/72, 1956.
42. Malkevich, M. S., "Vertical Distribution of Temperature in
the Atmosphere,".,12L2,-.b..i,ya AN SSR0 Seriyaseofisioheske*.gaws of
the USSR. Aoademy of Science's, Geophysical Seritlf, No 2, 1965.
43. Malkevich, M. S., "Method for the Theoretical Determina-.
tion of the Vertical Gradient of Air Temperature," Ibid., Mb 5, 1968.
44. Matveyev, L. T., *Vertica). Currents in the Atmospheric.
Boundary Layer," Ibid., No 6, 1965.
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46. Mashkovioh, S. A., "On Seasonal Fluctuations of Jet
Currents," Metiorologiya I gidrologiya geteorology and Eydrologe7.
No 6, 1956.
46. Mashkovioh, S. A., "Distribution of Temperature According
to Altitude in Various Latitudes of the Northern and Southern
Hemispheres," Trudy Tsentral"nog? Institute. (TSIP) Ztransaotions of
the Central Forecasting Institutlf, No 21/48, 1950.
47. Mertsalov, A. N., "Determination of Vertical Velocities in
the Friction Layer Based on the Ground Pressure Field with Circular
Isobars," Meteorologiya i gidrologiyageteoroloa and Eydrologg,
No 11, 1951.
48. Monin, A. S., "Horizontal Mixing in the Atmosphere,"
Izvesti AN SSR Seri eofizicheska a giows of the USSR Academy
o Sciences, ophysioal cries No 3, 1966.
49. Monin, A. S., "On Maoroturbulent Exchange in the Earth's
Atmosphere," Ibid., No 4, 1956.
50. Monin, A. S., "Stationary Model of Wind Distribution
According to Altitude in the Case of Curvilinear Isobars," Izvestiya
Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya geografieheskva i goofizicheskaya a16we
of the USSR Aoademy of Sciences, Geographical and Geophysical Sorieg,
Vol. 13, 1949.
PG 33 51. Monin, A. S. "Changes in Pressure in the Barotropie
Atmosphere," Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya geofizicheskaya gews of the
USSR Academy of Sciences, Geophysical Sorieil, No 4, 1952.
52. Morskoy, G. I., "On Problem of Computing Vertical Air
Velocity," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya geteorology and Eydrologa2,
No 1, 1964.
53. liorskoy, G. I., *Theoretical &theme for Short-Range Fore-
casts of Air Pressure and Temperature According to I. A. Kiboll,"
Ibid., No 2, 1951.
54. Musaelyan, Sh. A., "Space Problem of the Circumvention of
the Earth's Rough Surface, Aacounting for the Spherical Nature of
the Earth," ....2Lclacjy.2....._NSSS4Dgeports of the USSR Academy of Seism:oil,
Vol. 103, No 5, 1955.
55. Unkhina? T. S., "The Effect Caused by Time Changes in the
Pressure Gradient on Wind in the Ground Surface Layer," Tri_Lind_
Tsentrarno o Institute QUIP gransaotions of the Contia-Pbre-
coasting Inat tutV, Issue 26/53, 1951.
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56. Nkhitaryan, A. M., "Consideration of Ground Friction in the
Problem Concerning Distribution of Pressure at Sea Level," Izvostiya
AN SSR. Seri a eofizicheskeye gews of the USSR. Academy of Sciences,
Geophysical r my, NO 1, 1955.
57. Ukhitaryan, A. Al., "Consideration of Vertical Turbulent
NixinL in Pressure Distribution at Sea Level," Doklady AN Armi
SSR sports of the Academy of Sciences of the Armenian SSW,
VOL 41, No 1, 1955.
58. Mkhitaryan, A. M. "On the Problem of Atmospheric Pressure
Distribution on the Barth's Surface in Case of Non-Zonal Atmospheric
Circulation," Ibid., Vol. 21, No 3, 1955.
59. Ukhitaryan, A. M., "Distribution of Atmospheric Pressure
at Sea Level," Izvestija AN SSR, Seriya eofiziohesk &sews of the
USSR Aoademy of Sciences, Geophysical Series No 7, 56.
sp. Nkhitaryan A. Al., "Non-Stationary Problem on Monsoon
Circulation," DoklacLy AN Armi SSR /sports of the Academy of Sciences
of the Armenian SS Vol. 19, NO , 1954.
61. Ukhitaryan, A. Al., "Conoerning One aeteorological Applica-
tion of the Large Scale Convection Theory," Ibid., Vol. 20, No 3, 1955.
62. Obukhov, A. M., "On the Problem of Gradient Wind,"
Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR Seri eo raficheska a i eofizicheske
ewe of the USSR Academy of clew:es, Geographic and Geop s ea
Sorieg, Vol. 13, No 4* 1949.
63. Orlova, Ye. Al., "On the Problem of Computing Vertical
Velocities According to Data of the Wind Field," MeteoroloaXya i
gidrolorkiyagetsoroloor and Bydrologe, No 1, 1955.
64. Pariyakiy, N. N., "Changes in the Earth's Rotation Speed
During the Year," Trudy geofisicheskogo institute Akademii Ilauk SSSR
ifransections of the Geophysical Institute of the Academy of ScioncoS
of the USS47, No 19/146, 1953.
65. Parlyskiy, N. N. and Berlyand, O. S., "Effect of Seasonal
Changes in Atmospheric Circulation upon the Earth's Rotation Speed,"
Ibid., No 1046, 1955.
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S. Rakipova, L. It, "On the Average Annual Zonal Temperature
Distribution in the Earth's Atmosphere," Trudy glavnoy geofizicheskoy
observatorii frransaotions of the Main Geophysical Liborator44(0
Issue 31(6t, 952.
87* Rakipova, L. It., "Average Annual Zonal Temperature of the
Earth's Atmosphere and its Determining Factors," Ibid., Issue 4003,
1953.
68. Rakipova, L. It., "Vertical Movements in the Atmosphere and
Cosmic Dust," Ibid.., Issue 19, 1950*
69. Rakipova, L. it, "On the Meehanism of the Connection Existing
Between Troposphere and Upper Atmospheric Layers," Ibid., Issue 28,
1951*
70. Rasumovskaya, L. P., "Peculiarities in Changes of And with
Altitude in Various Parts of a Cyclone, Arising During Turbulent
Friotion," Trudy Tsontral'nogo Institute (gsiP) gransactions of the
Central Forecasting Institutil, Issue 203, 1951.
71. Reshetnikova, K. A., "On the Coefficient of Borisontal
Exohange," Trudy lancy geofizicheskoy observatorii ffiancaotions
of the 1mm Geophysical, LaporatorW? Issue 55, 1955.
72. Rome?, A. I., "On Analysis of Wind Deviations from
Gradient Wind in the Free Atmosphere," 3J;215_21E4011LJLjaruityl.
ffeteorology and Bydrologg, No 1, 1951.
73, ROMOV, A. I., "On Changes of Vortex and Velocity Ciroule.-
tion in the Atmosphere," Trudy Ukrainekee nauchno issledovatelt
skogo Gidrometeorologichoskoge Institut*mff?i'--uacTrons of the Ukrainian
Scientific Researeh Bydrometeorologioal Institutil, Issue 4, 1955.
74. Rusin, M. I., "Some Problems of Kinematios of Air Currents,"
Vestnik LOU (Leninvadskiy Gosudarstvenvy Universitet) gerald of
tbs Leningrad state Universitz(? No 5# 1954.
75* Ruppert, L. L., "On the Problem of Gradient Wind," Tr.
VGUF SA, Issue 5, 1952. (See Item 11, page 51).
76. Sadovnikov, A. V., "Relation Between Relative Bumidity
and Dow Point," Ibid., Issue 5, 1952.
77. Sadokov, V. P., "Consideration of Atmospherio Fronts Daring
Computation of Pressure Chanes in the Middle Tropospheres.'
and Aidrao No 7, 1956.
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70. Slavin, I. A., "General Expression of Entropy of Humid Air."
Tr. VGMF SA, Issue 5, 1952. (Soo It. 11, page 51).
79. Slavin, I. A., "Thermodynamic Interpretation of Temperature
Recordings of a Wet Bulb Thermometer," Ibid., Issue 5, 1952.
80. Slavin, I. A., "Analysis of the Concepts of Meteorological
Temperatures From the Standpoint of the Second Principle of Thermo-
dynamics," Ibid., Issue 12, 1955.
81. Slobodov, B. Ya., "Consideration of Turbulent Exchange in
the Problem of Pressure and Wind Distribution in the Atmosphere,"
Izvestiya AN SSR, Seriya geofizicheskaya gfewe of the USSR Academy
of Seienoe2i; No 8, 1956.
? 82. Titov, S. I., "Physical Explanation of Certain Principles
of Professor I. A. Kibel's Method," Tr. VGMF SA, Issue 5, 1952.
(See Item 11, page 51).
83. Tkachenko, A. V., "On the Mean Temperature of a Vertical
Air Column," Nauchnyp zapiski Llvovsko o Sel'skokhozyaystvenny
institute goientific Notes of the L vov Agricultural Institute ,
Vol. 3,1952.
84. Uspenskiy, B. D., "Theory of Local Changes in Geopotential
. Altitudes of Isobaric, Surfaces," Moteorologiya i gidrologAla gieteorology
and Hydrologg, No $, 1954.
PS 34 86. Umpenedy, B. D., "Theory of Local Changes in Ground Pressure,"
Ibid., No 1, 1955.
86. Feyzel"son, Ye. M., "Temperature Distribution of the Earth's
Atmosphere According to Altitude in the Presence of Radiant and
Vortical Turbulent Heat Exchange," Izvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR,
Attia-fichitake.ya i geofizichezkaya Owes of the USSR Academy
of Sciences, Geographical and Geophysical Serieg, No 4, Vol. 14,
1950.
87. Feygellson, Ye. M., "Effect of Clouds on the Atmospheric
Haat Regime," Trudygoofisicheakogo institute Akadomii Nauk SSSR
jransactions e Geophysical Institute or the Academy of Sciences
of the USSLAR. No 37/164, 1956.
88. Khrgian, A. Kh. "On Atmospheric Processes Closely Related
to Adiabatic Processes," Truk Tsentrallnoy astronomiohaskoy observatorii
(TSAO) jransaotions of the Central Astronomical Observatord, No 6,
1952.
?77?
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89. Tseytin, G. Kh., "On the Problem of Taking Into Account
Horizontal Diffusion During the Transformation of an Air Mass,"
Trudy glevnoy geofizioheskoy obsorvatorii jransactions of the Main
Geophysical Laboratoryi, Issue 60/122, 1956.
90. Chaplygina, A. S., "24.-Hour Changes of Thermobaria Fields in
the Free Atmoephers," Trudy iteofizioheskogo institute Akadenii Nauk
SSSRffransaations of the Geophysieal Institute of the Academy of
Soleness of the USSA7, Iesue 33/180, 1956.
91, Shviets, M. Ye., "On Peouliarities of Atmospherio movonents
in the Equatorial Area," Trud lavno eofizichesko observatorii
ffraneaotions of the Main Geophysical Laborato Issue 33 95, 952.
92. Shvots, M. YO., "On the Hydrodynamic Theory of Zonal
Atmospherie Circulation," Ibid., Issue 41/103, 1953.
93. Shvets, M. Ye., "On an Approximate Method for Solving
Certain Problems in Geophysios and Aerohydramechanics," Ibid.,
Issue 19/61, 1950.
94. Shvilts? M. Ye., "On. Humidity Exchange in the Atmosphere,"
Ibid., Issue 33/95, 1952.
95. Shvets, M. Ye., "On Condensation of Water Vapor in the
Atmosphere," Isvestiya AN SSR, Seriya geofizicheskayagews of the
USSR Academy of Soienoly1 No 6, 1955.
98. Shekhter, F. N., "Altitude Distribution of Mean Teeperature
in a Seleotlly Absorbing Atmosphere," Trudy glavnoy eofizicheeko
obeervatorii Transactions of the Main Geophysical Laborato ?
Issue 37/99, 4.952.
97. Shishkin, N. S., "Clouds, Precipitation and Thunderstore
Eleotrioity," Moscow, 1954.
98. Gutman, M. N., "On the Theory of Mountain and Valley Windsou
Doklady AN SSSRLfsports of the USSR Academy of Soienotg, Vol. 66,
No 2, 1949.
99. Yudin, M. I., "Unvariable Magnitudes in Large Seale
Atmospheric) Processes," Trudy glavnoy goofizichoskoy obeervatorii
Liransaations of the Main Geophysical Laboratory, Iellre 56, fra:
100. Yudin, M. I., "Certain Theoretical Problems of Meteorologioal
Fi..1do," Ibid., Issue 19/81, 1950.
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101. Yudin, M. I., "Application of the Statistioal Theory of
Turbulonoe in Simplifying Equations of Atmospheric Dynamics," Ibid.,
Issue 33/95, 1952.
102.- Yaglom, L. M., "Dynamics of Large Scale Processes in a
Barotropic Atmosphere," I:mestizo. AN SSR. Seriya geofizicheskaya
ffiews of the USSR Academy of Soienoey,? Mo 4, 1953.
P& 35 IV. ATMOSPHERIC OPTICS AND ACTINOMETRY
The present chapter summarizes briefly the principal results of
investigations iu the fields atmospherio optics and aotinometry,
which have been conducted in the USSR since 1950. This summary is
limited to a discussion of purely optical problems, leaving aside
certain applications (in the heat balanoe, and others).
A ideal Pro rties of the Elements in the Atmos here. Molecules.
Labors ory vest gations were pa) orme on a sorp on ? eater vapor
in the near infra-red region. Considerable deviations from Huger-.
Berle lawyers, found to exist in the region of partial pressures
ranging from 10 to 100 millibars (1).
In view of the fact that Buger-Derts law is not fulfilled in
the atmosphere, a method was developed for computing radiation .
absorption by 1120 and CO2 molecules based on experimental trans-
mission functions (2), (5). The reverse problem VOA also investi-
gated, namely determination of the water vapor content in the
atoosphore by the spectroscopic method (3).
Aerosol and Cloud Particles. The theory of light dispersion
by small particles in the atmosphere was elaborated along the follow-
ing lines: elimination of various unolarified points in the theory,
development of approximate methods for computation of large spherical
and mon-spherical particles, and tabulation of accurate formulas.
A general review of the results obtained and a systematic discussion
of the problem are given in a book (3), while a more detailed dis-
cussion of separate items is given in studies (7), (8) and (10) -
(14). Among the individual results obtained, one should note the
clarification of the paradoxical doubling of the attenuation factor
On large particles (8), oaused by diffraction peculiarities of
particle dispersion. Curious resonance phenomena during light
dispersion on small particles were discovered (9). Detailed com-
putations of the dispersion and polarization indicatrix on a
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maximum large-size water droplet in the visible range were carried
out (7), followed later by examination of the ultra-violet and infra-
red regions (20). The theoretical transition from precise diffraction
formulas to geometrieal optical formulas was investigated (10), and
the indicatrix of light dizpersion by a cloud drop was computed (9).
Dispersion on large transparent particles of spherical or arbitrary
shape was Investigated experimentally (4). It was found that
indieatrioes of non-spherical particles were much loss elongated.
Peculiarities of the heat radiation of mall particles were theo-
retically investigated (9), as well as heat radiation of water drops,
in connection with the problem concerned with the effect of fog on
the radiation balance of the Earth's surface (13). An approximate
method yielding simple formulas even for non-spherical particles
(ellipsoids) was developed in study (8).
Conditions under which dispersion of light by individual particles
in a volume may be considered as incoherent are investigated in study
(12). A theory on light dispersion by arbitrary double layer particles
VAX established (15), and detailed computations were made in (16)
of radiation properties of cloud drops in the infra-red region
pg 36 (up to U17 u) (18). The effective diameter of small particles
for a 90? angle dispersion was investigated (17). The reverse
problem was solved, namely the utilisation of an experimentally
measured dispersion indicatrix for determintug the distribution
curve of sol particles according to their sizes. This problem is
+closely connected with the problem regarding conditions under
which the so-called "coronas" may be observed (18), (19).
Theory of Radiation Transfer in a Cloudless Atmosphere. The
theory a radiant transfer in the atmosphere has been devilopod along
the following lines:
a. Transfer of heat radiation, as applied to problems of
atmospheric thermodynamios and dynamic meteorology.
b. Dispersion of short-wave radiation in a cloudless atmosphere,
as applied to problems of atmospheric optics, visibility, and aerial
photography.
A general review of the results obtained is given in studies
(28) and (27), and, in oonnection with the problem of thermal regime
in the ground surface layer (21). Some of the most important results
will now be examined.
Transfer of Thermal Radiation. Distribution of solar infra-red
radiation in the atmosphere and gurt inflow caused by its absorption,
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have been. caloulated (32)0 (35). The problem of radiant equilibrium
of a gas sheath surrounding a totally black sphere has been solved
(30). New designs and patterns of absorption spectra of the principal
absorbing substances have been obtained (27). Methods which take
into acoount selective absorption in heat exohange problems have
been developed (27), (51), and temperature distribution according to
altitude, a000unting for all the prinoipal typos of heat exchange,
has been computed. Vertical temperature distribution, with a
schematic account for selectivity of absorption, has been investigated
(33), (34), (40.
Dispersion of Short-Wave Radiation. Serious efforts have been
made I() develop mathematical methods ?or solving transfer equations
(24), (25), (31), (47). Computations were carried out on the intensity
of dispersed light in the atmosphere, and on smoke oontent factors
in ease of spherical elongation,also various degrees of elongation
of non-spherical dispersion indicatrices (28), (29), (46). Accurate
methods have been developed for determining the intensity of radiation
emitted by a medium (23). (43). An aocurato method for determining
the light regime inside a medium ix given in study (17). Statistical
methods for solving problems related to the theory of light dispersion
have been developed (42), (44), (45). Methods for the approximate
accounting of multiple dispersion during determination of the bright-
ness of the sky in daytime have been developod,lhieh make results of
observations free from the effect of higher-order aspersion (23),
(38), (29), (40), (43), (49), (50). In this oonneotion, a number of
studies take into consideration the spherical nature of the Earth
(40), (49), (50). One must point out investigations concerned with
light propagation in the atmosphere, which take polarisation into
account (41), as well as investigations aimed at the mathematical
foundation of the radiation transfer theory (22).
Trans
*
rano
Bri
?0
tness and Polarisation in a Cloudless
Atm_p_v re.MO 0 ?all gayer ng t ow o so ar r ? ation
onthe surface VAS studied on the basis of observations and
calculations (52), (60), (64). (73). Certain data related to the
problem of the daily course of spectral factors of atmospherie
transparency wore also obtained (65).
Total absorption of solar radiation in different layers of the
atmosphere was investigated by means of pyranometrio observations made
in several locations from airplanes and balloons (54), (57), (62),
(63), (74), (75). It was found that this total absorption is 1.5
times greater than the absorption caloulated by the well-known formula
of Mellor.
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Pg
Several studios were devoted to investigation of the distribu-
tion of power and visual brightness of the firmament (56), (59),
(78). The dispersion indicatrix of the entire atmosphere MAII
investigated, and a simple method for its determination, based on
observations of the sky's brightness, was developed (66) - (72).
Optical properties of the atmosphere prevailing in mountain owl-.
ditions were investigated separately (73). It rag found that the
37 results of measurement of the effeotive radiation at the Earth's
surface were in good agreement with theoretical calculations, where-
by the advantages displayed by the new radiation nomogram were
partioulariy conspiouous (58), (76). Balloon measurements performed
up to 8 kms. altitude confirmed the fact that the effective water
vapor density is proportional to the square root of pressure (77)4
Investigations of the distribution of back radiation in a clear
firmament allowed the experiaental detormipation of the multiplier
a000unting for the diffusivity, which was equal to 1.68/0.05, and
also permitted to determine the integral absorption function (55).
The long-wave radiation of the Earth's surface was successfully
used in experiments aimed at determining the mean temperature of
this surface (53), (61).
Optics of Clouds and Fogs. A general analysis of the problem
is given in a book (92). Studies on radiation transfer in clouds
were conducted along the following lines:
a. Investigations primarily concerned with microphysios of
absorption and dispersion proems*** of radiant energy on drop-thin
water. Tho results obtained are used in developing a theory of
radiation processes in clouds, based on the solution of Schwartssohild's
approximate equations (92) - (96).
b. Investigations based on the solution of preeise radiation
transfer equations, with simplified assumption* on absorption and
dispersion properties of clouds (85), (87) - (90). The experimental
investigation of multiple light dispersion in turbid media yielded
interesting results (86).
o. Measurements of aloud transparency in mountain conditions
(Elbrus) agreed in a satisfactory-manner with theoretical expecta-
tions. An optical method, which permits to study separately the
liquid and vapor phase in a cloud, was successfully developed (82).
Direct airplane measurements of long-wave radiation currents in clouds
agreed with theoretical calculations. (84). Detailed investigations
were conducted on the reflection, penetration, and absorption of solar
radiation by clouds of various shapes (91).
D,r1.
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RAlinILALE_Alemtalioralsurface. Investigations were
conducted both on the ground azul from aircraft. A general review
of these investigations is given in (109) and (111).
around Measurements. The mechanism of spectral and angular
variations of albedo in various soils, vegetation types, 11110Ar, and
ice were studied (93) - (95), (97) - (102), (106), (112), (113),
(115), (118), (120). As a rule, albedo alminishes with increasing
Sun altitude, which is due to a change in the angle of incideuce of
Sun rays and in the spectral composition of light (106), (108),
(112). It was found that the albedo of water basins is influenced by
water turbidity and agitation (26), (1p7), (110), (118). New and
perfected computations of terrestrial albedo were performed, and it
was discovered that the metoorologioal method for determining the
albedo of the Earth coinoidos as a whole with the photometric method
(96), (103), (117). It was established taat the radiation current
reflected by the Earth's surface possesses a considerable =isotropic)
character (101). In the infra-red region of the solar spectrum the
albedo of a number of natural soil covers was found to amount to
30 - 40% (121). The spectral reflecting capaci4y of a barite paper
standard was investigated (102).
Aerial Measurements. The albedo of certain surfaces was
determined from an aircraft (99), (113) and from a balloon (116).
It was discovered chat changes in alkiedo with altitude sometimes
result in higher, sometimes in lower, albedo values (119). The
effoet of pressure (i.e. flight altitude) on recordings of
pyranometers was established (104).
Actinometry. Instruments and Recording Methods. Together
with theoretical studies, methods and techniques of actinomstric
observations have been improved. While before the war, aotinometry
pg 38 was primarily directed toward investigations of atmospheric trans-
parency and calculations of Sun and sky short.wave radiations,
as macroolimatio radiation characteristics, instruments have been
transferred in recent years from observatory towers to meteorological
site's and the observation periods have been coordinated with clima-
tological periods (15).
The principal activity of observation stations include measure.-
mont of residual (balance) radiation, both total and short-wave
(0.3 - 4u) radiation, by means of actinometers, pyranometers and
balanoemeters. Separate investigations in the vicinity of the
station furnish information on the radiation regime of the principal
ground surface types in the station area. The albedo of the earth
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is investigated by means of an inverted pyranometer. Time intervals
between direct observations amount to 3 hours in daytime and 6 hours
at nighttime.
Former stations were equipped with severs. point galvanographs
for recording aotinometer readings, the shaded pyranometer? and in
some stations, of the balancemeter. New stations are equipped with
a three-position recorder, which is used primarily for reeording
total radiation. The aotinomator, pyranometer, and balanometer
are also connected with this recorder. Photorecorders, electronic
and mechanical self-recording potentiometers used in individual
stations. New models of mechanical galvanographs are being developed
for stations deprived of alternating current. Development of integrator
aotinographs has just started.
A thermoelectric) type of aotinometer, designed by Savinov, is
used in the USSR network. It has an increased sensitivity and a
100 angle of aperture, the aperture being twice as large as the
ref:mixer. The same angle is utilised in the shading of pyranometers
and balanoemetims. The sensitivity of actinometers is approximately
7 mimgicrovoltil per 1 cal/sq. cm. min, with a 15 ohm resistance.
The inertia is equal to 20 seconds.
Pyranometers (153) under a semi -spherical glass hood are
equipped with square, black and white thermobattories having a
sensitivity of 8 - 11 Inky and an inertia of 30 seconds. The relation
between sensitivity and angle of incidence is established for each
instrument, and this relation is considerable in view of the use of
convex glasshoods. This relation is taken into aocount during
processing of data. The selectivity of parameters and its offset
upon measurements of dispersed radiation are being studied at the
present time.
Balanoemoters having a high frame heat conductivity and equipped
with 340 oonstantan silver thermocouples, have a 7 nkv. sensitivity
(at a 600 ha rosistanms) which is reduced by 2 - 2.7% when wind
velocity increases by 1 m/seo. ffind is determined by simultaneous
wind meter recordings. Artifioial blowing is not performed during
calm weather. The selectivity of the receiver has been studied.
The effect of the air current struoture on balanoemeter recordings
is being studied. Savinaes pyrgeomster of new design is used in
some stations.
A g.neral needle-type GSA-I galvanometer equipped with stretchers
and encased in a white east frame, allowing to conduct operations
under field conditions in the sun, is used with all four instruments.
?84-
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Pyranameters and balancemeters, their parameters of'which are being
adapted to galvanometers, have recently been improved. Radial-
symmetrical pyranometsrs with a standard eensitivity of 5.7 mkv,
a 19 ohm resistanoe and 10 sect. inertia, which errors (mused by
batteries here been reduced, are being introduced, as well as low
ohm balanoemsters equipped with a copper oonstantan battery having
the same sensitivity and resistanoe.
A. metal rack for installing instruments at the station has been
designed, which permits a rapid grading of the instrument and which
always exposes the pyranometers and balanoemeters from the same side
to the sun.
Observations with the aid of pyranometers and balancemeters are
accompanied by simultaneous observations with an aotinometer equipped
pg 39 with a separate galvanometer, thus permitting to control the results of
observations of albedo and of residual radiation intensity under
variable sunshine.
A thermoelectric aetinauetor or a bimetal Mikhelson's aotinometer,
and in some stations a pyrheliometer, are used as control instruments
for checking pyranometers and balanaemeters. In addition to Angstrom,-
type and Soviet pyrheliometers, modified instruments proposed by
Voloshin are used which have a circular receiving aperture and whioh
are equipped with thermobatteries of higher sensitivity.
Bolometrio pyrheliometors with a round aperture, proposed in
Saratov by Wyushkov and Sayarov, deserve consideration. The
aperture angles of these instruments are the same as in actinometers.
The number of stations measuring illumination (or light exposure)
has been reduced to 6 at present, but will be increased again during
the International Geophysical Year. Recorders of ultra-violet
radiation are undergoing tests.
Methods used in actinometrio obeervations are described in
special "Directives, published in 1947, part of which have beoome
somewhat obsolescent and which have been supplemented by methodical
instructions (151). An expanded handbook guide is in the press,
which contains a description of methods for recording actinometrio
data.
Checking guides describe methods for checking astinometers and
eyrheliometers and instruments recording artificial radiation souroes.
Modern instruments are described in a new edition of V. N. Kedroli-
vanskiy's book.
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The Problem of Visibility. Visual thresholds and other
characteristics of vision mere studied in detail in oonneotion
with the problem of visibility range of distant objects and lights
(122), (124), (127), (128), (129), (131), (143).
A large amount of work was devoted to improving method* for
measuring visibility. A now instrument for measuring visibility,
known as a contrastmeter, was developed at the Main Geophysieal
Observatory, which is based on the principle of extinguishing the
field of vision with inoreased brightness (133) - (138). A standard
method for vista determination of the visibility range, based on
contrasts of distant objects, has been developed (123) - (125),
(129) - (132), (140), (143). The visibility range of real objects
and lights under normal conditions WAX investigated (124) - (126),
(129), (130) - (142), (144).
Atmospherio Ozone. Investigations were conducted whioh were
concerned both with theoretical foundations (145), as well as with
the practical development (149) of methods for the determination of
atmospheric ozone, based on absorption in several sections of the
ultra-violet speotrum range. Some results of ozone observations
are described in articles (146) - (148) and in a review monograph
(150).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Bronshteyn, A. M., "Investigation of Radiation Absorption
by Water Vapor of Different Densities and Temperatures,* Trudy
glavnoy geofizicheakoy observatoriiiiransaotions of the Main Geo-
physical Laboratord, Issue 42 04, 963.
2. Kuznetsov, Ye. S., "Calculation of Water Vapor Absorption
Factors in Cases of Digression From Bugeta Lew," Trudyeofizichesko o
institute Akademii Nauk SSSRLfransaotions of the eophyuioa1 Institute
of the Academy of Sciences of the U5S27, No 23, 1954.
3. Toropova, T. P., "Determination of Atmospheric Water Vapor
Content by the Speotroscpsio Method," Doklady AN SUR sports of the
USSR Academy of Soienoe27, Vol. 86, No 1, 1952.
4. Fedorova? Ye. O., "Study of the Indications of Light
Dispersion by Large Transparent Particles of Spherical and Arbitrary
Shapes," Personal Dissertation Thesis, Leningrad, 1952.
5. Feygollson, Ye. M., "On AbsorptiTo Properties of Water Vapor
and Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere," Izvesti a AN SSR Seri a
gpofizioheakeya deirws of the USSR Academy o Soiences No 1, 1955.
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pg 40
6. Shifrin, K. S., "Light Dispersion Faotor on Large Particles,"
Isvesti a Akademii Nauk SSSR Serija orafioh.skaya & eofisioheskaa
Aiwa of the USSR Academy of oiences, (Iograp1iiaaI and ophiiical
No 1, 1950.
7. Shifrin, K. S., "Light Dispersion on Large Water Drops and
Polarisation of Light in Rainbows," Ibid., No 2, 1950.
8. Shifrin, K. S., "On the Theory of Light Dispersion in the
Atmosphere,* Trudy islavzkoy frofisioheskoy observatorii ffiansactions
of the Main Geophysical Laboratory'', Issue 19, 1950.
9. Shifrin, K. S., "I4 ht Dispersion in a Turbid Medium,"
published by Gostokhisdat State Publishing House of Theoretical and
Technical Literature, 195
10. Shifrin, K. S., "Light Dispersion on a Maximum Large Trans-
parent Particle." Trudy glarnoy geofisioheskoy observatorii ffrans-
actions of the Main Geophysical Laboratorz", Issue 26/86, 1951.
U. Shifrin, K. S., "Derivation of Formulas for Natural Light
Dispersion from the 'MI' Formula for the Dispersion of Linear-
Polarised Light," Ibid., Issue 26, 1951.
12. Shifrin, K. S., "On Coherence of Light Dispersion in Trans-
parent Systems," Kolloidnyy shurnal Leolloid Journeg, No 2, 1951.
13. Shifrin, K. S., "'afoot of Fog on Radiation Balance,"
Trudy ,glavn.oy geofisiches* observatorii gransaations of the
Main Geophysical Laborato , Issue 27, 1451.
14. Shifrin, K. S., "Relation Between Extinction and Dispersion
Along the Direction of Incident Ws," Ibid., Issue 26, 1951.
15. Shifrin, K. S., "Light Dispersion on Double Layer Particles,"
Isvesti AN SSR Seri eofiziohes 616ws of the USSR academy
of Sciences 952.
16, Shifrin, K. S., "On the Theory of Radifttion Properties of
Clouds," Doklady AN SSSR Li:rsports of the USSR Academy of Soiencee,,
Vol. 94, No 4, 1954; Trudy glavnoy geofiziches* observatorii
45hansaotions of the Main Geophysical Laborato , Issue 46, 1955.
17. Shifrin, K. S., "On the Theory of Optical Research Methods
for Colloid Systems," zaoohuogo
institute ffransactione of the Correspondence Wood Technology Institutg,
143-77-11M, Leningrad.
?
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18. Shifrin, K. S., "Calculation of a Certain Class of Definite
Integrals Containing the Square of Bonsai's First Order Function,"
Ibid., No 2, 1956, Leningrad.
19. Shifrin, K. S., "Optical Investigations of Cloud Particles,"
Trudy glevnoy .afizioh.akoy obeervatorii jransactions of the Main
Geophysical La ratoryl, 19 8,(in print).
20. Shifrin, K. S. and Rabinovich, Yu. I., "Spectral Indioatrioes
of Cloud and Rain Drops," Ibid., 1956, (in print).
21. Berlyand, M. Ye., "Forecasting and Control of the Thermal
Regime of the Atmospheric Ground Layer." Leningrad, 1956.
22. Gusev, M. I., "Basis for an Elementary Theory of the Radia-
tion Field," Trudy lams eofisioheskoy observatorii jransactions
of the Main Geophysicalratore, Issue.48, 1954.
23. Gutshabash, S. D., "Light Dispersion in Medium With
Variable Dispersion Indioatrix," Uohenyy. sa iski Leningra,skoo
osudarstvennogo uaiversiteta galantine iotes of the Leningrad
tate Universit.e, Issue 25, No 153, 1952.
24. Kogan, S. Ya., "On the Method of Spherical Functions in
Atmospheric Optics," Doklady AN SSSRCELeports of the USSR Academy
of Scion/cog, 1966.
26.. Kogan, S. Ya., "On Applying the Method of Spherioal Functions
for Solving the Problem of Light Dispersion in the Atmosphere."
(in print).
28. Kondratlyev, K. Ye., "Radiant Energy of Sun," Leningrad, 1955.
27. Iondratiyev, K. Ya., "Radiation Heat Exchange in the
Atmosphere," Leningrad, 1966.
28, Kusnetsov, Ye. S., *Theory of Ion-horizontal Visibility,"
Isvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Soriya geograficheskaya i geofisicheskaya
biome of the USSR Academy of Seisms**, Geographical and Geophysical
Serieg, Vol. 7, No 5, 1943.
29. Kusnetsov, Ye. S. and Ovohinskiy, B. V., "Results of the
Numerical Solution of the Integral Equation on the Theiry of Light
Dispersion in the Atmosphere," ?rut, Aeofisicheskogo institute
Akademii Mauk SSSR?Yransaations of the geophysioal Institute-of the
Academy of Sciences of the USW% No 4, 1949.
- 88 -
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30. Kuznetsov, Ye. S., "Radiation Equilibrium of a Gas Film
Surrounding a Black Sphere," Isvesti a AN SSR Seri a eofiziohesk
gews of the USSR Apadeay of cienoes No
31. Kusnetsov? Ye. S., "General Method for the Construotion of
Approximate Equations of Radiation Energy Transfer," Ibid., No 4,
1951.
32. Kuznetsove Ye. S., "Absorption of Solar Radiation by the
Earth's Atmosphere," Trudy geofizicheskop institute Akademii Bank
SSSRjransaations of the Geophysical Institute of the Academy of
Sciences of the usw; No 23, 1954.
33. Nalkevich? M. S., "On Vertical Temperature Distribution in
the Atmosphere," Izvestiya AN SSR, Soriya geofizioheskayaffievis of
the USSR Academy bi Sciencey, No 2, 1955.
34. MAikovioh, M. S., "Method for the Theoretical Determination
of the Vertical Gradient of Air Temperature," Ibid., No 6, 1956.
35. Malkevich, M. S., "Theoretical Calculation of Solar Radia-
tion Absorbed by the Atmosphere During Various Intervals," Truoty,
eofizicheskogo institute Akademii Nauk SSSRffransaotions of the
oihysxoal Institae of the Aoademy of Sciences of the US
NO 37, 1956.
36. MRikevioh, M. S., "On Solving integral Equations of the
Theory of Light Dispersion in the Atmosphere," Izvesti a AN SSR,
Seriya eofizicheskaya /yews of the USSR Aoademy of Science!!,
9, 1956.
37. Ninin, I. N., "On the Light Regime in a Turbid Medium,"
Ibid., 1956 (in print).
38. Pyaskovskaya-Fesenkova, Ye. V., "The Accounting of Higher
Order D,Imi/spersion." Doklady ANSnRgieports of the USSR Academy of
&deuces , Vol. 36, No i, 1953.
39. Pyaskovskaya-Fisenkova, Ye. V., "Sky Brightness, Accounting
for Light Dispersion of all Orders," Ibid., Vol. 103, Mb 6, 1955.
40. Pyaskovskaya-Fesenkova, Ye. V., "On Accounting for Light
Dispersion of Higher Order," Izvestiya AN Kaz. SSR, seriya
astronomioheskeya i. fizicheskaya Owes of the Aoad.:7 of Sciences
of the Kazakh SSR, Astronomical and Physical Series , No 1-2, 1955.
=89?
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wet!.
C?-?
pg 41
41. Rosenberg, G. V., *Stokes Veotor-Paramoter," Uspekhl fisicheskikh
nauk grogress of Physical Scieneag, Issue 1, 1955.
42. Soboism. V. Ve, "Iva Method in the Theory of Light Dispersion,"
Astronomicheskiy xhurnal (-Astronomical journag, Vol. 28, No 5, 1951.
43. Sobolev, V. V., "Theory of Light Dispersion in Planetary
Atmospheres," Us akhi astronomicheskikhnaukffrogress of Astronomieal
Naienceg, Vol. V, 1954.
44. Sobolair, V. V., "Formation of Absorption Lines in Non-
Coherent Light Dispersion," Astrn.heakiy shurnalgstronomioal
Journal?, Vol. 31, No 3, 195t
45. Sobolev, V. V., "Radiation Diffusion with Redistribution
?Frequencien," Vestnik LOU Leni radski Gosudarstvennyy universitet)
Herald of the Leningrad State ?iversi No 5, 1955,
46, Foygeltson, Ye. M. Malkevich, U. S. and Kogan, S. Ia.,
"Calculation of Light Brightness in the Atmosphere DuriE0 Anisotropie
Dispersion,* Truoty Institut& fisiki atmosfery AN SSSRffransactions
of the Institute for Atmospheric Physics of the USSR Acadeey of
Scienoag, No 2, 1957.
47. Feygelsson, Ye. M. and Pastukbov? V. A., "Simplified
Method for Accounting for Elongated Indicatrices in Problems of
Atmospheric Optics," Isvestiya AN $SR, S.rija geofisicheskaya j6ws
of the USSR Academy of Scieneey, No 4, 1966.
48. Fbygelyson, Ye. M., "The Aaoonnt of Selective Absorption
in the Theory of Radiant Heat Exchange in The Atmosphere," Ibid.,
No 3, 1956.
49. Fesankov, V. G., "On the Brightness of Daytime Cloudless
Sky in Case of a Spherioal Earth," Doklady AN SS8Rjeports of the
USSR Aoadoey of Soicnoeic Vol. 101, No 5, 1955.
50. Fesenkov, V. G., "On the Theory of the Brightness of Daytime
Sr in Case of a Spherical Earth," Astronomioheskiy shurnal
Astronomical Journal?, Vol. 32, No 1, 1955.
51. Shekhter. F. N. "Computation of lonvwave radiation Corr/rat'
from a Limited Solid Angle and from Ralf-Spaoe," Trudy jlavnoy
geofisicheskoyobservatorilLfransaotions of the Main GIopbysLcal
Laboratorzt, Issue A, IA&
90
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52. Barashkova, Ye. P., "Relation of Dispersed Radiation to the
Turbidity Factor," Ibid., Issue 4008, 1955.
53. Gayevskiy, V. L., "Surface Temperature of Large Areas,"
Ibid., Issue 26/68? 1951.
54, Goysa, N. I., "Absorption of Solar Radiation in the Free
Atmosphere in the Kiev Region," Trudy Ukrainskogo nauohno -
issledovateltskoso Gidrometeorologichsskogo Institute 4Transe.ctions
of the Ukrainian Soientifio Research Hydrometeorologioal Institute,
Issue 5, 1955.
55. Yelovskikh, M. P., "Angular Distribution of the Intensity of
Thermal Atmospheric Radiation and Certain Applications," Dissertation,
1956, Leningrad State University.
56. Zavodohi kava, V. G. and Kondratlyev, K. Ya., "On Spatial
Distribution of Dispersed and Reflected Radiation," Vestnik LOU
beni tradski Gosudarstve universitet gerald of the Leningrad
State Univers/ No 2, 9
57. Kastrov, V. G., "Measurements of the Absorption of Solar
Radiation in the Free Atmosphere," Trudy Ts.ntr*1'ny astronomioheskoy
observatorii T140) tiansaations of the Central Aatronoaiaal
Observatorzt? Issu. if, 1952.
68. Kirillova, T. V., "Comparative Evaluation of Various Methods
for the Determination of Effeotive Radiation on the Earth's Surfaoe,"
Tru lATUD eofisicheako observatorii jransaotions of the Main
9 95
ophys os La re o Issue
59. Kondratiyev? K. Ye., Kudryartseva, L. A. and Nanolova,
M. P*. 'Distribution of the Energy and Light Intensities o:
Atmospherio Radiation Dispersion on the Firmament," Vistnik LOU
(L.ziin?dskiy Gosudarstv univ?rsitet),fferald it the LiErngrad
tate iversite, No 5, 1966.
60. Kondrattyiev, K. To. and Manolava, M. P., "On the Inflow of
Dispersed Radiation Upon the Surfase of a Slope," Meteorologiya
sidrologiya gemorilogy and lipdrologe, No 6, 1965.
61. Loginova, Z. A., "on the Problem of Basement Surfaee
Temperature Dissertation,* 1956, Leningrad State University.
62. Lopukhin, Ye. A. "Study of the Radiation Field in the Lower
Part of the Troposphere on Cloudless Days over Tashkent,"
Institute Retematiki i mekhaniki IMM Akademii NaUk
ransaotions
ti o Ma tics Manias of t ?
Academy of Sarno** of the Uzbek SS Issue 14, 1955.
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63. Ltvova, Ye. M., "Measurements of Total Solar Radiation and
Barth Albedo up to a Height of 10 - 20 km," Trudy Tsentralsnoy
astronomiohaskor obeervatorii (TSA0) 2! lwasaatione of the Central
Astronomioai Obeervatore, Issue 18, 1955.
St. Malchotkin, L. G., "On Changes in the Intensity of Non-.
Monochromatic Radiation in a Limited Interval," Trudy' 41arlav
geofisicheakoy observatorii Transaetions of the Main GeoiLysioal
Laboratore, Issue 26/88, 1961.
65. Nikitiuska, N. I., "Application of Interference Filters
for Speotral Analysis of Solar Radiation," Ibid., Issue- 4008, 1955.
86. Pyaskovskaya-lesenkova, Ye. V., "On the Asymmetry of the
Atmospheric Indioatrim of Light Dispersion," Doklady AN SSSR geports
of the USSR Academy of Soienoeg, Vol. 75, No 2, 3150.
67. Pyaskovskaya-Fesealcova, Ye. V. "Distinct Sky Areas mith
Reference to Light Dispersion," Astronomiebeskiy zhurnal 5'stronomioal
Journag, Vol. 27, Issue 4, 1950.
68. Pyaskovskaya-Fesenkova, Ye. V., "Certain Peculiarities of
Light Dispersion in the Barth'. Atmosphere," Isvestiya An Kas. SSR
seriya astronomioheskara i fizicb.akcy of the Aoademy of
Sciences of the Kazakh SSR? Astronomical and Physical &wise, Issue 5,
1951.
69. Pyaskovskaya-Feeenlcova, Ye. IT., "Relation of Light Dis-
persion in the Atmosphere to Wave Length,* Dokiady AN SSSR gsports
of the USSR Aoademy of Seienoes7, Vol. 80, No 4, 151.
70. Pyaskovskaya-Tesenkova, Ye. V., "The Corona Near the SIM
in the Infra--Red Rays of the Spectrums* Ibid., Vol. 85, No 5, 1952.
71. Pyaskovskaya-Fesenkova, Ye. V., *Certain Data on the
Atmospheric Indiostriz of Light Dispersion," Ibid.? Vol. 86, No 5,
1952.
72. Pyaskovskaya?Feeenkova, To. V., "Certain Data on Optical
Properties of the Atmosphere in Mountainous Conditions,*
Astronctabsskiy shurnal Listronomieal Journsg, Vol. 29, Issue 3.
?
73. Fesadkov, V. G., "On the Brightness of Daytime Cloudless
S1,7," Doklady AN SSSRCReports of the USSR Amid?' of Soienock.E,
No 5, 94. 101, -1955; tronomieheskiy shuraal Astronomioal urneg,
No 5, 1955.
NV
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Pg 42
74. Sivkov, S. I., "General Mechanism of the Daily Irradiation
Course of a Horizontal Surface by Solar Radiation," Trudy lavno
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LaSoratoryl, Issue t6/88, 1951.
75. Chkhaidze, Sh. M., "Solar Radiation and Atuospherio Turbidity
on the Kanobili Mountain," Benetton, Abastumyanskoy astrofizioV
observatorii gulletin of the Abastumyani Astrophysical Obaiirvato ,
37=70766:
76. Chkhaidze, Sh. M., "On the Adduotion of Atmospheric Trans-
parency Factors," Izvesti a AN SSR, Seri a eofiziches &gems
of the USSR Academy o cienoes No 6, 952.
77. Faraponova, G. P., "Certain Results of Aotinometric
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78. Faraponova, G. P. and Kastrov, V. G., "Actinometric Observe.-
tions in the Lower Troposphere Over Kyzyl-Kum," Ibid., Issue 13, 1954.
79. Shekhter, F. N., "On Computation of the Radiant Heat Current
in the Atmosphere," Trudy slavzkoy fieofizioheskoy observatorii jrans-
actions of the Main Geophysical Labors:bond, Issue 22784, 1950.
80. Shlyakhov, I. I., "Investigation of the Long-Wave Radiation
Balance in the Troposphere," (in print).
81. Yaroslavtsev, I. N., "Brightness Distribution in the Sky,"
Izvestiya AM SSR. Seriya seofiziohaskaya glows of the USSR Academy
of Science!/, No 1, 1953.
82. Booharov, Ye. I., "Certain Problems of Spectral Traneparency
of Clouds and Fogs," Personal Dissertation Abstract, MOsoow, 1955.
83. Toropova, T. P., "Determination of the Water 'Vapor Content
in the Atmosphere," Izvestiya AN (as. SSR, **rip' astronomicheskaza
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84. Gayevskiy, V. L., "Measurement of Radiation Currents in
Clouds." Trudy glarnoy_geofizichtskey observatorii flransaations
of the Man Geoihysioal Laboratorid, issue 46/108, 1955.
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8$. lardn, N., "On the Theory of the Light Regime in
Deep Areas of a Cloud Layer," Ibid., (in print).
86. Timofeyeva, V. A., "Complex Light Dispersion in Turbid
Media," Tru. Morsko o idrofisiohesko o institute gransaotions
of the Nava rophysioal Inst e of t USSR Aaadesny of
Soienotg, Vol. III, 1953.
87. Feygel*son, Ye. Ms, "Radiation Prrffortieff of Clouds,"
lavestiya AN SSR, &milt geofizioheskva &News of the USSR Academy
ot Soionoezi, No tit, 1951.
88. Feygeltson, Ye. Lt., "Determination of the. Water Content
of Clouds Based on Their Dispersion Power." Trudy ofiziohesko
.inatituta Akadeaaii Nauk SSS R ffransactions of the Geophysioal Institute
of the Academy of Soleness of the USSff. No 23, 1954.
891, Feygell son, Ye. M., "Absorption of Solar Energy in the
Atmosphere in the Presence of Clouds," Ibid., No 23, 1954.
90. Feygeltson, Ye. M., "Vertioal Temperature Distribution in
the Atmosphere in the Presence of Clouds," Ibid., No 37, 1956.
91. Chertsov, N. I., "Investigation of the Refleotion, Pene-
tration and Absorption of &la,. Ractiaiktiewl by Clouds of Certain
Shapes," Trudy Tsentrallnoyastronamioheskoy observatorii
Jransact OnS of
the Central ronamlaal Observato Issue 8,
1952.
92. Shifrin, K. S., "Millet of Fog on the Radiation Balsams,"
Trudy 1avnoy ofizioheskoy obserrstorli ransaotions of the
ophys o Laboratore, Issue 27, 191.
93. Shifrin, K. S., "Light Dispersion in a Turbid Medium," 1951.
94. Shifrin, K. S. and flogdanoya, N. P., "On the Theory of the
Effect Fixerted by Fog on the Radiation Balanee," Trudx;lavnoy
g.ofiziohsakoy observatoril gransaotions of the Main Geophysioal
eixwatord. AMU* 46, 125e.
95. Shitriu, K. S., *On Colanutinz the Radiation Properties of
Clouds," Ibid., Issue 46, 1955.
96. Shifrin, K. S., "Transfer of Beat Radiation in Clouds,"
Ibid., Issue 46, 1955.
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97. Avsyuk, G. A., "Artificial Intensification of Imo and Snow
Thawing in Mountain Glaciers," Trudy Institute goo rafii
actions of the Geographical Institute, Vol. 56, 1963.
98. Aysenshtat, B. A., Kirillova, T. V., Laykhignan, D. L.,
?gnome, T. A., Timofersv, M. P. and Tolytin, G. Kh.,*Changes in
the Heat Balanoe of an Active Surfaoe During Irrigation,* Trudy
Iamb osofisichesko obeervatorii peansactions of the Man
oP Ys rate Issue 3 0 , 1953.
99. Alekseyeva, N. A., *General and Long-Wave Albedo of Certain
Types of Basement Surfaces for Solar Radiation,* Trudy Teentralvnoy
astronomichesko obsorvatorii (a42)4ransactions of the Central
Astronomina servato Issue 6, 1 52.
100. Bagrov, N. A., "Planet? Albedo of the Earth," Trudy
Tsentraltno o Institute TSIP Transaotions of the Central tore-
?eating titute Issue 35 62, 1954.
101. Braslavaldy, A. P. and
Evaporation fran the Surface of
Chebotareva, published by GUGMS
meteorological Serviogand GGI
Leningrad, 1954.
Vikulina? Z. A., "Standards of
Water Reservoirs," edited by A. I.
?itin Administration of the yro-
State Bydrologioal Institute ,
102. Budyko, M. I., Drogdov, 0. A., Wvoviohs M. I., Pogosyan,
Kh, P., Saposhnikava, S. A. and Yudin, M. I., "Changes in Climate in
Connection with the Plan for the Transformation of Nature in Arid
Regions of the USSR," published by Gidrameteoisdat, 1952.
103. Drosdav, 0. A., *Data of the Expedition into the Kamennaya
Steppe,* Trudy41avnoy eofisicheskoi obeervatorii flransaetion. of
the in CIsophysiaa La ratorii, Issue 40/102,
104. Zavodohikova, V. G. and Kondrattylev, K. Ye., *On the
Spatial Distribution of Dispersed and Refloated Radiations,*
Vestnik LOU Loni radski Oosudarktvenn universitet &tread
o the State 1953.
105. Krasillshohikava, L. B. and Novosel'tsev, Ye. P., "Spectral
Reflection of a Standard," 0 tika i spektroskopiyaSptios and
Speotroseope? 1958 (in print).
106. Kasschavskiy, V* L. *Photometric Determination of the
Reflecting Power of the Globe,* Personal Abstract of Dissertation,
Alma-Ata, 1953.
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107. Kastrov, V. G., "Determination of the Relation Between the
Sensitivity of Yanishevskiy". Pyranometerm and Pressure,' Triady
T ssntral'noy astronomichsak obeervatorii (TSAO flrsnsacti ons of
e Cantral AstronomiI 0bs.rvatoryJ,lo, 1W54.
108. Kastrov? V. G., "On the Daily Course of Albedo of the
Earth's Surfaee," Ibid., Issue 14, 1955.
109. Kirillova, T. V., "The Effect of Irrigation Upon Radiation
Charastoristios of the Active Surface," Trudy glavnoyjgeofizioheakoy
observatorii Lfransactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratore? Issue
37/99, 1952.
110. Kondratlyev, K. Ya. and Ter-Markaryants, N. Ye., "Albedo
of the Sea in the Presence of Swell," ItteayalLirAaailric
geteorology and Bydrologg, No 8, 1953.
111. Kondrat,yev, K. Ya. and Ter-Markaryants, N. Ye., "On the
Daily Course of Albedo," ibid., No 6, 1953.
pg 43 112. Kondrat'yev? K. Ya., "Radiant Energy of the Sun,"
published by Gidrometeoizdat, 1954.
113. Kondratoyev, K. Ya. and Kudryavtseva, L. A., 'On the Problem
of Albedo of the Sea Surface," JIMttly2/11.1.1a.41:92.11112Lgitteorology
and Hydrologec No 3, 1955.
114, Kondrattyvv? K. Ya., "Radiant Beat Exchange in the Atmosphere,"
published by Gidrometeoisdat, 1956.
115. Lopukhin, Ye. A., "The Radiation Regime of the Cotton Plant,"
Isvosti a Akademii Nauk SSSR Seri so rafioheska I eofiziehesk a
Maws of the USSR Academy of Sciences, Geographical and
rieg, Vol. 14, No 3, 1950.
e.
?physic&
116. Lopukhin, Ye. A., *Approximate Method of Aomunting for the
Distribution of Total Radiation of the Cotton Plant," Trudy glavnoy
mofizioheigkoy obsorvatorii jransactione of the Main Geophysical
Laboratore, Issue 5, 19?1,
117. L'vova, Ye. M., "Measurements of Total Solar Radia#on
and Albedo of the Earth up to an Altitude of 10 - 20 km,* Trudy
Tsontralinoy astronimieheekoy obeervatorlii. OLFraneaolions
of the Central Astronomical Obaorvatorzi, Issue .5, 1954.
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Mb
118. Sulakvolidso, G. D., 'Certain Radiation Properties of Dry
Snow,' Soobshoheniye AN Grus. SSRCCoalratniontions of the Acadeey of
Seienees of the Georgian SSY? Vol. 12, No 8, 1951.
119. Feraponova, G. P., "Certain Results of Actinometrio ?beer..
vations in Free Baloons," Tr . Tsentrallno astronomiohesko
observatorii (TSAO) jransac one o ntra s onomic
lasiervatoq(? Issue 8, 1952.
120. Fedoseyeva, A. P., "Albedo of the System Earth - Atmosphere
and its Distribution Over the Globs," Ty glavnoyeofisiohesko
observatorii jramsaotions of the Hain Geophysical Laborata
Issue 41, 1954,.
121. Forsh, L. F., ?Reflection of Solar Radiation From the Water
Surfaoe of Lakes," Trudy Laboratorii oserovedoniya AN SSSR grans-
actions of the Liminology Laboratory of the USSR Adademy of Science?,
Vol. III, 1954.
122. Shifrin, K. S., "On the Theory of Albedo," Trudy glavnoy
geofisiohsskoy observatorii ffransactions of the Nein Geophysical
Laboratore, Iir-776,71-757su.
123. Yaroslawtsev, I. N., "Albedo of the Natural Soil Cover in
Tashkent," Isvestiya AN SSR, &mirk geofizioheskaya stews of the USSR
Academy of Soiencey, No 1, 1452.
124. Yaroslartsev, I. N. "Short-Wave Infra-Red Solar Radiation
from 0.8 to 3.5u (in print).
125. Barteneva, O. D,, 'Visibility of yhts in Fi ti
eld Condions,"
larno eofizichisko obeervatorii ransaotions of the Main
physics Laborato ssue 42 104 953.
126. Bartoneva, O. D., "Boldyrov, N. G. and Butylev, A. A., "Deter-
nination of Atmospheric Transparency and of the Light Poser of
Distant Lights with the aid of a Star Photometer," Ibid., Issue
42/104, 1953.
127. Boldyrev, N. G., 'Visibility Rang, of Real Objects," Ibid.,
Jubilee Collection, Issue 19/81, 1950.
128. Boldyrev, N. G. and Baxteneva, O. D., "Guide for the
Determination of the Visibility Rang' of Real ?bleats," published
by Gidrometeoizdat, 1950.
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129. Boldyrev, H. G., 'Accuracy of Visibility-Measuring Instru-
ments,* Isvestiya AN SSSR. Soriya tokhnichesketlqiews of the USSR
Aoademy of Scienoes, Technical Beriely. No 12,-19 .
130. Boldyrev, N. G., *Experimental Confirmation of the Energy
Theory of Visual Poroeption,* Probleaj fisiolo icheskoy optiki
ffroblems of Physiological Optimil, id. VIII, 1963.
131. Boldyrev, N. G., "Significance of S. I. Vavilovis work
on quanta Fluctuations," Sbornikjamyati S. I. VavilovaLrollected
Works Commemorating S. I. Vavilov palishodiv USSR Academy of
Soienoes, 1953.
152. Boldyrev, N. G. and Barteneva, O. D., *Determination of the
Meteorological Visibility Range Based on Contrasts of Distant
Objects." Trudy glavnoy geofisicheakoy observatorii gransactions of
the Main Geophysieal Laboratorz/, Issue 42/104, 1955.
133. Butylev, A. A., *Design of Linear Navigational Ranges,"
Reohnnoy transport giver Transportatiog, No 4, 1952.
154, Butylev, A. A., *Report of Thesis Entitled 'Basis for the
Rational Computation of Flashing Light Beacons With an Electric
Souroe of Light.' "lad. LIOT-Isdateliatvo (or Isdaniye) Leningradskogo
Institut& 0truh.t.1'uoy Tokbniki Publication of the Leningrad
Institute for Reflecting Teehnoi? Isdani e Leni.radsko o Mauchno-
issledovateltsko o Institut& Or anisatal i I0
Pub ioution of the Leningra Scionti io Research ?st tuto o Lar
Organisation and Industrial Safety (7) gates This second transla-
tion is more likely, since LIOOT is listed in A. Rosenberg*. List of
Russian Abbreviations (1957 ed.), but the meaning is not quite clear
in connection with the title of the artiolfg* Leningrad, 1953.
136. Butylev, A. A., "Photometry of Distant Lights,* Zapiski po
gidiroipmeii gots* on Hydrographe, No 1, 1964.
138, Gavrilov, V. A., *New Instrument for Measuring Visibility,*
Trudy &1avnoy isofisicheskoy obserratoriiffranssotions of the Main
Geophys oal a ratoryi, Issue 19, 190.
137. Gavrilov, V. A., *On the Nephelometrio Method for Determining
Transparenoy of the Atmosphere.* Metooro1ortile4 i gidrolosip geteorology
and RYdrologiic Mo 3, 1960.
*The meaning of the abbreviations lad. LIOT could not be established
and the above hypothetical guesses are suggested.
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?
?
138. Gavrilov, V. A., "Oa Certain Contemporary Problems of the
Dootrine of Visibility," Isvesti a AN SSR, Seriya geofizichoskaya
ZApws of the USSR Academy of So encey? No 6, 1953.
139. Gevrilov, V. A. "Instrumental Method for the Determination
of the Visibility Range of Real Objects," Trudy glavnoy geofiziohiskoy
observatorii ffransaotions of the Main Geophys oal Laboratoril,
Issue 42, 1953.
140. Gavrilov, V. A., "On the Diaphanosoopio Method for Distend:a-
im the Meteorological Visibility Range," Meteorologiya i gidrologiya
aistebrology and Rydrologe, No 6, 1956.
141. Gavrilov, V. A., "Experiment in Developing a Mesh Instrument
for Measuring Visibility," Trudy plavnoy goofizioheskoy observatorii
jransactions of the Main Geophysical Laboratorz(, (in print).
142. Lazarev,D. N., "Method for Estimating Visibility Without
Instruments," Probleny -otAei2LcoLffroblems of Physiological
Optiog, Vol. 8, 1953.
143. "Methodical Instructions No 20 to Administrations of the
BYdrome'veorological Service," (organization of visual observations
of meteorological visibility range, critical review of observation
data based on data of a certain station, and theoretical foundation
of methods for determining meteorologioal visibility range and
visibility range of real objects in thb field), published by Gidro-
meteoizdat, 1955.
144. "Methodical Instructions No 7 to Nydrometeorologioal Stations,"
(Visual Determination of meteorological visibility range in the network
of hydrometeorologioal stations during daylight.) Published by
Gidrometeoisdat, 1955*
pg 44 145. "Instruction for Visual Determination of Meteorological
Visibility Range at Rydrometeorological Stations During Daylight,"
published by Gidrometoolzdat, 1955.
146. Plnogin, N. 14, Boldyrev, N. G. and Barteneva, O. D.,
"Computation of Visibiliy Range," ..,1,_.ISSDIELEeporta of the
USSR Aoademy of Scienoey, Vol. 34, No 5, 1952.
147. "Instructions for the Organisation of Observations on the
Meteorological. Visibility Range at Rydrometeorologioal Stations
During Daylight," published by Gidrometooildat, 1966.
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148. Rodionov, S. F., *Transparency of the Atmosphere in the
Ultra-'Violet Region of the Spectrum.* Izveetlya AN SSR Sertya
sofizis_al_u_asskagows of the USSR Academy of Soienotsi, NO 4, 1950.
149. Bezverkhniy, Sh. A., Omerovioh, A. P. and Rodionov, S. F.,
*Bleetrophotometric Investi tions of Atmospheric Ozone during Solar
Eclipses,* Doklad AN SSR j?rts of the USSR Academy of Saienoeg,
Vol. 106, Bo 4, 1956.
150. Bezverkhniy, Sh. A., *ATmospherio Ozone Regime on Clear
Days near Alma-Ata,* Trudy Kazakhstanskolio nauchno issledovatili
ako o gidrometoorologiohesko o institute Ltrsuasactions of the
KazeJckistan Scientific R.sser?Hydrometeorologioal Institut(,
Issue 7, 1956.
151. Bosverkhnly, Sh. A., *Ozonomotrio Data from Alma-Ata,* Ibid.,
Ixsue 5, 1955.
152. Rodionov? S. F., Bezverkhniy, Sh. A. and Omorovich, A. P.,
*Eleotrophotometrio Investigations of Atmospheric Transparency in
the Ultra-.Violet Region of the Speotrum,* Isvestiya AN SSR? Seriya
goofizicheakajyagews of the USSR Aoadesq of Scionmey, No 3, 1952.
153. Prokof,yeva, I. A., *Atmospheric Ozone,* published by USSR
Aoadomy of Solana**, Moscow-Leningrad, 1951.
0
Pg 45 V. PHYSICS OF CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION
Investigations of the physics of clouds and precipitation were
conducted in the USSR during the period of 1950 - 1956, mainly along
the following limes development of equipment aod of methods for
studying the structure of olouds and preoipitation, such as cloud
elements, water oontent? Aydrometeors, chemical oomposition of
cloud element* and precipitation, intensity of preoipitation, eta.
A large amount of data on the microstructure of clouds and pre-
cipitation was obtained in the oourse of special flights through
clouds and by means of captive balloons, as well as on the surface
of the Earth in nountain relief oonditions. A large nuMber of
laboratory studies of evaporation processes, of condensation and
coagulation of drops, and of the effect exerted by the solid phase
upon these processes, eta., were oonducted. LSYIS governing distri-
bution of aloud elements and precipitation and their coagulation
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and transformation were discovered, as well as the meohanism leading
to formation of various types of prectipitation. Results of these
investigations are described in studies (1) - (48).
Investigations wereperformed on the distribution pattern of
certain meteorological elements in clouds. Methods and equipment
for studying convective movements in the free atmosphere, specifically
In clumnlus ?lauds, were developed. Certain laws governing the
mechanism leading to formation of internal massy stratus and cumulus
cloud formations in flat and mountainous country were investigated
(49) (70).
Internal massy and frontal cloud formations and the changes
occurring in these systems as a result of synoptic conditiuns were
investigated. Studies were made of the spasdal structure of frontal
clouds and of its evolution as a result of large-scale atmospheric
processes. Certain relations between miorostructure of clouds and
the conditions causing their growth and destruotion were discovered.
A study was made of characteristic altitude values of the lower
border and thickness of certain types of clouds and aloud systems,
and their relation to physical and geographical uonditions (71) -
(78).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Borovikov, A. M. and Khrgian, A. Rh., "flight of October 27,
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2. Borovikov, A. M. and Khrgian, A. Rh., "Study of Cloud
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7. Krasikov, P. N. and Chikirova, G. A., "Miorophysioal
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iohesko o Institut* LTransaations of theUkrainian Soientifio
Researe ydromoteororogioal lastitutS7s, Issue 4, 1965.
18. Muchnik, V. M. and Shmukler, A. Kb., *Oa the Melting of
Falling Hailstones,* Ibid., Issue 1, 1954.
19. Nikandrov, V. Ya., "On the Problem of Charged Partioles in
Clouds and Fogs.* Tru4,, lava? ?eofiziohesko observatoril jrans,-
actions of the Main Geophysioal Laborato .Lsrty, 5 , 956.
?102-
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? ,
20. Nikandrov, V. Ta., "On the Problem of Sublimational Forma,-
tion of Solid Cloud Elements?" Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
21. Nikandrov, V. Ye., "On Interaction of Supercooled Water Drops
with Solid Partials.," Ibid., Issue 57, 1956.
22. Nikandrov, V. Ya., "On Association of Weter Vapor Molecules
in the Atmosphere," Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
23. Nikandrov, V Ta., "Experiments with Supercooled Water Drops,"
Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
24. Tversksya, N. P., "On the Problem of Determining the
Collision Effioienoy Faotor of Water Drops," Ibid., Issue 47, 194.
25. Khimach, M. A. "Experimental Investigation of the Melting
of Spherical Ice Partioles," Ibid., Issue 47, 1964.
26. Khimaoh, M. A. arid Shishkin, N. S., "Determination of the
Collision Pastor of Water Drops," Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
27. Khrgism, A. Kh., "Certain Data on Cloud Miorostructure,"
Tsentrallno astronomiohesko observatorii TSM) gransaotions
Contr
ronomio 0 serve o ? esue ?5
28e Khrgian, A. Kh. and Mazin, I. P., "On Size Distribution of
Drops in Clouds," Ibid., Issue 7, 1952*
29. Khrgian, A. 1014 and Mazin, I. P., "Analysis of Method. Par
Determining Distribution Spectra of Cloud Drops," Ibid., Issue 17,
1956.
30. Khrgian, A. Kit. and Mazin, I. P., "Error Computation of the
Aircraft Drop Collector," Trudy Tsontral'nuy astronomicheskoy observe-
trii VZSAOLniansaations of Central Astronomical Observatoryb
i.sue 1952.
31. Shvets, M. 74., "On the Problem of Studying the Settling of
Cloud Drops on Solid Bodies," Trudy glavnoy geofizicheskai obeervatorii
jransaations of the Main Geophysioal Laboratoril, Issue 24,-19511..
32. Shifrin, K. S., "Kinetics of Precipitation Formation,"
Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
33. Shierin, K. S., "On the Growth of Average Drop Size with
Altitude," Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
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pg
34. Shifrin, N. S., "On. Evaporation of Precipitation During Their
Falling Prooess," Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
35. Shishkin, N. S., "Effeot of the Type of Distribution of
Cloud Drops According to Size on the Rain Drop Size," Ibid., Issue 54,
1955.
36. Shishkin, N. S., "Data Derived From Certain Measurements of
Drop Size in Shower Rains," Ibid., Issue 47, 1954.
37. Shishkin, N. S., "Investigation of the Formati,on P Oo7ss
of Summer Precipitation and Thunderstorm Nleotrioity," U
Fizicheskikh Nauk giogress of Physioal Soiencog,'Vol. 45, Issue 3,
1953.
38. Shishkin, N. S., "Investigation of the Growth of Spherioal
Hail," Izventiya AN SSR, Seri a eofizicheskim.gews of the USSR
Academy of Sciences ? No 6, 952.
39. Shishkin, N. S., "Certain Physical Regularities in Phase
Transformations of Hydrometeors," Ibid., No 1, 1953.
40. Shishkin, N. S., "Air EUmidity in Cumulus Clouds," Trudy
glavnoy Goofizioheskay observatoriiL7ransactions of the Main -
physioal Laboratory", Isiti-1177931.
41. Shishkin, N. S., "Air Humidity and Liguid Water Content in
Cumulus Clouds, Neteorolo4iya i gidrologiya 6feteoro1ogy and Hydro1ogy7,
No 7, 1951.
42. Shishkin, N. S., "On the Size of Rain Drops," Doklady AN
SSitgeports of the USSR /mutely of Sctionocil, Vol. 90, tio 2, 1953.
43. Shishkin, N. S. "On Amalgamation of Cloud Drops," Trudy
lavnoyokfizioheskoyobservatoriiffransaotions of the Main Gao-
j1iyaios1 Labcratory/, Issue 24, 1950.
44. Shishkin, N. S., "On ROA Intensity frma a Cloud With a
Uniformly Asoending Current," Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
45. Shishkin, N. S., %Lauds, Precipitation, and Thunderstorm
Electricity," published by GITTL stats Publishing House of Teohnioal
and Theoretical Litoraturi; 1951.
47 46. Shishkin, N. S., "Precipitation from Convective Clouds,"
Trudyfilavncy..geofizicheskay obeercatorii Z.-Transactions of the Main
geophysical Laboratory"; Issue 24, 1950.
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47. Shishkin? N. S., "Approximate Solution of the Problem of
Condensation Growth of Drops Aeoounting for their Surfaee Curvature
and Concentration of Admixtures," Ibid., Issue 31, 1951.
48. Shmeter, S. M., "Chlorine Content in Cloud Water in Relation
to Their Microstructures" Trudy Tsontraltnoy astronomiohisko
obserwatorii (TSAO) ffiansaotions ot the Central Astronomic
Observatory/, Issue 9, 1912.
49. Budilova, Ye. P. and Shishkin, N. S., "Calculating the Amount
of Condensed Moisture in Convective Clouds," Trudy 61avmoy goo-
fisiches* obeervatorii jransaotions of the Main Geophysical
Laborato , Issue 47, 1954.
50. Vulvfson, N. I., "Method for Stu ding Convective Movements
in the Free Atmosphere," Doklady_ AN SSSR eprts of the USSR Academy
of Soienoei7; Vol. 91, No 2, 1953.
51. Vulifson, N. I., "Convective Movements in Cumulus Clouds,"
Ibid., Vol. 97, No 1, 1954.
52. Vullfson, N. I., "Method for Studying Convective Movements
in the Free Atnosphere," Izvesti AN SSR Seri eofiziohesk a
dews of the USSR Academy to c *noes 5,
a
53. Vulffson? N. I., "Formation Conditions of Cumulus Clouds in
a Mountain Ar," Ibid., No 7, 1956.
54. Kachurin, L. G., "Formation of Prooipitation in Clouds With
Small Vertical Currents," Ibid., No 2, 1956.
55. Manlove, S. P., "On the Problem of Estimating the Physical
MAXIMUM of Precipitation," Trudy lwrov geofizicheakoy obeervatorii
ffrensaotions of the Main deophys sal Laboratorzi, Issue 37, 1952.
56. Nikandrova, G. T. and Chums'''. A. P., "The Role of Retard-
iLig Layers in Precipitation Formation," Metoorologiya i gidrologiya
Zpiteorology and Hydroloiec No 4, 1956.
57. Selesneva, Ye, S., "On the Accuracy of Humidity Measurements
by Means of an Aircraft Moteorograph," Ibid., No 1, 1950.
56. Solosneva, Ye. S., "On Conditions Determining the Amount of
Cumulus Claude," Ibid., $o 2, 1953.
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59. Skatskiy, V. I., "Eleotromeohanioal Aooelerograph with
Piezoelectric) Crystal Data Unit," Izvestiya AN SSRt_Seriya geofizi-heskaya
gews of the USSR Academy of Soienee4V, No 5, 1956.
60. Khimach, M. A. and Shishkin, N. S., "Precipitation from
Pure Water Clouds in the Leningrad Region," Tru lavno eofiziohesko
observatorii jransaotions of the Main Geophysics Laborato
Issue 47, 1954.
61. Chestnaya, N. I., "Change in Temperature and Air Humidity
during the Transfer of a Cumulus Cloud into the Surrounding Atmosphere,"
Ibid., Issue 24, 1950.
62. Chuvayev, A. P. and Kryukove. G. T., "Some Results of
Investigations of Powerful Cumulus Clouds," Ibid., Issue 47, 1954.
63. Churinova, M. P., "Certain Turbulence Characteristics
During Days With Stratus Clouds," Ibid., Issue 64, 1955.
64. Churinova, M. P., "On Turbulence During Certain Days with
Cumulus Clouds," Ibid., Issue 24, 1950.
65. Shohelokev, V. V., "Aircraft Thermometer." Izvestiya AN
!fizioheskay* of the USSR Academy of SeSenosiic
No 5,
66. Shishkin, N. S., "Utilization of the Layer Method in Fore-
casting the Vertical Power of Convective Clouds," Trudy glavnoy
geofizioheskoy observatorii gransaotions of the Main Geophysioal
Laboratorz6-Issue 54, 1955.
67. Shishkin, H. S., 'On tne Theory of Summer Precipitation."
Meteorologiya i gidrologiya goteorology and Hydrologi No 7, 1952.
68. Shishkin, N. S., "On Methods of Aircraft Investigation of
Vertioal Development of Convective Clouds," Trudy glavney goo..
fiziohesko observatorii gransaotions of the Mein Geophysioal
La rate ? Issue 4 ? 954.
69. Shishkin, N. S., "On Conditions Resulting in Development
of Convection in the Atmosphere," Ibid., Issue 47, 1954.
70. Shishkin, N. S., "The Role Played by Freezing of Cloud
Drops in the Formation of Summer Precipitation," Ibid., Issue 47,
1954.
71. Rummy, V. A., "On the Problem of Transformation of Cumulus
Clouds into Cirrus Clouds." Meteorologiya i gidrolosiya goteoroIogy
and Hydrologg, No 1, 1951.
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72. Dshurayev, A. A., "Aerosynoptio Investigations of High
Cumulus Clouds," Sbornikt Misteorologiya i gidrologiye v Usbekistanea
ZTolleoted Works; Meteorology an Hydrology in UsbekistaBl, 1955.
73. Zak, Ye. G. and Marfenko, O. V., "On the Structure of the
Lower Edge of a Cloud Formation," Trudy Tsentraltnoy astronotsioheskoz
observatorii (TSAO) 4fransaotions of tile Central Aetronomical
Observatory'', Issue , 1952.
74. 74tk, Ye. G. and Borovikov, A. M., "On the Problem of Evolu-
tion of Spatial Structure and Phase Condition in Frontal Clouds,"
Ibid., Issue 7, 1952.
75. Zak, Ye. G. and Borovikov, A. M.,"Experimental Investigation
of Cloud Systeme in a Warm Front," Ibid., Issue 1$, 1956.
76. Martian, N. I. and Novikov, B. M., "Certain Peculiarities
of Cloud Systems of Cold Fronts," Tr. VGMF SA, Issue 11, 1955.
(See Item 11, page 51).
77. Matveyev? L. T., 'Vertical Points in the Boundary Layer of
the Atmosphere and Their Connection with the Lover and Upper Borders
of Cloudiness," Ibid., Issue 11, 1955.
78. Reshchikova, A. A. and Topkava, Z. V., "On the Relation
Between the Altitude of the Lower Border of Clouds and the Visibility
Range," Trudy Teentraltney astronomieheskoy observatorii (TUB)
ffransaotions a the Central Astronomical Ubaarraioril, Issue 7, 1952.
pg 48 VI. PHYSICS OF THE ATMOSPHERIC GROUND LAYER AND ATMOSPHERIC TURBULENCE
Investigations of the physics of atmospheric ground layer are
related closely to the study of atmospheric turbulence. A large
number of studios in the field of atmospheric turbulence are based
on investigations of the theory of local and isotropic turbulence
carried out by A. M. Kolmogorov and A. M. Obukhov, and published in
1949. A review of this theory and its further development may be
found in study (46). The probloa oonneated with the structure of the
temperature field in a turbulent current was theoretically discussed
in studies (47) and (69). Tho results obtained from a study of the
struoture of mind velocity and temperature fields were checked
experimentally with the aid of special equipment (32), (48), (49),
and agreed well with the data obtained by measurements. Basic
concepts of the theory of local and isotropic turbulence were also
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applied in the study of the maorostructure of meteorologioal fields
(66) and in the theory of inetruments for measuring wind velocity (70).
Concepts of the semi-experimental turbulence theory were also
widely used in practical calculations and in the analysis of pro
ceases ooaurring in the boundary layer. A series of formulas based
on this theory was proposed for computing the factor of turbulent
exchange on the basis of data of vertical temperature distribution
and wind velocity in the ground layer at various stratifications
(8), (9), (34). Recent studies (41), (26), have analyzed the problem
concerning the influence of stratification on turbulent exchange from
the standpoint of the similitude theory. Studies (1), (14). (27)
and (33) examined methods for direct measurement of heat ourrents
and amount of motion in the atmosphere, based on straight measure-
ments of micropulsations in meteorological elements.
A great deal of attention sae devoted to experimental and
theoretical studies aimed at the investigation of vertical distri-
bution and time changes of basic meteorologioal elements. The data
obtained on vertical profiles of wind, temperature and humidity in
stationary conditions (51) and by means of several expeditions (14),
(15), (27), (40), (52) mere analyzed from the standpoint of developed
theories of turbulent exchange (8); ()), (34), (41).
The problem of wind vertical profile, up to the grade of
gradient mind, is examined in (3) from the standpoint of contemporary
concepts of the relation existing between the exchange factor and
altitude, and of the turbulent energy balance. A theory of non-
periodical and periodical temporary temperature and humidity
variations in lower atmospheric layers and in upper soil layers has
been developed (4), (19), (35), (67), as well as a similar theory of
temporary wind variations (5), (74). On the basis of these studies,
computation methods have been proposed for forecasting daily
temperature and humidity fluctuations (4), (19). (34), (35), (67).
pg 49 minimum night temperatures (20), (65). (71), degree of dew intensity
(4), and the present), of fog and its basic characteristics (4), (25):
The results obtained agree with experimental data. Investigations
were carried out on temperature and humidity variations in the lower
air layer over a water surface, and a method of computing evaporation
mists has been suggested (17), (59) - (61).
A large series of studies (4), (18). (21) - (24), (38)0 (37),
(64) is devoted to the study of the transformation of air masses
under the influence of the basement surfaoe. These studies examine
stationary and non-stationary variations in the temperature akd
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humidity of a moving air mass. The formulas derived in those studies
are used for advance forecasting of temperature and humidity over a
24 hour period*
The theory of certain methods for oontroling the meteorological
regime of the ground layer, which have sound practical applications,
has been developed on the basis of established results concerning
temporary variations of meteorological elements and the transformation
of air masses. This category includes studies concerned with the
meteorological efficiency of combating frosts by such means as smoke
and open heat (4), (6), (7), irrigation (4), (11), (12), (38), (62),
(72), and wind protection belts (13), (16), (53), (57).
An important application of the turbulence theory is the
problem oonoerned with distribution of admixtures in the atmosphere.
Solution of this problem is attempted by means of source function
formulas obtained in solving problems concerned with transformation
of air =Ms (4), (36), (42). The theory of diffusion of heavy
particles has been improved (14). Ultimate speeds of particle
propagation are conoidered in studies (39), (43). Studies on the
diffusion theory (44), (45) are based on the known relationship
between the exchange factor and the secle of the phenomenon.
Studies (28), (50), (54) - (56), (63) are concerned with investi-
gations of the effect exerted by turbulence upon the characteristics
of sound and electromagnetic laves mtich are propagated in the ataosphere.
Them studies also consider the influence of effects and the results
obtained are in good agreement with experimental data (29) - (31).
(68).
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Ayzenshtat, B. A., 'Direct Determination of the Beat
Milano. Components of the Earth's Surface,' Informatsionnyy Sbornik,
formation Symposimil, NO 1, 1961.
2. Berlyand, M. Ye., 'Daily Course of Turbulent Exchange
Temperature and of Radiation Balance," Trudy glavnaly pofizicheskoy
observatorii gransaotions of the Main Geophysical Laboratore,
'ism 44/110, 1964.
3* Berlyand, M. YE., 'Theory of Mind 'Variations with Altitude,"
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rev 0 1 toorooes slush.GMS Ltransaotions
o Se ant Besearo s a s nts o t e n Administration for
Hydrometeorologioal Servic27, No 25, 1947.
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4. Borlyand, M. Ye., "Forecast and Control of the Heat Regime
in the Atmospheric Ground Layer," published by Gidrometeoisdat. 1956.
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Krasikav, P. N., "Combating ?mite in the USSR, "Meteorologiya 1
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9. Budyko, U. I., licykhtaman, D. L. and Timofeyev, M. P.,
"Determination of the Turbulent Exobane Factor," Metsorologiya
gidrolo4iyageteorology and rdro1o7, No 3, 1953.
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Earth's Surface and the Atmosphere and Temperature Equilibrium
Gradient," Ibid., No 1, 1948.
11. Budyko, M. I., Drozdov, 0. A., li*vovich, M. I., Fogooyan,
Kb. P., Sapozhnikova, S. A. and Yudin, It. 14, "Changes in Climate
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tion from Irris.ated Districts and Evaporability," Motoorolo4iya
4idro1oAiya5toteorology and Hydrologg, No 1. 1954.
13. Yudia, M. I., *Effect of Forest Belts on Wind and Turbulent
Exchange," from books "Problems of Bydrometeorologieal Efficiency of
Field Protective Afforestation," published by Gidromatooizdate 1960.
50 14. "Problems of Atmospheric Turbulence," edited by Ti. S.
;mina and M. I. Yudina, Trudy &laInoy sofizioheakoy observatorii
aranesittiome of the Man Geo 4 sal La ratoryi, Issue 16/78, 1949.
15. "Problems of Agricultural mad Forest Climatology," Data
from Expedition into the Kamennaya Steppe, edited by 0. A. Drozdova?
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Geo s oaf oratorzt, Issue 40021 pub ished by Oidrometooisdat,
1955.
16. "Problems of Hydrometeorologioal Efficiency of Field Pro-
tootivo Afforestation," published by Gidrometeoisdat. 1950.
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17. Gandin, L. S., "On Evaporation Characteristics
Vicinity of a Shore Line," Trud lavno eofisichesko
ffrausactions of the Main Geophysioal Laborato Issu
18. Gaudin, L. S., "On the Problem of Changing the
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observatorii
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Wind Profile,'
19. Gutman, L. N., "Temperature Computation of the Air Ground
Layer," Isvestiya AN SSR, Seri a geofisiohoskaya glows of the USSR
Aoadsmy of Saienool(s. No 5, 1963.
20. Dobryshman, Ye. M. and Belousov, S. L., "On the Double
Layer Problem of Heat Conductivity of the Systems Air - Soil,"
Dokiady of the USSR Aeadegy of Science?, Vol. 93,
Nc->-6;-rgg3;--
21. Dobryshman, Ye. K., "Oa Variations :1-f Air Temperature Under
the Influence of tho Basement Surface," Trudy Tsentrallnogo
Institute (TSIP) ffransmotions of the Central Forecastinglnetitutg,
Issue 21/48, 1980.
22. Dubenteov, V. R., "Summer Transformation of Air Masses Over
a Continent," Ibid., Issue/ 17, 1949.
?
23. Zavarina, M. V., "Asrosynoptio Analysis of Thermal Trans-
formation of Cold Air Masses," Trudy glevnoy geofisicheako observatorii
ffransaotions of the Main Geophysieal Laboratorric Issue 03*
1953.
24. &marina, M. V., "Variations in the Heat and Moisture
Content of an Air Mass Moving Over a Homogeneous Basement Surface,"
Ibid., Issue 48/110, 1954.
25. Zverev, A. S., "Fogs and Thei,, Prediction," published by
Gidrometoboisdat, 1954.
26. Kasanskiy, A. B. and Monin, A. S,, "Turbulence, in Ground
Inversions," Izv.stiya AN SSR Serinuporisichesksya gown of the
USSR Aoadomy of Soionoes ? No 1, T56.
27. "Composite Expclition of th3 Hydro-Meteorological Service
to Pakhta-Aral During the Summer of 1952,;. edited by D. L. Laykhtman,
Trudy limo, toofisioheskoy observatorii flauaaotions of the Main
Geophysical La ratorzf, Issue 39/101? 1953.
28. Krasilinikov, V. A., "On the Effect of Pulsations of the
Atmospheric Refractive Index on Propegation of Ultra-.Short Radio
Weir's," Isvestiya Akadesii Nauk SSS, Seriya geografichoskaya i
geofizicheskaya Z-**,s of the USSR Academy of Scionoes, Geographical
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and Geophysical Sorieg, Vol. 13, No 1, 1949.
29. Krasiltnikar, V. A. and Ivanov-Shits, K. M., "Certain New
Xriments on Sound Propagation in the Atmosphere," Doklady AN SSR
ports of the USSR Mathew of Scienceg, Vol. 67, No 4, 1949.
30. Krasiltnikov, V. A., "Phase Fluotuations of Ultraw.Sonic
WiTel During Their Propagation in the Air Ground Layer," Ibid.,
Vol. 88, No 4, 1953.
Si. Krasilinikar, V. A. and Tatarskiy, V. I., "On the Relation-
ship Between the Mean Quadrature of Phase and Amplitude Fluctuations
and the Dimensions of the Objective during Observations of Twinkling
Stars," Ibid., Vol. 88, No 3, 1953.
32* Krechmer, S. I., "Methods for Measuring Mioropulsations in
Wind Velocities and Temperatures in the Atmosphere," LrIALm2.-
fisioheskogo institute Akadomii Nauk SSSRjransaotions of the Geo-
physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the USW, No 24/
151, 1954*
33. Kuoherov, N. V., "Method for Direct Measvrement of Turbulent
actions of the Bain Geophysical Lieborato , Issue #/99, 952.
Neat Exchange," Truk 1anor 4v poofisiohlof observatorii 7.rans-
34* Laykhtman? D. L. and Chudnovskiy, A. F., "Physics of the
Atmospheric Ground Layer," published by Oldromotooisdat, 1949.
35. Laykhtman, D. L., "Advance Computation of Daily Temperature
Yluotuations in the Ground Layer of the Atmosphere," Trudy glavnoy
ji5aheakoy observatorii pansactions of the Main Geophysical
IiIfora , same 22/84, 19w.
36. Laykhtmen, D. L., "Transformation of Air Mass Under the
Effsot of the Basement Surface," Meteorologiya i.4idrologiym
goteorology and RVdrologe, No 1, 1947.
37. Laykhtman, D. L. and Yudin, M. I., "Transformation of the
Lover Air Layer Under the Effect of the Basement Surface," pokludi
AN SSSRgeports of the USSR Academy of Soionceg, Vol, 93, No 2,
1153.
sa. Laykh D. L., "Physioal Principles in Standardisation of
Irrigation," Isvesti AN SSR Peofisichiss &Zinn of the
USSk Aeademy o ? 011005
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39. Lyapin, Ye. S., "Hyperbolio Equation of Vertical Turbulent
Exchango in the Atmosphere," Tru lavno eofiziohesko observatorii
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fixicheskogo institute Akademii Nauk SSSR gransaotions of the Geo-
physical Institute of the Academya oionoes of the UST, No 24/151,
1954.
42. Monin, A. S., "Semi-Experimental Theory of Turbulent
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44. Monin? A. S., "Horizontal Agitation in the Atmosphere,"
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45. Monin, A. S., "Equation for Turbulent Diffusion," Doklady?
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46. Obukhov, A. M. and Yaglom, A. M., "Iticrostructuro of s.
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rafiches goofizicheskaya gews of the USSR Academy of
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50. Obukhov, A. M., "The Effect of Slight Innomogeneities in
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69. Yaglom, A. M., "On the Local Structure of the Temperature
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TABLE OF CONTE.NTS
Lam.
Introduction
3
I. Climatoloa
6
II. Synoptic Mateorology
22
III. Dynamic Lieteorology
30
IV. Atmospheric Optics and Actinometry
36
V. Physics of Clouds and Precipitation
45
VI. Physios of the Atmospheric; Ground Layer and
Atmospheric Turbulenos
48
118./PR8AA;
DUpont 7-4240
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