POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO. 119 LITOVSKAYA SSR

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• Collection: General CIA Records
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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 136
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 20, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: March 21, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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POLITICAL AND _POPULATION
SURVEY NO. 119
LITOVSKAYA SSR
21 MARCH 1958
Prepared by
Air Research Division
Library of Congress
Washington 25, D. C
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POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY
LOCATION OF
LITOVSKAYA SSR
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Political and Population Survey
No. 119
LITOVSKAYA SSR
Prepared by
Air Research Division
Library of Congress
21 March 1958
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1. The estimates appearing in this study result from an accelerated sur-
vey of availdble data. All Sigures accompanied by an asterisk (*)
are the best possible estimates to be derived from accessible informa-
tion.and are to be regarded as an indication of an order of magnitude.
0
2. Population estimates as of 1 January 1958 Within administrative-
territorial boundaries as of 1 January 2955.
3. It is to be noted that the Oblast Political and Population Survey
Series, of which this study is a part, necessarily cover administra-
tive-territorial units other than ?blasts, such as union republics,
autonomous republics, and krdys. It is anticipated that the Series
will also be extended to Include the various Chinese proyinces.
Therefore, the vord "Oblast" will henceforth be deleted from the title
of this Survey Series.
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POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO. 119
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.
4 0
Statistics
Government Controls
0
A. General 0
B. Control Groups 0
0
13 I g
1
1
1
4
1. Communist Party and Komsomol
4
00
0
2. Military
12
0. Government
16
II.
Populp.tibn, liabor 'Force, and Xthnic composition
27
A. General 0
27
?
111. Urban-R=4 M3trib1ti4ft
31
C. Akii,Sex Stracture
36
P. tabor Poroe
37
0
E. Military and Forced Labor
39
F. Zthio Qomposition
40
?
I/I.
'Psychological And Sociological Factors
42
A. Political And Social. Tensions
42
0
B. Civil Defense
47
C. Medical Facilities
53
D. Educational and Cultural Facilities
56
IV.
Socio -Economic Factors
65
A. Housing
65
B. Food Supplies
67
?
C. Transportation and Telecommunications
69
1. General
69
2. Rail
70
0
3. Water
74
4. Highway
77
5. Air
78
6. Telecammunications
79
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PAU,
D. Utilities 80
E. Consumers' Goods 81
F. Economic Characteristics 84
1. General 84
2. Industry 90
3. Fuels and Power 95
4. Agriculture 99
V. Urban Areas
Addendum
TABLES
I. Estimated Distribution of Communists in Armed Forces
and MVD Troops (Selected Years)
II. Estimated Composition of Armed Forces: 1956
102
A-1
7
13
III. Estimated Military Control Force: 1956
14
IV. Airfields in Litavskaya SSR: 1957
17
V. Estimated Government Control Force: 1957
18
VI. Summary of Demographic Characteristics:
Litovskaya SSR, 1958
27
VII. Urban-Rural Distribution of Population: 1923, 19399
1958
31
VIII. Urban Area Population Ranges: 19392 1958
32
LC. Estimated Population and Density by Administrative-
Territorial Division: 1958
33
X. Estimated Age-Sex Distribution: 1958
36
XI. Estimated Distribution of Labor Force: 1958
38
XII. Estimated Ethnic Composition: 1958
40
XIII. Educational Facilities (Selected Years)
59
XIV. Freight Haulage: 1955
70
XV. Receipts and Shipments of Freight: 1956
73
XVI. Maritime Freight: 1955
75
XVII. River Freight: 1955
77
ii
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EflEt
XVIII. Total Non-Food Reserves in Retail Network at End 82
of 1955
XIX. Reported Industrial Production: 1955, 1956 93
XX. Electric Power Balance: 1955 96
XXI. Major Electric Power Plants 96
XXII. Petroleum Storage Facilities 98
XXIII. Agricultural Enterprises: 1956 99
XXIV. Distribution of Livestock: 1940, 1956 100
ADDENDUM
A. Estimated Number of Workers and Employees by Branch
of National Economy: 1958 A-2
B. Number of Workers by Branch of Industry: 1955 A-3
C. Number of Workers by Branch of Industry in Major
Industrial Centers: 1955 A-3
D. Industrial Production by Branch of Industry: 1955 A-4
E. Important Industrial Production in Major Cities:
1955 A-4
F. Specialists Employed in the National Economy as of
1 January 1956 A-5
FIGURES
I. Composition of Litovskaya SSR Council of
Ministers: 1956, 1957 20
II. Organization of Industry and Construction: 1957 23
III. Rail Facilities in Litovskaya SSR: 1957 73
IV. Chief Characteristics of Economic Regions 86
MAYS
I. Location of Litovskaya SSR Frontispiece
II. Administrative-Territorial Divisions Back Pocket
III. Population Back Pocket
IV. Transportation and Military Control Back Pocket
Vs Economic Map(Sphematic): Litovskaya SSR Back Pocket
iii
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LITOVSKAYA SSR
Statistics
21 March 1958
Area in Sq. Miles ...................25 ,088
Total Est. 1958 Pop OOOOOO .......02,725,000
Urban Pop O OOOOOOOO .0000000000000.935,000
Rural Pop OOOOOO .000000000000000197909000
Cities...O OOOOOOOOO .0000000000000000000008
(Vilnyus, Kaunas, Klaypeda?
Shyaulyay, Panevezhis?
Druskininkay2 Palanga? and
Novo -Vilnya)1/
Towns OOOOOOOOOOOOO 000000000000000000000081
Urban Settlements... ....................11
Rural Rayons ............................83
Urban Rayons (Vilnyus) ...................4
Selsovets OOOOOO
I. Government Controls
A. General
Litovskaya SSR is one of the 15 union republics of the USSR.
Vilnyus, the capital, is the location of the republic government, mili-
tary, and economic control agencies.
The history of Lithliania is inextricably bound with the history
of its more powerful neighbors--Prussia (Germany), Poland, and Russia
(USSR). First organized into a state in the 13th century, Lithuania
fought the encroachment of both the German and the Russian princes for
several hundred years. The existence of mutual enemies compelled
1/ According to information received since the completion of this
report, Novo-Vilnyascity of republic subordination and administrative
center of Novo-Vilnyaskiz-Rural Rayon, was incorporated into the city of
Vilnyus in December 1957. It-is reportedly accorded the status of an
urban rayon within Vilnyus and is named Novo-Vilnyaskiy Rayon. The ef-
fects of this change on the administrative status of Novo-Vilnyaskiy
Rural Rayon have not been indicated in available sources. The informa-
tion and statistics in this survey do not reflect the change.
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Poland and the Lithuanian state to merge, through the Union of Lublin
(1569), into a federation. Although the Polish-Lithuanian state initially
expanded its territory to the E and SE, almost from Moskva to the Black
Sea, internal weaknesses and continuous warfare finally undermined the
power of the federation. Russia, Prussia, and Austria, in 3 partitions
(1772, 1793, 1790, finally absorbed the Polish-Lithuanian state.
Lithuania, save for Suduva (Sheduva) province (including present-day
Klaypeda) on the W Neman shore, which was annexed by Prussia, was ab-
sorbed into the Russian empire. Following the Napoleonic wars, Russia
annexed Suduva province, but it reverted to Prussia in 1820 and re-
mained under German administration until 1919 as the Memelland.
Another disputed boundary was that between Poland and Lithuania
involving the city of Vilnyus and the surrounding territory. Coveted
and alternately possessed by each at various times during their history,
this territory was seized by Poland in 19209 an act which prevented
cordial relations between the 2 countries throughout the period of
Lithuanian independence (1920-1940).
In the aftermath of World War I a number of independent states
in Eastern Urope emerged, among them Lithuania. Proclaimed an independ-
ent republic in 1918 and recognized as such in 1920, Lithuania proceeded
to agitate for repossession of the Memelland (Klaypeda territory). A
convention drawn up by the League of Nations' Conference of Ambassadors
in 1924 recognized the territory as an autonomous unit under Lithuanian
sovereignty. Conversely, in the same year the Lithuanian republic of-
ficially recognized a de facto situation--the occupation of Vilnyus and
Vilnyus territory by Poland.
As an independent national entity, Lithuania existed until
1940. However, even before that year, the little republic was forced
in 1939 to cede Klaypeda to the German Third Reich, while Poland, in-
fluenced by the Soviet Union, yielded Vilnyus to Lithuania. An
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agreement in 1940 between Germany and the USSR delivered Lithuania to
the Soviet Union; it was forced to become a Soviet union republic. Also
in 1940, a narrow strip of territory from Belorusskaya SSR was annexed
to Lithuania. When war broke out between Germany and the Soviet Union
in 1941, German divisions invaded Lithuania, along with the other Soviet
Baltic republics, and occupied the country until forced out by the
Russians in 1944. Re-established as a union republic, Lithuania has re-
mained under Soviet domination since that time. The annexation has
never been officially recognized by the major western powers.
With Soviet reoccupation, Klaypeda was once again established as
a part of the republic. At the same time, Vilnyus was reconfirmed as
part of Litovskaya SSR. Available information reveals no republic bound-
ary changes since that time, but some internal administrative innovations
have occurred. With the goal of centralizing or simplifying administra-
tion, 4 oblasts were formed in 1951: Vilnyusskaya? Kaunasskaya, Klayped-
skaya, and Shyaulyayskaya. These corresponded to the present-dgy Lithus
niaaEconomic Regions (see Section E, Eqonomig. Characteristics). These
sub-divisions, apparentlylkwingfalled in their purpose, were abolished in
1953. On 1 July 1955, 4 of the 87 rural rayons were abolished and their
territory redistributed among neighboring rayons as follows:
ons abolished: Territaa_to following_ravonst
Druskininkskiy Varenskiy? Alitusskiy?
Veyseyskiy
Panemunskiy Shyanlyayskiy? Kaunasskiy
Smelyayskiy Ukmergskiy? Shirvintskiy
Zhezhmarskiy Kayshyadorskiy, Vevisskiy?
Yezsskiy
Since graphic materials and other information at hand are based
on the rayon boundaries existent at the beginning of 1955, the maps ac-
companying this study and the discussion of territorial economic
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The 'incidence Of 17 Party meMb,fre-04. 11006 total population
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in Lithuania is considerably loiter than the everage, or the Baltic
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republics (29 per 1,000 total pOpuletion) and,stillower than the ratio
for the RSFSR (42 per 1,900 total population) ind,for the USSR (36 per
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1,000 total popU)atiOn). The :incidence Of 26 members and candidates
per 19000 adult population (age 18 and over) is lower than the average
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for the Baltic repabli6s-(3er 1,000 adults)lind?considerably lower
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than,the ratio in,the RST :nod USSR (650and.,56T,-respectively).
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shown in Table I. The decline in absolute numbers of .Part); members
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TABLE I
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNISTS
IN ARMED FORCES AND MVD TROOPS
(Selected Years)
Total _
Cammunist Party
Year
Civilian.
Communist Party MVD and
Membership_ Military
Military as
Per Cent of
Total
Communist
Military
Per Cent of
USSR Total
1949
44,770
24,000
20,770
46.4
2.5
1952
47,440
36,693
10,747
2206
1.2
1954
46,719
37,229
9,490
2003
1.1
1956
45,565
38,087
7,478
16.4
0.9
+/CPI
in 1950, 16.4 per cent, or 5,2479 were members or candidates of the Party.
In elections held in February 1955, 8,066, or 29.42 per cent, of the
27,752 deputies were Party members or candidates. The rise in the pro-
portion of Party representation in government (from 16.4 in 1950 to
29.42 per cent in 1955) is striking, although this is still considerably
below the average for other union republics. This low average appears to
confirm the shortage of Party members and candidates in the republic,
while possibly reflecting also the desirability of conciliating the pop-
ulation by emphasizing non-Party participation on local levels.
Since the VI Congress in 1949, the Lithuanian Party Central
Committee has steadily increased its membership. At the IX Congress
(1956) membership was reported at 140, an increase of 30 over the mem-
bers and candidates elected by the VI Congress. Personnel changes and
SOW internal numerical fluctuation in the directing organs of the Party
during this period evidence a degree of instability.
bers and candidates elected at the VI Congress, onjy 40 were re-elected
by the IX Congress. Thus only about 3604 par - nt of the membership
of the first postw ted Central Committee survived the vicis-
situdes o et litics. In the interim, the percentual turnover of
goo
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the Central Committee membership has been almost constant at each Party
Congress: 46.4 per cent at the VII Congress (1952); 45 per cent at the
VIIICongress (1954); and 46.4 per cent at the IX Congress (1956).
The personnel changes in the Central Committee in general have
also affected the Secretariat and Bureau. Some shuffling among Republic
Party Secretaries, comprising 3 to 5 listed members between 1949 and
1956, has occurred. Of the 5 Secretaries elected in 1949, only 2 were
re-elected in 1952. Moreover the number of Secretaries was reduced to 3.
In 1954, a new Secretary replaced one from the 1952 body, while in 1956,
0
3 new Secretaries joined the organ, increasing the number of Secretaries
again to 5. Two of the 5 Secretaries elected in 1956 had been in their
posts since 1949. The Bureau, over the same period of years, has shown
an equal degree of variability in personnel. Since 1952, when the mem-
bership of this body was reduced from 17 .to 14, the turnover has averaged
0
about 43 per cent. At the IX Congress, the membership of the Bureau was
increased by one. Of the 17 members and candidates elected to the
Bureau in 1949, only 6, or about 35.2 per cent, managed to be re-elected
in 1956.
The data presented above warrant the following conclusions
the high turnover is probably evidence of a lack of trust on the part of
the leaders of the Soviet Union toward the membership of the Lithuanian
Party directing organs. This hypothesis is buttressed by the fact that,
until the time of Stalin's death, Russians were in effective control of
the Party work and machine on many administrative levels. Since the
dictator's demise and the subsequent condemnation of excessive Russifica-
tion, more posts in the Party apparatus have been allotted to Lithuanians.
This phenomenon seems to indicate that Soviet authorities believe the
native citizens have achieved more political reliability and that, as a
consequence, less of direct Russian control is needed. However, while
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the process of Russification has beeride-emphasized it still goes forward.
Since Khrushchev's presentation of the new lands program
(September 1953) and the subsequent emphasis on agriculture, the
Lithuanian Party leaders have undertaken measures to increase Party
leadership in the republic's rural areas. Between February 1954 and the
end of 1956, approximately 1,400 Communists were sent from urban areas
to the countryside. Of this total, at least 24 became secretaries of
rayon committees, while 54 became Party department heads and rayon com-
mittee instructors. In addition, in 1956 alone, rural rayon Party Com-
mittees sent out from their ranks 28 individuals to serve as secretaries
of rayon committees in MTS zones and 297 people to serve as rayon commit-
tee instructors for collective farms.
Soviet concern with the Lithuanian countryside was further
demonstrated by the establishment of 528 Primary Party Organizations on
collective farms and other rural establishments between the years
>
1954-560.inclusive. In 1956 alone, rural Party Organizations accepted as
Party candidates 1,123 collective farmers, 343 MTS and state farm
workers, and 161 agricultural specialists.
The intensification of Party activity in the rural areas of
Lithuania is reflected in some Party statistics for 1 January 1957:
1) Of the 1,900 chairmen of kolkhozes, at least 1,252, or approximately
66 per cent, were Communists, while 600 Communists - -an increase of 236
between 1954 and 1956-were leaders of field brigades. 2) Seventy-five
per cent of the republic0s1,900 collective farms had Party Organizations
embracing ovser9,200 Communists, of whom about 7,000 were collective
farm workers. 3) The Party-Komsomol stratum in the countryside com-
prised about 66.7 per cent of the workers in rural government agencies,
28 per cent of the NTS personnel, 72.8 per cent of the chairmen of
collective farms, and over 56 per cent of the agricultural specialists.
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4) The turnover of collective farm chairmen was so great that by
April 1957, one half had served less than 2 years. 5) The raralurban
proportion of Party members and candidates is respectively 46 and 54
per cent, despite the fact that the urban population of the republic con-
stitutes approximately 33 per cent of the population.
Spurring increased Party activity.. in the republic rural areas
is the Khrushchev avowal of equalling and surpassing U.S. per capita out-
put of meat, milk, and butter "in the nearest future." Another Party
objective is the weakening of the religious influences to which the
Lithuanian peasant continues to be subject in his adherence to the Catholic
traditions. Thus, in extending Party controlsp the Soviets are attempt-
ing to solve at one stroke problems that are both economic and cultural.
The Komsomol organization, encompassing in 1957 an estimated
one-third of the youth in the eligible age group (14-26), is the assistant
of the Lithuanian Communist Party and its reserve. It is the responsibil-
ity of the Komsomol to interpret Party and government policies and direc-
tives to the masses of the population and to lead the way in their imple-
mentation. The organization is charged with spreading the Party's influ-
ence among youth, guiding them to the Soviet ideals.
The incidence of membership in the Lithuanian Komsomo1--74
per 1,000 total population--is well below the average in the Baltic
republic's (fa per 1,000 total population) and below the average of the
USSR (83 per 1,000 total population). The ratio 319 members per 19000
population in the 14-26 age group is considerably lower than the aver-
age of tie Baltic republics (433) and somewhat below that of the USSR
average (349).
The number of Komsomol members serving in the armed forces
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and MVD in the republic is estimated at 106,000, or approximately 49
per cent of the total membership. This figure comprises 4.1 per cent
of the total number of Ramsomolites serving in the USSR armed forces
and MVD troops, a proportion exceeded only in the RSFSR, the Ukrainskaya?
Belorusskaya, and Latviyskgya SSRls.
Among the tasks required of the Komsomol are the Communist
education of Soviet Lithuanian youth, widespread activity in the village,
the organization of multifold social and cultural undertakings for young
people?clubs, theaters, excursions?and the promotion of physical culture
and sport activities.
In conjunction with Khrushchevls virgin lands program and the
back-to-the-land movement, at least 2,000 Republic Komsomolites went
eastward, while those remaining in Lithuania completed the task of estab-
lishing Komsomol organizations on all collective and state farms and MTS1s.
On 1 January 1957, the above-mentioned organizations embraced about
14,000 members, or approximately 6.5 per cent of the total membership.
On the Komsomol members also devolves the responsibility for
promoting the fulfillment of Party and government directives in such
fields as industry, construction, and paramilitary activity. The Kamso-
mol has repeatedly been urged to participate in DOSAAF and to assist
various organizations in the dissemination of information on antiatomic
and antibacteriological defense.
The Komsomol also directs the activities of the Pioneers
(numbering 164,828 on 1 January 1953), a mass organization composed of
children and adolescents aged 10 to 16, and the Little Octobrists,
ages 7 to 10. Supervision of Pioneer and Octobrist units is the respon-
sibility of the Komsomol organization of the given territorial-
administrative area. In turn, the work of each Komsomol unit
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is supervised by the Party unit at the comparable level. Thus, integra-
tion in leadership and operation of the junior organizations is realized.
The Komsomol membership in the republic is expected to
increase in the future, particularly as the larger numbers of children
born subsequent to the wartime birth deficit enter the pertinent age
groups. Another important factor contributing to the prospect of
increased participation in the Komsomol is that the membershippwith the
possibility of later joining the Party, facilitates personal advancement
in Soviet Lithuanian society.
2. Militarv
The Litovskaya SSR falls within the Baltic Military Dis-
trict, which also includes Ettonskaya and Latviyskaya SSR es and Kalinin-
gradskaya Oblast. Military and naval units in the republic, which are
completely independent of republic government organs, are subordinate to
various headquarters in Riga (Latviyskaya SSR), Baltiysk (Kaliningrad-
skaya Oblast), and Moskva (RSFSR). All fleet operations and personnel in
the republic are controlled by Headquarters of the Baltic Fleet in Baltiysk.
Military and tactical air operations of the Soviet Army and Air Force are
directed from Riga by Headquarters, Baltic Military District, which also
exercises supervisory control over land-based naval personnel. Long Range
Air Army (LRAA) units based in Lithuania are probably under the, the juris-
diction of the 1st LRAA in Moskva. Air Defense Command (PVO) personnel
are subordinate to Headquarters, 10th Air Defense Region, at Riga and 11th
Air Defense Region at Vilnyus.
The total number of armed forces (see Table II) stationed in
Lithuania is estimated at 120,000* (1956). Ampng the administrative units
of the Soviet Baltic littoral, Lithuania surpasses the totals of Estonskaya
SSR and Kaliningradskaya Oblast (85,000 and 95,000, respectively), but cedes
41/ first place to the Latviyskaya SSR (150,000). The total in the Lithuanian
Republic comprises approximately 27 per cent of the total in the 4 regions.
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The distribution of armed forces personnel in the republic i,vic.ording
branch of service and in percentage of the Baltic Military Distt totals
is as ralowsz
TABLE II
ESTIMATED COMPOSITION OF ARMED FORCES: 1956
Per Cent of Total in
Per Cent Branch of Service in
Branch of Servics.
Number
of Total
Dtatig-AiattAU-Lidll?At,
Army and MVD
98,000
81,6
35.5
Soviet Air Force
(less naval
aviation
15,000
12.5
24.2
Soviet Naval Air
Force
600
0.5
3.1
Navy
6..400
Total
120,000
100.0
24.4
The number of Army and MVD troops stationed in the Litov-
skaya SSR is the highest among the administrative units of the Baltic
W coastal area. Conversely, the total of naval personnel (including
SNAP) is the lowest in the area (Eatonskgya SSR 53,Q00? Latviyskaya
SSR - 45,000, Kaliningradskaya Oblast - 40,000). The .total number of
SNAP personnel in the republic is negligible comprising only 3.1 per
cent of the Baltic MD total. The personnel of the Soviet Air Force in
the republic constituted almost 25 per cent of the total SAF in the
Baltic Military District.
The military control force in the republic (see Table
III) is estimated at 48,940 (1956).2 of which 17,440 are officers and
31,500 are NCOls. The Army and MVD components comprise about 76.1
per cent, the Navy (excluding SNAP) about 4.8 per cent, and the
410 Air Force (including SNAP) approximately 19.1 per cent of the total
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military control groups in the republic. Approximately 77 per cent of
the total military are either members of the Party or Komsomol. This
proportion of Party and Komsomol membership in the armed forces is
considerably lower than in Latviyskaya SSR (88.7 per cent), but about
the same as that in Eatonskgya SSR. The higher percentage in Latviy?
skaya SSR is probably partially attributable to the presence of military
district headquarters personnel.
TABLE III
ESTIMATED MILITARY DONTROL FORCE: 19561/
Per Cent Per Cent
Branch of Service
Primary
of Total
ags2pAlla
Ett2all
Total
Army and MVD
12,740
26.0 -
24,500
50.1
379240
Nan. (excl. SNAP)
800
1.63
1,540
3.2
2,340
Air Force (incl.
SNAP)
3.900
7.99
5.460
11.0
Total
17,440
35.7
31,500
64.3
48,940
Al Primary control force equates with officers, secondary
with NCO's.
follows:
Identified military and MVD units in the republic are as
Vilnyus
Kaunas
Hq, 11th Air Defense Region (WO)
Hq, 16th Lithuanian Rifle Divisionl/
Hq, VI Antiaircraft Regt;116th
Rifle Division
Hq, 4th Lithuanian MVD Division
Hq, 261st MVD Regt.
Hq, 132nd MVD Border Detachment
Hq, 31st Guards Rifle Division1/
Hq, VI AA Regt., 31st Guards Rifle
Division (Field)2/
Hq, Lithuanian MVD Border District
1/ Subordination unknown.
gi Subordinate to Hq, 10th Air Defense Region, Riga.
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Klaypeda Hq., 23rd MVD0Border Detachment
. . . 15 o 3' o ? 0
Kapsukas Hq., 94.th ZVI) brolet Detachment?
0 r.'.:.::::!" . . o.? ? : * ? ?
The 11th Air Defense Resiolai 'with headquarters zOt lillnyus*.
', ,s? ? r `.? ' :
includes in Lithuania only a narraeostrip of territory in the south-r
? ? ?
eastern part of the republic, but (extende.overtiost of Belorusskaia SSR.' '
?
The IND Border Detachments atplackypeda anti Kapsukas ard subcrdinate to ?
0
0
the 4th 14VD Border District Headquartirt Kaunas. The 132nd Border .
0 ?
0 .4
Detachment, located at Vilnyus, is vUborilni.ie to the 4th IND Division in ?
?
the capital. Two IND units in the Lattirlkaya SSR, the =At kin) Convay?.'.
?? .0
Regiment at Riga and the 8th MVD Boller Detachment at Ventspils* ar6
. a
respectively subordinate to the 4th MIDTIvision Headquarters in Vilnyua
.
and the IGD Border District Headquarters at Kaunas. The )!VD oferatee it.
own naval units to patrol the waters adjacent to the republic.
Naval activities along the Baltic littoial of the Lit?vskaya
?
SSR and all naval units and facilities based in the republic '9....c.cintrolled
by Headquarters of the Baltic Fleet at Baltiysk. Klaypeda* Palanga'; and
virtually the entire Baltic coast of the Litoviiva SSR fall within the .
Southern Naval Defensive District (analagout to U.S. Naval Sea Frontiers)
which is located between latitude 560 and the Soviet-Polish border. North
of latitude 560 is Shventoyi, located in tbeLiyepaya (Liipaja) Naval
Defensive District, extending from latitude 570 to latitude 56?.. Head-
. =
quarters of the Defensive Districts are subordinate to Fleet Headquarters
at Baltiysk. Klaypeda, the only naval baps in the republic, provides
limited logistic and operational support to a limited number of light
surface forces. In an emergency the naval base coUld'provide logistic.,
?
and operational support to a limited number of subiarines. ,
?Guided missile launching sites are reported to exist 3:4
,
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C.
o
0,
? ?
o
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?
' ?
:
? ? .
O. .?
?
;
0
o o ?
0 00? 000
0 . -
0 o .?
.0 000 9 oop,
,
.Falanka (V-23Axuwhing ramps - 1948), Krietinga (possible rocket storage
o 0 o
- X949), and Ionava.0(large V-2 installations and.experimentalyorks
. ?
. ?
1946)0 Nazheykyay is reported to be an udderground base for guided ?
? missiles (5 'underground buildings) and a?storage*irea foz:SovietImade
o G h. ? ?? 4. ? ??
? ?:
. missiles' of the German 11-2 type. ?
' ' ? ???? . ? Early Warning Radar' sites are reported to be operative
. ? 0 ? ? -
. ?
. ? ?
in. Palanga, Klaypeda, Nide*, and Vilnyus. .The republic's pigtio littoral
-:.radar inst.allationilare.prealmik04term:pait Of the Soviet peripheral
?
. ?
radar
. ? ?, - - ? -
?... 1: ? ,,' Sixteen.airfield*s are located: in the titovskaya SSR (see
: . . . . ? .:%,
% . . ? , . ?
Table 14? Of these, 12 are operated *.15y. theSoviet Aix' Force; 2 by the
. .
*.
Soviet Naval: Ali- Force, and 2 military/civil airfields jointly by SAF
and the Directorate? of the Civil Air Fleet.
. .
.? ? ? ?
SAP! tactical avisition?uriits in the republic are subordi-
.
nate to Headauarters,.Baltic Military District, at Riga. SNAF operations
are directed. frOm Baltic Fleet Headquarters at Baltiysk.
Military Commissariats,,subordinite to Military District
Headquarters, are eitablished'at.the rePublic; city, torn, and rural
. .
. rayon levels, which participate?in.mobilization planning and the stock-
piling of Military sulTlies. The Tiitovskaya SSR Society for Cooperation
with the Army, Air Force, and Navy (DOSAAF) trains pre-inductees in a
progriia of loaSiC and technical military Skills and prOvides refresher
. .
courses for veterans. DOSAAris the chief agency charged with receiving
instruction and disseminating information to the public at large.concern-
ing various aspects of civil defense.
. ?
3. GovernMent
Rep4b1ic civil gdVernment control agencies are located
. e ? A
in the capital, Vilnyus, and are directly sUbordinate to the appropriate
?. ? .
? ? . . ? . .
?
superior agencies in Moskva. The most significant government control
. ? ,
.agency, is, the Litovskaya SSA Council of Ministers which controls. and
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9 9
?
?
,.?" ? ;4,
S ..A. T
....;.;s: . ?
AIRFIELDS..IN.LITOVSKArk SSR:.?. 1957 ?
.:.??,:...? :
? .
014sp;
?
(Shyaulyai)
. ?
Wangs. ??
. ? ?
Kedainiai (Kedaygray)
: ? ? : -
Karmelsva.*
Panevezys (Paner
vezhis)
.? ?
Kaunas -
Vilnyut
Vilnyus Southwest
. o
viltixas
Vilnyus/Novaya Vileyka.
??????
2
2
2
3
4
'5
5
.
? :.-.?
". ,
'
?. .
?
.? Klaipeda (Kliypeds)
1
?
5
. ?
. ? ?
Sauginiai ? ?
5
Kaunas South,.
5
Prienai (Prenay)
5
aytus (Alitus)
5
Klaipeda (Klaypeda)
7
1112*er . %V.O.Sr .
01684664.'1 ?????
.
0168-8644 ?.?
? ? o
0168-8625 ?
0168-8686 ...,
0168-8646
SAF Primary bombev base
?
SNAP. Primary defInse base
? ?
SAT Alternate bomber base.
SAP. Primary defense bases
SAF Alternate botber base
s a
0168-8623 SAFAXVIL Fighter recovery base
0
? .
? ???
?
.? ? ?
0168-8676 SAP/CIVIL Alternate defense base.
016846r. SAF Fighter recovery base
?
0168-8677 SAF. Fighter recovery base
0168-8678 : SAF. "Other" (msple'ali-
ernate defense bese)
: .
1 4 0 ??
01684626 SAP SAF Fighter reserve base'
.
0168-8665 SAF Alternate defense base
61681-8624 SAF "Other".
0168-8653 SAF. Reserve base
0168-8601 SAF.- Fighter recovery base
0168-8687 SNAP Seaplane base
coordinates the activities of subordinate Ekecutive Committees in each of
??
the 8 cities of reputlic.sUbordination (Vilnyus, Kaunas, Klaypede,
? ? ?
. .
Shyaulyay, Panevezhis? NeYoyilnya, Paianga, and Druskininkay), 81 towns
?.
and 83 rural rayons,of.the republic. .
The government'control force of the Litovskaya SSR is esti-
jiated to repreSent-apprOximate1y 8.5 per cent of the total population.
.. ? ? ?
?
1
S 3-0 E T
: ?
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TABLE V
ESTIMATED GOVERNMENT CONTROL FORCE: 1957
Primary Control Force
Administrative
_Sateorv
Total Control F/ Number
Per Cent
of Total
Republic Govt. 140,355 15,875 11.3
Local Govt. 85,115 8,635 10.1
Militia 6.350, 6,350 100.0
Total 231,820 30,860 13.3
1/ Does not include professional workers of the Communist
Party, officer and NCO components of the armed forces and mem?
bers of the NW and KGB troops, and economic supervisory and
managerial personnel.
0 The primary control force, as shown in the above Table, com-
prises employees of the governmental, administrative and judicial
agencies at all levels of control, from the Council of Ministers to the
?? remotest rural Soviet and from the Republic Supreme Court to the Peoples'
Court and the militia and fire defense services. This group does not
???? ....am 4) directly supervise the production of goods and services; rather it exer-
* ? ? cises over-all administrative supervision over almost all aspects of
T? 0
?,.c.t,oeD9
economic, social, and cultural activities affecting the republic popula-
??? 0
o
fl
? . tion of 2,725,000.
?? ? o-
The secondary control force consists of employees staff-
ing government nonadministrative agencies engaged in such activities as
0
0
health, education, and various public services. This group has no
. ? .
. ?? ?? ?:...
responsibility for policy determination, but carries out the directives
of the primary control force within the .frameworkof policies of higher
? 0 USSR agencies.
? ,
? Alb ? . ?.
? . ?
;? . ? ????
0
Unlike the capitals of Lithuania's sister BalticcIrepub-
lies (Riga, Latviyskaya SSR and Tallin, Estonskaya SSR)? where large con-
centrations of population, industry, and consequently control personnel
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are located, the Lithuanian capital, Vilnyus, has only approximately
4.4 per cent of the republic control force employed in government,
health, and education services. The 4 major republic cities (Vilnyus,
Kaunas, Klaypedal and Shyaulygy), constituting approximately 20 per
cent of the republic's total population and producing approximately 75
per cent of Lithuania's gross industrial product, have only 10.2 per cent
of the republic's total control force. This phenomenon is probably a
reflection of the largely rural character of Lithuania, its comparatively
less significant industry from the All-Union standpoint, and the necessity
of employing large concentrations of control force personnel in the coun-
tryside to combat the influence of Catholicism and peasant intransigence
and passive resistance. The peasantry's attitude and the inability of
the Lithuanian regime to inculcate on this class the ideals of Soviet life
were largely instrumental in removing the Lithuanian Premier from his
post in early 1956.
USSR central government agencies exercise immediate con-
trol over operations bearing specifically on national security. All
military and naval operations are directed by USSR commands in Riga, and
Baltiysk, RSFSR? respectively. The Litovskaya SSR Ministry of Defense is
only a token agency with coordinating functions. All-Union ministries or
committees in Moskva control all rail and maritime transport, foreign
affairs (also nominally under a union-republic ministry), major aspects
of internal security and telecommunications, and probably a few major
industrial enterprises engaged in war production.
The main administrative and executive organ in the
republic is the Litavskaya SSR Council of Ministers, directly subordi-
nated to the USSR Council of Ministers. Its membership includes the
highest government officials, who supervise under Party leadel%hip vir-
tually all aspects of economic, social, and cultural life of the republic.
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The compositiOn of the Republic Council of Ministers is given in
Figure I. Union-republic ministries in Nbskva, with responsibility for
aver-all economic planning, supervise the respective subordinate minis-
tries in the republic in respect to the conduct of agriculture, cultural
affairs, higher education, public health programs, trade and finance.
FIGURE I
COMPOSITION OF LITOVSKAYA SSR COUNCIL OF MINISTERS: 1956, 1957
Agf January :i.. 1956
Chairman
First Deputy Chairmen
Deputy Chairmen
Chairmen of the following
attesi
Committee of State Security
State Committee for Construc-
tion and Architectural Affairs
State Planning Commission
Union-Republic Miniaterk ofs
Agriculture
Automotive Transport and
Highways
Building Materials Industry
Communications
Culture
Defense
Finance
Fishing Industry
Food Products Industry
Foreign Affairs
Internal Affairs
Justice
Light Industry
Meat and Dairy Products
Industry
Paper and Wood-Processing
Industry
Public Health
Effective AfLes&j,..1 1 l95
Chairman Chairman
First Deputy Chairmen
Deputy Chairmen
Chairmen of the following
asamktiggijige_ades:
Committee of State Security
Scientific-Technical Com-
mittee
State Planning Commission
Sovnarkhoz
-R 1,121LAplaA,1,22_1L___ tries of:
Agriculture
Communicationsl/
Culture
Defensel/
Finance
Foreign Affairs/
1
Internal Affairs/
Public Health
0
-717 These ministries are only token organizations charged with some
administrative and support functions.
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FIGURE I
COMPOSITION OF LITOVSKAYA SSR COUNCIL OF MINISTERS: 1956y 1957
(Continued)
Union-Republic Ministers of;Union-Republic Minj
State Control
State Farms
Textile Industry
Timber Industry
Trade
Urban and Rural Const;ruction
44, Republic Ministers of:
Education
Local and Fuel Industry
Municipal Economy /el/
social Security
2
In Dec
Commission for
Ministers wa
COMPOSI
State Control/
leads
Reb1ic Ministers of:
Education
Forestry and Timber Industry
Construction
Justice
Social Security
er 1957, this Ministry was abolished and the
tate Control attached to the USSR Council of
formed.
ON OF RAYON AND URBAN EXEMTIVE CgMMITTEES: 1956-1957
D,PARTMENTS OR DIRECTORATES OF THE MECUTIVE COMMITTEES
January 1956
Agriculture
Automotive Transport and
Roads
Culture
Education
Finance
General
Public Health
Social Security
Trade
Communal
Local and Fuel Industry
July 1957
Agriculture
Culture
Education
Finance
General
Public Health
Social Security
Trade
In the recent national reorganization of the administra-
tion of industry and construction, the Litovskgya SSR was designated on
1 ;lily 1957 one of the 105 regional economic councils in the USSR.
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Subordinate to the Republic Council of Ministers, the Lithuanian National
Council of Economy (Sovnarkhoz) was established to assume most of the
administrative and planning functions for the republic formerly devolv-
ing on the abolished A1141111,.poand union-republic industrial ministries.
With the transfer ofth xefunctions to the Republic Regional Economic
0
Council, the author5_ and responsibility of the republic government
organs over the economy has vastly increased. (The new organization of
industry and construction, as it became effective 1 July 1957, is shown
in Figure II.) The Council of Ministers, through the Economic Council
and the local Executive Committees, now directly controls the bulk of
industrial production and virtually all capital construction (excluding
construction of rail and port facilities) in the republic. Republic
ministries are also charged with the administration of justice and of
social welfare programs. Responsibility for socialist legality is
entrusted to the Procurator (attorney general) of the republic, who is
appointed by and is responsible to the USSR Procurator General. Pri-
mary responsibility for providing the population with food, housing,
local transport, general education facilities, and municipal services
devolves on the Council of Ministers, working through the local Execu-
tive Committees.
The Lithuanian Supreme Soviet, theoretically "the
highest organ of state power? in the republic and to which the Council of
Ministers is constitutionally subordinate, is the organ which gives
legal sanction to the Party-inspired plans and directives, and pro-
vides a facade for so-called Soviet democracy. Its functions include
mobilizing the population in support of state, military, and industrial
projects and disseminating political propaganda. In practice, there-
fore, the Supreme Soviet is a ratifying and propagating device.
The Council Of Miasteregnd Supreme Soviet work through
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State Planning
Commission
(Gosplan)
FIGURE II
ORGANIZATION OF INDUSTRY AND CONSTRUCTION: 1957
USSR Council
of Ministers
LARGE-SCALE INDUSTRY
Republic Ministry
of Construction
RepUblic Council
of Ministers
?
pub c Ministry
of Forestry and
Timber Industry
State Scientific-
Technical Committee
LOCAL INDUSTRY
tzi
o
LII
II
Council of
Economilavnarkhoz1
National
Technical
Economic
Council
Functional
Departments:
(unspecified)
Branch Directorates:
Power Economy
Fuel Industry
Instrument Building/
Machinebuilding and? efetalworking
Building Materials Industry
Paper and Woodworking Industry
Light Industry
Fish Industry
Meat and Dairy Industry
Material-Technical Supply and
Implementation
City or
Rayon
Executive
Committee
Departments
Combines, Trusts, and
bate rises
'Combines, Trusts,and Enterprises
Lai
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the !subordinate Executive Committees of the rural rayons, the cities of
republic subordination, and the towns, which carry out at the local level
the decrees, resolutions, ordinances, and legislation of the higher Party
and government orders. The Chairmen of the Republic Council of Ministers
and of the local Executive Committees are charged with coordinating the
activities of lower agencies in respect to civil (passive) defense.
The chairman of the Lithuanian Economic Council and
the chairman of the State Scientific Technical Committee are members of
the republic Council of Ministers. The Economic Council's chairman enjoys
the rights of a former all-union minister, while the vice-chairmen are
granted the powers which formerly devolved on the heads of the chief
directorates of the all-union ministries. The council can issue orders
and resolutions in execution, and in pursuance, of USSR and Lithuanian
laws, ordinances and resolutions. Decisions of the Lithuanian Council can
be nullified by either the Lithuanian or the USSR Council of Ministers.
The administrative and functional competence of the
Lithuanian National Council of Edonomy includes 1) current and long-term
planning of production and construction (compiling plans and realizing
measures for fulfilling government plans), 2) the productive-technical
guidance of the enterprises, 3) the organization of material-technical
supply of enterprises, 4) the distribution of goods, 5) guidance over
construction of enterprises, 6) the carrying out of measures for the
selection of engineer-technical, scientific and other cadres, 7) the
administration of educational institutions and the financing of enter-
prises and organizations, and 8) the adoption of measures for preserv-
ing socialist property at enterprises, institutions, and organizations.
Subordinate to the Lithuanian Regional Economic
Council are 440 enterprises (including 23 enterprises formerly subor-
dinate to 12 All,Union ministries and agencies), with an annual volume
of production amounting to 7 billion rubles. This volume comprises
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about 80 per cent of the republic's gross industrial output and 0.8
per cent of total USSR production (1957). The remaining enterprises,
producing about 20 per cent of the republic's gross industrial output,
are under the jurisdiction of republic ministries and the city and rayon
Ekecutive Committees. With the transfer of the 23 enterprises to the
Economic Council, the all-union ministries which formerly controlled
them lose operational control. However, such all-union ministries,
charged with planning and coordinating functions, can still bring
influence to bear on the enterprises.
Under the reorganization of the administration of industry
and construction, the departments of city and rayon Ekecutive Committees
have acquired greater authority and responsibility in the direction of
local industry. The departments plan and direct operations of supply and
distribution for industry within their jurisdiction, with final coordi-
nation and supervision by the Lithuanian State Planning Commission.
A Scientific-Technical Committee, subordinate to the
Lithuanian Council of Ministers, has been set up. Its functions embody
the study and dissemination of information on the achievements of domes-
tic and foreign science and technology with respect to their potential
application in the republic economy.
The reorganization of industry and construction, with the
consequent accrual of more power and responsibility to the republic
government, was preceded and accompanied by additional grants of respon-
sibility in the nonindustrial sphere of administration in Lithuania, as
in the other union republics. The appe4ate function of the USSR Supreme
Court was reduced, with consequent devolution of review powers on the
Lithuanian Supreme Court. The chairman of the Republic Supreme Court
now also becomes a member of the USSR Supreme Court. Moreover, the re-
public government has been granted more leeway in the allocation of
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budget funds and the right to establish its own territorial-adminis-
trative units without obtaining USSR approval. This authority also
entails the right to establish its own court system according to the
republic territorial units.
The Ministry of Justice at the USSR level, which pre-
viously was responsible for training qualified judicial personnel,
creating the material conditions for the proper functioning of the judi-
cial organs, and preparing elections for the People's Courts, has been
abolished. In Lithuania the Ministry of Justice is now a republic minis-
try, which probably has assumed the functions in the republic previously
devolving on the USSR Ministry of Justice. In February 1957,a USSR enact-
ment granted to the republics the right to formulate their own laws on
the judicial system and judicial procedure and also to adopt their own
civil and criminal codes. However, the law leaves within the competence
of the USSR the establishment of the fundamental principles of legisla,
tion on the judicial system and procedure and the fundamental principles
of civil and criminal legislation.
The general trend in administration is toward increased
responsibility of the republic state apparatus in both economic and non-
economic spheres. However, there is little evidence of an authentic
federal relationship, for the Party continues to operate on the principle
of democratic centralism, with emphasis on centralism, and the USSR Pro-
curator General (Attorney General) continues to appoint the republic
Procurator. Moreover, while the Lithuanian Procurator appoints the pro-
curators of the rayons and cities in the republic, the approval of the
USSR Procurator General must be obtained. And, as long as the USSR cen-
tral government retains the power to amend and change the USSR Constitu-
tion, it is extremely unlikely that any true federalism will develop.
The trends in administration are therefore no concession to federalism;
rather, they represent an attempt on the part of the Soviet leaders to
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overcome the heritage of the Stalin era its stultifying bureau-
0
cratic interference or neglect?anc1to Increase th; defensive capabilities
of the ?USSR.
*
G
II. Population, Labor Vorca. and Ethhie Composition
?
?
? .
TABLZ
a
?
0 ?
? SUMMARY OF DEMOGRAPH/G CgARACTER/STICS: ?
LITOWSKAUSSR, 1953 ?
? ?
? Total population ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Proportion of USSR total population.
Population density
(Persons per square mile)
...
?
? 2,725,000
? . 1.3%
109
41 0 ? ? ? .....
Urban poulation . . ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
o Proportion of USSR total urban population.
0 ? Urban proportion of total population. * ? ?
? Labor force ? ? ? ? ? ? ? s ? ? ? ? *
Proportion of population in labor force .
Population in working ages (16-59 years). 4
Females per 100 males in working ages 0, it
? ? ? 935?n% .??
34%
Military personnel * ?
ll? 0 ? ? ?
? Form' laborers . * 4, ? ? ? ? ..? .
9?
?
C
? ?
* ? ? ?
Proportion of Lithuinians in total population
Proportion of Russians in total population. ? .
. ..
? 0 011 ? se 000 ? CU 0 cv,a ass, . o? ?e? t>??
A? General, .. . . ? . .
?
* 1,582,000
58%
* 1,663,000
11?
* 120,000*
r ? 45,000*
? ?
0.
0
?
000
82%
3.4%
? 0
The origin of the Lithuanians, as of the Latvians, is
O CI ? ?
? ?
obscure. They are probablr descendants of Slavonic groups who settled
the Baltic area before the arrival of the Scandinavians and Russians:
Their language belongs to the Indo-European gr6up. It one time a power...
Lithuanian empire stretched from Moskva to the Black Sea but, over
?
the centaries, was pushed back II the advancing civilizations of Rdssia
and Poland.' Prior to .the 19th .Centuryl?thepredominanil cultural influ-
ences came from Poland and East Europe, rather than from Scandinavia and
Germany as was the case in Latvia and Estonia. .
C. ? ? ?
? . For centuries tne]Lithuanlan peoplewere exploited by the ? ??
. ?
?
Polis il land-owning nobility, who kept them invirtual serfdom. M: the
? turn of the 19th century, Lithuania was annexed to Russia and, continued
. ?
?
. ? ? .00
?
?
? ? ? ? ?
O 0 " ? ?
?
0 C 0? 0
??
0 0.1
CO.?
-27
0
? ? e ?
? ?
m ?
? :
. . :?
? . SEGRLT ? "
? ?
? ? ? ? ?
?
?
? ? - ? ? , ? . ?
. ? ' *. ?
? ? . ? ? ?
o ?
?' ? ? s' .
? ?
? 8
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?
?
?
?
00
0
0 0
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? 0
0 .
under her dominatimf until tha T period. Xn 1920,
? %
through iirtervention pf the Allied rOwarop the little oountry was granted.
l'reedom and VaS estAiietesi WI one of the 3 independent 84tic reputilics.
?
?
?
Duving the period or independensq (1920719.4.0), Lithuania
. ? ? . ?
was involved in controversy with Germany, on .the one hand, over po ?sea. ? ?
sion of the*Klaypedi. (Hemel)^ 'region, .0ministeie.d. by Germany until 1119,
?
and with Poland, on the other hand, over the acquisition of the Vilnyes
territory. Xlaypeda vas Important to Lithuania as its only signifioant
. . . .
port along the short coastline betveen Latvia and East Prussia. Posm
0
?
0 ?
spasion of Vilnius, which bad served at various times as the Lithuanian
? ????? ? ? ? ?? so ??
capital, was a matter of nationalist honor.; These political tensions
between Lithuania: and the large powers on her border were the chief .
??
stumbling bloCk? in the way of achieving a Baltic Federation with Estonia
? ?
and Lawia, who were desirous of aiding involvement in the controversies.
?
? ? ? ? . ?? ? ? ..'?? ? ? ?? ? ? ? ? ? ??? ? ?? ?? ?? ? ? ?
?
?
A Lithuanian coup in 1923 swiceeded in taking over the
contested naypeda territory from French troops administering it under the
League of Nations, and the Allied powers sanctioned its incorporation as
a semi-autonomous unit within Lithuania. Using the large German popula-
.0
? 0 a ?
?
? ? . ?
tion as justification, Germany forcibly reannexed the territory in 1939, ? ?
but vas forced to relinquish it: to Soviet Lithuania in 1945 at the end of
the var. By this time, or? within a few years, virtually all the German
? ? ?? ? ?
population in this area had been repatriated or had been deported to the
USSR proper. The Vilnyus territory, seized by Poland in 1920, was
?
o returned to Lithuania in 1939 after its occupation by Soviet troops... In
*Vie process of these adm4nistrative changes some 2-directional movement
?
of, Polish and Lithuanian pogulation segments across the shifting borders
?
occurred. During the first? Soviet 'oCcu.p.ation in 1940 Lithuania ?annexed
from the BelorusskaYa SSR a narro.w strip ot territory with a. predominantly
? ? ? ? ? ?
? ?? ..?
.? ?
? ? ' ?:
? ?
? Lithuanian population. ? ????? -?? ?,
?,.. ??? . ? ???? ? ?
O : ?? .?;.? ?
? ?
0 ? ? e ? a ? ? .? ?
? ?
?? a ? ? o
? 0 ? C ? 00 0 0 .0 ? 12 ? C ? ? ????? i.? 28,
r?? ? ro o co co 0
?
Ca .0 00
? ?
?
Co
c a
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: 0
?
0
0
0
0
0
0.
?
?
?
?
?
?
0 o rota o ? ?0 .0:.? ?? ?0 ? ?? ? ? .? ? ? ? ??
?
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? ??
?
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0
A new population group wag added to Lithuania in the
P58twar period through the in-migration of a large volume of Russians
0 darsx% theSov.i-ettzatiOn of the county': These Ificluded Russian mill--
tart and security personnel, administrators, technieions, and, parti-
.
aularly in the Klaypeda region, agricultural workers, Although a few
?
? thousand ftssianized Lithuanians - earlier migrants to Russia or the
?
Soviet 'Union who had become assimilated - are said to hip's returned among
?
these groups, they were certainly in far smaller proportion than the hun-
dred thousands retur4ing to Latvia, and particularly, to Sstonia. It has
been alleged that some Russians assumed the names of deported Lithuanians.
Because of the chronic boundary confusion, population
comparisohs between pratiar years and the.present are diffiqult to make.
? ..
? .
However, by adjusting 1939 population figures to include those areas not
? considered in the original source statistics (those reading im the
? ?
?
Xlaypeda and Vilnyus regions), certain conclusionsecal,perhape be attempted.
? In the following discussion, all comparisons between the :939 an 1958
?
population have been based on the adjusted 1939 totals, iolth the excep-
tion of ethnic distribution, for which cOmparable statistit.s flould not be
compiled.
? 0 0 ? 0 01 0 C0 0 ?? ? CS
?
0
?
? 0 ?? ? ? ?
. ? 0?
?? % ?
0 ?
The total population, within the area of present-day lath.-
uania has deceased since 1939. by about 6.8 per cent. By Vrojecting the
1939 Lithuanian rate or natural increase (au excess or births ever deaths
amounting to 8.8 per thousand) over the 19-1year interim, Teriod, * 1958
',expected population" is derived. The difference betueetsthis Zigure and
? .?
the estimated 1958 population indicates net lossei of about 100,000 people.
Incidentally, this is the figure sometimes cited in Sovlet prgpaganda
sources as the losses sufferectby Lithuania during the Ilazi.qocupation
?
0 ?
end the war. The over-all suggested losses aerJ.ved by the tbove method
?
. . ?
by no means reflect the actual lopses experienced by the original 19.9
. ? ?
?.
. .?
. Os ? . : ?? . ' 0 . ? ' ? ; ? ? ?
? 0 ?
? ? . . ? ?
. . ? .0 P . ,v
.... 29 ..:.*..... , ............. :..:, ?:? ?
. ?
. .
? ...
?? ? . .
. . ? ...
? ?
? ? ? . 0.
. ? e.
?.. S E C R. E T 0 ?
?.....,.., a
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population base, since the present population includes significant num-
bers of the postwar in-migrant Russians. Also not reflected is the fact
that since 1950 the annual xate of natural increase (averaging 11.1 per
thousand) has actually been well above the prewar rate used as a basis
for projection.
Thus, it is evident that the extensive population losses
were sustained chiefly between 1939 and 1950, years of wartime and succes-
sive occupations by the Soviet Union (1940-1941), Nazi Germany (1941-
1944), and again by the Soviet Union (from 1944 on). International Red
Cross statistics place the Lithuanian population losses by deportation,
evacuation, or execution under the first Soviet occupation at 65,000.
The Germans deported large numbers of the population to work in Germany
and are credited with virtual elimination of the Jews, who were deported
or exterminated or who fled persecution. During the second Soviet occupa-
tion, a series of mass deportations and continuing individual depor-
tations was carried out between 1945 and 1949. This process removed to
forced labor camps in distant areas of the USSR large elements of the
Lithuanian population considered obstacles to the implementation of Soviet
policies. They included political figures, intellectuals, ex-soldiers,
and deportees who had been exposed to West European influences, and, in
the later deportations, farmers resisting enforced collectivization.
The population of Lithuania-is currently increasing at a
faster rate than those of Latvia and Estonia, but more slowly than in the
USSR as a whole.
Lithuania
USSR
Per Thousand
1939
1956
1956
Birth rate
22.4
20.1
25.0
Death rate
13.6
8.2
7.5
Rate of natural increase
8.8
11.9
17.5
The death rate declined steadily between 1950 and 1956,
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while the birth rate showed some fluctuation, even somewhat exceeding in
1950 and 1951 the prewar rate. The average birth rate from 1950 to 1956
was 21.3 per thousand, only slightly below that of 1939. Thus, the
higher rate of natural increase per year in this period, averaging 11.1
per thousand, reflects chiefly a lowering of the mortality rate, although
the death rate in Lithuania is decreasing much more slowly than that of
the USSR. In spite of this fact, it is afe to assume that the popula-
tion losses of the decade 1940-1950 will shortly be compensated, and,
unless the future birth rate registers a more radical decline than here-
tofore, reasonable increases can be expected within the next few years.
B. Urban-Rural Distribution
TABLE VII
URBAN-RURAL DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION:
1923, 1939,
Population
1958
Per Cent
of Total
19231/
Urban
343,127
15.8
Rural
1,827,489
84.2
Total
2,170,616
100.0
19392/
Urban
707,860
24.2
Rural
2,215,529
75.8
Total
2,923,389
100.0
19582/
Urban
935,000
34.3
Rural
1,790,000
65.7
Total
2,725,000
100.0
Lithuanian Census of 1 Sept. 1923: adjusted to include
Klaypeda (Memel) Territory, incorporated shortly after the census;
excludes Vilnyus District, then part of Poland.
a/ Annual statistical handbook of Lithuania, reporting figures
as of 31 December 1938: adjusted to include Vilnyus District, incor-
porate in 1939.
Projected from Soviet reported figures for April 1956.
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Litovskaya SSR has always had a more rural character than the
other 2 Baltic republics, and changes in its urban-rural distribution
between 1939 and 1958 have been comparatively moderate. The increase in
the urban population for this period has been 32.1 per cent, with a con-
current decrease in the rural population of 19.2 per cent. While the
populations of Estonia and Latvia are now at least 50 per cent urban,
only about 34 per cent of the Lithuanian population lives in cities,
towns, or urban settlements. Of the total urban population, 60 per cent
are concentrated.in the 4 cities of over 50,000 inhabitants - Vilnyus?
Kaunas, Klaypeda? and Shyaulyay. Approximately 28 per cent of the
population lives in urban areas of less than 10,000, and 12 per cent in
urban areas between 10,000 and 20,000.
? The coritribution of Vilnyus to the urban increase between 1939
and 1958 was negligible,with a population increment of only an estimated
2,500 inhabitants. This low figure reflects substantial interim popula-
tion losses sustained by the cityls ethnic groups predominant in 1939 -
Poles, who were repatriated in large numbers to Poland when that country
was forced under Soviet occupation to give up the Vilnyus district to
Lithuania, andJews?whowere decimated during the Nazi occupation. The
largest urban increases occurred in Kaunas (8.5 per cent of thg total
increase) and in Klaypeda (7.7 per cent).
TABLE VIII
URBAN AREA POPULATION RANGES:
1939,
1958
Per Cent Increase
Cities of
_1222_
198
1939-1958
Over 100,000
363,000
419,000
15.4
50-100,000
-
142,000
--
20-50,000
59,000
38,000
-35.6
10-202000
38,000
74,000
94.7
Less than 10,000
215,000
262,000
21.9
Total
675,000
935,000
38.5
?
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TABLE VIII
URBAN AREA POPULATION RANGES:
1939, 3.958
(Continued)
Per Cent Increase
Cities of
1939
1958
1939-1958
Vilnyus
209,442
212,000
1.4
Kaunas
154,109
207,000
34.4
TABLE DC
ESTIMATED POPULATION AND DENSITY
BY ADNINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS: 19581/
Administrative-
Territorial Area
Division (So. Niles)
Population .
(in Thousands)
Density (Persons
per Sq. Nile)
Urban
Rang latg
Rural,
Over-all
Litovskgya SSR
25,088
935
1,790 2,725
71
109
Ram
320
2
24
26
75
81
-1U
Akmyanskiy
Alitusskiy
224
10
15
25
67
112
Anikshchyayskiy
312
5
28
4133
90
106
Aregalskiy
296
1
24
25
81
84
Birzhayskii
336
11
20
31
60
92
Dauggytkiy
240
1
15
16
63
67
Dotnuvskiy
296
1
27
28
91
95
Druskininkskiy2/
424
5
14
19
33
45
Dukshtasskiy
288
1
16
17
56
59
Dusetskiy
280
1
22
23
79
82
Eyshishkskiy
296
3
20
23
68
78
Ignalinskiy
272
1
29
30
107
110
Ionavgkiy
248
5
18
23
73
93
Ionishkelskiy
248
1
22
23
89
93
Ionishkskiy
264
6
19
25
72
95
Kalvariyskiy
232
6
24
30
103
129
Kapsukskiy
(Mariyampolskiy)
248
18
28
46
113
185
Kaunasskiy
288
209
21
230
73
799
Kayshyadorskiy
264
2
16
18
61
68
Kazlu-Rudskiy
264
2
22
24
83
91
Kedaynskiy
280
7
25
32
89
114
Kelmeskiy
224
3
14
17
63
76
Kibartskiy
176
12
12
24
68
136
Klaypedskiy
328
93
17
110
52
335
Kovarskiy
288
1
20
21
69
73
Kretingskiy
344
10
20
30
58
87
Kupishkskiy
328
4
21
25
64
76
Kurshenskiy
264
4
17
21
64
80
Lazdiyskiy
224
3
23
26
103
116
Boundaries as of 1 January 1955.
Zi Abolished 1 July 1955.
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TABLE n
ESTIMATED POPULATION AND DENSITY
BY ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS: 19581/
(Continued)
Population Density (Persons
Area (in Thousands) per Sq. Mile)
(So. Miles) Uxi_20, Rural Total Rural gre-a11.
Administrative-
Territorial
Division
Rayons:
Linkuvskiy
240
2
Mazheykskiy
248
7
Moletskiy
344
1
Naumestskiy
256
4
Nemenchinskiy,,
304
2
Novo4rilnyaskiy2/
240
13
Obyalskiy
264
1
Piibfadskiy
304
4
Pigegskiy
360
5
Pikruoyskiy
280
1
Pandelskiy
272
1
Panevezhskly
368
38
PanemunakiyY
320
2
Pasvalskiy
256
4
Plungeskiy
288
6
Prekulskiy
384
3
Prenayskiy
248
7
Radvilishkskiy
304
7
Ramigalskiy
384
1
Raseynskiy
328
7
Retavskiy
296
2
Rokishkskiy
304
7
Salantgyskiy
240
3
Sedaskiy
248
2
Shakyayskiy
320
3
Shalchininkskiy
368
1
Sheduvskiy
360
4
Shilalskiy
288
1
Shilutskiy
392
3
Shirvintskiy
320
3
Shvenchenelskiy
328
4
Shvenchenskiy
280
3
Shyaulygyskiy
408
53
Simnasskiy
184
1
Skaudvilskiy
272
2
Skuodasskiy,
200
4
Smelygyskiyit/
272
-
Tauragskiy
312
10
Telshyayskiy
320
6
Tituvenskiy
256
1
Trakayskiy
320
7
Troshkunskiy
240
1
Ukmergskiy
304
13
Y Abolished 1 July 1955.
V Refer to footnote 1/, p. 1.
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20
22
83
92
22
29
89
117
21
22
61
64
24
28
94
109
24
26
79
86
21
34
88
142
16
17
61
64
15
19
49
63
18
23
50
64
17
18
61
64
17
18
63
66
28
66
76
179
29
31
91
97
22
26
91
102
20
26
69
90
19
22
49
57
32
39
129
157
16
23
53
76
29
30
76
78
25
32
76
98
20
22
68
74
20
27
66
89
16
19
67
79
21
23
85
93
31
34
97
106
22
23
60
63
27
31
75
86
20
21
69
73
27
30
69
77
21
24
66
75
14
18
43
55
21
24
75
86
24
77
59
189
19
20
103
109
23
25
85
92
16
20
80
100
18
66
66
100
19
29
61
93
22
28
69
88
18
19
70
74
21
28
66
88
20
21
83
88
18
31
59
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TABLE IX
ESTIMATED POPULATION AND DENSITY
BY ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS: 19581/
(Continued)
Adminiptrative-
Territorial
Division
Area
(8q Miles)
Population
(in Thousands)
Urban Rural Total
Density (Persons
per Sq. Mile)
Rural Over-all
Barons:
Utenskiy
320
7
26
33
81
103
Uzhventskiy
304
1
16
17
53
56
Vabalninkskiy
224
1
14
15
63
67
Varenskiy
376
3
13
16
35
43
Varnyayskiy
288
2
19
21
66
73
Vevissisly
248
2
18
20
73
81
Veyseyskiy
360
1
14
15
39
42
Vilkavishkskiy
216
8
22
30
102
139
Vilkiyakiy
232
2
22
24
95
103
Vilnyusskiy
352
212
29
241
82
684
Yeznasskiy
208
1
20
21
96
101
Yurbarkskiy
272
7
20
27
74
99
Zarasayskiy
312
5
16
21
51
67
Zhagarskiy_,
272
5
19
24
70
88
Zhezhmarskiy2/
184
-
16
16
87
87
I/ Abolished 1 July 1955.
Thirty-six per cent of the numerical increase in urban areas of
less than 10,000 is accounted for by the administrative reclassification
of 17 rayon centers in 1956 from selsovets or populated places to towns of
rayon subordination.
The average population density of the rural rayons is 71 per-
sons per square mile (see Table IX; refer to Map III). The most densely
populated rayons, with a rural density of more than 100 persons per square
mile, are Vilkavishkskiy, Kapsukskiy, Prenayskiy, Kalvariyskiy, Simnasskiy,
and Lazdiyskiy in the SE and Ignalinskiy in the E. Most sparsely settled
rayons are Veyseyskiy, Druskipinksjay, and Varanskiy in the S, Shvenchenel-
skiy and Pabradskiy in the E, and Prekulskiy in the WI all with a rural
density of less than 50 persons per square mile.
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C. Age-Sex Structure
TABLE X
ESTIMATED AGE-SEX DISTRIBUTION: 1958
Population (in Thousands) Per Cent
Age Group Male Female Total of Total
4
0-15
411
395
806
29.6
16-59
766
897
1,663
61.0
60 plus
106
150,
256
9.4
1,2831/
1,4)22/
2,725
100.0
1/ 47.1 per cent of total.
V 52.9 per cent of total.
Compared with the prewar year of 1940, little change is revealed
in the proportional relationships of the broad age categories given in the
table. A very slight percentual increase is registered in the 16-59 and
60 plus age groups at the expense of a slight decrease in the category
aged 0-15 years. However, within the larger categories some proportional
redistribution has occurred. Owing to the birth deficit of the last war
years and immediate postwar years, the present 0-15 age cohort is weighted
in favor of those under 10 years of age. In the prime working ages
(16-59), military losses incurred between 1941 and 1945 have resulted in
a significant underrepresentation of those currently in ages approximately
32 to 40, chiefly males.
In the total population there are 112 females to every 100 males,
compared to the USSR ratio of 113:100 (1958). In the prime working ages
(16-59) the ratio rises to 117:100, a predominance of females reflecting
the losses of war and deportation, which chiefly affected males of this
age cohort. If the Russian military, numbering 120,000*, are excluded
from this category, the surplus of females is even more noteworthy, with
139 for every 100 males. Given the fact that civilian males include a
proportion of Russians, the shortage of Lithuanian males appears to be
considerable.
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D. Labor Force (refer to Addendum, Tables A, B, and C)
About 53.7 per cent of the total republic population is repre-
sented in the civilian labor force. The inclusion of the military brings
the proportion in the total labor force to 58.1 per cent (see Table XI).
The ratio of gainfully employed to total population in Lithuania i high,
in part owing to extensive participation of virtually all members - young
and old - of farm families in seasonal farm work.
Unlike the other Baltic republics, where the labor force is
fairly evenly distributed between urban and rural occupations, the Lith-
uanian rural labor force comprises over 66 per cent of the total. However,
the process of industrialization and urbanization has reduced the propor-
tion of rural workers from their 1937 representation of 84.8 per cent.
Numerically, the number of workers in agriculture has decreased 27.2
per cent since 1937. With the increasing Soviet emphasis on the buildup
of industry in the republic, the trend toward a more urban economy and
population will probably continue. The postwar industrial expansion is
reflected in the increase of 117.6 per cent in the number of workers and
employees between 1950 and 1958 - the highest rate among all union
republics. A reported 136,000 workers and employees in Lithuania, 28.4
per cent of the total non-'agricultural workers and employees, are working
in enterprises under the Republic Council of National Economy. Manual
workers constitute over 80 per cent of the industrial workers and
employees in the republic. Of the total urban workers and employees,
about 23 per cent (96,100 in 1956) are employed in the city of Vilnyus.
Thirty-one per cent of all workers in Vilpyus are engaged in the machine
building and metalworking industries and 33 per cent in light industry
(1956).
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gliggam
Agriculture
(State Farms)
(MTS)
(Collective Farms)
Workers and EMployees
Non-Agricultural
(Industri)
}install
Vorced Labor
Procluceral Couperativps
?
Total .
4110
TABLE XI
ESTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF LABOR FORCE: 1958
Tote). Labor r e UrbanLabor Force Rural Labor Force
Number Number Number
(in thousands) Per Cent (in thousands, Per Cent (in thousands) Per Cent
924
( 41)
( 39)
(837)
(58.4)
( 2.6)
( 2.5)
(52.9)
1 1.2 (917) 90.8
41) ( 4.1)
#.4 39) 3.9)
gift t837) (82.9)
471 30.3 424 474.2 5:4
(185) (11.7) (185) (32.3)
12041 74 1O 18.9 321.Z
. 45* 2.8 ? 23 4.0 22 2.2
.14

1,5821/ 100.0 5722/ 100.0 1,0101/ 100.0
58.1 per cent of total. poiulatS.on.
g/ 36.2 per cent-6r total labor force.
3/ 63.8 per cent of total labor force.
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ciltical shortage 'Of labor existed in 1953 An rayons of the
Vorth Central Koopman Rsgion irefer to Map V). Resettlement of workers
? ? ? "
from other regions of the republic vas being var.r.ied outs par1-.icular3y.
?
^ to Ibnishkelskiy, ShyaulyaTskiy, IonishkskiI, and Vabalninkskiy Rayons.
Vomen were reported in 1956 to constitute 40 per cent of all
? workers and employees (refer to Addendum, Table A), and 41 per cent of
industrial workers. Since women fora by far the major part of the col-
lective farm labor force (not included in the workers and employees
category), their proportion in the total Lithuanian civilian labor force
is certainlymore than half. :
0 ?
? E. Hiliter! and Forced Labor ?
. .
The bulk of the estimated 120,000* military personnel in
Lithuania, representing 4.6 per cent of the total population, are prob-
ably concentrated in Vilnyus and Kaunas, where various military and NVD
headquarters are located. Nast of the naval personnel are stationed at
Klaypeda, the republic's only. major port and naval base. That portion of
o the military considered to be non-urban includes air force personnel
stationed at airfields outside urban areas and probably IUD border patrol
0
units stationed along Lithuania's common border with Poland and along the
coast. The armed forces stationed in Lithuania are ;Teamed to include
almost no Lithuanians.. 0?
.0 The estimated 45,000* forced laborers, about equally die-
.
tributed between the urban and rural labor force, are chiefly engaged in
construction (including railroad and road construction), in peat extrac?
tions in lumbering, and probeilly in seasonal, farm labor. The forced
labor contingent probably includes few' Lithuanian political prisoners,
since these have been deported for the most part to distant areas of
the USSR.; but instead Soviet faeportees from other regions of the Soviet
411 ? 'Onion and Lithuanians convicted tr' non -pOlitical crimes and serving
relatively *hort -term sentences.
0
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F. Ethnic Composition
?
S E0C RE T
Although comparable figures for the ethni* compoSj.tion, a tith.
vania in 1939 and 1958 are not available, owing to the exclusion a the
Ilaypeda and Vilnyus territories from the 12)9 reported ethnic stattl...
tics, certain conclusions tan be drawn conteitting spm e rationality
croup.
? ? ?
????????????~???????140000~01~7
TABLE 11X ?
?????????????,???????
BST/MATED ETHNIC COMPOSIT/On 1956
thnie Group Number Per Cent of Total
Lithuanians 2,240,000 82.2
Russiazo . 381,000
Othery 103$ 5 _00
Total 2,725,000 100.0
?
1/ Includes Poles, Belorussians,
Jews, Latvians, Estonians, and.
others. 0
. ?
? ? ?
?
The proportional representation of Lithuanians (84.9) in 1939 on
the smaller territory (excluding.Klaypeila and Vilnyus) was only slightly
higher than in 1958 on the larger territory. However, .if the 1939 rate of.
natural increase (8.8 per thousand) is applied to derive the number of
Lithuanians expected in the population (again only on the smaller terri-
tory), we discover a "loss" of approximately 160,000 people. The group
of mother" nationalities within the 1939 boundaries was 294,000 (12,1
per cent), compared to only 1=1,000 In the 1958 larger area. Thus,
0 .
there was not only no natural increase, but &numerical loss of signifi--
cant proportions.. In 1937 The Jews alone (166,000 numbered more than
the total of Pothers" in the 19.58 enlargqd territory* Russian$ in
1239 numbered 72,000, or 3.0 per cent. Their substantiai proportion in
1958 expresses the intensity with which the Soidets imported Russian
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administrators, military and security personnel, technicians, and other
civilians in the process of Sovietizing Lithuania. Probably also
reflected is the usually higher birth rate among Russians.
The minority grows which were most affected by the post-1939
events of wartime and successive occupations were the Germans, Poles,
and Jews. Germans constituted a large proportion of the population in
the Klaypeda, or Memel, territory, not included in the 1939 statistics
since it was forcibly taken by Germany in that year. Virtually all of
the Germans in the area either evacuated with the retreating German Army
when the Soviets occupied the territory in 1944 or were deported to dis-
tant areas of the USSR. Probably the same fate was shared by many of
the 34,000 Germans located elsewhere in Lithuania in 1939. The Poles and
Jews, who accounted for almost 10 per cent of the population within the
1939 boundaries and who probably predominated in the Vilnyus territory,
suffered large losses under German occupation. Many Poles repatriated to
Poland during the boundary shifts. The Jews in Lithuania, who particu-
larly had comprised a significant proportion of the populations of Vil-
nyus and Kaunas, were virtually exterminated or evacuated during the
German occupation.
Probably the bulk of the Russians live in the urban areas. Par-
ticularly in the cities of Vilnyus and Klaypeda Russians are reported to
constitute the majority, while in Kaunas their proportion is said to be
about one to 3. In 1919, Jews comprised about a third of the population
of Vilnyus. A United States traveler to the city in 1956, who was close
to Jewish religious groups there, reported a present Jewish population
of about 35,000, which would represent 16.5 per cent of the citygs
inhabitants. A large proportion allegedly had fled the area to Soviet
territory during the Nazi occupation.
A considerable part of the Russian contingent in Klaypeda is cer-
tainly military. The Klaypeda territory, following 1945, was virtually
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depopulated of its major ethnic groups - Germans, already mentioned, and
the Lithuanians, who were resettled in other parts of the republic during
heavy fortification of the area. In 1953 large numbers of Russian and
Ukrainian farmers were brought into the Klaypeda region to rebuild the
agricultural economy. The Polish and Belorussian minorities are con-
centrated in the S and SE rayons along the Polish and Belorussian borders
and are probably for the most part engaged in agriculture.
III. Egyg..iolagjaaL.R.41..?.2a,ip_ls
A. Political and Social Tensions
Generally more familiar with western concepts of government
and law than other Soviet nationalities, the Lithuanians (and the other
peoples of the Baltic republics) may very likely be the most dissatisfied
with the methods and principles employed by the Soviet regime in maintain-
ing order, administering justice, and preserving its own security. Ten-
sions in the Litovskaya SSR are therefore the direct result of policies
stemming from traditional Russian needs and Soviet ideology.
Historically, Lithuanian lands have fallen within the objec-
tives of the Teutonic "drive to the East" and the Russian "drive to the
West." Following the 3 partitions of the Polish - Lithuanian state in
the lath century, the Russians have been more successful in controlling
the destinies of the Lithuanian peoples. With the exception of the 20
?
years of independence (1920-1940) and the intermittent German control
of the Memel (Klaypeda) Territory, Lithuania has for more than 2 cen-
turies formed part of the Russian Empire or the Soviet state. The
importance of Lithuania to the Soviet leaders lies in its geographical
location. The strategic position of Lithuania provides the Soviets with
an additional base on the Baltic Sea, and access to Kaliningrad which
is critical to Soviet control of the E. Baltic control area. Lithuania
has served and could serve again as a buffer state to absorb the brunt of
attack or invasion.
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Lithuania, with its well-developed railroad system, has
upon occasionbeena staging area for forays into Poland and the Balkans.
During more peaceable periods, the ports of Lithuania, especially
Klaypeda, have served as transshipment points for Russian import and
export trade.
The importance of Lithuania (and the other Baltic Repub-
lics) was made manifest during the flurry of letter writing by the USSR
Premier in the winter of 1957 and 1958. In one of these missives to the
U.S. President, the Chairman of the USSR Council of Ministers stated
that before any accord between the U.S. and USSR could be achieved, it
was necessary that the U.S. recognize the status quo in Eastern.Europe.
This meant, among other considerations, that the U.S. should officially
accept a de facto situation, namely: recognize Lithuania (and he other
Baltic Republics) as an integral part of Soviet territory.
The Soviet State, as did the Russian pire? considers
that control over Lithuania is a factor contributing to the safety of
the Soviet Eurasian heartland. When this consideration has been applied
in practice, the Lithuanians have felt themselves to be the victims
of cultural, military, and economic imperialism. Thus, this tradi-
tional Russian need, assumed by the Soviet leaders for contrplling the
destiny of Lithuania has contributed to tensions in the area.
? Administrative and economic measures carried out by
?
Russians and Sovietized Lithuanians have forced the pace of industrial
expansion. Consequent and subsequent urbanization has tended to
accelerate the process of breaking up the extended, patrilineal, and
patriarchal Lithuanian family. The collectivization of agriculture in
the republic was accompanied by large-scale deportations, especially
during 1949 when the pressures for collectivization were at their
height. This has engendered tensions, the ramifications of which are dif-
ficult to assess. The imposition of Soviet ideology, stressing the primacy of
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heavy industry and the collectivization of agriculture, has caused liv-
ing standards to fall below the prewar level. Food, and particularly
meat, is frequently unavailable at state stores and must be purchased
?
at higher prices in collective farm markets, if available. Shortages
in products of light industry and consumers' goods in general exist
everywhere. Black market activity is reported to be indulged in by both
management and workers. Inequitable income levels--the practical appli-
cation of the Socialist principle, "to each according to his ability"--
between highly paid government, profesgional? and technical personnel
?
on one hand and the rank-and-file workers and collective farmers on the
other are aggravated by the greater accessibility of foods and consumers'
goods to those who are better able to pay and for whom specially stocked
stores are provided.
. The disparity between prewar and postwar living condi-
tions is greatest among rural agricultural workers, who were the most
favored under the agrarian economy of the period of independence. While
wage levels in general are low in relation to prices, the collective
?
farm workers are especially poorly paid. Because many essentials such
as kerosene and patches are unavailable in rural stores, the peasant
must frequently go the city to supply his needs. Since part of his
already low pay is in produce, he cannot compete monetarily with his
urban counterpart. The young men try to avoid farm labor by exercising
their privilege of choosing their first jobs upon leaving the armed
?
services. Collective and state farms and MTS are frequently held respon-
sible for the building and maintenance of rural ?bads? working a further
hardship on the rural population.
Housing is a major problem in Lithuania, as elsewhere in
the USSR. Urban housing is in very short supply; frequently families
of 3 and 4 are crowded into one room. Inadequate maintenance and repair
contribute to the poor condition of some existing dwellings. Preferential
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housing is provided to high-ranking officials and professional people,
a procedure which probably exacerbates class cleavages.
In the sphere of religion, Soviet ideology clashes with
traditional Lithuanian Roman Catholicism. During the period of inde-
pendence, reportedly 80 per cent of the population adhered to the
Raman Catholic faith. The anti-religious campaign of the Soviets has
met with only a modicum of success. Criticisms in the Soviet Lithuanian
press freqUently point out that a large number of marriages are still
solemnized by the church. BaptiSme and the partaking of other church
sacraments are reported to be widely spread. It has further been reported
that some deported Lithuanians have held so pertinaciously to their faith
that the mass ritual has been conducted in the prison camps and mines of
Vorkuta (Komi ASSR). Since the death of Stalin, however, and the issu-
ance of the USSR Party Central Committee decree on religion, anti-reli-
gious propaganda has been somewhat attenuated. While religious activity
is strongly discouraged, the Church is allowed to function as long as it
does not interfere in the domain of Party and government. A 1957 Soviet
report even describes the laying of a cornerstone for a new cathedral in
the city of Klaypeda.
According to unofficial 1954 reports, one Catholic priest
out of every former 5 remains in Lithuania (there were approximately
1,600 Catholic priests in 1939), while only one seminary, at Kaunas, is
still open and training priests. The Roman Catholic Church is probably
the single non-Soviet institution in Lithuania which still has a great
deal of influence on the population. Komsomolskava Pravda was
impelled to state in July, 1956 that "...there is not a single district
Komsomol committee in the republic Sithuan4.7 that has not investi-
gated the personal affairs of Komsomol members who attend church. But
except on rare occasions the Komsomol officials fail to see the forest
for the trees-- they do not detect, behind the personal affairs of
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Komsomol members, the weakness of their own atheistic propaganda among
young people." It is further reported that members of collective
farms take time to participate in religious pilgrimages and celebrations,
often with the concurrence of the farm chairman.
A well-authenticated source indicates the existence of
0
some anti-Semitic feeling in Lithuania, particularly in Vilnyus with a
fairly sizeable Jewish population. In 1956, many Lithuanian Jews were
reportedly seeking to enter Poland under a current Polish-Soviet
agreement.
Antipathy toward the regime has been incurred by 3 mass
deportations which occurred in 1941, 1945/461 1948, and during 1949.
Since Stalin's death a number of deportees have been returned to the
republic. The subsequent ammesties released more Lithuanians and
reduced the sentences of others. At present, the Soviet leaders prefer
to treat Lithuanian dissidents by attempting through education to con-
vince them of their errors. However, the weapon of mass repression
and deportation is always in reserve.
Periodically, the intellectuals have manifested their dis-
t)
saffection with the regime. Following the Poznan riots in Poland in
1955 and the Hungarian Revolution in 1956, students and intellectuals
demonstrated in Vilnyus and Kaunas. The demonstration is reported to
have involved "Russians - Go Home" signs and participation of up to
30,000 individuals. The incident was reportedly quelled without vio-
lence. Following the disturbances, it was reported that the token
Lithuanian regiment in the republic was dissolved and its members dis-
persed among Soviet Army forces stationed elsewhere. In 1955, stu-
dents at Vilnyus University were strongly condemned for their illegal
publication, "The Fig Leaf," which was strongly nationalist in content
and which was suppressed. There are some indications that Lithuanian school
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children have supported a movement to revive the traditions and even
the formal attributes of the Scout organization. The Soviet Lithuanian
press frequently carries criticisms of literary works, which contain
"reactionary ideology and remnants of bourgeois nationalism" and present
life negatively, with emphasis on the shortcomings rather than the
achievements of Soviet Lithuania.
Active resistance on the part of the population currently
appears to be at a minimum. Passive resistance on the part of the pea-
sants may be manifest in the low productivity on some Lithuanian collec-
tive farms and in the Party's present attempts to staff the leading posts
in rural areas with Communists. Antagonism between Lithuanians and
Russians certainly exist, but the magnitude or degree is difficult to
assess. The Soviet system has the ability to control or annihilate
virtually all resistance efforts, and, in an exigency, to manipulate
social groups and classes to reduce tensions. The latter feature has
been evidenced by recent concessions to rank-and-file workers and the
peasantry by the granting of pensions and halting of obligatory deliveries
of produce to the state. Inter-ethnic tensions have been reduced by
placing Lithuanians in posts with greater responsibility and higher
status. However, it is virtually certain that if the Lithuanians were
given freedom of choice or action, secession from the Soviet Union would
be their preference.
B. Civil Defense
While no information is available concerning specific civil
defense activity in the republic, Lithuania, owing to its strategic
location and because it is an administrative link of a highly centralized-
unitary-state, is part of what appears to be an elaborate Soviet civil
defense system, providing both specialized training for civil defense
personnel and general training for the population.
The organizational structure of Soviet civil defense, presumed to
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follow the pattern extant during World War II, is hierarchical in nature:
the central body of the system comprising a staff corps of specialized
personnelois called Local Anti-Air Defense(WV0). This body functions
in the Lithuanian Republic as in other administrative-territorial sub-
divisions of the Soviet Union. It is administered from Moskva by the
MVD Chief Directorate of Local Anti-Air Defense (GUMPVO), under the
USSR Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD).
At the USSR level, GUMPVO supervises civil defense plans and
assists the USSR Council of Ministers in developing civil defense policy.
It cooperates closely with the office of the Anti-Air Defense of the
Country (PV0 Strany), which coordinates and monitors civil defense
policy and is subordinate to the USSR Ministry of Defense.
Subordinate to GUMPVO is the Lithuanian Directorate of Local
Anti-Air Defense (UMPVO). Below the Lithuanian UMPVO are its equivalent
departments(MPV0) in the Lithuanian rayons and cities. The chairman
of a city or rayon Ekecutive Committee is also the chief of the city or
rayon 14PV0 unit. In addition to the national and local offices of the
MPV02 there are MN? inspectors assigned to important industrial plants
and transportation installations, presumably including the more impor-
tant industrial enterprises of Lithuania. These inspectors also play a
role in the approval of new construction and in town planning.
The civil defense responsibilities of a chief of MO and his
staff at the city and rayon levels of the republic are as follows:
1) formulating plans, 2) training staffs and units, 3) organizing and
mobilizing crews and detachments for local air defense, 4) organizing
training programs for specialized personnel and the general popula-
tion, 5) preparing and coordinating a financial and materials procure-
ment plan, and 6) supervising all these activities through timely con-
trols. In the event of an air raid, the chief of MPVO and his staff
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direct the forces and facilities of the city and rayon in eliminating the
effects of the attack.
In exercising these responsibilities, the city and rayon MPV0
organizes and controls the following services: 1) Fire Defense,
2) EMergency Engineering, 3) Medical, 4) Sanitary Processing of Person-
nel and Decontamination of Clothing, 5) Decontamination of Areas and
Structures, 6) Maintenance of Order and Security, 7) Warning and Commu-
nications, 8) Shelter and Cover, 9) Blackout, 10) Veterinary, 11) Evacu-
ation, 12) Transport and others.
The most widespread formations of civil defense are the
so-called groups of self-defense, 'which Are composed of men age a 16 to
60 and women 18 to 50. According to current plans, at ;east 00 ti these
groups is being set up in every state farm, collective rotlax 9
machine-tractor shop, dwelling fapartment), sh4 1046tv1al.
enterprise, in the republic.
The organizational strueture or setr-dst?tis, group It .
lows: each group is headed by an NPV0 chief, VIA Viessal4 l'a4IA8
figure of the enterprise (collective farm ihairmsft, n'etiuterelp% a
an apartment building, director of a plant). The group I; dtvided late
7 teams14 each headed by a commander. The teams are respectively
responsible for 1) preservation of order and supervision, 2) antinvs
defense, 3) antichemical defense, 4) emergency aid, 5) and 6) me41c0.
aid and 7) shelter facilities. Each team has 2 individuals in reswg,
and on collective and state farms emphasizing livestock raising) ale
additional unit called a veterinary team is formed. Each self-defense
group, in addition, has a deputy chief in charge of political work,
and several individuals in charge of property and communications.
?
These groups are charged with obligatory participation in drills,
rendering of aid to MPV0 chiefs, preservation and maintenance of all
1/ Rural areas do not have a shelter team.
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property considered to be vulnerable to damage by air attack, and aid-
ing fire-prevention groups by carrying out antifire measures in dwell-
.
ings, industrial enterprisesj ,and public places, as well as in sown
G
areas and other farming lana.
/he commanders of teams are trained by workers of PVC schools,
;OSAAF committees, Indica porsonnas fire deSense personnel (MVD), the
zilitia (MVD), and specialists, Drilla are reported to be carried out,
but the extent of these has not been diaclosed. A system of signals
alerting the ;opulaoe of impending air attack, attack, and all-clear
has been reported as established, and behavioral instructions during,
before, and after an air attack have been released in LOSAAF publications.
While civil defense plans are eitensive and elaborate in the
Litoveskaya SSR (as well as the USSR as a whole), the degree of the
? implementation of such plans is unknown: The fact that plans and organi-
sation are extant, however, is illustrative of the thinking of Soviet
leaders.
0
? 0 ? . ?
? ? Administrative coordination of civil defense activity in the
? ? 0.: . .
. ?
? ? ..?
? ? *republic is the responsibility of the Lithuanian Council of Ministers,
?
? Operating through the Suireme Soviet and the local executive committees.
** ,* *The MID NPVO is responsible for the operational aspects of civil defense,
^ ? ? ? ?
. :taking over in times of crisis such functions ordinarily within the .
0
?,
0
*? * *Jurisdiction of the NYD Ministry as fire control and the maintenance of :
0
?
?
public order and safety.
0 ,
0
The Litovskaya SSR Society for Cooperation with Army, Air Force,
? and Navy (DOSAAF)?subordinata to the USSR Ministry of Defense?is
probably the chief agency charged with the dissemination of civil defense
information and with civil defense training tor the populatiOn at large..
DOSAAFIs varied functions in support of the armed forces include special
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training of Lithuanian youth' (eligible at age 14) in military skills,
such as small-arms marksmanship, flying, and radio communications,
refresher training for ex-service personnel, military instruction to
Soviet women, and promotion of body-building sports activities.
The Bepublic Red Cross Society offers training courses for the general
population in first, aid and also trains emergency medical personnel.
Mass evacuation of the entire population from Lithuania would
probably not be teasiblee Civilian nova:tent would have to be chiefly
on foot, owing to the scarcity' or passenger vehicles and the probable
commandeering of railroads and Main roads for military traffic'. Escape
in. small boats by the Baltic Sea to the N or V (Sweden, Poland, Germany)
would be made difficult, if not impossible, by' the likelihood of naval
and air engagements in this direction and by the close patrols of the
fortified coastal areas and sea lanes. Those with pro-Western gyapa-
thies attempting to escape on foot to the SE into Poland might encounter
invading land forces. The whole Western approaches would be extremely
vulnerable to air attack. The population along the coast would
0
?undoubtedly flee inland. The chief industrial cities', particularly to
the S and 3, and the major railroad and road alignments would probable be
under attack and should be avoided. Any group or individual evacuation .
across republic borders would be most feasible toward the NE into the
*rural areas of Belorussia. However, large population groups moving in'
thi.s directionmight collide with a similar exodus of Latvians and pos-
sibly Zstonians, thus taxing the support capability of N Belorussian
? 'mon-industrial areas. The most obvious pattern of evacuation wouls1 be
the move.). of the coastal population end or the urban population from
the vulnerable industrial centers to the inland villages and rural aec-
tions. The South Central Region, with the greatest agricultural*
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production, is also the most industrialized and most densely populated.
.Since agricultural activity is carried on everywhere, the most feasible
areas of tvacuation would be the less densely populated rural sections
a the eprth.centrill and Eastern Regions. Forested areas, particularly
in the ra harbor wild fame, as well as affording some natural cover.
The abundant fish otUatee and streams could contribute to the food
supplies for evacuee)*
Utilization oral, facilities for evacuation to the interior of
the Soviet Union wed undritstedly be restricted to key officials and
military personnel.
Host of the mail* Ues la he nearly level Baltic Plain, with
elevations of less than 300 Net* reveres., cross-country movement is
hindered by theses:isms *ars* valleys 04 steep river banks along the
. small streams and by the premonce Of vow ;Vamps and bogs which can be
crossed only during frosen period*, ethimiar passage across swamp
areas is difficult in and vlAteet... Weal and thaws in spring and
.heavy rainfall in early fall rendersnat seeds Impassable and rivers
?
unfordable. The Nemsn Rivet 10 oftesn411. too vide and deep for fording.
? ??.? !.
. ?
First class roads and vane toptlye?A fowls ate generally passable through-
. 0 .
?? aut.the year. 711* rural rea4 netvetle Is sparse, particularly in the
.yestern Region, and is in good condition only in summer between the
spring thaws and fall rain*. Snowfall does not constitute much of an
obstacle, except where drifted. First snow falls between November 10
and 2D and reaches a depth ef from 4-12 in. during the 10-day period
of deepest snow. The most favorable periods for cross-country move-
? ? 'Tient? both vehicular
and on foot, are in late summer (August) when the
geound is driest and between early December and late March when the
major portion of the rivers is frozen.
41! The terrain is generally unsuited to the construction of under-
ground installations, owing to the low relief, the prevalence of deep
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clay or sandy soils, and the poorly consolidated or unconsolidated rock
types. Flooding and a shallow water table present further hazards.
Some shallow excavation with hand tools is possible, but considerable
shoring is necessary and shaft or long-drift entries are required.
C. Medical Facilities
Soviet data indicate that medical facilities in the Litovskaya
SSR have increased substantially since the Baltic state was incorporated
into the Soviet Union (1940). During the years 1940-1956 when the popu-
lation declined by approximately 200,000, the number of hospital beds
almost doubled (from 8,900 to 17,300), while the number of doctors almost
trebled (1,385 to 3,950). However, distribution of doctors, secondary
.medical personnel, hospital beds, number of X-ray departments and clinico-
diagnostic laboratories, and tuberculosis establishments was unevenly
divided between the urban and rural population: the urban areas, with
about 33 per cent of the republicos population, had access to an average
of 83.1 per cent of the above-mentioned medical facilities and personnel
in 1955.
Available information also shows that the death rate of infants
up to one year of age has been reduced considerably, while deaths result-
ing from tuberculosis have also decreased, a phenomenon due in part,
according to Soviet claims, to an extensive program of irminization.
Under a USSR law promulgated in 1939, parents are responsible for having
their children vaccinated during their first year and revaccinated
between the ages of 4 and 5 and of 10 and 11. Still another vaccina-
tion is required between the ages of 10 and 20. BCG vaccination against
tuberculosis is said to be universally administered; it is compulsory
for newborn infants in maternity homes and revaccination following test-
ing is carried out at intervals until the child is 13.
On 1 January 1957 there were 3,950 physicians, or approximately
1.4 doctors per 1,000 total population. This incidence is somewhat
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lower than the USSR average (1.6 per 1,000 total population), but sur-
passes the ratio in such countries as France and Holland (one doctor
per 1,000 and one doctor per 1,160 total population, respectively).
Ambulance planes are reported stationed at Vilnyus in order to trans-
port doctors to rayon centers, such as Anikschyay, Moletay, Dusetos,
Utena, and Zarasay. At least 8,735 (1955) secondary medical personnel,
6,904 of whom were in urban areas, and 1,115 pharmacists, of whom 447
had a higher education, worked in the republic. The 15,900 available
hospital beds provided 5.8 beds per 1,000 total population, an incidence
lower than that of the USSR and Latviyskaya and Estonskaya SSR's
(6.5, 10 and 9 hospital beds per 1,000 population, respectively). Approx-
imately 13,120 bed accommodations, or about 86 per cent of the total,
were located in urban areas.
Dental care is one of the most inadequate of services in Lith-
uania. The shortage of dentists permits adequate care neither for
adults nor children. On 1 January 19579 the number of dentists in the
republic was 75. Thus, the ratio of dentists to total population was
approximately 12369000; as compared with the USSR and.Latviyskaya SSR
ratio of about 1:8,280 and 1:898709 respectively.
In 1956, Lithuania had the following medical facilities: at
least 166 hospitals (the Vilnyus Clinic hospital with 1,000 beds under
construction), 152 X-ray departmentspe191 clinico-diagnostic depart-
ments, 18 first aid medical stations, 6 dermatovenereal establishments,
3,100 beds in permanent nurseries (29700 of them in urban areas), 2,129
beds for maternity and postnatal patients (1,399 of which were' in urban
areas), 104 consultation centers for women (84 in urban areas), 220
medical assistant midwife points, 29 doctors' health posts, and 141
medical assistants' health posts. The establishment of the last 2 types
of facilities is a requirement contingent upon the following conditions.
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All factories employing 400 to 1,000 workers, and some with only 200
to 400, are required to furnish a health room manned by a medical assist-
ant.. In plants which employ more than 400 workers, the health rooms
must have physicians in attendance. If the plant has more than 5,000
(or 1,000 in special industries), a medical department is maintained.
The Kaunas Medical Institute (with medical, stomatological and
pharmaceutical faculties) and the medical faculty of the Vilnyus State
University train higher medical cadres, while 8 institutes (sanitation-
INO.emics Microbiology, epidemiology and hygienics, anti-brucellosis,
skin-venereal and experimental medicine)in the Lithuanian Academy of
Sciences conduct medical research.
Despite the advances in the safeguarding of health in the
republic, repeated Soviet assertions indicate a number of shortcomings.
Funds allocated to construction of new hospitals are said to be dis-
persed on too many projects, eventuating in postponements 'of hospital
completion dates. Some rayons lack adequate medical facilities and, as
a consequence, invalids, as well as others, do not receive the requisite
attention. Bureaucratic methods are reported to have impeded rapid
treatment on occasion, while physicians in Vilnyus and Kaunas are
reported as rarely available for home visits. The training of physicians
at the University of Vilnyus and the Kaunas Medical Institute has been
criticized, and other republic institutions and establishments have
been condemned for improper observance of preventive measures and sani-
tary requirements.
In general, however, the availability, both quantitatively and
qualitatively, of medical facilities and personnel is better than in
pre-Soviet times. Some groups in the republic, specifically the higher
income groups, receive superior medical service. Present data also
indicate that the urban inhabitant is more favored in respect to medical
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personnel and facilities than his rural counterpart, while over-all
medical services and facilities in the republic are slightly lower than
for the USSR as a whole.
D. Ed4cational and Cultural Facilities (refer to Addendum, Table F)
While the Soviets steadfastly maintain that education in the
USSR is decentralized, it is in fact highly centralized. The basic
premise for centralization is the planned or directed economy. State
needs are paramount, and formulation of educational policy is in con-
formity with the goals of the state.
Control over the Lithuanian educational system is maintained in
Moskva. The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
iteelf, or jointly with the USSR Council of Ministers, issues policy
directives bearing on education. These directives are then enacted into
legislation or are issued in the form of regulations which are binding
on all. The RSFSR Ministry of Education, largely through its Section
on Instruction and Methodology, is the first union-republic Ministry
of Education to work out a set of ordinances in meticulous detail. The
Lithuanian education ministry, as well as those of the other 14 union
republics, follow the pattern established by the RSFSR agency, with
minor modifications to suit local needs.
The administration of the various segments of the Litovskaya
SSR's educational network is carried out by a number of all-union and
union-republic agencies. USSR control over Lithuanian higher education
is realized by the all-union Ministry of Higher Education. Although
this agency was transformed into a union-republic body in the spring
of 1955, no agency, as of 1 July 1957, had been established in the
Lithuanian government to administer Lithuanian higher educational insti-
tutions. Present available evidence adumbrates the continuing control
of Lithuania's colleges and universities by the central ministry, with
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several exceptions: the training of medical doctors is the responsibil-
it._ of the Lithuanian Ministry of Public Health, while the preparation of
elementary and secondary school teachers in pedagogical and teachers'
institutes, as well as advanced degree training in education, is adminis-
tered by the republic's Ministry of Education.
Preschool (most nursery schools and all creches), regular
elementary schools, schools for rural youth and schools for working
youth are under the supervision of the rayon and municipal executive com-
mittees' education departments. The executive committee education
departments are subordinate to the Lithuanian Ministry of Education
which in turn is responsible to the republic Council of Ministers. This
last body is subordinate to the USSR Council of Ministers, which finally
receives guidance in the matter of formulating educational policy from
the USSR Party's Central Committee Section on School Affairs. Mbst
preschool institutions in the republic are operated by local economic
enterprises, producers' cooperative enterprises, trade unions, and col-
lective farms. In addition, the Litovskaya SSR Ministry of Public Health
supervises all activities in creches, as well as physical education and
medical care in nursery schools.
The Chief Directorate of the State Labor Reserves, under the
USSR Council of Ministers, administers training facilities for the Lith-
uanian labor reserves. This body finances the training program,
determines the program and length of training, and supervises the draft
of students in the republic, as throughout the union as a whole.
Prior to the reorganization of the administration of industry
and construction, the republic's secondary semi-professional schools
were financed and operated by various ministries. Following the reor-
ganization (effective 1 July 1957), these semi-professional' schools were
transferred to the newly established Lithuanian Regional Economic Council.
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It is presumed, however, that as previously the Chief Directorate of
Secondary Semi-Professional Education, a division of the USSR Ministry
of Higher Education, supervises their curricula and training programs
and determines the use of textbooks and the methods of instruction.
This agency also establishes enrollment quotas, determines new facili-
ties to be acquired, and coordinates the placement of graduates.
Since the plan to establish schools to educate the "Soviet
elite" (schools-internat)21? an unspecified number, accommodating over
840 students, were opened in Kaunas, Klgypeda, and Kapsukas in 1956.
Two additional schools of this type were opened in 1957 in Trakay and
Shvenchenelygy. It is not known what agency administers them.
The primary, incomplete secondary (7 years), and secondary
educational institutions in Lithuania, as in Latvia, Estonia and Georgia,
embrace an 11-year period of instruction. In November 1957, a Soviet
source asserted that this (11-year) pattern would be established for
the entire union.
In the 1957/58 school year,
there were approximately 3,845 gen-
eral education schools (primary, 7-ear, and secondary) under various
ministries in Lithuania. The distribution of the various components of
the above-mentioned network was 2,480 primary, 935 seven-year and 430
secondary schools. The enrollment numbered over 420,000, or about
64 students per 10,000 population. This ratio, while lower than the
proportion in the Latvian republic (75 per 10,000 population), surpass-
ed by a considerable margin that of France and Switzerland (36 and 12
students per 10,000 population, respectively). The total of about
420,000 students represents the highest number (see Table XIII),
8
These schools Internet are not to be confused with those board-
ing schools generally in isolated areas (also named schools-Interne)
which were extant prior to Khrushchevis call at the XX Perty Congress
for special institution to train future Soviet leaders. The old board-
ing schools are part of the general education system of the republic.
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TABLE XIII
EDUCATIOMAL.FA041TIES
}limber of Primary, 7-Year and Secondary Schools of the
Ministries of Education, Communication and other Ministries
(Selected Tears)
1-3
1
?D
School
Schools
Teachers
(Including
Students
Cl)
0
Di
r3
&IBM
335,342
235,708
168,123
147,661
128,856
106,057
93,902
87,415
na
na
WANE
5,588
25,956
126,452
139,058
141,290
147,924
137,930
127,058
na
na
?ecoladarT
ahat
??????
655
656
701
821
881
1,205
na
na
JW...._ 12W,
1940/41 2,829
1945/46 3,243
1950/51 3,577
1951/52 3,615
1952/53 3,613
1953/54 3,621
1954/55 3,719
1955/56 3,784
1956/573,8441
1957/58 3;845
=Tam IA Em
2,723 39
2,966 185
2,673 705
2,640 754
2,513 834
2,366 949
2,401 965
2,415 974
na na
2,480 935
Secondary
aim 7 -Te) idil
67
92
194
216
261
300
347
386
na
430
__ 8,958 375,887
-- 8,742 305,464
5 16,250 415,355
5 18,250 415,213
5 19,556 411,344
6 20,901 417,022
6 22,346 417,998
923,174 408,914
na na na
na Over 2390000m420,000
34,957
43,800
120,125
127,838
143,497
162,220
185,285
193,236
na
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of general education enrollees since the 194041 school year. This high
figure, despite losses of population due to war operations and deporta-
tions, is probably attributable to the maintenance of a relatively
high birth rate even during the early postwar period. In the 1957/-58
school year, for instance, approximately 50,000 boys and girls, or
about 12 per cent of the total number of general education enrollees,
entered the first grade.
Since the Litovskaya SSR has formed part of the Soviet Union
(1940) the number of general education schools has annually increased,
despite the destruction of physical plants by var. The quantitative
growth of schools has frequently been accomplished by utilizing buildings
little adapted to instructional purposes. In some instances, classes are
distributed among several homes, and a combined number of classes is
designated a school. Schools also frequently operate in 2 shifts.
The numerical increase in schools and students has been accom-
panied by an increment in the number of school teachers. Between the
school years 1940/41 and 1957/58, the number of general education enroll-
ees increased by approximately 12 per cent (by 44,113), while the num-
ber of teachers almost trebled. Thus, the ratio of teacher to students
is approximately 1:18. This proportion is about average for the USSR
(1:17) and considerably lower than the U.S. ratio (1:27). However,
about 1,400 of the total number of teachers were part-time teachers, and
only about 32.9 per cent of the instructors in the school network had a
higher education or its equivalent. This percentage was considerably
lower than the average for the USSR as a whole (50.9 per cent). This
situation evoked a statement by the Lithuanian Minister of Educations
"The time has came to establish legally that a teacher must be an indi-
vidual.... who has a higher or secondary pedagogical education, or a
corresponding education, and the title of teacher."
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Of the 3,765 general education schools reporting data in the
1955/56 school year on the language used din instruction in the republic,
131 were conducted in the Russian tartguage, while 11 per cent of the
students studying languages in all the Achools were learning Russian.
Of the union Tepublics reporting data pn the number of students studying
aussian,On.lv the 1Tmenian Republic Tanked lower (9 per cent) than the
Litovskaya SSR. oth figures are considerably lower than the USSR aver-
age (6$ per cent). One of the contributing factors for the low percentage
or those staittrUg Itontian in the Lithuanian schools is the high rural dis-
tribution 01" the population (about 60 per cent). Increased industrializa-
tion 3:113. bring Itrther urbanization and greater contact with the Rus-
.
* piano, iiho far the most part are found in major urban areas. Also, the
? language Cr the.Mllitary is.iussian; Sand the Lithuanian draftee will .
?
have to assimilate at'least the basic elements of the Russian language.
Moreover, a knowledge of Russian is a prerequisite for social adVincement.
.in Soviet society. It is expected that the number of Lithuanian school
Children studying Russian will increase in the future.
In addition to the general education schools mentioned above,
the Ministries of Education and Communications had (1955/56) subordinate
to them 118 adult and urban-and-rural-working-youth schools, with an
enrollment of 18,600.
The Lithuanian school network also 'embraced 12 higher educa-
tional institutions (22,736 students), 66 tekhnikums (22,321 enrollees)
and 245 kindergartens (9,261 participants). Thus, at least 481,832 of
the approximately 2.7 million inhabitants of the republic were engaged
in various phases of educational training during the 1955/56 school
year.
Lithuanian higher education has shown marked advances in the
postwar period, when over 21,000 individuals have graduated. At the end
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of the 1955/56 school year, Lithuania with a population of about 2.7
million had 'about 27,000 higher educational students, while Finland, with
a population of about 4million, bed about 15,000 college and university
students. Lithuania's colleges and universities annually graduate
approximately 265 specialists..
While Soviet education in the Litovskaya SSR demonstrates same
imposing strengths, a certain basic weakness is manifest. The fact
remains that the Lithuanian, as wallas the entire Soviet, primary and
Secondary choe network has tailed to achieve the desideratum of the
Soviet lea4ers.-,the creation of Us vamrSoviet =no Numerous Soviet
. .
press reports exFlicitly assert that tie existing system of school and
family edUcatiOn does not completely matisty the new needs and require-
? ?
manta of society in connection with the...future advancement toward
Communism. It has shortcomings which reitrict the solving of the tasks of
Communist education.*
The. "shortcomings" in Iithuanian (and Soviet) education to which
Soviet sources allude were strikingly manifested following the Hungarian
revolution. Reports emanating from istugee sources state that
some of the students in Lithuania's higher :educational institu-
tions (and other Soviet universities and coileges) verbally evidenced
their displeasure with the Soviet system. These claims appear to be con-
firmed by Khrushchevls subsequent speech to the effect that he com-
pletely agreed with the Rumanian educational policy whereby dissident
and dissatisfied higher educational students would be removed and sent
into production.
Soviet sources illustrate their dissatisfaction with Lithuanian
education by pointingiut that acme Uthuanian college and university
students "waver" in carrying out ?arty-directed measures, that instruc-
tors of dialectical and historical ;materialism inadequately struggle
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against bourgeois philosophy and the ideology of bourgeois nationalists,
and that religious "prejudices" and "sectarian practices" continue to be
widespread. Culpability for these defects is apportioned between the
Influence of family life and the defective educational practices in pri-
mary and secondary schools.
To overcome these shortcomings, a new type of school has been
aet up. Khrushchev, the first Soviet citizen of note to broach the
problem Of adding a new type institution to the existing educatimal sys-
.
tam, stated at the XX Party Congresi that bourgeois societies had trained
?
an elite in special schools. Herthen proposed establishing schools -
Anternat (boarding schools) to train i Soviet elite. Subsequent .
expatiations on the subject of boarding schools foresee their establigh-
ibent as an integral:part:of the aystem of primary, middle, and secondary
? education.
. According to the Soviets, several advantages will accrue from
"tHe addition to the ichool:network: 1) more mothers will be able to par
-
? . ticipate in productive, political, and social life, since children
'between the ages 3 to 17 will remain in the boarding schools .the day and
? year around; 2) the. influence of some parents who still harbor ro/mnqnts
of "bourgeois ideas" will be reduced. The precise effect of. the estab-
?
?
lishment. of boarding schools in Lithuania (ind the USSR) is difficult to
?
assess. That the neii?schoolsval change the existing prAly relations
?
?
to some extent seams probable: ?
From the foregoing material OA educational facilitjles and prac-
? ?
. ?
?
tices the foil6wing conclusions IMO liar* biltea; ? 1) while a number of
quantitative and qualitative successOS lathe field of education are
cogently manifest, the Lithuanian school ystem has failed to mold the
?
student with complete success 4ntosthe am: Soviet man,imbusdwith patriotism,
proletarian internationalism: and t apoialist regard for labor and die.-
.
cipline. 2) In some cases the Lithuanian family circle still wields
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adequate influence to counter Communist instruction to youth. 3) The
Iack of physical plant and the shortage of qualified teachers probably
affect adversely the inculdation of Communist ideals.
In 1955, the Litovelkaya SSR published 121 newspapers (129 mil-
Boocopies annually) and 41 magazines (3.033 million copies annually).
Of the 121 newspapers pdblished,at least 95 were in the Lithuanian
language, 13 in the Polish language, and most of the remainder in the
Runsian language. Of the total number of magazines published, 34 were
in the Lithuanian language. In addition, "wall" newspapers were period-
ically issued in various planta and institutions. The total number of
public libraries and books was reported to be in January 1956, 4,525
and 10,756,000, respectively. The holdings of libraries in rural areas
(4,038) totaled 8,227,000 volumes. Of the libraries in the urban areas,
67 were in the city of Vilnyus.
As of 1 January 1956, there were 3,394 club-type institutions.
Of these,3,316 were operated by the USSR Ministry of Culture, one was
under the auspices of a collective farm, 57 were subordinate to trade
unions, and the remaining 20 were operated by various agencies and
organizations. Over 90 per cent of the total club-type institutions
? were located in rural areas.
The 36 museums in the republic were visited by 316,000 individ-
uals through 1955, or an annual average of about 10,100 people per
museum. This incidence was considerably lower than the annual average
of those visiting museums in the RSFSR, Latvia, and Estonia (52,100,
35,700, and 14,600, respectively).
Eight theatres, 7 of which gave performances in the Lithuanian
language, were operating in 1955. Five hundred and ninety motion-
picture installations, of which 390 were mobile, also provided enter-
tainment and culture. The urban and rural distribution of motion-picture
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installations was 138 and 452, respectively, while the mobile units in
rural areas comprised 362. Only 7 of the 138 motion-picture installa-
tions in urban areas was mobile.
IV. Socio-Egonomic Factors
A. Linglig
The housing situation in the Litovakaya SSR, as in the other
Baltic republics, is probably among the most favorable in the USSR. Con-
tributing to this phenomenon has been the decrease in total population
.(from approximately 2.9 to 2.7 -Aillion), and the comparatively smaller
? increment in urban population (an estimated 227,000) between the years
1940-58. The percentual growth (32.1 per cent) in the Lithuanian urban
population was somewhat lower than the average USSR increase (49 per cent)
and considerably below those of the Estonskeya and Latviyskaya SSR's
(65.3 and 48.3 per cent, respectively).
Despite the comparatively more plentiful housing in the republic,
a shortage still remains, particularly in the urban areas. The lack of
housing is attributable to the relatively small allocations of funds,
agencies' failures to utilize the funds appropriated for housing construc-
tion, the inability of the building-materials industry to meet planned
targets, the too extensive dispersal of human and material resources,
poor maintenance of existing structures, and a shortage of equipment. The
last factor is readily evidenced by the Soviet statement that the organi-
zations of the chief building agency in the repUblic, the Ministry of
Urban and Rural Construction (now defunct), possessed 48 excavators, 35
bulldozers, and 77 tower cranes in June 1956. ?
Housing deficiencies are particularly notable in the areas of
greatest relative population increment, that is, in the urban areas. As
of 8 February 1957, it was reported that approximately 2.15 million square
feet of living space destroyed during the war in Vilnyus, Klaypeda? Shy-
aulyay, and workers' settlements had not been restored, and not a
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single new dwelling had been erected in a number of rayon centers since
the marls end. Many houses were also in need of capital repair; yet,
the funds allocated for this purpose were inadequate to meet annual
restoration needs. In Vilnyus and Kaunas, for instance, of the 275
houses and dwellings officially needing capital repair on 1 January 1957,
work was completed on only 78, and the repair was deemed unsatisfactory.
Vilnyual per capita living space in 1956 was reported to be
102.3 square feet. This incidence is among the highest (after Riga 129.1
square feet, and Tallin 104.4 square feet) in 32 large cities of the USSR.
The per capita living space of the Lithuanian capital compares Most
favorably with the Soviet goal of 96.8 square feet per person. However,
available data strongly suggest that "living space" in Soviet termi-
nology includes such items as hallways, closets, and other non-living
areas.
Housing in rural areas of the repUblic is presumed to be at least
quantitative/7 better than in the urban areas. Contributing to this
situation has been the phenomenon of a decrease of 19.2 per cent in the
rural population between the years 1939 and 1958. On the other hand,
there has been little progress toward construction of the planned col-
lective farm villages, and as a consequence the individual farmstead
continues to exist in the rural areas. The buildings of the farmstead,
prior to the Soviet era, were made of wood, straw, and wood chips.
Following the Russian conquest, such rural structures as have been con-
structed, utilized such materials as wood, tile, slate, and iron.
In the Litovskaya SSR, as is generally the case in the entire
USSR, preferential housing is reserved for Party and government officials.
In order to overcame the housing shortage in the USSR "within
10 to 12 years," the USSR Party Central Committee and Council of
? Ministers, in August 1957 adopted a resolution. The old(1956-60) target
was scrapped and a new goal assigned of an increase of 107.6 million
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square feet of living space. Lithuania's share in the new goal is
reported to be about 21.5 million square feet. Approximately two-thirds
of the planned living space will be built at the expense of the state,
while the remainder is to be constructed by individuals at their own
expense and with state credit. The scope of this undertaking in the
republic is truly vast, for the plan envisions the building of approxi-
mately 2.7 million square feet more living space than was built during
the previous 10 years.
In general, the present housing situation in the republic is
probably an improvement for the in-migrants. Conversely, for prewar
inhabitants it probably represents a deterioration in standards. The
new target for construction of living space is not expected to alleviate
the housing shortage for at least several more years.
B. Food Supplies
In comparison with the years of independence, food supplies in
the Litovskaya SSR have declined. Contributing to this phenomenon have
been war destruction, the process of urbanization, the Soviet pre-
dilection for allocating priority to heavy industry, the liquidation of
the kulaks, pre- and postwar deportations, and passive peasant resist-
ance. During the period between 1940 and October 1956, areas sottn to
all types of agricultural crops were reduced by approximately 17.7
per cent. At the same time the total number of cattle decreased slightly
(0.19 per cent), but within this category the number of cows decreased
by 179,000 head, or apprdkimately 22.9 per cent. Milk yields, although
probably higher than average for the USSR, are lower than in the prewar
period, and are lower in Lithuania than in the other Baltic republics.
On the basis of Soviet statistics, it appears that in compari-
son with other Soviet citizens the inhabitants of the republic spend
41/
less for-food in the state and cooperative trade network (including pub-
lic catering establishments) than their counterparts in the majority of
the remaining union republics. In 1955, per capita spending on food
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products in the above-mentioned network was reported to be 863 rubles
(officially about $214), or about 38 per cent less than the USSR annual
average expenditure. Among the union republics, only Belorussia and
Moldavia had lower per capita expenditures on food products in the state
and cooperative trade network. However, Lithuania (as well as Belorussia
and Mbldavia) has a large rural population, and many of these rural
inhabitants raise food crops on their own private plots. Vilnyus? the
capital of the republic, ranks ninth among 27 major Soviet cities in per
capita expenditures on food.
Soviet data indicate that, as in all republics, more money was
spent in 1955 on bread and bakery products in Lithuania than on any other
food commodity. Eight per cent of all expenditures for food was allocated
to the purchase of bread and bakery products, while 3.9 per cent of total
food expenditures was devoted to purchasing meat products. Bearing in
mind that higher prices are an element which must be considered in expen-
ditures, it is presumed that there was a surfeit of carbohydrates in the
Lithuanian diet and a limited quantity of proteins. However, Lithuanian
percentual expenditures on meat products was slightly higher than the
USSR average.
Bread and bakery products and flour and cereals are reported to
be the most readily available and inexpensive and constitute, as else-
where in the USSR, the major part of the diet. The annual expenditures
on fish are considerably higher than the USSR average, while the per-
centual expenditures for milk and dairy products are about average for
the Soviet Union.
Fresh vegetables and fruits are reported to be available for
the most part only in the fall; citrus fruits must be imported and are
quite rare. Grain cultivation appears to provide an adequate supply of
grain for the making of alcohol: expenditures for alcoholic and non-
alcoholic beverages comprised 18 per cent of food expenditures in 1955 --
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one of the highest percentages among the union republics.
Soviet predilection for heavy industry development has contributed
to the slow development of food-processing industries and the storage
facilities for food products. The shortage of storage facilities is a
contributory factor in the considerable spoilage of perishable goods,
particularly fresh fish.
Total food products in reserve at the end of 1955 would have
?
sufficed for only 26 days of normal trade turnover. Of specific items, the
largest inventories consisted of canned meat, fish, vegetables and berries,
tea, salt and vegetables. Supplies for 2 weeks or less were on hand for
meat and sausage products, plant and animal fats, milk and dairy products,
and sugar.
With Krushchev's emphasis on the production of meat, milk, and
butter in order to surpass the per capita output of the U.S. in these
products, it is assumed that the food supply in the republic is improving
and will continue to improve, but slowly. For long-time residents of
Lithuania, the state of food supplies probably represents a deterioration
in comparison with the situation in free Lithuania. The elite
among the population_have.greater access to food, both as to quality
and quantity.
C. Transportation and Telecommunications
1.Gt_glarlil
The geographical position of the Litovskaya SSR has
influenced the pattern of its transportation network (refer to Nap IV).
The dense network of railways was originally established to transport out-
going and incoming shipments of goods between the Central Black Earth
provinces of Russia and of the Ukraine and the West through the Baltic
ports to afford connections between Poland, East Prussia, and St. Peters-
burg (now Leningrad), and to take advantage of the militarily strategic
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location of Lithuania. These considerations are as valid under the Soviet
regime as they were during the reign of the Tsars. The ports and rail-
roads of Lithuania afford connections with Poland and Kaliningradskgya
Oblast, RSFSR (formerly East Prussia).
rhe repUblicis maritime, river, railroad, and automotive frtlight
shipped in 1955 amounted to 22,728,000 tons (see Table XIV). The greatest
part of the freight was carried by railroads (59.9 per cent). The share
conveyed by automotive transport was 31.4 per cent, maritime traffii was
5.7 per cent and river traffic 3 per cent. Although the freight con-
veyed by automotive transport constitutes almost a third of the total ton-
nage moved by the 4 types of transport, it must be pointed out that ngst
truck traffic consists of short-haul freightage to and from railroad sta?
tions and yards and transport of agricultural products from rural to urban
areas.
Route
TABLE XIV
FREIGHT HAULAGE: 1955
81_11.1.12_:?.115tx Per Cent of Total Eer_geentjICilagR Total
Railroad
13,608,000 59.9 0.99
Automotive
7,135,000 31.4
0.17
Maritime
1,291,000 5.7
3.1
River
69h..Q0
0.61
Total
_282
22,728,000 100.0
na
2. Bail
All facets of rail transport are controlled and coordinated
by regional agencies of the central government. From about 1952 to
1956, the Lithuanian Railroad System formed part of the Baltic Rail-
road System, with headquarters in Riga. With the administrative
dissolution of the Baltic network, the Lithuanian System, which included
Kaliningradskaya Oblast, was resubordinated to the Directorate,
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Lithuanian Railroad System, in Vilnyus. Railroad Division Headquarters
are located in Kaunas, Panevezhis, Radvilishkis, Shyaulyay, Vilnyuss
Kaliningrad (Kaliningradskaya Oblast, RSFSR), and Chernyakhovsk
411 (Kaliningradskgya Oblast, RSFSR).
The Railroad System Directorate controls all operations and
facilities of the rail network throughout the Litovskaya SSR and Kaliningradakaya Oblast. Rail lines of the system extend from Vilnyus to the
following end points (refer to Map IV):Skuodas (236 rail miles);
Nisheykyay (181 rail miles); Mirtene, Latviyskaya SSR (171 rail miles);
Suvaynichkyay (196 rail miles); Eglgyne, Latviyakaya SSR (213 rail miles);
Turmantas (92 rail miles); Shvenchenis (57 rail miles); Pabrade (32 rail
miles); Gudogay, Belorusokeya SSR (34 rail silos); Staailar (14 rail Yale's);
Varena (49 rail miles); Shestokay (125 rail allsa); and 4 points (not on
map) in Kaliningradskaya Oblast near the S border with Poland 2 Zhelezh-
nodorozhpyy (186 rail miles); Bagrationovsk (214 rail miles); an unknown
point on the branch line leading S from the Vilayus-Kaliningrad main line
to Bialystok, Poland; and another unknown point on the rail line leading
SW from Kaliningrad to Gdansk, Poland.
The most important railroad junctions in the republic are
Vilnyua, Shysulygy? and Kaunas. The major rail routes are the double'
track line extending from these junctions across the republic borders
into Kaliningradskaya Oblast, the Beloruaskaya and Latviyskgya SSRIs and
Poland. The double-track route through Daugavpils provides connections
to Leningrad.
Another important inter-republic line, single-track for the
most part, is the Liyepaya (Latviyskaya SSR)-Shyaulygy-Vilnyus-Barano-
vichi (Belorusskaya SSR) line, which in the vicinity of Vilnyus cuts
across the Leningrad-Grodno line. The former line crosses the territory
of Lithuania from the NW to the SE into Belorussia, thus affording
411
connections between the USSR economic regions of the S and SW and the
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Baltic ports. The main freight on this line consists of coal, lumber,
peat, construction materials, and agricultural products.
The lines ShyaUlygy-Klaypeda, crossing the northern part of
the western lowlands, and the Pagegygy-Klaypeda along the coast join with
other lines to connect the western with the central rayons of the repab-
lie, as well as affording connections between the Soviet Unions Central
and Northwest Regions and the Baltic ports.
The present configuration of railroads in the republic has
been the target of Soviet criticisms. It has been pointed 'out that
freight shipped between many cities (Vilnyus, Panevezhis, Kaunas,
Klgypeda) must take circuitous routes. Thus, the train distance between
Vilnyus and Klaypeda is about 236 miles, while in i straight line !.A ie
about 174 miles; from Kaunas tio Klgypeda trains must cover approximately
180 miles, 56 miles longer than the straight distance. Inasmuch as the
construction of railroads is within the competence of an ail-union minis-
try, a decision on the USSR government level is necessary to correat the
anomaly.
The length of exploited railroads in Lithuania subordinate
to the All-Znion Ministry of Transportation is approximately 1295 miles.
The average density of railroads per square mile in the republic is
higher than the western USSR average, but lower than the average density
in the Latviyskaya and Ettonskaya SSAls and Kaliningradskaya Oblast.
In 1955, the Lithuanian railroads accounted for approximately 88.5 per
cent of the republicis.total incoming and ohtgoing rail freight and
?
transshipment of rail-river-maritime freight. About 50 per dent of the
freight carried on the Leningrad-41.1nyus-Grodno line consists of through
shipments. Lithuanian railroad shipments comprised 0.4 per cent of the
USSR's outgoing freight and 0.7 per cent of its incoming freight. The
0
most important items shipped by railroad are indicated in the following
table:
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TABLE XV
RECEIPTS AND SHIPMENTS OF FREIGHT: 1956
(in thousand metric tons)
?
'Per Cent
1956 of Total
Bladat .bramlua .5.12Laink
Per Cent
of Total
2EteltMK
Coal .
. 1088
16.2
30
.6
Petroleum products
508
5.2
17
0.3
Ferrous metals
436
4.4
?
155
2.8
Lumber
616
6.3-
329
6.0
Grain products
711
7.3
171
3.1
Other
.5 941
4.794
8? 2
Total.
9,800
100.0
5,500.
. 100.0
Among the narrow gauge .railroads in the republic, the most
important are the S4yaulyay-Birehay and the Anikshchygy-Utena-
Shvenchenelyay. These routes are primarily used to haul construction
materials and agricultural products.
The safeguarding of security at all rail installations is the
responsibility of the internal security troops of the MID.
Important rail administrative headquarters and rail facilities
in the Litovskaya SSR are listed below by urban area:
FIGURE .III
RAIL FACILITIES. IN LITOVSKAYA SSR: 1957 '
Urn Area Type.--21412-1111M
?
Vilnyus
Directorate, Lithuanian RR System
RR Div. Hq. .
RR junction.
RR stations, yaids (incl.. classifica-
tion yard), and shops ?
Engine depot ? ?
Steam engine house
? Locomotive and car repair shop
Shyaulygy RR Div. Rq. ? ?
RR junction
RR station, yards (incl. classifica-
tion yard), and shops (reported
locomotive repair shop)
Engine depot
Steam engine house
?
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FIGURE III
RAIL FACILITIES IN LITOVSKAYA SSR: 1957
(Continued)
Urban Arca Type of FacilitY
Kaunas
RR Div. 114.
RR Junction
RR stations, yards, and shops
&mine Depot
Steam engine house
Radvilishkis RR Div. 114.
? Engine depot
? Steam engine house
Car repair shop
?
?Panevezhis RR Div. Hq.
RR junction
Engine depot
*Steam engine house
? Klgypeda. RR junction
RR station, yards, and shops
Reported steam locomotive engine
house
Shvenchenelyay ? BR .junction
Steam engine house
Future plans in respect to the railroads of the Litovskaya
SSR envision the eledtrification of the rail lines Shyaulygy-Ionishkelis-
Birzhay and IonishkelIs-Panevezhis4ftena-Shvenchenelygy and across the
border on the latter line,
3. IlEkti .
Al]. maritime shipping is controlled by...the All-Union Ministry
of the Maritime Fleet, .and import-export exchanges with foreign coun-
tries are controlled by the All-Union Ministry of Foreign Trade. River
?
traffic within the Litovskaya SSR is directed by the Republic Council of
*Ministers through its Directorate of River Fleet.
?
Klaypeda is the largest shipping point in Lithuania, conduct-
ing an important transit trade in timber, grain, and agricultural products.
Its wharves have a total of 7890 linear feet of berthing space, providing
13 class C berths and several berths for tankers an colliers. The
estimated military port capacity is about 8400 long tons of general cargo
per 20-hour day. In 1957, Klgypeda accounted for 3.1 per cent of the
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daily discharge capacity of Soviet maritime ports.
Coal comprised about 44 per cent of the total maritime
freight in 1955. Cargoes of lumber constituted approximately 8 per cent
of the total shipments and receipts.
TABLE XVI
MARITIME FREIGHTS
(in thousand metric
1955
tons)
Shipments
laweiplt
Total
F_Ktalut
Per Cent
cliaztg.
Coal
411
156
567
43.9
Lumber (excl.
firewood)
6
98
104
8.1
Other
gig
144
620
.48,1Z
Total
893
398
1,291
100.0
The port of Klgypeda assumes special significance in the
winter, because many Soviet Baltic ports located to the N (Riga,
Liyepaya, and Ventspils in Latviyskaya SSR) are frozen from 4 to 10
weeks of the year. The northern part of Klaypeda harbor is only tem-
porarily closed by ice. Over a 10-1year period the entrance was closed
by packed ice on an average of 3 days annually. The southern part of
the harbor, however, is frozen over several months each year, and ice-
breakers are used to clear the entrance channel.
The further development of Lithuania's ports depends on a
number of factors, chief among them an increase in the volume of Soviet
foreign trade and the subsequent expansion of port facilities, such as
warehouses, elevators, and cold storage installations. It is also
likely that an expansion of foreign trade would necessitate an increase
in the number of railroads or highways servicing the ports.
The utilization of Lithuania's rivers for transport is
seasonal. The best period for navigation is from April to June. During
this period the waters reach their high mark and often inundate the
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surrounding countryside, causing great damage to towns and rural settle-
ments; in the summer months the waters are too low (and frequently dry
up) for any extensive transportation. During 4 months of winter the
rivers are almost completely frozen. The total length of Lithuania's
rivers is about 1700 miles, of which only 310 miles is navigable.
The Neman River is the most important commercial inland
waterway in the republic. In its lower reaches it is connected by canals
with the seaports Klaypeda (through the Niniya River) and Kaliningrad,
and in its upper reaches with the basins of the Dnepr (through the
Oginskiy Canal) and Visla Rivers in the Belorusskaya SSR,
The Neman River, reportedly completely navigable within the
confines of the republic during the navigation season, is in general 20
to 350 feet in width, with an extreme of 630 feet in places. It is
between 6 and 8 feet deep and has a meandering channel, with rocky banks
in its upper course and generally loamy banks below Kaunas. The Neman and
the lesser rivers in Lithuania (the Venta? Dubitsa, Nevezhis, Shventoyi,
Viliya? Zhaymena, and the Merkris) are commercially useful primarily for
the floating of timber.
Lumber comprised 48.6 per cent of the total freight trans-
ported on the republic's rivers in 1955. Coal constituted an additional
19.6 per cent, while mineral building materials formed about 7 per cent
of total river freight.
Total freight carried on Lithuanian rivers accounts for
approximately 0.2 per cent each of USSR total shipments and receipts
(1955).
Intermittently, the conduct of river traffic, especially on
the river Neman? has been the subject of criticism. The Chief of the
Directorate of Neman River Navigation, subordinate to the Lithuanian
Council of Ministers, reported that loading and unloading is slow,
vessels are operated at less than capacity, there is inadequate planning
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TABLE XVII
RIVER FREIGHT: /955
(matric tons)
gbilpeata
Per Cent
atlatal,
Receipts
Per Cent
21.221.4,
Total River Freight
of which
332,000
100.0
362,000
100.0
Lumber
163,000
49.1
174,000
48.1
Coal
33,000
10.0
103,000
28.5
Mineral Building
Materials
23,000
6.9
23,000
6.4
Grains
2,000
0.6
2,000
0.6
in coordinating railroad and river shipments, and small rivers are not
used enough in servicing rayons which are accessible. Because of these
failures, the railroads are forced to assume additional burdens.
During the XIX Party Congress of the USSR (October 1952),
decisions were adopted which envisioned the construction of a hydro power
plant at Kaunas and the improvement of navigation along the Neman River.
Subsequent discussions touched on the feasibility of joining the Neman
with the Pripyat and Dnepr Rivers (Belorusskaya SSR) in the vicinity of
Oginskiy Canal (Belorusskaya SSR). The latter is presently used only
for the floating of lumber. To join the Neman and Dnepr would estab-
lish a direct internal water route from the Baltic to the Black Sea.
The Kaunas hydroelectric power plant has been started, but there is no
information that the canal has been undertaken.
4. Highway
The Lithuanian highways and roads are reported as signifi-
?
cantly surpassing the length of railroads in the republic and are pri-
marily used for hauling agricultural commodities from rural rayons to
railroad and river transshipment points. The main highways of the
republic in a number of cases run parallel with railroad lines, but as
a whole the basic automotive network, being much straighter than its
rail counterpart, does not coincide with the rail system.
Among the main intra-republic paved highways are those
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radiating from Vilnyus, a major highway junction. Automotive connections
from the republic capital are afforded in a NW direction to amerge, NE
to Shvenchenis, SW to Byshishkes, and in an easterly direction toward
Moskva (via Minsk, Belorusskaya SSR). Other paved highways go W from
Kaunas to Shakygy; from Yurbarkas W to Pagegyay and SW to Kaliningrad via
Sovetek, and NW to Liyepaya, via Klaypeda. From the highway junction
Pagegygy, a paved highway runs NE to Riga via Shyaulyay.
Improved highways radiating from the important highway junc-
tion of Kaunas lead NE to Daugavpils (Latviyskaya SSA), branching N to
Riga; NW to Klaypeda; SW and SE to Poland; and S and E to Vilnyus.
The main roads in the republic are reported to be in compara-
tively good condition and passable throughout the year. Conversely,
many dirt roads are not passable during thaws and winter.
Soviet data indicate that the net cost of hauling freight by
automotive transport in Lithuania is the lowest among the union republics.
The 51 kopecks per ton-kilometer in 1956 was significantly lower than the
union average (70 kopecks per ton-kilometer) and lower than the average
of the Baltic republics (54 kopecks per ton-kilometer). The compara-
tively dense highway and road network in the republic is probably a con-
tributing factor to this phenomenon.
5. Air
All civil air freight, passenger, and mail service to and
from the republic is coordinated by the Litovskaya SSR Directorate of
Civil Air Fleet, located at Vilnyus. This agency handles traffic over a
number of inter- and intra-republic air lines. Vilnyus is directly con-
nected by air with Moskva and Leningrad in the RSFSR; Tallin, Minsk,
Riga, and a number of unidentified cities in the neighboring republics.
Air traffic is reported to be maintained between Vilnyus and Klaypeda,
Kaunas, and Shyaulyay.
The Directorate of Civil Air Fleet shares with the Soviet
Air Force responsibility for operating the joint civil/Military airfields
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at Vilnyus and Kaunas.
6. Telecommunications
Operation of civilian telecommunications networks in the
republic is directed by the All-Union Ministry of Communications in
Moskva, with coordination by the Republic Communications Ministry.
The security of telecommunications facilities is the responsibility of
the MVD.
The main telecommunications center of the republic is Kaunas.
The Kaunas telecommunications center is reported to have an automatic
central office (10,000-line capacity in 1946), while the radio station,
with a power output capacity of 100,000 watts, has facilities for point-
to-point communications. Vilnyue, Panevezhis? Shilute, Taurage? and
Ukmerge are telephone and telegraph centers. Among these urban areas
only the republic capital has an automatic switchboard, the remaining
being equipped only with the manual variety. The Klgypeda telephone cen-
ter is equipped with an automatic central office, while KapsUkas has an
unspecified type of telephone system.
Radio stations are located at Vilnyus and Kaunas. The tele-
vision station in Vilnyus is one of 22 in the USSR. Experimental radio
transmitting stations are reported to be located in Palanga (1952,
operated by portable 560-kw electric power station) and Kretinga (oper-
ated by portable 140-kw electric power station).
In 1956, it was reported that Lithuania had 1,027 post,
telegraph, and telephone enterprises, of which 847 were in rural areas.
All rayon centers were connected by telephone. There were 100 urban
telephone exchanges (23,000 numbers), 14 of which had automatic exchanges,
and 650 rural telephone exchanges (7300 numbers). Telephones were
installed in 91.6 per cent of the state farms, 89.1 per cent of the col-
lective farms, and in all MTSIs.
The total number of radio-receiving points (1956) and radio
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relay points was respectively 231,000 (of which 63,000 are in rural areas)
and 122,000 (of which 48,000 are inraralareas).
receivers, 15,000 were in rural areas.
D. Utilities
Of the 109,000 radio-
Because of the largely rural character of Lithuania and the
Soviet emphasis on heavy industry, utilities for domestic consumers are
probably in general inadequate.
Statistics for 1957 indicate that Lithuania has the lowest per
capita output of electric power of all the union republics, or 4 times
less than the USSR average. Electric power had been supplied to all
cities and rayon centers by 1952, and by the end of 1955 all state farms
and machine tractor stations had been electrified. However, in that year
only 200 collective farms, or 11 per cent, were supplied with electric
power, the lowest proportion in the Soviet Union. Undoubtedly, the bulk
of collective farms are still without power. Some improvement may be
anticipated upon completion of the new Kaunas hydroelectric power plant,
which is expected to double power production in the republic.
The supply of potable water is probably abundant, for the
republic abounds in lakes and rivers. Vilnyus, Kaunas, and Shyaulyay
are adequately supplied by their water systems, while Klaypeda Gxperi-
ences a lack of plumbing facilities. The sewage disposal networks of
Vilnyus? Kaunas, and ShyauIyay are reported as adequate, while in Klay-
peda a shortage of sewage disposal facilities exists. In the rural
areas sewage is probably dumped untreated into the lakes or rivers.
Peat and wood are the leading fuels used for domestic heating in
the republic. Central heating may be available in the vicinity of
thermal power plants. Available data indicate that household gas is used
in the cities of Vilnyus? Kaunas, and Klaypeda. The municipal gasworks
of Klaypeda is reported to be in need of reconstruction and expansion to
meet demands. The original Sixth Five'-Year Plan (now abolished) envis-
aged the construction of the Dashava (Ukrainskaya SSR)-Minsk gas
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pipeline, with a branch to Vilnyus. With the completion of the pipeline
it is reported that the gas supply to the Lithuanian capital would be
increased substantially, although it is presumed that other Soviet
priorities will seriously limit the quantity of household gas available
to the Lithuanian countryside.
?
Adequate intra-city bus transportation services the cities of
Vilnyus and Kaunas, while the intra-city street railway system of
Klgypeda is reported as meeting requirements. The first trolley-bus line
was put into operation in Vilnyus in 1956. Upon completion of the new Kaunas
hydropower plant, trolley-bus lines will be established in that city.
Eighteen suburban bus lines operate from Vilsrus to its suburbs. Intra-
republic bus connections are probably possible to all major centers, while
inter-republic bus lines operate from Vilnyus to Minsk, Riga, and from Birzhay
(daily) to Riga. SWIM shortcomings have been evidenced in transportation
in the rural areas. It is reported that many of the gravel roads in the
Lithuanian countryside are almost impassable during periods of excessive
rainfall or snowfall, and the western rayons are inadequately served by
buses.
River vessels carry passengers between Kaunas and Yurbarkas?
Vilkiya, Kachergine, and Kulautuva.
E. Consumers' Goods
In comparing all union republics, Soviet data in general indi-
cate average availability and consumption of non-food consumers' goods in
the Litovskaya SSR. In percentual expenditures for such items as foot-
wear, sewing machines, furniture, metal dishes, radios, and watches, the
inhabitants of the republic spent approximately the same amount as their
counterparts in the remaining union republics. The republic manufactures
furniture and footwear in exportable quantities. Such items as radios,
watches, and sewing machines can be imported from the neighboring
Latvian Republic without incurring any great shipping cost.
Percentual expenditures for clothes appear to be above average
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for the union republics, possibly because of greater availability rather
than higher prices, since the Baltic area, including Lithuania, has a
significant clothing and textile industry. Proportional outlays for
soap and related items were about average for the USSR. In proportional
spending for tobacco and alcoholic beverages, the inhabitants of Lith-
uania ranked among the highest in the USSR.
The amounts of consumers' goods reserves in the republic (see
Table XVIII) probably do not reflect so much their availability as the
nature of consumption patterns and the efficient or deficient operation of
transport and the trade network in the republic.
TABLE XVIII
TOTAL NON-FOOD RESERVES IN RETAIL NETWORK AT END OF 1955
Item
In Days
of Trade Turnover
Cloth
90
Ready-made clothing
85
Knitwear and stockings
100
Footwear
69
Household soap
109
Toilet soap and perfumes
188
Haberdashery and sewing materials
188
Tobacco
39
Matches
116
Kerosene
27
Furniture and metal beds
46
Metal dishware
223
Glass-china-pottery dishware
111
Cultural. goods
183
School and office materials
225
Printed matter
224
Bicycles and motorcycles
152
Radios
103
Timepieces
65
Window glass
83
Lumber materials, sawn lumber,
cement, bricks, rolled metal, and
155
other building material
Total non-food products 117
From the foregoing table it is evident that only 3 to 4
months' supplies, or less, in normal trade turnover exist in certain
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categories: clothing and footwear, kerosene, tobacco, matches, and
furniture. The larger supplies on hand such as silk cloth (228 days)
and perfumed soap (188 days), involve luxury items probably not readily
available to the proletariat and peasantry of Lithuania because of their
higher prices. Reserves of kerosene (27 days of normal trade turnover),
a critical item for the rural population,presented the lowest inventory
of non-food products in the republic, while supplies of sports goods
(314 days of normal trade turnover) were the largest of the non-food
products.
Truck transport comprises the bulk of highway traffic. Auto-
mobiles, encountered less frequently, are for the most part the property
of governmental agencies, and in terms of consumption are too expensive,
save for the elite. Motorcycles and bicycles, on the other hand, are
less expensive and thus more readily available for general consumption.
The pattern of per\capita spending indicates that consumers'
goods are more available in urban than in rural areas. The disproportion,
?
however, does not reflect a complete disadvantage to the rural area
inhabitant, since he may make purchases in urban areas. The practice
of going to the city for purchases is in part motivated by prevailing
higher prices and a more limited assortment of goods in the countryside.
Nevertheless, the rural inhabitants, with their lower purchasing power,
are less privileged than their urban counterparts.
Among the many complaints lodged against the retail distribu-
tion system have been the insufficient number of trade enterprises, the
limited selection and low quality of goods, and the poor services ren-
dered. Soviet sources have repeatedly asserted that some rural stores
completely lack such basic items as matches, kerosene, and soap. Lack
of storage facilities is frequently cited as being the cause of spoilage.
Scarce non-food commodities are often traded on the black market. In
order to curb the black market, the Soviet government frankly admitted,
on 2 January 1958, that it was raising automobile, motorcycle, and
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carpet prices to help fight profiteering in these commodities. Demand
for these items greatly exceeds supply, a factor contributing to a
thriving black market.
In general, it appears that Lithuania's incorporation into the
Soviet Union has brought no aundance of non-food products to the repub-
lic, Soviet technological advances notwithstanding. USSR interests and
needs are paramount, and as long as the emphasis remains on building
the means of production, an increase in non-food. products will be a slow
process.
F. Economic Characteristics
1. General
The climate of Litovskaya SSR alternates between maritime
and moderate humid continental. The growing season is generally short,
lasting from about the middle of April to the end of September. The
short coastlineboasts only one significant port, Klaypeda, which serves
as an alternate for the more northern Latvian Baltic ports (Riga, Liye-
pays., Ventspils), which are frozen in during part of the winter.
The Raman River, navigable throughout its course within the
republic, is the Major commercial waterway and, along with some of the
smaller rivers, is used chiefly for timber flotage. The Neman and
Neris Rivers constitute the major power potential of the republic; their
power potential is, however, limited by generally even terrain and a
lowered water level during dry seasons. During rainy seasons, the rivers
cause considerable flood damage. The 4000-odd lakes in Lithuania,
mostly in the E and SE, occupy about 1.5 per cent of the republic tern-
tory. They are used for water supply, fishing, and fish-breeding.
The acid nature of the soils and the relatively impervious
subsoils necessitate intensive fertilization and artificial drainage.
About 20 per cent of the republic territory is occupied by sandy soils,
mostly under forest. The most productive and cultivated soils are those
of the central part, with a rich carbonate continental rock base.
Forests, chiefly coniferous (spruce and pine), cover about 16 per cent
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of the territory, while about 5 per cent is swampland, 4 per cent of
which constitute the republic peat reserves.
As in the other Baltic republics, natural resources are
few. Chief among them art various building materials: limestone, chalk
?
and chalk marls, dolomites, sands, clay, and granite. Phosphorites pro-
vide the basis for a mineral fertilizer industry. Sulphates (gypsum
and anhydrites) are also found. Some ferrous resources, discovered in
the vicinity of Kazlu-Ruda (refer to Map v), yield small quantities of
limonite (bog iron ore) but have been little developed. The fair amount
of peat reserves probably constitute at least half the republic fuel
balance at present, accounting for over 40 per cent of the industrial
fuel balance alone. Several health resorts have been established at
the site of mineral springs in various parts of the republic, as well as
along the coast. Sea, river, and lake fishing resources abound. A
specialized industry is based on the quantities of amber washed ashore
by the waves along the coast.
? Lithuania has always been both industrially and agricul-
turally more backward than the other Baltic countries. In general,
industry is based primarily on the processing of agricultural products
(food, leather, and timber) and of mineral building materials. Raw
materials for the important metalworking and machine-building indus-
tries and for the textile industry (with the exception of flax) must
be imported for the most part. Meat and dairy farming is the chief
agricultural activity of all areas in the reput;lic, forming the basis.
of the significant agridialtural processing industryvgrain.is the chief
crop.
Litovskaya SSR is divided into 4 main economic regions
(refer to Map V), based on their interdependent economic relations,
topographical alignments, and integrated transport systems. They
are the South Central Region, the Eastern Region, the Western Region,
and the North Central Region. Other subdivisions are large groups
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of rayons which speoifically serve the major cities or
republic subordination (Vilnyus, Kaunas, Klaypedal Shyaulygy, and
Paneveihis). For the most part, these rayon groups fall within the
economic subregion in which the particular city is located, although in
a few eases a rayon may fall within a neighboring region.
The South Central Economic Region is both industrial/7 and
agriculturally most developed and has the highest population density.
Over half the republic hydroelectric power resources are concentrated
in this region. The Eastern Region is undergoing the most rapid indus-
trial expansion and is expected to surpass the South Central Region in
industry. The region is probably the least agriculturally developed.
Western Lithuania has the only coastal area and seaport of the republic,
and accounts for the overwhelming bulk of the republic fish catch. Also,
the entire republic cellulose industry is concentrated here. The North
Central Region, largest in area but least densely populated, is also
industrially least important. Further economic expansion depends on the
development of transport. The region contains 34 per cent of the republic
total sown area.
FIGURE ITV
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC REGIONS
South Central Lithuanian Economic Reizion
Total area: 5,664 square miles
Per cent of republic total: 22.6
Total population: 799,000
Per cent of republic total: 29.3
Resources: Peat (over 1/4 of republic supply);
significant deposits of mineral
? building raw materials; timber.
1/ Production percentages as of 1955.
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FIGURE IV1/
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC REGIONS
South Central IIIARan an E?oi4c Region
Continued
Industry: Accounts for 1/3 of gross industrial
product of republic. Chiefly concen-
trated in Kaunas (28 per cent of
republic total output; first indus-
trial city of republic). Metal-
working, including machinebuilding;
wool and silk textiles and knit-
wear (largest production in region);
food processing; brick production (40
per cent of republic total).
Agriculture: Agricultural land occupies 68 per cent
of region total area; arable land, 52
per cent. Chiefly grain crops (rye,
winter wheat,oatslbarley); technical
crops (especially sugar beets, some
flax, and some corn); potatoes and
vegetables; other food crops. Inten-
sive animal husbandry (dairy farming
and pig raising).
Transport: One main rail line: Vilnyus-Kaliningrad;
easy access to other main lines. River
rotes to Sovetsk, Klaypeda, Kalinin-
grad. Neman River route: ship and barge
traffic, timber flotage. Kaunas impor-
tant rail-river-highway junction.
;astern Lithusni#n Economic Region
Total area: 7,008 square miles
Per cent of republic total: 27.9
Total population: 749,000
Per cent of republic total: 27.5
Resources: Peat (27 per cent of republic suppIy);clays;
chalk and chalk marls; lime-tuffs; sands and
quartz sands; timber (over 1/3 of
republic total forested area).
Industry: Accounts for about 1/3 of gross indus-
trial product of republic. Chiefly
concentrated in Vilpyus (25 per cent
of republic total output; second
industrial city after Kaunas).
Metalworking (including machinebuild-
ing); electro-technical; food process-
ing; woodworking; building materials.
1/ Production percentages as of 1955.
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FIGURE 1V1/
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC REGIONS
Pastern LitNanian Eco omic R9 on
Continued
Agriculture: Fourth place among regions in land
utilisation (less than 1/4 of republic
sown area). Agricultural land occupies
a little over half of region total area;
of this, 72 per cent in pasture land.
Grain crops (almost all buckwheat grown
in republic, rye, oats); technical
crops (especially flax); potatoes and
vegetables; fodder crops. Animal hus-
bandry (chiefly long-horned cattle and
pigs).
Transport: Two main rail arteries: Leningrad-
Vilnyus-,Grodno; Moskva-Vilmus-Kalin-
ingrad. Vilnyus a major rail-highway
junction of Western USSR. Timber
flotage on Neris, Zheymena, and Wrkis
Rivers.
Western Lithuanian Economic Region
Total area:
Per cent of republic total:
Total population:
Per cent of republic total:
5,160 square miles
20.6
508,000
18.6
Resources: Peat (10 per cent of republic peat pro-
duction); clays; lime-tuff; gravel;
sands; granite; amber (all deposits of
republic; however, only amber washed
ashore is processed); some timber.
Industry: Accounts for over 0 of gross indus-
trial product of republic. Chiefly
concentrated in Klaypeda (over 20 per
cent of republic total output). Chemi-
cal; cellulose (all of republic produc-
tion); paper (70 per cent of republic
production of cardboard); woodworking
(over 1/3 of republic output of wood
products); cotton textiles; light indus-
tries (80 per cent of republic output of
porcelain); food (includes meat and dairy
processing) and fish processing (over 50
per cent of volume of regional industry).
Production percentages as of 1955.
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FIGURE Id/
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC REGIONS
Western Lithuanian
North
Agriculture:
Transport:
Economic Resti9n
(Continued)
Agricultural land occupies about 70 per
cent of region land area. Chiefly grain
crops (rye, wheat, barley, oats). Dairy
farming most important; region has 1/3
of all herds of productive livestock in
republic. Accounts for over 95 per cent
of republic total fish catch.
Klaypeda only significant maritime port
of republic. Main rail line: Liyepaya-
Klaypeda-Sovetsk. Klayyeda-important
rail-highway-river junction (connected
via canal with Naman River).
Central Lithuanian Economic Region
Total area: 7,256 square miles
Per cent of republic totals 28.9
Total population: 669,000
Per cent of republic total: 24.6
Resources: Dolomites (all republic deposits); peat
(30 per cent of republic supply); gyp-
sum; limes; timber.
Industry: Least important region; accounts for
less than 1/6 of gross industrial pro-
duction of republic. Shyaulyay
accounts for about 7 per cent of repub-
lic total output and about 2/5 of
regional production. Chief branches:
food (about 45 per cent of volume of
regional output, particularly sugar
and meat and dairy processing); build-
ing materials (most important region
in republic) lincludes the only repub-
lic production of alabaster, cement,
and glass); light (leather, flax pro-
cessing, clothing).
Agriculture: Agricultural land occupies about 70 per
cent of region total area. Accounts for
34 per cent of republic total sown area:
chiefly wheat (1/2 of republic area sown
to wheat), rye, barley, and oats; sugar
beets (2/5 of republic area sown to sugar
beets); some flax; fodder crops; potatoes.
Animal husbandry (accounts for 1/3 ofeall
livestock in republic).
al Production percentages as of 1955.
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FIGURE IV1/
CHIEF CHARACTERISTICS OF ECONOMIC REGIONS
North Central Lithuanian Economic Region
(Continued)
Transport: Main rail lines: Sovetsk-Shyaulyay-
Riga; Liyepaya-ShyauIyay-Daugavpils.
ShyauIyay important rail-highway junc-
tion. Venta River route, chiefly tim-
ber flotage.
Production percentages as of 1955.
2. Industry (refer to Addendum, Tables D and E)
Litovskaya SSR produced approximately 0.6 per cant of the
gross national product of the USSR in 1955. In terms of the total com-
bined production of the 3 Baltic republics in 1955, Lithuania produced
30.7 per cent--less than Latvia (40 per cent) and slightly more than
Estonia (29.2 per cent). The share of the republic in the total indus-
trial product of the USSR in 1957 is about one per cent.
The intensity with which industrialization of the once essen-
tially agricultural country has been implemented under Soviet rule is
expressed in the rates of growth of total industrial production since
1940. By 1955, production had increased 493 per cent over 1940, compared
to the USSR average of 320 per cent. Lithuania's rate of growth was third
highest among the union republics (following Estonia and Latvia). In
1956 Lithuania dropped to fourth place in rate of industrial growth
(behind Moldavskaya SSR). The rates of growth for the Baltic republics
are even more significant considering that the period covered includes the
war years, when part of the existing industrial plant was destroyed, neces-
sitating substantial rebuilding activity.
Industry reportedly accounts for approximately 65 per cent
of the gross national prodUct of Lithuania (1956). Enterprises within the
jurisdiction of the newly-formed (1957) Litovskaya SSR National Council of
Economy account for 80 per cent of the total republic industrial product
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and for 0.8 per cent of the total industrial product of the USSR. The
republic's important metalworking industry, 'which hap exhibited the
highest growth rate of all branches, includes instrument building,
machine tool building, turbine construction, shipbuilding, and agricul-
tural machine building. Also significant, and centered in Vilnyus, are
the production of electric machinery and equipment (electric meters,
motors, and appliances) and the production of radio and television equip-
ment. In total volume of production in the republic, the food industry
ranks highest. Other developed industries include textiles, leather-
footwear, woodworking, and building materials.
According to Soviet statistics, Lithuania produced in 1956
exportable quantities of the following selected items of industrial and
consumer's goods in the indicated percentages of USSR total production
capacity in the given item:
Item
Per Cent of USSR Cap.
Silk cloth
10.6
Metalcutting machine tools
4.5
Bicycles
4.3
Peat
3.9
Knitted underwear
3.4
Hosiery
3.3
Butter
2.5
Plywood
2.4
Electric motors
2.1
Paper
2.1
Leather footwear
1.9
Republic industry is concentrated in the 4 major centers of
the respective Lithuanian Economic Regions - -Kaunas, Vilnyus, Klaypeda,
and Shyaulyay, which together account (1955) for 77 per cent of Lith-
uania's gross industrial product (see Figure IV for individual share) and
for 0.77 per cent of USSR total industrial production. These 4 cities
are the main centers of the republic metalworking industry. (Branches
of the industry located in Novo -Vilnya, now a city of republic subordi-
nation in its own right, are probably included by industrial surveys
under the city of Vilnyus, of which Novo -Vilnya vas formerly a suburb.)
Individual plants in the 4 industrial centers are estimated
to account for the following percentages of USSR production of important
items:
Vilnyus Agricultural Machinery Plant,
"Zhagre" (Target 0168-0163): agricul-
tural equipment, 1.0 per cent.
Vilnyus Electrical Equipment Plant,
"Elfa" (Target 0168-0104) and Vilnyus
Radio Plant, 555 (Target 0168-0101):
radio and television equipment, 2.7
per cent.
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Kaunas Weapon Plant (Target 0168-0110):
small arms, 1.4 per cent.
Klaipeda Naval Base and Shipyard
(Target 0168-0068): shipbuilding and
repair, 1.0 per cent.
Klaipeda Superphosphate Plant (Tar-
get 0168-0148): sulphuric acid, 0.25
per cent.
In addition to agricultural and electrical machinery, Vil-
nyus produces building, shoe, and textile machinery and machine-cutting
tools. The city has a large food industry and also produces cotton and
wool textiles, leather and shoes, and paper. RR facilities include a
steam locomotive repair plant. An auto spare parts plant is to be built
in Vilnyus.
Turbines are produced in Kaunas. The city has a large
textile (particularly silk) industry, and the footwear factory, under
expansion, is expected to be the largest of its kind in the Baltic repUb-
lies. It's important arms-producing plant serves the Baltic coastal
area. Kaunas has RR car and locomotive repair facilities.
Klgypeda is the shipbuilding and cellulose center of the
republic. It also has important textile and voodwOrking industries and
a superphosphate plant. As the center of coastal fishing in the economic
region which provides 95 per cent of the republic fish catch, the city has
substantial fish-processing enterprises. It is also the headquarters of
amber-processing on the Soviet Baltic coast.
The bicycle plant in Shymaygy, which also produces motor-
cycles, is of All-Union importance. The city is a major center of tann-
ing and leather shoe manufacture, has a nignificant building materials
industry, and a large meat-packing and dairy industry. It also produces
agricultural implements, linen and woolen textiles and knitwear, and
paper.
The following table is compiled from Soviet statistical
0
materials indicating production figures in Litovskaya SSR for selected
items in 1955 and 1956:
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TABLE xrc
RETORTED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION: 1955, 1956
Product
Peat
Electric power
Mineral fertilizers
Metal-cutting machine tools
Electric meters
Electric motors
Boilers for central heating
Radiators
Drain pipes
Timber
Incl. saw timber
Lumber
Cement
Reinforced concrete
components and parts
Building brick
Lime
Building plaster
Soft roofing
Gypsum
Tile
Plywood
Paper
Cardboard
Loudspeakers
Bicycles
Unit
1000 m.t.
mill. kw. hr.
1000 m.t.
units
thousands
thousands
1000 sq. in.
1000 Eq. in.
thousands
1000 cu. M.
1000 CU. M.
1000 CU. M.
1000 m.t.
1000 Cu. in.
millions
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
mill. eq. in.
1000 m.t.
mill. units
1000 au. in.
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
thousands
thousands
1955
Per Cent of Per Cent of
Total USSR Total USSR
?
1956
Froduction Production
1595.0 3.1
574.1 0.4
46.2 0.5
5226.0 4.5
938.4 na
na na
na na
na na
na na
1619.0 0.5
930.0 0.4
691.0 0.9
203.7 0.9
na Pa
302.5 1.5
112.4 1.8
na na
7.7 1.5
13.6 0.5
12.4 2.6
24.2 2.3
35.4 1.9
na na
na na
111.5 3.9
Production production
1723.0
656.0
11.4
na
947.0
356.0
32.0
77.1
32.3
na
na
na
227.0
58.5
266.0
143.0
14.7
8.2
na
na
27.1
42.3
31.0
69.2
135.0
3.9
0.3
0.1
na
na
2.1
na
na
na
na
na
na
0.9
na
1.2
na
na
1.5
na
na
2.4
2.1
na
na
4.3
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TABLE XIX
REPORTED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION: 1955, 1956
Product
Unit
1955
1956
Production
Per Cent of
Total USSR
Production
Production
Per Cent of
Total USSR
Production
Pest
1000 m.t.
1595.0
3.1
1723.0
3.9
Electriq, power
mill. kw. hr.
574.1
0.4
656.0
0.3
Mineral fertilizers
1000 m.t.
46.2
0.5
11.4
0.1
Metal-cutting machine tools
units
5226.0
4.5
DI
na
Electric meters
thousands
938.4
DI
947.0
na
Electric motors
thousands
na
na
356:0
2.1
Boilers for central heating
1000 sq. in.
DI
na
32.0
na
Radiators
1000 sq.
na
DI
77.1
na
En
Drain pipes
thousands
na
UI
32.3
na
tai
Timber
1000 Cu. M.
1619.0
0.5
UI
na
tii
CI
CA)
Incl. saw timber
Lumber
1000 Cu. in.
1000 cu. in.
930.0
691.0
0.4
0.9
UI
UI
na
na
CI
Lii
Cement
1000 m.t.
203.7
0.9
227.0
0.9
Lii
1-3
Reinforced concrete
1-3
components and parts
1000 Cu. in.
na
Pa
58.5
na
Building brick
millions
302.5
1.5
266.0
1.2
Lime
1000 m.t.
112.4
1.8
143.0
na
Building plaster
1000 m.t.
DI
UI
14.7
na
Soft roofing
mill. sq. M.
7.7
1.5
8.2
1.5
Gypsum
Tile
1000 m.t.
mill. units
13.6
12.4
0.5
2.6
UI
DL
na
na
Plywood
1000 cu. m.
24.2
2.3
27.1
2.4
Paper
1000 m.t.
35.4
1.9
42.3
2.1
Cardboard
1000 m.t.
na
*na
31.0
na
Loudspeakers
thousands
DI
na
69.2
na
Bicycles
thousands
111.5
3.9
135.0
4.3
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TABLE XIX
RYTORTED INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION: 1955, 1956
(Continued)
Product
?
Beds
Cotton cloth
Linen cloth
Woo/ Cloth
Silk cloth
Cotton thread
Leather footwear
Rubber footwear
? Felt footwear
Leather outerwear
Knitted underwear
Knitted goods
Hosiery
Knitted outerwear
Hard leather goods
Meat
Fish catch
Butter
Canned goods
Granulated sugar
Confectionery goods
Cheese
Vegetable oil
Soft drinks
Cigarettes
Wine
Soap
urdt
thousands
mill. m.
mill. m.
mill, m.
mill. m.
1000 m.t.
1000 pr.
1000 pr.
1000 pr.
mill. sq. dm.
mill, units
mill, units
mill. pr.
mill, units
m.t.
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
mill. standard
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
1000 m.t.
mill. dkl.
millions
1000 dkl.
1000 m.t.
9.
1955
1956
Per Cent of
Total USSR
Production Production
Per Cent of
Total USSR
Production Production
na
na
36.3
na
12.8
0.2
12.8
0.2
3.8
1.3
4.4
1.1
4.5
1.8
4.8
1.8
7.4
1.4
80.0
10.6
5.0
0.5
ha
na
4,925.0
1.8
5,50Q.0
1.9
11226.0
0.9
1,458.0
1.0
cra
na
na
461.0
1.9
tJ
113.4
2.0
na
na
CI
10.9
3.2
11.8
3.4
na
na
4.1
na
25.4
3.3
26.6
3.3
3.8
4.0
na
na
1,853.0
2.2
na
na
33.6
1.3
30.6
1.2
53.7
1.9
73.0
na
10.7
2.3
13.6
2.5
na
39.4
1.1
47.6
1.4
47.5
1.1
16.7
1.2
19.6
1.2
na
na
1.7
na
4.4
0.4
6.0
0.4
na
na
1.4
na
na
na
4,447.0
na
134.0
0.3
na
na
na
na
11.6
0.9
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3. Fuels and Power
Among the countries of drope, Lithuania during its period
of independence was in last place in absolute production of electric
energy, as well as in per capita output. The war reportedly destroyed
approximately 90 per cent of the electric power industry, and, as a
consequence, the first postwar Five-Year Plan under the Soviets did not
look much farther ahead than to the rebuilding of the former installa-
tions. During the second postwar Five-Year Plan, the increase in energy
output failed to match industrial output, the total result adversely
affecting the electrification of the rural areas and the supply to both
industrial and domestic consumers. Thus in 1957, Soviet data show that
the per capita output of electric energy in the republic was approxi-
mately 4 times less than the union average, while in percentage of
electrified collective farms, the republic ranked among the lowest in
the Soviet Union. Rural electric installations produce only about 10 per
cent of the republic's capacity, and it was reported that on 1 January
1957 only an *insignificant" number of collective farms was electrified
and that obsolescent transmission lines were placing limitations on the
use of electric energy by industry.
In 1955, total production of republic electric power instal-
lations was 574.1 million kw-h, slightly less than was consumed (579.7
million kw-h). The total power produced represented only 0.4 per cent
of USSR total production, and in 1956 this percentage dropped to 0.3
cent, or 656 million kw-h. The four major industrial centers, Vllnyus,
Kaunas, Kleypedal and ,Shyaulysy, accounted for 84.2 per cent of total
electric power production in the republic in 1955. (Refer to Table E,
Addendum, for individual share.)
The power generating facilities of the republic do not
belong to any known power grid, except for Klaypeda, which is inade-
quately supplied by its own power generating facilities, and is
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TABLE XX
ELECTRIC POWER BALANCE: 1955
Consumer
Industry and
Construction
Transportation
Other branches-1/
Power stations
Network losses
Total
Utilization of
Electric Power Per Cent
(in mill? kw-h) of Total
390.9
13.8
167.6
36.1
52.,
53.5
2.4
28.9
6.2
9.0.
579.7 100.0
1/ Including power for municipal purposes
and private consumers.
connected with Kaliningrad and Peyse via Sovetsk (all in Kaliningrad-
skaya Oblast) by a power line of 150 kv capacity. The total number of
electric power installations in the republic in the fall of 1956 was
1240, of which 577 were in industrial enterprises and 450 in rural
areas. The most important urban power stations are as follows:
TABLE XXI
MAJOR ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS
Installation
Target No.
Estimated
Installed
Capacity
(kw)
Kaunas Thermal Power Plant,
nPetrushiunain
0168-0044
31,000
Vilnyus Heat and Power Plant (TETS)
0168-0280
24,000
Vilnyus Thermal Power Plant
0168-0224
10,400
Klaipeda Thermal Power Plant, Municipal
0168-0045
22,000
Siauliai Thermal Power Plant (GES)
0168-0279
5,000
Siauliai Thermal Power Plant (GES),
nJtekyvan
0168-0040
8,000
Radvilishkis Thermal Power Plant
0168-0278
9,000
Panevezhis Thermal Power Plant
ma
1,600
Seventeen smaller urban areas have electric plants, with an estimated
installed capacity ranging from 100 kw (Kelme) to 750 kw (Telshyay).
The now abandoned Sixth Five-Year Plan envisaged the
expansion of existing power installations and the construction of new
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power plants. The planned target for electric output in 1960 was 1060
million kw-hp almost double the 1955 output. Most of this increase was
to be provided by the new hydroelectric power plant under construction
on the Nn River near Kaunas (at Petrashunay, about 7.5 miles distant),
the first section of which is to be ready for operation in 1959. To
what extent the new plan may have postponed or changed the above goals
is not known. According to reports, the new Kaunas plant, upon com-
pletion, will make it possible to unite all republic power stations into
a single power system, which will be included in the NW power engineer-
ing system of the Soviet Union. Power from the plant will supply
electricity to such urban areas as Vilnyus, Kaunas, ShyauIyay, Paneve-
zhis, and Kapeukas and to over 500 collective farms and will permit elec-
trification of some RR lines. Several rural hydroelectric stations are
to be built, and the installed capacity of the heat and power plant at
ViInyus and of the Kaunas and Klaypeda thermal plants is to be increased.
Coal, which constitutes the power base for some industry,
must be imported from Silesia or the Donets Basin. The large peat
reserves in Lithuania, occupying more than 4 per cent of its territory,
account for over half the republic fuel balance (1955) and for over 40
per cent of the industrial fuel balance (1956). By Soviet admission,
the republic peat industry is technically so backward and so extremely
disorganized that the unit cost considerably surpasses that of coal.
The numerous peat enterprises are small and dispersed and primitively
operated, with little mechanization. The most important peat enter-
prises are located at Ezherelis, Shyaulyay, Kazlu-Ruda, and Rokishkis.
Known liquid fuels storage facilities (non-refinery)
exist at three locations, with a combined estimated capacity of
21,600 m.t. (see Table XXII).
Types of POL handled at Klaypeda reportedly include small
quantities of gasoline, kerosene, and petroleum products and bunkering
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TABLE XXII
PETROLEUM STORAGE FACILITIES
Installation
Target
Number
Estimated Installed
Capacity
(mt.)
Klaipeda Petroleum Products
Storage
0168-0131
10,000
Radviliskis Petroleum
Storage
0168-0550
6,000
Siauliai Petroleum
Storage
0168-0549
5,600
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facilities. POL is reported to be located at Panevezhis (probably
several hundred 200-liter steel drums and underground tanks).
It is anticipated that the Dashava-Minsk gas pipeline,
originating in the Ukraine and passing through Belorussia, will con-
tinue to Vilnyus and Riga.
4. Agriculture
Animal husbandry is the main branch of agriculture in
Litovskaya SSR. Chief emphasis is on dairy cattle and pig-raising.
Sheep and poultry are extensively raised, and some goats and horses.
Grain is the chief crop, and extensive growing of fodder crops supports
the meat and dairy economy. Long-fibred flax is a significant technical
crop. Lumbering is an important activity, providing the .basis for the
republic woodworking industry. The coastal fishing industry is also
significant. Agricultural products are among the republic's chief
export items?particularly meat, bacon, butter, flax, and lumber products.
Dairy livestock and pig-raising and the sowing of flax and
sugar beets predominate in the N part of the republic. The SE areas are
grain-and potato-growing regions, with developed pig-raising. Dairy
livestock and crops of sugar beets and flax have developed in the SW.
A suburban dairy-vegetable economy has grown up around Vilnyus in the
zone designated as Administrative Area A (refer to Map II).
Agricultural useful land comprises about 64.7 per cent of
the total area of the republic. Of this, about 87 per cent is operated
by collective farms and: 5.1 per cent by state farms. Private plots of
collective farm workers constitute about 5 per cent of the total collec-
tive farm lands.
?
TABLE XXIII
AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES: 1956
(at end of year)
Productive Upit Number
Collective Farms 1,874
State Farms 107
Machine Tractor Stations (MTS) 132
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In 1957,,there were reported to be 10 Mechanized Melioration
(NMS), probably engaged chiefly in swamp drainage. By 1957, the
? number of state farms had increased to 107, with specialization as shown
111
below:
Ppeciplization
No of State farms
Dairy farming
Vegetable raising
Pig raising
Meat and dairy farming
Poultry raising
Sugar beets
Wild animal raising
80
15
6
3
1
1
1
About 72 per cent of state farm lands are sown to crops, par-
ticularly fodder crops. State farms awn 4.9 per cent of republic total
horned cattle (including 3.5 per cent of total cows) and 11.1 per cent
of pigs.
At the end of 1956, agricultural enterprises in the republic
were served by 1,500 grain combines and 19,400 tractors (in terms of 15
HP units). Acreage served per tractor (319 acres) was about average for
the USSR as a whole (323 acres).
Livestock herds in the republic were considerably depleted
during the war years and during the period of collectivization when the
peasants wilfully slaughtered them in large numbers. Although current
statistics indicate replenishment and even a slight increase in the total
number of livestock compared to the prewar level, the deficit in beef and
dairy cattle has still not been made up.
TABLE XXIV
DISTRIBUTION OF LIVESTOCK: 1940, 1956
1940
Number of Head
Tye (in tholpands)
1956
Number of Head
(in thousands)
Per Cent
Increase or
Decrease
Horned Cattle
1,054
1,052
Incl. Cows
(482)
( 603)
(22.9)
Pigs
1,068
1,227
14.9
Sheep
611
798
30.6
Goats
Total
16
48
200.0,
3,531
3,728
5.6
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At the beginning of 1956, sown areas comprised 5,078,000
representing approximately 57.7 per cent of agriculturally useful
land. The 1956 sown acreage covered an area 17.7 per cent smaller than
in 1940, having decreased steadily since that year. The reported distri-
bution of crops among total sown areas is as follows:
Crop
Grain crops
Fodder crops
Potatoes and vegetables
Technical crops
In Per Cent
of Total
Sown Area
51.2
32.7
10.9
5.2
Grain sown acreage is about equally distributed between win-
ter and summer crops, consisting chiefly of rye and oats, with some wheat
and barley. Fodder crops are chiefly perennial grasses and silage, with
some corn. Potatoes are important for pig-raising. Of the technical
crops, long-fibied flax accounts for 3.8 per cent of the republic total
sown area and represents about 4.4 per cent of the USSR total area sown
to this crop (1956). Sugar beets are raised on 1.4 per cent of the repub-
lic sawn area.
The fishing industry in Lithuania accounts for about 2 per
cent (1955) of the total USSR fish catch. The coastal area in the Western
Economic Region provides approximately 95 per cent of the total republic
fish catch, although lake and river fishing supply local areas. Herring
constitutes about 70 per cent of the fish catch, which also includes
cod, carp, and related families.
the republic at the end of 1956.
It is probable that agricultural production in the republic,
There were 18 fishing collectives in
including crop and dairy yields, ? is currently still below the prewar
levels. Although the milk yield in the 3 Baltic republics generally sur-
passes that in the USSR as a whole, each produces less than in 1940, and
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Lithuanian milk yields are the lowest of the 3.
Complaints frequently appear in the Lithuanian press concern-
ing the low yields of grain crops and the great losses of grain during the
harvest. Shortcomings in the production of fodder are a deterrent to
the increase of livestock herds. The introduction in recent years of
corn as a fodder crop has not been successful, awing to lack of agro-
technical knowledge and unfavorable weather conditions of some years.
Collectivization, while implemented more gradually in
Lithuania than in the other Baltic republics, was virtually complete by
1950. By this time, the 360,000 individual peasant households had been
absorbed into the collectives. However, the Soviet goal of establishing
large collective farm villages is still far from realized, owing in part
to the difficulties and expense of new construction and probably in part
to the inertia or resistance of the peasants themselves. Most of the
farm workers continue to live in the individual farmsteads on scattered
holdings, and the resettlement program is carried forward only very
gradually.
V. Urban Areas (See Table VIII, page 32, for distribution of urban
population.) Litovskaya SSR contains the following urban
Vilnyusl/
Wilno,
Vilna)
areas:
54-41 N; 25-18 E.
TIS (Target 0168-9998), February 1956.
Population: 212,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: City of republic subordination.
Capital, Litovskaya SSR; administrative center,
Vilnyusskiy Rayon; controls 54 selsovets;
administrative center, Area A. Contains 4 urban
rayons: Dzherzhinskiy, Leninskiy, Sovetskiy,
Stalinskiy. Major Party, military, government,
internal security, civil defense, and economic
agencies of republic.
Military: Hq, 11th Air Defense Region (PV0); Hq,
16th Lith Rfl Div; Hq, U/I AA Regt, 16th Rfl Div;
Hq, 4th Lith MVD Div; Hq, 261st MVD Regt; Hq, 132nd
MVD Border Detachment. Reported Early Warning
Radar site.
Airfields: One Class 4 alternate defense base; one
Class 4 fighter recovery base; one Class 5 fighter
recovery base; one Class 5 "other" air base.
Refer to footnote 1, page 1.
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Transportation: Important RR junction: Directorate,
Lith RR System; Div Hq, Lith RR System; RR stations,
yards (incl. freight classification yards), and shops,
engine depot; steam engine house; locomotive and car
repair shop.
Economic: Industrial center of Eastern Lith Econ Region,
accounts for 25 per cent of total republic industrial
output. Major industries: metalworking (machine-
building); electrical and electronic; building
materials; woodworking; leather; and food prqcessing.
Industrial products: agricultural machinery and
equipment (est. 1.0 per cent of USSR output); radio
and television equipment (est. 2.7 per cent of USSR
output); machine tools; electric motors and meters;
electric appliances; peat-cutting machinery; rein-
forced concrete and concrete parts; silicate bricks
(one of largest such plants in Baltic area); fertili-
zer; furniture; painting equipment; oxygen; river
craft; cotton and wool textiles; footwear; clothing;
bakelite; automobile parts (planned plant); meat and
dairy products. One thermal power plant (est. cap.
10,400 kw); one heat and power plant (est. cap.
24,000 kw). Center of peat mining area. Center of
suburban-dairy vegetable raising area.
Educational: Litovskaya SSR Academy of Sciences; Vilnyus
State University; State Pedagogical Institute; State
Conservatory; State Art Institute; Branch of USSR
Juridical Correspondence Institute; RR Institute; RR
technological school; RR transport tekhnikum; agricul-
tural tekhnikum (2); mechanized agriculture tekhnikum;
forestry tekhnikum; commercial tekhnikum; midwives'
school; nurses' pediatrics school; library science
tekhnikum; factory training school (3); dentistry
school.
Kaunas 54-54 N; 23-54 E.
(Kovno) TIS (Target 0168-9999), 14 July 1952.
Population: 207,000 ('1958 est.)
Administrative: City of republic subordination; admin-
istrative center, Kaunasskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Panemunskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls 3
urban settlements (Kulautuva, Ezherelis, and Kacher-
gine)and more than 40 selsovets.
Military: Hq, 31 Gds Rfl Div; Hq, U/I AA Regt, 31 Gds
Rfl Div (Field); Hq, Lith MVD Border District.
Airfields: . One Class 4 fighter recovery base; one
Class 5 "other" air base.
Transportation: Important RR junction. Div Hq, Lith
RR System; RR stations (2), yards and shops; engine
depot; steam engine house. Main river port on Neman.
Economic: Industrial center of South Central Lith Peon
Region; first industrial city of republic, accounts
for 28 per cent of total republic industrial output.
Major industries: metalworking; machinebuilding;
munitions; RR repair; river shipbuilding and repair;
paper; chemical; light; food proeessing (particularly
meat-packing); woodworking. Industrial products:
small arms (est. 1.4 per cent of USSR output); tur-
bines; heating equipment; agricultural machinery,
parts, and implements; small sheet metal and wire
products; paper; lumber; furniture; rubber goods;
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paint;
paint; pharmaceuticals; insulin; footwear (present
plant to expand to largest of kind in Baltic repub-
lics); silk, wool, and cotton textiles; resin;
bricks. One thermal power plant (est. cap. 31,000
kw); large hydroelectric power plant (first on
Neman River) under construetion Orianned upon com-
pletion in 1959 to double republic alectric ;.wet
output).
Educational: Kaunas State 'University; ) scientific
research institutes of Litovskaya SSR Academy of
Sciences; RR institute; polytechnieal institute;
medical institute; agricultural academy; veterinaty
academy; physical culture academy; ship repair
school; 7 trade institutes.
Klaypeda 55-43 N; 21-09 E.
(Klaipeda, TIS (Target 0168-9990), 26 June 1953.
Memel) Population: 89,000 (1958 est.)
AdMinistrative: City of republic subordination,
Klaypedskiy Rayon; City Executive Committee con-
trols 4 urban settlements (Girulyay, Nida, Preyla,
and Yuodkrante).
Military: Principal port and naval base: provides
limited logistic and operational support to limited
number of light surface forces; could provide logis-
tic and operational support to limited number of
submarines. Hq, 23rd MVD Border Detachment.
Reported Early Warning Radar site.
Airfields: One Class 5 reserve base; one Class 7 sea-
plane base.
Transportation: Large maritime port and rail -river -
highway junction. RR station, yards, and shops
(reported steam locomotive engine house).
Economic: Industrial center of Western Lith Econ
Region, accounts for over 20 per cent of total repub-
lic industrial output. Major industries: shipbuild-
ing and repair (est. 1.0 per cent of USSR cap.);
cellulose and woodworking (significant)) incl. paper;
food processing; important fishing (with fish process-
ing); chemical; textile; amber processing (center for
Soviet Baltic coast). Industrial products: cellu-
lose; paper; superphosphate fertilizer; sulphuric acid
(0.25 per cent of USSR cap.); port equipment, textile
machinery; lumber; plywood; furniture; matches; tex-
tiles (cotton); amber; veneer; bricks. One thermal
power plant (est. cap. 22,000 kw). Liquid fuels
storage (non-refinery; est. cap. 10,000 m.t.).
Educational: Maritime navigation school; naval engineer-
ing and shipbuilding school; pedagogical institute;
teachers' institute; fishing academy; agricultural
tekhnikum; music school;'nursing school; trade school;
factory training school.
Shyaulyay 55-56 N; 23-19 E. ? .
(Siauliai, TIS (Target 0168-9932), November 1955.
Shavli) Population: 53,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: City of republic subordiftation; admin-
istrative center, Shyaulyayskiy Rayon (absorbed part
of Panemunskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 36 selsovets.
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Airfield: One Class 1 primary bomber base (only Class
1 airfield in republic).
Transportation: Important rail-highway junction.
Div Hq, Lith RR System; RR station, yards (incl.
classification yard), and shops (reported locomotive
repair shop); engine depot; steam engine house.
gamals: Industrial center of North Centra Lith Eton
Region, accounts for about 7 per cent of total repub-
lic industrial output. Major industries: metalwork-
ing; bicycle manufacture (all-union importance);
leather; woodworking; building materials; peat process-
ing (one of leading peat enterprises); food process-
ing (incl. meat and dairy processing). .Industrial
products: bicycles; agricultural implements; metal-
ware; leather footwear; paper; furniture; textiles
(linen and wool); knitwear; alabaster; bricks. 2
thermal power plants (est. cap. 8,000 and 5,000 kw,
respectively), liquid fuels storage (non-refinery;
est. cap. 5,600 m.t.). Center of peat mining and
gypsum quarrying area. Center of agricultural area:
rye, wheat, barley; flax; sugar beets; potatoes;
dairy livestock; pigs; poultry.
Educational: Advanced pedagogical school; teacher
training school; agro-zooveterinary school; school for
nursing and obstetrics; music school.
Panevezhis 55-44 N; 24-21 E.
(Panevezys) Population: 38,000 (1958 est.)
Mattatrarts City of republic subordination; admin-
istrative center, Panevezhskiy Rayon; controls 43 sel-
sovets.
Airfield: One Class 3 alternate bomber ;base.
Transportation: Important RR junction. Div Hq, Lith RR
System; engine depot; steam engine house.
Emamia: Sugar and flour-,milling (most important in
republic accounted for 37.8 per cent of total republic
output of granulated sugar in 1955); metalworking;
chemical; textile; lumber. Industrial products: dairy
and grain products; furniture; scales; alcoholic bev-
erages; linen (one of largest linen mills in republic);
soap. Thermal power plant (est. cap. 1,600 kw).
Center of agricultural area: rye; oats; barley; flax;
sugar beets; potatoes; livestock.
Educational: School for obstetrics; pedagogical institute;
hydro-amelioration tekhnikum.
Kapsukas 54-34 N; 23-21 E.
(igariyam- hpplation: 18,000 (1958 est.)
polye) Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; administra-
tive center, Kapsukskiy Rayon (formerly Nariyampol-
skiy Rayon); controls 43 selsovets.
Hq? 94th IND Border Detachment.
TEAMMXtation: RR station.
Bagmata: Major industries: food and other light indus-
tries. Plants: sugar plant; electric-mechanical
shop; cast-iron foundry; furniture factory. Two elec-
tric power plants. Center of peat mining area. Center
of agricultural area: agar beets; grain; potatoes;
dairy cattle; pigs.
Educational: Pedagogical institute; zootekhnikum.
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Novo-Nilnyal/ 54-42 N; 25-25 E.
(Novo- rstmlAntkii: 13,000 (1958 est.)
Vileyka) Al.allteLaivel_t: City of republic subordination;
administrative center, Novo-Vilnyasskiy Rayon; con-
trols 32 selsovets.
augozta_tioil: RR junction.
Major industries: metalworking; machine-
building; woodworking. Industrial products: agri-
cultural machinery; machine tools; prefabricated
houses; painting apparatus; lime; yeast; meat
products.
Teachers' institute.
Ukmerge
55-15 N; 24-46 E.
Polon: 13,000 (1958 est.)
AsiminjakitIlmq: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Ukmergskiy Rayon (former administra-
tive center of abolished Smelyayskiy Rayon, part of
which was absorbed into Ukmergskiy Rayon in July
1955); controls more than 27 selsovets.
Transportation: Rail terminus.
Economic: Major industry: woodworking.
Furniture combine; furnace foundry; butter plant;
incubator-poultry station. Electric power plant.
Center of agricultural area:flax; dairy livestock.
Alitus 54-24 N; 24-03 E.
(Alytus)PoJ___ma_tiont 10,000 (1958 est.)
AktniEtnatiza: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Alitusskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Druskininkskiy Rayon abolished July 1955); controls
more than 23 selsovets.
graejzi: One Class 5 fighter recovery base.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Flour milling; sawmilling; small plants of
agricultural machine building (small plants);
kerosene-resin plant.
liealth: Tuberculosis sanatoria.
Birzhay 56-12 N; 24-45 E.
(Birzai) Population: 109000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Birzhayskiy Rayon; controls one
urban settlement (Likenay) and 31 selsovets.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Flax spinning-weaving. Center of gypsum
quarrying and agricultural area: flax; dairying;
timber processing.
Taurage
55-15 N; 22-17 E.
J.19,3m,t_tian: 10,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Tauragskiy Rayon; controls 29
selsovets.
TraILsm-tation: RR station.
Econamics Food and ligheindustry centgr: brick plant;
meat combine; large vegetable drying plant (planned
for 1958); ceramic blocks and clay tile plant. Center
of agricultural area: rye; wheat; oats; barley; flax;
meat and dairy livestock.
Educational: Music school.
e er o oo no e p. 1.
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Vilkavishkis 54-39 N; 23-02 E.
1312m1_.atlati: 8,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Vilkavishkskiy Rayon; controls 34
selsovets.
Economic: Food and light industry center: clothing fac-
tory; horseshoe plant; copper plant; fruit and vege-
table cannery planned. Two electric power stations.
Kedaynyay 55-17 N; 23-58 E.
(Kedainiai, lawlati_aa: 7,000 (1958 est.)
Keydan) agjalatzt, Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kedaynskiy Rayon; controls 39 sel-
sovets.
___Liel4Aift One Class 2 alternate bomber base.
Transporatlan: Rail-river-highway junction.
Economic: Tannery; fruit and vegetable cannery and large
sugar plant planned. Center of agricultural area:
flax; sugar beets; meat and dairy cattle.
Kibartay 54-38 N; 22-47 E.
Pstmla;on: 7,000 (1958 est.)
Administratives Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kibartskiy Rayon; controls one town
of rayon subordination (Virbalis) and 19 selsovets.
Tra_ram_rtation: RR station.
Economic: Power mill; metalworking plant (sheet iron
articles); 2 brick plants. Center of agricultural
area: rye; oats; potatoes; meat and dairy livestock.
Mazheykyay 56-19 N; 22-21 E.
(Mazeikiai) haglation: 7,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Mazheykskiy Rayon; controls 33
selsovets.
Military Reported underground base for guided
missiles and storage area for V-2 type missiles.
Tramportations RR junction; end of Lith RR System.
Economic: Flax processing; brewery; shoe factory.
Center of peat cutting area. Center of agricultural
area: meat and dairy cattle; grain; fodder.
Radvilishkis 55-49 N; 23-32 E.
(Radvilis- g2pu1ations 7,000 (1958 est.)
kis) Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Radvilishkskiy Rayon; controls 24
selsovets.
m.t.19LTiis Div Hq, Lith RR System; engine depot;
steam engine house; car repair shop.
Economics Building materials center; auto repair shops;
glass works; butter-dairy plants; mill. One thermal
power plant (est. cap. 9,000 kw). Liquid fuels stor-
age (non-refinery; est. cap. 6,000 ?, m t )
_? Center of
agricultural area: wheat; rye; sugar beets; potatoes;
meat and dairy livestock.
Raseynyay 55-23 N; 25-08 E.
(Raseiniai) 7,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Raseynskiy Rayon; controls 39 sel-
sovets.
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Economics Brick plant; cheese and butter plants;
clothing factory; incubator station. Center of
peat mining area. Center of agricultural area:
rye; wheat; oats; barley; sugar beets; flax;
potatoes; fodder grass; meat and dairy livestock.
Utena 55-30 N; 25-36 E.
Emaltiaft: 7,000 (1958 est.)
,iklip_trAgyA: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Utenskiy Rayon; controls 40 sel-
sovets.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Butter plant. Center of agricultural area:
flax; meat and dairy livestock.
Ionishkis
Kalvariya
Plunge
56-15 N; 23-37 E.
Population: 6,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Ionishkskiy Rayon; controls 28 sel-
sovets.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Creamery plant; 2 mills (probably agricul-
tural processing). Center of agricultural area:
grain and potatoes; dairy cattle and pigs.
54-25 N; 23-14 E.
Population: 6,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; admin-
istrative center, KaIvariyskiy Rayon; controls
37 selsovets.
Transportation: Rail-river-highway junction.
Economic: Food industry enterprises. Electric power
plant (reported cap. 200 kw). Center of agricultural
area: grain; sugar beets; flax; potatoes; livestock.
55-55 N; 21-51 E.
Population: 6,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Plungeskiy Rayon; controls 31 sel-
sovets.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Brick plant; sawmill; linen-weaving plant;
large sugar plant (planned); inter-rayon electro-
mechanical workshop. Center of agricultural area:
. rye', wheat; potatoes; flaxseeds; dairy cattle and
pigs.
Rokishkis 55-58 N; 25-35 E.
Luglation: 6,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Rokishkskiy Rayon; controls one
urban settlement (ruodupe) and 30 selsovets.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Textile and metalworking industries; peat
? enterprise. Center of agricultural area: flax; sugar
beets; rye; wheat; oats; potatoes; flax processing;
dairy livestock; lumbering..
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Telshyay 55-59 N; 22-15 E.
(Telshi, Population: 6,000 (1958 est.)
Telsiai) Administrative: Town of rayon subordinqition; admin-
istrative center, Telshyayskiy Rayon; controls 34
selsovets.
Economic: Food and light industry center: knitwear
factory; fruit canning combine. Electric power plant
(reported cap. 750 kw). Center of agricultural area:
wheat; barley; oats; corn; flax; sugar beets; cattle;
pigs; sheep.
Educational: Institute of applied arts.
?
Anikshchyay 55-33 N; 25-07 E.
Zaml....atiati: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Anikshchyayskiy.Rayon; controls 43
selsovets.
Druskininkay 54-02 N; 23-59 E.
Population: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: City of republic subordination; for-
mer administrative center of Druskininkskiy Rayon,
abolished July 1955. Now located in Varenskiy Rayon.
Irangportation: RR station.
Economic: Center of timber area. Hydroelectric power
plant nearby.
Pealth: Resort of national importance: mineral springs;
peat soil; sanatoria; medicinal baths; treatment of
patients with illnesses of stomach and intestines and
metabolic disorders.
Ionava 55-05 N; 24-17 E.
(Jonava) Population: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; administra-
tive center, Ionavskiy Rayon; controls 27 selsovets.
Militam: Reported guided missile launching site (large
V-2 installations and experimental works).
Irammotation: RR junction.
Economic: Furniture factory; brick plant. ?eat extrac-
tion. Center of agricultural area: flax; dairy cattle
breeding.
Kretinga 55-54 N; 21-15 E.
Taw_l_a_tion_: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kretingskiy Rayon; controls 30 sel-
sovets.
Military: Reported guided missile launching site (pos-
sible rocket storage).
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Food and light industry center: woolen mill;
brick works; tannery; woodworking combine (furniture);
land reclamation station. Center of agricultural
area: grain; flax; dairy livestock; pigs; poultry.
gm.p_gntor_m_a7, School for agricultural specialists.
Pagegyay 55-08 N; 21-56 E.
g2pu1ation: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; administra-
tive center, Pagegskiy Rayon; controls 27 selsovets.
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Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Woodworking enterprises; mill. Center of
agricultural area: rye; wheat; flax; sugar beets;
potatoes; livestock.
Palanga 55-55 N; 21-03 E.
Population: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: City of republic subordination,
Kretingskiy Rayon.
Military: Reported guided missile launching site
(11-2 ); reported Early Warning Radar site.
Airfield: One Class 2 primary defense base.
Economics Furniture shop; brick plant; amber process-
ing enterprises.
Health: One of main republic seaside resorts; sana-
torium for nervous disorders; aeroheliotherapy; 3
general therapy sanatoria; 2 rest homes; polyclinic.
Prenay 54-38 N; 23-57.E.
(Prienai) poulation: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Prenayskiy Rayon; controls one urban
settlement (Birshtonas) and 49 selsovets.
Airfield: One Class 5 reserve base.
Economic: Flour milling; woodworking. Center of agri-
cultural area: rye; wheat; barley; oats; buckwheat;
flax; sugar beets; potatoes; cattle; pigs.
Virbalis
54-38 N; 22-49 E.
Population: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town bf rayon subordination, Kibartskiy
Rayon.
Yurbarkas 55-04 N; 22-46 E.
(Jurbarkas) Population: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Yurbarkskiy Rayon; controls one town
of rayon subordination (Smalininkay) and 30 selsovets.
Transportation: River port on Neman River.
Economic: River ship repair.
Zarasay 55-44 N; 26-15 E.
(Zarasai) 22pulation: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; admin-
istrative center, Zarasayskiy Rayon; controls 24
selsovets.
Egarmak: Creamery; fishery; starch-syrup plant.
Center of agricultural area: rye; oats; potatoes;
dairy cattle; pigs; poultry.
Zhagare
56-22 N; 23-16 E.
Eggyagulan: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; admin-
istrative center, Zhagarskiy Rayon; controls 29
' selsovets.
lagnOlia2 Creamery-cheese plant. Center of agricul-
turalearea: wheat; rye; oats; potatoes; dairy
cattle.
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Kudirkos- 54-47 N; 22-53 E.
Naumestis Population: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Naumestskiy Rayon; controls 36 sel-
sovets.
Economic: Flax processing plant. Hydroelectric power
station. Center of agricultural area: rye; wheat;
barley; oats; flax; potatoes; sugar beets; dairy
cattle; pigs.
Kupishkis 55-50 N; 24-58 E.
Population: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administratim: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kupishkskiy Rayon; controls 32
selsovets.
Economic: Casein plant; local industrial combine and
large mill; lumber industry. Center of agricultural
area: dairy livestock; pigs; poultry; rye; oats.
Kurshenay 56-00 N; 22-56 E.
(Kursenai) Population: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kurshenskiy Rayon; controls 26
selsovets.
Economic: Large ceramic-pipe plant; other plants for
wall blocks, tile, and insulation materials under
construction in 1956. Center of agricultural area:
grain; potatoes; sugar beets; dairy livestock; pigs.
Pabrade 54-59 N; 25-46 E.
Population: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Pabradskiy Rayon; controls 23
selsovets.
Transportation: End of Lith RR System; RR station.
Economic: Carton factory; creamery; industrial
logging camp. Center of agricultural area: rye;
wheat; oats; potatoes; flax; fruit; fish breeding;
meat and dairy livestock.
Pasvalis
56-04 N; 24-24 E.
Ecwiall.pri: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Pasvalskiy Rayon; controls 33
selsovets.
Transportation: RR station.
Economic: Flour-milling enterprises. Electric power
plant (reported cap. 120 kw).
Health: Resort; sulphate -hydrocarbonate -calcium
mineral springs; peat soil.
Sheduva 55-45 N; 23-45 E.
1.29Mi_l_itian.: 4,000 (1958 est.) ?
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Sheduvskiy Rayon; controls 41 sel-
sovets.
Economic: Local industry. Center of agricultural
area: rye; wheat; barley; oats; corn; flax; sugar
beets; potatoes; meat and dairy livestock raising and
breeding.
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Shvenchenelyay 55-10 N; 26-01 E.
Population:. 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Shvenchenelskiy Rayon; controls 22
selsovets.
Transportation: RR junction; steam engine house.
Economic: Center of agricultural area: grain; potatoes;
flax; dairy livestock.
Educational: Pedagogical institute.
Skuodas
Trakay
Eyshishkes
Kelme
Lazdiyay
Lentvaris
56-16 N; 21-31 E.
Population: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Skuodasskiy Rayon; controls 25
selsovets.
Transportation: End of Lith RR System.
Economic: Creamery; mill. Center of agricultural
area: rye; wheat; oats; barley; corn; flax; sugar
beets; dairy livestock.
54-43 N; 24-56 E.
Population: 4,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Trakayskiy Rayon; controls one town
of rayon subordination (Lentvaris) and 32 selsovets.
Economic: Center of peat cutting area.
54-10 N; 25-00 E.
Population: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Eyshishkskiy Rayon; controls 30
selsovets.
Economic: Mill (probably agricultural processing).
Hydroelectric power station. Center of agricul-
tural area: vegetables; flax; dairy and meat
livestock.
55-38 N; 22-57E.
122m2...oq: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kelmeskiy Rayon; controls 21 selsovets.
Economic: Electric power plant (reported 100 kw cap.).
54-14 N; 23-32 E.
12s212__atip_a: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination: adminis-
trative center, Lazdiyskiy Rayon; controls 35 sel-
sovets.
Economic: Sawmill; butter plant. Center of agricul-
tural area: grain; potatoes; flax; sugar beets;
dairy livestock; pigs.
54-39 N; 25-03 E.
Pol_matjal: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Admire.: Town of rayon subordination, Trakay-
'
.skiy Rayon.
Tra_smarlatim: RR junction.
Economic: Machinebuilding and metilvorkiag center:
technical equipment plant; castiroa foundry for
sanitary-engineering articles; first nag factory of
republic (under construction, 1957).
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Prekule
Salantay
Shakyay
Shirvintos
SECRET
55-33 N; 21-20 E.
3,000 (1958 est.)
Town of rayon subordination; administra-
tive center, Prekulskiy Rayon; controls 29 selsovets.
augmittitisa: RR station.
Economic: Butter-cheese plant. Center of agricultural
area: rye; wheat; oats; barley; flax; potatoes;
meat and dairy cattle; fishing.
56-03 N; 21-33 E.
kaglatlag: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Salantayskiy Rayon; controls 24
selsovets.
Economic: Butter plant; other small enterprises.
Center of agricultural area: wheat; rye; barley;
oats; flax; meat and dairy livestock.
54-57 N; 23-02 E.
Population: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination;
trative center, Shakyayskiy Rayon; controls
selsovets.
k_or_m_iic: Center of agricultural area: rye;
flax; dairy livestock; pig breeding.
adminis -
48
potatoes;
55-03 N; 24-58 E.
gm1141102: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Shirvintskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Smelyayskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 32 selsovets.
Eagn2mia: Center of agricultural area: rye; wheat;
corn; flax; potatoes; dairy cattle.
Shvenchenis 55-09 N; 26-10 E.
(Shvenchionis) foulation: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Shvenchenskiy Rayon; controls 32
selsovets.
Transportation: End of Lith RR System; RR station.
Economic: Butter plant; factory for processing of
medicinal herbs; incubator-poultry station; enter-
prises of local industry. Center of peat mining
area. Center of agricultural area: flax;. peren-
nial grasses; corn; dairy livestock.
Varena
Birshtonas
54-15 N; 24-33 E.
Population: 3,000 (1958 est.)
Ainiatve: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Varenskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Druskininkskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 20 selsovets.
Transportation: End of Lith RR System; RR station.
Economic: Mill; carton factory; other industrial
enterprises; large vegetable drying plant planned.
Electric power station.
54-37 N; 24-02 E.
lgRalatian: 2,000 (1958 est.)
AilmlnAptrative: Urban settlement, Prenayskiy Rayon.
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Kachergine
SECRET
Health: Mineral springs resort of national importance.
54-56 N; 23-39 E.
Daulation: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, formerly in
Panemunskiy Rayon (abolished July 1955); now located
in Kaunasskiy Rayon.
Economic: River fishing.
Health: Resort.
Kayshyadoris 54-52 N; 24-28 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kayshyadorskiy Rayon (absorbed part
of Zhezhmarskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 25 3elsovets.
Inummtltiaa: RR junction.
Economic: Glue plant (glue, soap, bone meal); creamery;
woodworking enterprises; mill. Center of agricul-
tural area: flax; dairy cattle.
Kazlu -Ruda
Linkuva
54-45 N; 23-27 E.
12pu1ation: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kazlu -Rudskiy Rayon; controls 34
selsovets.
Economic: Peat mining.
56-03 N; 23-59 E.
12m1jri:Ln: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Linkuvskiy Rayon; controls 31
selsovets.
Nemenchine 54-51 N; 25-29 E.
(Nemenchin)12(2.e.tion: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Nemenchinskiy Rayon; controls 36
selsovets.
Economic: Center of peat mining area. Fishing;
lumbering.
Retavas
Seda
Shilute
55-44N; 21-56 E.
Toulation: 29000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Retavskiy Rayon; controls 31
selsovets.
56-10 N; 22-06 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Sedaskiy Rayon; controls 32 selsovets.
Economic: Mill; creamery. Center of agricultural
area: wheat; rye; barley; oats; flax; potatoes;
vegetables; cattle; pigs; sheep; poultry.
55-20 N; 21-29 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination;
administrative center, Shilutskiy Rayon; controls
one town of rayon subordination (Rusne) and 42
selsovets.
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glib
Skaudvile
SECRET
Itarj?m/?4.1.0.: RR station.
Economic: Furniture factory; sawmill; distillery;
butter-cheese dairy; groats plant; flour mill;
peat plant. Center of agricultural area: grain;
potatoes; flax; livestock.
Educational: Agricultural school; agricultural mechan-
ization school; medical school.
55-24 N; 22-35 E.
Populstion: 2,000 (1958 est.)
AdainistratIme: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Skaudvilskiy Rayon; controls 36
selsovets.
gammig: Ceramic and woodworking industries; creamery;
mill. Center of agricultural area: rye; wheat;
corn; flax; sugar beets; meat-dairy livestock; horti-
culture.
Smalininkay 55-05 N; 22-35 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination,
Yurbarkskiy Rayon.
Tramportation: River port.
Economic: Hydroelectric power plant planned.
Educational: Agricultural mechanization tekhnikum.
Varnyay
Vevis
Viikiya
Akmyane
Aregala
55-44 N; 22-23 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination;
administrative center, Varnyayskiy Rayon; controls
29 selsovets.
54-46 N; 24-50 E.
Pol_m_,,atjm: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Agmillistrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Vevisskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Zhezhmarskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 27 selsovets.
55-03 N; 23-36 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Vilkiyskiy Rayon; controls 33
selsovets.
56-15 N; 22-45 E.
limplation: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Akmyanskiy Rayon; controls one urban
settlement (Nauyeyi Akmyane) and 36 selsovets.
Economic: Cement plant; large silicate blocks plant.
Center of area of limestone deposits.
55-16 N; 23-29 E.
Fsm2Lt.tlga.: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordlpation; adminis-
trative center, Aregalskiy Rayon; controls 36
selsovets.
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Daugay
Dotnuva
Dukshtas
Dusetos
Ezherelis
Girulyay
Ignalina
SECRET
54-22 N; 24-22 E.
Eugltiat: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Daugayskiy Rayon; controls 22
selsovets.
55-22 N; 23-53 E.
loplation; 1,000 (1958 est.)
Mminiptrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Dotnuvskiy Rayon; controls 41
selsovets.
Tramgm_p_tis2Li: RR station.
Economic: Center of agricultural area: grain selec-
tion station; probably some technical crops.
Educational: Agricultural academy.
54-49 N; 24-59 E.
1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Dukshtasskiy Rayon; controls 24
selsovets.
ZEEmapar: RR junction.
Economic: Center of agricultural area: flax; grain;
dairy cattle breeding.
55-45 N; 25-51 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Dusetskiy Rayon; controls 34
selsovets.
54-53 N; 23-37 E.
.119.M.L.....8:04)112 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Kaunasskiy Rayon.
Economic: One of republic's leading peat enterprises.
55-46 N; 21-05 E.
Emlatian: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Klaypedskiy Rayon;
subordinate to Klaypeda City Executive Committee.
Health: Resort.
55-20 N; 26-10 E.
TsmlAtion: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Ignalinskiy Rayon; controls 44
selsovets.
Economic: Large vegetable drying plant planned.
Ionishkelis 56-02 N; 24-12 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Ionishkelskiy Rayon; controls 32
selsovets.
Kovarskas 55-27 N; 24-56 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Kovarskiy Rayon; controls 29
selsovets.
Economic: Rayon industrial combine. Center of agri-
cultural area: rye; oats; wheat; potatoes; flax;
dairy cattle.
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Kulautuva
SECRET
54-56 N; 23-36 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Kaunasskiy Rayon.
.Health: Resort; 2 tuberculosis sanatoria.
Likenay 56-12 N; 24-37 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Birzhayskiy Rayon.
Health: Mineral springs resort of national impor-
tance; medicinal mud and sulphur springs; treat-
ment for diseases of organs of movement and sup-
port, disorders of cardio-vascular and nervous sys-
tems, and metabolic disturbances (gout, obesity).
Moletay 55-14 N; 25-26 E.
..P.2s5121.Mon: 12000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Moletskiy Rayon; controls 31
selsovets.
Economic: Center of agricultural area: rye; flax;
potatoes; meat and dairy cattle; processing of
agricultural products; fishing.
Nauyeyi.Akmyane 56-19 N; 22-54 E.
(Karpenai) Ponulation: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Akmyanskiy Rayon.
Nida
Obyalyay
Pakruois
Pandelis
55-18 N; 21-01 E.
12_a_w_l.ation: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Klaypedskiy Rayon;
subordinate to Klaypeda City Executive Committee.
Military: Reported Early Warning Raplar site.
Economic: Fishing industry.
Health: Seaside resort.
55-57 N; 25-48 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Obyalskiy Rayon; controls 24
selsovets.
Economic: Alcohol distillery. Center of agricultural
area: grain; flax; cattle; pigs; sheep.
55-58 N; 23-52 E.
ggpulation: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Pakruoyskiy Rayon; controls 26
selsovets.
Zritnsmrttisa: RR station.
Economic: Mill; lime plant. Center of agricultural
area: rye; oats; potatoes; livestock; seed growing.
56-02 N; 25-14 E. ,
TgRalation: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative:. Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Pandelskiy Rayon; controls 25 sel-
sovets.
Transuortation; RR station.
Economia: Center of agricultural area: rye; wheat;
barley; sugar beets; long-fibred flax; livestock;
agricultural processing plant.
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Preyla
(Preila)
Ramigala
Rusne
SECRET
55-22 N; 21-04 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Klaypedskiy Rayon;
subordinate to Klaypeda City Executive Committee.
Economic: Fishing industry.
55-31 N; 24-19 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Ramigalskiy Rayon; controls 43
selsovets.
Economic: Butter plant; mill. Center of agricultural
area: rye; wheat; barley; potatoes; flax; sugar
beets; meat and dairy livestock.
55-18 N; 21-22 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon
Rayon.
Transportation: River port.
Economic: Docks; repair works
processing plant.
subordination, Shilutskiy
for river boats; fish
Shalchininkay 54-23 N; 25-23 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Shalchininkskiy Rayon; controls 33 ?
selsovets.
Economic: Alcohol and tar distilling plants; mill.
Center of peat cutting area. Center of agricultural
area: meat and dairy cattle raising; rye; oats;
barley; potatoes; flax.
Shilale
Simnas
Tituvenay
Troshkunay
55-29 N; 22-11 E.
EURIIII211: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Shilalskiy Rayon; controls 31
selsovets.
Economic: Butter plant. Center of agricultural area:
grain; potatoes; livestock.
54-23 N; 23-39 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Simnasskiy Rayon; controls 28
selsovets.
Economic: Center of agricultural area: wheat; sugar
beets; meat and dairy livestock.
55-36 N; 23-13 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Tituvenskiy Rayon; controls 26
selsovets.
55-35 N; 24-53 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis.:
trative center, Troshkunskiy Rayon; controls 30
selsovets.
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Uzhventis
SECRET
55-47 N; 22-38 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Uzhventskiy Rayon; controls 24
selsovets.
Vabalninkas 55-59 N; 24-45 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Vabalninkskiy Rayon; controls 20
selsovets.
Veyseyay
Yeznas
Yuodkrante
(Juodkrante)
Yuodupe
54-06 N; 23-42 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Veyseyskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Druskininkskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 20 selsovets.
54-36 N; 24-10 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Town of rayon subordination; adminis-
trative center, Yeznasskiy Rayon (absorbed part of
Zhezhmarskiy Rayon, abolished July 1955); controls
more than 29 selsovets.
Economic: Milling combine. Center of agricultural
area: grain; potatoes; dairy cattle..
55-33 N; 21-08 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Klaypedskiy Rayon;
subordinate to Klaypeda City Executive Committee.
Economic: Fishing industry.
Health: Seaside resort.
56-05 N; 25-37 E.
Population: 1,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: Urban settlement, Rokishkskiy Rayon.
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ADDENDUM
Since completion of the foregoing report, additional statis?
tical material from recent Soviet sources has become available. The
following tables, based on the new information, are of interest with
reference to the specified sections of the report.
Refer to Section II. Population, Labor Force, and Ethnic
Composition. Part D. Labor Force.
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TABLE A
ESTIMATED NUMBER OF WORKERS AND EMPLOYEES
BY BRANCH OF NATIONAL ECONOMY:
1958
Branch of Economy. (in thousands)
1958
Per Cent
of Total
W and E
Industry/
171
30.7
Construction
42
7.5
MTS
39
7.0
State farms
41
7.3
Lumber industry
14
2.5
Transport:
50
8.9
Rail
(19)
(3.4)
Water
(3)
(0.5)
Auto and other
(28)
(5.0)
Communications
9
1.6
Government
19
3.4
Trade, finance, and
supply and distribution
30
5.4
Public catering
8
1.4
Education
60
10.7
Public Health
33
5.9
Credit and insurance
institutions
4
0.7
Other
7 0
Total
_12
559
100.0
Per Cent
Women
41
18
5
47
I
na
na
II,
53
83
68
81
V
na
40
11 Includes 5,200 in subsidiary industrial enterprises at construc-
tion sites.
2/ Women comprise 25 per cent of W and E in Transport and Communi-
cations.
2/ Women comprise 45 per cent of W and E In Government and Credit
and Insurance Institutions.
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TABLE B
NUMBER OF WORKERS BY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY: 195511
(in per cent of total industrial workers)
Branch of Industry
Electric power stations
and power economy-
Peat Industry
Machinebuilding and metal-
working
Timber cutting
Woodworking industry
Paper industry
Building materials industry
Printing and publishing
industry
Light industry
Food industry
Per Cent of Total Industrial Workers
1.5
4.6
22.0
5.1
8.9
1.8
8.2
1.5
27.5
15.6
1/ Data cited for state and cooperative industry (including industrial
enterprises of collective farms).
TABLE C
NUMBER OF WORKERS BY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY IN
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL CENTERS: 1955
(in per cent of total industrial workers in city)
Branch of Industry
Vilnvus
Kaunas
ELIMMII
21M-L121a
Machinebuilding and
metalworking
31.1
19.2
16.5
21.3
Building materials
production
5.5
3.8
1.1
4.5
Woodworking and paper
industry
8.11/
9.7
18.9
7.3
Light industry
33.2
48.4
24.8
39.4
Food industry
10.8
9.4
35.0
12.3
Per cent in lumber and woodworking industry.
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Refer to Section IV; Socio-Economic Factors. Part F. Economic
Characteristics. Subsection 2. Industry. Subsection 3. Fuels and
Power.
TABLED
INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION BY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY: 19551/
(in per cent of republic gross industrial
production)
Branch of Industry Per Cent
Fuel industry
1.6
Electric power stations and
power economy
3.0
Chemical industry
0.8
Machinebuilding and metalworking
16.2
Timber cutting and woodworking industry
8.5
Paper industry
2.7
Building materials industry
4.5
Light industry
31.9
Food industry
26.7
Total
95.9
1../ Based on data for gross production, in wholesale prices, of enter-
prises as of 1 January 1952.
TABLE E
IMPORTANT INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION IN MAJOR CITIES: 19551/
(in per cent of republic total production in category)
Category Per Cent
Vilnyus
Electric power
25.3
Electric meters
100.0
Brick
16.1
Kaunas
Electric power
26.9
Boilers for heating
92.5
Paper
57.9
Brick
15.3
Wool cloth
55.6
Silk cloth
100.0
Klaypeda
Electric power
21.9
Paper
16.7
Cotton cloth
77.3
Shyaulyay
Electric power
10.1
Bicycles
100.0
1/ Refer to Table XIX: Reported Industrial Production: 1955, 1956.
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?
Refer to Section III. Psychological and Sociological Factors. Part D. Educational and Cultural Facilities.
TABLE F
SPECIALISTS EMPLOYED IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY AS OF 1 JANUARY 19561/
(by degree of education and by category)
Category
Higher Education
(in thousands)
Per Cent
of
Total
With Middle Special
Education
(in thousands)
Per Cent
of Total
Total
Specialists
(in thousands)
Per Cent of
Republic
Total
Engineers/technicians
4 . 72/
18.8
,
5.82/
16.9
10.5
17.6
criLxiLxi
Agronomists, zootechnicians,
veterinary doctors, and
0-1
foresters
Doctors/Medical workers
2.3
4.14/
9.2
16.4
3.0
8.95/
8.7
25.9
5.3
13.0
8.9
21.9
Lxi
Lxi
1-3
Teachers, economists,
commodity specialists,
lawyers, and others
13.9
512_6_
16.7
48,5
2211.)
51.6
1-3
Totals
25.0
100.0
34.4
100.0
59.4
100.0
2../ Excluding military.
2/ Engineers.
2/ Technicians.
A/ Doctors.
5./ Medical workers.
?
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ANIKSHCHYAY
YtRAKAY
MAP III
LITOVSKAYA SSR
POPULATION
SCHEMATIC OUTLINE
? nim REPUBLIC BOUNDARY
OBLAST, KRAY,OR ASSR BOUNDARY
RAYON BOUNDARY
x x xxx x NATIONAL OKRUG BOUNDARY
AUTONOMOUS OBLAST BOUNDARY
R OD N E N S
MOLOTOV - CITY OF REPUBLIC SUBORDINATION
KIZEL ?CITY OF OBLAST,KRAY,OR ASSR SUB.
OCHER ? TOWN OF RAYON SUBORDINATION
Biser ? URBAN SETTLEMENT
? NONURBAN POPULATED PLACE
PLACE NAMES USED IN KEY ARE ONLY TO
ILLUSTRATE TYPE SIZE
50.000-100,000
o 20,000 -50,000
? 10000-20,000
0 LESS THAN 10,000
25-50 PERSONS
10 - 25 PERSONS
LESS THAN 10
PERSONS
27?
ACCOMPANIES OBLAST POUTICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO.,
PREPARED BY AIR RESEARCH DIVISION. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
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56'
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SECRET
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MAP IV
LITOVSKAYA SSR
'TRANSPORTATION AND
MILITARY CONTROL
SCHEMATIC OUTLINE
LEGEND
________ SINGLE TRACK RAILROAD
?11??-0.., DOUBLE TRACK RAILROAD
NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD
PAVED HIGHWAY
IMPROVED HIGHWAY
? UNIMPROVED HIGHWAY
? WATER TRAFFIC ROUTE
MVD
BD BORDER DETACHMENT
11C CONVOY TROOPS
SECURITY TROOPS
AIRFIELDS
CLASS OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY (WHEN SERVICEABLE)
O 1 Heavy Bombers-Medium Bombers and Jet Light Bombers
* 2 Limited Heavy Bombers- Medium Bombers
* 3 Potential Heavy Bombers.. Medium Bombers and Jet Fighters
? 4 Light Transports, Piston engine Fighters, Limited Jet Fighters
O 5 Other Operational or potentially important Airfields
() 6 Seaplane stations-Complete facilities
t? 7 Seaplane stations- Incomplete facilities
PORTS AND NAVAL FACILITIES
431* PRINCIPAL PORT AND
NAVAL BASE
0
23?
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25?
26
270
ACCOMPANIES OBLAST POUTICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO.119
PREPARED BY AIR RESEARCH DIVISION. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
56-
55?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040002-3
,
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/11/20: CIA-RDP81-01043R002600040002-3
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