ELECTRIC COMMUNICATIONS (ELEKTROSVYAZ')

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• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002500080007-5
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 136
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: September 6, 2013
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: January 1, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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ELECTRIC COMMUNICATIONS
(ELEKTROSVYAr)
NO. 1, JANUARY 1957
SVYAZ'IZDAT - MOSCOW
Pages 3 - 80
PREPARED BY
TECHNICAL DOCUMENTS LIAISON OFFICE
, MCLTD
WRIGHT-PATTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, OHIO
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If
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PARAMETERS OF BINARY CODING SYSTEMS 1
Introduction
Mean Probability of Decoding Error 2
Relationship between Mean Probability of Decoding Erior and
Duration of Transmission 5
Special Parameters of Binary Coding Systems 7
A METHOD FOR APPROXIMATE CONFUTING OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE
FREQUENCY AND TRANSIENT RESPONSES OF RADIO-ENGINEERING CIRCUITS
PROTECTIVE ACTION AND DECOUPLING IN PERISCOPIC ANTENNA SYSTEMS
INFLUENCE OF ANTENNA DIRECTIVITY AT LONG-DISTANCE TROPOSPHERIC PROP-
14
23
AGATION OF ULTRASHORT WAVES
30
THE USSR STATE TELEVISION STANDARD 7845-55
34
General Characteristics of the Standard
34
Number of Image Scanning Lines and Clarity of Image
35
Nominal Frequencies of Frames, Lines and Fields
40
Image Aspect Ratio
41
Forum, Levels and Nominal Parameters of the Full Television Signal
in the Envelope of Modulated Waves Radiated by Antenna of the
Radio Transmitter
Stability of the Level of Black
Minimum Value of HF Voltage in the Image Signal (Level of White)
Separation of Carrier Frequencies of Audio and Video Radio
Transmitters
Width of Radio Channel for Transmission of Television Programs
The Power Relationship between the Image and Sound Transmitters
Polarisation of the Electric Field of Radiated Waves
Method and Polarity of Modulation of the Image Signal Transmitter
Transmission of Audio Signals
42
47
47
48
48
48
49
50
50
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THE .IAL POWER CONVERTER - A NEW ELEMENT OF ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
52
:
Introduction
52
?
Properties of the Ideal Power Converter
55
44'
1,
New Circuits for Converting the Nonreciprocal Four-Terminal Network
Application of the IPC for Computing Transmission Along Circuits
56
with Nonreciprocal Four-Terminal Networks
65
Conclusion
70
DISTORTIONS OF TELEGRAPH PULSES IN TONAL TELEGRAPHY CHANNELS AT
SHARP FLUMATIONS OF THE SIGNAL LEVEL
Introduction
AM Channels
FM Channels
Comparison of Distortions in AM and FM Channels
Appendix 1
Appendix 2
Appendix 3
BASIC TYPES OF SWEDISH-PRODUCED DIAL TELEPHONE SYSTEMS WITH CROSSBAR
SWITCHES
Introduction
The Crossbar Switch
Basic Types of Swedish-Produced Crossbar Systems
Type A-204 Dial System
Type ARF-10 Dial System
Type ARF-50 Dial System
FOREIGN PRESS NOTES
A SYSTEM FOR MULTIPLEXING THE CIRCUITS OF REGIONAL TELEPHONE NETWORKS 040 111
EXPERIMENTAL RADIO COMMUNICATION BY MEANS OF FORWARD SCATTER IONO-
SPHERIC PROPAGATION OF METER WAVES, IN THE USA
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH RURAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS
72
72
73
66
81
82
84
85
86
86
88
89
90
100
106
111
ii
113
115 STPCI
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PARABOLIC ANTENNA FCR STUDIES OF PROPAGATION BY MEANS OF SCATTER 117
AUTHOR'S CERTIFICATES 119
FOREIGN PATENTS 122
BOOKS TO BE ISSUED IN 1957 127
NEW BOOKS 129
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11.
PARAMETERS OF BINARY CODING SYSTEMS
by
V.I.Siforov
This article introduces the concepts of the mean
probability of decoding error and the optimal mean prob-
ability of decoding error at transmission of information
by binary digits. Adduced are proofs that the mean proba-
bility of decoding error increases in approximately direct
proportion to duration of transmission. Also introduced
are the concepts of the probability of symbol decoding
error, relative probability of decoding error, authenticity
of coding system, and effective channel capacity. The
.physical sense of these parameters is described as applied
to binary coding systems.
Introduction
As of the present there exists a great number of various known binary coding
systems. To these pertain, especially, the error-correcting codes based in the uti-
lization of but a part of the combinations of elementary binary-digit signals out of
the total of possible combinations, and investigated by Hamming (Bib1.1, Laemmel
(Bib1.2), Reed (Bib1.3), Silverman and Balser (Bib1.4), Siforov (Bib1.5), and others.
It is necessary to establish single parameters reflecting the characteristics
of these coding systems in order to carry out their quantitative comparison. The
present article is intended to promote the establishment of a single system of such
parameters by tentatively introducing novel parameters, revealing their physical
meanings and furnishing the necessary quantitative relationships between the novel
and the known parameters.
STAT
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?Mean Probability of Decoding Error
Let us investigate a code combination of n elements each of which may have only
two values. The sequence of positive and
II.??????
110.M.?????MIO,
11.
.40
Ob.
".1 --r-r-
T-nT
Fig.].
ties. Thus for instance, the combination
negative current sendings depicted in
Fig.1 may serve as an example of such a
code combination.
On designating the two possible values of
each element by the symbols 0 and 1, the
said code combination may be imagined as
representing a sequence of zeros and uni-
of positive and negative current sendings
depicted in Fig.1 may be represented in the form of 101101000.
The total sum of all possible sequences, each containing n symbols, obviously
equals M 2n. Out of this total let us select only a part, equal to N 2Rn
where R 4 1, for use in a communication channel. The cumulation of the selected
N sequences represents in itself a form of an alphabet of the coding system, while
the individual sequences represent the letters of that alphabet.
If noise is present in the communication channel, distortions may affect any
element in the code combination, i.e., as per the designations we have adopted, a
zero may be transmuted into a unity and vice versa. Let us designate by p the prob-
ability of such a transformation.
The noise-induced transformation of the elements of code combinations may lead
to the transformation of alphabet letters at decoding. Let us designate by yi, y2,
the corresponding probabilities of such transformation or, which means the
same thing, the probabilities of the error in decoding at transmission of letters
numbered 1, 2, 3, N.
The mean probability of decoding error will be
2
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'5 ?
,
(1)
N
If each N letter transmits an identical number A times, the mathematical ex-
pectation of the number of letters liable to transformation at decoding will equal
the sum of
On dividing that sum by the total number of AN transmitted letters we obtain the
value of ye according to Bib1.1. Hence it follows that the value of yc is approx-
imately equal to the ratio of the number of incorrectly decoded letters to the total
number of all transmitted letters provided that the said total number be sufficiently
high and that all letters of the alphabet be transmitted at the same rate.
-In this way, if a sufficiently high number of B letters is transmitted in a
communication .system, and if all these letters occur with the same frequency, the
number of incorrectly decoded letters will equal ycB.
The above-cited example of transmission of allletters of the alphabet the same
number of times is not an optimally suitable instance. To reduce the total number
of incorrectly decoded letters it is necessary to transmit less often the letters
with a higher probability of incorrect decoding and more often the letters with a
lower probability of incorrect decoding.
Let pi, p2, p3, pN correspond to the probability of appearance of trans-
mitted letters numbered 1, 2, 3, ..., N. Thereupon the amount of information H (en-
tropy) transmitted through the system will be, as related to a single letter, and
as is known from Bib1.6:
At == pi k% pr
It can be demonstrated that at a given cumulation of the values of the magni-
ir tudss yi, 72, yl, yN, i.e., probabilities of transformation of alphabet letters STAT
(2)
3
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...,niii4pered 1, 2, 3, N, and at a selected constant value of entropy H the;e-exi-Sts-I
the 'optimum suitable cumulation of the values of probabilities pi, p2, pyi at
C. which the mathematically expected of the number of incorrectly decoded letters will
be at its minimum. The probability values characterizing the optimum suitable
statistics of transmitted letters for a given coding system and a given entropy may
be obtained from the following equations:
PI =4;11(YI, Ya. ? ? ?YNH)
P2 (Yl. Y2, ? ? 'JINN)
I
PN.= (PNCYI, 512, ? ? ? YN,I1)1
(3)
where 4)2, (I)N stand for certain functions whose uncovery and exploration are
the _object of this article.
Equations. (3) represent the conditions of the optimal utilization of a coding '
system.
Let us call as "optimal mean probability of decoding error", y , the ratio of
co
the mathematically expected number of incorrectly decoded errors to the total number
of transmitted letters at the optimal utilization of a coding system. The magni-
tude of yco is, generally speaking, a function of probabilities 5.1, y2, ..? yt, and
entropy H.
The optimal mean probability of decoding error is approximately equal to the
ratio of the number of incorrectly decoded letters to the total number of transmitted
letters provided that that total number be sufficiently high and the requirements
[eq.(3)] for an optimum utilization of the coding system be satisfied. -
In this way, if a sufficiently high number of B letters is transmitted and the
requirements req.(3)) for an optimum utilization of the coding system be satisfied,
the number of the incorrectly decoded letters will equal
tion system.
4
7e0B, in a given communica-
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4.? r
IRelationshi between Mean Probabilit of Decod Error and Duration of Transuiss
Let us first review the simplest example: transmission of k letters of alphabet,
with the probability of decoding error being the same for any letter and denoted
by y. Thereupon the probability of the correct decoding of any arbitrarily selected
letter would equal 1 - y, and the probability of the correct decoding of all k trans-
mitted letters would equal (1 - y)k in accordance with the theorem of the multipli-
cation of probabilities.
The probability of error in the decoding of the cumulation of transmitted k let-
ters, i.e., the probability that at least one of the transmitted k letters would be
incorrect, is:
or
-Yribes 1 ? (1 ? y*). (4)
-YratrAl= 1 [1 ? ky
1.2 Y ...1.
Assuming here that the probability y is sufficiently low and thus assuming the
existence of inequality ky in 1 + a
so that one or several pulses will get lost.
Figure 1 depicts the rating characteristic of maximum pulse distortions as de-
16
25
20
15
V
V ?L
14 -1.:
I
8.2 44 nem
Pfrom Fig.1, the distortions present at
.
pending on the extent of fluctuation in the
signal level, at the following conditions:
= 100 cycles; v = 50 bauds; a = 5;
tdv = 4.0 milliseconds. As can be seen
Ap = - 0.2 nepers will reach 10%, and at
5
Ap = - 0.5 nepers the pulses will vanish.
In the last few years there have
appeared several new v - f telegraphy AM
1r systems operating on a different method for reducing the effect of fluctuations in
Fig.1
the signal level. Thus, Fig.2 depicts a simplified circuit of the receiving device
Fig.2
for a v - f telegraphy channel of an apparatus of the BTR50000 type manufactured by
the Philips Company (Bib1.1). This circuit performs as follows: A signal is ampli-
fied by input stage rectified by rectifiers Bi and B2, filtered by filter L1 - C3,
74
STAT
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-
? t
?,and thereupon passed through circuits L2 - C4 - C5 and L3 - C6. Each of these two
circuits delays the rectified signal by one half the time of its-istablishment
The rectified pulse is taken from points a, b, and co and transmitted to the grid of
the first tube L2 of the trigger circuit. If ul < u3, then u4 = u2 - u1; but if
ul < u3, then u4 = u2 - u3, which is achieved by means of the counter connection of
rectifiers B3 and B4. At a steady state the voltage of u2 is twice as high as each
of the voltages of ul or u3. The pulse being tFansmitted through the channel, and
the voltages ul, u2 and U3, which arise
T
d)
during that process, are represented by
curves a, b, c, and d (Fig.3). The total
voltage u4 is represented by curve e. The
trigger circuit is set so that it will fire
when the voltage of u4 (curve e) changes its
sign, i.e., during the time moments t1
and t2. Obviously, t2 - t1 = T.
A change in the signal level will en-
r tail a directly proportional change in the
Fig.3
ordinates of all curves b, e, d, and e, but
the distance between the zero values of the
curve e will remain the same. In this way,
the duration of pulses at the output of the trigger circuit is not affected by the
signal level.
Such a presentation of the circuit's performance appears to be theoretical.
Actually, a trigger circuit cannot be adjusted for firing at u4 = 0, because then the
circuit will tend to misfire. Also it can be easily seen that if the signal voltage
changes more than thrice during the transmission of a pause then the trigger circuit
will likewise tend to misfire. The prospectus issued by the Philips Company about
this apparatus cites the. following data concerning pulse distortions at smooth and
75
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?
f
?
sharp fluctuations of the signal level: at a decrease in the signal level 1*
0.7 neper below the nominal value, and at v = 50 bauds, pulse distortions will total
.less than 10; and when the level is decreased by more than 0.9 - 1.0 neper the
distortions will total a much higher percentage.
The WT 52/54 apparatus manufactured by the Siemens Halske CoMpany (Bib1.2)
operates on a different circuit but, like the above-described circuit, this one is
based on the totaling of rectified pulses one of which is delayed in relation
to the other. In the article cited in Bib1.2 this apparatus is described as having
the following specifications: at signal-level fluctuations from +0.3 to 0.7 neper
or from 0.7 to +0.3 neper (in relation to the nominal value of the signal level)
pulse distortions will not exceed 25%, however, at any further increase in the extent
of the fluctuations, especially so far as the minus sign is concerned, the distor-
tions will increase sharply.
A
FM Channels
47
In the last few years,FM voice-frequency telegraphy systems have found as wide
an application as the AM ones. Let us review the behavior of these FM systems at
fluctuations in the signal level.
The receiving device of an FM v - f telegraphy channel contains a peak limiter
whose performance may be on a practically nonstorage basis; therefore, it should
seem that the FM channel would not introduce pulse distortions at fluctuations in
the signal level. However, the distortions do take place in this case too. Curve 1,
Fig.4, gives the measured characteristic of the maximum pulse distortions in a chan-
nel of a v - f telegraphy FM apparatus of the TT 12/16 type at V= 50 bauds. The
measurements were conducted in the following manner: The fluctuation in the signal
level was effected by connecting a resistance parallel to the channel path from the
transmitting to the receiving filters. To block any influence that the connection
of the resistance might exert on the performance of the filters, the I-Joints of con-
76
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? .1
nection of the resistance were separated fro the filters by a lags-attenuation net
work. The connection and disconnection of the resistance was effected by the con-
tacts of a periodic-performing relay. The frequency of operation of the relay was
set
161%1 at several operations per second and had
varied smoothly during the period of Observa-
tions. The magnitude of the distortion was
determined in its maximum possible terms during
JO the prolonged period of Observations.
As can be seen from Fig.4, at Ap <
< 1.3 nepera the diatortions are inconsiderable
40
20
10 tortions increase sharply.
3
2
and amount to less than 9 or 10%, but at any
further increase in the signal level the di.-
Let us review the process of the appear-
( ance of distortions in the FK channel and the
2nerkpl
ways and means of determining their magnitude.
In the case given, the cause of distor-
tions appears to be the transient process in the receiving filter, as induced by a
jump in the signal level. For simplicity's sake let us assume that the filteris
an ideal one and that, at modulation, the filter's oscillation frequency changes
instantaneously from (Jo - Awo to wo + Awo, where wo is the mean channel frequency.
At such conditions, and in the absence of a fluctuation in the signal level, the in-
stantaneous value of the signal frequency at the output of the filter is determined
(Bib1.3) by the following equations:
0
Fig.4
=de
'
L tg :So), t t(
6 arctg
ir where
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STAT
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fimer
+Ai
Lt? I ? ;
- ? -
4:6Z
1I .
*
L =si Awo) 14 Si ? Awo)t,
K ci ewo) r ci
Obviously the effect of a fluctuation in the signal level will be maximum when
that fluctuation occurs at the same time as a change in the frequency. It can be
demonstrated* that at a simultaneous change in frequency and in the lcvel of oscil-
lations at the input of the filter, we will obtain instead of eq.(3):
(1 +e') (1. sin I K cos ..1w11) ? (I ? CO) slit .Scod
0 =-- arctg ?
7:(l -j e-P) cos .ica.,1 ?(I ? eP) (L cos .1w1 ? K cos .10),/)
(4)
Figure 5 depicts a graph of the relationship between e and A Ft. Curve 1 is
plotted pursuant to eq.(3), at a constant oscillation level, while curves 2, 3, 4,
and 5, are plotted pursuant to eq.(4), at a decrease in the signal level (e0 Am 0.4,
0.2, 0.15, and 0.1). The computations are conducted for f) wo, which approxi-
mates the normally accepted ratio of
3
2
1
?
the width of the v - f telegraphy channel to
the deviation of the frequency. As can be
seen from Fig.5, at a steady signal level
the curve 0 has its minimum at AFt 0.
At a reduced signal level the minimum
shifts to the right; the sharper is the
fluctuation the greater is the displace-
ment of the minimum. At an increased
signal level these conditions will be re-
80-.1
2 e-44
a 84P-0.2
4
5 ?'-t
0
Fig.5
* Vide Appendix 2.
5
HT-
78
versed; i.e., the sharper is the fluctua-
tion the greater is the displacement of
the minimum to the left.
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STAT
STAT
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r:i;;ti!"""..t " ?
" ?s .l' .7":"c1'.,c,=,4.-1,`P--,-te.ink.r:tree
r
4??107::;? ;??? 774 1 ? 0..
?
,
, ? Considering that at the moment when the 0 passes through its minimum the fre-
quency of the signal at the output of the filter equals the an channel frequency
and, consequently, the rectified current in the winding of the receiving relay changes
its direction at that moment, it is clear that a decrease in the signal level will
lead to a retardation of the relay's operating moment, and an increase in that level
will lead to a hastening of that moment. It can be also seen from Fig.5 that
curves 1, 2 and 3 (0613 1, 0.4 and 0.2) tend to rise steadily after passing through
the minimum, whereas curves 4 and 5 (0613 4. 0.15 and 0.1) reach a maxima and then a
second minimum. This signifies that, beginning at a specific magnitude of the extent
of fluctuation, the instantaneous value of the signal's frequency approximates the
value of the mean frequency three time in a raw, which can lead to either three op-
orations of the relay or to the retardation of the relays operating moment to approx.,-
imately the moment of the second minimum. In either case, beginning at a specific
mkgnitude of the Apo the distortions will increase sharply. As can be seen from
1: Fig.4, this does indeed occur.
In view of the complexity of the whole process, it is hardly possible to find a
rating formula for determining distortions at any magnitude of fluctuations in the
signal level. Therefore, we will confine ourselves to the range of the relatively
small distortions, where the rise in distortions at an increase in fluctuations in
the signal level is not so steep. As can be seen from Fig.4, this range comprises
fluctuations of up to 1.3 nepers.
At relatively small values of t and Ap, the second member of the denominator
of eq.(4) maybe ignored, and thereupon:
= arctg{L tg .f-1-K e a P ? 1 tg Awl)/ .
eaP-1- 1
Inasmuch as at low values of t*
* Vide Appendix 3
?
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C
tg Awd re: hoot,
d_L. Ag
dt
L.--zagt,
dK AgA,
di-??? ?
e'o -
therefore
dO
-,7Triqj- AF + .1. I at.
and 0 is at its minimum at
-
AF1 0,5 ?i--.
e
In this way, the time of retardation of the relay's operating moment is de-
termined by the requirement
t ref 0,5 eaP 1T?
(5)
?,?
Let us determine distortion as the ratio of the fluctuation in the pulse-
restoration moment to the duration of the undistorted elementary pulse T - , and
we will then obtain:
007.--::.0,5 I ?I
r
ic
1 ? e?0 At?
(6)
1 - eAP
The multiplier ------- in the distortion range with which we are concerned,
1 + e"
changes almost linearly as depending on the Ap, and therefore this can be written:
0,25?Apip?100%. (7)
The curves 2 and 3 in Fig.4 yield the rating values of distortions according
to eqs.(6) and (7). On comparing these curves with the results of the measurements
it can be seen that they are quite satisfactorily commensurate up to Ap m.1.3 nepers.
It might be expected that at a gradual increase in the extent of fluctuations
1r
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,
[
STAT
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4ct
? ?
?
it
I:of the signal level the transition from mmill to large distortions will_be.Abrupt
when the maximum and the. second minimumwill appear on the curve of8_, just as in
the case of A p 1.9 ?lepers. However, as can be seen from curve 1 in Fii.44 the
distortions appearing in the range from AP mi 1.3 nepers to A p 1.9 nepers tend
to increase gently and not abruptly even though they increase mud' more rapidly
than at Ap < 1.3 nepers. This may be explained in the following. manner: At an
increase in the extent of fluctuations the steepness of the curve of instantaneous
frequencies rises steadily beginning with the point of its intersection with (Jo,
and at A p 1.3 nepers it becomes much greater than at Absence of fluctuation or at
a small fluctuation, and, considering that the discriminator has a relatively narrow
frequency passband, the increase in the voltage at the discriminator's output will.
be delayed in comparison with the increase in frequency - which will,lead"to in-
creased distortions. The small-distortion range can be expanded by expanding the
paslband of the frequencies transmitted by the discriminator, but this may lead to
4: a rise in distortions caused by external interferences.
Comparison of Distortions in AM and FM Channels
Let us compare the distortions caused by fluctuations in the signal level in
AM and FM channels, respectively.
The afore-cited magnitudes of distortions in improved AK systems pertain to
channels with receiving filters having a passband width of 90 to 100 cycles, while
the width of the passband of the filter of the TT 12/16 type apparatus amounts to
approximately 135 eyelets." Inasmuch as the value of distortions caused by fluctua-
tions in the signal level is inversely proportional to the width of the passband of
the receiving filter, for comparison's sake the values of distortions in the channel
of the TT 12/16 apparatus"shouldrbe increased 1.4 to 1.5 times.
Considering the above and keeping in mind the data cited in Fig.4, we find that
an FM channel with a width of 90 - 100 cycles will, at Ap 0.7 neper and
81
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= 50 bauds, introduce distortions amounting to 8 - 9%, while the Channels of the
improved AM systems will, in identical conditions, involve 18 - 25% distortion.
Moreover, as is to be concluded from the above-cited data, the range of relatively
small distortions in EM channels is 0.4 - 0.5 neper wider than in the channels of
the improved AM systems.
Appendix I
Figure 6 depicts in simplified form the curves of the growth of current in the
?
winding of the
receiving relay: curve 1 corresponds to the normal level, and
2curve 2 to a level increased by nepers
ce"
Fig .6
whence
where
Further
whence
i
- =-
I,
At
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
immediately after the moment of fluctua-
i
tion in the level. At a current of ?
2
the resultant winding current will equal
zero; at a current of -2 + i, the
2
relay will be set into operation.
I
2 U'
It
82
From Fig.6 it can be seen that
tPI
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eX;r1f--
:AV ?
? I,
't _A I
_ __ 1 1 c i???
a
1PI 2
On this basis, we obtain
?
I
T a
= /pi tpo= (e ? 1)(1 ) ?
Inasmuch as a fluctuation in the signal level leads to a change in the steep-
ness of the current-rise curve, this will in tiirn lead to a supplementary change of
the relay operating moment, which can be determined on basis of the formula for the
time of motion of the relay's reed:
VT'
= A
where is the time of increase of current in relay winding;
o is the steadied value of current.
At Ap 0
At t, p 0
in
Proceeding further, and considering that at low A p we have e D, 1 + A p, we
will obtain
dv = 14(1 ?
I -f- 2.1p )
9
tdp
( I _- ,
I 4- tlp
In this way, the general change in the relay operating moment will be
?Ap 1
A ?/1 ? -2? (I ? e ) (i +--) ? AP iciv
I ? ea I \ 2
= 2.1F (I
83
'";????a?
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4
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I 0 C
--u-, -(/
On omitting the minus sign we obtain
I ( 1 ) 2
8 [ ? 1 + --(-1- Ap teivi v?
Appendix 2
I.,....e.1,41v1:44:1;04:t
It has been demonstrated in Bib1.3 that when the value of the oscillation fre-
quency changes from (ol to cd 2 (both values lie within the passband) at the input of
the "ideal" filter, the voltage at the output of that filter will, when a unit vol-
tage is fed into the filter's input, change in accordance with the-following equa-
tion:
02 =
sin wit siCca2t
9 (sin wit ? sin 0)20 +
(cos it + cos c.)20,
where L and K have afore-cited values. If the moment of change in frequency coin-
cides with a change in voltage in the equation for W\p, the above-cited equation will
have this new aspect:
sin coif els' sin w2t
C2 ? - ?2- ? - ? - 2n (sin wit ? ea sin (421) +
72;t- (cos wit + eap cos w,t).
Upon making the proper transformations in this last equation, we will obtain
whence
1I ? eaP
e2 [(I eaP) cos ilwd ? L cos ilwa -i-
n
? 1 ? ea,
? K sin ilwoti sin Awn/ ?
I -I- eaP
- eAP) sin &Jot + 11 L Sin ACJet
^ I + eaP
? K cos Awot I cos .1w6t,
(I e') (L sin &he K cos Acart)? It (1 ? eaP) sin Auld
0 = arctg
n (I + eaP) cos iiwot ?(I ? eaP) (L cos aca,t ? K cos Liwut)
84
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Appendix 3
From the equation
It is known that
'LQ
K cl 2 + :Iwo) t ? cl 2 ?
x3 x4
cl x = C x? 4.41 "
At low values of x the components beginning from the fourth onward may be ignored,
and then
Assuming that
? we will obtain
dK
dt
2.2!
x2
( " N 2 /
Lkoo) ? ? Acoo)
2
2
BIBLIOGRAPHY
= ? L1S2 Lica? I
1 - Description of a BTP50000 AM. V-F Telegraphy System. N.V.Philips Telecommuni-
cale Industrie, Helversum, Netherlands
2. Rudolph, H. - The WT 52/54 V-F Telegraphy System, Fernmeldtechn.Zeitschrift,
No.3, 1954
3. Gonorovskiy, I.S. - Frequency Modulation and Its Uses, Svyaz/izdat Publishing
House, 1948
Article received by the Editors on 7 January 1956
85
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.P?
BASIC TYPES OF SWEDISH-PRODUCED DIAL TELEPHONE SYSTEMS WITH
CROSSBAR SWITCHES
by
A.D.Kharkevich
This article supplies brief descriptions of the basic
types of Swedish-produced urban crossbar-switch dial systems
operating on the by-path principle of connection; further,
this article describes skeleton diagrams of dial-office and
link-connection circuits of selection stages. The article
as a whole constitutes a review of foreign periodical press
and business-firm prospectuses.
Introduction
The dial telephone systems based on coordinate connectors or crossbar switches
as they are called are being introduced on an ever wider scale owing to their numer-
ous advantages.
The development and production of these crossbar-switch dial systems have been
.evoking special interest in the last few years. The countries which do not manufac-
ture their own equipment for such systems are adapting their production facilities
for the manufacture of earlier versions of such systems, developing new versions, or
using imported equipment in their telephone networks.
In connection with the development of a domestic Soviet crossbar-switch dial
system it is relevant to gain familiarity with foreign experience with the design
of such systems. The published Russian-language literature is confined to mentions
of the first American-produced crossbar dial systems (Crossbar No.1") (Bib1.1 - 5).
As for the modern crossbar dial systems, and especially the Swedish-produced
ones, the related Russian-language literature consists merely of a brief article
86
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?
I' t,;?:,4,:.--4';"
about the Standard 41 type dial system (Bib1.6) used for the automation of rural
telephony in Sweden, and several brief remarks of a general nature in another article
(Hib1.7).
A study of the Swedish-produced crossbar systems is of special interest, because
Sweden was the first country to have widely applied such systems (Bib1.7). Moreover,
Swedish engineers have made very notable contributions to the development of the
principles for improved design and construction of such systems.
As early as in 1912 (prior to the invention of the crossbar switch) two Swedish
engineers, Betulander and Palmgren, had developed a link system effective when used
with low-capacity (mechanical and relay) selectors (Swedish patent No.38,514 issued
to the name of Betulander and Palmgren), and subsequently also effective when used
with crossbar switches. As formulated by the two Swedes, the principle of primary
and secondary selectors (two-step link connection in the selection stage) became the
underlying principle of the design of modern crossbar dial systems.
The first application of the crossbar switch was in a direct-connection dial
system (Standard 41 type system) (Bib1.6). Such an application of the crossbar switch
constituted an efficient utilization of its positive properties with respect to
quality of contact and reliability of performance. However, the equipment costs were
too elevated to ensure a truly rational use of this type of connector there. The
economic and engineering aspects of the problem were resolved only after the crossbar
switch, which was first invented by Reynolds, became used jointly with the link sys-
tem developed by Betulander and Palmgren and operated on the by-path principle of
connection.
The widespread introduction of crossbar systems in Sweden is corroborated by
the following statistics: As of the present, over 2000 dial offices with crossbar
switches are servicing local telephony in Sweden. Approximately one third of all
dial telephone sets in Sweden is connected to crossbar systems.
Swedish dial systems are exported to various countries. In the last four
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years (1952 - 1955) the Swedish company Ericsson has manufactured and exported
abroad about 200,000 urban, rural and long-distance dial-office systems
4: The Crossbar Switch (CS)
The modern (1945 type) crossbar switch serving since 1946 to this date as the
prototype for the manufacture of crossbar switches for dial telephone systems by
the Ericsson Company and the Swedish Telephone and Telegraph Administration is a
? perfected version of the switch proposed by Betulander and Palmgren as early as in
1919 (Bib1.7).
The outer view of this model, with the casing off, is depicted in Fig.l.
As pointed out in another article (Bib1.8) a dial-system crossbar switch of
this design is characterized by its great number of parts of identical form. Aside
from a few small exceptions, all parts of this switch can be manufactured by die
stamping. The testing and inspection of crossbar parts and assemblies have been
wholly automated within the production process. Testing and inspection include:
contact-pressure test, clearance teat, test of operating and holding current, break
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??
4,111,41.
.LO
down test, and so forth.
Table 1 contains data on standard types of crossbar switches manufactured by
the Ericsson Company.
RVI)
RVI) I In !pi
RVI) 130?I v;
RVD 21;1-2I9
Table 1
C)
c4)
e)
1) q)
h)
5
5
5
6
583
190
1S0
136
12,5
535
136
12
1)
345
190
136
7,5
m)
583
220
136
13,5
a) Type of crossbar switch ; b) Number of vertical units; c) Number of selecting
bars; d) Maximum number of contact strips; e) Dimensions in mm; f) Length;
g) Height; h) Thickness; i) Weight in kg; j) 10 vertical units with 10 contact
strips each; k) Two vertical units with 10 contact strips each and 8 vertical
units with 8 contact strips each; 1) Two vertical units with 10 contact strips
each and 3 vertical units with 8 contact strips each; m) 10 vertical units
with 10 contact strips each
The number of vertical units and of the contact strips within these units can
be varied somewhat within the limits of each type. The crossbar switches are adapted
Rr working voltages of 24, 36, 48, and 60 v.
Figure 2 depicts photographs of the four crossbar types named in Table 1.
Basic Types of Swedish?Produced Crossbar Systems
As of the present, the Swedish Telephone and Telegraph Administration and the
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4.
Ericelson Company are producing several different types of crossbar systems (Bib1.9,
10).
The type A-204 is the basic type of crossbar system to be used for the automa-
tion of urban telephone networks in Sweden.
The crossbar systems exported to other countries are those of the ARF-10 type
designed for the automation of medium- and large-capacity urban telephone networks.
Dial offices of the ARF-10 type operate in Denmark, Burma, Indonesia, and Finland.
Further, there is the ARF-50 type, designed for joint operation with the Siemens
step-by-step dial system, because a crossbar system of this type can be interworked
with the Siemens system without intermediary equipment. Such joint offices operate
in Finland, Pakistan and Rhodesia. Type ARF-51 has a skeleton diagram similar to that
of type ARF-50 but is designed for interworking with step-by-step systems in the dial
areas of the British Postal Administration.
The following offices are manufactured for rural use: terminal offices with a
( capacity of up to 60 numbers (ARK-312); terminal offices with a capacity of 60 to
180 ruMbers (ARK-314); terminal offices with a capacity of 100 to 1200 numbers
(ARK-315); and tandem central offices with a capacity of 100 to 1200 numbers
(ARK-335).
The automation of suburban and long-distance telephony is effected by using
dial offices of the following types: long-distance, suburban and tandem offices with
capacities of 40 - 200 lines (ARM.-501) and 100 - 1600 lines (ARM-502), medium- and
large-capacity long-distance offices (ARM-20), and others.
Type A-204 Dial System
The crossbar switch used in the development of the A-204 dial system was based
on single-step link connection (one high-capacity selector in the connection route
within the limits of the selection stage), and on the direct-drive principle (Stand-
ard 41). Therefore, subsequent work on the improvement of the A-204 has been prin-
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? !T?
eler
cipally oriented toward reducing the bulk of equipment by utilising the link-system
and control ideas suggested by Betulander and Palmgren. The stimulus for the de-
velopment of this type of crossbar system was, as indicated in an article (Bihl.11),
the successful employment of the by-path principle of connection in crossbar systems
in the USA.
The A-204 type crossbar system operates on two-step link connection (two low-
capacity selectors in the connection route within the limits of the selection stage),
with the by-path principle of connection. A hundred-element crossbar switch (nuMber
of vertical units n = 10; capacity per vertical unit m = 10) serves as the basic
commuting mechanise.
Contrary to the general belief that the by-path principle of connection compli-
cates circuits, dial offices of the A-204 type have a simpler circuit than those of
the Standard 41 direct-connection type. The relay used in the A-204 type system is
simpler from the viewpoint of control, and therefore the overhead and operating ex-
penses of this system are lower than those of the Standard 41 system.
The A-204 type systems are designed for automation of telephone networks of any
capacity upward of 100 numbere. Their battery-supply voltage amounts to 36 v. Such
systems have been applied in the telephone networks of many Swedish cities.
The Skeleton Diagram of an A-204 type system with a capacity of up to 10,000
numbers, applicable for a zultioffice metropolitan exchange without toll-switching
planning, is depicted in Fig.3. Here, the customary nominal designation of selector
is represented by a crossbar-switch vertical unit.
This skeleton diagram is designed in conformance with the decadic system (decad-
ic principle) and contains three group selector (GS) stages and one subscriber's
stage (SS). The subscriber's stage fulfills the function of a coebined finder and
connector stage and is used for servicing outgoing and incoming subscriber calls.
The subscriber's stage thus consists of two connection steps. The crossbar
switches of the connection step linked to subscriber lines pass a combined flow of
91
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AMID
;
?
- ??? .4,105.6 ,..44:141-44144m=16.1, ,
? ?
* - ? - ? 1
tt.
t
outgoing and incoming telephone traffic. The vertical units of the crossbar switches
of the other connection step are used separately for outgoing and separately for in?
coming traffic.
Fig .3
a) Toward other dial offices; b) From other dial offices; c) Group selectors I GS,
II GS, III GS; d) Register; e) Marker sets MS', MS2; f) Lineswitch trunk
sets LTS1, LTS2; g) Subscribers' stage SS; h) Register finder RF
One subscriber's stage unit makes it possible to connect a hundred subscriber
lines, and consequently the system operates with groups of hundred lines each. Each
of the three group selectors (GS) consists of two connection steps. The outlets of
each group?selector stage are divided into 10 routes. Therefore, the third group
selector (III GS) stage routes ten 100?line groups, thus forming 1000?line groups.
The second group selector or II GS stage routes ten 1000?line groups, thus ensuring
the dial office's capacity of up to 10,000 numbers, and the first group selector
stage (I GS) connects to local dial offices.
Dial systems of the A-204 type use registers. Each selection stage is provided
with markers (MS) for groups of connection routes. The connection of a register to
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.the 'marker of I GS is effected by means of register finder (RF) and marker PiSpO All
markers except NSA contain crossbar switches in addition to relays. The marker NSA '
contains a relay only.
MI .181
(JNr40
8010 W
1411?20 krrn
b) C)
V
78 V 78 12
00 01 09 /2
tin 19
#
9091 99 ffa Wffa
1
115 13
*
xl 90 22
DI II ?1
Og ig 99
L7
10
30
Yb
EU b
Fig.4
a) Lines; b). Toward I GS; c) From III GS
The lineswitch trunk set LTS1 controls the outgoing part of the connection
route and participates in the connection of register to trunk when a nuoiber is being
dialed. The incoming lineswitch trunk set LTS2 is designed for offecting the power
supply and for sending calls and "busyn signal.
Considering that the two connection steps of the subscriber's stage unit, used
in handling incoming calls, cannot ensure low losses during pulse action of subscrib-
er line, the finding of the subscriber line is carried out simultaneously through
93
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1111hilAW
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..44euraiSA
41010
?
?
,the subscriber's stage and the third group selector (III GS) stage. For this pur-
pose, the markers MSA and MS3 of the corresponding selection stages are interlinked
by control circuits. The crossbar switches of I and II GS commutate four wires, and
the switches of the subscriber's selection stage and III GS commutate five wires.
A subscriber's-stage 100-line unit has 20 trunks for outgoing and 20 for in-
coming traffic. Each route of a group selector unit has 20 outlets to the subsequent
selection stage. The connection routes (trunks) between the selection stages are
connected stepwise except for the trunks between III GS and subscriber's stage. In-
termediate distributing frames can be used for this purpose.
The transmission of a number from the register to the marker may be effected
by pulses analogously to the (decadic-system) pulse dialing, but by means of cqding.
Consequently, provision is made for two types of markers. Coded transmission of
pulses ensures higher speed, which may be of major importance on larger telephone
networks. Pulse dialing makes possible interworking with step-by-step dial systems
without having to resort to intermediary equipment. In small rural dial offices the
mar!:ers receive numbers directly from subscribers and hence registers are unnecessary
there.
To reduce the costs and labor involved in servicing dial offices, the markers
are endowed with certain testing and fault-detecting functions. In the event of
detection of a fault, the concerned marker connects to a recording device and
effects the recording of the failure.
The Subscriber's Stage (SS) consists of a varying number of units in dependence
on the local capacity of the system. An SS unit contains, in turn, a set of cross-
bar switches creating, in a 100-line group, 20 routes toward I GS for outgoing sub-
scriber traffic load and 20 routes from III GS for incoming load. There are eight
100-element crossbar switches in a unit. The link circuit of such a unit is shown
in Fig.4.
The crossbar switches CS I to CSI to CS IV form the first SS connection step
94
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
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'24-IMSA
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???
.-=gro?????"''.
?
rSh6.,WA*
(Step A). Subscriber lines are connected to the contact bank of these switches. In
asmuch as each switch (I to IV) in this connection step has 10 vertical units with a
capacity of 10 outlets each (in Fig.4 vertical units are designated by heavy black
lines with thickened ends), each switch contains an entire hundred lines. The order
of sequence of the connection lines to switches CS II and CS IV differs from that
A)
used in switches CS I and CS III. Accord-
2 3 ? ? ?
00
10
20
?
80
90
01
11
21
81
91
02
12
22
?
?
82
.92
1 2 3
00
01
02
08
109
- 10
H
12
18
19
20
21
22
?
?
?
?
28
29
9 10
? . ? 08 09 ingly, in switches CS I and CS III the
? ? . 18 19 lines are so connected as to cause the
. ? ? 28 29 contact bank of each vertical unit to con-
oa
89
b)
tam n 10 lines with identical unit digits,
while in switches CS II and CS IV the
? ? ?
? ? .
98_99 lines are so connected as to cause the con-
tact bank of each vertical unit to contain
? 4 ?
0 ? I
9 10
80 90
? ? ? 81 91
10 lines with identical decadic digits.
Such a connection of subscriber lines,
. . ? 82 92 termed transposed connection, is a form of
c) grading. Its application facilitates a
. ?
0 ? ?
?
88
89 _99
oa
Fig.5
a) Vertical units; b) CS I and
CS III; c) CS II and CS IV
more equal distribution of traffic load
among connection routes, with the traffic
loads of separate groups of tens being in-
tershifted (the load on connection routes
occupied consecutively for the second,
third, and fourth time, corresponds better
to Poissonla distribution than in the event of separate trunk groups for every ten
linea). Figure 5 depicts the panel for connection of subscriber lines to the first
crossbar-switch group (CS I and CS III) and the second crossbar-switch group (CS II
and CS IV). If it is considered that each line has four connection routes accessible
between the A and B connection steps, the circuit for the grading of connection
nprdassified in Part - Sanitized COPY Approved for Release
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AND
routes corresponding to a transposed system of connection will have the form shown
in Fig.6.
The crossbar switches CS V ? CS VIII (Fig.4) form the second connection step
24)
b) CS/ csI csz csir
1 23 9 10 1!.13 20 21 23 30 737-53-43
03 ?
04
05 ?
06 ?
07 ?
08
09
10
11
12
13 ?
14 ?
15 ?
16 ?
17 ?
18
19
20
21
22
88
89
90
91
92
93 ?
94 ?
95 ?
96 ?
97 ?
98
99
STAT
Fig.6
a) Trunks; b) CS I to IV; c) Subscriber lines
(Stage B) of an SS unit. Each crossbar switch in this group is divided into two
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c
JO(
C
parts, having four and six vertical units respectively. In Fig.4 these parts are
denoted by letters a and b. The twenty vertical units of crossbar switches CS V
and CS VI are used for outgoing traffic from a 100-line group, while a like number
of vertical units in switches CS VII and CS VIII is used for servicing incoming
traffic. The contact banks of switches CS V to CS VIII are arranged parallelwise, as
shown in Fig.4, and form 40 connection routes to the 40 vertical units of the first
connection step A (CS I - IV). The connection routes service both the incoming and
478-20
7
?9
Ii
12
-200
b) h e
20 1 0 2 1 1210 1 20
10
II
20
I 1 1
Fig.7
a) Inlets; b) Outlets
?
the outgoing traffic. Although they are divided into four trunk groups of 10 routes
each, any one of these trunk groups can be used to identical extent for connecting
to the entire subscriber group.
In outgoing and incoming traffic the finding of an available connection route
is effected in a fixed order of sequence. First, a connection route is found in
Trunk Group No.1 connected to CS I; second, a connection route is found in Trunk
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-:240%
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?
of.
Group No.2 connected to CS II, and so forth. At such an order of savories of the
occupation of connection routes, the routes of the first two trunk groups pass a
large traffic load and therefore their servicing is ensured by the provision of a
?
large number of trunks connecting to I GS and from III GS.
The outgoing trunks to I GS are crossed by like trunks of the other SS units
so as to provide 50 - 70 trunks outgoing to I GS for a 1000-line group (10 SS units).
The above-described SS unit of the A-204 dial system is designed for a traffic
load of 6.7 erlangs (i.e., 240 calls lasting 100 sec), at losses of p 0.002. The
establishment of incoming connection through the connector unit serves to test a line
for the "busy" tone.
The Group Selector Stage (GS) consists of sopa_ %L. uS units. A GS unit, whose
link diagram is depicted in Fig.?, consists of four 100-element crossbar switches.
Such a unit has 10 inlets and 200 outlets and, if holding is ignored, it can link
10 selectors (for instance, selectors of the "Strowger 32-a" type) into 200 outlets.
Such a unit is serviced by a master marker, and the number of simultaneous connec-
tions can reach 10. Such a unit is used in all GS stages.
The vertical units of switches I and II [first(A) connection step of GS unit]
are linked by trunks with the preceding GS unit and, inasmuch as the vertical units
of these two switches are connected in parallel pairs (Fig.?), the 20 vertical units
of these switches form 10 inlets to the GS unit. The contact banks of the said two
switches are in parallel and 'form 20 outlets toward the second connection step
(Step B) of the GS unit. The vertical units of the crossbar switches III andS1WT
connect to connection routes, while the contact banks of these switches are not in
parallel, and form 200 outlets. These outlets are divided into 10 routes (hi- h10)
of 20 outlets each. The outlets of separate groups in the GS cross each other in
all GS stages save the last, thus forming stepwise connection to the necessary num-
ber of trunks in the subsequent GS stage.
According to the nominal designations used by the Ericsson Company and in the
98
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Swedish crossbar-switch literature, the circuit in Fig.7 could be represented in the
form shown in Fig.8. Such a representation is less graphic, but despite its compact-
ness it has the advantage of showing not
0 9-----oa, only the design principle but also the
1 I I
1
1 1 1
AT 1 1 I actual location of vertical units in in-
' 1
0 O Oa?
6 b) dividual crossbar switches. In accordance
0
1 . 1 with the Swedish designations, in Fig.8
WI 1
1 1
1
1 1
each vertical unit is denoted by a circle
. with a dashline attached and the vertical
units of a single crossbar switch are corn-
'if
a)
prised in a rectangle. The in-parallel
A
arrangement of the contact banks of several
vertical units is denoted by the identical
direction of the dashlines of these units.
a) 10 inlets; b) 200 outlets
The combination of two vertical units to
foim a single doubled-capacity selector is indicated by connecting these units by
means of a dashline.
From Fig.7 it can be seen that all the 20 outlets in each direction in a GS unit
are available for the first call only. After that first call appears and occupies
a connection route, the number of available routes for the second call in the subse-
quent selection stage will be ieduced by one in each of the 10 routes and will equal
19. When a tenth call occupies the last inlet of the GS unit, the number of avail-
STAT
able outlets will be 11.
In this way, the circuit of a GS unit in a dial system of the A-204 type ensures
a greater utilization of outlets toward the next selection stage than at an avail-
ability of ten, and a smaller such utilization that at an availability of 20.
Fig.8
99
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c
Aur
Dial systems of the ARF-10 type are designed for the automation of medium,- and
large capacity urban telephone networks. As in dial systems of the A-204 type, the
ARF-10's operate on the principle of multistage linking and by-path connection.
The basic commutating mechanism of the ARF-10 is a 200-element crossbar switch
(n 10, m 10). Its high qualities ensure low operating expenses (Bib1.12).
According to the official data of the Swedish Telephone and Telegraph Administration
(Bib1.12), the operating expenses on crossbar dial offices amount to 0.5 working hour
per number per year, aside from.the operating expenses of distribution frames and
power sources. It is also recorded that a 10,000-number office in the city of Malmo
(Sweden) is serviced by shifts of two operators each.
Figure 9 illustrates a skeleton diagram of a dial office of the ARF-10 type,
with a capacity of up to 10,000 numbers within a multioffice city exchange without
toil-switching planning. The diagram contains two GS stages and one SS stage which,
as in A-204, carries out the function of a combined finder-connector stage.
The GS stages are subdivided into two connection steps each, while the SS stage
consists of four connection steps. Subscriber lines are combined into 1000-line
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tiY
groups in the SS stage. As per the diagram in Fig.9, the traffic load outgoing from
a 1000-line group traverses two connection steps, A and B, while the incoming traffic
is load traverses all the four connection steps A, B, C, and D.
In step B the incoming and outgoing traffic loads become partially combined by
the vertical units of that step. In step A the two traffic loads become completely
combined.
While the contact bank of III GS services 10 routes, the stages II GS and SS
form a ten-thousand office group, and each route of stage I GS contains lines leading
toward the 10,000 group.
Each selection stage is provided with a marker MS. The marker MSA of the SS
stage establishes the outgoing connections of the 1000-line group and controls the
connection of the register to a trunk.
The outgoing lineswitch trunk set LTS1 contains the battery supply relay of the
calling subscriber, the register-connecting relay, and the signal relay. The in-
coming lineswitch trunk set LTS2 contains the battery supply relay of the called sub-
scriber, and the relay for connecting marker MSA. The connection of the register to
LTS1 is effected by means of a register-finder stage consisting of two connection
steps A and B.
The connection routes outgoing to the other dial offices connect to the contact
bank of the B connection step of I GS. The connection routes incoming from the other
dial offices connect to the vertical units of the A step of II GS.
The transmission of the digits of a number from the register to the markers is
effected by means of d.c. pulses of varying polarity transmitted by speech-wire cir-
cuits. The average time of transmission of one digit amounts to 35 milliseconds.
When two subscribers talk over two different dial offices of the ARF-10 type,
their connection in the terminal (incoming) office is effected under the control of
the register of the outgoing office. In this case, the number is transmitted by a
lp code. But when the calling or called party is connected to a step-by-step or rotary_
101
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-
switching dial office, the coded pulses are replaced by their corresponding direct
dialing pulses or revertive pulses. For this purpose a relay for converting to the
needed type of pulse is applied in telephone networks with dial offices of divers
types, or, if such relay is lacking, special intermediary equipment is installed
there.
At incoming traffic from offices of another dial system, the incoming traffic
ARF-10 office is equipped with intermediary registers for converting the pulses re-
ceived from the outgoing dial offices into a code that can be processed by the
ARF-10, and thus carrying out a successful connection of the incoming calls.
The ARF-10 type dial system is particularly applicable in long-distance tele-
phony.
The system is provided with special control equipment which tests the efficiency
of performance of the control devices and records the traffic loads.
The commutating equipment of ARF-10 type dial offices is located in bays of ten
crossbar switches each. Height of bay: 2900 mm.
The space needed to accommodate the equipment depends, naturally, on the form of
the switch room, traffic load, number of connection routes, and other factors.
According to bibliographical references (12, 15 and 16), at the typical arrangement
of equipment in a 10,000-line office of a multi-office city exchange without toll-
switching planning (as per the diagram shown in Fig.9), the switch room space
amounts to 235 m2 (18.5 X 12.7 m)., Here, all the equipment is arranged in 16 rows
having a maximum length of 10,026 mm, a maximum width of 350 mm, and a maximum height
of 2900 mm.
The Subscriber's Stage consists of 1000-line SS units. Figure 10 depicts the
link diagram of a 1000-line unit designed for servicing of equally high incoming and
outgoing traffic loads amounting to 59 erlangs each, and at losses of p = 0.002.
The set of crossbar switches included in the SS unit creates - in accordance
with the link diagram shown in Fig.10 - for the 1000-line group, 98 trunks toward
102
STAT
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461111Nitii
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r. wom
16
0
0
6
6
0
0
6
0 6
0 0
0 6
6 0
?
0
0
0
0
I 000 0 0 0 0 410 0 0 1
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
0
6
0
0
0
0
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0
0
0
6
0
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6
0
6
6
0
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6
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6
0000
0006
0
00000000
0
6
0 0
0
0
6
0
6
6
0
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6
6
6
6
6
0
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6 0
6
0-
0
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6
0
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0
e
6
6
6
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6 0
0
0
0
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6
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0
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66
0
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e
0
6
6 0
6
0
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
66
Subscriber lines; b) 98 outlets to IGS; c) 100 inlets to II GS
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ynmirtoz-vv4,---
war
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ga-qfe:=,56:-F.tVP
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41
I GS for outgoing traffic and 100 trunks from II GS for incoming traffic.. The SS
unit consists of four connection steps. Subscriber lines connect to the contact bank
of the crossbar switches of the first step (Step A).
When the lines are connected the 1000-line group becomes subdivided into five
200-line groups each of which is serviced by 70 CS vertical units in Step A. In this
way, at a specific traffic load of y = 0.059 erlangs per line, the number of CS ver-
tical units K in Step A servicing a group of 20 lines amounts to 7. The total number
of vertical units in Step A - and consequently of connection routes between Steps A
and B - amounts to 350 (VAB = 350).
2 3 ? ? 0 (7 IC The system operates on transposed
connection of lines in accordance with the
A)
Off !III
i
021112
0131713
?
I ,
021 IL. f
022:122
i
0231123
?
'
0311131
0321132
033:133
.
?
?
?
?
?
?
0191119
029129
0391139
0101710
0201120
0301130
2
3
1
0111M
1
0271121
031 1131
?
?
?
0911191
1
0011101
0721112
0221:22
032:132
?
?
?
0921119Z
1
0021102
I
013013
I
0231123
0331133
?
?
?
0931193
i
,0031103
? ?
0911191
1
092i 192
093:193
099199
0901190
cod tot
0021 102
0031103
on! 109
0001100
10
019:119
0291129
1
03911J9
?
?
?
0991119
00911A
0101110
0201120
avlao
?
?
?
0901190
0001100
Fig.11
a) Vertical units; b) CS I - IV;
c) CS V - VIII
c)
Step B the hundred trunks outgoing from II
by these steps ensures normal losses (p =
finding of specific lines by incoming traf
The SS unit consists of seventy three
panel depicted in Fig.11.
The second connection step (Step B)
of the SS unit makes it possible to connect
to the vertical units of the crossbar
switches of this step 98 outgoing trunks
from I GS and 100 incoming traffic connec-
tion routes between Steps B and C. A part
of the vertical units of Step B is (as
indicated in Fig.10 by blackening the upper
or lower part of some of the circles desig-
nating the CS vertical units) used for both
incoming and outgoing traffic. Steps C
and D are designed for connecting to
GS. The transposed connection effected
0.002) in the process of the pulse-action
fic.
2100-element crossbar switches. Step A
104
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contains 35 switches, Step B - 18 switches, and Steps C and D - 10 switches each.
The number of vertical units in crossbar switches and, hence, the number of
crossbar switches per se in each connection step of the S5 unit, and the number of
connection routes between the steps, all depend on the traffic load at a given qual-
ity of service. The related literature (Bib1.12) contains data on the number of
vertical units and connection routes as depending on traffic load at p m. 0.002 and
mutually equal incoming and outgoing traffic loads (Table 2).
A) b)
Ysel
Table 2
C.)
d)
LTS I LT.5
46
6
100
110
80
80
80
80
51
350
MO
100
100
100
73
1
40'1
200
120
120
1(8)
110
101
(0
noo
300
160
Iii0
(60
160
a) Outgoing traffic load per 1000-line group, in erlangs; b) Number of vertical
units per 20 lines; c) Number of vertical units per 1000-line group in each
connection step; d) Number of lineswitch trunk sets per 1000-line group
Let us now explore the group selector (GS stages).
Fundamentally speaking, all GS stages are identical. The so-called GS unit
represents the element of a GS stage from the diagrammatic and design viewpoint. A STAT
GS unit, whose link diagram is depicted in Fig.12, has 80 inlets and 400 outlets
which may be divided by 10 or 20 routes into 40 or 20 outlets per route. Figure 12
pertains to the latter instance, i.e., 20 routes (h = 20). The GS unit contains two
connection steps. Trunks from the preceding group selector connect to the 80 verti-
cal units of the first step (Step A) of the GS unit, and these units are, in turn,
linked by inside connection routes to the 120 vertical units of step B. The contact
105
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bank of the Step-B crossbar switches forms the outlets to the subsequent group selec-
tor stage.
At the presence of 20 outlets for each route, the minimum availability of the
outlets of each route amounts to 7, and
0- ----Cm, the maximum - to 20. The mean coeffi-
cient of expansion for the GS stage
h) amounts to - 1.5, and thus 120 connec-
tion routes are provided within the
L>
11111!
0.00.,.)
1
2
2
4
5
5
I
I
1
I
I
I
(1
ry.
o.
C.>
0
0
0
...).
0
0.
0
0
IIII
II
7
8
9
10
11
12
!III
II
0
c >
C>
0.
D
D.
0
0
2
O
3
I. I
7
A)
Fig .12
a) 80 inlets; b) 400 outlets
ters (distributed according to
GS stage for the 80 inlets.
III,
Type ARF -50 Dial System
Dial offices of this system type
are designed for interworking with urban
dial offices of the step-by-step system.
This is because the ARF-50 dial offices
require no intermediary equipment for
such interworking. Further, dial of-
fices of this system operate with regis-
selection stage) and on the by-path principle of con-
nection. The dial-office battery voltage amounts to 60 volts. As of 1950 the
ARF-50 system has been servicing the dial areas of the city of Helsinki (Bib1.17).
A skeleton diagram of an ARF-50 type dial office with a capacity of 10,000 num-
bers, operating in a multi-office city exchange without toll-switching planning, is
depicted in Fig.13.
As can be seen from Fig.13, the skeleton diagram of this dial office contains
one subscriberls stage and two group selector stages. Dial offices of this type
operate with 1000-line groups whose number is determined by the capacity of the
SS unit.
106
STAT
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'155Ww-
AOID
The subscriber's stage SS consists of four connection steps A,B, C, and 0, a6
in dial offices of the ARF-10 type (Fig.10), and differs from the latter solely by
i I
Fig.13
a) Subscriber's stage SS; b) Lineswitch trunk set LTS; c) I, II and III GS's;
d) Toward other dial offices; e) From other dial offices; f) Register;
g) Marker MS
its number of outgoing and incoming trunks. In the skeleton diagram in Fig.13 the
number of outgoing trunks is the same as that of the incoming ones and equals 60.
Likewise, just as in ARF-10, the ARF-50 subscriber's stage unit uses only two
connection steps A and B, for outgoing traffic but uses all four steps A, B, C,
and D, for incoming traffic. Step A handles both incoming and outgoing traffic. In
the here-described instance, the SS unit contains not only the crossbar switches
forming the four connection steps but also a control marker MSA for the unit as a
STAT
whole, and it also contains 10 registers (Reg.A), 60 lineswitch trunk sets LTS1 for
1/1
outgoing trunks, and as many lineswitch trunk sets LTS2 for incoming trunks.
Each register services six incoming trunks. A register can service only one
trunk at a time. The duration of the operation of marker MSA at incoming connection
amounts to about 350 milliseconds. The connections are effected in a transposing
manner just as in ARF-1O.
107
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`.1
The GS stages have their own registers and markers. The link diagram of the
I GS unit is the same as in dial offices of the ARF-10 type. A register services
six trunks, while a marker MSI services 10 registers. The register of I GS can re-
/7
0
11
1
III
0
CP
2
0
C?
I
3
0.
CI'
II
4
II
.
l,
?f,'
P.
0.
0
r>
( -
III!!
6
7
a
9
10
li
!II
C.>
:-,
0.
-> -
.).
C.)c
'
?
(5
I
i
I
'
I
1
:
3
4
5
t
I
I
I
,
(:.')
6
e_i
e)
',
')
(A,
J
O
It'll
.;
7s
IN
I
I
I
1
e..;
u:,
e.
(3
a)
Fig.14
a) 100 inlets; b) 400 outlets
b)
ceive one or two digits of a subscriber
number and transmit them immediately
after registration to marker MS1 which
establishes a connection route toward
II GS.
The II GS unit is designed as
shown in Fig.14 and has 100 inlets and
400 outlets which, in the presence of
10 routes, are broken down into 10 groups
of 40 outlets each (in Fig.14 the dis-
tribution is among 20 routes). The reg-
ister of this GS stage services five
trunks, and 20 such registers are ser-
viced by a common marker MS2.
CONCLUSIONS
Knowledge of the related literature, some of which is cited in the appended
bibliography, supplies grounds for assuming that the Swedish-produced crossbar dial
systems are completely up-to-date from the engineering viewpoint. These systems
should be studied in detail for the purpose of incorporating the best solutions into
the design of a domestic Soviet crossbar dial system.
Dial offices of the A-204 type are suitable for use in low-congestion dial areas
where it is expedient to have low-capacity stations and use branch dial offices.
The ARF-10 type is expedient for construction of medium- and large-capacity offices
with 1000 and more numbers. The employment of offices of the ARF-50 type is exped-
108
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ient in dial areas serviced by offices of the step-by-step system because no inter-
mediary equipment is required there for interworking.
A domestic Soviet crossbar dial system should, in all likelihood, incorporate
the engineering features of divers types of dial systems, because the conditions of
operation of this system vary so extensively throughout the great territory of the
Soviet Union that telephone networks must be constructed economically as depending
on their capacity in a given area. Moreover, it would be necessary to ensure the
interworking of the crossbar system with step-by-step and rotary-switching systems
on some telephone networks, aside from the networks whei-e the crossbar system is to
operate alone.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Markhay,Ye.V. and Babitskiy, I.A. - Dial Offices. Part 1, Svyaztizdat Publishing
House, 1944, pp.207-215
17 2. Karmazov, M.G. - Dial Telephony. Svyaztizdat, 1947, pp.192-211
3. Markhay,Ye.V. and Babitskiy, I.A. - Dial Telephony, Svyaztizdat, 1950,
pp.325-334
4. Babitskiy, I.A. - The Crossbar Dial System, Vestnik svyazi (ElektrosvyazI), No.3,
1945, pp.22, 23; No.4, 1945, pp.19, 20
5. Karmazov, M.G. - Crossbar Dial Systems, Tekhnika Svyazi Compendium Svyazlizdat,
July 1947, pp.3-37
6. Farafonov, L.S. - Standard-41 Automatic Telephone Systems, Vestnik svyazi, No.2,
1956
7. Kharkevich, A.D. - Developmental Trends of Dial System Engineering, EleeprosvyazI,
No.3, 1956
8. Wiberg,Ye.A. - The Crossbar Switch - Its Design and Manufacture, Ericsson
Review, No.2, 1949
9. L.M.Ericsson- RutomaticTelephone Exchanges with Crossbar Switches. Reference
109
STAT
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STAT
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MID
IC
List, March 1955
10. - Scientific Research Institute for Urban and Rural Telephony, Information
about Urban and Rural Telephony Techniques. No.1, 1956
11. Rost, H.F., Modee, G., Ek, F., and Strandlund, H. - A New Common Control
Crossbar Automatic Telephone System of the Swedish Telephone and Telegraph
Administration, Trans. AIEE, Vol.70, Part II, 1951
12. - L.M.Ericssonts Automatic Telephone Exchanges with Crossbar Switches.
System ARF-10, Stockholm, July 1953
13. Berglund, C. - Cut-Over to Crossbar System in Aarhus, Ericsson Review, No.3, 1953
14..Borregaard, N. - Conversion of the Aarhus Telephone Exchanges. Ericsson Review,
No.3, 1953
15. Stenbaek,S. - Choice of Automatic Telephone System for Copenhagen and District.
Ericsson Review, No.4, 1953
16. Johansen, V. - The Copenhagen New Automatic Telephone System with Crossbar
Switches. Ericsson Review, No.4, 1953
17. Karlsson, S.A. - The L.M.Ericsson Crossbar Switch System in Helsinki.'
Ericsson Review, No.4, 1950
Article received by Editors on 7 June 1956
110
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tliir4x44.241;e7'
FOREIGN PRESS NOTES
A SYSTEM FOR MULTIPLEXING THE CIRCUITS OF REGIONAL TELEPHONE NETWORKS
The Bell System Company has developed a system for multiplexing regional tele-
phone circuits, and termed it "Fl". The related equipment can be used on cable and
aerial (copper, metallic and bimetallic) subscriber lines. The system is so designed
as to form one to four channels, each having a width of 200 to 3000 cycles, in a
singe circuit. A spectrum of 8 - 100 kc is used at four-channel operation.
The equipment is based on amplitude modulation, and transmission comprises both
the currents of both sidebands and the carrier-frequency current. It is possible to
design the linear spectrum of the system in three different versions.
The first version provides the possibility for a gradual increase in the number
of channels up to four. In this case, the spectra of a single channel corresponding
to both directions of transmission are arranged in a row. The distance between car-
rier frequencies amounts to 12 kc (values of carrier frequencies: 12, 24, 36, ...,
96 kc). In this version, the system operates without through repeaters.
The two other versions of spectrum structure are used whenever it is necessary
to include through repeaters (which may amount to up to four). In this case, the
spectra of the four channels running in one direction are arranged in the lower part
of the 8 - 100 kc range, and the spectra of the four channels' other direction are
arranged in the upper part of that range. Here, the carrier frequencies can be
spaced either as in the first version or at a displacement of 6 kc upward (with the
number of channels being thereby reduced to three).
A characteristic trait of the P1 apparatus is its lack of electron tubes - their
functions are fulfilled by transistor devices. Another special feature is the appli-
cation of compandor devices.
Among the important elements of the system are the two- and three-stags ampli-
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fiers operating on n-p-n type transistors. The two-stage amplifiers are employed in
terminal equipment as HF (transmission and reception) and LF (compandor) amplifiers.
The three-stage amplifier is a basic element of the tandem office. All amplifiers
perform with negative feedback.
The P1 apparatus operates with one conversion of frequency. The converters used
consist of ring and bridge circuits comprising silicon diodes. The carrier-frequency
generators are assembled on the basis of two transistors, one serving as the genera-
tor proper and the other as the amplifier. The compandor device incorporates silicon
diodes.
The tandem office contains two (one for each direction of transmission) three-
stage repeaters, directional filters, equalizers and, in some cases, AGC devices.
With regard to the transmission from central office to a subscriber, the AGC utilizes
the total power of the carrier-frequency currents; in an opposite direction, the
carrier-frequency currents are transmitted only during the period of channel opera-
( tion (so as to reduce the power expenditures) - therefore, pilot-frequency current is
transmitted in that direction.
The maximum attenuation of upper-frequency currents in all channels that can be
compensated by the Fl apparatus amounts to approximately 30 db. The highest sideband
transmission level is assumed at - 8 db, and the carrier-frequency level - at 12 db
higher.
A subscriber can be called from the central office by using currents with the
frequencies of 1150, 1750 and 2500 cycles. By combining these frequencies it is
possible to call up each of the four subscribers who can be connected to the line.
The power-supply equipment of the apparatus includes a full-wave rectifier
based on a bridge circuit containing germanium or silicon diodes and supplied from
a 125-volt, 65-cycle network, and it also includes a buffer battery. The latter
ensures normal operation of the system during breakdowns in the power network for a
period of several days. The application of transistors has made it possible to pro-
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duce the whole apparatus on a very economical basis. This is also facilitated by
the circumstance that the compandor, the carrier-frequency generator, and the trans-
mission amplifier, comprised within the subscriber set, are fed with power only when
the subscriber removes the handset. A subscriber telephone set consumes about 0.6 v
during the period of ?silence" and about 2 v during the actual conversation. The
terminal equipment also consumes 2 v.
Designwise the apparatus is constructed in the form of a series of blocks with
plug-type connectors. The application of transistors and printed circuits has made
possible a substantial reduction in the dimensions and weight of the apparatus. The
subicriber telephone set is designed in the form of two small cast-aluminum boxes
which can be attached to a pole.
Communication and Electronics, No.24, 1956,
pp. 188-214
EXPERIMENTAL RADIO COMMUNICATION BY MEANS OF FORWARD SCATTER IONO-
SPHERIC PROPAGATION OF METER WAVES, IN THE USA
The recently discovered propagation of meter waves by means of scattered re-
flection from the ionosphere has made possible a considerable expansion of the fre-
quency range of ionospheric propagation for radio communication purposes.
Ionospheric scattering of radio waves in the direction of their propagation
makes it possible to effect radio communications in the 25 - 65 mc frequency band at
distances of approximately 900 to 1900 km.
It has been found that scattered reflection of radio waves ensures more reliable
radio communication at times of disturbances in the ionosphere and, especially, in
the polar zones where the ionosphere is more often disturbed and where, therefore,
short-wave radio communication is not so very reliable. Strengthening of scattered
signals can occur during short-term disturbances of the ionosphere caused by solar
flares, and this makes it possible to continue the interrupted short-wave radio coin-
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munication by means of meter waves.
As is known, meter waves usually penetrate through all ionospheric layers; how-
ever, owing to the irregularity of the lower part of the E layer, only a very small
part of the energy of these waves is retained, scattered, and reflected to the earth
in the direction of the directed propagation of radio waves.
According to measurements conducted along an experimental route from Anchorage
to Barrow (Alaska), the gain of the scattered signal in the receiver is accompanied
by an increase in magnetic activity in the midpoint of the experimental path, i.e.,
in the point of the reflection of waves from the ionosphere (above Fairbanks). That
point is also marked by the greatest disturbance of the ionosphere to occur along the
experimental path. This is favorable to meter-wave radio communication whenever
short-wave communication is disrupted.
The applied meter-wave frequency range and the distance between the points of -
communication appear to be the principal factors restricting a wider utilization of
ionospheric propagation of radio waves. The experiments conducted have revealed that
signal power declines when frequency is increased above 60 mc. At too low a fre-
quency, on the other hand, for example, at a frequency of less than 30 mc, the normal
ionospheric propagation is also present, and this leads to interference between sta-
tions.
The distance of transmission is determined by the altitude of the ionosphere
and the extent of the angle of incidence of radio waves in relation to the ionosphere,
i.e., angle between the direction of wave propagation and the tangent to the iono-
sphere at the scattering point. Observations indicate that the scattering power of
the signal declines sharply at an increase in the angle of incidence of radio
waves - which occurs when the wave path is shortened. At a distance of less than
900 km this angle becomes large, the scattering of energy becomes small, and the
signal becomes too weak and insufficient to effect radio communication.
At an increase in distance, signal power becomes sufficient. However, this
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oocurs only so long as the part of the ionosphere in which wave reflection takes'
place remains "visible" to the transmitter. Increasing the antenna height will not
increase greatly the range of action. However, at transmission from elevated shores
of the ocean the range of action covered 2200 km.
The experiments were conducted along the following routes: Cedar Rapids (Iowa)
Sterling (Virginia), 1230 km; Fargo (North Dakota) - Churchill (Canada), Anchorage-
Barrow (Alaska), St. John's (Newfoundland) - Terceira (The Azores), 2250 km; Cedar
Rapids - Bermuda; and also Labrador - Greenland, and Maine - North Greenland. The
last-named route has recently extended from Goose Bay (Labrador Peninsula) via Nar-
sarssuak (Greenland) to Reykjavik (Iceland).
Considering the smallness of the scattered energy, the experiments were conducted
with 40-kw transmitters, especially designed high-sensitivity receivers, large
rhombic antennas and, for comparison's sake, Yagi arrays.
In 1951 the U.S. Air Force became interested in the use of scattered ionospheric
propagation for radio communications in the Arctic. As of 1953 four-channel radio-
teletype systems were set in operation for multiplex traffic. After a brief experi-
mental period these lines were transferred for use by the Air Force. During the
first year of their operation the lines were used 91% of all the time. Failures of
radio waves to effect communication in these conditions totaled about one percent.
(Wire and Radio Communications,
Vol.74, No.3, 1956)
FIELD EXPERIMENTS WITH RURAL TELEPHONE INSTALLATIONS
As is known, considerable attention has been lately devoted to the question of
utilizing solar batteries as power sources for rural telephone plants (see for ex-
ample: Telecommunication Reports of 3 October 1555, Tele-Tech of August 1955, Elec-
tronics of February 1956, and Radio of July 1955).
this problem is supplied below.
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The first field experiments with telephone systems operated on transistors and ?
solar batteries constructed by Bell Laboratories were conducted in Americus, Georgia,
and yielded satisfactory results. The solar battery was installed in October of 1955
on only a part of the tested equipment. The purpose of the conducted experiments
with supplanting conventional batteries by solar ones was to clarify the degree of
usefulness of solar batteries as basic power sources for telephone plants, chiefly in
the localities without other readily available power resources.
The conducted tests of the structure and use of solar batteries as devices for
converting sunlight into electric power have met all expectations, technically speak-
ing. The experiments revealed that from the viewpoint of dependability and technical
efficiency of performance, the solar battery, which is usually mounted on a pole, can
be utilized for ensuring the power supply of rural telephone plants. However, a wide-
spread introduction of this battery is hampered by the high price of the chemically
pure silicon used in its manufacture. Therefore, so long as that material remains
expensive, it is more economical to use the existing normal current sources. Accord-
ingly, Bell Laboratories has no plans for continuing its experiments with solar bat-
teries in the 'mediate future.
As for transistors, they are of great importance to the development of media of
communication. The experiments with new equipment based on transistors have corro-
borated the belief that these triodes are crucial to the development of future tele-
phone systems.
The equipment tested in Americus contained about 275 transistors. Tests of this
equipment have demonstrated its considerable technological superiority over the
equipment based on electron tubes. Such a situation expands the opportunities for
increasing the use of short-hand rural telephone lines and thus makes it possible to
improve the servicing of rural population in the less populated regions.
A special discharger designed for protecting the low-power transistors from
electric overvoltages, has been tested for the first time in the experimental in-
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stallations of telephone devices. This discharger, termed "silicon-aluminum junction-
type diode", when used together with the existing standard types of dischargers,
protects transistors from lightning damage.
Bell Lab. Rec., No.6, 1956
PARABOLIC ANTENNA FOR STUDIES OF FROPACATION BY MEANS OF SCATTER
The last few years have been marked by intensive studies of the feasibility of
transmitting signals beyond the limits of the horizon. The experiments conducted
indicate that a considerable part of microwave energy can be transmitted over the
curved earth's surface, beyond the limits of the horizon. The mechanism making
this possible has not yet been fully revealed, but the assumption is that scatter
caused by irregularities of the atmosphere plays an important role here.
To study the nature of propagation by scattering, an American firm, Bell Tele-
phone Laboratories, has constructed a 60-feet high microwave aluminum antenna at its
laboratory in Holmdel, New Jersey. The compact surface of this antenna has the form
of a paraboloid constructed with an accuracy of up to 3/15". The weight of the
parabolloid amounts to 5.5 tons. The antenna together with its supporting beam can
withstand a wind of 100 mph. Although designed to withstand a 1-inch thick load of
snow or ice, this antenna has in practice withstood a 5-inch thick load of ice, and
a wind of 150 mph.
The antenna is designed for operation on the frequencies of 460 - 4000 mc, but
it has also been tested on a frequency of 9400 mc.
Calibrated pyramidal-form horns were used as the standard.
Antenna gain amounted to 37 db on a 460-mc frequency, 55 db on a 3890-me fre-
quency, and 61 db on a 9400-mc frequency.
Tests of the antenna on the highest frequency have demonstrated its good qual-
ities not only with respect to its gain and beam width but also with respect to
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clarity of its field pattern.
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(Radio Television News , Vol.56,
No.10, 1956, p.102)
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7. E.
AUTHOR'S CERTIFICATES
Class 21a1, 3440 No.103595. A.A.Ionov. A Stereoscopic Television Method.
Class 21a2, 180. No.103606. Ye.Ya.Yerstaflyev.A Phototransistor Amplifier-
Converter.
Class 21a2, 1808' No.103677. P.G.Tager. A Method for Pulsating Amplification
of Electric Signals.
Class 21a2,
3401' No.103676. M.A.Sapozhkov and A.K.Lidikh. A Telephone Set
for the Common-Battery System.
A proposal for joint use of the electromagnetic microphone and of an amplifier
powered through speech wires from telephone-office common battery, for the purpose
of increasing the power output of the microphone, expanding the opportunities for
correction of the frequency response of the transmission ratio, and increasing the
stability of the transmission level, in common-battery system telephone sets.
Class 21a2,3602' ll No.103535. Ya.Yu.Ginzburg. A Ca Distributor for Group
Telephone Traffic Centers.
Class 21a2,3602' No.103661. Yu.R.Gints. A Device for Effecting Both-Way Group
Telephone Traffic Among Several Four-Wire Circuits.
Class 21a3, 4920. No.103427. A.N.Yuzhakov. A Device for Alarm Signaling
through Telephone Lines.
Class 21a4,8 No.103658. G.B.Illin. Three-Phase Vacuum-Tube Oscillator.
01.
A proposal for using the feedback circuits of some tubes of the three-phase
vacuum-tube oscillator formed by three electrically coupled oscillators to obtain
driving voltage serving to effect a definite directing of phase rotation, low devia-
tions of interphase angles at unbalanced loads, and elimination of autonomous oscilla-
tion of each arm.
Class 21a4, 10. No.103594. Ye.G.Bronnikova and L.Z.Rusakov. Piezoelectric
Resonator.
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Class 21a4, 39. No.103621. L.U.Leykhter. Phase Magnetic Demodulator.
Class 21a4, 4601. No.103500. A.V.Sokolov. Relay Stations of Radio Relay Lines.
A proposal for using a combined amplifying system to amplify the signals trans-
mitted in both directions on various frequencies in the relay stations of radio relay
lines, for the purpose of reducing the equipment used. The signals at the input and
output of such an amplifying system would be separated by means of filters.
Class 21a4, 7204. No.103460. M.A.Shkud, F.A.Geltman, K.M.Ryabov, E.N.Kuchuk,
0.I.Pakhomov, A.M.Ivashkin, and V.I.Fedorenko. An Antenna Switch.
Antenna switch for shifting current phases by 180? for the purpose of simplify-
ing the design, and increasing the homogeneity and electric stability of feeder
lines. The proposal is that the switch be constructed in the form of a section of a
transposed four-wire feeder whose wires resemble tubular rods and whose fixed input
contacts, to which the said rods are attached, are displaced 450 in relation to out-
put contacts so that a 45? turn of the rods entails a 180? change of the phase of
the current.
Class 21d, 25. No.103578. V.Ye.Savehenko. A Device for Measuring Insulation
Resistance.
Class 21e, 1120. No.103447. B.A.Barskiy and V.A.Volosevich. A Device for
Harmonic Analysis.
Class 21e,2802. No.103417. N.A.Pikulev. A Device for Simultaneous Recording
of Several Processes on the Screen of an Electron Oscillograph.
Class 21e, 2901. No.103519. V.N.Nikollskiy. An AC Ammeter.
Class 21e, 31. No.103622,, R.S.Medvedeva. A Method for Measuring the Conver-
sion Transconductance of Radio Tubes by the Zero Frequency Method.
A proposal for using the zero frequency method to measure the conversion trans-
conductance of radio tubes by means of two synchronously acting switches, one to
shift the phase of the signal-grid voltage and the other to alter the direction of
the flaw of plate current through the device, which may be directly measured in
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FOREIGN PATENTS
Editor's Note: In publishing here brief mentions of some foreign patents con-
cerning television technology the Editors wish to add for the information of the
readers that photostats of patents (in the original language, with designs) are
available upon applying person or mailing c.o.d. orders to the All-Union Technical
Patent Library of the Committee for Inventions and Discoveries, Council of Ministers
of the USSR.
Address of the library: Moscow-Center, proyezd Serova, 4, podlyezd 7a. Phone
88-64-52, for information.
Photostats of patents can be also obtained through the Purchasing Office of the
All-Union Institute for Scientific and Technical Information, serving the USSR Acad-
emy of Sciences and the Gostekhnika State Engineering Institution.
Address of the Institute: Moscow, D-219, Baltiyskiy pos., d.42 b. Phone
D 7-00-10, Ext.51.
Patent, German Federal Republic. C1.21a, 32/22. No.759 354, 11.08.55. A Tele-
vision Pickup Tube. (Opta Radio Akt. Gee.) (Einrichtung mit Bildfaengerroehre).
A proposal for an iconoscope-type tube device at which the electron beam is
directed perpendicularly to the surface of the mosaic. The axis of the electron gun
is directed parallel to the mosaic plane, but after scanning the electron beam turns
perpendicularly toward it by means of an electromagnetic or electrostatic device.
The application of such a tube makes it possible to dispense with the devices for
compensating keystone distortions in ordinary iconoscopes. The above-described
procedure is also suitable for receiving and, especially, projection tubes. Here
the location of the electron gun at a side of the screen makes it possible to utilize
its brighter-illuminated side; a further increase in screen efficiency is achieved by
mounting the luminophor on a reflecting surface.
U.S.Patent, Cl. 178-7:5, No.2, 717,920, 13,09.55. Avins Jack (Radio Corp. of
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America). Noise Cancellation Circuit. '
A circuit designed for improving the pulse -noiseproof feature of aynchro cir-
cuits and AGC in television receivers. The noiseproof feature is ensured by connect-
ing a noise inverter stage between the input and output of the video amplifier. The
normally-closed inverter stage opens when the noise exceeds the synchro pulse level.
Here, the noise voltage on the video-amplifier load decreases (or vanishes) because
the inverter-amplified noise voltage which is opposed in phase to the noise voltage
amplified by the video amplifier, develops on the said load and cancels the latter
voltage.
The amplitude of pulse noise may either be smaller than the magnitude of the cut-
off bias of the inverter stage or may exceed slightly or considerably the latter,de.-
pending on the extent of opening of the inverter tube. In the former case, the in-
verter does not operate; however, the energy of pulse noise is relatively small and
therefore the signal-to-noise ratio in the synchro channel is not much affected by
that noise. In the latter case, the inverter tube should have a high grid through
if the inverter is to have a maximum efficiency; further, when the tube is opened to
its fullest extent, the inverter efficacy is maximal and cancels noise completely.
The noiseproof feature of the AGC circuit is additionally increased by connect-
ing the AGC tube grid to the plate circuit of the inverter.
Australian Patent No.165,582, 27.10.55. (Radio Corp. of America). Color
Television Amplifier.
A spurious capacitance coupling exists between the plates of various color com-
ponents in the multicolor transmission tube. To eliminate this coupling, negative
feedback of capacitance character is applied in the input amplifiers of the video
signal of each color component to reduce the influence of spurious capacitances on
a wide frequency range.
U.S.Patent, Cl. 178-5:4, No.2,725,418, 29.11.55. Sziklai, George (Radio Corp.
of America). Color Tele sion Receiving System.
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Proposal for a receiving device for color television systems of the point-
contact successive-transmission type; a receiving device that can be applied together
with reproducing devices consisting of a single three-color kinescope with one or
itthree beams, or of three separate kinescopes. The receiving device ensures the per-
formance of the color-reproducing devices synchronously with the emission of color
signals. For this purpose, use is made of a generator of three sinusoidal oscilla-
tions with a 120?-phase shift, controlling the three signal dissectors which, in
turn, control three pilot lamps. These lamps release the necessary electron beam
(or one beam at the required moments of time) at the moment of the emission or cor-
responding color signals. Further, a single video amplifier is used for all three
color video signals.
U.S.Patent, Cl. 178-5:4, No.2,706,217, 12.04.55. Roland N. Rhodes and Allen ?
A.Barco (Radio Corp. of America). Color Television Control Apparatus.
Proposal for a method of emitting the useful product of modulation out of the
overall signal of several modulators of the color subcarrier in color television
systems with single-frequency-band transmission of the brightness signal and of the
subcarrier signal containing color information in the form of amplitude and phase
modulation.
Specific instance: obtainment of a color subcarrier signal by means of amplitude
modulation of three oscillations with subcarrier frequency and at a 120?-phase shift.
In this case, when the output signals of the three modulators are combined, the sub-
carrier is suppressed. In order to suppress the modulating signal itself it is pro-
posed to supply a reverse-polarity modulating signal of a corresponding amplitude
to the overall output of the modulators. This makes unnecessary the application of
balanced modulators and filters.
Canadian Patent No.515,333, 02.08.55. Cetsworth, Albert III. A Television
Receiver with Sound Reception by Means of Beats between Carrier Frequencies (Zenith
Radio Corp.). (Intercarrier Television Receiver).
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Proposal for a circuit for separating the audio and video signals in a tele-
vision receiver in which beats between carrier frequencies are used for reception of
audio signals. The signal is conveyed from the detector output to a separation
pentode; and .a resistance whose part is capacitance-shunted and a resonance circuit
tuned to a frequency equal to the difference between carriers are (the resistance and
the resonance circuit) series-connected to the plate circuit of that pentode. The
signal enters the audio channel from the resonance circuit, which is inductively
coupled to the plate circuit, and it enters the video amplifier - from the resptance.
A capacitor is connected between the point of connection of the video amplifier and
the second circuit, and this capacitor is used for introducing the differential-
frequency signal at an amplitude and phase sufficient to compensate the component of
the differential frequency falling from resistance into the video amplifier.
West German Patent, Cl. 21a, 33/10, No.933,871, 06.10.55. Barthelemy, R. (Co.
pour la Fabrication des Compteurs et Materiel d'Usines a Gaz). A Device for the
IIOperation of Television Pickup Tubes. (Anordnung zum Betrieb von Fernsehzerlegern.)
To simplify the design of television equipment and eliminate the low-frequency
noise usually appearing in the video-signal amplifying path, it is proposed that HF
oscillations be modulated by video signals directly in the pickup tube. This may be
done only in tubes performing with beams of low-velocity electrons, for instance, in
the super-opticon. The HF generator of frequency f is connected subsequently to-
gether with a source of constant and negative (in relation to cathode) voltage de-
livered to the tube's Wehnelt cylinder. In this way, the electron beam becomes modu-
lated by high frequency. The HF voltage, modulated by video signals, is taken from
the signal plate by means of a wideband HF transformer tuned to frequency f.
U.S.Patent, Cl. 178-5:8, No.2,706,218, 15.04.55. Wooten, W.A. System for
Television-Program Film Recording and Record Reproduction.
Proposal for a system of film-recording of programs being televised. In custo-
mary program-transmission conditions it is necessary to use 3 to 5 television cameras
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wer,
positioned in various sides of the scene and switched on during transmission time.
Each of these cameras can be operated jointly with a movie camera, and the resulting
film record of the television program is compiled from fragments shot by individual
cameras, which is both complicated and expensive. The proposed system suggests such
a joint operation of television and movie cameras but without the factors that make
it so complicated and expensive. The moments of the switching of camerae automatic-
ally punch holes into the control film tape which moves in time with the working
movie camera. The negative tapes shot by the several movie cameras appear and then
are processed through the synchronized printing heads which are so designed as to
print a single positive tape. The control tape serves to control the printing of
film on the positive tape in closely corresponding relation to the changes of cameras
during the shooting of the scene. A complete film record of the program can thus be
obtained in a simpler manner.
The device for punching holes into control tape consists of die punches and
IIsolenoids operated by push-button control from the program producer's desk. Sound
recording is likewise ensured by concurrent operation of movie cameras and sound
recorders, with changes in cameras signaled by strobing of points on the sound tape.
Electrical circuits and appropriate devices (solenoids, control drum, etc.) ensure
the automation of the process.
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BOOKS TO BE ISSUED IN 1957
;
Concise information is cited below concerning the plans of soma publishing
houses for the publication, in 1957, of technical literature that would be, in the
Editor's opinion, of interest to the readers of Elektrosvyazt.
Sovetskoye Radio Publishing House
Arenberg, A.G. - Propagation of Decimeter and Microwaves. Edition: 10,000 copies.
Price: 16 rubles. To be issued in first quarter of 1957
Neyman, M.S. - A Course in Radio Transmission Devices. Edition: 25,000 copies.
Price: 6 rubles. To be issued in second quarter of 1957
Rizkin, A.A. - Fundamentals of the Theory of Amplifying Circuits. Third Edition:
25,000 copies. Price: 10 rubles. To be issued in last quarter of 1957
Mehl and Gerhard - Decimeter-Wave Engineering (translated from the German, under
tha direction of N.K.Svistov). Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 18 rubles
50 kopecks. To be issued in third quarter of 1957
Beck, A. - Electron Tubes: Theory and Design (translated from the English, under the
direction of L.A.Kotomina). Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 18 rubles
50 kopecks. To be issued in fourth quarter of 1957
Lo, Endres, Zawels, Waldhauer, and Cheng - Fundamentals of Transistor Electronics
(translated from the English, under the direction of E.I.Gallperin).
Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 27 rubles. To be issued in third quarter
- Problems of Long-Distance Ultrashort-Wave Communications, edited by V.I.Siforov.
Edition: 10,000 copies. Price 15 rubles. To be issued in first quarter.
Levin, B.R. - The Random Process Theory and Its Applications in Radio Engineering.
Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 12 rubles 50 kopecks. To be issued in first
quarter.
127
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Poletayev, I.A. - The Signal: Concerning Some Cybernetic Concepts. Edition: 50;000
copies. Price 7 rubles. To be issued in fourth quarter
Wiener, N. - Cybernetics. Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 9 rubles. To be issued in
third quarter.
Govorkov, V.A. and Kupalyan, S.D. - Exercises on the Electromagnetic Field Theory.
Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 11 rubles. To be issued in second quarter.
Shestakov, M.F. - Bibliographical Index of Literature on Undergraduate and Graduate
Designing of Radio Transmission Devices. Edition: 10,000 copies. Price:
1 ruble 50 kopecks. To be issued in first quarter.
Fedotov, Ya.A. - Instead of the Radio Tube (Technology in the Sixth Five-Year Plan
Series). Edition: 50,000 copies. Price: 1 ruble. To be issued in first
quarter.
Konev, Yu.I. - Transistors in Automatic Control Devices. Edition: 10,000 copies.
Price: 5 rubles. To be issued in first quarter.
irState Publishing House for Foreign Literature
Goldman, S. - Information Theory (translated from the English). Price: 15 rubles
50 kopecks. To be issued in the first quarter.
Rayt, D. - Transistors (translated from the English). Price: 8 rubles. To be
issued in third quarter.
Shea, R. - Transistor Audio Amplifier (translated from the English). Price: 12 rub-
les 50 kopecks. To be issued in second quarter.
Kay-ver, M. - Fundamentals of Color Television (translated from the English).
Price: 13 rubles 50 kopecks. To be issued in first quarter.
- Third International London Symposium on the Information Theory (translated from
the English). Price: 19 rubles 50 kopecks. To be issued in second
quarter.
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State Publishing House for Theoretical Engineering Literature
Kharkevich, A.A. - Theoretical Foundations of Radio Communications. Edition: 50,000
copies. Price: 6 rubles 40 kopecks. To be issued in second quarter.
Parfenttyev, A.N. and Pussep, L.A. - Physical Foundations of Magnetic Recording of
Sound. Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 11 rubles. To be issued in third
quarter.
Sheftelt, I.T. - Thermosensitive Transistor Resistances. Edition: 10,000 copies.
Price: 3 rubles. To be issued in fourth quarter.
German-Prozorova, L.P. and Vinogradova, N.I. - English Russian Radio Engineering
?
Dictionary. Edition: 50,000 copies. Price 15 rubles 50 kopecks. To be
issued in third quarter.
The dictionary contains about 20,000 terms concerning radio engineering and
broadcasting, television, receiving and transmitting devices, and electronics.
Geyler, L.9. and Dozorov, N.I. - English Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineer-
ing. Second (enlarged) edition: 35;000 copies, Price: 23 rubles 50 kopecks.
To be issued in first quarter.
This dictionary contains about 40,000 terms concerning: Power generation
and industry, construction of electrical machinery and instruments, wire
communications, and radio.
Team of authors: German-Russian Dictionary of Electrical Engineering. Edition:
35,000 copies. Price: 21 rubles 50 kopecks. To be issued in third quarter
This dictionary contains about 35,000 terms concerning power stations,
electrical machinery and instrument construction, other branches of industrial
applications of power, wire and radio communications, and automation.
NEW BOOKS
Radovskiy, M.I. - Publishing House of the USSR Academy of Sciences, 1956. Edition:
10,000 copies. 207 pages. Price: 3 rubles 10 kopecks.
129
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A bibliographical sketch (?Scientipx -Popular Lihrary0).
1.
Tsyant Syue -Sim/ - Engineering Cybernetics. Translated from the English :by
M.Z.Litwin-Sedoy. Edited by A.A.Felldbaum. Isdatellstvo inostrinnoy
!
literatury Publishing House, 1956. 462 pages. Price in hard coyer:
17 rubles 5 kopecks.'
Gubanov, A.I. - Theory of the Rectifying Action of Transistors. Gostekhisdat
eV* ?
Publishing House, 1956. 348 pages. Edition: 10,000 copies. Price in hard '
cover: 11 rubles 15 kopecks.
- Electrophysical Properties of Germanium and Silicon. A compendium of translations',
edited by A.V.Zhdanov. Sovetskoye Radio Publishing House, 1956. 392 pages.
Price in hard covers 17 rubles.
Bonch-Bruyevich, M.A. - Collected Works. Publishing House of the USSR Acadogy of
Sciences, 1956. 526 pages. Edition: 3500 copies. Price in hard cover:
30 rubles 70 kopecks.
Malkin, I.G. - Some Tasks of the Theory of Nonlinear Oscillations. Gostekhisdat
Publishing House, 1956. 491 pages. Edition: 6000 copies. Price in hard
cover: 16 rubles.
Kaplanov, M.R. and Levin, V.A. - Automatic Frequency Control. Second (enlarged)edi-
tion. Gosenergoizdat Publishing House, 1956. 2)0 pages. Edition: 12,000
copies. Price in hard cover: 11 rubles 50 kopecks.
Ivanov, A.B. and Sosnovkin, L.N. - Superhigh -Frequency Pulse Transmitters.
Sovetskoye Radio Publishing House, 1956. 616 pages. Price in hard cover:
13 rubles 85 kopecks.
Andreyevskiy, M.N. - Design of Generators of Decimeter and Microwaves. Oborongis
Publishers, 1956. 132 pages. Hard-cover price: Sr 35 k.
Volin, M.L. - IF Amplifiers. Third, enlarged, edition. Sovetskoye Radio Pc6Lishing
House, 1956. 232 pages. Price in hard cover: 7 rubles 20 kopecks.
New Radio Broadcasting Literature. A Compendium, Svyastisdat Publishing Rouse,
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1956, 106 pages + 5 insets. Edition: 12,500 copies. Price: 3 rubles
60 kopecks.
Gertsenshteyn, B.Ya. and Savina, N.A. - Fundamentals of the Theory and Computing
of Wire Broadcasting Lines. Svyaz/izdat Publishing House, 1956. 372 pages.
Edition: 10,000 copies. Price in hard cover: 12 rubles.
Brandt, A.A. - Techniques for Assembling and Adjustment of Radio Circuits. Moscow
University Press, 1956. 247 pages. Edition: 25,000 copies. Price in
hard cover: 6 rubles.
Vostroknutov, N.G. - Technology of the Measurements of Electrical and Magnetic
Values. Second, relsed edition. Gosenergoizdat Publishing House, 1956.
440 pages. Edition: 15,000 copies. Price in hard cover: 9 rubles 75 ko- ?
pecks.
A textbook for the secondary schools of engineering which instruct workers in
measurement techniques.
Nazarov, M.V. - Channel Capacity of Multiplex Traffic Systems. Svyazlizdat Publishing
House, 1956. 66 pages. Edition: 10,000 copies. Price: 1 ruble 85 kopecks.
A brochure, one in the series of "Lessons in Communications Engineering".
Vitenberg, M.I. - Computations of Electromagnetic Relays used in Automation and
Communications. Second, revised and enlarged edition. Gosenergoizdat
Publishing House, 1956. 464 pages. Edition: 10,000 copies. Price in hard
cover: 14 rubles 50 kopecks.
- New Dial Telephone Systems. A compendium of translated articles, edited by
L.S.Farafonov, Svyaeizdat Publishing House, 1956. 100 pages. Edition:
5500 copies. Price: 5 rubles 70 kopecks.
Babitskiy, I.A. - Rating of Step-by-Step Dial Systems. Svyazlizdat Publishing
House, 1956. 32 pages. Edition: 7000 copies. Price: 80 kopecks.
A brochure in the series of //Lessons in Communications Engineering
Kuznetsov,Ye.K. - Telephone Sets. Svyazlizdat, 1956. 292 pages. Edition: 5000
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copies. Price in hard cover: 10 rubles 10 kopecks.
Koptev, I.V. - Theory of Aerial Lines. 3vyastildat, 1956. 282 pages. Edition:
10,000 copies. Price in hard cover: 7 rubles.
A student manual for institutes of electrical communications engineering.
Grodnev, I.I.? Efimov, I.r.. and Nerimont, L.B. - Electrocommunication Lines.
Voyenizdat, 1956. 504 pages. Price in hard cover: 11 rubles 65 kopecks.
A textbook for military communications schools.
Buchenkov, A.N. - Radio Electronics: Its Achievements and Perspectives of Develop-
_ ment. Review of literature, for guidance purposes, 1956. 16 pages.
Edition: 20,000 copies. Price: 30 kopecks.
Levshina, 0.N. - Transistors and Their Applications in Science and Engineering.
A review of literature, for guidance purposes, 1956. 14 pages.
Edition: 20,000 copies. Price: 30 kopecks.
The above two brochures are the first issued in a series of bibliographic
reviews for guidance purposes initiated under the overall name of Movosti
tekhniki? Engineering News by the V.I.Lenin USSR State Library in collabora-
tion with the Central Polytechnical Library.
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