INLAND WATERWAYS IN SIBERIA: IV. WATER TRANSPORT IN KAMCEATKA

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• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: June 25, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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1. Fig. 1 -
2. Fig. 2 -
3. Fig. 3 -
4. Fig. 4 -
5. Fig. 5 -
6. Fig. 6 -
7. Fig. 7 -
LIST OF INCLOSURES
Kamchatka Peninsula (Map)
Kamchatka Peninsula (Map)
Administrative Subdivision of Kamchatka and Communications (Map)
Known Mineral Resources of Kamchatka (Map)
Known Timberlands of Kamchatka (Map)
Map of Fishing and Hunting Areas (Map)
The Headwaters of the Srednyaya Avacha River (Photo)
8. Fig. 8 - The Valley of the Srednyaya (Middle) Avacha River near the
Bakenin Volcano (Photo)
9. Fig. 9 - Formation of Group of small "griffons" or sources on the banks of
the Zhupanova River. (Photo)
10. Fig. 10 The Bakenin Volcano (Photo)
11. Fig. 11 Avachinskaya Bay. Petropavlovsk Basin (Photo)
12. Fig. 12 New Building of the Administration of the Kamchatka Fish
Industry in Petropavlovsk (Photo)
13. Fig. 13 - Petropavlovsk. May 1929 (Photo)
14. Fig. 14 - New Houses on Kamchatka (Photo)
15. Fig. 15 - Houses for Workers in Ust' Kamchatbk (Photo)
16. Fig. 16 - Ust' Kamchatsk. The Cannery of the Kamchatka Trade and
Industrial gompany (photo)
17. Fig. 17 - View of Usti Kamchatsk from "Koshka" (Photo)
18. Fig. 18 - Kamchatka River Bay. Ust' Kamchatsk "Ilknailm" (sandspit) and
the Kamchatka River (Photo)
19. Fig. 19 - lists Kamcbatst;Settlement (Photo)
20. Fig. 20 - Apartment house of the Ust' Kamchatsk Fish Canning Plant,
No. 1 (Photo)
21. Fig. 21 - View from the Sea of the Ust' Kamchatsk Fish Canning Plant
No. 1 (Photo)
22. Fig. 22 - View of Kamchatka River. Near Mashura Village (Photo)
23. Fig. 23 - View of Kamchatka River Valley (Photo)
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Introduction
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
5
Chapter I. Geography of the Kamchatka Peninsula 7
General Remarks
The Relief of Kamchatka
General Description
7
7
7
a) The Sredinnyy Khrebet 8
b) The Vostochnyy Khrdbe(ti 10
c) The Parapollskiy Dol 11
d) Volcanoes of Kamchatka Peninsula 11
The Commando"- Islands
Industrial Resources of Kamchatka
Chapter II. Climate and Hydrographic Conditions of Kamchatka
General Remarks
13
15
22
a) Climate of the West Coast 22
b) Climate in the Kamchatka River Valley 23
c) Climate of the Eastern Shore 23
d) Cloudiness and Fog 24
e) Winds 25
f) Precipitation - Snowfall 27
Ice Conditions in Kamchatka Waters
a) West Coast
b) East Coast
c) Discharge. Conditions on Rivers
Discharge of Kamchatka Rivers
29
29
29
of Kamchatka.. 30
Chapter III. Rivers of the Kamchatka Peninsula
General Remarks
a) Rivers of the West Coast of Kamchatka
b) Rivers of the East Coast of Kamchatka
c) Lakes on Kamchatka
Chapter IV. The Kamchatka River
31
37
37
38
57
General Remarks 66
Description of the Kemchatka River 66
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TABLE OF CONTENTS Con't)
Chapter IV. (Con't)
Page
a) Upper Reaches 66
b) Middle Reaches 67
71 Estuary
Reaches
stuary 68
69
Tributaries of the Kamchatka River 70
Peculiarities of the Kamchatka River 70
Freight Traffic on the Kamchatka River 71
Ice Conditions and Hydrography 72
Chapter V. Ports of Kamchatka
a) Petropavlovsk-na-Kamchatke 77
b) Ozernovskiy Port 80
c) U.5t1-Bol'sheretsk 81
d) Mil'kovo 81
e) Dolinovka 81
f) Klyucbi 82
g) Ust' Kamchatsk 82
Chapter VI. Kamchatka Maritime Transport
Appendix
General Remarks
a) Navigation Conditions
1. West Coast
2. East Coast
89
89
89
90
b) Shipping and Freight Traffic 92
c) The Far Eastern Consolidated Steamship Line 94
d) List of Vessels mentioned 96
Bibliography
108
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INTRODUCTION
Kamchatka is a mountainous volcanic peninsula linked with the East Siberian
mainland by a 40 km wide lowland and extending south for over 1,000 km as al..
huge barrier between the Sea of Okhotsk and the Panific Ocean.
Virtually an island, Kamchatka is potentially almost self-sufficient. It has
vast reserves of peat and also coal and petroleum deposits. Its rivers nna the
seas arsund it are the richest fish spawning and crab fishing areas in the
Far east. Great timberlands cover a vast portion of the peninsula; and, wheat,
potatoes, and barley grow in the fertile Kamchatka River valley that stretches
through the central part of Kamchatka, sheltered between the Western and
Eastern mountain ranges. Numerous mineral springs flow in picturesque
mountain settings. The Paratunka spa is widely known. A military sanatorium
with 100 beds, two houses and mud baths was to be built there in 1957
(N: Krasnaya Zvezda Tied Stai7, No. 245, 16 Oct. 1957, 2. 3) and was reported
completed in March, 1958, (N: Krasnaya Zvezda/ed StaE/, No. 52, March 2, 1958
P- 3)-
Kamchatka is still imperfectly surveyed and its industrial development is not
great, yet it has great strategic and military significance owing to its
geographic position.
The peninsula belongs to the Far Eastern Military District, which extends over
the Maritime Area, the Amur River area (Priamur'ye), Sakhalin, Island,
Kamchatka and the Kuril Islands. (N: Krasnaya Zvezda ged Stai7, No. 52,
March 2, 1958, p. 3).
In an article published in the "Krasnaya Zvezda" newspaper on 11 November, 1956,
Colonel L. Vysokoostrovskiy of the Far Eastern Military District, describes
the life of permanent garrisons on the Kuril Islands. On a single "tiny
island" he mentions the presence of a House of Officers, a dining room, indiv-
idual houses, permanent barracks, warehouses and summer sports camp. He also
speaks of men stationed there for 11 years with their families. (N: Krasnaya
Zvezda, No. 262, 11 November 1956, p. 2).
References to Soviet forces stationed on Kamchatka and on the Kuril Islands
are likewise made in other issues of the "Krasnaya Zvezda" newspaper (No. 196,
18 August 1957, p. 4, and No. 256, 2 November 1956, p. 3, respectively).
Speedy communications with the mainland and Moscow are assured by airplanes.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy boasts of an airport able to receive the "Tu-104"
airplane. A 31 December 1957, issue of "Krasnaya Zvezda" newspaper mentions
the 10 1/2 hours long flight from Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy to Moscow of '
Ivan Ignat'yevich Malyakin, Hero of Socialistic Labor and Deputy to the
Supreme Council of the USSR (N: Krasnaya Zvezda, No. 306, 31 December 1957,
p. 3). I. Malyakin, a member of the kolkhoz in. Kirova is also captain of the
"Sibir'" fishing trawler. He came to Kamchatka from Stalingrad in 1936. He
also mentions the presence on Kamchatka of reserve and discharged sailors
and soldiers who voluntarily remained there to work. (N: Krasnaya Zvezda,
No. 158, 11 July 1956, p. 3).
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INTRODUCTION (Con't)
The remoteness of the area and the harsh climatic and living conditions have
made it necessary to offer privileges to the Armed Forces personnel stationed
there. Soviet forces guarding the frontier areas of Chukotka, Kamchatka and
other distant and undeveloped regions, are given more calorific rations,
higher retirement benefits and living space priorities, among other
privileges. (N: Krasnaya Zvezda, No. 148, 29 June 1956, p. 3).
So far the major handicap to the industrial development of Kamchatka has
been its inaccessibility. The overland route northward and then westward to
Eastern Siberia is extremely long and consists of little more than mere trails
across almost impassable frozen mountains and wastes. ?
The maritime route, the only direct one, crosses the Sea of Okhotsk, notorious
for its year round storminess, the winds and currents of which are still
little known. Navigation there is always risky and apt to last far longer
than scheduled owing to the excessive duration of the storms.
The west coast of Kamchatka offers no sheltered harbors or roadsteads. The
port of Ozernovskiy, in the southwest of the peninsula, was scheduled to be
developed during the Sixth Five-Year Plan (1956-1960), but so far only
preparatory work has been done.
In spite of the handicaps of climate and geography, Kamchatka is gradually
being developed and, settlements and highways are being built. According
to I. Malyskin,people come from all parts of the USSR to develop the vast
resources of Kamchatka. A main highway, some 360 km long, when completed,
is going to link the port of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy on the east coast
with the west coast. (N: Krasnaya Zvezda, No. 158, 11 July 1956, p. 3).
This will be the first real highway on the peninsula, where overland routes
are mainly trails through high mountains, that isolate the west coast from
the east coast.
The current Five-Year Plan calls for more than half of its capital invest-
ments to be spent for the industrial development of the Donbass, the Arctic,
Kazakhstan, Siberia and the Far Eastern areas. About half a million youths
were to be sent to the above mentioned projects in 1956-1957. (N: Krasnaya
Zvezda, No. 117, 22 May 1956, p. 1). As Kamchatka is one of the areas to
be developed, some of the youths were sent there. (N: Krasnaya Zvezda, No. 11
20 May 1956, p. 2) and also to Chukotka, where in 1956, more than 1,000 .
youths arrived to work in the mines and on various industrial and building
projects. (N: Krasnaya Zvezda, No. 236, 10 Oct. 1956, p. 1).
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CHAPTER I.
Geography of Kamchatka Peninsula
General Remarks.
4thi
Kamchatka Peninsula received its name from the Koryak inhabitants of the
area, Who called the Kamchatka River valley "Konchat".
The Kamchatka Peninsula covers an area of 350,000 sq km (1) and is linked in
the north to the mainland by the Parapol'skly Dol or depression. To the
south, the peninsula terminates under Lat. 50?57'N., at Mys (Cape) Lopatka.(2)
Kamchatka vas discovered by the Siberian traders about the middle of the
17th century, and first visited by the Cossacks about 1695, it VW conquered
by them in 1706 and was reached by the Russians by sea in 1717. (3)
The peninsula extends about 700 miles in a south south-weste* direction (4)
and is separated to the south by the Pervyy Kuril'skiy Proliv (first Kuril
Strait) from Shumushu Island, the first island of the Kuril chain. (5)
From the administrative point of view, the Kamchatskaya oblast', in the
Khabarovskiy Kray of the RSFSR, was formed in October 1932. This oblast'
includes the Koryakskiy natsional'nyy okrug, and covers the entire Kamchatka
Peninsula, and the Karaginskiy and Commander Islands. (6)
?
To the north, the Kamchatskaya oblast' is limited by the Chukotskiy natio01'-
nyy okrug, to the northwest, by the regions directly under the administration
of the Khabarovsk Kray Administration. The northeastern shore of the oblast'
borders the Sea of Bering, the southeastern, the Pacific Ocean, and the
western shore, the Sea of Okhotsk. (7)
The Mountains of Kamchatka
General Description
The Kamchatka Peninsula includes three types of areas: volcanic mountains
(called sopki), non-volcanic mountain ridges and lowland tundras. In some
parts of the peninsula, these areas are closely related, and in other parts
one type clearly predominates over the other. (8)
What could be considered as a fourth distinct area is the Kamchatka River
valley, Which by its location has very special climatic and agricultural
conditions.
The Kamchatka peninsula, except for the shoreline timqras or plains of the
Okhotsk seaboard, is a typical mountain country. (9)
Two principal parallel mountain ranges extend in a longitudinal direction
through the middle part of the Kamchatka peninsula. These ranges are the
Sredinyy Khrebet (Middle Range), also known as the Zapadnyy Khrebet or
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western Range, and the Vostochnyy Khrebet (Eastern Range) (10), and extend
in a north-northeast direction (11), broken in places by volcanic areas. (12)
The broad valley of the Kamchatka River stretches sheltered between these
two main ranges. (13)
The Central Kamchatka depression is of tectonic formation (14). Formerly
it was a great mountain lake (15). This depression extends for 350 km in a
southwest to northeast direction in the central part of the Kamchatka pen-
insula, between the Valaginskiy Khrebet and the volcanic masses of the
Tolbachik, Klyuchevskaya spoka, and the Shiveluch to the east and the
Sredinnyy Khrebet to the west. The width of the Kamchatka depression
increases from 4 km only in the south to 80-100 km in the north. (16)
The Kamchatka River valley, situated at the bottom of this depression, has
numerous terraces situated up to 100 m above the river bed. (17)
The Kamchatka River, and its major left bank tributary, the Yelovka River,
flow along the depression, filled with accumulated sediments. (18)
Apart from, and independent from the two main mountain systems, the Western
and the Eastern, numerous separate ranges are situated on the peninsula: the
Ipelika ridge, southeast of Bol'sheretsk village, on the west coast; the
Medvezhiy ridge, rising parallel to the western shoreline, southwest of
Utkholok village, (19), (north of the Khayryuzova River (20), the Tigil'skiy
ridge, rising in the basin of the Tigil' River, the Koryakskiy ridge, ex-
tending north of the upper reaches of the Tigil' River, the Zarechnyy and the
Kharchinskiy ridges, north of the village of Klyuchi.
The Kamchatka Ranges are in places interrupted by softly sloping anticlines
or deep gorges. The Nachikinskiy, Malkinskiy, Sedankinskiy and other mountai
passes were reported in 1936 to be so fax the only overland means of communi-
cation between the eastern seaboard and the hinterland areas on one side and
the Okhotsk seaboard area on the other. (21) No great changes seem to have
taken place since.
The ranges of the Kamchatka peninsula are composed of shales, granites,
sienite rocks, in places broken up by erupted rocks. There are likewise
maritime sediments from the paleozoic to the tertiary period. During the
glacial age, glaciers were greatly developed in places in Kamchatka. (22)
The quaternary glacial period has left a deep mark on the relief of the
Kamchatka mountain ridges. Small glaciers still exist in places. (23)
The soils of Kamchatka belong to the podzolized, peat and meadow and marshy
type. The most fertile are the peat and meadow soils, developed on the
ancient alluvium of the Kamchatka River. These soils are covered with
meadows and a sparse forest growth of white birch. (24)
a) The Sredinnyy Khrebet
The Tsentral'nyy or Zapadnyy Khrebet ,(Central tTiNestern Range) of Kamchatka
(25), the main mountain range of the KSh4a0tajlehinsula, starts in southern
Kamchatka, from Lake Kuril'skoye, and extends north along the central part of
the peninsula, dividing the latter into two almost equal longitudinal parts.
: "f. q.Y.eilinnvyKhxebet starts north of the
,
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To the east, the Sredinnyy Khrebet is limited by the Kamchatka River valley,
the lower reaches of the Yelovka River, a left bank tributary of the Kamcha
River, and the upper reaches of the Bystraya River (28), that empties in
southwestern Kamchatka into the Sea of Okhotsk. (29)
The eastern slopes of the Sredinnyy or Zapadnyy Khrebet slope somewhat
sharply down to the Kamchatka River valley. (30)
The western slopes of the Sredinnyy Khrebet on the contrary, descend gradu
(31), towards the Sea of Okhotsk and merge into the lowlands of the seaboard.
(32)
The Sredinnyy Range rises from 60-70 miles from the coast bordering the Sea
of Okhotsk (33), and between the foothills and the shoreline lies a strip
of forestless level lands often called tundra, some places reaching 600 to
750 in in elevation. (34)
Its composition includes maritime Pliocene and in past upper Cretaceous
deposits. (35)
The numerous valleys resulting from the descent of the Sredinnyy Range to
the coast are taken 1113 by numerous (up to 18) rivers of the Okhotsk sea-
board of the peninsula that take their source in the Sredinnyy Kbrebet and
are of considerable importance for the livelihood of the population. (36)
The Sredinnyy Khrebet bears clear traces of ice ploughing - through-like
valleys and other formations. It is composed of phyllites and crystallic
shales, covered with sandstones and shales, possibly of paleozoic age.
On the western side, this series is covered with dislocated tertiary layers.
(37)
The altitude of the Sredinnyy Khrebet varies. It is 3,621 in in the Ichinskaya
sopka supposed to be the only not completely extinguished volcano in the
Sredinnyy Khrebet on Kamchatka (38). The upper part of the volcano is
covered with snow which descends in several hanging glaciers. (39)
Another source states that the Ichinskaya or Belaya sopka (laweayain in the
Itel'men tongue), which elevation reaches 3.048 in according to some data is
still an active volcano. (4o)
A later source mentions this volcano as dead. (41)
Apart from this altitude, the highest part of the Sredinnyy Khrebet or Range
has an absolute elevation of 1,600 to 1,800 in. Mountain passes lie at an
altitude of 900 to 1,200 in. (42)
To the north, the Sredinnyy Khrebet lowers to 300 to 40o in. (43).
STAT
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b) The Vostochnyytihrebet
The Vostochnyy Khrebet (Eastern Range) is a system of consecutive ridges,ex-
tending along the entire peninsula (44), along its eastern half, approximately
from the estuary of the Kamchatka River down south to the Avachinskaya
Bay (45).
To the west, the Vostochnyy Khrebet is bounded by:the valley of the
Kamchatka River, an3 to the north, by the Some Bering (Z6) "
The slopes descending to the Kamchatka River are gentle, while thbse descend-
ing to the Sea of Bering are abrupt (47), with cliffs that make the shore
completely inaccessible in places. The entire territory between the Bering
Sea and the Vostochnyy Khrebet is therefore mountainous and only rarely
traversed by deep river valleys (48).
The Vostochnyy Khrebet is lower than the Zapadnyy Khrebet (49)1 The
average elevation does not exceed 2,000 (50, and reaches 1,450 in in the
southern extremity, in the Ganal'skiye Vostryaki (51). Its ridges comprise
38 volcanoes, that reach altitudes of 3,00 to over 4,000 in. Some of them
are active, other extinguished (52).
The Vestochnyy Khrebet is also subdivided into successive ridges separated
by depressions so that it bears different names according to the locality.
In the south, the Vostochnyy Khrebet begins with the Ganal'skiy Vostryaki.
(53) Further north, towards the middle of the Vostochnyy Khrebet, rises
the Valaginskiy Ridge, and still further north, the Kumroch Ridge (54), also
called Ksmroch (55).
The latter is also locally known as Valaginskiy, Mil'kovskiy and Verkhne-
Kamchatskiy Khrebet (56).
The Vostochnyy Khrebet is frequently divided into two parts: the northern
part, extending from the estuary of the Kamchatka River to the Kamchatskaya
Vershina Mountain (about 54 Lat. N.) called the Valaginskiy Khrebet, and
the southern part, called the Gonal'skiy Khrebet or Gonal'ski5eVostryaki
(57), owing to its tooth?shaped summits (58).
To the west, the Vostochnyy Khrebet becomes a plateau, called the
Gonal'skaya Mokraya tundra, (hlimid tundra), westward of which rises the main
Kamchatka Range, called the Sredinnyy or Zapadnyy Khrebet. (59)
This Gonal'skaya Mokraya tundra lies between Lat. 530 and 54?N. and is
a high marshy tableland, surrounded on all sides by mountains, the general
elevation of this tableland being about 609.6 m. (66)
From this tableland, also run the principal ranges of the peninsula, the
Kamchatka range extending in a northerly and southerly direction along the
entire length, throwing out numerous spurs, and several secondary ridges. (6l)
The Ganal'skiye Vostryaki, the highest range of non-volcanic origin of the
peninsula, rises in the hinterland of Kamchatka, southeast of the Ganaly
village situated on the Bystraya River, and extends on the eastern sideA5T-
the so-called Ganal'skaya tundra, and descending to the northeast, breaks up
Into several spurs. (62)
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The Ganal'skiye Vostryaki are an important watershed of the peninsula.
Together with the Ganal'skaya tundra, a high marshy plateau, surrounded on all
sides by mountains, it is the origin of the three main water arteries of the
Kamchatka peninsula. The northeastern spurs are the headwaters of the
Kamchatka River, the southwestern spurs, the headwaters of the Bystraya River
(the Bol'shaya River system, flowing into the Sea of Okhotsk), and the
eastern spurs, of the Avacha River, emptying into the Avachinskaya Guba (Bay).
The spurs of the Ganal'skiye Vostryaki, stretching to the southeast, to the
Avachinskaya Gael, are called the Pinachevskiye, those extending to the Mys
Shipunskiy, are called the Zhupanovy. (63)
c) The Parapol'skiy Dol
At the spot where the peninsula adjoins the mainland, lies a low liateau
called the Parapol'skiy Dol (lowland), extending from Korf Bay, at 600 Lat. N.,
until Penzhinskaya Guba (Bay) of the Sea of Okhotsk. This plateau, reaching
155 in in elevation is covered with tundra (64), and becomes lower in the
west. (65)
Except for the spurs of the Sredinnyy and Koryakskiy ranges, the Parapol'skiy
dol is a level maritime terrace on which occasionally rise small softly
sloping elevations created by recent volcanic activity. (66)
The glaciers descending from the Sredinnyy Range terminate some 60-70 km
from the present range and only individual glaciers evidently came out to the
western Kamchatka Plain. The bottom of the Central Kamchatka depression was
formerly covered with ice only in the extreme south. In places the glaciers
reached the seashore. (67)
At the eastern edge of the Parapol'skiy dol, some 40 km from the shore of the
Bering Sea, stretches a low, forestless ridge of andezite, up to 940 in high
and which is the continuation of the Sredinnyy Khrebet of Kamchatka. (68)
Between Korf Bay and Rekiniki (sic) village, the elevation of the ridge does
not exceed 950 in. In this spot the axis of the Sredinnyy Range is situated
some 40 km from the eastern shore of the peninsula. (69)
Further to the northeast, the ridge rises and comes in contact with the
Koryakskiy range. During the upper quarternary maritime transgression,
Kamchatka peninsula separated from the mainland and a wide bay was formed in
the area of the Parapol'skiy dol, and the peninsula thus became an island.(70)
The chains of the Sredinnyy Range are thus interrupted at the isthmus of the
peninsula and resume further northeast, follow the sane direction and become
as said above, the Koryakskiy range as it was named by Obruchev. (Another
Koryakakiy range is situated in the western part of the Kamchatka Peninsula.
(71)
cl.) Volcanoes of Kamchatka Peninsula
The Kamchatka Peninsula, part of the Pacific volcanic area, lies at the inter-
section of the Kuril and Aleut arcs of islands and is thus a center of
volcanic energy, and traces of volcanic activity exist throughout the
peninsula. (72)
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At about Lat. 51 1/2 R., rise two rows of volcanoes, Which are prolongations
of the Kuril series, and farther northward rises the first group of active
volcanoes situated northward of Avachinskaya Bay, and comprising Sopka Kozel'-
skayal and Sopka Avachinskaya. Still farther northward, rise Sopka Kronotskaya.
Sopka Klyuchevskaya etc... (73).
The exact number of volcanoes on the peninsula does not seem to have been
established as yet. (74)
According to one source, 17 volcanoes were known to be active in 1934 and 57 in
active (75). An earlier source said there were 12 active and 30 inactive
volcanoes on Kamchatka. (76)
A 1937 source stated there were 127 volcanoes on Kamchatka, of which only
19 active (77). Another source said there were 120 volcanoes, of which 17
active (78). An official reference source of 1953 set the number of active
volcanoes at 22 out of a total of 120 (79). Almost every source seems to have
its own opinion about the number of active and inactive volcanoes in Kamchatka.
It is known that most volcanoes are concentrated in the Vostochnyy Khrebet,
where the greatest and most active volcanoes are located: the Avachinskaya,
Kronotskaya volcanoes and in the Kamchatka River valley, the Klyuchevskaya
sopka. (80)
Except for the sopka Belaya, all other non active volcanoes are situated on
the eastern side of the peninsula. (81)
During the past few years, the activity of the volcanoes has considerably
increased. This increased effervescence is usually escorted by underground
Jolts that sometimes become strong earthquakes. The latter frequently cause
the rivers to overflow their banks, and also tidal waves caused by the sea-
quakes. in 1923, such waves washed away part of the town of Ust' Kamchatsk
and its cannery. (82)
According to a 1955 source, 18 active volcanoes lie between the Vostochnyy
Khrebet and the seashore. Among the most remarkable ones is the Avachinskaya
sopka, rising some 30 km northeast of Petropavlovsk (83). Another source
gives this distance as 35 km and is 2,738 in high. (84)
The Avachinskaya sopka resembles the Vesuvius, but it is twice as high. Its
lavas belong to the andezite type. (85) It is one of the most active volcanoes
on Kamchatka and erupted for the last time in March, 1945, When it spouted
mostly smoke, water vapour and ashes. (86) A 1918 source mentions the last
eruption of the Avachinskaya sopka to have occurred in February 1946. (87)
The Avachinskiy volcano, together with its neighbour, the Koryatskiy volcano,
can be easily seen from any point of Petropavlovsk. (88)
During periods of relative calm, the volcano erupts steam and gases, mostly
sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and hydrogen chloride. Several glaciers
descend from the volcano to an altitude of 1,600 to 1,700 in. (89)
The northern-most active volcano of Kamchatka is the Shiveluch at 56?39'
Lat.N. (90), which has 6 glaciers suspended from it. This volcano, which an
elevation of 3,300 in is reported to have erupted in 1948. (91)
- ------- - - - - - ?
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The 3,730 in high Kronotskaya sopka on the shores of the 128 m deep Lake
Kronotskoye (92), was considered inactive until 1923, when it became active
again. (93)
The highest peak on Kamchatka is thehevskaya sopka (94), the highest
volcano of the eastern hemisphere. er
The Klyuchevskaya sopka erupted in 19380 according to a 1955 source (96), and
also in 1945 according to a 1952 source (97). It is an active volcano. (98)
This volcano rises to an altitude of 4,850 in. (99) It is usually overhung
with gigantic cabbage head --like clouds of smoke. The diameter of its crate;
according to explorations serried out in 1935, is of 250-300 in, and it has a
depth of 50 in. (100)
Starting from an altitude of 3,500 to 2,700 in, the Klyuchevskaya sopka is
completely covered with an ice blanket from which separate glaciers detach
themselves and descend down the slopes to an altitude of 1,100 in. (101)
Next to the Klyuchevskaya sopka rises the inactive 4,620 in high Kamen! volcano,
at the foot of which are clearly seen traces of former glacial periods.
Another dead volcano is the 3,730 in high Tolbachik, that exudes steam. (102)
The sopka Bezymyannayal (nameless), long considered inactive, started to erupt
in late 1955. In January 1956, a photo shows it still smoking. Dark clouds
covered the sky above Klyuchi, situated 45 km from the foot of the volcano.
The eruption proper lasted several days and the streets of Klyuehi were
covered with a 3 cm thick layer of ashes, while the day turned to night.
Twenty thousand underground tremors were registered in 2 months, some of them
being felt even without instruments. A pillar of smoke 4 to 5 km high rose
above the volcano. A plane flying 3,600 in high took pictures when it became
possible to approach the mountain but even then, long after the eruption
Itself, the gigantic smoke cloud still covered half the sky. (103)
Another important volcano is in the south the 2,931 in high Zhupanovskaya
sopka (104). (Or 34230 in ligh according to Piyp, p. 9, 1941).
The 3,458 in high Koryakskaya sopka (30460 in according to Piyp, p. 9, 1941)
erupted in 1896. (105)
On the. stern part of the peninsula, there is not a single active volcano
but there exist about 15 old destroyed volcanoes anu andezite laccolites.(100
The Commandor Islands
The Commandor Islands, situated. to the east of Kamchatka, at About 55? Lat.N.,
consists of two isleads0 ,Beaqsleapd Nednyy. The first was discovered an
4 November, 1741, by,VOriWthe second was noticed that same year
by Steller, the companion-of Be'riAg. The islands are separated from Kamchatka
by great depths of about 5,000 in, but these depths are less than at the
Aleut islands. (107)
- - - - - - - - ? - - - - - -- -
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The detail of the coasts of the commanaor iseanas, aria tne reia-GIve putssw.uu
of the off-lying islets, can only be considered as approximate. (108)
The islands are devoid of forests and are covered with tundra - the southern-
most forepost of this type of vegetation in the northern hemisphere. The
flora of the islands includes some 250 varieties (109),.
The shores of the islands descend in places in vertical cliffs to the sea.
The islands consist of volcanic rock, andezite tufa, basalts, and rise 670 in
on Bering Island and 590 in on Mednyy Island. The tufa belongs to the upper
pliocene or the lower miocene period. (110)
The island of Meinyy (copper) got its name from the copper that occurs in the
erupted rocks. (111) Earthquakes occur on the islands. (112)
The climate of the Commendor Islands is oceanic, damp, cold and foggy. The
winter is mild and the summer cool. (113)
The average temperature of February or March, the coldest months, is of
3 to 4 degrees Centigrade. The warmest month is August, with an average
temperature ranging from 10 to 11 degrees, although the latitude is the
same as in Moscow. (114)
The sea does not freeze even in the more sheltered places. The sea around
the Commandor islands is everywhere clear from ice, but the lengthy westerly
and north-westerly winds carry a large enough quantity of floating ices from
the shores of the Kamchatka peninsula. (115)
The currents in the waters of the Commandor Islands have been studied but
little. There is data indicating that a branch of the warm Kuro-Sivo current
passes somewhere near the shores of the archipelago and that superficial sea
currents caused by continuous north-westerly winds move from the shores of
the Kamchatka peninsula, also currents along the entire north-eastern shore
of the Asiatic continent. (116)
Tides come and go twice in 24 hours and do not reach great heights at the
shores of the archipelago. The height of the high tide does not exceed 2 m.
(1-17)
Navigation is rendered difficult by the very freauent gales and storms (118),
and the continuous fogs that last three quarters of the navigation season
(13, or four fifths of the navigation season according to another souree.01.20
Precipitation in the islands amounts to about 500 am per year. (121)
The steep shores, underwater dangers
harbors sheltered from the winds add
This lack of harbors applies especi
although it is true for all islands.
and the complete absence of real deep
to the hazards of navigation. (122)
ally to the Bering and Mednyy Island
(123)
Vessels reduce their stay in Commandor waters to a minimum and always leave
for the men sea when anticipating oncoming storms. All freight handling
operations take place in the roadstead. (124)
- ? ? - - --
WARNING This document contains information afiecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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Industrial Resources of Kamchatka
Kamchatka peninsula is a relatively untapped source of enormous and varied
wealth. Fish and timber are its main produce, but there are likewise consid-
erable deposits of coal, petroleum and vast reserves of*peat. The peninsula
has a great hydropower potential and the climate in its central belt, the
longitudinally situated Kamchatka River valley, allows crops of many kinds
during the summer periods.
COAL deposits exist on Kamchatka along the Kamchatka River, along the
Khayryuzova River on the west coast, and along some other rivers. The coals
are brown, of a 6,600 cal. capacity. (125) But most of the coal deposits of
Kamchatka have no industrial value. (125)
PETROLEUM was disc6vered on the Kamchatka peninsula in 1922 and the
Bogachevskoye deposit was the most surveyed in 1937. Other petroleum deposits
were found along the Vayampolka (sic) River, on the west coast. The quality of
the Kamchatka petroleum is very high. It contains 76.3 to 78.0 % of
kerosene, 4.4 to 7.5 c,!. of benzene, 16.2 to 17.0 % of mazout. (127)
Kamchatka has also enormous reserves of PEAT, mainly on the west coast, where
peat layers reach 1.5 to 8 m in depth. There are also peat deposits near
Petropavlovsk. (128)
The HYDROPOWER reserves of the peninsula are "quitehigh, the areas of the
Sredinnyy Khrebet and the Vostochnyy Khrebet being especially favorable for
the construction of hydronewer plants. (129)
In 1937, there were found indicationsof the presence of copper, silver, and
tin ores and gold, the latter along the Mityuga, Utka, Khomutina and other
rivers. (130)
PUMICE stone occurs in enormous industrial quantities in the Bol'sheretsk
rayon, Zheltokhovskaya and Avachinskaya Bay areae. (131)
NATURAL SULFUR occurs in the Avachinskaya and Klyuchevskaya volcanoes. (132)
Fish compose the greatest industrial wealth of Kamchatka. The waters around
the peninsula are an exceptionally rich spawning ground of salmon and other
valuable fish. There are also rich cod banks in the Sea of Okhotsk and near
the Commandor Islands. The most productive crab catching area is the sector
of the Sea of Okhotsk near the western coast of Kamchatka, in the area of
the Khayryuzova River estuary. Seals are of great value on the Commandor
Islands and sea beavers in south Kamchatka waters, at Mys (Cape) Lopatka.
Rehabilitation of sea beavers, seals and sable bunting is being carried out by
the Soviet authorities. (133)
The fishing season on the west coast of Kamchatka, southward of Mys (Cape,
Yuzhnyy, commences in May, and ends in August or September. (134)
While the m*ms fishing season of salmon ends in September, the fish produgs
are ready (for export) only by the beginning of October, i.e., just when the
navigation season comes to an end. As a result, from 40 to 65 % of the ready
WARNING This document contains information affecting the national defense of :he United States within the meaning of the
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REPLACES AT FORM Ii2-PART II I JUN Lk cLASSIFICAT1ON
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produce is not exported every year. Its quality naturally drops heavily.
Besides owing to lack of ports on the west coast, the fish catch frequently
cannot be brought ashore. (135)
The trawlers fishing on the western coast of Kamchatka have to sail to
Petropavlovsk to unload, and transport alone thus takes as much time as the
fishing itself. (136)
The sedimentation process in river estuaries Rna the use of them for the
standing of vessels combine to hinder the passage of salmon back to their
breeding areas, in the upper reaches of these rivers. This phenomenon reaches
spectacular proportions on the rivers of Kamchatka, both on the east and
west coast, as almost all sources testify. (137)
If therefore real ports are not built for vessels, within 5 to 10 years,
salmon may disappear altogether from the western waters of Kamchatka. (138)
The absence of ports on the western
200,000,000 rubles in losses to the
This sum includes losses due to the
the demurrage and untimely loss and
coast of Kamchatka causes yearly
Ministry of the Fishing Industry alone.
lowered quality of the fish produce,
wearing out of the vessels. (139)
Special fish ports are urgently needed, and even in large ports like
Petropavlovsk and Vladivostok, fishing ports handling small volumes of
freight have been built in the area of the port. (140)
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REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART 11, 1 JUN L CIA SSI F I CATION
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WERENCE NOTES CHAPIKR.I
1) BSE, v, 31. 1937, p. 1148
2) Ibid.
3) BNG, p. 5.
4) Ibid.
5) BM, v. 31, 1937, p. 148
6) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 555
7) Ibid..
8) Serg. p. 23-24
9) Serg. p. 21.-
10) Sorg. '13. 24, 1936; .BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552; BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148.
11) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148
12) Serg. p. 24
13) ISSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148
14) BSE, v. 19, 19534 p. 555B%iroda SSR, p. 432
15) Berg. Priroda SSR, p. ,432'
16) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 555
17) Berg. Priroda, SSR, p. 432,
18) BM, v. 19, 1953, p. 555
19) Serg. p. 25, 1936
20) Kanichatskiy Kray, p. 7
21) Serg. p. 24, 25
a2) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 1/48
23) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
24) Berg, 1955, p. 437, Priroda SSR
25) Serg. p. 25; Berg, 1952, p. 484; BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 1148
26) Serg. p. 24
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27) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
28) Serg. p. 24
29) Serg. p. 46 ami Berg, 1952, p. 484
30) Serg. p. 24
31) Serg. p. 24 and BNG, p. 560
32) Serg. p. 24
33) BNG, p. 560; Lotsiya, 1938, p. 461
34) ESE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148; Berg, 1952, p. 484; Berg, 1955) p. 433
35) Berg, 1952, p. 454; Berg, 1955, p. 433
36) Serg. p. 24
37) Berg, 1952, p. 484
38) Berg, 1955, p. 432; Berg, 1952, p. 484 and BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
39) Berg, 1952, Dv 484
40) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148
41) BSE, V. 19, 1953, p. 552
42) Berg, 1952, p. 484
43) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
44) BSE, v. 19, 1953, P. 552 and SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 555
45) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 555
46) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 555
47) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 555; Serg, p. 24
48) Serg. p. 24
49) Ibid.
50) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552 and BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148
51) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 148
52) SSE, v. 10 1929, p. 555
53) Serg. p. ; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552; BSE, V. 31, 1937, p. 148
510
ESE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552; BSE? v. 31, 1937, p. 552
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55) Berg. p. 24.
56) Ser. P. 24
57) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 555
58) BNG, p. 5
59) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 555
60) BNG, p. 5
61) mid.
62) Serb. p. 25
63) Berg. p. 25
64) Berg, 1955, p. 434; Berg, 1952, p. 487; BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
65) BSE, v. 31, 1957, p. 149
66) BERG, p. 434, 435
67) Berg, 1955, p. 434, 435
68) Berg, 1955, p. 434; Berg, 1952, p. 488
69) BSE, v. 31, 1957, p. 149
70) Berg, 1955, p. 434, Chemekov, p. 67, 1949
71) Serg. p. 26-27
72) BNG, p. 5-6
73) BNG, p. 6
74) Kanchatakiy Kray, p. 7
75) Ibid.
76) Sredi Trekh Morey, p. 126
77) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
78) Bytovoy, p. 37, 1948
79) BSE, v. 19, 1953, P. 553
80) Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 7
81) BSE, v. 311 1937, p. 149
82) Kamehatskiy Kray, p. 7-8
STAT
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83) Berg, Priroda SSE, p. 433, 1955; Bytovoy, p. 107
8.4) Berg, 1952, p. 486
85) Berg, Priroda SSR, 1955, p. 433; Berg, 1952, p. 486
86) Berg, 1952, p. 486
87) Bytovoy, p. 35
88) Sredi Trekh Morey, p. 107
89) Berg, p. 486, 1952
90) BSE, v. 31, 1937/ p. 149;;Berg, 1955, P. 434; Priroas. SSR
91) Berg, Priroda SSR, 1955, p. 433
92) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149; Berg, 1955, p. 433; Berg, 1952, p. 486
93) Berg, 1955, p. 433; Berg, 1952, p. 486
94) Berg, 1952, p. 486; BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149; Berg, 1955, p. 433
95) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p? 553; Bytovcy, p? 37
96) Berg, p. 433, 1955
97) Berg, 1952, p. 486
98) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 49
99) Berg, 1952, p. 486; BSE, v. 31, 1937; p. 149; Berg, 1955, p. 433 -
also mentions 4,860 m.)
100) Berg, 1955, p. 433
101) Berg, 1955, Priroda SSR, p. 433-434
102) BSE, v. 31, 1957, p. 149
.103) P: Ogonek, No. 10, March 1956, p. 29
104) BSE, v. 31, p. 149
105) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
106) Berg, 1955, p. 433
107) Ibid. p. 441
108) BNG, p. 446, 1954
109) Berg, 1952, p. 498; Berg, 1955, p. /111.1
110) Berg, 1955, p. 441; Berg, 1952, p. 498
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111) Berg, 1955, p. 441
112) Berg, 1952, p. 498
113) Berg, 1955, p. 441; Berg, 1952, p. 498
114) Berg, 1952, p. 498
115) Soy. Ostrova TikhogoOkeana; 1938, p. 22
116) Ibid. p. 22
117) Ibid.
118) Ibid..,; p. 22; Berg, 1955, p. 4414 Berg, 1952, p. 498
119) Soy. Ostrova Tikhogo Okeraas.;(p. 22
120) BNG, p. 446, 1954
121) Berg, 19550 p. 441
122) Soy. Ostrova TikhogoOkaana2 p. 22
123) BNG, p. 446, 1954; sov. Ostrova Tikhogo Okeana, p. 22
124) Soy. Ostrava Tikhogo Okeeta, p. 22
125) BSE, v. 31, 19370 p. 154
126) Berg. p. 665-668
127) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 154
128) Ibid.
129) Berg, p. 137
130) BSE, V. 31, 1937, p. 154
131) Ibid.
132) Ibid.
133) Ibid.
134) BNG, p. 561
135) N: Stroitelinaya Gazeta, No. 35; 22 March 19570 p. 3, col.
136) Ibid.
5
,137) Ibid.
) Ibid.
139) Ibid.
140) 7.51-(1T-ynlonmcn-nicheskarl Gazeta. No. 41, 5 April_195-2_:a..._4=5...
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CHAPTER Li
Climate of Kamchatka
?
General Remarks.
The climate of Kamchatka is varied owing to the great extension of the penin-
sula in a longitudinal direction. (1) Its southern tip being almost on the
latitude of Saratov (2), and the northern extremity almost on the latitude of
Petrozavodsk in the Karelo-Finskaya SSR.
The climate of Kamchatka is much harsher than its latitude would justify. (3)
Permafrost occurs in northern Kamchatka (4), an the average yearly tempera-
ture on the Peninsula is-4? Centigrade, rising to 00 in the southern portion
of the country. (5)
The harshness of the Kamchatka climate is due to the fact that the peninsula
Is situated between the east-Asia anti-cyclonic area and the baronetric mini-
mum of the north-western part of the Pacific Ocean and is sUkject to the
cooling influence of the Okhotsk and Bering seas that border't., the west and
east respectively. (6)
The atmospheric circulation is a monsoon one, for dry cold winds blow in the
winter and humid winds from the ocean blow in the summer. (7)
In winter low pressure predominates over Kamchatka, decreasing from the
western shore of the Sea of Okhotsk eastward to the western shore of the
Sea of Bering and also from the north of Kamchatka to the south. North-
western and north winds correspondingly prevail in winter in Petropavlovsk.(8)
But in the summer, a high pressure atmosphere extends over Kamchatka anti in
this season the pressure increases from the western shore of the Sea of
Okhotsk to the western shore of the Sea of Bering and from north Kamchatka
to the south. Therefore, in the summer, south-eastern, east and south winds
prevail over Petropavlovsk. (9)
The topography of Kamchatka also plays an important part in the formation of
its climate, for it divides the peninsula into 3 climatic regions. (10)
West Kamchatka, East Kamchatka and the Central, Kamchatka River valley regions,
a) Climate of the West Coast
The area of the West Kamchatka lowland, bordering with the cold Sea of Okhotski,
in which ice floats until the end of June is the coldest climatic area of
Kamchatka, (11) with a far harsher climate than that of the eastern shore. (12,
The climate of the western shore of Kamchatka is subject to the influence of
the Sea of Okhotsk that cools it heavily in winter and warms it but little
in the summer. (13)
The average temperature of February is there-15.1? in Ust' Bol'sheretsk.(14)
March and April are always warm and sunny there and up to the latter month, ths
winter is generally without wind. (15)
? -- --
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Fogs are frequent on the vest coast. Precipitation is abundant in the summer,
when the average temperature is 12? in August at Bol'sheretsk, and poor in
winter. (16)
In the northern part of the western seaboard of Kamchatka, at Tigil', for
instance, the climate is more continental than in the south, at Bol'sheretsk.
(17)
b) Climate in the Kamchatka
River Valley
The most favorable climatic conditions exist in the Kamchatka depression or
lowland, especially in the valley of the Kamchatka River, from Verkhne-
Kamchatsk to Klyuchi and in the Yelovka River basin. These areas are removed
from the sea ad protected on both sides by mountain ranges. (18)
The climate in the central area.lorica,Tchatka? as compared to the maritime
areas, is dry, continental, mai alcia-\to the climate of eastern Siberia. (19)
The winter in the Kamchatka River valley is poor in snow with severe dry
frosts. (20) The winter is colder than along the shoreline, especially on
the eastern shore. (21)
The absolute minimum temperature in winter reaches 500 Centigrade (22), in
Mil'kevo in February. (23)
In Klyuchevskoye, the coldest month is January, as in mainland climates (24),
and the average January temperature is-18? Centigrade. (25)
In the Kamchatka River valley, spring comes earlier than in the seaboard
areas. (26)
While snow still lies in drifts in June on the west coast, the daytime temp-
erature of the Kamchatka River valley reaches 15 - 17? Centigrade and the bird
cherries bloom. (27) Trees spout leaves by the middle or end of May. (28)
The greatest variations in temperature occur in Milikovo, where the maximum
daily range exceeds 15?C. (29)
In the Kamchatka River valley, the summer is imxmer than along the shoreline
(30). The absolute maximum of temperature reaches over 30?C.(31) In
Klyuchevskoye, the yearly range of temperature is over 310, the warmest month
being July, as in mainland climates. (32)
According to another source, the average temperature in Klyuchevakoye in
July is 16?C and the yearly range of temperatures there is 34.8? (33)
c) Climate of the Eastern 'Shore.
The eastern Shore of the peninsula is protected from the vest by mountain
chains and is open to the east to the action of the Pacific Ocean. The
northern part of the shore undergoes the influence of the winter Pacific
cyClOaes and the cold currents of the Strait of Bering, and the southern part
Iiiltdigato the zone of varm currents that rise considerably the temperature
otb itn 7:IntE,r c'etl
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The climate of the eastern seaboard
the western seaboard. The velocity
number of stormy days. The average
0.6 to 2.2?. (35)
is therefore more temperate than that of
of the wind is less high and likewise the
temperature during the year varies fon
Clouds and fogs are frequent, also sharp variations in temperature. Clear
warm days are followed by cold ones and bad weather and severe frosts by
camp friable snow and dense fogs. (36)
The winter is milder on the eastern shore of Kamchatka, (37) but long,
and characterized by small frosts and extremely heavy and very thick snovfell.
There are up to 200 to 220 days with frost on the east coast of Kamchatka.(38)
The summer on the east coast is moderately warm, there are few het.400 The
.aliVage...temperatt,use of.the,warmestmenths, July and August, is. 1.19d
dJ
? 14;...ktole-qrant,f4rgli**4104.14?")
,
'
Petropavlovsk, situated it.*1100:1000040A1Oril (530 Lat. N.) has an oceanic
climate. (40)
In Petropavlovsk, the average temperature of February, the coldest month,
is-10.2? (41) or-110 according to another source. (42)
The average temperature of August, the warmest monthi is there 12.5? (43),
and during the day the temperature rises to about 16Q, the average round the
clock maximum. (44)
In Klyuchevskoye, the temperature rises to 18? in July. (45) The yearly
range of temperatures is therefore either 23? (46) or 22.70. (47)
d) Cloudiness and Fogs
Cloudiness on Kamchatka is great, particularly on the shoreline and especially
so on the western shore. (48)
As a rule on the shores1'51oudineWreaches its maximum, as in monsoon areas
in geaeral, during the allmOkW; lie its minimum during the winter, but in the
hinterland, fogs almost never occur in the summer. (49)
On the western shore, the foggiest season in in May, June and July and part
of August. (50) Fogs are rare after the end of August. With easterly
winds the coast is often clear although fog is still persisting at sea. (51)
The fogs are denser and more frequent in the northern half of the western
shore, particularly in the area of the Utkolokskty and Omgonskiy massives,
where the shoreline has the most stubborn fogs. A somewhat greater frequence
of fogs is observed also in the extreme south of the peninsula, under the
influence of the proximity of the Kuril' chain. (52)
Pegs preden!linets until elevations of 1.0500,:mv4 the western shore. (53)
-,q10.04)140.00714 .d the humidity is l'Urtherdeveloped by maritime fogs
13471:4Ze"Viaid'?,441:47S as of the soils of the tundra. (54)
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On the western shore, the highest number of cloudy days occurs in the
southern part, in Bolfsheretsk, which has the greatest number of cloudy days
in the peninsula. (55)
The climate is very dry in the mountains at elevations over 1,500 m. (56)
The greatest number of clear days in Kamchatka occur
the Kamchatka River valley, in Millsove (57), at 150
and at Klyuchevskoye (Klyuchi), at 30 in, of absolute
almost never occur in the summer. (58)
On the eastern shore, cloudiness is also great. The
PetrppavIovIk amounts to 60%; in June it is 73%, and
PetroppaWlovsk one day out of two has fog. (59)
In the southern part of
in of absolute altitude
altitude, Where fogs
yearly cloudiness in
in December 53%. In
The high degree of cloudiness on Kamchatka may be seen from the following
table:
Eastern seaboard
Number of D5ys In Year
claws*.
Clear
Overcast
Petropavlovsk
65
244.5
54.1
Usti-Kamchatsk
39.1
183.2
39.5
Western Seaboard
Ust'Bol'sheretsk
15.6
189.1
97.6
Tigil'
37.8
175.7
37.7
Kamchatka River Valley
Mil'kovo
84
98.5
12.0
Klynchi
29.4
189.5
16.7
e) Winds
Winds of great velocity and numerous storms are characteristic of the
Kamchatka Peninsula.
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Average Number of Stormy Days and Wind
Velocity(in one year:)
Eastern Seaboard
Velocity
4
No. of Stormy Days
Petropavlovsk
3.2
52.4
Ust'-Kamchatsk
4.6
45.7
Neste= Seaboard
Ustt-Bolsheretsk
5.0
59.0
Tigil.
3.0
51.6
Kamchatka River Valley
Klyuchi
3.1
20.5
(61)
Winds vary according to the months of the year, thus shoving their monsoon
character. Lend winds prevail from December to March, sea winds in June and
July, blowing from the shore to the mainland. May, August and September are
transition months. (62)
The highest velocity is reached by the winter monsoon, which also brings with
it the greatest number of stormy days. Beginning with early autumn, storms
start to rage at sea and reach their maximum violence in January and February.
On the mainland the winter is characterized by heavy storms and blizzards.(63)
On the western shore, the prevailing winds in spring and early summer are
between south south-vest and south south-east. (60
The quietest weather and that when 'winds are less strong is the spring and
beginntng of summer, when SSW through S to SSO winds predominate. (65)
According to a 1956 source, the summer months, July, August and part of
September are the calmest months in the year. Cyclones, caused by momentary
gales pass occasionslly across the Sea of Okaotsk and sometimes Typhoons
touch the south-eastern regions of the Sea... (66)
In summer, the easterly wind called "Kamchatka" blows from the Sredinnyy
Khrebet to the western shore and brings first thaws and snow and then a cold
and dry weather. The winds from the sea of Okhotsk also bring rain and fog.(67T
The most violent gales occur in the autumm, after the middle of August. The
winds blow at first from south-west, and veer through west to north-vest.(68)
The second half of August, September, October and November are the most
difficult monthECTOt:navigations for storms are then the rule and quiet
weather the exception. koy/ The most frequent hurricanes occur in late
autumn kNunmtEr-Decorail when the differences of temneraturps Thnv'. the
an e oceane,greate .
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Towards February and March, when the sea is covered with ices, the difference
becomes somewhat less pronounced and storms are less heavy. (71)
f) Precipitation
There is a high precipitation in Kamchatka, the number of days with preci-
pitation varying from 120 to 200 a year, (72) a yearly maximum reaching
1,800 mm and a yearly average of 800 mm. (73)
But there are considerable seasonal variations_lp the volume of precipitation,
which is poor in spring, the old snow remaininlgthere being almost no rain.
In the summer, precipitation increases but is much lighter than in winter.
There are infrequent rains and occasional downpours in June and heavy monsoon
rains in July, lasting until Amgust, and then in September and in October the
weather is stable. (74) %
Precipitation varies not only seasonally but also geographically.
Although precipitation is comparatively low in the Kamchatka River valley (75),
storms occur there occasionally, and precipitation averages 530 mm a year in
Mil'kovo. (76)
Precipitation is on the other hand high on the eastern shore, where the
humidity laden winds blow from the sea (77), and overcast days are numerous.(78)
On the western shore, precipitation is light in the spring and. in the
beginning of summer. This makes difficult the planting of potatoes in the
Bolisheretsk area. (79)
Summer storms are rare on Kamchatka, but in Petropavlovsk, 189 mm of precipita-
tion fell once in a single October day. (80) The usual precipitation in
Petropavlovsk is mentioned as being of 821 mm per year. (Si) Such rainstorms
have not been noted in other areas of the peninsula. (82)
The maximum precipitation occurs in August-October, as the rainstorm in
Petropavlovsk above shows well, and the minimum in January. (83)
Yearly Volume of precipitation
Petropavlovsk
1.667 me
Tigil'
416 mm
11W-Kamchatsk
518
Miltkovo
357
Ust'-Bolsheretsk
693
Klyuchi
435
(84)
* It reached 1.845 mm in some years.
? -
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Snowfall on Kamchatka
Snowfall is particularly heavy on the peninsula dad frequently acceunts for
more thab4a1f ofthe yearly volume of precipitation. It is brought on by
cyclonesiWiltgto he Aleut area of low pressure. (85)
The number of days with snow varies from 70.6 (Petropavlovsk) to 96.6
(Bol'sheretsk). (86)
The snow cover settles definitively on Kamchatka in the second half of
October on the west coast (Bol'sheretsk, Tigil', Klyuchi) or in the beginning
of November on the east coast (Petropavlovsk) and melts away in the end of
May - beginning of June (Petropavlovsk, Usts-Bol'sheretsk). (87)
The snow cover which as said above, remains sometimes until the beginning of
June (88) , is heavy and damp attaining more than 1m in thickness, (89)
and sometimes reaches 3m in places. (90) In Petropavlovsk, on the east
coast, the snow cover occasionally exceeds 3 m and the houses have to be
cleared from the snow that buries them several times each winter. The maxi-
mum thickness of the snow cover occurs in March. (91)
In Paratunka, snow falls at the end of September and remains until June.
Blizzards still occur in May and sweep up snow drifts to the rooftops. (92)
But in the central part of the Kamchatka River valley, from Kozyrevsk to
Mashura, the depth of the snow cover does not exceed 30 to 40 cm. (93)
On the western shore of Kamchatka, where dry westerly winds blow during
the winter from the Siberian area of maximum pressure, the winter receives
little snow. (94)
In Bol'sheretsk for instance, in 1910, only 17% (or 450 na) of the yearly
volume of precipitation fell as snow. (95)
The abundance of snow and the depth of the snow cover explain the smpll
degree of freezing through of the ground, its speedy thawing in spring and
the absence of permafrost in the southern and central pert of the peninsula.
(96)
Volcanic ashes, locall called, usazha" (soot) falling from volcanpes hasten
the coming of spring, particularly in certain areas of the peninsula, where
they are a permanent factor in helping the growth of the crops. (97)
Hot springs (of volcanic origin) also help explain the non-freezing in winter
of numerous streams of the peninsula and of parts of some rivers fed by hot
springs, such as the Ozernaya River, flowing from Lake Kuril'skoye, Bannaya
River (literally Bath River), the Nachiki tributary, the Malaya Ilikoika River,
a tributary of the latter, which empties into the Kamchatka River, and many
others, and likewise the higher temperature of the water of the Kamchatka
River in winter. (98)
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Ice Conditions In Kamchatka Waters
a. West Coast
From the middle to the end of November, severe frosts cause the formation of
ice along the shoreline strip of the western coast of Kamchatka. The ice
forms first around the shoreline, more sheltered fpom the action of winds
from the sea. The formation of this shoreline ice!Aelped by the rivers that
carry their light or grease ice (salo) to the sea and this ice, with the
help of falling temperatures, serves as the initial core of young sea ice.
The latter gradually strengthens, spreads along the shore and finally forms
a solid ice crust around the shoreline, then spread out to sea, and the
width of this belt of ice decreases southward. (99)
Winds cause drifting, breaking up and then welding anew of the ices, thus,
ice hummocks several meters high frequently form along the shoreline.
Sometimes the ice is carried away by the wind and a strip of clear water,
2 and more miles wide, forms along the shoreline. (100)
The greatest formations of ice occur in the first half of March when impass-
able hummock ices mass at the Kamchatka shores. (101)
The Kamchatka rivers, having a swift current that grows stronger during the
spring freshets, quickly throw off their winter ice cover, so that by the end
of April, beginning of May, the shoreline strip of ice is rendered friable by
the masses of relatively warm waters flowing from the rivers to the sea.
Soon the ice can move freely, is then broken up by the winds that follow
mainly an easterly direction and is carried south. During May and in the
beginning of June, ships at sea encounter more or less broken ice along the
western shore of Kamchatka. By the middle or last ten days of June, hardly
any ice remains on the sea. (102)
b. East Coast
Heaviest ice occurs on the southern part of the east coast and takes the
shape of a coastal belt in the northern part of the bight between Mys (Cape)
Povorotnyy and Mys (Cape) Shipunskiy, and thence extending northward into
Kronotskiy Bay. (103)
16 ice on the southeast coast of Kamchatka is in general not as heavy nor
as extensive as that along the coast further northward. The heaviest ice
occurs in the region of Ostrov (Island) Karaginskiy. The heaviest ice on the
southern part of the east coast is a coastal belt in the northern part of the
bight between Mys Povorotnyy and Mys Shipunskiy, thence extending northward
into KXonotskiy Bay. (104)
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Between Mys (Cape) Lopatka and My's Shipunskiy, ice begins to form in the bays,
towards the end of Octot'br (105), and by the middle of November the bays are
ice-bound. (106) The ice fringe on the coast attains its greatest develop-
ment in late February or beginning of March (107), when impenetrable blocks
congregate along the coast. A shore lead occasionally forms by the break-up
of the fast ice. (108) At this time there is a belt of ice about 20 miles
wide off Mys (Cape) Lopatka. Further north this belt widens, to about
35 miles off Mys Pirato,ryy, 55 miles off Mys Povorotnyy, and 45 miles off
Mys Shipunskiy, extending northward into Kronotskiy Bay. (109)
The ice of the coastal belt may be very heavy, up to 1.2 in thick, and is
often hummocked. (110)
While on the western coast of Kamchatka, the sea freezes every year, on the
eastern coast in the south, ices do not appear every year and only the
Avachinskaya Bay becomes covered with a thin crust of ice that usually breaks
up under the pressure of frequent minds and the tides. (111)
The ice as a whole begins to break up in late April and May, at first usually
In the extreme south. Throughout May and early June drift ice and sludge
remain along the coast. The average date of final disappearance of all ice
along the coast is in late June. (112)
In more severe years, it may be two weeks later. (113) But the conditions
vary in different years and in some favorable years, the coast has been known
to become quite clear as early as April. (114)
In general, the sooner the fresh north and ncrthwest winds of spring commence,
the earlier the date of the break-up of the ice. (115)
The ice from thie coast is carried southward by the inshore current and
passes through the northern straits of the Chishima-shoto group-olsouthwest-
wardcf Mys (Cape) Lopatka. (116)
c. Ice Conditions on Rivers of
Kamchatka
On the rivers of northern Kamchatka, grease ice appears at the end of
October (117), and the ice cover becomes solid in the beginning of November.
(118) The spring break-up occurs in the first half of May, and the clearing
from ice in the second half of May. (119)
In the southern part of Kamchatka, the ice sets about half a month later,
grease ice forms in the middle of November, on the Ozernaya River, for instance
and. the river freezes in the second half of November. (120) All rivers of
thP southern part of the west coast are frozen by November. (121) The
break up, begins late in April, and the ice finally disappears during the
first half of May. (122)
Another source states that the rivers in the south freeze towards the end
of October or beginning of November, and open up in the end of March or
beginning of April; (123) and yet another source says that the rivers of the
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southern part of the Kamchatka peninsula freeze only by the beginning
of December and break up in the middle of April, and the ice debacle ends
in May. (124)
Discharge of Kamchatka Rivers
The discharge of waters in Kamchatka varies with the area. The gradual
flow of thawing snows from various elevated areas, together with rainfall
waters, produce a sustained rise in the water discharge during the warm
period of the year. (125)
The rivers of the Kamchatka peninsula, although undergoing the influence of
the monsoon type of climate prevalent in the Amur River basin, as to the
character of their flood season, nevertheless have a higher volume of snow
caused discharge. There is also a slighter variation in the range of the
main flood wave, since additional secondary waves of rainfall cause flooda
and a more regular flow in winter. (126)
On elevations and in mountainous parts of the peninsula, the discharge
Increases with that of precipitation. The slopes of mountains and mountain
ranges open to the action of the minds, bear the action of mostly moisture
laden masses of air, which are richer in precipitation and have greater flow
than the slopes not subject to the action of the winds. (127)
The yearly flow reaches its maximum on the slopes of the mountains facing
the eastern shore of the Kamchatka peninsula, where the volume of discharge
is of 25 L/sec, km 2 and more. For instance, on the Avacha River, near the
village of Yelisovo, the volume of discharge increases to 34 1/sec. km2.028)
On the western shore, under the wind slopes of the ranges, where precipi-
tation is lighter, the discharge decreases to 15 - 15 1/sec. km?. (129)
In winter, the rivers of the Kamchatka peninsula carry more water than those
for instance, of the Amur River basin, owing to the hot water springs.
From November to March, the discharge of the Kamchatka River near Nizhne-
Kamchatsk is 20% of the yearly flow. In the spring (April-May) the flow
is only 10 - 15% of the yearly flow, because the snow melting process in the
basin spreads over a lengthy period and continues even in summer. The
maximum water dischargesis observed during the second half of June - begindhg
of July. During the summer, autumn period (June to October), the flow
accounts for about 70% of the yearly volume. (130)
During the autumn ice movement and ice setting period, ice jams sometimes
cause sharp raises in water level. (131)
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Reference Notes - Chapter II
1) Berg, 1955, p. 435; Berg, Priroda SSR, 1952, p. 489
2) Berg, 1952, p. 489
3) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
4) Berg, 1955, p. 437; Berg, 1952, p. 490
5) WE, v- 19, 1953, P- 553
6) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
7) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
8) Berg, 1952, p. 488; Berg, 1955, p. 4.35
9) Berg, 1952, p. 488-489; Berg, 1955,p. 436
10) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
11) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
12) Berg, 1952, p. 489; Berg, 1955, p. 1436; Serg. p. 63
13) Serg, p. 63
110 BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
15) BNG, p. 565
16) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
17) Serg, p. 63
18) Serg, p. 64; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
19P, Serg, p. 64; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553; Berg, 1952, p. 489; Berg, 1955,
p. 436
20) Serg, p. 64; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
21) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
22) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553; Berg, 1955, P. 436; Berg, 195?? p. 489
23) Serg, p. 64
24) Berg, 1955, p. 436; Berg, 1952, p. 489
25) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
26) Serg, p. 64; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
-------
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27) Serg. p. 64; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
28) Serg. p. 64
29) Ibid.
30) BSE, v. 31., 1937, p. 14-9; Berg, 1955, p. 436; Berg, 1952,
31) Berg, 1955, p. 436; Berg, 1952, p. 489
32) Berg, 1955, p. 436; Berg, 1952, P. 489
33) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
34) Serg. p. 62
35) Ibid.
36) Ibid.
37) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553; Serg. p. 62
38) Serg, p. 62
39) Ibid.
40) Berg, 1952, p. 489; Berg, 1955, p. 4-36
41) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
42) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
43) BSE, v. 31, 1937, D. 149; Berg, 1955, p. 4.36; Berg, 1952,
11.4) Berg, 1955, p. 436
45) Berg, 1955, p. 436
46) Berg, 1952, Pi; 48% Borg, 1955.1 p. 436
1r7) 'Bs%--
48) Berg, 1955, p. 431; Borg, 1952, p. 489
49) Berg, 1955, p. 437; Berg, 195?, p. 489
50) BNG, p. 560, Lotsiya, p. 467, 1938
51) BNG, p. 560
52) Lotsiya, p. 467
53) Berg, 1955, p. 437; Berg, 1952, p. 489
52.1 Serg. p. 63 ?
55 Serg. p. 61
%) -Berg. 1955. D. 437; Berg, 1952, 1). 489
la? 1189
P-
489
STAT
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57) Serg. p. 61
58) Berg, 1955, p. 437; Berg, 1952, p. 1489
59) Berg, 1955, p. 437; Berg, 1952, p. 1489
60) Serg. p. 61
61) Serg. p. 59
62) Ibid.
63) Ibid.
64) BNG, p. 560
65) Lotsiya, p. 467
66) Belinskiy & Istoshin, 1956, p. 37
67) Serg. p. 63
68) BNG? p. 560
69) Lotsiya, p. 467, 1938
70) Belinskiy & Istoshin, p. 37, 1956
71) Ibid.
72) Serg. p. 61
73) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
74) Serg. p. 61
75) Berg, 1952, p. 490
76) Berg, 1955, p. 437
77) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149; Berg, 1952, p. 490; Berg, 1955, p. 437
78) BSE, V. 31, 1937, p. 149
79) Barg, 1952, p. 490
80) Berg, 1955, p. 437
81) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
82) Berg, 1955, p. 437
83) Berg, 1955, p. 437; BSE, v. 31, 1937; Berg, 1952, p. 490
84) Serg. p. 61
? ?
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85) Berg, 1952, p. 490
86) Serg, p. 61
87) Ibid.
88) Berg, 1952, p. 490
89) Serg. p. 61
90) BSE, v. 19, 1953, P. 553
91) Serg. p. 61-62, 1934
92) P: Ogonek, No. 26, June, 1956, p. 32
93) Serg. p. 64
94) Berg/ 1955, p. 4.37; BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
95) Berg, 1952, p. 490
96) Serg. p. 62
97) Ibid.
98) Ibid.
99) Lotsiya, 1938, p. 469
100) Ibid.
101) Ibid.
102) Ibid.
103) BNG, p. 10
104) Ibid.
105) Ibid. BNG, p. 592
106) BNG, p. 592
107) BNG, p. 592, also p. 10
108) BNG, p. 560
109) BNG, p. 10
no) BNG, p. 560
111) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
112) BEG, p. 560
- ---
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113) BNG, p. 11
114) BNG, p. 561
115) Ibid.
116) BNG, p. 592
117) Lotsiya, p. 469
118) Lotsiya, p. 469; Ocherki Akad,
119) Lotsiya, p. 469
120) Lotsiya, p. 469
121) BNG, p. 562
122) BNG, p. 562
123) Serg. p. 63
124) Ocherki Akad. p. 225
125) Ibid.
126) Ibid.
127) Ibid. p. 226
128) Ibid.
129) Ibid.
130) Ibid. p. 225
131) Ibid.
P?
225
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CHAPTER III
Rivers of the Kamchatka Peninsula
General Remarks
The rivers of Kamchatka belong to the basin of the sea of Okhotsk and to that
of the Pacific Ocean. (1)
Most of the several hundred rivers of Kamchatka flow, according to the
position of the main watershed (2), either in a latitudinal direction east-
yard to the Sea of Bering, or westward to the Sea of Okhotsk. (3) Only
ten rivers have 'a southerly flow. (4)
The direction of the valleys of the major rivers, for instance the Kamchatka,
Bystraya, Kozyrevka and Yelovka and other river valleys, is determined by
the situation of the mountain ranges. (5)
The numerous rivers emptying into the Sea of Okhotsk are usually comparatively
short, their length varying from 100 to 150 km, because of the short distance
between the longitudinally situated mountain ranges and the sea. (6)
The rivers flowing through plains are of secondary importance, so that most
of the rivers of Kamchatka maybe considered mountain streams. (7)
Because of the mountainous character of the country, most rivers of
Kamchatka (8), have an abundance of rapids, sandbanks and shallows making
them for the most part not navigable. As a rule, only the lover reaches of
the rivers are accessible to shallow draft motor boats. (9) The rivers are
generally extremely inconvenient for floating. (10) According to one
authority, there is no regular navigation on Kamchatka rivers, and even the
navigable Kamchatka River is navigable only for small craft some 100 km
upstream. (11) Yet rivers are the only means of transport downstream in
summer, dogs being used for the upstream journey (12), and the Kamchatka
River is known to be navigable all the way to Milikovo. (13)
The smaller rivers may be utilized for floating to a very limited extent
for short distances and only during the short flood season. The Kamchatka
River alone has relatively favorable conditions for floating, a0. this
explains the construction of a lumber industry komhinat in the Klyuehl area
in the Kamchatka River valley. (14)
Serious obstacles to navigation are the numerous bars and shoals in the
river estuaries. (15) In the estuary reaches, the rivers form wide
labyrinths of channels of old rivers and lakes bordered/y steep beaks. As
they approach the sea coast, most rivers meet in addition a stormy "vain
or wave and change their direction sharply, flowing for several km along
the shores. (16)
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Otherwise, the lower reaches of the rivers, usually flowing through plains
have a slow peaceful flow, the river bed splitting into channels and forming
sandbanks with numerous islands. (17)
a) Rivers of the West Coast of Kamchatka
The river network of the western slopes of the Sredinnyy Khrebet is the most
developed in the peninsula as the precipitation is the heaviest there. Most
of the 120 or so rivers (18) of this part of Kamchatka take their source in
glaciers, lakes and snow covered "cars" of the Sredinnyy Khrebet, (19) or
its spurs (20), and flow through wide, well developed valleys with a whole
series of river terraces. The width of river valleys varies from 4 to 10 km
in the lower reaches of the rivers. (21)
The rivers of the western part of Kamchatka, the upper reaches of which start
in the Sredinnyy Khrebet, are mountain streams flowing through narrow canyons
or between steep banks over a stony and rapid-ridden bed. (22) They are
shOlow and swift and their waters are limpid. (23)
The upper and middle reaches of these rivers are accessible only to narrow
boats ("baty") made of hollowed out tree trunks and used by the natives (21)
In their upper reaches, the rivers of the Western part of Kamchatka have
usually narrow valleys that sometimes vanish completely and occasionally
widen and become valuable meadow lnna. These meadows are in part completely
free for pastures and in part need clearing from bushes. (25)
Once the rivers leave the narrows of the rpit.Wi_,..,..,.kalrebet, they enter the
tundra lowland and flow between wide low banks. 'their valleys are barely
defined and merge with the surrounding tundra. (26)
Apart from the larger rivers, there are also small streams that flow from
messy marshes of the shoreline strip. (27)
There are likewise so-called tunara rivers, starting in the tundra of the
western shore. In their lower reaches, these rivers usually flaw between
wide banks, through tundra lowlands and soft soils and are very convenient
for fishing. (28)
The' rivers and streams flowing along the western coast of Kamchatka rarely
flow directly into the sea, being obstructed by the strip of gravel thrown up
along the coast by the heavy seas. They turn and flaw inside this gravel
strip, sometimes for several miles, and eventually find an outlet through it.
The Mouths of the prinapal rivers are marked by beacons which are useful as
landmarks. The outlets are uswilly fronted by shifting bars. (29)
The location and shape of the spits, bars, estuaries and fairways are
subject tb change, (30) depending on the river freshets and storms from the
sea.' (31) ?
The greatest changes in the river mouths take place when the storm from the
sea coincides with the freshet period. (32)
WARN/ND' This document contains information selecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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AFair5 2 1 1 2a
REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART 11, 1 JUN it. mAssuncAmaN
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UNCLASSIFIED
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 933656
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The numerous rivers and streams cause the alluvial spits and strips rising
only a few feet above water, to aurrotual.? the shoreline completely so
that the mainland comes out directly to the sea only on small distances.
Such conditions prevail in the entire area of the west coast of Kamchatka
from the Ozernaya River to Mys (Cape) Kharyuzova, i.e. between 51? 30'
Lat. N., and 57 Lat. N. (33)
The main rivers of the western coast of Kamchatka are the following (from
south to north):
KaMbal'nayal Ozernaya, Yavina, Koshi(ye)gochik, Golygina, Opala,
Bol 'shaya, Mitoga, Utka, Mukhina, Kikhchik, Nemtik(Pymta), Kol',
VorovskaYp.,* 014ukovina, Kol(m)pakova? Krutogorova, Icha, Sopochnaya,
,MorostiecluRaqajlBelogolovaya, Khariuzova (Khayryuzova), Kovran,
Utkholok; Tigill, Amanina, Va(o)yampolka, Kakhtana, Palana, Kinkil',
Lesnaya, Shamanka, Podkagernaya, Pustaya(Evrevvayam), Rekinniki,
Kuyvivayam, (34).
Not all of the rivers mentioned are significant enough to justify description,
therefore, only a few are discussed below, starting from the south.
The KaMbarnaya River starts in the'faatWals of the Kambal'neya sopka (hill)
(35) and discharges into the bay between 2 gravel spits, about 5 miles
northward of Mys Kambalvnyy. The buildings of a fishery can be seen on the
beach 3/4 of a mile southward of the mouth of the river. (36)
The Kambalinaya River does not have navigation significance. Its entrance
is narrow, the bar is shallow and during the outgoing tide the entrance
Into the river becomes extremely narrow. The bar of the river is accessible
to schooners with a draft not exceeding 1.5 in and only in the high waters
of the syzygy. During the syzygy, the height of the incoming tide reaches
2.1 in, being 0.9 to 1.5 in during the quadrature. (37)
The mouth of the KaMbalinaya River does not freeze completely. In the
winter of 1928-29, there were 38 days of ice, between January and March. (38)
The Ozernaya River, flowing from Lake Kuril, with its right bank tributary,
the Pauzhatka River, is one of the largest rivers in Kamchatka. (39)
The headwaters of the Ozernaya River are situated somewhat closer to the
eastern shore of Kamchatka than to the western. The river takes its source
from Lake Kuril'skoye, or as it is locally called Ksuay, a large mountain
lake, from the south-vest part of which starts the Ozernaya River. The
lake lies in a wide depression between the Oparnaya and Il'yinskaya mountain9
to the north and the .KaMbalinaya mountain to the south. The entire course
of the Ozernaya River does exceed 42 km(sic). It is a typical mountain
stream, with a rapid flow and a sinuous bed. It flows in a latitudinal
direction and it comes out to the sea in a narrow valley, bordered on both
sides by the steep slopes of mountains (40o), and discharges through an
opening in the coastal strip of sand and gravel. (41)
Just before entering the sea, the river bed widens and forms a sort of basin
separated from the sea by:two blunt rounded spits widening in their
extremities and between which is situated the relatively narrow entrance to
the river. (42)
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The least depth at the bar, s tuated between the ends of both spits, reaches
0.8 in to 1 in. (43)
In low water, the entire eastern half of the lagoon dries up.4(44) In the
western part of the lagoon, at the inner border of both spits, there is no
drying up, and the depth during low water reaches 1.4 to '1:8 in. (45)
A fishing station and a cannery were reported to be situated on the southern
spit in 1938. On the right bank of the river, immPdiately before the,exit
into the lagoon, there lies a small village. (46)
Anchorageis safe abreast the Ozernaya River. Depths of 16-17 in occur aoout
2 miles from the estuary and then decrease to 9.0 in to 10 in. (47)
Another source states that vessels may obtain anchorage off the mouth of
Ozernaya River in convenient depths ranging from 17.4 in about 2 miles
off shore, to 10.1 in about three-quarters of a mile off shore. (48)
Up to 0.7 miles from the shore there is a sandy bottom. (49)
At a distance of 0.5 to 0.7 miles from the shore, the depths vary from
9.0 to 14.5 in according to one source and the bottom is mainly sand, stone
occurring rarely. (50)
There is a fishery on the southern side of the opening, and there are a few
sheds on the northern side. On the mainland near the entrance of the river
is the settlement of Ozernoye. A light is exhibited at the mouth of Ozernaya
River. (51)
Ozernaya River freezes towards the end of October or beginning of November,
and opens up by the end of March or the beginning of April. (52)
The mouth of the Ozernaya River does not freeze completely during the winter.
The amount of ice in the open sea in January and February varies considerably.
(53)
The Yavina River takes its source in the elevatione around Lake Kuriltskoye.
The river and the bar fronting its estuary are very shallow. The mouth may
be identified by two ports standing close southward of it. (54)
The Golygina River also starts in the elevations around Lake Kurilrskoye.(55)
The river discharges after turning northward within a narrow strip of land at
the end of which is a flat. The depth on the bar is 0.6 m (56) in low water
(57), increasing to 2.7 in (58) for a short distance and then decreasing
rapidly. (59) Only native boats can ascend the river. (60)
The settlement of Otradnoye stands on the vest bank of Golygina River, a
short distance inland. (61)
The entrance to the Golygina River from the sea and its estuary are not very
noticeable from the sea. (62)
The Golygina River freezes in the middle of November and breaks up in early
May. (63)
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AF 1 OCT 521 1 2a
EPLACES AF FDP.M 412-PART 11 1 .1:2N 43.
?OMEN MAY BE USED.
CLA SSW/CAT *N
UNCLASSIFIED.
if
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in) ,
GPO 933658
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The .Opala River, with its tributary the Sayan River, flows from the east and
empties into the same estuary as the Golygina River and is sometimes conside
a tributary to the Golygina River according to one source. (64)
The Opala River discharges about 3 miles (65) or 2 miles according to another
source (66) north of the mouth of the Golygina River. Before reaching the sea
the Golygina River turns sharply south and is separated from it by a fairly,
broad strip of sand and gravel, from the end of which a flat extends southwielY
The Opala River is formed by the confluence of two tributaries, the Nachikin-
skaya River (Nachiki) and the Bystraya River. (68)
The Nachikinskaya tributary is itself a large river with numerous left bank
tributaries (Bannaya, Karimchina, Ipelika, etc.,) and is sometimes called
Plotnikova below the confluence of the Karimchina River. (69)
Between the end of the flat and the mainland there is a bar with a depth of
0.9m over it. For a short distance within the bar the depths are from 3.0 to
4.3 m, after which they rapidly decrease. The settlement of Opala stands on
the spit abuut 2 miles northward of the mouth of the river. Near the mouth of
Koshogochek River, about 8 miles of the mouth of Yavina River, low sand dunes
begin to cone down close to the beach. (70)
During high tide, the current in the estuary of the Opals River stops and.
during low tide reaches speeds of 4 to 4.5 knots. (71)
The Opala River freezes in the middle of November and breaks up in early Mae(
The Borshaya River, locally known as the Kushka (73) flows in the southern
part of the Kamchatka peninsula and takes its source on the slopes of the
Gonaliskiye mountains (74) near the north-western slopes of the Sapka
Vilyuchinskaya (75) considerably closer to the eastern shore of Kamchatka than
to the western. (76)
The Bol'shaya River is some 200 km long (77), and is the largest river of the
western coast of Kamchatka. (78)
The upper current of the Bol'shaya River is a typical mountain stream flowing
in a north-northwest direction. Close to Lat. 530 8' B., near the village
of Naehikinskoye, the river describes a sharp bend and changes its course to
a west-southwest direction that it maintains to its mouth. (79)
'The middle reaches of the Bol'shaya River pass likewise through a mountainous
area that gradually levels off as it approaches the shoreline. (80)
Some 40 km from the estuary (81) or 27 miles according to another source (82)
the Borahaya River receives the Bystraya River (83), its largest and right
bank tributary, the importance of which is not inferior to that of the
/KIltliaya River. (84)
The Bystraya Elver starts in the Gonal'skiye mountain massive (85) in its
northwestern slopes (86) and is 200 km long. Its headwaters comes close to
those of thR Kamchatka River, the largest river of the peninsula (87), but
flowing towards the east coast.
At the Junction of the two streams lies the settlement of Bol'sheretsk (88)
and thpre the Bollshaya River widens sharply and definitely enters the plgh
that lies between the spurs of the Kamchatka range and the Sea of Okhotsk. (89)
WARNING This document contains information affecting th? national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorised person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Alf Force
Agencies except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
AP "" 112a
. I OCT 52
REPLACES 0 FC.9.4 "?.-*ART I :UM
WHICH MAY BE USED
UNCLASSIFIED
(sEcuRiry INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 933656
STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @ 50-Yr 2013/09/06: CIA-RDP81-01043R002500080006-6
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Tides reach as high upstream as the village of Bol'sheretsk. (90)
Further upstream from Bolisheretsk are the settlements of Apache. and Nachika.
The Nachika settlement is situated at the spot of the uwer reaches of
Bol'shaya River, where it bed turns westward. The village of Nachikinskoye
(sic) lies near the mountain chain pass that forms the watershed between
the rivers of the western and eastern seaboard of Kamchatka. (91)
In the XVIIIth century, small seagoing craft sailed on the Bol'shaya River
from the estuary to Bol'sheretsk? but at present only shallow draft cutters
and flat bottomed kungas boats can pass there with difficulty. (92)
The Bol'shaya River flows towards the sea until close to 52? 47' N. Lat. and
there describes a sharp bend and flows further on for 24.5 km in a south-
southwest direction parallel to the seashore, separated from the latter by
a sand and gravel strip. This lagoon-like river bed extends along the
seashore for 13 miles (93) or 22 km according to another source (94) and then
empties into the sea at Lat. 52? 35' N., and Long 156? 17 E. (95) In its
estuary there is a. narrow and deep bay, that in the eighteenth century was
the main port of the western shore of Kamchatka. (96)
The entrance to the lagoon of the Bol'shaya River is located between the end
of a spit and the main shore, that is here bent so that first it trends
parallel to the spit and then further south from the entrance, forming as
it were its prolongation. (97)
A sand bar, drying during low water in its part closest to the spit, sets out
from the end of the spit along its prolongation. Between the end of this
sandbar and the mainland there is a bar that prevents access to the river.(98)
The shallowest depth at the bar during lowest water level is 1.4 to 1.8 m.
But the depths of the bar and the direction of the fairway are aubject to
frequent changes and great care should be observed by entering vessels. (99)
Above the bar* the depths in the lagoon increase considerably, reaching
6.0 to 6.6 in (100) or 6.1 to 6.7 in according to another source. (101) In
places it reaches 9.0 in (102) or 9.1 in according to another source (103).
Further within the lagoon, depths gradually decrease and near mys (Cape)
Levasheva, i.e. where the river enters abruptly the mainland, they do not
exceed 2.4 to 3 in. (104)
The flood current in the entrance of the inlet has a rate of 3 to 3 1/2 knots
and the ebb current 4 to 5 knots. (105)
The Bol'shaya River brings down with it much mud and sand, silting up the
mouth, and reducing the depths 3 to 4 miles off shore. (106)
Two leading beacons are reported abreast the entrance to Bol'shaya River .(i07)
Skippers with knowledge of locality may anchor one to 1 1/4 miles from the
mouth of the Bol'shaya River, in a depth of 9.1 in, on fine sand and good
holding ground. (108)
Bol'shaya River usually freezes up in the first half of November, and breaks
up in tha first half of April (109) or the end of March according to
another source. (110)
----- --
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United Stares within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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AF Ltr,,, 112a
REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART I!. ! JUN 43. CLASSIFICATION
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UNCLASSIFIED
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GPO 933656
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In the open sea, the earliest appearance of ice is 11 December, the latest,
24 January. The earliest final disappearance of ice is 12 March, the latest
is 27 April. (111)
Vorovskaya River is 150 km long and its headwaters are located in the western
slopes of the Sredinnyy Khrebet. It flows in an almost latitudinal direction.
(112) Another source sets the length of the river at 90 miles only. (113)
The settlement of Vorovskaya is situated 15 km upstream. (114)
The river discharges about 19 miles northward of the mouth of the Kol' River,
forms a Bay near its mouth called Zaliv Ukangych (115), or Vorovskiy (116), a
shallow lagoon which, with a width of about 4 cables (117) extends nearly 20
miles northward, and is separated from the sea by a narrow spit of sand and
gravel, on which is a continuous chain of fisheries and some storehouses.(118)
The entrance is narrow, and the bar ic subject to change, but small schooners
can pass over it at high water, the greater of the neap tides rising 2.1 in.
(119)
The Vorovskaya River flows into the lagoon about 5 miles northward of the
entrance. Vorovskoye settlement is 9 miles above the mouth. (120)
Vorovskiy light, the position of which is approximate, is exhibited, at an
elevation of 7.9 in, from a triangular pyramid, 6.1 m high, at the Russian
fish cannery situated on the coast near the mouth of Vorovskaya River. (121)
In the open sea off Vorovskaya River, drift-ice appears in December and clears
In April. The river mouth is completely frozen by February. The break 1110
begins in February and March. (122)
The Kikchik River is a mall River that flows 2 miles northward inside a
narrow strip of land on which is a fishery, and then discharges 30 miles
northward of Utka River. There is a minimum depth of 0.9 in on the bar,
and 3.7 m at high water springs. knchorage.may be obtained by vessels with
local knowledge, about half a mile off shore, in a depth of 8.2 in. From the
anchorage a hill with a saddle-shaped summit, 18'mdlem Iniand:bears 00?4123)
Before emptying into the sea, the Kikchik River breaks up into two channels.
According to a 1938 source, the northern channel VW closed at that time and
became a lake. The river thus flows into the sea through its southern channel
that shortly before reaching the sea turns northward, separated from the sea
by a spit. (124)
A fishing station is situated on the spit 1.3 miles south of the estuary of
the Kikchik River. (125)
During average swell, the fairway leading into the river can be seen easily
as there are no breakers on the sandbanks bordering the spit. (126)
Between the Kikchik and the Vorovskaya Rivers, situated 89 miles apart, the
shoreline is straight and sandy. Numerous small rivers and streams empty into
the sea between the above taap.rivers, from south to north, among which are
the following: the Kodomach,,14:*ite4Pympta, Noka, Mymovaya, Okshush,
UChkhyr, Luzhe, Kol', Anuzha, TezhmaaLh, Kekhta, Kaktyo, Mdegatch rivers .(127
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Menthes. except by permission of the Director of Intelligence. USAF
AF OCT?52 112a
REPLACES AF FORM IIZ-PART fl JUN 43. MASSWWATICA4
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UNCLASSIFIED
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 933656
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release @
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The Kol' River, also known as Medykh (128) discharges 21 miles north of the
Kikchik River and is fronted by a bar which dries. The depth about 2 miles
off shore is 20.1 in. The Ater of the river is reported to be fit for
drinking, and fish abound in it. Kol village, about 5 miles (129) or 9.6 in
(130) upstream, is connected to the general telegraph system. (131) The
river is very shallow. (132)
The estuary of the Kol' River, is situated near Lat. 53? 5C' N. The river
bed approaches the shore normally and forms a small lagoon extending along
the shore southward from the river mouth. The estuary of the Kol' River
Is very narrow and does not exceed 18 m in width and its bar dries up during
low water. (133)
The Kol(m)pakova (134) or Kompakova (135), River is a typical river of the
western shore of Kamchatka, and is called by the natives Kukkyuyu. (136)
It discharges about 39 miles north of the mouth of the Vorovskaya River after
flowing 7 miles north inside a narrow sand and gravel spit. (137)
The lower reaches of the Kompakova River, like those of most rivers of the
western coast of Kamchatka, flow through the tundra. The river bed is
sinuous, the current is rather swift, and the river breaks up into channels
before flowing into the shoreline lagoon. (138)
At the entrance to the lagoon there is a 1.4 in deep bar in low water. Beyond
the bar and the spit there are depths of 4.6 to 6.0 m, (139) in which
small vessels with local knowledge can anchor. (140) Another source mentions
that schooners, having passed the bar at high tide, enter a relatively deep
area and can anchor there, a thing that happens frequently during the fish
spawning season. (141)
The shoreline approach in the area of the Kompakova River lagoon is easy.
The shoreline rises very gradually. A mile from the shore, depths of 11 in
occur and then decrease to 5.4 to 6.4 in some 0.5 miles from the shore. (142)
Ships should not approach directly the entrance of the lagoon, for there,
shallow depths prevail further out to sea and the inward and outward lagoon
currents are felt more strongly directly near the estuary. (143) Another
source mentions that the tidal streams off the outlet of this river are
weaker than elsewhere on the coast. The flood stream sets northward. (144)
Kompakova village is situated about 5 miles (7.5 km) up the river. (145)
There is an anchorage with a-depth of 10.5 in about 1 1/2 miles off shore,
with Kompakova cannery chimney' hearing 076?. (145)
An 11 in shoal lies about 8 1/2 miles westward of the mouth of Kompakova
River. (146)
Krutogorova River (Lat. 55? 03' N., Long. 155? .364 E.), flows northward along
the coast for 4 miles inside a narrow strip of smui and gravel, and discharges
through an outlet, about 22.9 in vide, about 18 miles northWard of the mouth
of Kompakova River. The depth on the bar is about 0.6 in (147) and within
the bar the depth is from 1.5 to 3.7 m.(1)48) About 1 1/2 miles north Of the
outlet, there arefew houses. The ebb stream has E6rite of 4 knots. (i4-9)
WARNINO- This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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AFOg"52 112a
REPLACES AF FORM MZ-PART II. I JUN 43, ta-AssiricAnord
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UNCLASSIFIED
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 933$5
npnlassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
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amiswIcArtori
STAT
There is an anchorage with a depth of 9.6 in about 1 1/2 miles off shore,
with Krutogorova cannery bearing 089?. (150)
Oblukovina River discharges about 13 miles north of Krutogorova River, after
flowing 5 miles northward along the coast inside a strip of sand and gravel,
which is an island 13 miles long, there being an opening at both ends of it.
The depth on the bar is 0.9 in (151) or 0.8 in in low water according to
another source. (152) The entrance is easy and small vessels with local
knowledge can find shelter inside, in depths of 4.0 to 5.2 in. (153) Two
other rivers discharge into this lagoon. (154)
The lagoon of the Oblukovina River has a southern outlet to the sea at
Lat. 56? 06, N., serving simultaneously as a connection with the sea of the
lagoon of Krutogorova River so that actually the estuary of the Oblukovina
River is not separated from the sea by a spit, but by a narrow, 13 mile long,
island extending along the shore. (155)
Both entrances to this lagoon, owing to the very low and exceedingly
monotonous shoreline, are very difficult to spot from the sea. A light has
been set up a little above the northern entrance of the lagoon, half a mile
from the seashore. (156)
The lagoon of the Oblukovina River also recives the Khykha River, the estuary
of which is situated 1.5 miles south of the Oblukovina River estuary, and
1.5 miles north of its southern exit. The lagoon receives the Sheagach
River. Between the estuaries of the Khykha and Sheagach rivers, also south
of the latter, until the southern exit of the lagoon, a small cliff of
grey-yellow sandstone, approaches the eastern shore of the lagoon and is
well seen from the sea. (157)
Off the mouth of the Oblukovina River, the earliest recorded appearance of
ice is 20 December, the latest, 15 January. The earliest disappearance of
ice is 20 February, the latest, 28 April. (158)
The Icha River, one of the largest of the western shore of Kamchatka, (159)
ia 168 kmlong (160) andreeeiveanumerous tributaries. (161)
The Icha River discharges about 26 miles north of the mouth of the
Oblukovina River. For the last 6 miles of its course it flows north inside
a long narrow strip of sand and gravel which extends 22 miles south from the
outlet of the river, and encloses a lagoon into which several streams flow:
a large fishery is situated 2 1/2 miles southward of the northern end of
the lagoon. (162)
This lagoon, into which numerous small streams and rivers empty is the
shoreline basin into which three other rivers empty. (163)
The Soichets River empties into the extreme northern Dart of the lagoon,
the Chvyvycha and the Kokon Rivers empty into the lagoon near Lat. 550
30' N. (164)
The mouth of the Icha River, situated almost 6 miles south of the exit of
the lagoon into the sea, is located at 550.4W- B. The entire lagoon extends
along the shoreline for 22 miles, terminating at Lat. 55? 24' N., and extends
only southward from its entrance into it. This entrance is situated near
its extreme northern end. The mouth of the Idha,RiVer lagoon is situated
at Lat. 55? 45' and Lnna. 15C? 111' R. 11e71,? lagPot amrwoo+duA
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sea by a narrow sand spit consisting of an accumulation of sand and gravel,
on which a fishing station is situated. It is completely devoid of forest
and only grasses grow in its more elevated parts. No elevated shore exists
on this spit separating the lagoon from the sea. (165) The entrance to the
lagoon (outlet of the river) is narrow and the depths (at the entrance of the
bar) are from 0.9 to 1.2 in. (166)
The tidal streams at the entrance to the lagoon at springs have a rate of
4.o to 5 knots, (167) and are especially strong during the ebb tide, when
the current coincides with the ebb tide. (168)
A light is exhibited at an elevation of 53.9 in from a triangular wooden
pyramid. 7.0 in high, situated on a cliff near the Russian fish cannery in the
vicinity of the mouth of Icha River. A settlement is located 27 miles up
the river. (169)
The lagoon is not always convenient for anchorage, because it becomes in-
accessible precisely during windy weather, when the swell is especially
strong and when vessels need to seek shelter there. GeMertax speaking,
the lagoon is shallow. (170)
During the winter, the mouth of the Icha River does not freeze completely.(171)
At Mys (Cape) Kharyuzova, fast-ice begins to form in most years in November,
and the sea is ice-covered in December with ice up to 0.6 in thick. The
break up occurs in April and ice finally clears in May. (172)
The Sopochnaya river, 150 km long, flows into the sea at 56? 07' Lat. N., in
a single estuary. This estuary lies among cliffy banks and the river itself
penetrates into the mainland between hills receding widely on both sides.
Almost at its entrance into the sea, the Sppochnaya River receives from the
south a left bank tributary, the Sigikan River. The river bed of the
Sopochnaya River, locally known as Petoay, flows around the Petoay elevation
on its northern side, while the Sigikan River flows aroma the same
elevation around its southern side. (173)
The estuary of the Sopochnaya River is somewhat difficult to find from the sea.
But an elevation of the same name, situated nearby, and dominating the hilly
landscape by its characteristic, although slightly flattened emus, may serve
as a landmark. Fishing shacks may be seen on closer approach, along the
Shore. (374)
Moroshechnaya River, about 200 km long (175) has a fairly wide mouth with a
bar in front of it, part of which dries (176) in low water (177). In its lower
course, the river floWs in a northerly direction along the coast, and is
separated from the sea by a narrow strip of land and gravel. (178) The
settlement of Moroshechnoye stands about 27 Miles up the river. (179)
A bank extends from the mouth of Moroshechnaya River with a depth of
5.9 to 6 in off shore. (180)
Khayryuzova (181) (Khasyyzova) River with its tributaries the Tikhaya and
Bystraya rivers, is 250 km long. Kharyuzova River (182) discharges about
4 1/2 miles northeast of the mouth of Belogolovaya River. (183)
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A fishery is situated near the mouth of Kharyuzova River. (184)
Shoal water extends for a considerable distance off the entrances of
Belogolovaya River and Kharyuzova River and vessels approaching from the
north on the eastern side of Ptichiy Ostrov, should not stand farther south
than the parallel of the northern end of that island. (185)
Vessels with local knowledge wishing to communicate (sic) with either
Belogolovaya or Kharyuzova River should anchor about 1 1/2 miles north-north-
west of Mys Kharyuzova, in a depth of 11.0 in. (186) Neither of these rivers
is accessible to boats at low water. (187)
The Tigil' River is considered the most important stream on the western shore
of Kamchatka peninsula. (188) Also called the Tichil' (189). It is over
260 miles long (190) or about 350 km long according to another source. (191)
,
The lover reaChesof;the Tigil' are navigable for 100 to 110 km and its main
tributaries are to the right the Kalgats, Sedanka, Pirozhnikova, Gavenka and
to the left, the Nepana River. (192)
The estuary of the Tigil' is accessible during high tide to ocean going
vessels. (193)
Near its estuary, the Tigil' River is fronted by a bar, over which there is
a depth of about 0.9 in, and which is subject to considerable shifting,
especially during the autumnal westerly winds. (194)
Near its mouth, the river flaws southward, separated from the sea by a narrow
strip of sand and gravel. Shoals, which dry, extend one mile from both sides
of the entrance. Vessels wishing to enter must obtain a pilot. (195)
The width of the estuary during low tide is no less than 100 m ond the depth
8 1/2 in. Even on the bars and sandbanks, the depth reaches 5 in during high
tide and 1 in during low tide. (196)
There is anchorage off the river for vessels with local knowledge, but near
the bar the holding ground is not good. (197)
At the anchorage the tidal streams have a rate of 1 1/2 to knots, the flood s
setting in a northeasterly and the ebb in a southeasterly direction. (198)
Vessels approaching the Tigil' River during fog remain in a depth of not less
than 31.1 in until the fog has lifted. (199)
There is a small village near the mouth of the river, and about 33 miles above
is the town of Tigil', with a population of about 1,000 (in 1944). It is the
center of the fur industry. There is telegraphic communication between Tigil'
and PetropaVlovsk. (200)
The Tigil' River freezes at the end of October, beginning of November, and
opens up at the end of April, beginning of May. (201)
The Va(o)yampoika River, (202) also called Vayama- (Vayam) Palka, discharges
about 19 miles northeast of Mys (Cape) Kamatyan, after running a short distance
along the coast within a narrow strip of sand and gravel. The depths do not
exceed 0.8 in at its entrance, and both depths and direction are liable to
change. Close to the river is a small settlement and a fishery. (203)
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The anchorage available only for vessels with local knowledge, is 2 1/2 miles
west of the mouth of the Vayama4Daika River, with a depth of 9.1 m. There is
a 3.7 m shoal situated about 18 miles northeast of Mys (Cape) Kamatyan and
about 1 1/2 miles offshore. (204)
Off the mouth of the Vayama-Palka River, the earliest recorded appearance of
ice is 2 November, the latest, 15 January. The earliest final disappearance
of ice is 11 February, the latest 24 April. (205)
The Palma River takes its source in the large Lake Palanskoye (206). It is
also called Polana and discharges about 5 1/2 miles north-northeast of the
Mys (Cape) Pyatibratskiy, inside a narrow strip of sand and gravel. A
cannery and fishery are situated on the left bank of the mouth of the
river. Anchorage may be obtained by vessels with local knowledge, in a
depth of 6.7 in. (207)
A reef extends about 1 1/4 miles west-southwest from a rocky point about
6 miles north-northeast of the mouth of Palana River. (208)
Lesnaya River, also called Lesnovskaya* discharges about 9 1/2 miles north-
eastward of Mys (Cape) Kinkil'skoy. The last 6 miles of its course has a
southerly direction, and is separated from the sea by only a narrow strip of
sand and shingle. There is a bar at its entrance. The settlement of Leanoye
is on the left bank of the river, 4 miles from its mouth. (209)
Mys (Cape) Pensepel' is a law headland, and within it is the low broad valley
through which the Lesnaya River flows. The mountains on either side of the
valley are from 609.6 m to 853.4 in high. (210)
The Lesnaya River freezes at the end of October or beginning of November,
and opens up at the end of April or beginning of May. (211)
The Shamanka River, discharges south of Mys (Cape) Ostrovnoy. A rocky spit,
which dries, extends about 1 3/4 m north from a headland about 24 miles
northeast of Mys Ostrovnoy. The depth about 3 miles offshore southwest of
this headland is about 54.9 in and northeast of it, 11.9 m to 16.5 m. (212)
The Podkagernaya River, from the estuary of Which starts the eastern shoreline
of the Penzhina Bay,. difih.argali into the southeastern part of this bay by two
branches. It is tpapOeiable eVen to trial boats. (213)
* The Ka6balinayal Golygina, Ozernaya, Bystraya, Kikhchik,*iakOvel,lcha,
Khayryuzova, Tichil' (elsewhere Tigil') and Lesnovskaya rivers, ax of
great importance to the fishing industry of Kamchatka. (Kern, Kray, p. 8)
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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CHAPTER III - Reference Notes
a) Rivers of the West Coast of Kamchatka
1) Davydov, p. 509, v. II, 1955
2) Sera. p. 42, 1936
3) Serg. p. 42, BSE, v. 19, 1953, P. 553
4) Serg. p. 42
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
11)
-12
13)
14)
15)
16)
17)
18)
19) Davydov, p. 509, v. II 1955
20) Serg. p. 42
21> Davydov, p. 509, v. 11. 1955
20) Serg. p. 11Q
21) Davydov, p. 509, V. II, 1955
22) Bol'shakov & Rub. p. 19, 1934
Q3) Davydov, p. 509, v. II, 1955
24.) Bolishakov & Rub. p. 20
Ocherki Aka. p. 233
Kamchatski.y Kray, p. 8
Ocherki Akad, p. 233
Ocherki Akad, p. 233; Serg. p. 46
Bolishakov & Rub. p. 20, Serg. p. 4.6
Bolishakov & Rub-p. 20
Sredi Trekh Morey, p. 40
Berg. p. 780
BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553; 554; Serg.
Bol shakov & Rub. p. 20
Berg. p. 46
Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
Ocherki Akad. p. 233
Lotsiya, p. 463, 1938; Serg. p. 42
P?
48
STAT
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25) Bol' shskov & Rib. p. 19
26) Ibid.
27) Davydov, p. 509, v. II, 1955
28) Berg. p. 42
29) BNG, p. 562
30) BNG, p. 562, Lotsiya, p. 463, 1938
31) Lotsiya, p. 463, 3.938
32) Lotsiya, p. 463, 1938
33) Ibid. p. 464
34) Berg. p. 42-43
35) Berg. p. 42
36) BNG0p. 563
37) Lotsiya, p. 495
38) BNG, p. 563
39) Serg. p. 42
40) Lotsiya, p. 492, 1938
41) BNG, p. 563
42) Lotsiya, p. 493
43) Lotsiya, p. 493
44) BNG, p. 536; Lotsiya, p. 493, 1938
45) Lotsiya, p. 493
46) Ibid.
47)Ibid.--
148) BNG, p. 563
49) Lotsiya, p. 493
50) Lotsiya, p. 493
51) BNG, p. 563
52) Berg. p. 63
53) BNG, p. 563
----------
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54)
BNG, p. 563
55)
Berg. p. 42
56)
BNG, p. 564
57)
Lotsiya, p. 491
58)
BNG, p. 564
59)
BNG, p. 564, Lotsiya, p. 491
60)
BNG, p. 564
61)
Ibid.
62)
Lotsiya, p. 491
63)
BNG? p. 565
64)
Berg. p. 42
65)
BNG, p. 564
66)
Lotsiya, p. 491
67)
BNG, p. 564
68)
Serg. p. 42
69)
Ibid.
70)
BNG, p. 564
71)
Lotsiya, p. 491
72)
BNG, p. 565
73)
BNG, p. 564; Lotsiya, p. 488
74)
SEE, v. 1, 1929, p. 371
75)
BNG, p. 564, Lotsiya, p. 488
76)
Lotsiya, p. 488
77)
SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 371; BSE, v. 19,
1953, P.
553
78)
Lotsiya, p. 488
79)
Ibid.
80)
Ibid. p. 489
81)
Lotsiya, p. 489, 1938
- ------------ _ - _ _
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82) BNG, p. 564
83) Lotsiya, p. 489; BEG, p. 564
84) Lotsiya, p. 489
85) Ibid. p. 490
86) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 428
87) Lotsiya, p. 490
88) BNG, p. 564; Lotsiya, p. 489, 490
89) Lotsiya, p. 489
90) Ibid.
91) Ibid. p. 490
92) Bolt shakov & Rub. p. 20
93) Lotsiya, p. 489
94) SSE, v.1, 1929, p. 371
95) Lotsiya, p. 489
96) Serg. p. 42
97) Lotsiya, p. 489
98) Ibid.
g) Ibid.
Ibid.
101) BNG, p. 564, 1952
102) Lotsiya, p. 489
103) BEG, p. 564
104) Lotsiya, p. 489
105) Lotsiya, p. 489; BNG, p. 564
106) BNG, p. 564
107) BNG, p. 564
108) BEG, p. 565
109) BliG, p. 564; SSE, v. 1, 1929? p. 371; Lotsiya, p. 490
110) Serg. p. 63
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111.) BNG, p. 564
112) Lotsiya, p. 486
313) BNG, p. 566
114) Lotsiya, p. 486
115) BNG, p. 565
3/6) Lotsiya, p. 485
117) BNG, p. 565; Lotsiya, p. 485
118) BNG, p. 565; Lotsiya, p. 486
119) BNG, p. 565
120) BNG, p. 566
121) Ibid.
122) Ibid. 567
123) Ibid. p. 565, Lotsi1a.0 p. 487
124) Lotsiya, p. 487
125) Ibid.
126) Ibid.
127) Ibid. p. 486, 487
128) Ibid. p. 1487
129) BNG, p. 565
130) Lotsiya, p. 487
131) BNG, p. 565
132) Lotsiya, p. 487
133) Lotsiya, p. 487
134) Berg. p. 43
135) BNG, p. 566; Lotsiya, p. 1484
136) BNG, p. 566; Lotsiya, p. 484
137) Lotsiya, p. 484-485, BNG. p. 566
138) Ibid. p..;:40;
?
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139) Lotsiya, p. 485;
140) BNG, p. 566
141) Lotsiya, p. 485
142) Ibid.
143) Ibid.
144) BNG, p. 566
145) BNG, p. 566; Lotsiya, p. 484
146) BNG, p. 566
147) BNG, p. 566
148) Ibid.
1119) Ibid.
150) Ibid.
151) Ibid.
152) Lotsiya, p. 483
153) Lotsiya, p. 483; BNG, p. 566
154) BNG, p. 566
155) Lotsiya, p. 483
156) Ibid. p. 483
157) Ibid. p. 483
Intern
) DilLry p? 567
159) BSE, V. 31, 1937, P. 148, Serg, D. 42
160) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 533
161) Serg. p. 42
162) BNG, p. 566
163) Lotsiya, p. 481
164) Ibid.
165) Ibid.
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166) BNG, p. 566
167) Ibid.; Lotsiya, p. 482
168) Lotsiya, p. 482
169) BNG, p. 566
170) Lotsiya, p. 482
171) BNG, p. 567
172) ibid.
173) Lotsiya, p. 481
174) Ibid.
175) Serg. p. 4.3
176) Lotsiya, p. 480; BNG, p. 567
177) Lotsiya, p. 480
178) BNG, p. 567; Lotsiya, p. 480
179) BNG, p. 567
180) BNG, p. 567
181) Serg. D. 11.3
182) BNG, p. 567
183) Ibid.
184) Ibid.
185) Ibid. p. 568
186) NtiGi p. 568
187) Lotsiya, p. 475; BNG, p. 568
188) Serg. p. 19
189) Kainehatskiy Kray, p. 8
190) BNG, p. 580
191) Serg. p. 14-3
192) BNG, p. 580
193) Serg. p. 43, p. 19
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194) BEG, p. 580
195) Ibid.
196) Serg. p. 19
197) BNG, p. 580
198) Ibid.
199) Ibid.
200) Ibid. p. 581
201) Serg. D. 64
202) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955; Serg.
203) BEG, p. 581
204) BNG, p. 581
205) Ibid.
206) Serg. p. 43
207) BEG, p. 581
208) Ibid. p. 582
209) Ibid.
210) Ibid.
211) Serg. p. 64
212) BEG, p. 582
(213) Ibid.
?
p?
43.
- - - - - - ? - - ? -- --
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REPLACES IF FORM I12-PART II. I JUN IL CLASSIF ICAT ION
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b) Rivers of the East Coast of
Kamchatka
4
The eastern shore of Kamchatka Peninsula is heavily indented and is a volcanic
plateau with elevations reaching from 700 to 1,300 in. Mountainous peninsulas
are separated by large bays, the shores are partly lowlands, and partly
elevated in the places where the slopes of volcanic plateaux, above which rise
the cones of active or extinguished volcanoes, covered with eternal snows,
descend and break off sharply at the shoreline. (1)
The eastern part of the peninsula has fever rivers and their dimensions are
inferior to those of the rivers of the western shore. The largest rivers are
the Empovey, the Avacha, the Zhupanovaya that flow in wide, well developed
valleys. (2)
The main rivers of the eastern seaboard of Kamchatka peninsula are as follows,
from south to north:
Kha(o)dutka, Asacha, Mutnaya and Vilyuchik, flowing into the sea
between Cape Lapatka and Avachinskaya Bay, Sarannaya and Avacha
with several tributaries.
The Khalyger (Kolyger), Zhupanova, Berezovaya, Semyachik and
Kronotskaya Rivers, which flow into Kronotskiy Bay. (3)
Bogachemka, Chazhma, Storozh, Stolbovayal KnmPhatka rivers empty into the
the Kamchatakiy Zaliv (Bay). (4) The Ozernaya River, flowing further north,
empties into the Ozernaya Bay of the Bering Sea. The Uka (also called
Nachika) (5), Rusakova, Ivashka, Pankara, Dranka, Karagao Tymlat, Kichiga,
Ualavayam and Anapka empty into the enormous Litke or Karaginskiy Strait
with its numerous Bays. (6) The eastern seaboard of the Kamchatka peninsula
ends in Zaliv Uzla, which receives the Ualavayam River. (7)
The Khalaktyrka, Nalycheva, Ostrovnaya and Vakh(g)il' rivers flow into the
Sea of Bering. (8)
Only the more significant rivers of the eastern shoreline of Kamchatka are
discussed in some detail in this chapter, with the Kamchatka River being the
subject of a chapter to itself.
The Avacha River, also called (Sauchu), starts at the foot of the Bakang
mountain in the system of the Gonal'skiye (sic) mountains (9) and empties
into the Avaehinskaya Bay. (10)
The Avacha River is 125 km long and has a drainage basin of 4,368 km2. (II)
It consists of the Zapadnaya or Pravaya Avacha, the Srednyaya Avacha and the
Vostochnaya or Levaya Avacha (Western or Right, Middle and Eastern or Left
Avacha respectively). (12)
The Avacha River has a series of islands caused by the floating trees welded
together by gravel and sand. At its estuary it forms channels. (13)
Floating on most rivers is extremely difficult. In the spring of 1930, an
effort was made to float timber on the relatively large Avacha River, but the
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L.
timber was dispersed along the numberless tributaries where it dried up.
Further such experiments are useless without previous clearing works and
the installation of booms. (14)
By 1934, more or less regular communications existed along the Avacha River
between Petropavlovsk and the kolkhoz un. XVI Party of Congress, via the
Avachinskaya Bay. (15) -
The healing Timsnovskiye hot sulphur springs, rich in sulphuric acid are
situated on the Srednyaya Avacha. The warm mineral springs and basins called
"Ozerenka", "Teplyy" and "Kekhkuyskiy" are located on the Pravaya Avacha.(16)
The Zhupanova or Zhupanovaya River (17) discharges at the head of the
Zhupanovaya Bay. It is of considerable site and has two mouths, each
fronted by a bar. The eastern channel into the river has at least a
depth of about 1.8 m. There is a lagoon at the mouth of the river. (18)
This lagoon is situated within a sand and shingle neck which -connects the
rising ground of Zhupanova peninsula to the mainland. The lagoon runs.
parallel to the coast, gradually widening northward to the mouth of the
Zhupanova River. (19)
Zhupanova village is situated on the slope of the hill at the end of a
peninsula dividing the lagoon. It is the largest habitation on the coaat
between Petropavlovsk and Ust' Kamchatsk, about 60 miles southwest and
175 miles northeast respectively, of the village. The inhabitants live by
fishing and hunting. (20)
The hull of a large steam vessel lies stranded about half a mile north-
westward of the mouth of the Zhupenova River, and another lies somewhat
farther northward. (21)
Anchorage may be obtained by a large vessel in a depth of 10.1 in, sand and
mud, with Mrs (Cape) Zhupanova bearing 100?. (22)
This berth is sheltered from winds from the southeast, through south and
west, to northwest. A smell vessel can anchor farther inshore, in depths of
4.1
in, to 4.6 m, with the cape bearing 080?. The area with depths of 6.9m
to 7.8 in is not extensive and the depths decrease rapidly eastward towards
the peninsula and decrease more gradually westward toward the mainland ,(23)
The mouth of the Semlytchik River, is situated about 27 miles north from the
mouth of the Zhupanova River, at 54? 06' Lat. n., 1590 59 Long.E., at the
entrance to the wide valley. (24)
Before entering the sea, the Semlyachik River flows south parallel to the
coast, being divided from the sect!VAnarrow sand and shingle spit, from the
southern end of which, a bar, with a minimum depth of 0.9 in, extends across
the mouth of the river, which, Owing to its exposed position, is very
difficult to enter. There is a fish cannery there. (25)
0
Northward of the mouth of the Semlyachik River, the coast is low, so that
the mouth can be distinguished once the cliffs south of it have been
sighted. (26)
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There is a convenient landing place in a small cove, about 1 1/2 miles south
of the mouth of the river, westward q,.a small, rocky point from which a
reef extends north and provides fairly good shelter from easterly to southerly
swells. (27)
About 8 cables of the mouth of the Semlyaehik River, the depths range from
9.1 in to 10.1 in. (28)
About 36 miles northeast from the mouth of the Semlyachik River, lies the
mouth of the Kronotskaya River. (29)
The Kronotskaya River issues from a mountain lake situated west-northwest of
Sopka Kronotskaya (Lat. 54? 45' N.) (Long., 160? 33' E.) and flows for
24 miles southeastward to the coast. An affluent falls into it from the
north, closet? its mouth, which is fronted by a narrow bar. There is a
fishing station on the spit between the river and its affluent. The current
of the river is rapid. Owing to its exposed situation, the bar and coastal
banks in the vicinity are continually shifting. Considerable changes were
observed during a period of only 3 days by a vessel lying off the mouth of
the river. (30)
South and close to the mouth of the river the depths are even and the coast
steep. No irregularities in the depths have been observed there. Anchorage
may be obtained at a depth of ig.g in., half a mile offshore, with the peak
of Souka Kronotskaya, bearing 338 , and the mouth of Reka Kronotskaya, about
0080. It is difficult to distinguish the mouth of the river from the offing.
(31)
The Storozh River, has its mouth situated about 19 miles south-southwest of
Mys (Cape) Shubert (Lat. 55? 43' N., Long. 161? 45' E.) There is a fishing
station about 2 miles north of the mouth of the Storozh River, and a small
river flows into the sea about 7 miles farther north. The depths, about 8
cables off this stretch, of coast, are remarkably even, and range from
12.8 to 14.6 m. (3g)
Stolbovaya River issues from a small lake called Lake Stolbovoye (see map)
near Lake Nerpich'ye, and flows for a short distance southeast pirallsal to the
coast, separated from the sea bya narrow spit, and then turns northeasf-to its
mouth. The bar has a depth of about 0.9 in over it. The channel runs close
to the left bank with depths of up to 2.4 in. The current in the river, before
it enters the sea, attains a rate of from 6 to 7 knots. Local craft can
enter this river and proceed to Ust' Kamchatsk. (33)
The mouth of Stolbovaya River is situated 6 miles southwest of Mys (Cape)
Pokatyy. (34)
Stolbovaya River, connects the northern side ef the.m4lerlake with
Ozernyy Bay. This system of Lakes and rivers, together cover the whole of
the isthmus, which is 29 miles wide and connects the peninsula to the mainland.
From these lakes the land,. rises to the western slopes of the coastal mountains.
A wide valley extends right :,.1,!ross the peninsula and ends in a bay, situated
about half-may along' side. It divides the southern and northern
groups of mountainsiliWiSprominent from the offing. The coasts of
thepeninsulaare,abame.rehigh and are bounded by cliffs in the
southern aad northeastelwriVrAak. They are only slightly indented and there
is no fully sheltered anchorage. (35)
?
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AFI 1TT"5 2 112a
REPLACES. AF FORM I12-PART H, I JUN 41. CLASSIFICATION
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Ozernaya River empties into the Ozernyy Zaliv of the Bering Sea and is
110 km long. (36)
The Ozernaya River rises in the mountains of central Kamchatka. Its total
length is about 100 miles. Before flowing into Ozernyy Bay, the river
forms a large lagoon, which is enclosed by a low sand and shingle spit.
The southern and western sides of this lagoon are low-lying and are
covered with grass and small bushes, but its northern side is formed by a
cliff at the foot of some hills which rise to an elevation of about
100.6 m. (37)
The mouth of Ozernaya River (Lat. 570 21' N., Long. 1620 45' E.) is situated
between the northern end of the spit and this cliff. It is fronted by a
bar which can easily be noticed by the seas breaking over it. The current
of the river is strong and, at tins, attains a rate of 4 knots. (38)
The mouth of Ozernaya River, 30 miles southwest of Mys (Cape) Ozernoy, can
be distinguished by the light yellow, sandy cliffs just north of it, the
shore south of it being low. (39)
Local inhabitants report that Ozernaya River is frozen over towards the end
of October or in early November and becomes clear of ice about the beginning
of middle of May. Also that the mouth of the river and the channel to it
are very liable to shift as a result of the fierce southeasterly gales,
prevalent in the autumn. They further report that';ito fixed ice; forms along
this coast in winter, but that broken drift ice is!broug* devnlevery year
from the north in February and March which disappears later either by the
effects of offshore winds or by the action of the swell. (4o)
The mouth of the Malan-Vayam River (Lat. 570 46' N., Long. 162? 29' E.) is
located at the extreme southeastern corner of Karaginskiy Bay. (41)
A channel, with depths of 2.3 in to 2.7 in, leads close the eastern side of
the bay to the entrance of Malan-Vayam River, The bottom is this vicinity
is sand or mud, with rare patches of rock. (42)
A wooden tripodal beacon, about 6.4 in high, painted white, stands near the
edge of the cliff at the northwestern extremity of the islet. (43)
The mouth of the Malan-Vayam River, in the extreme south-eastern corner of
the bay, is vide and is obstructed by a bar, idth depths of 2.7 in over it,
lying 'between its entrance points. Inside the entrance there are depths of
from 6.9 in to 9.1 in. The banks of the river are low, sandy and marshy in
places. (44)
The mouth of the Uka River, is situated 11 1/2 miles west-northwest of the
mouth of Malan-Vayam River. (45)
Uka River, also known as Nachika River, is of consideEable size and enters
the sea by a single mnuth (Lat. 570 49' N., Long. 162 06' E.), which is
difficult to distinguish from the offing, but can be identified by the sandy
cliff described above. The southern entrance is marked by a wide, blunt,
low spit containing marshy land bordered by a shingle beach. The northern
is marked by a small narrow shingle spit extending in the general direction
of the coast. A short sa4dhaukextends at right angles to the coast, from
the southern, and a shorter one extends eastward from the northern entrance
WARNIIYO This document contains information affecting th? national defense uf the United States within the meaning of the
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REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART II, I JUN 48, CLASSIFICATION
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GPO 9 33856
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point. The mouth itself is clear and faces eastward. Before entering the
sea, the river flows north through.ttwo lagoons, and then makes a right-
angled turn just within its mouth, which is more than one cable wide, and
discharges in an easterly direction. The lower reaches of the river are
bordered by low-lying sandy or marshy land.
The mouth is fronted by a bar, with a minimum depth of 2.4 in, situated half
a mile off it. The depths increase regularly on either side of the bar to
6.9 in one mile off shore, and from 9.1 in to 11.0 in in the middle of the
river's mouth. The right bank is steep-too with depths of 6.9 in, close
under it. Uka village stands on the left bank nee* abreast the entrance.
It is one of the largest habitations on this coast. (46)
The tidal streams in the mouth of the river attain a rate as high as
4 knots. (47)
From the mouth of the Uka River, the western shore of the bay trends north-
ward for 14 miles to the mouth of Khalyulya River. It is a uniform stretch
of sand and shingle beach, backed by very gently rising slopes, covered
nearly to the coast by grass and farther inland by bushes, and reaching to
a line of hills running a great distance inland. This stretch is clear of
dangers, with depths of from 5.5 in to 5.9 in, about half a mile off shore;
the bottom is everywhere sandy. (48)
There is a fish
fishing station
Khalyul a River
River. 50)
cannery 5 1/2 miles north of the mouth of Uka River, and a
stands on the coast about 2 miles farther north. (49)
empties into the sea 14 miles north of the mouth of 'Ara
In its lower reaches Khalyulya River flows south, and not far from its
mouth (Lat. 58? 03' N., Long. 162? 02' E.1) splits into several channels,
which rejoin just within its entrance, where it is also joined from south
by another branch, which connects with the northern branch farther inlawl
and forms a low-lying, sandy island between them. At its entrance, which
lies within a narrow sand spit, the river is less than half a cable wide
with minimum depths of 1.8 in to 2.1 in, and the same depths within. Khalyu-
lya villnge is situated on the right bank of the western branch more than
one mile north of its mouth. (51)
TVID mountains, which form the easternmost spurs of the range (52) which
runs parallel to the coast at a considerable distance inland, lie 10 miles
vest of the mouth of Khalyulya River. The southerais 1,015 in high and has
a pointed summit rising from a rocky base. The northern is 1.033.3 in
with several jagged peaks lying in a north-northeasterly and south-south-
westerly direction, and is joined to the former by a spur. These mountains
are good navigational imarks? (53)
The depths in the entrance to Ukinskaya Bay vary between 21.9 in and 32.9 in
thence they decrease regularly to its western and southern shores, off whic
there are depths of 5.5 in to 5.9 in, half a mile offshore. On the eastern
side of the bay the depths are less regular. (54)
? ?
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AF""1 1 _ 2a RERLAOES,AF FORM 11 N AL 2-PART H. 1 JUN cLAssmmAillom
? 1 OCT 52 WHICH MAY BE USED.
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Anchorage maybe obtained off the mouth of the Uka River, in depths of 8.2 m
to 9.1 in, from one to 1 1/2 miles off shore, with the northern entrance point
bearing 190?. Anchorage closer inshore is difficult because of shoal
patches, with depths of 5.0 in to 6.9 in, extending seawards. (55)
The mouth of Russakovka River (Lat. 58? 18' N., Long. 162? 09' E., ) lies
15 miles north northeast from the mouth of the Khalyulya River. The southern
most of four fishing stations on this Mretch of coast is situated at the
northern entrance of the Knalyulya River. (56)
The Russakovka River (also called Rusakova) (57), flows into the sea through
a narrow lagoon, which extends 9 1/2 miles north from its mouth, inside a
narrow sand and shingle spit. Many streams and smn_11 rivers flow into this
lagoon. The mouth of the Russakovka River which is also the exit of the
lagoon, lies between the ends of two narrow spits, and is less than one
cable wide and fronted by a wide bar with a depth of 2.7 in. Sandbanks,
marked by breakers, extend off the ends of each of the spits. Directly
within the bar, there are depths of from 3.7 in to 5.5 in. In the lagoon the
depths vary from 2.7 in to 4.3 in, but there are bars with depths of 0.9 in to
1.2 in over them. (58)
The line of cliffs, extends to a point half a mile south of the mouth of
Russakovka River, The ground rises very gradually from the western shores
of the lagoon and thP whole of the plain near the coast is covered with
grass and bush. The nearest mountain range lies far inland. (59)
There is anchorage, in depths of from 9.1 in to 10.1 in on sand and shingle,
about 8 cables off shore from a fishing station, situated 4 miles north of
the mouth of Russakovka River. (60)
The mouth of Pankara River lies north northeast 20 miles from the mouth of
Russakovka River. For the first 10 1/2 miles the coast is formed by a
narrow sand and shingle spit enclosing the lagoon, then it rises in light
yellow sandy cliffs for the next 6 1/2 miles. These cliffs are from 30.5 to
45.7 in high at their center and gradually become lower towards each end.
The coast becomes low and sandy at the mouth of the Pankara River. TWO fish
canning factories are located there, one about 5 miles north of the mouth
of Russakovka River, the other 2 3/4 miles south of the mouth of Pankara
River. There is a fishing station between them. (61)
The Pankara River enters the northern part of the mentioned lagoon which is
shallow and has a bar extending northeastward with a depth of 1.8 in over it.
(62)
Ivashka village stands on the bank of the river about 5 miles vest of its
mouth. On the northern spit and 3 cables from the river mouth is a fishing
station. The best anchorage is 6 cables off shore about halfway between
the fishing station and the river mouth, in a depth of 9.1 in shingle The
holding ground is poor. (63)
The outgoing stream in the entrance and also in the channels of the lagoon
attains a rate of from 3 1/2 to 4 knots. At half-flood an almost imper-
ceptible stream sets into the lagoon. (64)
DraukaRiver flows southeastward from the inland mountain range, but in its
lover reach, it turns abruptly northeast 7 miles from its mouth and flows
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AF I OCT 52 112a
REPLACES Ai FORM PART If I JLIR 41.
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GPO 933656
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Or' 112.17^V IAIVAD11.1,17.1flkI cre A
parallel to the coast, being separated from the sea by a narrow sand and
shingle spit. It forms a lagoon within its mouth where it is ?joined by the
Utki Vayam River which is connectewith it by side channels. These rivers
flow into the sea through a single mouth, the entrance channel to which
lies between the northern entrance spit and a sandbank which extends for 3
ealles as a prolongation of the southern entrance spit. The bar is narrow
and has a minimum depth of 1.5 in over it. Within it, the depths increase
from 2.7 in to 3.7 in, in the entrance and decrease upstream from 2.4 in to11.8 in.
(65)
The village of Drahka is situated 10 1/2 miles upstream, 3 3/4 miles from the
coast. A building, formerly a church, in this village, is prominent in the
offing. (66)
The depths About one mile southeast of the mouth of Draaka River, were reported
in 1937 to be less than charted, and the "Daisan-unyu-Marun, with a draft of
5.0 in reported, also in 1937, touching bottom in a position about 8 1/4
miles east northeast of the mouth of the same river. (67)
From the mouth of the Dranka River, the coast trends northeast for 6 1/2 miles
to a cliffy headland, and north northwest for 1 1/2 miles to the mouth of the
Makarova River. (68)
The Makarova River and the Kayum River from separate lagoons before entering
the sea through a common mouth, which is 8 cables wide. These lagoons are
separated from the sea by narrow sandy spits. (69)
The lagoon formed by the Makarova River is extensive and consists of two
basins. Its southern shore is a low cliff and its northern and western sides
are low swamps intersected by many channels of the river. There are several
islets in it. The mouth of the river (Lat. 58? 53' N., Long. 162? 48' E.,) is
fronted by a bar with a depth of 1.8 in over it. Between the southern entrance
spit and the islet the depths increase from 3.7 in to 5.5 in. In the central
part of the northern basin they vary from 3.0 in to 4.3 in and in the southern
basin, from 1.2 in to 2.7 in. (70)
The bar of the Kayum River is situated off the entrance of its lagoon and has
a depth of 0.9 in. In the entrance there are depths of 1.8 in to 3.0 in, gradually
decreasing to 0.6 m at the upper end of the lagoon. As the depths in the
vicinity are irregular, this locality should be avoided. (71)
The outward flow from these rivers causes discoloration for some distance off
shore. (72)
Two fishing stations stand on the spit, one mile and 3 miles, respectively,
north of the mouth of Kayum River. About half a mile off this stretch of
coast, the depths are 6.4 to 8.2 in, mostly sand, occasionPnyroxpd with
shingle. (73)
Karaga River flows into the head of Karaga Bay of mys (Cape) Seleniya, the
mouth of this river is shallow and boats can hardly enter at low water. (74)
Ossora Bay, north of Karaga Bay is entered between MYs (Cape) Lozhno-Ktzmicheva
aad the southwestern extremity of a spit, 5 miles north northeastward. (75)
Tymlat (Tuumlyat) Bay is entered between a, point About 5 miles north of the
papenangactlie aRit previou4y mentpned and Cape Pakklan (Lat.59038'N.,
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The Tymlat River discharges into the Tymlat Bay 10 1/2 miles southvest of
Mys Pekklan. (77)
A fishing station, with a large storehouse, is situated about 4 miles south-
east of the mouth of Tymlat River, and Tymlat village, with a trading post
and a school, is situated on the river about one mile from its mouth. (78)
According to reports from local fishermen, the depths in the mouth of the
Tymlat River are not more than 1.5 in at high water with numerous shoals ex-
tending half a mile off shore. (79)
0 Lakes On Kamchatka
The numerous lakes of Kamchatka may be divided into volcanic, tundra and
river estuary lakes. (80)
The largest lakes on Kamchatka are the Kronotskoye, Nereichlye, Kuril'skoye
and Palanskoye. (81)
Lake Kronotskoye, the largest lake of volcanic origin, has an area of some
2,000 sq km (Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 9) snl is surrounded on all sides by
active and inactive volcanoes of the Vostochnyy Kbrebet. (82)
Lake Kronotskoye, situated near Kronotskaya sopka, which is 3,528 in high (83)
and is about 20 km long (84) and 128 m deep. (85)
Stormy Lake Kuril'skoye, in south Kamchatka, (86) is the most remarkable of
the lakes (87). It is over 300 in deep (88), 306 in deep according to some
sources (89), is surrounded on all sides by inactive volcanoes (90) and lies
itself in the crater of a dead volcano. (91)
The shores of talc/. Kuril'skoye consist mainly of pumice stone and the lake
got its name from the Kuril or Ainu people once inhabiting the southernmost
tip of Kamchatka. (92)
In the northern part of Kamchatka lies the large Palanshoye Lake (93).
The Nerpich'ye Lake, locally known under the name of Kolkokro (94), separated
from tbe ocean by sandy spits, is situated, on the eastern shore of Kamchatka,
at the estuary of the Kamchatka River, and is about 25 km long and vide. It
is connected with the river by a /aguna-channel 4 to 6 in deep. Seals enter the
lake along this channPl, coming from Kamchatka Bay. The north eastern Part of
tbe narrow straits links the lake with anotherlarge /Rke called Kultuchnoyel
yhich-is about 20 km long and up to 12 km wide. (95)
Lake Ushki, in the Kamchatka River valley, is almost 1 km long and a little
less wide, narrowing considerably at the channel that links it with the
Kamchatka River. (96)
Lake UShki does not freeze in the winter and its year-round temperature is
5 Centigrade. It is a fish-spawning place, but the area being too small for
all the fish during the spawning season, only the strongest manage to find
a spawning place. The excess fish is caught and bred at the fish breeding
farm on the lake. (97)
- - - ? ?
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Lake Utinskoye, near Paratunka village, some tens of km from Petropavlovsk,
has hghling muds. The sanatorium at Paratunka treats rheumatism and
gynecological diseases. (98)
As in other volcanic areas, there are numerous hot springs in Kamchatka,
such as the Paratunskiye near Petropavlovsk, the Nalachevskiye, situated
between the Avachinskaya and the Zhupanovskaya mountains. These springs
with waters of 72? and issuing from lava flows of andezite, are very rich
in boron and arsenic. They deposit great quantities of arsenic travertine.
(99)
In the Eastern volcanic zone there are many hot springs and geysers. Some
of the latter spout boiling water to a height of 10 - 15 in. (100)
WORNING This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within th? meaning of the
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b) Rivers of the East Coast of
Kamchatka
1) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
2) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
3) Serg. p. 44
4) Ibid.
5) BNG, p. 490, 1954
6) Serg. p. 44-45
7) Serg. p. 44-45
8(a) Serg. p. 44
9) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 6
10) SSR, v. 1, 1929, p. 6; BSE v. 1, 1949 p. 63
11) BSE, v. 11, 1929, p. '63
12) SSE, v. 1, 1929 o g. 6
13) Ibid.
14) Moishakov & Rub. p. 20
15) Serg. p. 780
16) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p.6
17) Serg. p. 14.14.
18) BNG, p. 464, 1954
19) BNG, p. 463, 1954
20) BNG, p. 464, 1954
21) IBID.
22) Ibid.
23) Ibid., p. 465
24) Ibid.
25) Ibid.
26) Ibid.
- ? - -
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27) BNG, p. 465, 1954
28) Ibid.
29) Ibid.
30) Ibid. p. 466
31) Ibid
32) Ibid., p. 472
33) Ibid. p. 483
34) Ibid.
35) Ibid. p. 478
36)
37)
38)
39)
BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
p. 484, 1954
Ibid
Ibid. p. 481
40) Ibid. p. 106.4
41) Ibid. p. 490
42) BNG, p. 490
43) BNG, p. 490
44) Ibid.
45) Ibid. p. 491
40) Ibid.
4) Ibid.
-4?) Ibid.
,49) Ibid.
50) BNG, p. 491
/. 51) Ibid.
52) Ibid.
53) Ibid. p. 492
;154) Ibid.
\55)
WARNING This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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unauthorized person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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0.91 fIR1,1???
56) BNG, p. 492
57) Serg. p. 45
58) BNG, p. 493,
59) Ibid.
60) Ibid.
61) Ibid. p. 500
62) Ibid. p. 501
63) Ibid.
611.) Ibid.
65) Ibid.
66) Ibid.
67) Ibid.
68) Ibid. p. 502
69) ibid.
70) Ibid.
71) Ibid.
72) Ibid.
73) Ibid.
713) Ibid. p, 503
75) Ibid. p. 504
76) Ibid. p. 506
77) Ibid.
78) Ibid., p. 507
79) Ibid.
8o) Kanichatskiy Kray, p. 9
81) BSP, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
82) Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 9
83) Berg, 1952, p. 1188
84) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
1954-
WADNING. This document contains information affecting ths national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws. Title 18, U S C, Sections 793 and 794. Its transmission or the revelation of its contents in any manner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
Agencies. except by permission of the Director of Intelligence, USAF
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REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART H. I JUN 413, cLASSIFICATIOM
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85) BSE, v. 19, 1953; p. 553; BSE, v. 33. 1937, p. 149; Berg, 1952, p. 488
86) Kamchatski y.#Kray p. 9
87) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 149
88) Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 9
89) Berg, 1952, p. 488; Berg, 1955, p. 434; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
90) Berg, 1955, p. 434
91) Berg, 1952, p. 488; Kamchatskiy Kray, D. 9
92) Berg, 1952, p. 488
93) BST, v? 19, 1953, 13? 553
94) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
95) SSE, v. 1, 1929, p. 736, 737
96) Bytovoy, p.135
97) Ibid. p. ,
,98) P: Ogonek, No. 26, June 1956, p. 32
99) Berg, 1955, p. 434
100) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553
WARNING: This document contains information affecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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CHAPTER IV
The Kamchatka River - General Remarks
The Kamchatka River, the largest river in the Kamchatka Peninsula (1) is
about 700 km long (2) and has a drainage basin of 56,400 sq km (3). The
river flows at the bottom of the long and broad Kamchatka River valley. (4)
The Kamchatka River valley, locally called Dolina (valley) or Kamchatka
lies between the Middle and the Eastern mountain ranges (5).
The total area of this valley, including the slopes of the bordering eleva-
tions is about 2,000,000 ha (6). The valley is some 500 km long (7) and
widens gradually northward, reaching a maximum of over 60 km at Lat. 56? /1(8)
The soft slopes of the valley are covered with birch and. mixed. forests and
grass (9). The taiga in this valley is extremely ancient (10). In its
clear areas, as on the banks of the rivers of the western coast of the
peninsula, there are good meadowlands. (11)
The climate of the Kamchatka River valley and the presence of the major river
of the peninsula have mils it economically the most important and also the
most populated area of the Kamchatka peninsula. (12)
Description of the Kamchatka River
a) Upper Reaches
The Kamchatka River is formed by the confluence of two small streams (13), th
Kenuzin River (left stream) and a sms11 nameless stream (right stream)(14)
that takes its source from the sopka Bakenina (15) in the southern part of
the Kamchatka peninsula. (16)
The Bakenina sopka or volcano lies in a mountain area called the Kamehatskaya
Vershina (Kamchatka Summit) from where starts the Srednyaya Avacha River, the
right hand headwaters of the Kamchatka River and the left hami heAdwaters of
the Kovyeha River. The volcano is about 2,300 m above sea level and maybe
seen not only from the village of Koryaki, 75 km away, but also from the
Avacha Bay, about 120 km away. (17)
Sources still vary as to the exact origins of the Kamchatka River. One source
states it starts in the northern slopes of the Maikinskiye mountains (18).
Another source says it takes its source in the northeastern spurs of the
Ganaltskiye Vostryaki (19). One authority also says it starts in the marshy
plains of the Ganaltakaya tundra plateau (20) and this is confirmed by
Berg, who mentions that the Kamchatka River starts close th the headwaters
of the Bystraya River, in the same marshy plain as that stream 'which empties
into the Sea of Okhotsk on the Western Shore of the peninsula. (21) The
Kamchatka River belongs to the basins of two seas: the sea of Bering and
the sea of Okhotsk. (22)
? - - ? _
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The Kamchatka River flows north to the confluence of the Yelovka River, a
left bank tributary, thea turns sharply east, breaking through the Vostochnyy
Rnage (23) or that part of it called Kumroch ranges (24) and finally empties
into the Kamchatka Bay of the Bering Sea. (25)
In its upper reaches, the Kamchatka River is a mountain stream flowing in a
valley 8 to 12 km wide, with a single stony bed, from 20 to 35 km wide and
abounding in shoals and rapids. (26)
Below the village of Pushchino, in the upper reaches, the Kamchatka River bed
splits into channels, becomes sinuous and cluttered with tree stumps. (27)
The valley widens and there occur lacustrian depressions. (28)
Further downstream, from the village of Sharama (Sharomy according to another
source - (Bonshakov and Rub. -- see map), to the estuary of the Kirganik
River, a left bank tributary, the Kamchatka River flaws between low, easily
eroded banks, in a river bed composed of sand and shingle sediments, with
numerous sand spits and is cluttered with tree stumps. The width of the
river increases to 40 m. Marshy sectors occur frequently along the banks
aad the confluence of the tributaries usually cause the formation of rapids
and shoals. The river alternately breaks UD into channels or again flows in
a single bed. (29)
b) The Middle Reaches of the
Kamchatka River
The middle reaches of the Kamchatka River may be said to start at Minkovo,
where the Kamchatka River becomes navigable for shallow draft vessels (30)
although another source states it is navigable already from Mashury (31),
and yet another says it is navigable from Verkhne-Kamehatsk. (32)
Between Minicoy? and Kirganik lies a level area criss-crossed by the small
tributaries of the Kamchatka River. This area is reported by one source to
be the most convenient for agriculture. Pastures are eo'eellent, climatic
conditions favorable not only for vegetable growing, but also for cereal
crops. The Kamchatka River is deep enough in this area to allow navigation
of small craft and rafts until autumn. In the spring and early Summer,
heavy cargo can be easily brought up the river. (33)
From Minkovo village to Klyuchi, much further downstream, small vessels with
a draft not exceeding 1 in can navigate the river (34).
Minicoy? is connPcted to Petropavlovsk by a telephone line. In 1931 it was
planned to build a road from Minkovo to Petropavlovsk. (35)
Below the confluence of the Kirgana River (also called Kirgprik), where the
village of Kirgaaik is located on the left beak of the Kamchatka River (36),
the character of the Kamchatka River changes sharply. Cliffs or bluffs up
to 85 m high occur either on one or the other bank. In places the banks drop
to a height of only 2 in. The river bed becomes 80 in vide aad below the
estuary of the Kimitina River (37), a left bank tributary emptying into the
Kamchatka River downstream from Mashura village, (38) it is 100 in vide. (39)
- -
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Below Dolinovka, the current of the Kamchatka River slows down, and small
boats sail downstream at 14 km per hour. (40)
Below the estuary of the Tolbachikha River, a right bank tributary, the
Kamchatka flows in its lower reaches, through a sinuous bed, breaking up
occasionally into channels, and becomes as much as 450 m wide. (41)
Downstream from the estuary of the Kozyrevskaya River, a left bank tribu-
tary, lies the village of Kozyrevsk, on the right bank of the Kamchatka
River (42) which was the largest sovkhoz of the oblast' in 1934 (43). At
that time it had a club, a radio center, a telephone line connection with
Petropavlovsk. (44)
Since that time, the landing stage of Kozyrevsk has been the object of
considerable improvements according to a September 1957, report (45).
Beyond Kozyrevsk lies the village of Kamenka (Bol'shakov and Rub. map) and
belowKamenka, an the sector between the village of Ushki and the village
of Kresty, the Kamchatka River crosses two small lakes. (46)
The Kamchatka River flow northward from its sources until shortly before
it receives its main and left hand tributary, the Yelovka River. Between
the confluence of the Yelovka River, and the Belaya River, another left
hand tributary, the Kamchatka River turns Sharply east and henceforth,
flows in an almost latitudinal direction, cutting its way through the
"cheeks" of the Vostochayy Khrebet (Range). (47)
c) The Lover Reaches of the Kamchatka River
The lover reaches of the Kamchatka River maybe said to begin at the
confluence with the Yelovka river, where is located the village of Klyuchi,
reported to be the "most populated place in Kamchatka after Petropavlovsk".
(48)
Then the Kamchatka River crosses the foothills of the Klyuchevskaya souka
(volcano) and somewhat further forms the Krekurlinskiy rapid and still
further downstream, the rocky Pingrinskiy shoal. (49) Great depths
alternate with shoals all the way fraM Klyuchl to the estuary. (50)
Upstream from the villafe o Kamaki, the Kamchatka River cuts its way
through rocky barks (51) and flows through a vide flood bed reaching 10 to
12 km in width. Below the village of KPmaki, numerous islmids appear in
the river bed. (52)
Further downstream, from the village of Kamaki, the Kamchatka cuts its way
through almoat sheer rocky banks for some 34 km. (53)
Upon leaving the mountains, the Kamchatka River flows between low floodable
banks, splitting into channels and forming numerous islands. The width of
the river varies here from 400 to 1.00Dm. (54)
After the confluence of the Kamchatka River with the Nerpichfiy rukav
(chnnni=1), linking the river to Tsare Nerpich'yel the Kamchatka widens
even more. (55)
Rearing its estuary, the Kamchatka River receives to the left the Ozernaya
River tributary, linking it to Lake Nerpich'ye. (56)
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After the confluence of the Ozernaya River, the Kamchatka turns sharply to
the right and for some 12 km flows along the seashore, separated from the
sea by a long sandy "koshka" or spit (57) caused by river and sea sedimenta-
tion, developed in the estuary of the Kamchatka River. (58)
d) Estuary of the Kamchatka River
The Kamchatka River empties into the Kamehatskiy zaliv (Bay), on the eastern
shore of the Kamchatka peninsula. The bay is 141 km wide from north to south
and extends 74 km inland. The bay is open to winds and not convenient for
anchorage of vessels. The more sheltered northeastern part is not convenient
owing to its uneven bottom. (59)
The Kamchatka River is 2 km wide at its estuary (Bol'shakov and Rub. p. 20)
the depth is of 8 in. (60)
The entrance channel to the river runs between two broad sandbanks, which
extend off the erka of the two spits which form the mouth of the river.
This entrance is obstructed by a bar, which a minimum depth of 1.5 m to 1.8 m
over it, and which lies between the extremities of the banks (61) that hinOers
the passage of deep draft vessels from the ocean into the river. (62) In the
approach the depths decrease gradr-ally, but within the bar, they increase
immediately to 5.5 in and 6.4 m. The entrance channel, the bar, and the banks
change after the spring freshets and particularly with on shore gales.
-Vessels drawing up to 3.0 in with local knowledge can enter the river at high
water springs. (63)
Westward of the mouth of thea KamchatkaRiver, the depths are very regular and
are from 11.0 to 12.8 in, a little less than 5 cables off shore. East of the
mouth of the Kamchatka River, the depths are greater, being from 14.6 in to
20.1 m about 5 cables off shore. (64)
The whole of the low sandy coast at either side of the mouth of the river is
steep and safe, except for the banks at the entrance, referred to above. In
consequence? the breakers, thor 11 high and very short, do not extend far off
shore. (65)
The tidal streams set parallel to the coast at a rate of one to 2 knots but,
near the head of the bay, they occasionally attain a rate from 3 to 4 knots.
Tide-rips and eddies are sometimes formed. (66)
Anchorage maybe obtained in depths of from 11.0 to 12.8 m vest of the mouth
of the Kamchatka River, or in depths of 14.6 to 20.1 in, eastward of the mouth.
A long swell often sets in during calm weather without yarning, and soon
becomes heavy. The surf is particularly heavy abreast the anchorages and it
is not advisable to anchor within one half to three-quarter of a mile of the
beach. The tidal streams cause a vessel to -ride beam an to the swell. (67)
Although the entrance to the river is clear of dangers, it is comp1etely
exposed to southerly swells, which prevail during the summer and cause heavy
and dangerous breakers on the coastal banks The ebb stream is too strong
-.far boats under oars and the breakers are the heaviest. .
- -- -
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The best time for entering is shortly before high water, when the breakers are
smallest and the current weakest. At the coastal fishing stations, mentioned
below, landing can only be made by means of specially built local craft called
kungas. (68)
At the spit where the estuary of the Kamchatka River meets the ocean current,
high waves prevail even during quiet weather. The least wind or tidal surf
causes the formation of enormous white breakers called "bary". Only experi-
enced navigators know-how to handle a cutter through a "bar". (69)
When a cutter approaches the bars of the Kamchatka River at low tide, the very
swift current flowing towards the Kamchatka mni-nland becomes even swifter.
Water brought in by the high tide flows from Lake Nerpich'ye into the river.
This lake serves as a deep auxiliary reservoir of the ocean. The future of
the town of Ust' Kamchatsk which is located on the shore, is dependent on the
development of the lake. There is a project to build a canal from the lake to
the ocean and to create a sheltered harbor there. The completion of such a
project would facilitate the movement of boats, cutters and steamers from
and to the river. (70)
Tributaries of the Kamchatka River
The Kamchatka River has some 120 tributaries (70a), the largest being the
left bank Yelovka River. (71)
Starting from the headwaters, the main tributaries of the Kamchatka River
are the following:
Pushchina, She roma, Bol'shaya and Malaya Klyukvina, Adrianovka,
Kovycha, Iil ' kovka, ( Shigachik )1 Kirganik (72) or Kirgana (73),
Kimitina (Ifitkhlinykh), Mashura (Kaatopshokh), Shchai5ina,
Bol'shaye. Nikolka, TolbrIchik, Kozyrevkal Studenaya, Ushki, Kryuki,
Krestovaya, Yelovka, Rhapicha, 11 tchunets ( ichinoch ' ) , Rat (d)uga,
and Ozernaya. (74)
The largest tributaries of the Kamchatka River are the following left bank
tributaries: the abundant and vide Kirganik, the Kimitina, the Yelovka which
is 150 km long, with several tributaries. Large right bank tributaries are
the KovychaiShchapinev Ttabachik and the Khapicha iivers. (75)
Peculiarities of the Kamchatka River
The Kamchatka River is extremely capricious. It has been known to wan4Pr away
from its main river bed 20 to 30 in in a single season. (76)
The fairway of the Kanehatka River is greatly cluttered by uprooted trees
carried by the swift current into the center of the stream. The river continu-
ally erodes its banks and the entire course of the Kamchatka River is streven
with submerged and above water tree stumps, a dangerous obstacle to
navigation. (77)
STAT
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The Kamchatka River also has numerous shoals and sandspits (78). SFanay
shoals called 'peski" form in places where the River describes a bend and are
so numerous that the native calculate distanceeby the number of "sends" (./)
The width of the Kamchatka River varies from 0.5 km to a very narrow channel
(80). The Taiga extends over an enormous extent of the river. In 1948, there
were two lumber enterprises, the Shapinskiy and the Kozyrevskiy, reported in
1948 to be in operation on the Kamchatka River (81) exploiting the great
timber wealth of gigantic pines, larches and birches. (82)
Thousands of channels, streams and small rivers empty into the Kamchatka
covering the fairway with fantastic accumulations of driftwood. (83)
Freight Traffic on the Kamchatka River
Despite its shortcomings, as a waterway, the Kamchatka River hPR enormous
significance for the peninsula, because it is the only important waterway
that penetrates deep inland (84) and traverses the economically most
developed area of the Kamchatka peninsula. (85)
The river is the principal means of communication between the hinterland the
seaboard (Ust' Kamchatsk and Petropavlovsk (in the summer)/ Timber growing
*along the river is carried downstream in rafts by the Ust' Kamchatsk port
fleet to the estuary of the river. (86)
The navigable qualities of the Kamchatka River are not fully utilized as in
1936, the entire fleet sailing on the Kamchatka River consisted of 22 units,
including self-propelled and non self-propelled vessels, :irifl most of the
self-propelled craft were shnllow draft motor boats in 1933. (87)
In 1934, the entire river fleet of this stream consisted of 25 boats, most
of which were not mechanized. (88)
Efforts were made to increase traffic on the Kamchatka River. The pre-wax
Five-Year plans called for 50,000 to 60,000 tons increase of freight traffic
as compared with 1937. (89)
This increase in traffic MUS urgently needed as lack of sufficient means of
river transport on the Kamchatka broke up the supply of the Kamchatka valley
population, supplies being brought in not more than once a year by sleds.
It also made the shipment of timherto canneries difficult and rendered proble-
matic the sale of timber by the Klyuchi kombinat of forestry. (90)
After the mar, efforts continued, and freight turnover of freight destined for
points upstream the Tsrrhatka River, as well as the importance of the port of
List Kamchatsk, increased from year to year. (91)
During the six months of the 1957 navigation season, shipments of timber on
the Kamchatka River increased almost 20% as compared to the same period in
1956. (92)
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Timber was formerly shipped only during the summer, but now Ust' Kamchatsk
works all year around, and in the first quarter of 1957, the port workers
and sailors of the Kamchatka River had fulfilled. their quarterly plan of
timber shipments. (93)
Tug boats on the Kamchatka River taw rafts of a volume reaching 2,500 cu in,
and barges of from 100 to 1000 register tons with general cargo. The runs
are from 70 to 380 miles long. (94)
Ice Conditions and Hydrography
The ice setting period of the Kamchatka River varies owing to the presence
of hot springs in the valley along its course and its swift current. (95)
The swift current and the abundance of warm springs cause the ice cover
on the Kamchatka River not to be so/2d. There are places free of ice in
the winter. (96)
The Kamchatka River freezes by the end of Novedber and in some years in
December. It opens up by the end of April or beginning of May. (97)
But a 1957 source reported that the Knm-hatka River was free of ice only by
30 May, thus, retarding considerably the opening of the navigation
season. (98)
The Kamchatka River is at its highest level during the spring freshets that
occur in June, when it rises 2.7 m above its normal level. The river is at
its lowest level at the end of September. During the spring freshets no
salt waters enter the river in its estuary secter: (99)
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5194-;
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UNCLASSIFIED
CLASSIFIC.ATION (SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in?
Reference Notes - Chapter IV
1) Berg, 1952, p. 484; BSE, v. 19, p. 554; Ocherki Akad.
2) Sera. p. 47; BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
3) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
4) Nap
5) BSE, V. 19, 1953, p. 554
6) Bol'shakov & Rubinskiy, p. 19, 1934
7) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
8) Serg. p. 47
9) Bol'shakov & Rub. p. 20
10) Bytovoy, 1948, p. 89
11) Bolfshekov & Rub. p. 20
124-Serg. p. 47
_
13) 254
14) Davyclov, p. 510, v. 11,1955
15) BM, v. 19, 1953, p. 554; B. I., Piyp, 1941, p. 33
16) Ka=he.takly Kray, p. 8
17) Piyp, 1941, p. 33
18) Ocherki Akad. p. 233
19) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
20) Serg. p. 46
21) Ibid./erg, 1952, p. 484
22) Berg, 1952, p. 484
23) Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 8
24) Kamchatka, 1929, p. 78-79
25) Kemchatskiy Kray, p. 8
26) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
27) Davydov, p. 510, V. II, 1955
p.
233
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ne,rsrrs 'ma. Farr,. em se ? ????.r. ??
28) BSS, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
29) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
30) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 553, 554
31) Davydov, p. 510, v. 11, 1955
32) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 154
33) Kantorovich, p. 141
34) Bol'shakov & Rubinskiy, p. 20
35) Kantorovich, p. 141
36) Bol'shakov & Rub. see map
37) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
38) Bol'shakov & Rub. map
39) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
40) Bytovoy, p. 780 194?
41) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
42) Bol'shekov & Rub. map
43) Ibid. p. 107
44) Kantorovich, p. 114
45) N: Voinyy Transport, No. 114, 21 Sept, 1957, p. 4, col. 1.
41) Davyclov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
4ft) Bol'shakov Rub. map
id5) See map
Bytovoy, P. 115, 1948
49) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
50) Bol'shakov & Rub. p. 20
51) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
52) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
53) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554; Davydov, V. II, 1955, p.
54) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
510
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STAT
55) Kantorovich, p. 72
56) Davydov, p. 510, v. II, 1955
57) Da-vydov, p. 510, v. 11, 1955
58) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
59) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 159
60) BSE, v. 31, 1937, p. 153
61) BNG, p. 474, 1954
62) Bol'sbakov & Rub. p. 20
63) BNG, p. 474
64) BNG, p. 474, 1954
65) BNG, p. 475, 1954
66) BNG, p. 475, 1954
67) BNG; p. 475, 1954
68) BNG, p. 475, 1954
69) Bytovoy, p. 212, 1048
70) Kantorovich, p. 73
70a) Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 8
71) BSE, v. 191 1953, p. 554
72) Berg, p. 47
73) Bol'shakov & Rub. map
74) Serg, p. 47
75)
76) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 65, 30 May 1957, p. 4 col. 5
77) Kantorovich, p. 103
78) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 65, 30 May 1957, p. 4, col. 5
79) Kantorovich, p. 104
80) Ibid. p. 103
81) Bytovoy, p. 890 1948
82) Kantorovich, p. 103
?
83) Ibid.
WARNING: This document contains information aSecting th? national delense of the United States within .the meaning of the
Espionage Laws. Title IS, U S C , Sections 797 and 794 Its transmission or the revelation of it, contents in any nuiriner to an
unauthorized person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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84) Boltshakov & Rub. p. 20
"85) Serg. p. 781
86) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. L1.4, 21 Sept 1957, p. 4, col. I
87) Bol'shalcov & Rub. p. 107
88) Serg. p. 781
89) Ibid. p. 782
90) Ibid.
91) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 45, 13 April, p. 1, col. 2, 1957
92) Ibid. No. 114, 21 Sept. 1957, p. 14., col. 1
93) Ibid. No. 45, 13 April 1957, p. I, col. 2
94) Ibid. No. 31, 13 March 1958, p. 3, col. 7
95) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
96) .BSE, vol. 31, 1937, p. 153
97) B8E, v. 19, 1953, p. 554
98) N: Vodnyy Transport, 30 May 1957, p. 4, col. 5
99) BNG, p. 475: 1954
-- ? ---- ---
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CHAPTER V
A. Petropavlovsk Na Kamchatke
The town of Petropavlovsk stands on the northern and eastern shores of the
inner harbor (1) on the slopes of the Mishennaya, Petrovskaya and Nikol'skaya
bills (2).
Petropavlovsk was founded in 1740 by Captain Bering, and was named after the
vessels "St. Petr" and "St. Pavel", the first two vessels that wintered there.
(3)
By 1939, over 20,000 people inhabited Petropavlovsk, and over 500 houses had
been built. The main part of the population consisted of workers of the
machine shops) the tin can factory, the cannery, the refrigerator plant and
the bakery. (4)
In 1944, the town had an estimated population of 40,000. It is the adminis-
trative center (5) and principal port of the Kamchatka Peninsula. (6)
In 1948, an author mentions its four parallel streets lined with new houses
the first street, Lenin Street, starting at the harbor (7). A 1954 source
reports that in the spring of that year, young poplars were planted on the
Lenin Street. (8)
The fourth, Nagornaya street, seems to crown the crests of the hills. (9)
A 1954 source also added that a new street was reported to have been built in
Petropavlovsk and was called Okeanskaya street. Two new settlements have also
been built in Petropavlovsk according to one source (10) and another source
reports that a large settlement VW built there recently. (11)
The wide Kultushnoye Lake divides the town into two sections. The ',eke lies
like a deep crystal cup, at the foot of the imposing Misherneya sopka.(12)
In 1948 it was reported that the city had developed greatly recently and that
it took at that time 2 hours to cross the city from end to end. (13)
There are as many monuments as streets in Petropavlovsk. A srmll monnment to
Lanerouse, an explorer, stands on Lenin Street, in the little square where the
are fountains. (14)
On the same street stands a simple obelisk of granite, the latest erected in
Petropavlovsk, in honor of the sailors of the Pacific Fleet, who fell during
the liberation (sic) the Kuril Islands. (15)
On Sovetskaya Street, in front of the new brick building of the Radio Committee
an a hillock surrounded by an iron grating, stands a. monument erected to
Vitus Bering, the founder of the city, and with the date of 1741 on it. (16)
The "Slava" or Glory memorial, an iron obelisk 10.7 m high, commemorating the
victory of the Russians over the Anglo-French landing party in 1854, (17)
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massivauvou (SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
rises on the top of Nikoliskaya Gore (mountain), in the Park of Culture
and Rest. According to another source, it is made of red stone and is
adorned with a mace and a cross. /t can be seen from all parts of the
Avachinskaya Bay. (10
A motor road leads along a sinuous mountain route above the Avachinskaya
Bay from Petropavlovsk to the airport, mentioned as being "somewhere near
the city." (19)
Airplanes from Khabarovsk land three times a week in Petropavlovsk (19a)
and nP0-2" planes ere mentioned as linking the oblast' center of Kamchatka
to its rayons. (20)
Petropavlovsk airport must be a large one at present, because an article
on developments in the Far East published in the 31 December 1957 issue
of nErasnaya Zvezdan newspaper mentioned that nrecently Ivan Ignat'yevich
Nelyakin, Hero of Socialistic Labor and Deputy of the Supreme Council of
the USSR, left Petroravlovsk in the morning on board a "TU-104" airplane
and that same evening in the Bol'shoy Theater" in Moskva, the flieht
lasted 1.0fr hours. (21)
The largest industries in the city are a shipyard producing cutters 'fleet
barges, etc., a machine plant which makes spare parts for the fishing7and
various equipment for the fishing industry of Kamchatka, including
automatic fish cleaning machines and fish pumps, a can producing factory,
a bread kaMbinat, etc. (22)
A sovkhoz supplying the city with vegetables and potatoes is situated
near Petropavlovsk. (23)
Petropavlovbk has 5 decondary, 8 seven year schools, and 13 primary
schools, a factory training school, a children's school of music, a trade
school, a teacher's college, a navigation school, an assistant surgeon's
school. (24)
Petropavlovsk has a drama theater, a cinema, 8 clubs, 61 libraries, a Kray
museum, a perk of culture-and rest, squares, stadiums, etc. (25)
There is a scientific research laboratory of the Pacific Ocean Scientific
Institute of Fishing Industry and Oceanography. (26)
A pilot is stationed in the Petropavlovsk harbor area. Vessels must embark
a pilot at Bukhta (Bay) Akhomten before entering Avachinskaya Cuba. (27)
There is an anchorage in the approach to Petropavlovskaya harbor, about
3+ cables south of It-s Signallnyy, in depths of 18.3 to 20.1 in. (28)
Petropavlovsk harbor is a small, but well sheltered anchorage, with
convenient depths and good holding ground,. It is enclosed by Poluostrov
(Peninsula) Signalinyy of which ?ys (Cape) Signal'nyy (Sbackoff) is the
southern extremity, situated about 2- miles north of the northern extremity
Of Poluostrov Izmennyy, The harbor is divided into two parts by a low gravel
spit, extending north-westward from the mainland to within half a cable of
Sigaalinyy Peninsula. The outer harbor is called Vneshnaya Petropavlovskaya
Gavan' (Outer Petropavlovsk harbor), and the inner harbor, Vnutrennaya Petro-
pavlovskaya gavanl or kovsh (basin). (29)
A wharf and quay, about 548.6 m long, extends along the south-western side
of the gravel spit dividing the harbor and the eastern side of the outer
harbor and is reported to have a depth of 9.1 in alongside. Travelling_
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cranes, with a lifting capacity of 50 tons, and a crane on the wharf,
reported to lift 100 tons, are available. (30)
A wharf, about 121.9 m long, is situated on the eaatern side of MYs
Signalinyy and has a depth of 7.0 m alongside. (31)
On the northwestern side of the inner harbor are two piers extending
45.7 m southeastward, parallel with each other, with a depth of 7.0m at
their heads. (32)
A small amount of coal is maintained. Fresh water is laid on to the wharves
Fresh provisions may be obtained. There are several hospitals in the?,.
town. (33)
There is a floating crane with a lifting capacity of 30 tons. (34)
As Petropavlovsk is probally, according to a 1956 source, the only port
city in the Soviet Union without railroad approaches, freight and
'passenger transport take place only by sea. (35)
By August 1956, the number of bassenger vessels running on the Petropav-
lovsk Vladivostok line was still insufficient. There were only 3 vessels
in operation in the 1956 navigation season. Petropavlovsk urgently needs
more passenger vessels during the summer navigation season and the
construction of the new passenger maritime terminal should be
,speeded up. (36)
Recently the Far Eastern Steamship Line assigned three more freight and
passenger vessels to serve on the above line but even they proved
insufficient. (37)
The Maritime passenger terminal of Petropavlovsk is obviously inadequate,'
The construction of a new passenger terminal was planned for several years
in the Ministry of the Maritime Fleet. Mirsabeyli, head of the port of
Petropavlovsk, journeyed several times to Moscow to the effect. Funds
needed for the construction were finally obtained and the future port
terminal area cleared for construction. But the Kamchatkmotetroy, headed
by Gurevich, was slow in carrying out the construction works, and the
port was not expected to be ready in 19560 (38)
Petropavlovskaya Cavan (Port)
Depths below chart
datum level
Rise of tide
In Channel of In Anchorage Springs Neaps
Approach (feet)
(Fathoms) (Fathoms)
6 5 to 9 (Outer Harbor) 6.5 407
3 to 7 (Inner Harbor)
(39)
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b. Ozernovskiy Port
The importance of the construction of the port of Ozernovskiy is due to the
fact that the western coast of Kamchatka does not possess a single convenient
harbor and that vessels are forced to drop anchor far from the shore. (40)
Ozernovskiy-poselok (settlement), in the Bollsheretskiy rayon of the
Kamchatskaya oblast', is situated on the southern tip of the Kamchatka
peninsula, on the shores of the Sea of Okhotsk and boasts of a fish kombinat.
In 1954 there were also in the settlement a secondary, 3 seven-year and 5
primary schools, a club and a library. (41)
On 15 January 1956, "Izvestiya" announced that the construction of the port
of Ozernovskiy was to begin in the 1956.60 Five-Year Plan on the west coast
of Kamchatka. (42)
A. Lovachev, Chief Engineer, of the projected Ozernovskiy port, stated more
than a year later, that much of the construction of this port could be
carried out with locally available building materials. The basic sectors of
the projective structures would be filled in with basalt rock and all
retaining walls could be built of tufa stone. (43)
According to Lovachev, the Ozernovskiy port must and can be built gradually
the ready sectors being placed in operation as they are completed. The
initial works were planned to last 3 years and to require 253,000,000 rubles
of capital investment. Construction of the port and adjacent settlement was
to cost 376,000,000 rubles. Savings realized in means of transport and the
liquidation of the losses by the fishing industry (owing to the construction
of the port) were to cover the cost in six years only. (44)
Actually construction of the Ozernyy or Ozernovskiy port of Kamchatka was to
have been started already in 1953 and in 1956, the construction of the pro-
tective breakwaters was to have been completed. A construction organization
was even created, but as late as March 1957, this organization had nothing
to do. (45)
The Ministry of the Maritime Fleet took more than a year to study the
project, which, was then passed on to the Gosstroy of the USSR. The Gosstroy
required the elaboration of plans of the construction of adjacent buildinz
projects have no direct relation to the port. The plans were drawn, but by
March 1957 the documentation presented bad not received approval. Meanwhile,
Lovachev complained that construction of this port was an urgent matter and
the only means to reduce the enormous unproductive demurrage of the fleet. (46)
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c. Bol'sheretsk
Ust' Bol'sheretsk is a village, center of the rayon of the same name. It
is situated on the west coast of Kamchatka peninsula. There is a fishing
koikhoz, a secondary school, a House of Culture, a Club and two libraries.
Fishing is developed in the rayon which has 5 fish koMbinats, 8 fishing
Istakhoies-. a motor fishing station. There is also an animal husbandry and
4 ;:-.;
'vegetable >raising sovkhoz. Pelt hunting is developed in the rayon. ( 47)
In 1944, the settlement of Bol'sheretsk had betwen 300 and 500 inhabitants.
It is connected to the general telegraph system. (48)
d. Mil'kovo
Minicoy? village is situated on the Kamchatka River (49) and is the center of
the Minkovskiy rayon. It is the startjng point of navigation on the
Kamchatka River and is situated 323 km north of Petropavlovsk. (50)
Minicoy? was in 1931 the wealthiest village in the Kamchatka River valley. (51)
Mil'kovo is reached in the warm season by motor cutters that sail upstream
the Kamchatka River, but this is possible only during high water. At other
times the cutters go not further than Dolinovka, and even during the high
water season they have to wait a long time. (52)
In the winter, Mil'kovo can be reached only by teams of dog sleds. (53)
The importance of Mil'kovo can be judged from the fact that in 1953 there
were a secondary school, a school for rural youth, a House of Culture, a
club and a library. (54)
Vegetable and potato crops are developed in the Minkovskiy rayon, grain
crops, likewise the meat and dairy industry. There is also a machine and
tractor station, a machine and improvement station, and an experimPntal
field and animal husbandry station. Trapping is developed. There are
two lumber industry enterprises. (55)
e. Dolinovka
Dolinovka village consists of three regular streets bordered with new houses.
(56) Almost all the houses are new with 3 op 4 windows each. Every home-
stead has two or three buildings. (57) There is a radio transmitting station
and a telegraph with the telegraphic pole- near the building of the village
soviet. (58)
Dolinovka village was settled by White Russian settlers (59) that came to the
Amur, the Maritime Kray and Kamchatka during the German occupation of White
Russia. (60)
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Only occasionally does one still see old KamchAdal huts, covered with bark
and having black, smoke covered fish drying stands in their yards. (61)
Communications with Dolinovka are even more difficult than with Minicoy?.
Planes do not fly there and even the motor cutter arrive: seldom. The "bat"
(a local type canoe) can only sail downstream and it is almost impossible
to push it upstream. (62)
The Kolhoz im. "XIV Year of October" is the largest and most prosperous
of the Minkovskiy rayon and could prosper even more if a road were built,
but in local conditions, even 300 km of roads appear to present too difficult
a task. (63)
In the winter, snow blizzards and in the summ floods cut communications
between Dolinovka and Minicoy?. (64)
f. Klyuchi
The settlement of Klyuchi, is the largest populated point in Kamchatka
after Petropavlovsk. (65) It is situated in the Kamchatka River valley.
The volcanological station of the USSR Academy of Sciences is located there
(66) and in 1948, A. A. Menyaylov was mentioned as being the head of this
station. (67)
The settlement of Klyuchi is also known for its large timber kombinat that
produces building materials, containers for the fishing industry, boats
and open boats. (68)
In 1957, the "Vodnyy Transport" newspaper reported that "maritime and
river workers (sic) repaired the piers at Klyuchi and also built there
comfortable living quarters. (69)
g. UST' Kamchatsk
Ust' Kamchatsk village (Lat. 56? 13' N., Long. 162? 25' E.) is situated on
the right bank of the Kamchatka River, where it makes a sharp bend before
flowing into the sea. It is the administrative center of the Ust'
Kamchatskiy rayon. (70)
The small bay of Ust' Kamchatsk cannot shelter vessels from ocean waves and
steamers stop at a distance of ha/fli:km from a narrow sandy spit separating
one of the c hannels of the Kamchatka River from the Pacific Ocean. (Ti)
Two fish canneries were situated on the spit in 1931. They were protected
from the sea by a dam built of trees and stones. During the great Japanese
earthquake of 1923, the ocean swept over the spit, and washed away the
Deal koMbinat (72)
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Ust' Kamchatsk is located beyond the spit, on .the bank of the Kamchatka
River. (73)
In clear weather, the chimneys of the fish canneries by day and their lights
by night, help to identify the position of the anchorage. The village of
Ust' Kamchatsk with its radio masts is visible for about 8 miles. (74)
In 1931 there were about 200 homestead in Ust' Kamchatsk.(75) By 1933, the
population reportedly consisted of some 500 people (76) and in 1938, there
were 3,000 people. (77)
In 1948, Ust' Kamchatsk was considered a good location for a first rate port.
But at that time no port actually existed there and the steamers berthed in
the roadstead far from the Kamchatka Cape. (78)
An. only small boats can approach the piers, freight handling is difficult in
Ust' It is carried out mainly in the outer roadstead, exposed to
wind and 'waves. (72)
Freight handling is carried out in motion by cutters sailing the bars during
the incoming and ebb tide hours. Only once did the "Yakut" ocean going
steamer, enter the estuary of the river.. The vessel managed to pass the bars,
when waves covered the sandbanks and having awaited full tide, slowly proceeded
further upstream, to the fish wharf of the kombinat. (80)
Workers in Ust' Kamchatsk have their own method of handling freight with
ships and barges moving alongside and reloading being performed in motion.(81)
Ust' Kamchatsk is poorly equipped with freight handling facilities. The
floating crane can not be fully utilized, because it lacks equipment to handle
timber. The shipyard in Petropavlovsk could not provide mooring blocks to
Ust' Kamchatsk and vessels have to moor at electric posts. (sic) These
shortcotinga seem not to attract enough attention of responsible authorities
and the port workers complain that the directors of the Far Eastern Consoli-
dated Steamship Line seldom visit the port of Ust' Kamchatsk. (82)
The workers of the port themselves carry out repair of equipment and 1Pnaing
stages. They built a clinic, an electric power plant, a timber landing stage
and dormitory for longshoremen. (83)
?
The houses in Ust' Kamchatsk are small, wooden, with roofs of corrugated iron.
(54) Like in all permanent Kamchatka settlements, the houses stretch out in a
straight line along the river, near its estuary. (85) Three long streets thua
extend from the river estuary to the dry and green tinutra. (86) Fishing boat;
motor boats, and fishing nets crowd the shores. (87)
There are some fish csAning factories on the northern shores of Kamchatskiy
Zaliv (Bay) not far from Ust' Kamchatsk. Near these factories long lines of
nets are laid out, extenAing from 1 1/2 to 5 cables off shore. These factories
are brilliantly lit by electricity. A white light, clearly visible from the
offing, is eYhibited from the look-out toyer of the factory situated about
3 miles east of the mouth of Kamchatka River. (88)
----- - --- - ? --- ------- ------ ---- ? - - - - ? ? -- - ---- _ _ _
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In 1936, Ust' Kamchatsk had fishing enterprises, a fish cannery, a radio
station. (89)
By 1956, further development had taken place. The town was mentioned as a
port with a fish kombinat, a motor and fishing station, a can factory, 3
secondary schools, a House of Culture, a cinema, 3 clubs and 5 libraries.
Fishing, vegetable growing, forest industry and pelt hunting were developed
in the area. (90)
Ust' Kamchatsk is called the "port of green gold" because timber is the
major item of its freight traffic. (91)
Excellent building timber grows on the banks of the Kamchatka River and is
transported in rafts to the estuary by the Kamchatka River fleet. (92)
The main occupation in Ust' Kamchatsk are fishing in summer and trapping in
winter. There is a Customs office and meteorological observatory here. (93)
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CHAPTER V - Reference Notes
1) BNG, p. 602
2) BSE, v. 32, 1955, p. 621
3) BNG, p. 602
4) Rodina, 1939, p. 341
5) BNG, p. 602, p. 5
6) BNG, p. 5
7) Bytovoy, p. 12, 1948
8) P: Ogonek, No. 36, 1954, p. 12
Bytovoy, p. 12, 1948
10) P: Ogonek, No. 36, Sept. 1954, p. 12
11) P: Morskoy Flat, No. 1, Jan. 1957, ID. 4
12) Bytovoy, p. 12, 1948
13) Ibid. p. 12
14) Ibid. p. 14
15) Ibid.
16) Ibid. p. 15
17) BNG, p. 603
18) Bytovoy, p. 15, 1948
19) Ibid. p. 31
i81) RE:V-3;1
21) N: Krasnaya Zvezda, No. 31, Dec. 1957, p. 3, col. 5-6
22) BSE, v. 32, 1955, p. 622
23) Ibid.
24) Ibid.
25) Ibid.
26) Ibid.
27) BNG, p. 602
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28) BNG, p. 602
29) Ibid. p. 601
30) Ibid. p. 603
31) Ibid.
32) Ibid.
33) Ibid.
34) Ibid.
35) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 102, 28 August 1956, p. 2, col. 7
36) Ibid..
'37) Ibid.
38) Ibid.
39) BNG, p. 610
40) Rodina, p. 334, 1939
la) BSE, v. 30, 19511-, p. 562
42) Izvestiya, No. 13, 15 January 1956, p. 11., col. 2
43) N: Stroitelinva Gazeta, No. 35, 22 March 1957, p. 3, col. 5
WO Ibid.
45) Ibid.
16) Ibid.
117) BSE, v. 1956, p. 414
4.8) BNG, p. 56/1-
-49)- Bytovoy, p. 33, 1948
59) BSE, v. 27, 1954, p. 4940
51) Ka.ntorovich, p. 1110
52) Bytovoy, p. 671 194F
53) Ibid. p. 71;-
510 BSE, v. 27, 1954, p. 11-90
55) BSE, v. 27, 19511, p. 11-90
56) Tikhookeanskaya Vesna, p. 70
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57) Bytovoy, p. 73 4.
58) Tikhookeanskaya Vesna, p. 231, 1929, p. 70
59) Ibid. p. 71; Bytovoy, p. 73
60) Tikhookeanskaya Vesna, p. 71
61) Bytovoy, P. 73, 1(148
62) Ibid. p. 74
63) Ibid. p. 7374
64) Ibid. p. 75
65) Bytovoy, p. 115, 1948
66) Ibid. p. 116
67) Ibid. p. 11(, 1948
68) Rodina, p. 341, 1939
69) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 114, 21 Sept. 1957, p. 4, col. 1
70) BNG, p. 475, 1954
71) BNG, p. 70
72) Kantorovich, p. 70, 1931
73) Ibid. p. 70
74) BNG, p. 476, 1954
75) Kantorovich, p. 73
76) BSE, v. 56, 1936, p. 395
77) BNG, p. 475, 1954
78) Bytovoy, p. 212, 1912
79) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 114, 21 Sept. 1957, p. col. 2
80) Bytovoy, p. 212
81) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 114, 21 Sept. 1957, p. 4, col. 2
82) Ibid.
83) Ibid.
9.4) Kantorovich, p. 73
580 Sredi Trekh Morey, p. 126
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86) Bytovoy, p. 212
87) Kantorovich, p. 73
88) BNG, p. 475, 1954
89) BSE, v. 56, 1936, p. 395
90) BSE, v. 44, 1956, p. 418
91) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 114, 21 Sept. 1957, p. 4, col. 1
92) Ibid.
93) BNG, p. 475, 1954
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CHAPTER VI
Kamchatka Maritime Transport
General Remarks
Although part of the Asiatic contine". Kamchatka is actually deprived of
overland connections with the mainland and all communications are by the
sea. (1)
Because of its peculiar position, waterway transportation in Kamchatka must
carry out various functions:
1) export local products,
2) import supplies for workers and entire population of Kamchatka,
3) bring to the various industries seasonal workers and fishing,
hunting and industrial equipment; and
4) bring back seasonal workers from Kamchatka. (2)
In 1934, all above operations had to take place in the period. extending from
April to September. The first two months of navigation (April and May) taking
care of the shipping in of workers, equipment and building materials, and the
following two months (June ard July) being used for outgoing shipments of
products, while only part of the month of September was devoted to return
trios of the seasonal workers to the mainland In order to fulfill the
shipment plan, the transport organizations had to use all available transport
facilities and thus, divert these from other duties and services. (3)
a. Navigation Conditions
1. Vest Coast
The best time for navigation on the vestern coast of.Kamohatka is in the
=ring, April and the first half of May. In clear waif:Lei there are no
difficulties, and the central Kamchatka range may be fieira from a great
distance, and the longitude may be checked by soundings. (4)
There are no natural sheltered harbors along the entire western coast of
the Kamchatka Peninsula (5) for other than very small craft southward of the
anchorage under mys (Cape) Yuthnyy. Schooners with local knowledge can find
protection within the mouths of rivers. (6)
The construction of needed harbors is hampered by serious difficulties. The
stormy character of the Sea of Okhotsk and its great alluvial activity are
factors Which make the construction of protective walls very difficult and
costly. (7)
?
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JAV 4. .1. V V J. V V V I.J.V.443. J. V V V J. V V V S., T.J.,J W 41?.1. V Las, c-a4 Fill,. V. J. 1 VIJA 411AV v v. v ..LJ 43
alluvial spits. The length of such a spit in Bol'sheretsk for instance, is
20 km. "The construction of a port utilizing the spits would require much
dredging and would threaten the normal course of the shoals of fish that
regularly swim up the river for the spawning season. (8)
Construction of a single Usti Bollaheretsk port, would not solve the problem
of landing and unloading for the western shoreline, where a whole series of
points should be equipped for freight hauling. (9)
The Sea of Okhotsk is very stormy. Even during the lightest winds, waves are
heavy in the surf zone. But When the winds become stronger, vessels cannot
pass the surf strip and freight handling stops completely. (10)
Storms are especially heavy in the autumn when they further complicate
navigation conditions. (11)
A 1956 source mentions that by the end of September of that year, the weather
was so stormy that many vessels could not de1iVer.eaa1 from Sakhalin to
Nagayevo, on the eastern shore of the Sea of Okhotsk,- nor to Petropavlovsk-
Kauchatskiy. (12)
The Sea of Okhotsk is moreover so unpredictable that Far Eastern sailors
rightly say that to "anchor" in Okhotsk waters does not mean that one has
reached destination. (13)
Steamers sometimes wait off shore for days and even weeks for a chance to
unloal (14) and all the time must maintain full steam in order to be able
to leave at a moment's notice to reach open water away from the dangerous
shore. (15)
Storms last longest in the autumn starting from mid-August and usually come
suddenly and develop very fast. The most dangerous storms blow-mainly from
the southwest or the northwest, co that the wind always blows towards the
shore and the vessels anchored near the shelterless shore are in danger when
there is considerable turbulence coming from the open sea. (16)
2. Bait.. Coast
The eastern shore of Kamchatka Peninsula is quite different from the western
Shore. It is heavily indented and is a volcanic plateau with elevations
reaching from 700-to 1,300 is. Mountainuous peninsulas are separated by large
hays. The shores are partly lowland and partly elevated. The slopes of
volcanic plateau, topped by the conuses of active or extinguished volcanoes
capped with eternal snows, break off sharply at the shoreline. (17)
There are four major peninsulas on the eastern shore of Kamchatka and the
large Karaginskiy Island, located c lose to the shore. (18)
A series of fiord-type bays, among which is the famous Avachinskaya Bay, a
natural harbor, lie on the southern part of the eastern shore. (19)
- ? - ? ? ? - ? ? - - ?
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ISPC1IPITV INFAAIttATInN ?
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The presence of numerous convenient and sheltered bays and anchorage all
along the Pacific seaboard of Kamchatka makes thMary convenient or
navigation and in general navigation conditions an the eastern Shoreline
of Kemchatka are far better than on the western seaboard. (20)
In the southern regions of the peninsula, navigation starts in March and
lasts until December. (21)
In the northern areas, spring navigation starts later than in the south,
in June or July, depending on ice conditions. In the Litke Strait, near
Karaginskiy Island, the sea is cleared of ice only in June and as a result
navigation is retarded not merely in this area, but on the Korf Bay and
Olyutorskiy Bay seaboard further north, that is cleared of ice already in
the beginning of May. But vessels equipped for sailing among floating ice
find this area accessible all year round, because the bays do not freeze in
winter and only a small shore ice crust forms in some places. (22)
When approachingthe coast in a fog, along the low-lying coast between the
parallels of 52 N and 570 30' N., vessels anchor on arriving in depths of
12.8 m or 14.6 m, and wait for the fog to clear. (23)
Sandbanks unapproachable even for the shallow open kungames, during low tide,
lie before the estuary of the rivers. It is necessary to wait for hours for
high tide in order to be Able to enter the estuary of the rivers. It is
frequently necessary to haul freight by hand over thepandbanks. (24).
As only small tonnage coastal vessels can enter."ehe, estuaries of the rivers
all freight handling operations are carried out in open roadsteads. (25)
Large heavy tonnage vessels usually stand at anchor 2 or 3 miles off shore.
crAll tugs then ply between them and the shore. They haul open wooden boats
carrying 30 tons each, so that in order to unload 3,000 tons of freight,
a small kungas boat he. to make 100 trips to the ship, covering some 600 km.
(25)
As soon as the wind rises, freight handling stops, the boats hasten to shore
and motor boats likewise seek shelter in the estuaries of nearby rivers, (27)
while the ship sets for the open sea.
Tidal currents which are particularly strong in the Sea of Okhotsk, are an
additional handtcap to freight handling. (28) The currents in the Sea of
Okhotsk which are not fully studied yet, show a general counter-clockwise
circulation around its shores. From about 25 to 30 miles off the western
coast Of Kamchatka, the current sets northward at the rate of about half a
knot. Nearer in, a cold counter-current sets southward. (29)
These difficult navigation conditions hamper the economic and industrial
development of this -area of Kamchatka. (30)
The short navigation season reduces the fishing season and prevents expansion
of the fishing industry Which lasts only 3 months instead of 6 to "(months.
(31) ?
Coastal $ailing is an extremely underdeveloped sector of the Kamchatka trans-
port. Its insufficient development prevents points in need of supplies to
receive them on time, thus, affecting every branch of the economy of the
peninsula, from the e oal to the limber indust and especially the fishing
Anaustry that _all alaterirm 0. 0hgrtAgNsi3
t and labor force. (39)
WARNING- This document contains information aufecting th? national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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?
AF ar.52 1 12a REPLACES AF FORM 112-PART 11. 1 JUN 411,
WHICH MAY BE USED. mAlmnurtom
UNCLASSIFIED
(SECURITY INFORMATION when filled in)
GPO 033656
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b) Shipping and Freight Traffic
Sea cutters link points on the Okhotsk seaboard, the Penzhina Bay and the
northern areas of the Pacific Ocean seaboard (Korfovskiy, Olyutorskiy and
Anadyrskiy) awi maintain connections between fishing sectors and between the
latter and populated points. Transport significance of this traffic is very
small because of the very small number of these cutters. (32)
Coastal shipping has been developed to some extent in the southern waters of
the Kamchatka peninsula. There has been organized a regular, although
extremely rare connection between Petropavlovsk and Ozernaya (on the east
coast) and Ichey (west coast). The first is carried out by schooners, the
second, by seagoing cutters. (34)
In 1934, Kamchatka did not have its own fleet. All its needs were served
,4+12by Soviet vessels, concentrated in Vladivostok, or by chartered foreign
(35)
Steamers serving Kamchatka sail between Vladivostok and the entire coast of
SakhAlin, the Sea of Okhotsk, the western coast of Kamchatka to PenSbina, the
eastern coast of Kamchatka to Anadyr', Uellen (the Bering Strait), the
Vrangel island and the coastline of the Arctic Ocean. (36)
By 1934, already the number of regular runs between Vlsdivostok and Kamchatka
amounted to 40 trips per navigation season. (37)
In 1934, thF, freight turnover of Kamchatka peninsula WBS mainly limited to
local navigation or "malyy kabotaze within the boundaries of the
Dal'nevostochnyy Kray. (38)
The "bol'shoy Kabotazh" or freight shipping operations to ports of other basinE
of the Soviet Union did not exist. As to foreign trade, the export amounted
according to planned forecasts of the Narkomvod (Peoples Commissariat for
Waterway Transportation) to 79.250,000 tons in 1933 and VW planned to increase
to 159,750,000 tons in 1937. The import figures were not given. (39)
Yet the predominance of incoming freight over outgoing freight is the mPin
characteristic of the Kamchatka freight traffic. Imports not only predominatel
over exports for all years of the first Five-Year Plan, but had even a
definite tendency towards a relative increase. During 5 years, the exports
increased only 78%0 while the imports increased 207%. (40)
According to data of the Narkomvod, the incoming and outgoing freight volume
in the Kamehatskaya oblast' were to be of 66 and 33.7% respectively in
1933, and 61% and 39% respectively in 1937. 1)
From, the point of view of the interests of transportation, the excess of
Aggprtsover exports in Kamchatka are unprofitable as it creates a shortage
pfitnitnaae'ldading in the return trips from Kamchatka, to the ports of the
,7,10#.4: A42) The freight traffic of this area:iiiibrand still is hampered
Veinditions.
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unauthorised person is prohibited by law It may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by other than United States Air Force
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AFOT52 1 1 2a
REPLACES AF FORM I 2 PAP.T ii JUN O. 0.-AsstP4cAncrs
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GPO 9 33656
,STAT
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release ? 50-Yr 2013/09/06: CIA-RDP81-01043R002500080006-6
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Complaints about the fact that the Eastern basin in general suffers from a
shortage of properly equipped ports was repeatedly stressed throughout the
years, and reported again in 1957. The velisels serve over 400 points, of
which only 13 are reAlly ports, the rest being only open maritime roadsteads.
Scattering of the traffic objectives along the coastline, small volume of
goods shipped in and out, cause a thinning out of the freight flow. Present
.00lcati cause vessels to visit and unload and load in several points, and
to 4iprr.. (43)
The4)09rdevelopment of port facilities in the Far Eastern basins resulted
in a alecrepancy between the transit capacity of the fleet and the transit
capacity of the roadsteads. Great shortcomings in transportation.are due
to the fact that the overwhelming majority of freight shipments is carried
out by vessels of the Transport Ministry and loading and unlowling operations
are carried out by customers. (44)
Demurrage is one of the main shortcomings of the fleet operation in the area.
On Kamchatka, demurrage lasts as much as 30 full days and more or tens of
times over the foreseen demurrage norm. Lack of mechanization ashore, lack
of preparation of sailing means on roadsteads, increase the losses to a
million ton-days per year. (45)
The vessels receiving 3,000 tons of freight demurr from 15 to 30 days in the
roadsteads. Such unproductive demurrage covers half of the entire navigation
period. In such conditions, the large tonnage vessels are transformed into
floating warehouses. (46)
Yet efforts are being made to increase foreign shipments to compensate in part
for the inter-basin shipments. As early as 16 May 1957, the planned volume
of freight shipments for 1957 had been fulfilled already by 90%. (47)
Year
Growth of Freight Traffic In The Port of Petropavlovsk
During the First and Second Five-Year Plans
Freight Traffic Passenger Traffic Number of Vessels
(in tons)
1929
21,829
3,039
If
1930
41,243
9,863
111
1931
44,526
14,161
106
1932
43,371
9,390
126
1933
60,706
12,649
113
1934
(by 1 October
14Y62.
13,730
95
1935 (plan)
1602525
26,401.7
(48)
? ? ? ? - ? ? - - - - - - ---- --
WARNING This document contains information affecting the rustiorull defense of the United States within the meaning of the
Espionage Laws, rifle 18 U S C Sections 793 and 794. Its transtniss.on or the revelation of :Ss contents in any planner to an
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REPLACES SF FORP4.112 PART O. I JUN O. cLASS1rICATION
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UNCLASSIFIED
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GPO 093656
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Az-
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fr
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c) The Fax Eastern Consolidated Steamship Line
The Far Eastern Consolidated Steamship Line (Dal'nevostochnoye ob'yedinennoye
morskoye parokhodstvo), the main offices of which are located at No. 15,
ul.Oktyabrya, in Vladivostok, also includes the Kamchatka - Chukotka* and the
Sakhalin steamship lines. (49)
In addition to the above lines, freight of this area is also moved by
vessels of the Ministry of the Fish Industry and by those of the Dalistroy**.
(50)
As their operations are not strictly divided, the vessels of the Kamchatka
Chukotka - Sakhalin and the Far Eastern and Eastern Arctic Steamship Lines
serve the same ports and sail in the same direction. (51)
Moreover the Sea of Japan, the Sea pf Okhetak and the Sea of Bering are
considered as one single sea forl,naVigatien?purpoaes. Navigation on these
seas is therefore considered as umalyykabotazh" or navigation between USSR
ports on one single sea. (52)
Although operating under similar conditions, the steamship lines and ports
of the three consolidated agencies have widely different production and cost
indices charge unequal freight costs for freight shipments on the same runs
and pay the seamen varying salaries for identical working conditions. The
indices and standards of operation of the fleet and ports of the Ministry of
the Maritime Fleet are higher than those of the Dal'stroy and the Ministry of
the Fish Industry. (53)
The sailors of the Far East complain that the present administrative organi-
zation of the fleet of the Far Eastern basin allow the co-existence of three
steamship lines (consolidated), in addition to the presence, as in some other
basins, of a large specialized fleet (sic) belonging to other agencies, (54)
The present transport system in the Fax Eastern Maritime Basin does not fg4sf7
shipping needs. It increases shipping costs, and causes interruptions in
shipment dates and delivery of freight. (55)
Recent reorganization of the administration of the industry and new construc-
tions planned in the Far East should result in changes in the organization
of the work of the fleet and ports in this area. (56)
In order 1t42,bring up to date the transport system of the Far Eastern basin,
it would .be logical to unite all steamship lines. The organizational dupli-
cation could be abolished if transport functions were concentrated in the
The offices of the Kamchatsko-Chukotskoye gosudarstvennoye morskoye paro-
khodstvo (Kamehatka-Chukotka State Maritime Steamship Line) are located
at No. 8, Sovetskaya ul. (Street) in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy.(0berg,p.5?
1957)
** Ilaync;7 /;?ain
F;J: ^1.-Lc
r. 21.
C.
1
- - ----------- - -
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REPLACES AF FORM 1:2-PART 11 1 JUN 43.
YeHICH MAY BE USED
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single Far Eastern administration. Rayon departments should also be
created to ensure transport connections between shoreline territories for
shipment and transshipment of local freight and also a Maritime agency
of the icebreaker fleet. (57)
Another author suggests the organization in the Far East of a single steam-
ship line, to Which the transport fleet of the Daltstroy and the Ministries
of the Fish and Forest Industries would be also transferred. The now
existing Sakhalin and Kamchatka - Chukotka steamship lines should be
reorganized into agencies for local shipments with only the local coastal
fleet and traffic under their jurisdiction. Fishing ports must remain only
as enterprises serving to process fresh fish and fish products requiring
refrigeration and also as bases for the supply of the fishing fleet. (58)
Large transshipment points should be insts11,pd on the main directions of
freight flow and roadsteal points of loading ami unloading, should be
enlarged and mechanized and dredging works in the largest of these should
be carried out. (59)
The new transport organization should be set up with the use of up-to-date
methods of fleet exploitation. This concerns in the first place the organi-
zation of freight shipments by regular line runs of heavy tonnage between the
main transshipment ports and the subsequent distribution of freight along
the coastline by the local fleet belonging to rayon sa.ministrations. (60)
The ports of this area would maintain their significance (with Vladivostok
Nakhodka, Vanino, etc.)being main traffic centers, but the organization of
their operation will be modified, introducing specialization as to type
of freight. The operational plans within the ports would be also changed.
for speedy handling of vessels of regular line traffic. (61)
In October 1956, the Far Eastern Consolidated Steamship Line was reported to
be lagging in the shipments of petroleum and dry goods (especially timber and
mineral building materials) to Soviet ports in and out of the Sea of
Okhotsk, Sea of Bering and Sakhalin waters. The orders of the Ministry of
the Maritime Fleet to receive and ship freight from the ice bound areas of the
basin were not complied with. Transportation of freight VW not assured to
points on the Kuril Islands and the -Okhotsk seaboard. Mass demurrage of
vessels was taking place in the basin and in roadstead points of Kamchatka
in particular. (62)
By the beginning of 1957, the Far Eastern Consolidated Steamship Line still
did not fully utilize its capacities to increase freight shipments during-the-
first qqarte,x of the year. Shipments of coal, mineral building materials,
timber and firewood were below-the quota. The local shipments plan in tis
basin was not being fulfilled. It VW pointed out that the insufficient
utilization of the fleet was due to a certain extent to stormy weather. (63)
In the first part of April, the Far Eastern Consolidated Steamship Line bad
fulfilled its shirlert plan for the first half of the month only 54.6% in tons
and 53.2 in ton/miles. (64)
In November 1957, the "Vodnyy Transport" newspaper complained that shipments
in the Kamchatka - Chukotka Steamship LinP were carried out unsatisfactorily.
The mein part of the fleet of the steamship line was being delayed at freight
hminling points in the roadsteads of Kamchatka. (65)
WARNING' This document contains information affecting the national defense of th? United States within the meaning of the
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In 1957, it weip reported that training of sailors was not efficient
on many vessels of the Kamchatka - Ohukotka Steamship Line and that as
a result, only 12 out 112 students had passed successfully the examinations
for transfer to a higher grade. In 1956, the number of students of
correspondence schools had dropped to 70 owing to inefficiency in
operation. (66)
Guzhenko, Chief ef the Sakhalin Steamship Line, was accused of not paying
enough attention to the organization of correspondence courses for sailors
iiiiliough.thei-zieed'for such courses has been felt for a very long time. (67)
The above and other critical remarks did not seem to have affected the
status of Guzhenko, who in October of 1957 was still reported to be the Head
of the Sakhalin Steamship Line. (68)
d) List of Vessels Mentioned
"Admiral Senyavin" steamer. Mentioned sailing in a storm off the vest
coast of Kamchatka. (69)
"Albatross trawler of the Kamchatka trawler fleet. Among the most
efficient vessels of this fleet during the 1952 fishing season.(70)
"Aral'sk" transport vessel. Mentioned as operating efficiently in 1957. (71)
"Argun" fishing launch. Mentioned rescued by "Astrakhan" steamer, in a
storm off the west coast of Kamchatka. (72)
"Astrakhan'n steamer. Captain I. I. Ul'yanov. Rescued crews from fishing
launches "Argun" and "Sevastopol", but the latter sank in a
storm off the west coast of Kamchatka in 1945. (73)
"Aziyan passenger vessel steamer. Docked at Petropavlovsk after sailing on
the Pacific Ocean and seas of Japan and Okhotsk. (74) In 1953
"Aziya" steamer was reported to operate between Vladivostok and
Petropavlovsk Kamehatskiy. More than 80 members of the crew had
at that time recently enrolled in a high school correspondence
course. (75)
nBsakhashnvessel. Arrived at the pier of the maritime port of
Petropavlovsk in 1948. (76)
"Beloostrovn steamer. Mentioned for nstakhanovite" accomplishments.
( 77)
"Gaga" trawler of the Ranchatka River fleet. In January 1953 its crew was
mentioned as the most efficient of the fleet. It fulfilled the
1952 fishing quota ahead of schedule. (78)
1,:**srslua.t,or vessel. Worked particularly efficiently during the first
,t (79) -.-quarter of 1957. It carried timber.
. _ .
nGogol'n passenger vessel. Nentioned'as:vprgOzernovskiy fish
koMbinat and lowering anchor:iicraadepead in March 1957, (80)
- ? --
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STAT
On 19 November, the "Gogol'" was reported unloading vegetables
somewhere in the veat coast of Kamchatka. (81)
"Griboyedov" motor vessel. Mentioned as having "Stakhanovite" accomplish-
ments. (82)
"Itel'men" steamer. In 1931 it was new and came for the first time to
Ust' Kamchatsk. (83)
In 1954, the "Itel'men" steamer of the Kamchatrybflot (Kamchatka
Fishing Fleet), (A. Ye. Mironov captain), brought to Petropavlovsk
the first street vateritiii.seh4nef4(84)
'.4?4 ' ?
; -
"Kamchatskiy KonsomoletsIrt : :trawl:et ,44H0aifiti.4ala'tretler fleet-e.t.a.png
the most efficient vesse16of this fleet in the 1952 navigatidn
season. (85)
In 1953 it was mentioned sailing in the Avacbinskaya Guba (Bay)
after returning from the Sea of Okhotsk. (86)
"Kapitan Gastello" motor ship. Mentioned as having stakhnnovite accomplish-
ments. (87)
1Kaoitan Zakheyev" trawler of the Kamchatka trawler fleet was among the most
efficient vessels of this fleet during the 1952 fishing season. (88)
1Kashalot" tug boat. Mentioned as leaving Petropavlovsk carrying salt and
bound for Ust' Kamchatsk. It runs between these two ports. From
Ust' Kamehatsk it toms rafts and was mentioned shipping salt to
Ust'Kamchatsk from Petropavlovsk. (89)
"Khabarovsk" steamer. Mentioned as belonging to the Kamchatka - Chukotka
Steamship Line. (90)
"lam:lime motor vessel. Hauled hundreds of tons of freight in excess of
the 1957 plan of freight shipment. (1)
"Krasnogvardeyets" steamer. Mentioned in a storm off the west coast of
Kamchatka in 1955. (92)
"Lev Tolstoy" motor vessel. On 18 May 1957, the vessel was reported demurring
in Western Kamchatka from April 26th. It was laden with freight for
the fishing season. (93) .
"Luga" diesel ship of the Kamchatka -Chuk9tk,a..,:tSteamship line. This vessel
was awarded a 3rd prize in 1952, (?41 and worked efficiently in 1957.
It carried timber. (95)
"Rogin" steamer. In 1953, this vessel delivered a large cargo at
Petropavlovsk. (96)
WARNING This document contain? information effecting the national defense of the United States within the meaning of the
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"Noril sk" steamer. Reported in 1954 to have taken 4 full days to bring
passengers4from Vladivostok to Petropavlovsk. (97)
"Om" Motor Vessel. Worked particularly efficiently during the first quarter
of 1957. It carried timber. (98)
Also mentioned efficient in November. (99)
"Ostrov". A large diesel ship reported to have arrived in September 1954
to Petropavlovsk to operate on the Kamchatka - Chukotka 3tanmship
Line. (100)
"Perekop" steamer. Mentioned as having "stakhanovite" accomplishments in
1953. (101)
'Pinsk" steamer. Mentioned in 1957. (102)
"Polyarnik" trawler. Left for the Sea of Okhotsk to fish for salmon. In
1952 it caught the equivalent of 100 railroad cars of fish. (103)
"Radishchev" motor vessel. It was reported on 18 May to be laden with
:freight for the fishing season and demurring in Western Kamchatka
from 17 April. (104)
?
gybinak steamer of the Kamchatka - Chukotka Steamship Line. Pledged itself
to carry 2,500 tons of freight in excess of the plan in 1957. (105)
"Sedov" tug boat. Since 1955 under the command of Sedov. It tows timber
rafts on the Kamchatka River. (106)
"Sergyey Tyulenin" motor vessel. Efficient in 1957. Carried timber. (107)
"Sim" vessel. Mentioned as leaving Petropavlovsk, laden with salt and
rivetings, and bound for the western coast of Kamchatka. (108)
"Sovetskiy Soyuz" passenger steamer. Reported on 20 August 1957 to have
already mad) several runs on the Kamchatka run. It sails from
Petropavlovsk to VlaAivostok and the trip takes 3 days. (109)
"Svoodnyy" motor vessel. Kazakov captain, towed timber rafts in 1957. (110)
"Tikhookeanskaya Zvezda" trawler of the Kamchatka trawler fleet. Mentioned
as being among the most efficient trawlers of thh fleet during the
1952 fishing season. (111)
"Turgenev" motor vessel laden with freight for the fishing season, was
demurring somewhere in Western Kamchatka from 19 April, according
to an 18 May report. (112)
"Turkmenistan", a large steamer, is mentioned as being loaded in
Petropavlovsk before leaving for a run to Chukotka peninsula. (113)
"UK-I2" cutter. Mentioned by a 1948 source as commanded. by Vassiliy
Krasnoshapko and sailing around MiTs Afrika. (114) The cutter
finding itself 20 nautical miles from Toporkovaya Laguna, knew
it was 30 miles away from Mys Afrika. (115) The light from the Mys
Afrika lighthouse shows 1 sec. of liOht and 5 sec. of darkness. (110
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"Volga" A white refrigerator slap. Mentioned loading at Petro?
pavlovsk.(117)
"Yakut" Steamer Mentioned as having arrived from Ust' ?Kamchatsk. (118)
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CHAPTER VI - Reference Notes
1) Bol'shakov & Rubinskiy, p. 102
2) Ibid.
3) Ibid., p. 103
4) BNG, p. 561
5) Lotsiya, p. 462, 1938; Bol'shakov & Rub. p. 111
6) BNG, p. 561
7) Bol 'shakov & Rub. p. 111
8) Ibid.
9) Ibid
10) N: Stroitel'naya Gazeta, no. 35, 22 March 1957, p. 3, col. 4-5
11) Serg. p. 767
12) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 118, 4 Oct. 1956, p. 2, col. 7
13) Serg. p. 767
14) Ibid.
15) Lotsiya, p. 473, 1938; Serg. p. 767
16) Lotsiya, p. 472, 1938
17) BSE, v. 19, 1953, p. 552
18) Ibid. p. 553
19) Ibid.
20) Serg. p. 766
21) Ibid.
22) Ibid.
23) BNG, p. 561
24) N: Stroitellnaya Gazeta, No. 35, 22 Mach 1957, p. 3, col. 4
25) Ibid.
26) Ibid.
27) Ibid.
- - - - - - ? - - - - - - - - ?
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28) Serg. p. 767
29) MG, p. 33
30) Serg. p. 767
31) Ibid.
32) Ibid. p. 778
33) Ibid.
34) Ibid.
35) Bol'shnkov & Rub. p. 103
36) Ibid.
37) Serg. Kamchatskiy Kray, p. 80
38) Bol'shakov & Rub. p. 105
39) Ibid. p. 106
40) Ibid.
41) Ibid.
42) Ibid. p. 107
43) N: Promyshlenno-Ekonomicheskaya Gazeta, No. 41, 5 April, 1957, p. 2,c.
4-6
44) Ibid.
45) Ibid.
46) N: Stroiteltneya Gazeta, No. 35, 22 March 1957, p. 3, col. 14-5
47) 11: Vodnyy Transport, No. 60, 18 May 1957
118) Serg. p. 775
49) Oberg, p. 5, 1957
50) II: Promyshlenno-Ekon. Gazeta, No. 41, 5 April 1957, p. 2, col. 4-6
51) Ibid.
52) Oberg, 1957, p. 6
53) N: Prom,ysh3.enno-Ekon. Gazeta, No. 41, 5 April 1957, p. 2, col. 4-6
54) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 45, 13 April 1957, p. 1, col. 1
55) N: Promyshlenno - Ekon. Gazeta, No. 4-1, 5 April 1957, p. 2, col. 4-6
? --
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56) Id: Vodnyy Transpoq, No. 49, 23 April 1957, p. 4, col. 1
57) N: Proraystienno-Ekon. Gazeta, No. 41, 5 April 1957, p. 2, col. 5
58) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 49, 23 April 1957, p. 4, col. 2-3
59) N: Prortyshlenno-Ekon. Gazeta, No. 41, 5 April 1957, p. 2, col. 5
60) Ibid.
61) Ibid.
62) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 125, 20 Oct. 1956, p. 3, col. 2
63) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 47, 18 April 1957, p. 1, col. 11
64) Ibid.
65) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 138, 19 Nov. 1957, p. 3, col. 2
66) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 65, 30 May 1957, p. 2, col. 6
67) Ibid.
68) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 125, 17 Oct. 1957, p. 1, col. 4
69) N: Izvestiya, No. 40, 17 Feb. 1955, p. 2, col. 4
70) N: Izvestiya, No. 16, 20 Jan. 1953, p. 1, col. 6
71) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 136, 14 Nov. 1957, p. I, col. 2
72) N: Izvestiya, No. 40, 17 Feb. 1955, p. 2, col. 4
73) Ibid..
74) N: Izvcstiya; 17 August 1952
75) N: Komsomol'skaya Pravda, No. 195, 19 August 1953, p. 1, col. 4
76) S., Bytovoy, p. 13
77) Id: Zara Vostoka, 6 Feb. 1953, p. 1
78) N: Izvestiya, No. 16, 20 Jan. 1953, p. 1, col. 6
79) N: Vodnyy Trans. No. 14.5, 13 April 1957, p. 1, col. 3
80) N: Stroitelinaya Gazeta, NO. 35, 22 March 1957, p. 3, col. 4
81) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 138, 19 Nov. 1957, p. 3, col. 2
82) N: Zarya Vostoka, 6 Feb. 1953, p. 1
83) Sredi Trekh Morey, p. 218
84) P: Ogonek, No. 36, p. 12, Sept. 1954
- --- - ---- - ---- - -- _ _
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85) N: Izvestiya, No. 16, 20 Jan. 1953, p. 1, col. 6
86) N: Zarya Vostoka, 6 Feb. 1956, p. 1
87) Ibid.
88) N: Izvestiya, No. 16, 20 Jan. 1953, p. 1, col. 3
89) Bytovoy, p. 213-214
90) P: Morskoy Flot, 22 March 1952, p. 2
91) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 136, 14 Nov. 1957, p. 1, col. 2
92) N: Izvestiya, No. 40, 17 Feb. 1955, p. 2, col. 4
93) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 60, 18 May 1957, p. 1, col. 2
94) P: Morakoy Plot, 1 Nov. 1952, p. 2
95) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 45, 13 April 1957, p. 1, col. 3
96) N: Kommunist, No. 207, 2 Sept. 1953, p. 1, col. 6
97) P: Ogonek, No. 36, Sept. 1954, p. 12
98) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 45, 13 April 1957, p. 1 col. 3
99) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 136, 14 Nov. 1957, -0. 1, col. 2
100) N: Pravda Ukrainy, No. 217, 15 Sept. 1954, D. 1, col. 6
101) N: Zarya Vostoka, 6 Feb. 1953, p. 1
102) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 45, 13 April 1957, p. 1, col. 3
103) N: Gudok, No. 301, 23 Dec. 1953, p. 1, col. 3
104) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 60, 18 May 1957, p. I, col. 2
105) N: Vodnyy Transport, No:114, 21 Sept. 1957, p. 2, col. 1-2
106) V: Vodnyy Transport, No. 114, 21 Sept. 1952, p. 4, col. 1
107) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 45, 13 April 1957, p. 1, col. 3
108) Bytovoy, m. 13
109) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 100, 20 August 1957, p. 4
110) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 47, 18 April 1957, p. 3, col. 6
111) N: Izvestiya, No. 16, 20 Jan. 1953, p. 1, col. 6
112) N: Vodnyy Transport, No. 60, 18 May 1957, p. 1, col. 2
113) Bytovoy, p. 13
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110 Bytovoy, p. 232
115) Ibid. p. 233
13.6) Ibid. p. 237
117) Ibid. p. 13
u8) Ibid. p. 13
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APPENDIX
4
Development of the Productive Capacities of the
Kamchatka Oblast'
Scientific Session of the
Commission for the Problems of the North
From:
Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSR. No. 12, 1957, p. 94-96.
From 3 to 9 July 1957, the Commission for the Problems of the North of the
USSR Akademy of Sc lances held a scientific session in Petropavlovsk-Kamchat04
to study the productive capacities of the Kamchatka oblast'.
Rxisting data on the natural resources and perspectives of development of the
productive reserves of Kamchatka were studied at this session which was
attended by some 500 representatives of the Akademy of Sciences and its various
branches, various institutions of the Kamchatka oblast', scientific and indus-
trial organizations of Moskva, Leningrad., Sverdlovsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok,
Magadan and Sakhalinskaya oblast'.
The session heard and discussed fifty-six (56) lectures an the fishing
industry, mineral resources, agriculture and other problems of the economic
development of the Kamchatka oblast'.
Lectures given during the first plenary session stated that the industrial
production of the Kamchatka oblast' was scheduled to increase 50% during the
6th Five-Year Plan through -a (Teed/ development of the power facilities and
transportation network.
During the present Five-Year Plan, the fish industry must improve the methods
of fishing and processing of fish, the operation of the fishing fleet, the
quality of production of fish products, and the profits realized from the
fishing industry of the Kamchatka fisheries.
The Kamchatka peninsula is one of the greatest fishing areas of the USSR,
permitting the catch of fish, crabs, whales and sea animals to reach 7 million
centners during the. next decade.
Lectures given during the sessions likewise outlined the main lines of the
geological structure of Kamchatka and pointed out the tasks to be carried out
by scientific research. Systematic complex geological works usg mpdern
geophysical methods of research are of special importance.
The section of mineral resources studied problems arising from geological
structure and the presence of useful minerals in the Kamchatka oblast'.
Fifteen lectures indicated that so far geological surveys on Kamchatka have
been insufficient, scattered and of little effectiveness. In spite of this,
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already more than 60 coea, deposits have been discovered, minly in the
western part of the peninsula, also structures pointing to the formation of
petroleum deposits. Ores have been discovered in the zone extending from the
upper reaches of the Kamchatka River to the northeastern extremity of the
Koryakskoye nagor'ye. A series of deposits contains considerable amounts of
mercury. Copper lies in the East Kamchatka ore tearing zone and (simultaneously
with molybdenum) in the zone of the Sredinnyy Range.
Gold has likewise been discovered in the southern part of 'theSredinnyy
Range and a series of deposits have industrial significance. Hydrothermal
resources are likewise great on Kamchatka.
The session admitted that it found it indispensable to organize an independent
Kamchatka Geological Administration (on the basis of the numerous scattered
geological institutions now working on Kamchatka) with its own well equipped
laboratories. Geological charting of the territory on a scale of 1:500,000 -
1:1.007.000; a systematic geological charting of areas with perspectives of
petroleum an&coal deposits and likewise of areas where ores have been found
and in a scale of 1:200,000 - 1:100,000 must be oompleteeliby 1959. Research
in stratigraphy, tectonics, metallogenesis etc. (sic) is also to be organized.
Tburteen-(14) lectures delivered at the session .devoted to the fish industry
showed that developrPnt of the fishing industry on Kamchatka is lagging. By
the end of the decade the fish catch must increase 4 to 4.5 times as compared
to 1956, all the while maintaining the achieved level of pensive shoreline
fishing: New fisheries and new objectives must be used, the catch of cod
varieties must be increased, the assortment of products must be improved.
Large fish processing enterprises must be organized in the most important
points of the peninsula through liquidation of the numerous small enterprises.
The fleet should also be concentrated in the important points and servicing
facilities established. Fishing in the Kamchatka fishing area must be
carried out only by the fleet based in the ports of Kamchatka. Fishing must
be developed in kolkhozes who are to take care of the shoreline fisheries,
and pert of the fish production is to be processed on floating fish canneries.
During the coMbined sessions, the sections of power and transport and the
sections of the fish industry discussed the different means of power supply
and the transport network of Kamchatka. -
Kamnbatka has numerous small electric power plants, working on imported fuel.
Yet the oblast' is rich in power resources. Estimated reserves of coal
amotzato:%2.million tons, but only 13 to 15 million tons per year are
mined.' - -
Estimated reserves of peat amount to about 8 hundred million tons, yet they
are not being exploited.
The Kamchatka peninsula has some 200 mountain streams and the total capacity
of their potential reserves reaches 12 to 20 milIion klats according to
preliminary estimates. A series of rivers has been surveyed and projects of
hydroelectric power plants have been drawn out, but so far the oblast ' does
not have a single hydropower plant in operation or under construction. (p. 95)
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Despite the abundance of pywer resources (including geothermal and wind
power), Kamchatka imports up to 400,000 tons of coal yearly*.
Electric power costs a great deal on Kamchatka, as much as 1 to 3 rubles per
kwt-hr. Yet the fuel resources of Kamchatka are quite sufficient to
provide an independent power base. The Krutogorovskiy deposits can
satisfy the needs in coal and electric power of the western part of
Kamchatka (if electric power plants are built)* The coal deposits of
A?BUkhta (Bay) Korfa and Ugolinaya BUkhta must become the fuel base of the
eastern coast of Kamchatka.
Drilling works should be carried out first of all in the Pauzbetskiye
springs and a geothermal station built there. The hot springs must be
surveyed and drilling carried out in the Petropavlovsk area. The hydro-
power resources of the oblast' must be utilized and the project of the
construction of a hydropower plant on the Bystraya River to supply power to
Petropavlovsk must be started. The interests of the fish industry should
likewise be taken into consideration.
The session devoted considerable attention to the forest industry and
agriculture of Kamchatka* Seventeen lectures were heard and the session
declared that although the agriculture of Kamchatka is only at its initial
stage, natural conditions allow the oreption of a local foodstuffs base
that by the end of the Sixth Five-!ear a' could fully supply the oblast'
with miike. meat, vegetables and potatoes.
The session deems it indispensable to organize a series of new sovkhozesy to
enlarge by merger the numerous small farms in existence, to increase the
areas under crops to 18-20,000 ha in the nearest Five-Year Plan as
against 9,000 ha in 1956.
A sufficient quantity of fertilizers, meliorative and agricultural machinery
must be imported into Kamchatka. It is at the same time necessary to start
local production of fertilizers and also feed fertilizers for cattle out
of fish waste.
Grain farm and experimental grain sectors must be established, soil and
botanical surveys made and the utilization of hot springs for agricature .
must be studied. A cattle breeding sovkhoz on the basis of the Kholmogorsk-:.
type of cattle and an experimental cattle farm must also be established* ,
Reindeer breeding is one of the main economic activities of Kamchatka.
Reindeer neat accounts for 60 to 70% of all meat consumed on the peninsula
and costs 10 to 15 times less than other varieties of meat. The session
considered that production of reindeer meat was to reach 25,000 centnerp,
such an increase requiring veterinary and zootechnical work, regulation of
the utilization of pasture lands. Improvement of cultural, living and
working conditions for reindeer breeders is likewise an important
problem.
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Kamchatka is rich in fur bearing animals. Pelts obtained there plan an
important part in the export of furs. The principal furs are sable, fax,
silver fox and seal. At present there exists a certain decrease in the
-hunting industry and to improve it, the number of sables must be increased
lty %tinter feeding and resettling along rivers, the number of &Ian mast be
Augmented. The beaver reservation must also be rehabilitated on Mys (Cape)
LOpatka, and a reservation established on Mednyy Island. The fur bearing
fauna of Kamchatka must be enriched by acclimatization there of the
norka, ondatra and other antmals, protective measures for pinnipedia and
snow sheep and reindeer.
Speaking at the final plenary session, the President of the Commission for
problems of the North, Academician D. I. Shcherbakov characterized the
main results of the session and expressed the hope that it laid the
foundation of large scale works for the study and development of productive
capacities of Kamchatka oblast. M.A. Orlov, secretary of the Kamchatka
oblast' committee of the CP noted that the session for the first time in
history of Kamchatka attracted such a considerable number of scientific and
induatrial institutions to the widespread solution of economic problems of
the oblast. He stredded that Kamchatka needs scientific recommendations and
help of the USSR Academy of Scienoes.
The session pointed out the main lines of the study and development of the
productive resources of Kamehatka oblast' for the coming 10-15 years. It
was in particular decided to turn to the Presidium of the USSR Academy of
Sciences to ask for the organization starting in 1958 of a Kamehatka
complex scientific expedition. This expedition would include leading
specialists of the head institutes of the UESR Academy of Sciences and a
aeries of agencies, also young scientific workers that would lay the
foundations for a permanent scientific center on Kamchatka for the complex
study of its productive capacities.
Closing the session, V. Pstovalov, corresponding member of the USSR Academy of
Sciences pointed out that the natural riches of Kamchatka including the
mineral wealth, were sufficient to permit a sharp rise of its economy in the
near future.
The session contributed considerably to the study of Kamchatka and it is
hoped that in the coming years surveying will develop on a large scale and
attract large scientific forces.
D. L. Mozeson, Candidate of Geographid Sciences
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