POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY OMSKAYA OBLAST NO. 53

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• Document Page Count: 51
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 13, 2013
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: April 14, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY
50X1 -HUM
OMSKAYA OBLAST
NO. 53
50X1 -HUM
14 APRIL 1958
Prepared by Air Research Division,
Library of Congress
Washington 25, D. C.
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OBLAST POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY
LOCATION OF
OMSKAYA OBLAST
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Political and Population Survey
No. 53
OMSKAYA OBLAST,
Prepared by
Air Research Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D. C.
14 April 1958
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NOTICE
1. The estimates appearing in this study result
from an accelerated survey of available data.
All figures accompanied by an asterisk (*)
are the best possible estimates to be derived
from accessible information and are to be
regarded as an indication of an order of
magnitude. Information which might correct
or supplement these estimates should be
forwarded to AMIN 3X31 Room 1324.
2. Population estimates as of 1 January 1958;
administrative-territorial boundaries as of
13 January 1958.
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POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO. 53
TABLE OF. CONTENTS
I.
Statistics
Government Controls
Paige
1
1
A.
General
1
B.
Control Force
2
1. Communist Party and Komsomol
2
2. Military
3. Government
5
II.
Population, Ethnic Groups and Labor Force
8
III.
Psychological and Sociological Factors
. 15
A.
Political and Social Tensions
3.5
B.
Civil Defense
18
C.
Medical Facilities
20
D.
Educational and Cultural Facilities
22
IV.
Socio-Economic Factors
23
A.
Housing
23
B.
Food Supplies
26
C.
Transportation and Communications
27
D.
Utilities
32.
E.
Economic Characteristics
.35
V.
Urban Areas
4o
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S: E C. R E T
TiBLES
'
Page
I. Estimated Government Control Force 5
II. Summary of Demographic Characteristics:
Omskaya Oblast, 1958
III. Estimated Population 'and. Density by Administrative-
Territorial Divisions 9
IV. Population Changes: 1926-58 10
V. Estimated Ethnic Composition of Total Population 11
VI. Estimated Age and Sex Composition 13
VII. Estimated Labor Force 14
VIII. Estimated Distribution of Total Urban Population 4o
8 ?
MAPS
I. Location of Omskaya Oblast
II. Administrative-Territorial Divisions
III. Population
IV. Transportation, Resources, and Military
Control
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Frontispiece
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OMSKAYA OBLAST
14 April 1958
Statistics
Area in Sq. Miles 54,796
Total Est. 1958 Pop... .1,689,000
Urban Pop 664l000
Rural Pop 1,025,000
'Cities 1
(Omsk)
Towns *
5
'Urban Settlements
4
RuraIRayons
34
Selsovets
406
I. Government Controls
A. General
Omskaya Oblast is located in the S central portion of the
West Siberian Lowland. Crossed diagonally by the Irtysh River,
which flaws from SE to NW, the ?blast's territory is largely a
flood plain of many lakes and marshes, with no elevation more than
700 feet above sea level. It lies approximately within the lati-
tudes of Denmark.
Of the 7 administrative divisions in West Siberia
(A1tayskiy Kray, Kemerovskaya, Kurganskaya, Novosibirskaya, Omskaya,
Tamskaya, and Tyumenskaya ?blasts), Omskaya Oblast ranks 5th in
size of territory, 4th in size of population, and 3rd in overall
production.
Omskaya Oblast was created on 7 December 1934, and its
present boundaries were established in 1944. During its early
history as an oblast, Omskaya spread over a vast territory reaching
N to the mouth of the Ob River. Prior to 1934, the area -of
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Omskaya Oblast had. been included. in Sibirskiy Kray.
Years before Omsk was designated as capital of the oblast
in 1934, this city was an important administrative and commercial
center. Today it is the second largest city in West Siberia, and a
major transportation and. manufacturing center. Heavy industrial
products such as aircraft engines, tires, tanks, refined. petroleum,
and agricultural madhinery from the city of Omsk, as well as grain
from the southern rayons, represent the more important economic
contributions of Omskaya Oblast.
Since 1947, Omsk has been a city of republic subordination.
Therefore, the city, with its 6 wards, and the oblast are adminis-
tratively separate coequals under the RSFSR government. The
governing of the oblast is carried on through offices in Omsk city,
which have authority over some 54,000 square miles, 10 urban areas,
and 34 rural rayons. Directorates of Irtysh River Basin Transpor-
tation and the Omsk Railroad System have control over matters of
transportation beyond the oblast boundaries.
B. Control Force
1. Communist Party and Komsomol
There are an estimated 62,000 Communist Party members
in Omskaya Oblast, or 36 members per 1,000 population. Thid
incidence of Party membership equals the USSR average, but is some-
what higher than those of surrounding areas in West Siberia. Of
the total membership, approximately 3,600 are full-time Party
workers, and may be classified as Party control force. A great
many of the full-time Party workers are found in Omsk city, where
administrative offices and large-scale industrial enterprises are
concentrated.
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The Omskaya Oblast Committee of the Communist Party,
subordinate to the Bureau for RSFSR Affairs of the USSR Central
Committee in Moskva, is the highest Party organ in the territory.
The Omsk City Committee of the Communist Party is also a leading
organ, but subordinate to the Oblast Committee. Military personnel
in the Party are independent of both local organs, and responsible
to the USSR Party Secretariat via their own respective hierarchies.
Departments of the Oblast and City Committees coordinate and control
the activities of Primary Party Organizations in government agen-
cies, trade unions, educational and research institutions, indus-
trial enterprises, cooperatives, and state and collective farms.
For almost 30 years, the machine-tractor station has
been a base for Party activity among the rural population. Now,
however, steps are being taken to abolish the MTS as a political
and technical control point. After agricultural equipment has been
sold to individual collective farms for more efficient use, the
MTS 'a will be converted into repair and maintenance shops. Party
leaders have taken into account the fact that 9 out of every 10
collective farm chairmen are Party members, so that political con-
trol will be maintained. Ftrthermore, positions in the rural
economy will be found for those technicians and Party members who
manned the MTS. It will be interesting to see if economic
reorganizations such as this one and the earlier creation of
regional Councils of National Economy (Sovnarkhozy) increases Party
initiative and competition on the local level.
The Komsomol, organized for youths between .the ages of
14 and 26, is patterned after the Communist Party, supervised by
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its functionaries, and. supports Party policies and. directives.
Total Komsomol membership in Omskaya Oblast is not known, but the
information available suggests that Komsomols are very active in land.
-reblamation and construction projects within the oblast.
2. Military'
During the nineteenth century, Omsk was the major
administrative and. military center for the Imperial Russian Govern-
ment in West Siberia. The city became a center for counter-
revolutionary activity following the 1917 overthrow of, the Tsarist
Government. After the Soviets took' control Or the area, all
military aspects of the city were de-emphasized.
Omskaya Oblast it under the military direction of Novo-
sibirsk (Novosibirskaya Oblast), the Headquarters of the Siberian
Military District. Although Omsk is a strategic transportation
center, no Red. Army or MVD units seenCto be located here. The number
of Army troops in the oblast is not known, but is believed. to be
small. A few MVD troops may be present, as there are an estimated
.41000* penal laborers located in and around Omsk.
Air Force personnel, numbering about 3,000*, represent
the largest military contingent in Omskaya Oblast. Omsk Southwest
Airfield (Target 0163-8003), a recently expanded. Class 1 field.
operated by the Soviet Air Force, is. br far the most important
military airfield it the area (see Map IV). Aeroflot uses this
field also. Omsk East-Airfield -(Target 0163-8002); a Class 5 air-
field, was once, military, but is now believed tO be a test field
for aircraft repaired. nearby. Iyubinskiy Airfield. (Target 0163-
8056), also Class 5, is operated by the Air Force, but has few per-
raanent facilities, and may merely be used for training.
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Unconfirmed reports indicate the existence of rocket-
testing facilities on the outskirts of Omsk, and the possibility of
an ICBM assembly plant nearby. On at least one occasion (in 1955)
representatives of the East European satellite nations witnessed a
missile launching at Omsk. Military perspnnel undoubtedly guard
this site; its exact location is unknown. Such a project would
probably be supervised. by either the State Committee of Aviation
Technology or the Committee of Defense Technology, under the
USSR Council of Ministers.
3. Government
TABLE I
Administrative
Category
EsTiwp GOVpRNMENT CONTROL
Total Control Force 2/
FORCE
Primary Control Force
Number
Per Cent
of Total
,
Republic Govt.
6,510
440
6.8
Oblast Govt.
37,460
1, 080
11.0
Omsk City Govt.
16,610
1,810
11.0
Militia
3,910
3,910
1000
Total
64,490
10,240
15.9
,
2/ Not included in this total are professional workers of
the Communist Party, the officer and NCO components of the armed
forces, and economic supervisory and managerial personnel.
The primary government control force consists of
personnel on the policy-making level of administrative and non-
administrative governmental agencies in the oblast. This category
includes representatives of RSFSR agencies, members of Oblast, City,
and Rayon Executive Committees, and those on various levels
responsible for food, supplies, housing, health facilities, educa-
tion, finance and accounting, consumers' goods, local transport and,
other municipal services. As law-enforcement agencies, the
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judiciary and Militia are part Of the primary control force.
.14te above groups total an estimated 10,240 in.Omskaya
Oblast (see Table I). In addition, professional workers of the
Communist Party, the officers and NCO members of the armed forces,
and officials of the Omskaya Oblast Council of National Economy
(Sovnarkhoz) should also be estimatedand,included. in the primary
control force. The addition of these governmental elements brings
the total primary control force to an estimated 13,940. This total
represents 1.3 per cent of the adult population (18 and over) of
Omskaya Oblast.
?
The secondary control force consists of government
employees on the operational level (office staffs, doctors,
?tieadhers, atc.)of the various republic, oblast, city, and rayon
administrative and non-administrative agencies. In addition to
these groups Which appear in Table I, there are plant managers,
sovkhoz directors, MTS technical supervisors, and kolkhoz chairmen
Who should be added to the secondary control force. 1211e,secondary
control force total is estimated at 70,900 or 6.4 per cent of the
oblast's adult population. All elements of the government control
force, primary and secondary, represent 7.7 per cent of the total
adult population.
The Omskaya Oblast Council of National Economy is a new
addition to the governmental structure of economic Control. When
the administration of the, national-economy was reorganized and
decentralized in July 1957, Omskaya Oblast was designated as a
single economic region, and a Sovnarkhoz was get up in the.
capital city. No details on the structure and duties of this
particular Sovnarkhoz are available, but it Is undoubtedly organ-
ized along lines similar to others throughout the country.
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. The Sovnarkhoz, composed of a chairman, deputy chairman,
and meMbersl'is the highest oblast administrative and coordinating
agency for industrial and construction enterprises in the oblast,
Which Eitve.more than lOcal significance. Working through various
departments and branch directorates, -the Sovnarkhoz elaborates and
implements long-range productive plans, determines budgetary
matters, arranges deliveries of raw materials, and promotes indus-
trial specialization. There is a report of the Omskaya Sovnarkhoz
creating a building materials directorate and setting production
goals for 1958. Another report dealt with a Sovnarkhoz decision to
discontinue metal-casting-in various small shops and to get up one
large-scale cast-iron shop to serve several enterprises in Omsk.
The Omskaya Oblast Sovnarkhoz is also in charge of the machine-
building, textile, wood-processing, food products, meat and dairy
industries. Enterprises of purely local significance in the oblast
remain under the direct supervision of the Oblast Executive Comm-
mittee and its subordinate agencies.
?
If rocket assembly and testing is currently going on in
Omsk, the project is probably supervised by the State Committee of
Defense Technology or the State Committee of Aviation Technology.
The production of aircraft engines, airfraMes, 'tires, tanks,
refined petroleum, and grain, as well as pipeline, railroad, and
port facilities' construction are also of sufficient importance to
come under the direct jurisdiction of USSR and RSFSR agencies. In
these cases, long-range planning may be done above the Sovnarkhoz.
level, but the day-to-day administration' of production is the
responsibility of this important control organ on, the oblast level.
?
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II. Population, Ethnic Groups, and Labor Force
? TABLE II
SUMMARY OF DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS:
OMSK= OBLAST, 1958
Total population 1,689,000
Population density (persons per square mile) 30.8
Urban population 664,00o
Urban proportion of total population 39.3 per cent
Population in working ages (16-59 years) 1,048,000
Proportion of population in working ages 62.1 per cent
Females per 100 males in working ages 119
Urban labor force 392,000
Proportion of population in urban labor force 23 per cent
Military personnel (Air Force only) 3,000*
Penal laborers 4,000*
Proportion of Slays in total population 89 per cent
The estimated 1958 population of Omskaya Oblast is
1,689,000 including 3,000* Air Force personnel and 41000* penal
laborers. This total represents 1.4 per cent of the RSFSR's
population, and 0.8 per cent of the entire population of the USSR.
On the Whole, Omskaya Oblast is rather sparsely populated,
having an overall density of 30.82 persons per square mile and a
rural density of 18.71 persons per square mile. However, approxi-
mately 73 per cent of Omskaya Oblast's entire population is found
in the southern third of the oblast, Which is favored with good -
transportation for industry and g9od land for agriculture. In fact,
35 per cent of the total population is concentrated in Ulyanovskiy
Rayon, Where Omsk, the capital city, is located. Further N, toward
the regions of bogs, marshes, and taiga, population density
declines considerably. (See Table III and Map III.) ?
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TABLE III
ESTIMATED POPULATION AND DENSITY BY
ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS
Administrative-
Territorial
Division
Area
(sq. Miles)
Population
(In Thousands)
Density (Persons
per sq. Mile)
Urban
Rural
Total
Over-all
Rural
Omskaya Oblast
Rayons:
54,796
638
2,366
3;736
1,510
934
1,183
669
1,183
? 872
1,619
841
2,179
1,261
623
912
2,242
2,304
903
732
11210
981
1,136
1,121
1)557
1,868
918
1,619
669
3,798
2,678
1,588
4,546
1,417
664
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13
5
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MOONS
23
14
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13
MI el=
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4=00
gm,*
.0104=1,
11?? OM
0.
-
t1=1,
25
MO Ole
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15
540
??1
OPP ON.
OM .6
1,025.0
25.1
42.9
32.8
25.1
17.6
35.5
25.1
40.3
22.7
32.8
27.7
30.2
40.3
25.1
22.6
32.8
40.3
22.7
17.6
27.7
25.1
22.6
22.7
32.8
27.7
36.2
32.8
20.1
32.8,
55.4
45.3
40.3
22.6
27.7
1,689.0
25.1
42.9
32.8
38.1
22.6
35.5
25.1
?63.3
36.7
32.8
27.7
30.2
53.3
25.1
22.6
32.8
54.3
22.7
17.6
27.7
25.1
22.6
22.7
32.8
27.7
36.2
57.8
20.1
32.8
70.4
585.3
40.3
22.6
27.7
30.82
39.34
18.13
8.79
25.23
24.20
30.00
37.52
53.51
42.10
20.26
32.94
13.86
42.27
40.28
24.78
14.63
23.57
25.14
24.04
22.89
25.59
19.89
20.25
21.07
14.83
39.69
35.70
30.04
8.64
-26.29
368.57
13.48
4.97
19..55
18.71
39.34
18.13
8.79
16.62
18.84
30.00
37.52
34.07
26.03
20.26
32.94
13.86
31,96
40.28
24.78
14.63
17.49
25.14
24.04
22.89
25.59
19.89
20.25
21.07
14.83
39.69
20.26
30.04
8.64
20.69
28.53
13.48
4.97
19.55
Azovskiy
Bolsherechenskiy
Bolsheukovskiy
Cherlakskiy
Drobyshevskiy
Gorkovskiy
Irtyshskiy
Isil-Kulskiy
Kalachinskiy
Kolosovskiy
Kormilovskiy
Krutinskiy
Lyubinskiy
Maryanovskiy
Moskalenskiy
Muromtsevskiy
Nazyvayevskiy
Nizhne-Omskiy
Odesskiy
Okoneshnikovskiy
Pavlogradskiy
Poltavskiy
Russko-Fblyanskiy
Sargatskiy
Sedelnikovskiy
Sherbakulskiy
Tarskiy
Tavricheskiy
Tevrizskiy
Tyukalinskiy
Ulyanovskiy
Ust-Ishimskiy
Iasisskiy
Znamenskiy
The population growth of Omskaya Oblast has been an uneven
one. During the period between 1926 and 1939, the population grew
at an average annual rate of 2 per cent, bringing the total from
1,101,924 in 1926 to 1,390,000 in 1939. However, urban growth was
twice as rapid as rural growth.
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Year Population
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TABLE IV
POPULATION CHANGES: 1926-58
Urban Per Cen
Population Urban
1926
1,101,924*
190,594
17.3
1939
1,390,000*
348,000
25.0
;
1958
1,689,000
664,00o
39.3
Rural Per Cent
Population Rural
911,330
1,042,000
1,025,000
82.7
75.0
60.7
*Figure adjusted to correspond with oblast territory as of 1958.
The imbalance between urban and, rural growth was even more
exaggerated in the 1939-55 period, when. the average annual urban
increase was more than 3 per cent, while rural population decreased
about 1 per cent a year. War losses, primary and secondary, as well
as accelerated urbanization account for the rural decrease. On the
other hand, Omsk, the major urban area, was making gains because of
incoming industries evacuated from European Russia and the Baltic
countries, as well as increased production needs.
Since 1955, urban growth has continued to keep pace with
new industrial developments. However, in this recent period rural
areas have also begun to make some population gains. The virgin
lands project helped raise the rural total from 981,000 in 1956 to
an estimated 1,025,000 in 1958. Possibly oa.7third of this
Increase has been due to in-migration from the Ukraine and other
regions to the W. There is also evidence of urban youths within
the oblast responding to the "back to the land" movement. The
most constant element of population growth is to be seen InOmsk.
Its growth since 1926 has accounted for 80 per cent of the total
urban increase. Omsk's city limits have become more extensive with
the construction Of each new industrial.plent, and. win probably
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continue to spread'despi.te the official attitude that sprawling
industrial complexes are undesirable. New urban areas may appear,
possibly along the new rail line to the SE, but there is little
probability of another town in the oblast developing to rival Omsk
in the foreseeable future. Therefore, the rate of future urbaniza-
tion ill continue to depend heavily upon Omsk, and may level off
at such time When the city has fulfilled its potential capacity.
The future of rural increase depends, in large part, upon how far
land reclamation projects can go in adding new cultivated acreage
to the oblast.
TABLE V
ESTIMATED ETHNIC COMPOSITION OF TOTAL ,POPULATION
Per Cent
Ethnic Group Numbers of Total
Great Russian
Ukrainian
Belorussian w
German
Kazakh
Other
Total
1,183,000
255,000
70.0
15.1
68,000
4.o
39,000
2.3
34,000
2.0
110,000
6.6
1,689,000
100.0
Great Russians outnumber all other ethnic groups combined
by a ratio greater than 2 to 'one. -Astitated at 1,183,000, they
make up 70 per cent of the total population. Russians colonized
this area as early as the seventeenth century, but did not settle
in large numbers until the-Trans-Siberian Railway made it possible
In. the late 1890's. With industrialization in the early Soviet
period, still more Russians came to Omsk and its environs.
During World War II, evacuated industries and heavy industrial
demands also brought in some additional Russian workers. Currently,
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land reclamation projects, as well as new industrial enterprises
continue to draw Russians into the area. In summary, Great Russians
strongly predominate in all urban areas, as well as in the more
densely populated agricultural regions.
? Ukrainians, numbering an estimated 255,000, constitute 15.1
per cent of the total population and rqpresent the second largest
ethnic group. . An estimated.60,000 Belorussians comprise 4 per cent
of the whole. These 2 groups settled on the better farmland here
toward the close of the nineteenth century; the Belorussians in the
central portion, and the Ukrainians farther S. Ukrainians are also
'included among the recent in-migrants who came as a result of the
virgin lands project.
Ethnic Germans probably first entered this area with the
stream of late nineteenth-century migrants. Furthermore, it is
believed that some of the Volga Germans banished from their homes
in 1941 were distributed among the collective farms of southern
Omskskaya Oblast. At pr4sent it is estimated there are 39,000
ethnic Germans in the oblast.
Approximately 34,000 Kazakhs are found in the agricultural
regions of the extreme S. Estonians and Latvians have settled in
the more sparsely populated portions of the N. Tatars, 'who con-
trolled this entire area in the sixteenth century, now constitute a
very small part of the ?blast's population. Representatives of
other Siberian ethnic groups are also found here in small numbers.
There are some Jews living in the city of Omsk. Since there is no
other strong ethnic influence within the population of' Omskaya .
Oblast, it is not surprising that the Great Russian language and
culture prevail throughout. According to the data available, no
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. other language is used for instruction in the schools, or in local
publications. However, an overall RSFSR policy provides for instruc-
tion in the native tongue through the 2nd grade for the non-Russian
population of Siberia. This policy may apply to a few groups in
Omskaya Oblast.
TABLE VI
ESTIMATED AGE AND SEX COMPOSITION
(Numbers in Thousands)
Age Group
Male
Female
Total
Per Cent
of Total
,
0-15
258
258
516
30.5
16-59
478
570
1,048
62.1
60 plus
73
125
7.4
Total
_2?
788
901
1,689
100.0
There are no highly unusual features in the age-sex struc-
ture of the ?blast's popaation. Although the overall sex ratio is
somewhat above the national average (114 females per 100 males), the
overall pattern of sex composition is similar to that of the USSR as
a whole. It is estimated that age groupings here are also close to
the national average and reflect a similar history of birth and
death rate variations. Disproportions are probably greatest in
rural areas, because in addition to losses caused by World War II,
this portion of the ?blast's population experienced heavy out-
migration of people in the main working ages between 1939 and 1955.
Incoming workers for the virgin lands project have not as yet compen-
sated for these losses. However, the steady stream of workers
entering the city of Omsk has tended to replenish the 16-59 age
group in the oblast as a whole.
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TABLE VII
ESTIMATED LABOR FORCE
(Numbers in Thousands)
Per Cent of
Number Total Population Total Population
URBAN:
392
664
59.0
RURAL:
587
1,025
57.3
TOTAL:
979
1,689
58.0
The urban labor force of Omskaya Oblast is estimated at
392,000 and represents 59 per cent of the total urban population.
This level of participation is almost 7 per cent above the esti-
mated average for urban labor force in West Siberia. It may be
explained by a rather high urban concentration of people in the
main working ages, and by more widespread participation of 16 and
17-year-olds in construction projects. Furthermore, it may be that
some4,00epenal laborers have been counted among workers and
employees. There is evidence that this has been done in other areas
of the USSR.
Judging by 1955 statistics, over 45 per cent of urban
workers and employees have intermediate specialized education, or
higher. This percentage will probably rise as Omsk 's technical
schools and institutes continue to graduate more students.
The rural labor force of Omskaya Oblast is estimated at
587,000 or 65.9 per cent of the total rural population. Over 20
per cent of rural labor is composed of workers and exployees with-
intermediate specialized education, or higher, in the fields of
mechanized agriculture, agronomy, zootechnology, or veterinary
.medicine.
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It is difficult to judge whether or not the supply of
labor, particularly skilled labor, is equal to the large-scale
industrial and agricultural projects under way in amskaya Oblast,
but4his-areaseems to'be in a better situation than many other
regions of the USSR.
III. Psychological and Sociological Factors
A. Political and Social Tensions
In the minds of a few the name "Omsk" may still be associ-
ated with counter-revolutionary activity during 1918 and 1919.
Admiral Kblchak made this city the headquarters for his White Guard
during those years. Kolchak's operations in Siberia failed, and
Omsk was taken by the Red Army in November 1919. Although the stra-
tegic military location of Omsk has probably been carefully de-empha-
sized as a result of these events (see section I., B., 2, Military),
there seem to have been no other lasting political or social effects
on the city or the oblast.
The ethnic composition of Omskaya Oblast might possibly
give rise to inter-group social tensions, but there is no evidence
to indicate that such tensions have developed. Great Russians make
up an estimated 70 per cent of the total population, and Ukrainians
constitute slightly over 15 per cent. The Ukrainians settled on,
farms in the S during the late nineteenth century, and also during
the recent period of settlement on new lands. Supposedly these are
all voluntary settlers .who have no great cause for feeling hostile
toward their Russian neighbors.
Some of the estimated 39,000 persons of German extraction
in the oblast may not have settled here voluntarily. It is
believed that a portion of the Volga Germans banished fram.their
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homes in 1941 were distributed among the collective farms in the S.
Medals for outstanding work in agriculture have been given to
people from this region Who have distinctly German names., There is
no evidence that this group represents-a-threat to the social
cohesion of the general population.
There are an estimated 4,000* penal laborers in the
oblait. This figure is considerably lower than the total for
prisoners encamped here before repatriation was carried out, but
really large numbers of forced laborers have never been concen-
trated here as in other areas of the USSR. It is interesting to
note that at least 3 Japanese prisoners of war married Soviet women
and chose not to be repatriated. One report suggests that the penal
labor group is currently made up of Soviet citizens sentenced to
"corrective labor" and unreleased prisoners-of war who were trans-
ferred from Bratsk and Tayshet (Irkutskaya Oblast) when the rail-
roads were completed there, and are now working on similar con-
struction projects near Omsk. These penal laborers are probably
not in elaborate prison camps as such, and some "freed prisoners"
may even be counted numerically among wage-earning workers and
employees. At any rate, the group is not large enough to be con-
,sidered a factor, contributing significantly to political and.. social
tensions.
The most interesting bit of information available on
psYd'hological and sociological factors at.work in the oblast
pertains to the population as a Whole. Last year Partiinaya Zhizn
published a report on public' indoctrination written by Ivan Melenkov,
secretary of the Omsk City Party Committee. In the latter part of
1956, the Party Committee offered to answer any questions which the
city's university students cared to submit. The questions were
dropped into a box designated for that purpose, and a meeting was
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held in which party spokenamen ansWered them publicly. Melenkov's
report pointed out the significance of this meeting and others that *
followed: "Within a few days we had received over 400 written
questions on such important matters as the international situation,
internal politics, problems connected with students' courses, living
conditions, shopping services, town improvements, and so forth.
Questions about the events in Hungary were nemerous....Some of our
propagandists had not known how the people (in Omsk) were living and
what was worrying them. We also realized that many obvious truths
were not being propagated and were therefore unknown to the young
people ....The meetings made it possible to ascertain more fully and
reliably the mood of the general public, their thought, their views
on particular problems of politics, production, and so on. And
this, in its turn, helps us both in planning political work and in
making decisions on many practical matters ....I must not fail to
point out that in some cases the influence of hostile propaganda in
foreign broadcasts was found to be very evident. In such cases,
those answering the questions convincingly refuted hostile slanders
and gave a correct explanation of the point at issue."
, The Party secretary's report is revealing in several ways.
It is very interesting to learn that foreign broadcasts reach Omsk
and have some .effect on the thinking of the ,population. This ,is
true particularly among the university students. A Second report
states that the vast majority of* people who have their own radio
sets listen to shortwave foreign broadcasts despite jamming. Other
foreign contacts, such as the March 1956 visit to Poland made by a
delegation of Omsk trade union workers may also help stimulate an ?
attitude of inquiry. As a whole, the report reveals the kind of
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challenge with which an articulate segment of the Soviet population
can present its leadership. However, this Challenge is not likely
to become .a threat to the regime, especially in an area like Omskaya
Oblast, where efficient management seems to maintain a good Soviet
standard of living.
B. Civil Defense
Omskaya Oblast is located. near the heart of the Eurasian
continent (see Map I) and is therefore within an area of light
defense radar coverage. A token radar station has been set up,
probably at Omsk Southwest Airfield (Target 0163-8003).
In case of attack, it is doubtful that the rail lines
would be used for mass evacuation of the population. Inhabitants in
the lower third of the oblast would probably move away from those
areas of major transportation and industrial installations, and4
travel by truck or on foot along secondary roads farther S toward
Kazakhstan. Food supplies would be available in this region, but
prebably not in sufficient quantities to sustain the sizeable
numbers of people from the populous rural southern portion of the
oblast. Those inhabitants above the trans-Siberian railroad could
flee N from the Omsk area by road and river toward sparsely popu-
lated swamp and taiga regions. While such areas wOuld provide the
safety of remoteness, evacuees would have more difficulty finding
food and shelter.
Evacuation of key personnel could be effected by air.
Uhderground shelters may also be available for a select group.
Eomever, this whole region tends to be swampy and is generally
unsuitable for the construction of underground installations.
The Society for Cooperation with Army, Air Force, and Navy
(DOSAAF), under the USSR,Minitry of Defense', is one of several
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national organizations charge:fa:With disseminating information and
providing training pertinent to civil defense. During 1957, more
than 35,000 Omsk DOSAAF members (over 6 per cent of the city's total
population) took part in various mass sports events. At least 5,000
participated in militarized games and marches. For example, Omsk
men won first place among Siberian contestants in parachute jumping.
It is difficult to estimate the total size or effectiveness of the
DOSAAF organization in Omskaya Oblast from such information, but the
reports do indicate a type of activity and a degree of participation
which are significant in a consideration of civil defense prepara-
tions.
The MVD, the Komsomol, trade unions, and the Red Cross are
other nation-vide organizations reaching the oblast, rayon, and city
levels, which provide different phases of specialized training for
civil defense personnel, and general training for the population as
a whole. There are no reports available on the civil defense work
of these organizations inf#Omskaya Oblast specifically.
The coordination of civil defense efforts in the oblast is
the responsibility of the Oblast EXecutive Committee and the Oblast
MTVO (Local Anti-Air Defense) group, which are directed ultimately
from the USSR Council of Ministers and from MVD headquarters of the
Main Administration of Local Anti-Air Defense (GUMPVO) in Moskva.
Details on the elaborate civil defense scheme for the Soviet Union,
its hierarchical organization, and its goals are available. However,
the degree to Which this overall plan has been implemented in each
division of the Soviet Union is not known. If all participating
civil defense agencies were fully active in Omskaya Oblast, control
personnel would have complete information on alarm signals, types
of attack, gas defense and decontamination, first aid, fire control,
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and atomic and biological warfare defense measures. Furthermore,
the civil defense system calls for organized groups in factories,
collective and state farms, dwelling units, schools. and other
Institutions. Even assuming all these steps have been taken, the
civil defense program may not be carried out as vigorously in
Omskaya Oblast as in more vulnerable parts of the country.
C. Medical Facilities
Medical facilities in Omskaya Oblast are good by Soviet
standards, Statistics for 1955-56 indicate that the oblast stands
close to the USSR average in most categories, and is much better
supplied with medical services than a good many other sections of
the RSFSR. The uneven urban-rural distribution of medical personnel,
which is apparent here, is a fault characteristic of the country as
a Whole.
Omskaya Oblast had in 1956, 2,663 medical doctors and 500
dentists. Omsk city, containing 32 per cent of the oblast's total
population, has 2,423 docors and dentists, or 77 per cent of all
those available in the oblast. This imbalanced distribution gives
the capital city a very high incidence of 4.8 doctors per 1,000
population, while the remaining urban and rural areas have only 0.7
doctors per 1,p00 population.
Assistant medical personnel, with secondary school train-
ing only, do not begin to compensate for the uneven distribution of
doctors. There are 6,700 medical assistants in the oblast (1956), -
of which 1,900 are dental assistants. Omsk city has 55 percent of
this total, or 7.3 medical assistants per 1,000 population. This
leaves only 2.7 medical assistants per 1,000 population outside of
Omsk.
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It is true throughout the Soviet Union that doctors are
concentrated in large urban areas. In Omsk, the tendency is rein-
forced by the fact that this city has an important medical center,
composed of a large hospital, a medical school, a secondary school
of medical training, and research institutes of epidemiology and
microbiology. New buildings are being constructed as the scope of
the medical center expands.
In 1956, the oblast had 9,649 hospital beds, and 9,900
:accommodationsfor the sick outside of hospitals. There were also
624o0 permanent nurseries (creches), 52 per cent of which were located
in Omsk. In addition, some 16,500 temporary nurseries were set up
in kolkhozes during the peaks of agricultural activity.
The 1956 Congress of Health Workers in Omskaya Oblast
surveyed some of the weak points of medical service at that time:
hygenic controls, diagnosis, and therapy were considered poor in
hospitals of Odesskiy and Tavricheskiy rayons; children's health
care programs were poorlyorgpnized in Sargatskiy and Maryanovskiy
rayons; seasonal nurseries were not completed in Russko-Polyanskiy
and Pavlogradskiy rayons; and in general, hospital construction was
progressing too slowly. Logically enough, these complaints are
focussed on areas of virgin land settlement.
These comparatively minor weaknesses, plus the more
'serious problem of medical personnel distribution still does not
alter the fact that Omskaya Oblast has good medical services by
Soviet standards. It is not uncommon for long-established rural
rayons of the RSFSR to be completely without the services of a
trained physician; there is no indication that such is the case in
Omskaya Oblast. Furthermore, good transportation facilities may
partially compensate for the numerical weakness of trained personnel '
in the countryside.
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D. Educational and Cultural Facilities
There are 7 institutions of higher learning in Omekaya
Oblast. All are located in Omsk, capital city and cultural center
of the oblast: institutes of medicine, pedagogy, physical culture,
highway construction, machine building, agriculture, and veterinary
medicine. Full use is made of these educational institutions in the
oblast's economy. They are not only training centers for future .key
personnel, but are also research centers for projects under way in
the oblast. For example, the Omsk Automobile-Highway Institute is
planning the major highway and the secondary road net now under con-
struction in the S. Experimentation with soils and plants by the
research staff of the Omsk Agricultural Institute is put into prac-
tice throughout the oblast and the rest of Siberia.
The programs of secondary technical institutes and
industrial research units are also, quite naturally, linked with the
economy. In this category are: the newly organized research and
training program of the Omsk tire industry; the Irtysh River
Transportation School; and the aerial research program of the Omsk
Cartographic Plant, which trains new technicians and selects sites
for dams, virgin lands projects, and lumber camps.
During the academic year 1956/57, there were 29,500
students enrolled in the universities and technical institutes of
Omsk. Some 1,400 additional students were enrolled in middle
specialty schools outside of Omsk. For?example, the town of Tara
has middle schools for teachers, agricultural technicians, and
medical assistants.. In addition, Omsk had 9,500 students in.
schools designed for working youth and adult education; 6,700
students outside of the capital city are also in this category.
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Omskaya Oblast had 218,100 students enrolled in grades
1-10 for the school year of 1956/5736,1900 in the city of Omsk and
156,200 in the remaining urban areas and rural settlements of the
oblast. Grade schools and classes in Omsk are fairly large,averag-
ing 619 students per school and 23 students per teacher. In the
remainder of the oblast, where population is not so highly concen-
trated, schools and classes tend to be much smaller, averaging 65
students per school and 15 students per teacher. .Educational facili-
ties may not have quite caught up with the needs of new lands settle-
ments, but on the whole, the oblast seems well served.
' There are 2 museums and 4 theaters in the capital city.
Omsk also has 126 libraries (64 public; 62 in schools and other
institutions) housing 1,753,000 volumes. There are an additional
3,294,000 volumes throughout the oblast. The size of libraries
range from an average of 14,000 volumes in Omsk, to 2,000 volumes in
rural settlements and large sovkhozes.
The 1,384 rural! clubs, established on sovkhozes and kol-
khozes throughout the oblast, are used for political meetings as
well as for reading and recreation. Movie projection units, number-
ing 589 in the oblast, also serve both recreational and propaganda
,purposes. -In addition to radio and the more conventional means of
propaganda broadcasting (see Section IV., CI Transportation and
Communications) there is.a*report concerning a steamer which ties
up to freighters on the Irtysh River, and gives their crews indoc-
trination courses through movies and. lectures.
Socio-Economic Factors
?
A. HousinE
Although a great deal of labor and materials are being
used to construct industrial plants, grain elevators, roads,
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railroads, and pipelines in Omskaya Oblast, housing construction has
also been progressing well. This success .is due largely to the
availability of building materials, and the policy of encouraging
individuals to build their own homes with the aid of state loans.
Lumber, bricks, building tile, concrete, and ferro-
concrete parts are produced in quantity within the oblast. In 1957,
the newly created Omskaya Oblast Sovnarkhoz took steps to make still
more building supplies available. Under the Sovnarkhoz, an inde-
pendent administration of building materials works to coordinate and
mechanize production. In 1958, 20 per cent of all appropriations
for construction and repair work will be invested in the building
materials industry, operating on a base of local raw materials.
In 1957 the USSR Council of Ministers reaffirmed its
policy of encouraging individual home-building on a communal basis.
During that year, 85 per cent of all the new houses in Omsk city
were put up by individual builders. Because these were small
houses, they accounted for only 24 per cent of all the dwelling
space built in the city during 1957. For the most part, the
individual builders were those who joined in the enterprise with
their fellow factory workers. For example, the Omsk ship repair
plant arranged for the delivery of prefabricated parts, and the
workers set up the houses in a grove near the plant. Rural groups '
have also acted on this principle. In Lyubinskiy'Rayon, 10 kol-
khozes have joined together to construct houses and community build-
ings. They purchase material jointly and pool their buidling
skills. Such efforts will partially,cbmpensate the lake of plan-
ning, which is a Characteristic attributed to new lands settlements
in-the oblast.
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There are some drawbacks to the individuely-built
communities, especially those in urban areas. Soviet officials
have pointed out the waste involved in stringing out settlements of
one-story buildings far from existing power lines, roads, water
supplies, and sewer pipes. Multi-flat apartment buildings would be
preferable.
Professional building crews are putting up apartment
buildings around the new oil refinery; these are 4-story apartments
with cultural and public service buildings nearby. One report
claims that eventually this oil industry complex (see Section IV.,
E, Economic Characteristics) will be responsible for housing
250,000 persons. In other parts of the city some 6-story apart-
ments have gone up with shops and public services on the ground
floor. Work is also being done to replace old wooden houses (which
are probably still in the majority) with brick and concrete struc-
tures. Communities outside of Omsk also illustrate the mixture of
the old and new. A 1956 photograph of Lydbinskiy shows weathered,
ornate clapboard houses and new concrete homes with thatched roofs.
Statistics on total living space in. all Omskaya Oblast are
not available. However, figures are available for Omsk city, which
houses 32 per cent of, the oblast's total population. Calculations
based. on Soviet reports of new housing completed, show that cur-
rently there are 74 square feet of housing space per person in Omsk.
This compares unfavorably with the 78 square feet per person availa-
ble in Moskva, but it is well above average for West Siberia.
Although, thesefigures indicate crowded conditions by Western
standards, the population of Omsk can be considered well off by
Soviet standards. Naturally there is still pressure to fulfill
construction goals, and convert unused space for housing, but in
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Omsk, complaints are more likely to be on the shortage of furni-
ture and other consumers' items.
B. Food Supplies
Omskaya Oblast is a large-scale producer of Wheat, oats,
rye, meat, and. milk products (see Section IV., El Economic Charac-
teristics). On a smaller scale, the oblast raises potatoes, beans,,
and poultry. Although a large volume of agricultural products is
exported; it is estimated that the oblast's population maintains a
good local supply of staples, if not a wide variety of foods.
Approximately Li per cent of the total population is
rural, and, to some extent, producers of their own consumption
needs. Even the inhabitants of Omsk raise cabbage, beets, cucum-
bers, and potatoes in their own gardens. Over 95 per cent of the
urban population is located in the major agricultural region, and
on main transportation routes. Therefore, except for the sparsely
populated NI the population is well located in relation to the
sources of food supplies. .
Many of the facilities for food storage and processing
are designed primarily for export products. For example, the huge
elevators in the railway stations of Omsk and Nazymyevsk hold
grain destined for other parts of the country. Similarly, much of
the condensed milk canned in LyUbinskiy, and the meat packed. in
Cherlak is shipped out of the oblast.
Despite the relatively large grain storage capacity in the
oblast, there are not enough facilities to handle the 100 per cent
increase in grain acreage since' l954. Ferro-concrete grain storage
houses and grain dryers are said to have been built on all new kol-
khozes and sovkhozes: More grain elevators are under construction.
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. s.
Nevertheless, reports indicate that tons of grain are spoiled by
dampness. To fill state requirements, the local population may
have to absorb some of these losses. Rainy autumns in West Siberia
also bog down traffic on poorly surfaced secondary roads, many of
which are connecting links to food storage areas. These last 2
factors may be the major faults in the food supply system of
Omskaya Oblast.
C. Transportation and Communications
The city of Omsk is of vital importance as a control
point in the transportation system of Omskaya Oblast, West Siberia,
and the USSR as well. Its location is strategic in relation to
river, rail, air, pipeline, and highway connections. (See Map IV.)
For centuries Omsk has been a busy port on the Irtysh
River, main tributary of the Ob, which provides a long N-S artery
for goods. In 1955, river freight for the oblast totaled 2,706,000
metric tons incoming, and 2,252,000 metric tons outgoing -- 24 per
cent of the total for Vest Siberia. Omsk is the principal supply
base for the northern part of the Ob Basin, and ships many cargos
of grain N to these taiga and tundra regions. Irtysh-Ob shipping
also contributes to traffic on the Northern Sea Route. A large
part of the cargo shipped S from Omsk consists of timber, an item
in even greater demand since the virgin land program was initiated.
The fleet of the Lower Irtysh River Steamship Line con-
sists of steamships, tugs, and self-propelled barges. Most of the
craft are equipped. .for radio cotmunication with fleet headquarters
in Omsk. Here too is the directorate of River Transport for the
Irtysh River Basin, an agency controlling traffic beyond the oblast
as far as KhanY-Mansiysk (TYumenskaya Oblast), 1,570 tiles down-
stream to the NW, at the confluence of the Irtysh and the Ob and as
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far upstream as Pavlodar in the SE (Kazakhskaya SSR). The directo-
rate is responsible for the maintenance and construction of river
transport facilities throughout the Irtysh watershed. Under its
direction, Omsk has acquired 6 port facilities, 4 of which are
highly mechanized and vital to river-rail transshipment operations.
Further N on the Irtysh, work is being done to mechanize
the facilities at Tara, a secondary port. Cherlak, In the southern
part of the oblast, is another secondary port on the Irtysh. The
Om, Tara, and Ishim Rivers are navigable for some distance, but
the tributaries of the Irtysh are used mainly for lumber flotage.
As for the Irtysh River itself, due to the continental climate, it
is open only 5 months rf the year.
The rail lines through Omsk are continually carrying
goods such as Kuznetsk coal, metal ores, cotton, grain, animal
products, and even Far Eastern herring going W to the Urals.
Building materials, rails, and machines are shipped to Central Asia
and the Far East. The Omsk-Novosibirsk sector of the Trans-
Siberian main line is one of the busiest stretches of track in the
USSR. Built in the late 1890's the Trans-Siberian remains the only
E-W rail artery' across the country, although the South Siberian
goes as far as Kemerovo (Kemerovskaya Oblast). Totals for 1955 on
railroad freight carried' within Omskaya Oblast were 8,088,000 Metric
tons incoming and 2, 994, 000 outgoing. (Most of the raw materials
used in Omsk's industry are carried by rail.) These totals do not
. include freight carried on the entire Omsk Railroad System,- which
is said to exceed the turnover for. Great Britain.
The Directorate of the Omsk Railroad System controls the
'movement of all freight and passenger traffic along the Trans-
Siberian main line from Nhkushino ,(Kurganskaya Oblast) in the W to
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Chulym (Novosibirskaya Oblast) in the E. This double-track line is
electrified as far W as and as far E as Novosibirsk
(ffovosibirskaya Oblast); work is under way looking to the electri-
fication of the'entire Trans-Siberian route. By 1957, engines of
the Omsk System were 65 per cent electric, 25 per cent diesel, and
10 per cent steam. A very important trunk line of the Trans-
Siberian runs from Omsk NW to Sverdlovsk, Sverdlovskaya Oblast; the
Omsk Railroad System controls the sector from Omsk to Vagay,
Tyumenskaya Oblast. As yet, this sector has been double-tracked
and electrified only as far as Nazyvayevsk, and electric power
shortages have already been reported. New lines now under
construction will further tax sources of electric power. Work has
begun on an electrified line running S from Omsk, through Irtyshsk
in Pavlodarskaya Oblast, and on down to a junction with the South
Siberian railroad. It is also planned that the electrified rail-
road from Barnaul through Karasuk (Altayskiy Kray) will reach Omsk
city from the SE by 1960. When completed, the Barnaul-Omsk branch
line will add a much-needed outlet for grain and coal, and will
further increase the importance of Omsk as a rail center.
Although there are a few:narrow gauge railroads between
large, grain sovkhozes, the road network of Omskaya Oblast is the
most important supplement to the railroad system (see Map IV)- One
main highway route runs SE-NW, paralleling the course of the Irtysh
River on its W bank. A second main route leads NE from Omsk into
Novosfbirskaya Oblast. The net of secondary roads is heaviest in
the SI where a large rural population is dependent on trucks to
bring in supplies, and take out the agricultural products.
A new automobile route is being built between Omsk and
Ruskaya Polyana, in the grain region of the oblast. Eventually it
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will reach the virgin lands of North Kazakhstan. This road has
been designed by the Omsk Automobile-Highway Institute to minimize
the effects of drifting snow, which is obviously a problem of auto-
motive transport in the oblast. The surfacing of the new route was
not mentioned, but most rural roads in the oblast are covered with
sand, cinders, or gravel. Reports state that the roads leading
from the heart of Omsk to industrial plants, grain elevators, rail-
road stations, and airports on the outskirts of town are concrete
or asphalt, but it is not known how far along the main highway
routes hard surfaces continue. Spring thaws and autumn rains bring
complaints that the roads leading to key grain storage centers such
as Nazyvayevsk and Cherlak are impassable. Eventually a new net-
work of roads will connect all the large grain sovkhozes. At
present, MTS crews, who also operate road-building equipment, are
doing a large share of the construction work.
Omsk is also an air transportation 'center. Omsk Airfield
(Target 0163-8001), Class 4, is a junction for flights to Moskva,
Sverdlovsk, Novosibirsk, Khabarovsk, and Vladivostok. This civil
airport is linked to the center of town by auto, rail, and river
connections. Flights have been reported between Omsk and 2 internal
points to the N, Tara and Bolsherechye (see Map IV), but information
on these fields is not available. Military airfields in the oblast
are described-in Section B., 2.
Petroleum pipelines are the most recent addition to the
complex transportation network centered around Omsk. In December
1955 a 20-inch pipeline was put into use, bringing crude oil from
the Tuymazy fields in Bashkirskaya ASSR to the new refinery in
Omsk. It took years to complete this line, which is over 800
miles long. Intermediate pumping stations are still being con-
structed along the pipeline to further increase its capacity.
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More stations will be needed to handle the flow through a second
pipeline from Bashkir. The new 28-inch line is already in use as
far as Chelyabinsk, supplying that city with petroleum products.
from' the Ufa refineries. From Chelyabinsk, construction has
reached as far E as Chumlyak (Kurganskaya Oblast) and work is
definitely being done on a segment of the new line in Omskaya
. Oblast; the Bulayevo-Moskalenskaya sector is completed.
The Bashkiriya Petroleum Pipeline Administration in Ufa
controls the. flow of petroleum products to Chelyabinsk and
Petropavlovsk, and the flow of crude oil to the Omsk refinery. In,
time Omsk will also be a control center for.an elaborate network
of pipelines. Soon the new 28-inch pipe will reach the city;
eventually a pipeline will be built from Omsk S to Pavlodar; a much
longer line will extend E from Omsk through Novosibirsk and '
Krasnoyarsk to Irkutsk, where a large refinery is near completion.
At present, the pipeline E of Omsk is open to Tatarsk, approxi-
mately 110 miles away in Novosibirskaya Oblast, and tractor fuel
from the Omsk refinery is flowing through it. The fuel is carried
by tank cars from Tatarsk into the virgin lands.
Transportation and communications facilities overlap in
the case of the Irtysh Steamship Line and the Omsk Railroad System;
.shipe and trains are equipped for radio communication with Omsk.
By 1951 all the villages of the oblast had been equipped with
radios, a fact which indicates competent work in communications,'
When compared to some backwardness in this field in other areas ,in
the RSFSR of comparable economic development. More relay stations
are being built, and an ever increasing number of receiving sets
are being installed. It might be noted here' that' radios are manu-
factured in Omsk. There is a permanent microwave and radio relay .
'
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station in Omsk, and the city is said to have a powerful broadcast-
ing station serving 3 oblasts.
Experimental telecasts were going on in Omsk in December
1954. By 1956 there were 6,000 TV sets in operation, and work was
under way to extend the transmitter's range beyond the city limits. -
In 1955, the central telegraph office and the interurban
telephone exchange were consolidated to improve service. A report
. of 1956 stated that calls could be made to any town in the country,
?and that the installation of telephone connections in the virgin
lands had been completed. An automatic telephone circuit will con-
nect Omsk with Moskva, Novosibirsk, and Sverdlovsk in the near
future; in fact, it may already be done.
D. Utilities
At present, the electric generating capacity of Omskaya
Oblast is somewhat below the level required by existing industrial
plants and individual households. Power development will have to
progress more rapidly, or the deficit will grow as electrified rail
lines, pipeline pumping stations, and new industrial plants are
completed. (See Section IV., C and IV., E for details on construc-
tion projects in transportation and industry.)
In 1956, a transmission line was completed between Omsk.
,and Novosibirsk; This connection linked the power system of
Omskaya Oblast with both the West Siberian and Kuznetsk Power Net.;
works, which intersect at Novosibirsk. For the most part, Omsk
receives electric power generated in Novosibirsk over this 220kv
line. The plan envisions carrying this line on through to connect with
the Urals Power Network, thus making possible the complete electri-
fication of the Trans-Siberian railroad. The substation at
and the transformer at Iyubinskiy help to serve those sectors of
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the oblast's rail lines which have already been electrified. Since
there has been a shortage of power reported on. the NW branch line,
it is obvious that the supply of electric power must, be increased
before new electrified railroads can be efficiently put into opera-
tion.
The 3 largest power plants in the oblast are located in
Omsk city. They generate both heat and power, using KUzuetsk coal
for fuel. Omsk Power Plant TETS 1 ,(Target 0163-0018), 36,000 kw,
and Omsk Power Plant TETS 2 (Target 0163-0001), 75,000 kw, have
been in operation for several years. Omsk Power Plant TETS 3
(Target 0163-0063) is being built near the new oil refinery, and
reportedly represents one of the largest construction projects the
oblast is undertaking. Its present installed capacity is estimated
at 90,000 kw, and its planned capacity has been reported as 330,000
kw, and even as high as 450,000 kw. The completed oil refinery and
its related industries will undoubtedly require a great deal of
power. Several smaller industries in Omsk have their own power
plants, but the exact number and capacities are not known. Small
power plants are also found in other urban areas of the oblast.
Transmission lines from Omsk carry power to some rural
rayons, but a completely interconnected urban-rural power net does
not exist in the oblast. The pattern in rural areas is one of
inter-kolkhoz power Systems. A 1957 Soviet eitimate gave the total
annual output of all rural Power plants ai 5,806,000 kw hours.
Apparently this production is not serving the entire rural popula-
tion, because all communities have not yet been 'electrified. Many
of these settlements are on the virgin lands. Coal will probably
remain the major fuel base for electric power generating. Less
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than 20 per cent of the existing plants are hydroelectric because
there is no? sharp fall to the rivers of the area.
Water is plentiful in the oblast, but not for drinking
purposes. Saline lakes and. shallow wells hold water witich is
unsuitable even for most industrial purposes. A new pollution prob-
lem has arisen from the drainage of Omsk refinery waste products
into the Irtysh River. S of Omsk, the river is much cleaner; water
from this region has been piped into the Irtysh water system since
1957, and. a rather elaborate network of reservoirs and water
conduits is slated for completion sometime in 1959. The lack of
information on progre'ss being made may indicate that the plans are
not being realized.
Until facilities for better water distribution are pro-
vided, at least 13 rayons will continue to suffer from water
deficiencies. Some sovkhozes in the virgin land. regions have to
bring in water by truck from points 20 to 25 miles away. Deep
wells are being drilled where possible. Windmills are still being
used to pump water, but some wells have mechanized systems. Omsk
city is also growing faster than its water facilities, and one
large portion of town is said. to be in great need of a new water
main for its 75,000 inhabitants.
One section of Omsk is. supplied with gas for heating, and
there are indications that gas pipelines will be extended. The
sewage system serving the heart of town is being extended to new
industrial outskirts. However, Soviet standards do not require an
- elaborate method for sewage -disposal.
Public transportation is an item of significance only in
the capital city. Out of the 13 major cities in the Soviet Union,
Omsk showed the greatest increase (250 per cent) in the number of
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passengers carried by its public transportation system betwvten 1940
and 1956. Due partially to the addition of several trolley-bus
lines, the Omsk system was able to handle 96 million passengers in
1956.
E. Economic Characteristics
The city of Omsk is by far the largest industrial center
in the oblast. It accounts for well over 80 per cent of the
oblast's industrial output; about 15 per cent of West Siberia's
industrial production; and 0.6 per cent of the Soviet Union's
gross national product (1956).
The major reason for the economic development of Omsk is
its strategic location in relation to primary E-W.and N-S transpor-
tation routes (see Map IV and Section IV., C, Transportation and
Communications). Despite the fact that no raw materials for heavy
industry are produced nearby, Omsk has developed industries of
regional and national importance through the use of materials
brought in by rail, river, and pipeline. In 1955, heavy industry
accounted for 61 per cent of the city's total output, light
Industry for 20 per cent, and food processing and other activities,
18.9 per cent.
Judging by figures on plant capacities for 1956, Omsk
has the capacity to produce 18.5 per cent of the aircraft engines
built in the USSR, 12.4 per cent of the rubber tires produced,
12 per cent of the tanks and self-propelled guns, 6 per cent of
total petroleum products, and 2.8 per cent of all airframes
produced in the Soviet Union. If, as evidence indicates, a
missile-assembly pt actually exists in Omsk (see Section I., B.
2, Military), this would certainly represent another industry of
national significance.
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Omsk is one of 4 large manufacturers of agricultural
machinery E of the Urals. Tractors, combines, and threshing
machines made here are shipped to he grain belt of Omskaya
Oblast, and on S into Kazakhstan and other areas of virgin land
cultivation. The only plant in Siberia producing precision electri-
cal instruments such as ammeters, voltmeters, and microammeters is
located in Omsk. Auto trailers, motor-bicycle engines, welding
equipment, and carbon black are also produced here. The Omsk
Cartographic Plant not only makes maps, but also sends out aerial
survey teams to do topographic research throughout Sfberia. There
are 6 plants producing reinforced concrete building parts, and
?there making tiles and bricks. Woolen milling, flourmilling, and
the processing of flax, milk, meat, hides, and timber are industries
based on abundant resources available in the oblast itself. A
report of November 1957 discloses plans for Omsk to produce such
consumer items as accordions, pianos, washing machines, cast iron-
ware, and enamelware. The completion of plants for a large-scale
cotton textile industry based on Central Asian raw cotton will
further increase.Omsk's importance on the regional level.
, There are few phases of economic activity in Omsk which
can be considered of purely local significance, and it is probable
that a large part .of the administrative work done by the Omskaya
Oblast Council of National Economy concerns industries in the
capital city (see Section I., B, 3, Government). In addition to
the new developments mentioned above, the Soviets expect the petro-
leum refining center in Omsk to be a "giant among industries" by
1960. Omsk Petroleum Refinery (Target 0163-0062) is planned to
have an installed capacity equal tc-the total of all the refineries
in Baku, where 24 per cent of the Soviet Union's refinery capacity is
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now concentrated. At present 3 cracking units are in operation)
.r
processing crude oil piped from the Bashkirskaya ASSR) and producing
diesel oil) machine lubricants) and gasoline. Reports indicate that
even the current level of production has improved petroleum supplies
in Kazakhstan and Siberia. Plants for the synthesis of alcohol and
rubber from the byproducts of oil refining are now under construc-
tion. A network of pipelines (see. SectionIV., CI Transportation
and Communications) and eventually gas mains will complete the oil
industry complex in Omsk. Although it is doubtful that all this
can be accomplished by 1960, it is certain that Omsk is steadily
becoming an even more important industrial city.
Kalachinsk, to the E of Omsk, is the only other city in
the oblast producing metal goods in quantity. Threshing machines
and spare parts are manufactured here. For the most part, the
economy of other urban areas in the oblast is built upon the proc-
essing of agricultural products. The industry varies with the
region: in Tara it is flak-processing; in Cherlak, meat packing;
and in Nazyvayevsk, flourmilling. (See Section V, Urban Areas, for
a detailed listing of these and other economic activities.) River
craft shipbuilding and railroad servicing are important activities in
urban areas along major transportation routes.
Despite the outstanding position of Omsk as a large and
diversified industrial and transportation center, it must be noted
that it is the only city of this nature in the oblast, and that
agricultural activity predominates.. (Over 60 per cent of the oblast's
population is rural.) The extreme southern part of the oblast lies
in the black soil belt and is one of the principal spring wheat-
producing areas of the Soviet Union. Azovskiy) Odesskiy) and
Sherbakulskiy Rayons are the largest grain producers in the oblast
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(see Mdps II and IV). The SW corner of' the oblast has always been
good wheat land. It is richerandbetter drained than the land in
rayons just N of the Trans-Siberian main line, where extensive
virgin land development has been undertaken. The Most ambitious
projects involve the draining of swamplands in Bolsherechenskiy and
Tarskiy Rayons to the N. It will take 10 years to condition this
land for cultivation.
Of the total land area of Omskaya Oblast, 18.6 per cent
was under grain cultivation by the fall of 1957. Spring wheat was
grown on 4,498,208 acres; oats, rye, barley, and other grains were
grown on 2,066,744 acres. This total grain acreage yielded a
harvest of 1,328,958 metric tons in 1957. The 1957 growing season
was a very poor one, and, despite the addition of.580,000 newly
cultivated acres, the harvest was well below that of 1956
(1,800,000 metric tons). Of the land sown to grain in 1957, over
51 per cent had been put under cultivationSincethe initiation of
the virgin and fallow lands program in 1954.
Omskaya Oblast had 61 sovkhozes in 1956, and 115 MTS' S.
Most of the sovkhozes are grain producers, as are the larger
kolkhozes. Collective farms totaled 668 in 1956, where they had
numbered 2,392 in 1940; consolidation' has considerably increased
the size of collective farms in the oblast. In 1956, 49.4 per cent
of the kolkhozes had between 5,000 and 12,000 acres; 32.7 per cent
had over 12,000 acres. It seems that the transfer of agricultural
equipment from the MTS's to the individual collective farms could
be a very practical move in Omskaya Oblast (see Section I.,131-1 on
this new Party policy) because collective farms here are large
enough to use the eqpipment economically.
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While grain crops occupy 64;8 per cent of the total
cultivated land, there remain 3,566,148 acres sown to other crops
such as flax, sunflowers, mushrooms, potatoes, and Other vegetables.
Soviet sources also include fodder crops in the total acreage .under
cultivation. Over 2,750,000 acres in the oblast are devoted to
raising fodder. This total represents 25 per cent of all land in
West Siberia under fodder crops.
In addition to good fodder supplies, Omskaya'Oblast has
21.1 per cent of its land in natural hayfields and pastures.
Together these form the base for a well-developed livestock economy.
The Oblast raises a million head of beef cattle, 420,000 milk cows,
and 'well over a million sheep and goats. Figures for 1956 also
list 587,000 pigs, and 172,000 horses. Map IV shows the out-
standing livestock raising regions, but some dairy and meat animals
are found in every rayon of the oblast.
Large-scale lumbering is centered in the northern part of
the territory. Figures for 1955 indicate that Omskaya Oblast is
not outstanding in the production of cut lumber (20,691,660 cubic
feet). However, this total does not include the logs which are
sent out of the oblast to the S, via the Irtysh River.
Research carried out at the Omsk Agricultural Institute
should be mentioned here as an important adjunct to the rural-
economy of the oblast and the region. The institute has about
17,000 acres pf land for experimental cultivation, and a staff of
6o scientists. Work is being done on a variety of projects,includ-
ing soil amelioration, livestock breeding, and the development of
hardy plant species. .A.2-volume work, recently published by the
institute, is said to be the standard reference for Siberian
agronomists.
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V. Urban Areas
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TABLE VIII
tSTIMATED DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL
'
URBAN POPULATION
Number of Population
Population Range
Urban Areas
(In Thousands)
Per Cent
500,000. and over
1
540
81.3
100,000-500,000
--
--
--
50,000-100,000
--
--
--
20,000- 50,000
2
48
7.2
10,000- 20,000
5
69
10.4
Less than 10,000
2
7
1.1
Total
10
664
100.0
Over 81 per cent of the total urban population is concentrated
in Omsk, capital of the oblast. This city, with an estimated -
540,000 inhabitants, is by far the largest urban area in Omskaya
Oblast. The second largest urban area, Tara, has an estimated
population of only 25,000. Isil-Kull with 23,000 inhabitants, is
in third place. Seven other urban areas, ranging in population
from 2,000 to 16,000, contain the remaining U.S per cent of the
oblast's urban total.
Omskaya Oblast contains the following urban areas, listed
according to size of population:
Omsk
55-00 N; 73-24 E.
Population: 540,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: capital of Omskaya Oblast; city of
of republic subordination; center of Ulyanovskiy
Rayon; Oblast Committee of Communist Party; city
Committee of Communist Party; Council of National
Economy (Sovnarkhoz); Oblast Executive Committee;
MVD Department of Local Anti-Air Defense; 0.0.,ast
Society for Cooperation with Army, Mr Force, and
Navy (DOSAAF); Oblast Red Cross. Society; City
Executive Committee.
Airfields: one Class 1, military; one Class 4,
civil; one Class 5, probably civil.
Transportation: Headquarters, Omsk RR System;
Division Headquarters, Omsk RR System; engine
house and depot; 2 classification yards; 2 car
SECRET
Declassified
o?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
1
? ;,
SECRET
Omsk repair shops; locomotive and car repair plant;
(Cont' a..) Directorate, Irtysh River Basin Transportation;
major port on Irtysh River. with 6 sets of harbor
facilities; main station on oblast sector of
petroleum pipeline.
Economic: Omsk Aircraft Engine Plant, Baranova
(0163-0004) - 18.5 per cent of USSR cap.; Omsk
Rubber Products Plant (0163-0007) - tires, 12.4
per cent of USSR cap.; Omsk RR Repair and Tank
Plant, Voroshilov (0163-0002) - tanks and self-
propelled guns, 12 per cent of USSR cap.; Omsk
Petroleum Refinery (0163-0062) - 6 per cent USSR
cap.; Omsk Aircraft Plant (0163-0003) - airframes,
2.8 per cent of USSR cap.; possible rocket-test-
ing site nearby; producer of tractors, combines,
agricultural machine parts, auto trailers, motor-
bicycle engines, precision electrical instruments,
welding equipment, reinforced concrete building
parts, tiles, bricks, carbon black, textiles,
radios, 'maps, and biological supplies; 3 large
heat and power plants.
Educational: institutions of higher education in
medicine, pedagogy, physical culture, highway
construction, machine building, agriculture, and
veterinary medicine.
Tara
56-53 N; 74-22 E.
Population: 25,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: town of rayon subordination; center
of Tarskiy Rayon.
Transportation: port facilities on Irtysh River.
Economic: flax, grain, and dairy products; also
shipbuilding, sawmilling, and leather processing.
I511-KU1 54-57 N; 71-17 E.
Population: 23,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: town of rayon subordination; center
of Isil-KUlskiy Rayon.
Transportation: engine house and turnaround point,
Omsk RR System.
Economic: bricks, butter, poultry; fruit nursery'
center.
Nazyvayevsk 55-34 N; 71-21 E.
Population: 16,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: town of rayon subordination; center
of Nazyvayevskiy Rayon.
Transportation: classification yard and locomotive
repair shop, Omsk RR System.
Economic: grain and coal storage center; bricks,
flour, meat, and dairy products; peat extraction
nearby.
Tyukalinsk 55-52 N; 72-12 E.
Population: 15,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: town of rayon subordination; center
of Tyukalinskiy Rayon.
- 41 -
S E C'R E T
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy A proved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
fa,
S E CR E T
link Transportation:. junction of secondary road net.
Cont' d.. Economic: dairying and flourmilling center; fur-
bearing animals raised. in area.
Kalachinsk 55-32 N; 73-25 E.
Population: 14,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: town of rayon subordination; center
of Kalachinskiy Rayon.
Economic: threshing machines, mobile repair shops,
and. parts for agricultural equipment; also has
butter plant, poultry combine, flour mill, and
grain storage facilities.
Cherlak 54-10 N; 74-48 E.
Population: 13,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: urban settlement; center of Cherlak-
skiy Rayon.
,Transportation: port facilities on Irtysh River.
Economic: bricks, furiture, butter and meat products;
ship repair shops, poultry station, fruit nursery,
and grain elevator.
Lyubinskty 55-09 N; 72-42 E.
Population: 11,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: urban settlement; center of Lyubin-
skiy Rayon.
Economic: large milk processing and canning combine;
poultry station and grain storage facilities.
Cherlakskiy 53-46 N; 74-31 E.
Population: 5,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: urban settlement; located in
Drobyshevskiy Rayon.
Economic: center of grain and sheep-raising area.
KXasnyy Yar 55-20 N; 73-06 E.
Population: 2,000 (1958 est.)
Administrative: newly designated urban settlement;
located in LyUbinskiy Rayon.
Economic: probably center for dairy and meat
Trpoduets.
42 -
S E C RE T
I
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy A?proved for Release 2013/08/21 CIA-RDP81-01043R0Q29nn94nn19
58? ---...
57?
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56?
55? ---
54?
71?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
0 B +
7
A
7
K HANTY-M ANS IYSK I Y
NATIONAL OKRUG
(Tevriz)
az%)
(Vass's)
?
_
0
svAISH
-- .*-1
7
SECRET
(Bolshiye Uki)
LAKE
SALTAIM
IK
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(Krutinka) r-b?
t7
1-?
)
(Znamenskoye)
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.... \'''i , MOSKALENSKIY
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TYUKALINSK
OSHA RIVER
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_
RAYON .1 "1?ar
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(Kolosovka)
1
1
./
r`-)
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(Sargatskoye)
ULYANOVSK I YA.
RAYON
OMSK
(8olsherechye)
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(Muromtsevo)
r-e
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\(NIzhnyaya Omcika)
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i z.r.,
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1 rt si ---
,..,_?1.7.1-
1 4.
e
r?I
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f. ' ? C r...... ..1_1
(Odesskoyel El
-
1, ._...,
I
Ej (Pavlogradka) d / L... I
'L.., --ke k.
.\? 1 r--....__..)
(Novo?Varshavka'th) Cherlak
1- L_ ,..?
o,_ f'dy -,......., i 1
Li CIROBYSHEVSKIY??. ,
7-,-, ( ..1
,...., '7 1?"''' . J r?---_
,.., ,.. ? ?Lr`- c? 1 -7 --- r
RAYON
, N , ? ....i . ..I? . .) I C -) --2_,
' -9 1, 8 C c
y rr-4 yx1
0 BLAST e"-- ? _I `---/
. , 7
i ?
r ? -I
.
?
.....?) (Russkaya Polyana10 I
11 /
1
ci
(Kormllovka)
KALACHINSK f
5
st--7
(Irtysh)
SCALE
10 20 30 40
.04
50
1 KILOMETERS
10 20 30 40 50
STATUTE MILES
10
2
30
71
50
I NAUTICAL MILES
72
.s.
S.
R.
73?
'?
c / S.
?_____I \>` cP.
t?
r ,1.--,.
ly-
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0
MAP II
OMSKAYA OBLAST
ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISIONS
LEGEND
(Okeneshnikovo)
rl 1-..rt7
?
74?
75?
ONO ? ? MIN INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
? ammr REPUBLIC BOUNDARY
OBLAST. KRAY.OR ASSR BOUNDARY
RAYON BOUNDARY
x K, NATIONAL OKRUG BOUNDARY
AUTONOMOUS OBLAST BOUNDARY
0 REPUBLIC CAPITAL
* OBLA'ST.KRAY.OR ASSR CAPITAL
OKRUG CAPITAL
0 RAYON CENTER
0 AREA CENTER
A
IF NO RAYON NAME APPEARS, NAME IS SAME AS
THAT OF THE RAYON CENTER
31.
KEY TO PLACE NAMES
MOLOTOV
KIZEL
OCHER
Biser
(Aktogay)
- CITY OF REPUBLIC SUBORDINATION
-CITY OF OBLAST,KRAY,OR ASSR SUB.
- TOWN OF RAYON SUBORDINATION
- URBAN SETTLEMENT
- NON-URBAN POPULATED PLACE
PLACE NAMES USED IN KEY ARE ONLY TO
ILLUSTRATE TYPE SIZE
58
C
--45e
ACCOMPANIES POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO. 53'
94'
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
c" MAP III
OMSKAYA OBLAST
POPULATION
LEGEND
?? mm INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARY
mim ? min REPUBLIC BOUNDARY
OBLAST, KRAY.OR ASSR BOUNDARY
RAYON BOUNDARY
xxxxx NATIONAL OKRUG BOUNDARY
AUTONOMOUS OBLAST BOUNDARY
500,000 AND OVER
100,000-500,000
50,000-100,000
20,000 ? 50,000
10.000 ?20,000
LESS THAN 10,000
FOR RAYON NAMES REFER TO MAP II
25-50 PERSONS
10-25 PERSONS
LESS THAN 10
PERSONS
KEY TO PLACE NAMES
MOLOTOV - CITY OF REPUBLIC SUBORDINATION
KIZEL ?CITY OF OBLAST,KRAY,OR ASSR SUB.
OCHER ? TOWN OF RAYON SUBORDINATION
Blser ? URBAN SETTLEMENT
(Aktogsy) ? NON?URBAN POPULATED PLACE
PLACE NAMES USED IN KEY ARE ONLY TO
ILLUSTRATE TYPE SIZE
76"
ACCOMPANIES POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO._
PREPARED BY AIR RESEARCH DIVISION. LIBRARY OF CONGRESS
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4
72? 75?
A
7
SECRET
0
K H AN TV- MANS I YS K I Y
NATIONAL OKRUG
if
0
58?
57?
if
To
if
0
svAIS/-/ p/freR
(N RIVER
>-
10 IS,y,
LAKE
SALTAIM
LAK
TEN!
OSHA RIVER
56?
7-o
1.,T1UKALINSK
To?64,4
`S'INst(
55?
54?
NAZYVAYEVS
110
xxx x4,x xxx xx x x x x x xxxx XXXX
?.?-?
LYUBINSKIY A/F d
01
XXXXXXXXX
? Lyubinskly
XXX xxxxxxiomsn
MINSK
MAP IV
OMSKAYA OBLAST
TRANSPORTATION, RESOURCES,
AND MILITARY CONTROL
AIRFIELDS
LEGEND
_4_4_1_ SINGLE TRACK RAILROAD
DOUBLE TRACK RAILROAD
-I-1?r NARROW GAUGE RAILROAD
PRINCIPAL HIGHWAY
SECONDARY ROAD
XXXXYX PIPELINE
CLASS OPERATIONAL CAPABILITY -(WHEN SERVICEABLE)
.< 0 1 Heavy Bombers-Medium Bombers and Jet Light Bombers
? 4 Light Transports, Piston engine Fighters, Limited Jet Fighters
0 5 Other Operational or potentially Important Airfields
octSK
P. 7
PORTS AND NAVAL FACILITIES
ISIL-KUL
OMSK SOUTHWEST A/F
7
0 10
To_p_\
r'
7
LAKE
EBEYTE
(Sherbakul)
SCALE
20 30 40 50
I KILOMETERS
n.
(PavIogradka) ?
rk*
10 2
0 40
50
I STATUTE MILES
ks/r
10 2 30 50
NAUTICAL MILES
71
72?
C.
(Russkaya Polyana)
S.
R.
?
10 A
73?.
OL
74?
Cherlak
/ c,
? ? \?. c.P.
ter J ,i.? I?, r .,.. AI? ?? - l'
%ts'r .1 i'e
lip .. Nksk
0 0
?
? e
\? l'?
A
7 Q
75?
0 PRINCIPAL PORT
SECONDARY PORT
RESOURCES
GRAIN
FLAX
I 1
r- 1" '
LIVESTOCK
1
TIMBER
\ I /
?PEAT
KEY TO PLACE NAMES
MOLOTOV ? CITY OF REPUBLIC SUBORDINATION
KIZEL
OCHER
Blur
(AktodaY)
-CITY OF OBLAST,KRAY,OR ASSR SUB.
- TOWN OF RAYON SUBORDINATION
- URBAN SETTLEMENT
- NON-URBAN POPULATED PLACE
PLACE NAMES USED IN KEY ARE ONLY TO
ILLUSTRATE TYPE SIZE
;
5
76?
ACCOMPANIES POLITICAL AND POPULATION SURVEY NO-22_
PREPARED BY AIR RESEARM DIISIOU LIDPARY OF CONURESS
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/08/21 : CIA-RDP81-01043R002200240012-4