SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT SOVIET WEAPONS AND EQUIPMENT

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 96
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 7
• Publication Date: March 5, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

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TELLIGENCE RESEARCH PROJECT
50X1-HUM
5 MARCH 1958
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT SOVIET WEAPONS
AND EQUIPMENT (U)
50X1-HUM
' 50X1-HUM
UNABLE TO DETERMINE REGRADING DATE
DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT CHIEF OF STAFF, INTELLIGENCE
WASHINGTON, D.C.
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9
Is
SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT SOVIET WEAPONS
- AND EQUIPMENT (U)
5 MARCH 1958
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
UNABLE TO DETERMINE REGRADING DATE
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FOREWORD
This is the fourth in a series of studies on Soviet weapons.
Previous studies in the series were rendered out of date by
recent information including that derived from the 7 November
Parade in Moscow.
The purpose of the study is to summarize currently
available information on all significant Soviet weapons and
equipment of Army interest. Wherever possible the study also
predicts developmental and production trends over the next 5
years.
Comments aimed at improving the usefulness of future
publications in this series are needed and earnestly requested.
Such comments may be sent direct to the Assistant Chief of
Staff, Intelligence, Department of the Army, Attn: Technical
Division.
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TABLE OF OONTENTS
PAGE
PURPOSE
RELATED REFERENCES
SUMMARY
DISCUSSION
ARMORED VEHICLES - SECTION A
General
Tanks
Light Tanks
PT-76 Amphibious Light Tank
Unidentified Tankette
Medium Tanks
1
1
1
3
5
5
5
5
5
8
8
T-34(85)
8
T-44
8
T-54
10
New Medium Tank (?)
10
Heavy Tanks
11
JS-3
11
T-10
11
Armored Self Propelled Weapons
11
Assault Weapons
11
General
11
SU-122 M1954
?
15
57-mm SP Gun and 45-mm (?) SP Gun
15
Support Weapons
15
Armored Personnel Carriers
17
Wheeled Carriers
17
BTR-40
17
BTR-152
17
Tracked Carrier
18
BTR-50p
18
Special Purpose Armored Vehicles
18
Lightly Armored Tracked Prime Mover
18
Miscellaneous
18
ARTILLERY - SECTION B
21
General
21
Antiaircraft
21
14.5-mm AA HMG Family
21
57-mm AA Gun Model 8-60
25
Twin 57-mm SP AA Gun Model ZSU-57-2
25
85-mm AA Gun KS-18/KS-18A
25
100-mm AA Gun Model KS-19
26
122-mm AA Gun M1955
26
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Field
85-mm Div Gun Model D-44
85-mm Aux P AT Gun Model D-48
Other Aux P AT Guns
100-mm Field Gun Model 1955
122-mm Field Gun Model D-74
130-mm Field Gun Model M-46
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26
26
28
28
28
28
32
152-mm Howitzer Model D-20
32
203-mm Gun-Howitzer Model 1955
32
Super-heavy SP Guns
32
Notes of Interest
33
Artillery Mortars
33
160-mm Mortar Model M-160
33
240-mm Mortar Model M-240
33
Field Rocket Launchers (Free Rockets)
37
140-mm RL (16 rd) BH-14
37
200-mm RL (4 rd)
37
240-mm RL (12 rd) BM-24
37
240-mm RL (12 rd) on Tracked Prime Mover
40
250-mm (?) RL (6 rd) on YaAZ-214
40
1-rd RL on Amphibious Chassis
40
1-rd RL on JS Type Chassis
40
Future Artillery Trends
42
Ammunition
43
Optimum Fragmentation Ammunition
43
Very High Velocity Ammunition
43
INFANTRY WEAPONS - SECTION C
45
General
45
Description and Employment
46
7.62-mm Kalashnikov Submachine Gun (AK)
46
7.62-mm Simonov Semiautomatic Carbine (SKS)
46
7.62-mm Degtyarev Light Machine Gun (RPD)
46
7.62-mm Co MG M1946 (RP-46)
46
Inf. AT L RPG-2
49
82-mm Inf. AT L SPG-82
49
82-mm Recoilless AT Gun B-10
49
107-mm Recoilless AT Gun B-11
49
Future Trends
49
AIRCRAFT AND AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT - SECTION D
53
General
53
Helicopters
53
HAT
54
HARE
54
HEN
56
HOG
P6
HOUND
56
HORSE
58
HOOK
58
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VTOL Aircraft
58
Light Fixed Wing Aircraft
62
CREEK
62
Twin engine utility class monoplane
62
(Short take off and landing aircraft)
62
Light Jet or Turbo Prop Aircraft
62.
Transport Aircraft
64
General
64
Light Transports
_64
Medium Transports
64
Heavy Transports
64
Simulators
69
COMMUNICATIONS AND ELECTRONICS - SECTION E
71
General
71
Fire Control Radars
71
CROSS FORK
71
WHIFF
71
FIRE CAN
71
LONG TROUGH
73
Unidentified Radar
73
TRACK DISH
73
Counter-battery and Counter6mortar Radar
73
Passive Radar - field type
73
Variable Time Fuzes
75
Night Observation Device
75
Automatic Data-processing Equipment
75
Analog Computers
75
Digital Computers
75
Field Type
80
Air Traffic Control System
80
KR46
80
MOON
82
SHORE WALK
82
HOME RUN
82
HOME TALK
82
LONG EYE
82
Airborne Thermal Reconnaissance Device
82
Infrared Device
83
Nuclear Locator Devices
83
Mobile VHF and UHF Radio Communications Equipment
83
Field Radio Equipment
83
RSB-F
87
RBM-1
87
A-7-A and A-7-B
87
9 RS
87
10-R, 10-KT, 10-RTM, 10-RT-12,
10-RK-26, 12-R
87
R-105 and R-106
90
R-108 and R-109
90 ?
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Anti-missile Electronic Countermeasures
Reconnaissance Drone
Variable Time Fuze Jammer
On-line Cipher Device
Teletype, High Speed
Infrared Detector
Portable Electronic Jammers
Night Photographic Device
Long Range Target Location
Aircraft Simulators (see Section D)
Gun Data Computers for Field Artillery
GUIDED MISSILES - SECTION F
General
Air-to-Surface Missile (Amis)
Surface-to-Surface Missiles (SSM1s)
SS-1
SS-2
SS-3
SS-4
Guided Anti-tank Missile
Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM1s)
(Multiple Missile Guidance System)
Anti-ballistic Missile
Air-to-Air Missile (AAM's)
Soviet Earth Satellites
NUCLEAR WEAPONS - SECTION G
General
Nuclear Propulsion for Aircraft
Nuclear Propulsion for Surface Vehicles
Atomic Demolition Munitions
CHEMICAL-BIOLOGICAL-RADIOLOGICAL WARFARE -
General
Chemical Warfare
Toxic Agents
Means of Dissemination
Smoke
Defensive Materiel
Detection and Identification
Protection
Decontamination
Biological Warfare
Agents
Means of Dissemination
Defensive Materiel
Detection
Protection
Decontamination
Immunization
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PAGE
90
90
90
90
90
90
93
93
93
93
93
95
95
95
95
95
100
100
104
104
104
106
106
108
SECTION H 113
113
113
113
114
114
118
118
122
122
126
126
126
126
126
128
128
128
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Radiological Warfare
Offensive Materiel
Defensive Materiel
Protection
Detection
Decontamination
RELATED EQUIPMENT - SECTION I
General and Special Purpose Vehicles
Trucks
General
New Family of Trucks
GAZ-69 and GAZ-69-A
GAZ-62
GAZ-56
GAZ-63 and GAZ-66
GAZ-51 and GAZ-52
ZIS/ZIL-150 and ZIL-164
ZIOIL-151 and ZIL-157
MA2-200
YaAZ-214
YaAZ-210
Amphibious Vehicles
General
GAZ-46 Amphibious Truck
RAV Amphibious Truck
K-61 Tracked Amphibian
Tracked Prime Movers
General
M-2 Tracked Prime Mover
Ya-14 and Ya-14 (Modified)
Medium Tracked Prime Mover M1954(?)
Heavy Tracked Prime Mover M1950 (?)
Miscellaneous Specialized Vehicles
GAZ-47 Tracked Transporter
PINGUIN Cross Country Vehicle
Mechanical Mule
Aerosleds
Bridging
General
Floating Bridges
Amphibious Ferries - Bridges
Narrow Gap Bridges
Mine Warfare Equipment
Camouflage
Entrenching and Excavating Equipment
Ditching Machines
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PAGE
128
128
128
128
130
130
133
133
133
133
133
134
134
134
134
136
136
136
136
136
139
139
139
139
139
142
142
142
142
142
142
146
146
146
146
148
148
148
148
149
152
152
154
157
157
157
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PAGE
Plaws
159
Tunneling Machine
159
Tractors
160
Body and Flexible Armor
164
Medical Equipment
164
Ship-to-shore Aerial Cableway
168
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LIST OF DATA TABLES
FIGURE NO. TOPIC
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PAGE
1
8
12
Taaks
Armored Self-Propelled Weapons
Armored Personnel Carriers
6
12
16
14
Special Purpose Armored Vehicles
20
16
Antiaircraft Artillery
24
22
Field Artillery
27
31
Mortars
34
34
Free Rockets
36
42
Infantry Weapons
51
52
Helicopters
60
64
Light Transport Aircraft
66
65
Medium Transport Aircraft
66
69
Heavy Transport Aircraft
67
71
Soviet Fire Control Radar
74
78
Field Type Passive Radar Devices
74
80
Electronic Computers
77
83
Air Traffic Control Devices
81
89
Field Radio Equipment
86
99
Guided Missiles
96
99a
Guided Missiles
97
.1
115
Ground Spray Devices
115
116
Aerial Munitions and Equipment for
the Dissemination of Toxic Agents
115
119
Ground Munitions and Equipment for
the Dissemination of Smoke
117
120
Aerial Munitions and Equipment for
the Dissemination of Smoke
119
121
Ground Flame and Incendiary Weapons
and Equipment
119
123
Aerial Munitions and Equipment for the
Dissemination of Incendiary and Flame
120
126
Performance Characteristics of
MO-2 Canister
120
129
Protection Afforded Against Liquid Agents
by Soviet Protective Clothing
124
131
Possible Soviet HIT Agents
124
145
Cargo Trucks
138
150
Amphibious Vehicles
140
152
Tracked Prime Movers
144
156
Specialized Vehicles
145
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SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT SOVIET WEAPONS
AND EQUIPMENT (U)
I. PURPOSE
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1. The purpose of this study is to present a condensed summary
of significant Soviet weapons and related equipment currently in
operational use by the Soviet Army.
II. RELATED REFERENCES
2. Department of the Army Pamphlets, 30-3-1 through 30-20-1
(DAP 30-series), provide detailed data covering the technical, tactical,
and recognition aspects of Soviet weapons and equipment. For the
convenience of persons desiring to make a more comprehensive study
of Soviet materiel, a listing is provided on the last page of this
study.
3. The Army Technical Intelligence Bulletin, published since
May 1955, now a bimonthly, provides interim, fragmentary reports on
foreign weapons and equipment, including intelligence gaps. This
Bulletin will cease publication with the March-April 1958 issue and
will be replaced by a monthly Combat Equipment Technical Intelligence
Bulletin effective 1 July 1958.
4. Summary of Intelligence Reference Data, Project 4831, provides
current estimates of the quantities of major weapons in being in the
USSR.
5. Intelligence Collection Memoranda (ICM's) provide specific
intelligence collection requirements and gUidance on foreign materiel.
III. SUMMARY
6. The Soviet Army today possesses a modern weapons system
that has been drastically overhauled and improved since World War II.
In some instances, the Soviets have retained World War II proven
equipment, but by and large their present forces are equipped with
new material that is best described as rugged, simple, of modern
design, easily mass-produced, well made, and possessing full battle-
field effectiveness.
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7. The postwar weapons developments show clear evidence of a
balanced program designed to achieve maximum mobility (a preponderant
number of full-track laying vehicles, many of which are amphibious),
standardization (particularly of gun tubes, ammunition, engines, and
chassis), greater personnel protection, ease of maintenance, and
increased fire power; all with a minimum increase in complexity of
weapons and related equipment.
8. There have been notable improvements in related equipment,
particularly in communications, transport, and mechanization of
supporting functions such as logistical supply, mine laying, and
providing fortifications by employment of large plows and ditching
machines. The Soviet Army is well prepared for C-B,R warfare.
9. An effort has been made to provide trends to be expected
during the next five year period. The over-all trends summarized
in the paragraphs above have been evidenced since 1954 in many
positive ways, particularly as postwar second and third generations
of equipment became known. Pertinent major characteristics,
operational availability dates, and production data are provided
where this information is available.
10. One can only conclude after a study of Soviet materiel
developments that have taken place since 1948 that they have taken
full advantage of available technology to provide modern equipment
in the requisite quantities to their army, and in many instances to
the satellites. Practically all new items reflect native design to
a degree unknown in the past.
11. Every major type of climate and terrain is to be found on
the Eurasian land mass now under Communist domination. The Soviet
Army is the only major force in the world today that has a completely
new postwar arsenal of weapons, in being, in the hands of trained
troops, capable of fighting either a nuclear or non-nuclear war, big
or small, in any kind of climate or terrain.
12. Two areas of development have not been apparent. There
is no significant evidence that the Soviets have a transoceanic
assault transport capability. Neither is there evidence of a large
scale long range air assault capability; however, the short range
small scale air assault capability is very real. It is important for
Americans when comparing U.S. equipment to Soviet equipment to keep
in mind the fact that we design equipment that can readily be
transported to other shores whereas the USSR is supplied from
interior lines of communication.
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13. Every missile displayed by the Soviets to date has been
manned by army artillerymen. The evidence that the Soviet Army will
take maximum advantage of the capabilities of modern missiles is
incontrovertible. It may be assumed that the tremendous national
outlay that has been made for quantities of modern armor, full tracked
vehicles, mobile weapons, amphibians, and the mobile related equipment
is a calculated part of the Soviet master plan for world domination.
The role of the Soviet Army in executing this plan is self evident.
IV. DISCUSSION
14. The discussion for this Project has been divided into the
following sections:
Section A - Armored Vehicles
Section
Section
Section
Section
Section
B Artillery
C Infantry 'Weapons
D Aircraft and Airborne
E Communications and Electronics
F - Guided Missiles
Section G - Nuclear Weapons
Section H - CBR
Section I - Related Equipment
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SECTION A
ARMORED VEHICLES
1. General -- Today the Soviet Army possesses the worlds most
powerful armored fighting force. The Soviets emerged from World War II
with an excellent medium tank, an outstanding heavy tank, and a family
of heavily armored and armed assault guns to accompany and support
their tank forces. Armored vehicle development has continued apace
in the USSR since World War II. Taking advantage of the industrial
base that has grown steadily since the war, the Soviets have produced
in quantity a postwar successor to most of their World War II combat
vehicles, and, in addition, they have developed and produced several
completely new combat vehicles for which there were no older counter-
parts. Specifications and operational characteristics of Soviet armored
vehicles, except for the latest models, are covered in Department of the
Army Pamphlet Nr 30-40, Handboo on Soviet Armored Vehicles and Antitank
Weapons, dated June 1954. See also Department of the Army Pamphlet
Nr 30-3-1 with changes. (U)
2. Tanks1 -- The Soviets classify their tanks, by weight, as follows:
Light tanks . . . . up to 20 metric (22 short) tons
Medium tanks. . . . 25 to 40 metric (28 to 44 short) tons
Heavy tanks . . . . over 40 metric (44 short) tons (U)
a. Light Tanks
(1) PT-76 Amphibious Light Tank2 -- The Soviets abandoned
the light tank as a combat vehicle in 1943. However, by 1954, a new
light tank had been developed and issued for use as a reconnaissance
vehicle. This tank, the PT-76, is now organic to the reconnaissance
elements of all Soviet line divisions. A completely amphibious vehicle
with a crew of 3 men, it features a distinctive boat-like hull with a
flat top deck on which is mounted a small dome-shaped turret which
houses a 76-mm gun. The tank's light armor is estimated to be only
1 inch thick. Amphibious operation of the tank is limited o relatively
smooth inland waterways because the freeboard, when afloat', is only
4 to 6 inches below the top deck. Estimated maximum speed in the water
is 5 miles per hour and a bow-vane attachment can be raised on the front
1. See table, page 6.
2. See photograph, page 7,
3. See photograph, page 7.
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Figure 1. TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVIET TANKS
Weight Primary Secondary Engine Max Cruising Range Operationally quantity Annual Rate
Designation Combat Armament Armament Type Speed w/o Refueling Available Produced of
Loaded As of 1 Jan 58 Production
Amphibious Light 15.5 Tons lx76mm Gun, 1x7.62mm 237 HP, 25 mph 160 miles 1952 2,450* 500*
Tank, PT-76 (model Unk) Coax MG diesel
Unidentified 9 Tons* lx45mm Gun* 1x7.62mm Unknown 25 mph* Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown
Tankette Coax M0,0
Medium Tank, 35 Tons lx85mM Gun, 2x7.62mm 493 HP, 35 mph 185 miles 1943 40,050* Note 1
T-34(85) 141944 MG1s, Coax diesel
(ZIS-553) and Bow
Medium Tank, 37 Tons* lx85em Gun, 2x7.62mm 493 HP, 35 mph. 155 miles* 1946 2,000* Note 1
T-44 M1944 Ma's, Coax diesel
(ZIS-S53) and Bow
Medium Tank, 40 Tons lx100mm 2x7.62mm 512 HP, 30 mph 250 miles 1950 35,400* 4,000s
T-54 Gun, 111944 MGs, Coax diesel Note 2 Note 2
to (p-loT) and Bow.
rn lx12.7mn, r
cf. () AA MG.
Q
rn .
--I Heavy Tank, 50.6 Tons lx122mm lx7.62mm 512 HP, 23 mph 80 miles 1945 7,670* Note 1
JS-.3 Gun, 111943 Coax MG. diesel
(D -25T) lx12.7mm
AL MG
Heavy Tank, 53.5 Tons lx122mm 2x12.7mm 690 HP, 20 mph 140 miles 1952 5,390? 800*
T-10 Gun, (Model MGIs, Coax diesel
Unknown) and AL
* Estimated
Note 1. No longer in production.
Note 2. Included in the 35,400 quantity produced figure is any production of a newer medium tank. If a new medium tank is in production then
the quantity produced and annual production rate will be lower than given due to loses during production conversion.
cn
rn
70
rn
-n
PT-76 Amphibious Light Tank. (C
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upper hull plate to deflect the bow wash away from the driver's hatch.
The method of propulsion in water is believed to be by use of a hydro-
jet principle; louvers on the rear side plates of the hull are
believed to be the intakes and the outlets appear to be the twin
shutter-covered openings in the rear hull plate. It is not anticipated
that the PT-76 amphibious tank will undergo any major modifications in
the near future; however, with the advent of Soviet heavy lift helicopters
and assault transport aircraft, an attempt could be made to produce
a miniaturized version of the amphibious tank for use by airborne
units. (C)
(2) Unidentified Tankette In 1956, a miniature light
tank, reminiscent of World War II tankettes, was observed in the hands
of Soviet troops in East Germany on a few occasions. Estimated to
weigh approximately 9 tons, it is not known if the tank is even of
Soviet manufacture. It may be a one-time item produced by a
Satellite country for test and experimentation. This tankette has
not been sighted since the summer of 1956. With its poor over-all
design, puny armament, and negligible armor this tank adds little to
the effectiveness of Soviet armor, and its position in Soviet tables
of organization and equipment cannot be detected. (C)
b. Medium Tanks
(1) T-34(85) -- This tank, mounting an 85-mm gun, was
the workhorse of the Soviet Army during the later stages of World
War II. It represented an excellent technological compromise of the
conflicting requirements of tank design (fire power, armor protection,
and mobility), particularly in view of its year of introduction (1943)..
This tank, which was continued in limited production until about 1950,
has been widely distributed to Bloc and to certain non-Bloc countries.
Although rapidly being replaced in the Soviet Army by the T-54 tank,
the T-34(85) is still found in many Soviet divisions. (C)
(2) T-44 -- Late wartime and early postwar development
efforts resulted in the introduction of the T-44 medium tank sometime
prior to 1947. Although the-T-44 was offered as an improvement over
the T-34(85), it is believed that it did not prove completely
satisfactory and that full-scale production was not undertaken.
Small numbers of T-44 tanks were employed by Soviet troops during the
1956 Hungarian Rebellion. The principal differences of the T-44 from
its progenitor are: (a) a larger. andmore sharply sloped turret
mounted centrally on the hull; (b) greater frontal armor protection
(3.5 inches on the hull); (c) the positioning of the driver's hatch
on the left front of the hull roof instead of in the center of the
hull upper front plate; (d) a slightly longer hull with vertical upper
hull side plates; (e) a bow machine gun which fires through a hole
flush with the hull upper front plate instead of from a ball-socket
mount; and (f) a modified suspension arrangement (the spacing of the
road wheels has been changed so that there is a greater distance
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CONFIDENTIAL..
FIG 4. 1-54 Medium Tank With Bulb-Shaped Turret. (U)
FIG 5. 1-54 Medium Tank With Dome-Shaped Turret. (U)
FIG 6. T-54 Medium Tank With Muzzle Counterweight. (U)
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between the first and second road wheels to compensate for
repositioning the turret farther to the rear). Most of the new
features of the T-44 tank's hull shape and suspension system are to
be found on the latest Soviet medium tank, the T-54. (C)
(3) T-54 -- This tank, which is believed to have gone
into production in 1949, has been issued to Soviet tank, and
medhanized divisions in large numbers. Based on a slightly modified
T-44 hull, the T-54 incorporates considerably improved firepower and
armor protection (3.75 inches on hull upper front plate) for a total
weight increase over the T-44 of only three tons. It mounts a 100-mm
gun in a turtle-shaped turret which is placed centrally on the tank
hull. To date three variations of the T-54 turrRt and gun combination
have been identified. The turret on one variety' is bulb-shaped
with the lower part of the turret undercut to the turret ring. This
variety has an external mantlet for the 100-mm gun and it is believed
that this was the initial turret shape used on the T-54. The second,
and most numerous yariety observed to date, features the more
turtle-like turret) with a hemispherical shape whose base is larger
than the turret ring and overlaps the sides of the tank. This
variety hp an internal mantlet'for the 100-mm gun. The third
variation' is almost identical to the second except that the 100-mm
gun has a counterweight sleeve welded along the tube near the muzzle.
It is reported that tanks with the muzzle counterweight are provided
with a gyro-stabilizer system for control of the gun in elevation.
The designations T-55 and T-56 have been reported on occasions as
pertaining to variations of the basic T-54 tank; however, to date,
no confirmation or matching of these designations with the varieties
of T-54s has been obtained. The 100-mm gun has been reported as the
D-10T and is identical to the gun of the same caliber which is
mounted on the SU-100 assault gun. The T-54 uses a standard articulated
type telescopic sight for the main armament. No range drums, ballistic
computer boxes, or optical range finders are provided. Kits have been
developed for preparing the tank to ford water slightly deeper than
the top of the turret through the use of a "snorkel" type attachment.
A 45-mm subcaliber training device which is inserted inside the chamber
of the 100-mm gun is a standard item of equipment. Infrared night firing and
driving equipment has also been reported as an available accessory. (0
(4) New Medium Tank (?) -- Reports which might indicate
the testing, development, or production of a new medium tank are
practically nonexistent. However, the T-54 is already over 8 years old
and production commenced in CzePhoglovakia and Poland in 1957.
Replacement of T-34(85) tanks by T-54 tanks is still not complete in
Soviet units and almost ceased in the Group of Soviet Forces in Germany
in 1957. This may indicate that a changeover in production to a newer
4. See photograph, page
5. See photograph, page
6. See photograph, page
9.
9 .7
9.
10
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t:t
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medium tank is already taking place. If the Soviets are in fact
producing a new medium tank, it would probably include the following
improvements over the T-54: (a) A new gun, the newest 100-mm Field
Gun M1955, seems readily adaptable for mounting in a tank and should
fire ammunition at higher muzzle velocities than the older M1944
100-mm gun (D-10T); (b) a new engine, the present 512-horsepower engine
is only marginal power for a tank in the 40-ton range; and (c) thicker
armor, the 3.75-inch armor thickness on the T -54's upper front hull
plate is low and would probably be increased to approximately 4.75
inches. (C)
c. Heavy Tanks
(1) JS-3 -- The JS-3 made its appearance in the late
stages of World War II as the successor to the JS-1 and JS-2 heavy tanks.
The JS -2 and JS-3 heavy tanks are still in service in Soviet tank and
mechanized divisions. The JS-3 heavy tank features armor protection of
substantial thickness (4.7 inches sloped at 550 on the hull front) and
a highly sloped armor arrangement, thereby creating difficult
penetration problems. (C)
(2) T-107 -- This new heavy tank has been available as
a replacement for the JS-3 since 1953. The T-10 appears to be a
substantial improvement over the JS-3 and is assumed to have replaced
it in production. Although only 3 tons heavier than the JS-3, the T-10
has a more powerful diesel engine and is estimated to have thicker
frontal armor (possibly 5.5 inches on the turret and hull front) than
the JS -3. The 122-mm gun is also believed to be a tank-mounted version
of the new 122-mm Field Gun D-74 which should fire ammunition at higher
muzzle velocities than the older .p-25T 122-mm gun used on the JS-3.
A cylindrical object mounted around the gun tube behind the muzzle
brake is believed to be either a bore evacuator or a counterweight.
This tank has only recently been observed with Soviet troops in East
Germany (1957), and yet there is already one report that a successor
to the T-10 heavy tank is now available. (S)
3. Armored Self-propelled Weapons8
a. Assault Weapons
(1) General -- By the end of World War II, the Soviet Army
had developed and produced a wide range of heavily armored assault gun
weapons. These included the SU-85, SU-100, JSU-122 (in two models; one
mounting the A-19S gun without a muzzle brake and the other mounting
the D-25S gun with a muzzle brake), and the JSU -152. The SU-85 and SU-100
are still used in the rifle divisions while the JSU -122 and the JSU-152
are used in the tank and mechanized divisions. (C)
7. See photograph, page 13.
8. See table, page 12.
11
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Figure g. TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVIET ARItORED SELF?PROPELLED WEAPONS
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
FIG 9. 57-mm SP Gun-. (U)
FIG 10. 57-mm SP Gun. (U)
FIG 11. 45-mrri (?) SP Gun. (U)
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14
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(2) SU-122 M1954 -- One postwar addition to the heavily
armored World War II assault gun family has been reported. Called the
SU-122 M1954, the new self-propelled gun is reported to consist of the
T-54 tank chassis mounting a 122-mm gun. No photograph has been
obtained of this vehicle. Because its weight is reported to be
approximately 40 tons, it is probable that this self-propelled gun
possesses the armor protection of the T-54 medium tank. Possessing the
mobility of the T-54 medium tank and the firepower of the heavy tank,
this self-propelled gun is assigned to Soviet tables of organization
for the tank and mechanized divisions. (S)
(3) 57-mm SP Gun and 45-mm(?) SP Gun9 -- These lightly
armored vehicles first appeared in the 1957 May Day Parade in Moscow.
Identical in other respects, the vehicles were equipped with two
different guns. The gun on one type vehiclel? (the most numerous one
and the only type again displayed in November 1957) is believed to be
an adaptation of the 57-mm Antitank Gun M1943 and is fitted with a
standard type double-baffle muzzle brake (the interim designation for
this vehicle is the 57-mm SP Gun). The gun mounted on the other type
vehiclell has an unusual appearance and is of an undetermined caliber
(estimates range from 45 to 57 mm). The muzzle section contains 34
slots or perforations and may be a detachable muzzle brake to facilitate
loading within aircraft, or a squeeze-bore attachment, or a device for
firing rocket-boosted, shaped-charge ammunition or fin-stabilized,
high-velocity, kinetic-energy ,projectiles. There are some reports
which vaguely suggest that this gun may even be a recoilless type.
(The interim designation for this vehicle is the 45-mm(?) SP Gun.)
Both vehicles appear to be fast, light, and highly manueverable. The
light suspension system and thin armor protection, as well as markings,
indicate that the vehicles are air transportable by new Soviet transport
aircraft and possibly even by the Soviet HORSE helicopter. However, roles
other than asantitank protection for airborne forces are probable as
there are indications that a vehicle of this general type may be issued
to the mechanized regiments of mechanized and tank divisions and to
the rifle regiments of rifle divisions. The appearance of these small
self-propelled guns is the first indication of a possible Soviet
development trend toward lighter, air-transportable armored vehicles. (S)
b. Support Weapons -- The only modern armored support
weapons (i.e., weapons mounted on armored chassis and primarily intended
to deliver indirect fire against land targets or to deliver antiaircraft
fire) identified to date are the ZSU-57-2 Antiaircraft SP and the self-
propelled launcher carrier for the 15-nautical mile (Honest John type)
rocket which are treated in the Artillery Section of this document.
9.
See photograph,
page
14.
10.
See photograph,
page
14.
11.
See photograph,
page
14.
15
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/".". 4.?
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_
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16
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To date no Soviet armored self-propelled artillery weapons of the
divisional artillery type have been identified. Unconfirmed reports
have been received of the existence of a lightly armored, full-tracked,
self-propelled 85-mm gun vehicle with a weight of between 7 to 10 tons
and a maximum gun elevation of 700. There are also unconfirmed reports
which indicate the development of an antiaircraft rocket launcher to be
mounted on the T-54 tank chassis. This rocket launcher is reported to
fire a 120-mm beam-riding, homing type missile at aircraft between
1,000 and 8,000 meters in altitude or to be able to fire 120-mm rockets
against ground targets to a range of 8,700 yards. The launcher is
reported to have been developed in both a 12-round and a 20-round version,
either of which can be fired individually, in ripple, or in salvo.
Considering the current trend toward increasing the organic mobility
of all Soviet combat units, it is very possible that the near future
may reveal the existence of a new Soviet family of lightly armored,
fully tracked, self-propelled artillery or antiaircraft artillery
vehicles. (S)
4. Armored Personnel Carriers12
a. Wheeled Carriers
(1) BTR-40 -- This 4 x 4 wheeled armored vehicle resembles
the World War II United States M3 scout car and is assembled by applying
armor plate to the chassis of the GAZ-63 cargo truck. Called the BTR-40,
it is found in greatest numbers in the rifle divisions and in lesser
numbers, usually with reconnaissance elements, in the tank and
mechanized divisions. Normally observed carrying up to eight men and
mounting a 7.62-mm heavy machine gun, it has also been seen carrying
a dual 14.5-mm machine gun mount (possibly a vehicular-mounted version
of the ZPU-2 antiaircraft machine gun). (C)
(2) BTR-152 -- This 6 x 6 wheeled armored vehicle has been
the Soviet's principal postwar armored personnel carrier. It has
been widely distributed throughout the Soviet Army, particularly to the
tank and mechanized divisions. It has also been distributed to other
Bloc and to certain non-Bloc countries. The BTR-152 is.assembled by
applying armor plate to the chassis of the ZIS/ZII,151 cargo truck.
Although designed primarily as a personnel carrier for 12 men, a variety
of other roles have been observed: (a) As a carrier for a dual 14.5-mm
machine gun mount; (b) as a prime mover for antitank guns or heavy
mortars; and (c) even as an armored cargo carrier and battlefield
evacuation vehicle. Normally the personnel compartment is provided with
only a canvas covering; however, recently a completely inclosed model,
with a very top-heavy silhouette, has been observed in use as a command
or radio vehicle. In recent years, an outrigger-type modification has
been extended from the hull to the wheel hubs to permit automatic
deflation or inflation of the tires by the driver from within the
vehicle. (C)
12. See table, page 16.
17
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b. Tracked Carrier
BTR-50p19 -- The introduction of a full-tracked armored
personnel carrier has been anticipated for some time due to the
limited off-road performance capability of the Soviet's wheeled
armored personnel carriers. The BTR-50p, a full-tracked armored
personnel carrier, capable of carrying a 3-man crew and 12 other
passengers is reported to have been available to Soviet units since
1954. This vehicle was first reported in the hands of the Group of
Soviet Forces in Germany in the late summer of 1957. This armored
personnel carrier is fully amphibious and is constructed on the same
basic hull design as the PT-76 amphibious tank. While not provided
with a permanently attached overhead armor cover for the passenger
compartment, there is a possibility that a detachable box-top-like
armor cover or a system of support bows and an armor blanket may be
provided for overhead protection. (C)
5. Special-purnose Armored Vehicles14
a. Lightly Armored Tracked Prime Mover15 -- This vehicle has
occasionally been mistaken for a new armored personnel carrier. It
has been observed on several occasions in East Germany and Poland and
in both the 1957 May Day and 7 November Parades in Moscow. In all '
instances it has been observed serving as a prime mover for the 100-mm
Field Antitank-Gun M1955 which is the principal weapon employed by
the nondivisional antitank units. . The vehicle is lightly
armored with the maximum armor thickness reported to be less than one
inch, except around the bow machinegun blister, where it is reported
to be slightly thicker. The armor appears to protect only the forward
portions of the vehicle which house the engine, the driver, the bow
machinegun operator, and the vehicle commander. The vehicle is
reported to be extremely fast and agile. The absence of visible means
of water propulsion and the compactness of construction tend to
discount reports of an amphibious capability. This vehicle is another
excellent example of the current Soviet emphasis on mobility in the
manuever and deployment of their supporting weapons as well as their
primary battle vehicles. (C)
b. Miscellaneous -- The Soviet Army employs many varieties
of special-purpose vehicles which are assembled on full-tracked armored
vehicle chassis. These vehicles range from assemblies fabricated in
the field by the using units to more sophisticated factory or depot
applied installations. Turretless T-34 tank chassis are often
converted to use as tank recovery vehicles, as armored command vehicles,
and occasionally are equipped with cargo-type platforms for handling
large fuel drums or ammunition loads during resupply operations. Short-
gap assault bridges are mounted on tank chassis. Mine-clearing rollers
and disks are frequently pushed in front of tanks.
13. See photograph, page 19.
14. See table, page 20.
15. See photograph, page 19.
18
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FIG 13. BTR-50p Amphibious APC. (S)
CONFIDENTIAL
"4:
FIG 15. 15. Armored Light Tracked Prime Mover. (U)
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19
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TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVIET SPECIAL PURPOSE ARI1OREE VEHICLES
43]
g
0
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? Estimated
.?
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20
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SECTION B
ARTILLERY
1. General
SECRET
a. Since 1950 the Soviet Army has revealed many new artillery
weapons, including heavy mortars, rocket launchers and free rockets.
These constitute a considerable advance over the Soviet Army's previous
artillery family. Some older weapons are still standard but probably
will be replaced during the next five-year period. It is believed,
however, that the over-all total number of weapons in the new family
will be less than that in its predecessor. The new weapons are
generally characterized by a comprehensive range of calibers, by
simplicity of design, by comparatively light weight, better mobility,
and by increased performance. All calibers 200 mm and greater could
physically accept atomic warheads. (S)
b. There are still considerable gaps in our knowledge of the
new Soviet Army artillery family, and these gaps are recorded in
ACSI Intelligence Collection Memorandum 26-81K2-16. Department of the
Army Pamphlet 30-4-1, as changed, gives a detailed treatment for most
known Soviet artillery. (C)
2. Antiaircraft16
a. The Soviet Army World War II family of light and medium
antiaircraft artillery guns lacked modern fire-control and remote-
control equipment. No heavy Soviet antiaircraft artillery guns existed
in World War II. Current designs in production are families of new
and modern, light, medium, and heavy guns and associated electronic
fire-control and remote-control equipment. A very simple, small-caliber
family of light antiaircraft weapons, based on a 14.5-mm machine gun
in single-, dual, and quadruple-mount versions, has been produced to
round out the Soviet antiaircraft arsenal. (C)
b. The new weapons are designed to eliminate the deficiencies
of the World War II family. Information on the progress of the Soviet
Army in electronic antiaircraft artillery fire-control devices is found
in Section E. (U)
c. 14.5-mm Antiaircraft Heavy Machine Gun Family -- A new
family of heavy antiaircraft machine guns is currently supplementing the
12.7-mm Antiaircraft Heavy Machine Gun (DShK) in the Soviet Army. This
weapon is based on a new 14.5-mm (caliber .57) machinegun and exists
in single-, dual-, and quadruple-gun verSions which bear the nomenclature
16. See characteristics table, nage 27.
21
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FIG 20. 100-mm Antiaircraft Gun Model KS-19. (5)
FIG 18. 57-mm Antiaircraft Gun Model S-60. (U)
FIG 21. 122-mm Antiaircraft Gun M1955. (U)
FIG 19. 57-mm Self-Propelled Antiaircraft Gun
Model ZSU-57-2. (S)
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24
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ZPU referring to the antiaircraft mount. These letters are followed
by a figure 1, 2, or 4 which indicates the number of guns mounted on
the carriage concerned. The ZPU-1 and ZPU-2 are mounted on towed,
single-axle, two-wheeled carriages and the ZPU-417 on a towed, double-
axle, four-wheeled carriage. Twin 14.5-mm machineguns, employing a
special ring mount, have been observed mounted on the 4 x 4 BTR-40
and the 6 x 6 BTR-152 armored personnel carriers. These weapons are
found in all line and antiaircraft divisions of the Soviet Army.
The ZPU-1 has been identified only in the hands of North Korean troops,
therefore, probably has not been adopted for service in the Soviet
Army (C).
d. 57-mm Antiaircraft Gun Model S-60* -- This 57-mm antiaircraft
18 -
gun -8, believed to have been accepted for standardization in 1950, is
replacing the 37-mm antiaircraft gun M1939 in the Soviet Army. The over-
all design features of this gun indicate that it was developed from the
German World War II experimental 55-mm Gerat 58 antiaircraft gun. Its
carriage is the same Bofors type as that used for its predecessor,
i.e., one with four wheels, outriggers, and jack pads for stability.
It is clip fed through a horizontal feeding mechanism, has a remote-
control system, on-carriage sighting devices, and off-carriage fire-
control equipment, including a radar component, SON-9, nicknamed
"FIRE CAN". These weapons are found in all Soviet antiaircraft
divisions and antiaircraft regiments of line divisions. They are also
found in mechanized regiments, medium tank regiments, heavy tank and
assault gun regiments of mechanized and tank divisions. (C)
e. Twin 57-mm Self-propelled Antiaircraft Gun Model ZSU-57-2 --
This weapon was first seen in East Germany and shortly thereafter
displayed in the Moscow parade held 7 November 1957. It is the first
self-propelled antiaircraft gun to be introduced by the Soviets since
the end of World War II. The weapon apparently is designed to fulfill
roles comparable to those allotted to the United States self-propelled
twin 40s. It consists of a modified T-54 tank chassis mounting twin
57-mm S-60 antiaircraft guns in an open turret-9. The complete vehicle
is estimated to possess mobility characteristics similar to those of
the T-54 tank and the twin 57-mm guns to have performance capabilities
equal to those of the towed weapon with its on-carriage optical sighting
arrangements. To date no off-carriage fire-control equipment has been
associated with the self-propelled version of the weapon. (S)
f. 85-mm Antiaircraft Gun KS-18/KS-18A -- The only current
information on this weapon is its nomenclature and the fact that the
cartridge case for its ammunition differs from that of other 85-mm
rounds. Indications are that the cartridge case for this weapon is
larger than that of the known 85-mm rounds, thus implying an improved
performance for the KS-18. It may be a new weapon or a redesignation
of the 85-mm antiaircraft gun M1944. (s)
* Formerly had the tentative model year designation, M1950.
17.
See photograph,
page
22.
18.
See photograph,
page
22.
19.
See photograph,
page
22.
25
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SECRET
0 I
2 g. 100-mm Antiaircraft Gun Model KS-19 -- A 100-mm antiaircraft
.
gun s replacing the Soviet 85-mm antiaircraft guns M1939 in antiaircraft
regiments of antiaircraft artillery divisions. This gun has similar
ballistic characteristics to the 100-mm Field Gun M1944. The antiaircraft
gun has a remote-control system, and its fire control consists of a
radar component and a director..The gun itself has a power rammer, a
single-round loading tray, and an on-carriage fuze setter. This gun
formerly bore the tentative model year designation M1949. (C)
h. 122-mm Antiaircraft Gun M1955 -- A new 122-mm antiaircraft
gun21 was revealed for the first time in the Moscow May Day Parade of 1955
and therefore has provisionally been assigned the nomenclature, 122-mm
Antiaircraft Gun M1955. The design features of this weapon show that it
is a direct descendent of the United States 120-mm antiaircraft gun, a
battery of which was furnished to the USSR in late World War II. The
gun is equipped with a power-operated remote-control system, a power
rammer and an automatic fuze setter. It is generally more complicated
and sophisticated than earlier antiaircraft guns of Soviet design. This
weapon is found in PVC (National Air Defense) AAA Divisions protecting
strategic targets in the Soviet Union. (C)
3. Field22
a. The postwar family of Soviet field artillery consists of
high-velocity guns and improved howitzers featuring greater range,
less weight, and increased mobility than comparable pieces used during
World War II. In the heavy artillery calibers the Soviets have revealed
one new heavy gun-howitzer and two types of super-heavy self-propelled
guns. The gun-howitzer is 203 mm in caliber and is standard equipment
in the Soviet Army. The two super-heavy self-propelled weapons are
estimated to be 305 to 380 mm in caliber. As far as can be judged at
this time from a study of the available photography, both guns would
appear to be low-pressure types and are probably intended to be the
Soviet answer, from the point of view of prestige, to the United States
280-mm gun. With the introduction of tactical rockets and guided
missiles into the Soviet Army, it is considered that these two weapons
are not likely ever to be issued to troops, and that their inclusion
in the latest Moscow parade was primarily for propaganda purposes, both
as impressive pieces of equipment in themselves and as examples of Soviet
technological ability. (C)
b. 85-mm Divisional Gun Model D-44 -- This weapon23 has been
issued throughout the Soviet Army. In its antitank role, its FIVAP-T
projectile penetrates 5.43 inches of armor at 00 at 500 yards. This
gun is found in every echelon of the Soviet Army ground forces at and
above regimental level. This weapon formerly bore the model year
designation M1945. (C)
20. See photograph, page 23.
21. See photograph, page 23.
22. See characteristics table, page
23. See photograph, page 29.
26
SECRET
27.
22. TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVIET FIELD ARTILLERY
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Oa% 0%.0 NCU fel3
OH
NA 44N-d' UN 0 0 ROR
.-41=1 NM to0---
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27
* Estimated
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c. 85-mm Auxiliary-propelled kntitank Gun Model D1-48 --
The Soviets recently have introduced this modified version of the
85-mm divisional gun24. This weapon is unique in that it has an engine
mounted on the left trail leg which provides power by means of a drive
shaft to the gun carriage wheels, enabling the piece to be moved short
distances without its prime mover. The weapon is steered by a steering
wheel which controls a single castor wheel positioned beneath the
trail spades. There is a rectangular box on the right trail leg behind
the gun shield which is believed to be a storage container for a few
rounds of ready ammunition and also provides a seating platform for
part of the gun crew. No doubt this weapon is designed to accompany
and support with direct fire advancing ground troops. It is
particularly significant in atomic warfare where it is essential that
unprotected equipment be moved quickly to and from protective cover.
It is found in Soviet rifle regiments and antitank battalions of rifle
divisions. It is also found in mechanized regiments of mechanized
and tank divisions. (C)
d. Other Auxiliary-propelled Antitank Guns -- Auxiliary-
propelled versions of the 57-mm Antitank Gun M1943 and the 100-mm
Field Gun M1955 are reported to exist. (S)
e. 100-mm Field Gun Model 1955 -- On 1 May 1955, the Soviets
revealed a new 100-mm field gun25 which currently is replacing the
100-mm Field (and Antitank) Gun M1944. The new weapon has been reported
with line divisions, at Army level, and in the reserve artillery of the
High Command (RVGK). It is considered to have a performance at least
equal to its predecessor in both field artillery and antitank roles.
The outstanding recognition feature of the new artillery piece is a
recoil system which is positioned behind the gun shield and over the
breech ring. This type of recoil system is suitable for mounting in
armored combat vehicles. Its carriage is equipped with single wheels
as opposed to the dual wheels used on the 1944 model, and it has one
castor wheel on the trails near the spades which is lowered and used to
gain rapid traverse when the gun is in action. (C)
f. 122-mm Field Gun Model D-74 -- This weapon26 is lighter and
shorter than the 130-mm M-46 discussed below. It has a jack-type firing
pedestal on the carriage, and both trails are fitted with a castor wheel
for facilitating all-round traverse; thus the weapon is well-suited
to perform antiarmor missions. Unlike the 130-mm M-46, its tube remains
in battery while the weapon is in the traveling position, and no limber
is required for towing purposes. This gun, which is found at Army level
and in the reserve artillery of the High Command (RVGK), probably is a
replacement for the 122-mm Corps Gun M1931/37. (C)
24.
See photograph,
page
29.
25.
See photograph,
page
29.
26.
See photograph,
page
30.
28
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?
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 23. 85-mm Divisional Gun Model D-44. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
FIG 24.
85-mm Auxiliary-Propelled Antitank Gun D-48. (S)
FIG 25. 100-nun Field Gun M1955. (U)
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29
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CONFIDENT !ALI
' t ,
- ?
Saam.LIK%1?;.,???,...11
FIG 26. 122-mm Field Gun Model D-74. (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 27. 130-mm Field Gun Model M-46. (S)
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 28. 152-mm Howitzer Model D-20. (U)
-- SECRET
30
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SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL iTh717,
FIG 29. 203-mm Gun-Howitzer M1955. (U)
FIG 30. Super-Heavy Self-Propelled Guns. (U)
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g. 130-mm Field Gun Model M-46 -- A new long-range field gun27,
130 mm in caliber, appeared in Moscow in 1954. It is equipped with a
muzzle brakeand.a 1 i ding wedge breech mechanism. The weapon is
mounted on a sing)-axle carriage, uses a single-RCle limber for
traveling purposes, and is moved out of battery for transit. Like the
new 100-mm field gun, this weapon is found at Army level and in the
reserve artillery of the High Command (RVGK). This piece of artillery
formerly was carried as the 122-mm Field Gun M1954. It is known to
have an antitank capability. -(S)
h. 152-mm Howitzer Model D-20 -- In the next higher caliber,
a new howitzer', estimated to be 152 mm in caliber, was revealed for the
first time in the 1955 Moscow May Day Parade. It is mounted on a
carriage identical to that of the 122-mm Field Gun D-74. Its tube
appears to be somewhat longer than the tube of the 152-mm howitzers,
M1938 and M1943; the weapons it probably is replacing. This weapon
is found at Army level and in the reserve artillery of the High
Command (RVGK). (C)
i. 20,-mm Gun-howitzer Model 1955 -- This new heavy field
artillery piece9 was included in the Moscow May Day Parade of 1955.
It has a tube length of approximately 27 feet, and is considered to
be a gun-howitzer. Compared with older Soviet heavy field artillery
weapons, which are equipped with cumbersome, low-speed tracked carriages
or are broken down into multiple loads for displacement, the new
weapon features vastly increased mobility and a considerable reduction
in the time required to place the gun into and out of action. The
appearance of the new gun-howitzer indicates that the Soviets are
taking steps to correct one of the major weaknesses of their artillery
system, the inadequate mobility of their heavy pieces. This new weapon
is found only in the reserve artillery of the High Command (RVGK). (C)
j. Super-heavy Self-Pi-opened Guns -- Two types of super-heavy
self-propelled yuns were displayed in the parade held in Moscow,
7 November 19575?. (When referring to the photograph included in
this study, the weapon on the left will be called Type "A" and the one
on the right Type TB".) Both guns are mounted on a lengthened heavy
tank chassis, accenting the Soviet drive toward mobility even for
super-heavy weapons. Both guns-are estimated to be of 305 to 380 mm
(12 to 15 inches) in caliber, although the tube wall thickness appears
to be greater in Type "B". Both are low tube-pressure guns with an
atomic capability. Type "A" has no visible jacket or recoil mechanism,
and appears to be more of an experimental weapon than Type "B". It may
fire a fin-stabilized shell or be a closed-breech rocket launcher.
Type "B" is an orthodox gun which could fire a 700-pound shell at a
muzzle velocity of 2,000 feet per second. Both guns probably are prototypes.
(C)
27. See photograph, page 30.
28. See photograph, page 30.
29. See photograph, page 31.
30. See photograph, page 31.
32
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k. Notes of Interest
(1) A light-weight 57-mm towed gun, ballistically identical
to the M1943 model of the same caliber, is known to exist, perhaps for
airborne use. (S)
(2) ACSI gives the Soviet artillery the physical capabil/ity
of firing atomic rounds in all weapons of 200-mm caliber and larger. 1(C)
(3) In some cases model number designations are unknown
therefore model year designations are used in this study. The year
used is based on the first sighting of the weapon concerned by western
observers. (U)
4. Artillery Mortars31
a. The 160-mm Mortar M1943, introduced near the close of
World Wer II, is being replaced by a new 160-mm weapon of greater range.
A new and larger mortar, 240-mm in caliber, has been added to the
family. (C)
b. 160-mm Mortar Model M-160 -- This 160-mm smoothbore
weapon32 is much heavier, has a more substantial mount, and a much
larger tube than its predecessor. A difference exists between it and
the 160-mm M1943 mortar in that the new mortar is designed to fire
along lamer trajectories than is usual for a mortar. Maximum elevation
is 500. This weapon is found at and above divisional artillery level
in the Soviet Army. (S)
c. 240-mm Mortar Model M-240 -- This mortar's configuration33
is similar to mortars normally associated with infantry in that it
uses a base plate and elevating and traversing mechanisms. Like both
the 160-mm mortars, this weapon is breech loaded and is towed muzzle
foremost by means of a muzzle clamp. This mortar has an extremely
long tube, approximately 18 feet in length. An unusual feature is the
provision of a firing platform which is anchored to the ground by
pickets. This weapon can easily be distinguished from other Soviet
heavy mortars by its greater bulk, long tube, and the two vertical
cylinders which are prominently located on each side of the tube just
even with the forward edge of the carriage wheels.' Although mortars
approaching the caliber of this new weapon have been developed in the
past, they have not seen widespread use. Like the new 160-mm weapon,
this mortar has a maximum elevation of 500. The introduction of this
heavy mortar appears to be an extension of the existing Soviet weapons
system. It is found only in the Soviet reserve artillery of the High
Command (RVGK). (S)
31. Characteristics table, page 34 .
32. See photograph, page 35.
33. See photograph, page 35.
33
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Figure 31.
TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVIET MORTARS
Designation
Maximum
Range
(yds)
Projectile
Weight
(lbs)
Rate of Fire
(rpm)
Weight
Travel Firing
(lbs)
Operationally
Available*
Quantity
Produced*
As of 1 Jan 5g
Annual Rate
of
Production*
M1937
82-mm Mortars
3,320
HE - 7.3
Up to 25
123
123
1938
260,140
1,000
M1937, M1941,
SWK - 7.6
M1941
and M1943
128
115
M1943
128
128
120-mm Regimental
6,240
HE - 35.05
Up to 15
1,102
606
1939
153,850
2,000
Mortars M1938 and
SNK - 36.38
M1943
160-mm Mortar
M1943
5,500
1E-88
3
2,480
2,381
1943
33,900
Not in
current
production
160-mm Mortar
M-160
8,800
HE -,88*
2 to 3
3,100
2,870
1949
h,300
1,000
GO
T
240-mm Mortar
10,600
HE - 220*
1
9,150
8,000
1951
1,800
500
)
14-240
70
rn
* Estimated
-n
O
3
3
apow ilo4.10W
GO
rn
C)
70
rn
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t4l
4.0
n4
rd.-4
14%4
0'114 0
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9. ''
0 ? 0 0
4.
0 es0 0 d
0
OM
0 0.
. o
??????
00
8 0
-0
UN 54
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
N .0"
UN
ON ? ON
fin (slow spin)
0 0
Pe
fin (slow spin)
3
0
co
0
fin (slow spin)*
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0
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o 0
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r+-% N-
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.,,_, c-, .,- '' ;
'
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.g.
l0 N N VD Pi
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0, 0- , ii H C-), 4:4- 0, 0 N FA N 0
SECRET
36
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* Estimated
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5. Field Rocket Launchers (Free Rockets)34
a. The-Soviets continue to expand the variety of rocket
launchers available to their field forces. In addition to three
truck-mounted multiple rocket launchers which have appeared in recent
years, they have now displayed an improved version mounted on a full-
tracked prime mover. They have also maintained the emphasis on
mobility in their two new long-range ballistic rockets. One of these
is mounted on a full-tracked amphibious carrier, the other on the chassis
of a heavy tank. Parallel with these developments they have continued
to improve their orthodox launcners by introducing a new six-round
launcher mounted on a heavy truck. (U)
b. 140-mm Rocket Launcher (16 round) E4-14 -- The launching
tubes of this rocket launcher65 are arranged in two tiers of eight
each from which it fires 140-mm spin-stabilized rockets. This
launcher is probably a replacement for the 132-mm rocket launcher M-13
and is found in all Soviet mechanized divisions, army artillery level,
and the reserve artillery of the High Command (RVGK). (C)
c. 200-mm Rocket Launcher (4 round) -- This launcher36 was
first seen in the Moscow May Day parade in 1954. It has four large
launching frames mounted parallel in a single bank from which it fires
fin-stabilized rockets. In addition, each launching frame is equipped
with built-in guide rails which impart initial slow spin to the fired
rockets to aid stability. The small number of rockets, their length,
and their shape indicate that this rocket launcher is not designed for
the area saturation role normally performed by Soviet field rocket
launchers. It is believed to be intended for long-range interdiction.
It is possible that the rockets have a specially designed warhead.
This weapon is found only in the Soviet reserve artillery of the
High Command (RVGK). (C)
d. 240-mm Rocket Launcher (12 round) HM-24 -- This launcher37
has 12 circular open-crate launching frames mounted in 2 banks of 6
each from which it fires spin-stabilized rockets. This launcher is
considered to be a normal development from the 300-mm rocket launcher
M-31 and features a changeover from fin-stabilized to spin-stabilized
rockets which are spun by means of angled venturi in the base of the
rockets. This weapon is found in Soviet tank divisions, army artillery
level, and the reserve artillery of the High Command (RVGK). (C)
e. Each of the three rocket launchers described above are
mounted on the ZIS-151 6 x 6 truck chassis. The trucks are equipped
with metal shields which are normally carried on the roof of the cab
but which are lowered over the windshield and cab windows for protection
during firing. (C)
34. Characteristics table, page 36.
35. See photograph, page 38.
36. See photograph, page 38.
37. See photograph, page 38.
37
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FIG 35. 140-mm Rocket Launcher (16 Rounds)1 BM-14. (U)
FIG 38. 240-mm Rocket Launcher (12 Rounds) On
Tracked Prime Mover M1954. (U)
FIG 36. 200-mm Rocket Launcher (4 Rounds). (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 39. 250-mm (?) Rocket Launcher (6 Rounds). (C)
?
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f. 240-mm Rocket Launcher (12 round) on Tracked Prime Mover
M1954_7- Constant Soviet efforts to improve ground mobility are
readily detectable in this item of equipment.38 The mounting of this
12-tube launcher on the chassis of a medium artillery tractor provides
a much greater cross-country capability than that of its predecessor,
the 240-mm truck-mounted rocket launcher (12 round) 51-24. The
ballistic performance of the new weapon is apparently very similar to
that of the HV-24. Unlike the HM-24, however, the rockets are launched
from short tubes instead of from open crate-types frames. (C)
g. 250-mm (?) Rocket Launcher (6 round) on YaAZ-214 --
First seen in the November 1957 Moscow parade, this is the largest
and most effective weapon in the range of Soviet multilaunch rockets."
Mounted on the latest heavy (8 ton) truck chassis, the 6 x 6 YaAZ-214,
the launcher is of typical Soviet design, imparting slaw spin to the
fin-stabilized rockets by means of helical guide rails. The rocket motor
is of the single-venturi, solid propellant type, and the warheads used
are probably high explosive and chemical. Elevation and a few degrees
of traverse are achieved by handwheels at the rear, and the elevation
can also be mechanically or hydraulically controlled from the driver's
cab. Jack pads at the rear are lowered to improve the stability of the
platform. (C)
h. 1-round Rocket Launcher on Amphibious Chassis -- This is
the smallest of the Soviet missiles40 first displayed in November 1957.
It is unguided and corresponds tactically to the United States "Honest
John", though its full-tracked amphibious chassis gives it a high
degree of mobility. The unusual shaped warhead weighs about 1000
pounds indicating nuclear capability of about 20-25 kilotons. The rocket
motor is a solid propellant type and is in two non-separating sections.
The reason for this is not clear; it may be for range zone purposes, to
simplify manufacture and transport or to give high initial boost from
one section followed by sustained thrust from the other. To maintain
accuracy from the short launching-rail the rocket is probably spun by
canted jet nozzles. (S)
i. 1-round Rocket Launch di- on JS Type Chassis -- This rocket41
is estimated to have a range of 35 nautical miles and, with a 1500-
pound warhead, a nuclear capability of 300 to 500 kilotons yield. The
unusual jacket-type launcher may incorporate a heating element to
prevent cold-weather damage to the solid propellant of the motor. The
main exhaust exits through seven venturi at the rear, but additional
canted nozzles are probably provided to impart slaw spin for accuracy.
The armor thickness of the chassis is expected to be the minimum
consistent with necessary rigidity. The maximum road speed is estimated
at 21 m.p.h., and the cruising rangeat 90 miles. Elevation is by
hydraulic means, and the launcher can probably be traversed only a few
degrees relative to the chassis. (S)
38.
See
photograph,
page
39 ?
39.
See
photograph,
page
39 ?
40.
See
photograph,
page'
41 ?
41.
See
photograph,
page
41 ?
40
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UNCLASSIFIED
/3 ?
SECRET
FIG 40. 1-Round Rocket Launcher On Amphibious Chassis. (U)
FIG 41. 1-Round Rocket Launcher On JS Type Chassis. (J)
SECRET
41
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j. Future Artillery Trends
(1) Antiaircraft Artillery -- In the antiaircraft field,
it is likely that the 100-mm and 122-mm weapons will be replaced,
during the next five years, by surface-to-air guided missiles for
defense against high altitude attack. The 14.5-mm AAHMG and 57-mm (both
towed and SP versions) will no doubt be retained in field armies during
this period to carry out roles against low-level attack. Improvements
in mobility may be made to the 14.5-mm and the tarred 57-mm antiaircraft
weapons. The Soviets will continue to make improvements to fire
control equipment for all the existing antiaircraft pieces. It is
unlikely that any new conventional antiaircraft guns will be introduced
during the next five years. (C)
(2) Field and Antitank Artillery -- The Soviet Army
now has a complete family of post-World Wer II field artillery weapons.
All field guns up to 152-mm caliber can be used in the antitank role,
however, during the period in question, such antiarmor missions now
being performed by the dual-purpose 85-mm Divisional Gun D-44, the
85-mm auxiliary-propelled AT gun D-48, and the 100-mm Field Gun M1955
may be taken over by a suitable surface-to-surface guided antitank
missile. The 100-mm Field Gun M1955 and the older 57-mm Antitank Gun
M1943 may be modified in a similar manner as the 85-mm D-48 piece to
incorporate an auxiliary means of self propulsion. Reports on hand
indicate such modifications have already been made to the two weapons.
To date, no information is available concerning modern gun-data computers
for the Soviet field artillery. Such instruments may be expected to
appear in the near future. (S)
(3) Heavy Mortars -- Soviet heavy mortars, with probable
minor modifications, are expected to be retained to carry out missions
with the Soviet field artillery. (C)
(4) Rocket Launchers -- Like the new 240-mm Rocket
Launcher (12 round) on Tracked Prime Mover M1954, the 140-mm (16 round)
and the 200-mm (4 round) weapons may well appear mounted on full
tracked carriages in the near future. (C)
(5) Self-propelled Field Artillery -- Since the Soviets
have continued to place such emphasis on mobility for all their
_artillery weapons, it is likely that the new 122-mm and 130-mm guns,
the 152-mm howitzer, and the 203-mm gun-howitzer will appear in self-
propelled versions during the next five years. (S)
(6) Free Rockets -- More varieties of surface-to-surface
1-round artillery rockets will no doubt be revealed during this period.
(C)
42
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(7) Ammunition
(a) In the field of ammunition, although virtually
no improvements over World War II designs have been reported, there is
little doubt that great progress has been and will continue to be made.
The Soviets exploited the German technicians at a time when such
problems were of first importance, it then being considered that it
was only through radical improvements in ammunition that artillery
fire power could be increased. (C)
A
(b) The Soviets have long had both a high-capacity
HE shell for blast effect and a thick-walled shell for fragmentation.
It is estimated that improvements will be made, if this has not
happened already, in the design of optimum fragmentation shells on the
lines of internally serrated shell bodies and fillings, improved booster
designs or brittle shell with law-brisant fillings. The use of combined
HE/Chemical fillings may be expected in fragmentation shells. Increased
ranges for the larger guns may be achieved by the use of travelling
charges, ramjet or rocket-assisted shells. There is room for considerable
reduction in the types, variants and weight zones of ammunition
available for each gun, to ease the present logistic problems.
Proximity and mechanical time fuzes, which are now in use for anti-
aircraft guns, will be made available for field artillery of like
calibers. (S)
(c) Antitank ammunition now consists largely of
AP, AP-HE, shaped charge (HEAT) and arrowhead (HVAP) projectiles.
Improved performance may be expected by the introduction of high-
velocity discarding sabot and HEP shell; but there is no information
that the Soviets are considering the use of any techniques to defeat
armor which are not already in use in the West. (C)
43
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20140
SECTION C
INFANTRY WEAPONS
1. General
SECRET
a. Since World War II the Soviets have introduced a new
range of infantry weapons42, which is now in full use in the Soviet
Army. The Satellite Armies are beginning to receive these newest small
caliber weapons. The main features of this new small arms program are:
(1) The standardization of shorter and less powerful
rounds of ammunition, the 7.62-mm M1943 series, which are common to the
new submachine gun, rifle and light machine gun. In bullet weight,
velocity and effective range the ball round falls midway between the
United States caliber .30 rifle and carbine rounds; its use reduces
the infantryman's combat load and materially eases the supply problem.
(2) The introduction of a complete series of recoilless
antitank weapons, which are very mobile and provide effective close-
in protection for infantry.
(3) A marked impl'ovement in the quality of production
and the finish of the new weapons. For example, the submachine gun
and the machine gun both have chrome plated bores, and the rough metal
stampings, which were a feature of the older weapons, have been
eliminated. At the same time, simplicity of design has been
maintained. (U)
b. World War II Weapons in Current Service -- Several infantry
weapons used by the Soviets in World War If are still in current service.
These weapons are:
(1) 82-mm Mortar Models 1937, 1941 and 1943
(2) 120-mm Mortar Models 11938 and M1943
(3) 7.62-mm Goryunov Heavy. Machine Gun M1943
(4) 12.7-mm DShK Heavy Machine Gun M1938 and M1938/46
These weapons fulfill a specific requirement. Modifications and
improvements to these weapons and their ammunition are to be expected,
but no replacements in the form of newly designed equipment have been
seen. Characteristics of the mortars are given with those of the
artillery mortars in Figure 31, page 34. The 12.7-mm machine guns
are now seen primarily as secondary armament on tanks, on ground tripod
antiaircraft mounts and on armored carriers. Personnel carriers are
also seen mounting the 7.62-mm Goryunov and also, though infrequently
a twin 14.5-mm mount using the same basic gun as the ZPU-2 and ZPU-4.45(U)
42. See Characteristics Table, page 51 ?
43. For description of ZPU guns see Artillery section, page 21 ?
45
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o. Postwar Infantry Weapons -- In addition to the weapons
described below, two new 9-mm pistols and two new grenades have been
introduced. Discussion of these is omitted from this study as they
are not considered to be significant developments. Detailed treatment
of all Soviet infantry weapons is available in DA Pamphlet 30-7-1. (U)
2. Description and Employment
a. 7.62-mm Kalashnikov Submachine Gun (AK) -- This is the new
submachine guns4 of the Soviet Army which has replaced the World War II
model in the rifle squad, and is the personal arm of troops of all arms.
There are two versions of the same weight, one with a wooden stock and
the other with a folding metal stock. The latter is generally seen
with specialist troops such as airborne troops and tank crews, but
is also in use by the infantry. The weapon fires the same round as
the SKS carbine and the RPD light machine gun, is gas operated and can
be used either for full or semiautomatic fire. With a long range for
this type of weapon, 440 yards at semiautomatic, it would be considered
as a selective fire rifle by United States standards. A detachable
bayonet is provided with the weapon. (U)
b. 7.62-mm Simonov Semiautomatic Carbine (SKS) -- This is
the standard weapon43 of the Soviet rifle squad, but is found with all
arms. Gas operated, it is the second of the new weapons firing the
short M1943 round and replaces the bolt-action rifles and carbines of
World War II. Because of its size and employment it would be considered
a rifle by United States standards. It has the unusual feature of a
permanently attached folding bayonet, which may be either knife or
needle type; using the-latter, the weight is reduced by about 5 ounces.
(U)
c. 7.62-mm Degtyarev Light Machine Gun (RPD) -- The RPD46
is the third weapon in the series firing the short M1943 round, and
is the base of fire of the Soviet rifle squad. Its higher rate of fire,
resulting from the adoption of belt feed, and its lighter weight make
this a much more handy and effective weapon than its predecessors.
The barrel has a chrome-plated bore but is not of the quick-change type,
and the metallic link belt is carried in the drum attached below the
receiver. Although it has a high cyclic rate of fire of about 650
rounds a minute, it develops an- effective rate of only 150 r.p.m. (U)
d. 7.62-mm Company Machine Gun M1946 (RP-46) -- This was the
first of the postwar infantry weapons, 47 and is designed to give a
high nate of sustained fire. Although it first came into service in
1947, it immediately disappeardd until 1954, when it took its place as
the company support machine gun along side the new family of small arms.
Like the Goryunov heavy machine gun, it fires the old M1908 rimmed long
rifle round, and it. usesthe same metallic link belt, five lengths being
44.
See photograph,
page
47.
45.
See photograph,
page
47.
46.
See photograph,
page
47.
47.
See photograph,
page
48.
46
SECRET
1- UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 44. 7.62-mm Kalashnikov Submachine Gun (AK). (U)
FIG 45. 7.62-mm Semiautomatic Carbine (SKS). (U)
=MI
FIG 46. 7.62-mm Light Machine Gun (RPD). (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
47
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UNCLASSIFIED
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 47. 7.62-mm Company Machine Gun M1946 (RP-46). (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
FIG 48. Infantry Antitank Launcher RPG-2. (U)
FIG 49. 82-mm
Infantry Antitank Launcher SPG-82. (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
48
SECRET
joined to make a 250-round belt. It fires fully automatic only and
has a quick-change barrel. (U)
e. Infantry Antitank Launcher RPG-2 -- The RPG-248 is the
Soviet squad antitank weapon, and is an improved version of the German
World War II recoilless antitank grenade launcher. It is muzzle loaded,
has a caliber of 40-mm, while the warhead of the fin-stabilized shaped-
charge projectile is 82-mm in caliber. The propellant is threaded on
to the tail shaft of the projectile, which is percussion fired. The
greater part of the launcher tube to the rear of the trigger assembly
is insulated to protect the firer. (U)
f. 82-mm Infantry Antitank Launcher SPG-82 -- This battalion
antitank weapon 4v was first seen in YVT7, but, like the company
machine gun, did not come into service until 1954. Its present status
is not known, but it is possible that it is being replaced by the
82-mm gun below. It is a breech-loaded, recoilless, smooth-bore rocket
launcher and fires fin-stabilized, shaped-charge and HE projectiles.
It is mounted on a light, two-wheeled carriage and has a light shield
for blast protection. The launcher can be removed from its mount and
fired from the shoulder. Having no elevating or traversing gears,
aiming is by shoulder control in both cases. (C)
g. 82-mm Recoilless Antitank Gun 8-10 -- This is also a
battalion antitank weapon now standard in the Soviet and in some
Satellite Armies. It fires a fin-stabilized, shaped-charge round with
an armor penetration similar to that of the SPG-82, but it has a
greater effective range and an improved rate of fire. Also, it can
fire an antipersonnel HE round, and has an elevating mechanism. For these
reasons it is considered that this weapon5? may be a replacement for
the less-refined SPG-82 as the recoilless battalion AT gun. It is
hand towed by the muzzle grips, and may be fired off either the
wheels or the tripod mount. Its maximum HE range is about 4500 yards. (S)
h. 107-mm Recoilless Antitank Gun B-11 -- This is principally
a regimental antitank weapon, 51 but it is also found with the motorized
rifle battalion of mechanized regiments. The gun is similar in design
to, but larger than, the 82-mm B-10, probably also firing fin-stabilized
HEAT and HE rounds from either the tripod mount or its wheels. It is
normally vehicle towed, using the conspicuous lunette on the muzzle.
The mount has both elevating and traversing gears, and is equipped
with open and telescopic sights. Its maximum HE range has been reported
to be about 7000 yards. (S)
3. Future Trends
a. This study of the current Soviet infantry weapons shows
that they continue to emphasize the importance of the role of infantry
in any future conflict. The rate of re-equipment and the quality of
the weapons indicate that the Soviet production capability has been
greatly increased since World War II. (C)
48. See photograph, page 481-.
49. See photograph, page 48. 49
50. See photograph, page 50.
51. See photograph, page
5"SECRET
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01
CD
107-mm Recoilless Antitank Gun B-11. (C)
?
Figure 42. TABLE OF CHARACTERISTICS OF SOVIET INFANTRY WEAPONS
Designation
Weight
(lb)
(empty)
Length
(in)
Effective
Range
(yds)
System
of
Operation
Effective
Rate of
Fire
(r.p.m.)
Feed Operationally
Device Available*
Quantity
Produced'
As of 1 Jan 58
Annual Rate ?
of
Production*
7.62-mm Submachine
Gun, AK
7.62-mm Carbine,
SKS
7.62-mm Light MG,
RPD
7.62-mm Company MG,
RP-46
Go 7.62-mm Heavy MG,
rn Goryunov M1943
tyl fm
_. . ,
70 12.7-mm Heavy MG,
rn
--I DShK, M1938/46
9.5
8.5
14.5
28.7
87.1
269
34.3
40.2
40.8
50*
45.3
Gun only
62.7
440-Semi-
automatic
330-Auto
4140
880
880
1.100
1,640
Gas
Selective
Gas-SA
Gas-Auto
Gas-Auto
Gas-Auto
Gas-Auto
40-Semiauto
90-Auto
40
150
250
350
eo
30-rd 1949
Box
Hag.
10-rd 1947
Box
Mag.
100-rd 1949
Belt in
drum
250-rd 1946
Belt
250-rd 1943
Belt .
50-rd 1946
Belt
2,275,000
6,705,000
304,000
47,500
123,000
590,000
300,000
750,000
40,000
6,000
5,000
10,000
Antitank Weapons
Weight
(lb)
(empty)
Length
(in)
Effective
Range
(yds)
vs. Armor
HEAT Proj
Weight (lb)
Effective
Rate of
Fire
(r.p.m.)
Penetration* Operationally
mm/O? Available*
Quantity
Produced*
As of 1 Jan 58
Annual Rate
of
Production*
AT Launcher RPG-2 6.1
82-mm AT Launcher 66*
SPG-82
82-mm Recoilless AT 187
Gun, B-10 (s)
107-mm Recoilless AT 675
Gun, B-11 (C)
37.4
59*
66
131
100-150
300*
650*
1000*
3.3
na
g*
20*
4-6
2
8
6*
180 1949
180-229 1948
180-229 1945
330 1951
232,000
)
30 000
) '
)
)
14,500
25,000
)
) 4 000
) ,
)
2,500
* Estimated
Go
rn
()
70
rn
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b. In view of the high quality and large numbers of the
personal and antitank weaponi-how available, it is considered that
there will be no introduction of new weapons of these types in the
next few years. One possible change may be the withdrawal of the SFS
carbine from the family of small arms, its role being taken by the
AK submachine gun; with the same performance, the AK has the advantages
of a larger magazine and the possibility of both semi- and Pull-automatic
fire. Among the antitank weapons, the existence of two battalion
weapons, the SPG-82 and the 82-mm B-10, may well lead to another change,
namely the suppression of one of them. This situation is complicated
by the existence of a new Czechoslovak weapon which, though of
apparently higher quality, is so similar to the SPG-82 that they may
both have been designed to meet.. the same military requirement. The
Czech gun, the 82-mm "Tarasnice", is a recoilless gun but much lighter
than the SPG-82, and is in service in all the European satellite
armies, as well as in Egypt and Syria. (C)
c. In the machine gun eamily the program of modernization
and ammunition standardization has apparently lagged far behind that
in other fields. The Company and Goryunov 7.62-mm and the 12.7-mm
DShK are used variously as infantry, carrier and tank mounted weapons
in both the ground and antiaircraft roles. The 14.5-mm twin and quad
guns are used as towed and carrier-mounted antiaircraft weapons, and
a single ground version, the PKP, has been reported. This multiplicity
of weapons, mostly of older design and firing rounds which could be
considerably improved and standardized, appears to run counter to
Soviet weapon policy. It is therefore expected that the next few years
will see the appearance ?Pa new family of machine guns to eliminate
these faults. (C)
-52
SECRET
SECRET
SECTION D
AIRCRAFT AND AIRBORNE EQUIPMENT
1. General
a. Since the end of World War II the U.S.S.R. has made
impressive gains in the development of combat and transport aircraft
of all types. Soviet development of helicopters and cargo aircraft
suitable for airborne operations, being of particular interest and
concern to the Department of the Army, are discussed in the following
paragraphs. Details pertaining to Soviet combat aircraft may be found
in "Characteristics and Performance Handbook, USSR Aircraft" published
by the Department of the Air Force. For the purposes of this study
it suffices to say that the Air Force of the Soviet Army is currently
equipped with all types of modern combat aircraft including supersonic
and all-weather jet interceptors, light, medium and heavy jet bombers
and effective ground support aircraft. As regards performance, these
aircraft are generally comparable to equivalent aircraft currently
in service with the U.S. Air Force. (C)
b. No major improvements in special airborne equipment or
airborne supply equipment have been detected in recent years. The
only item of interest to make its appearance recently was a tracked
SP gun carriage mounting a 57-mm gun. It is believed that this
vehicle was designed primarily for airborne use. A full discussion of
the vehicle is found in Section A, para 3a(3). In view of the lack
of new or significant changes in Soviet airborne equipment the subject
is not treated in detail in this study. For detailed information
reference is made to ACSI Intelligence Research Projects No. 9845
"Soviet:Airborne and Aerial Supply Operations", dated 1 October 1956
and No. 8908, "Airborne Equipment and Airborne Defenses of the Soviet
Union", dated 13 July 1955. (C)
2. Helicopters 52
a. Although the Soviets had experimented with helicopters
prior to World War II, relatively little attention was devoted to this
aspect of aeronautics during the period 1941-1949. This was probably
the result of the heavy emphasis and priority placed on development of
52. See table, page 60 .
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SPECIAL HANDLING REQUIRED
NOT RELEASABLE TO FOREIGN
NATIONALS EXCEPT
BY AUTHORITY OF
uT
damin0
anada
DATEsfri,-ds-g
CE
(All portions of2=ition P require
Special Handling as indicated above.)
53
SECRET
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combat aircraft, at first required to prosecute the war and later to
catch up with the United States. However, around 1949 a definite
change in policy took place in the U.S.S.R. and from this time we see
the Soviets actively and successfully developing a series of helicopter
models ranging from the ultra-light to what is probably the largest
helicopter in the world today. The helicopter is now a standard item
of equipment in the Soviet Army. Aircraft of this type are used for
liaison, reconnaissance, supply missions, medical evacuation and assault
operations. Recently, the Soviets started arming their helicopters,
and it is expected that soon most of their military helicopters will
be equipped with rapid firing guns (23-mm caliber or larger), machine
guns, and/or rockets. (C)
b. The HAT
(1) The smallest helicopter currently available for
operational use is known by the name HAT.53 Soviet designations K-10,
K-17, and K-19 have been associated with this aircraft. All the differences
among these models have not yet been determined, but it is believed
that at least the power plant is different in each model. In addition
to the three models of the HAT mentioned above which are open and look
alike, it is believed that a fourth model exists which is covered by a
plastic or aluminum fuselage for protection of the pilot and instruments
during adverse weather conditions. The HAT can lift only one person,
namely, the pilot, and consequently is suitable only for limited
reconnaissance and liaison duties. As the photograph shows, the HAT
is equipped with floats and can land safely on ground or water. Recent
information indicates that the K-10 version of the HAT is in production.
The HAT obtains lift from two sets of counter-rotating, three-bladed
rotors mounted coaxially on a single rotor shaft. The counter-rotating
principle eliminates the need for a counter-torque tail rotor. (C)
(2) The HAT has been under development since 1949. It is,
therefore, unlikely that this aircraft will undergo any further major
modifications in the future.' Instead, it is likely that the Soviets
will initiate an entirely new design for an ultra-light helicopter to
replace the HAT should there be a-continuing requirement for such an
aircraft. (C)
C. The HARE
(1) There are two versions of the utility helicopter54
known by the code name HARE. These carry Soviet designations MI-1
and MI-3.55 The MI-1 is the more common version of the HARE and has
been in service with the Soviet Army since 1951. (C)
(2) The MI-3 represents a major modification of the
original MI-1. The entire power system has been changed. The AI-26V
(575 h.p.) engine has been replaced by the ASH-21 rated at 740 h.p.
53.
See photograph,
page
55 ?
54.
See photograph,
page,
55 ?
55.
See photograph,
page
55 ?
54
SECRET
SECRET
FIG 53. HAT (K-10) Ultra Light (Reconnaissance) Helicopter. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
""17,1qk
FAT ?
444.
?
-
FIG 54. HARE (MI-1) Utility Helicopter. (U)
faar,
FIG 55. HARE (MI-3) Utility Helicopter. (U)
SECRET
55
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The rotor has been changed by adding a fourth blade. It is probable
that other changes have been made including a new transmission and
improved communication equipment. The prototype of the MI-3 was
successfully tested in 1956 and may now be in series production. (C)
(3) There is recent information that some of the HARE
helicopters used by the Soviet Army have been armed with 23-mm guns.
It is expected that this trend will continue and that eventually most
Soviet helicopters used by the military services will be armed with
guns and,/or rockets. Other than for minor improvements it is not
expected that the HARE will be further modified to any appreciable
extent. The MI-1 version of the HARE is probably approaching obsolescence
and is likely to be replaced by new aircraft such as the HEN and HOG
discussed below. (C)
d. The HEN
(1) The K-15 or HEN56 is one of the latest helicopters
to go into production in the U.S.S.R. It is essentially a reconnaissance/
liaison aircraft and will probably replace the HARE which is presently
used in this capacity. Designed by the team headed by Nikolai Kamov,
the HEN is similar to other Kamov helicopters in that thrust is
provided by two rotors mounted on coaxial shafts which rotate in
opposite directions. (C)
(2) It is probable that the HEN will undergo a number
of modifications before it becomes obsolete. The reciprocating engine
may be replaced by a small gas turbine. However, this in itself is
not likely to change the performance to any appreciable extent. (C)
e. The HOG -- The K-18 or HOG57 is the latest of the Kamov-
designed helicopters. Like the HAT and HEN it is equipped with the
counter-rotating rotor system. The HOG is a utility size helicopter
and if accepted for service with the Soviet Army will combine with
the HEN to replace the HARE. However, as of the date of this study the
HOG has not been produced in significant numbers and may still be in
the evaluation/testing stage. (C)
58f. The HOUND -- This aircraft, known to the Soviets as the
i
MI-4, s the first modern cargo helicopter developed in the U.S.S.R.
It was first seen in 1953 and since that time has been produced in
quantity for use in the Soviet Army. The MI-4 is equipped with clam-
shell doors in the rear of the fuselage. When the doors open, a ramp
can be lowered from the aircraft, permitting rapid loading and unloading
of heavy equipment. The HOUND can lift 16 lightly equipped troops or
heavy equipment such as jeeps or field artillery pieces. (In the
photograph, Figure 58, the 76-mm divisional gun is shown being
unloaded.) (C)
56. See photograph, page
57. See photograph, page
58. See photograph, page
57 ?
57 ?
57.
56
SECRET
SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
FIG 56. HEN (K-15) Reconnaissance Helicopter. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
FIG 57. HOG (K-18) Utility Helicopter. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
FIG 58. The HOUND (MI-4) Light Cargo Helicopter
Here Loading The 76-nun Divisional Gun M1942. (U)
SECRET
57
seen
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g. The HORSE
(1) The heavy cargo helicopter HORSE59 or YAK-24 was
seen for the first time in 1955, when it was still in prototype stage.
The following year several of these aircraft participated in river-
crossing maneuvers in East Germany. The YAK-24 is a tandem-rotor
helicopter, powered by 2 ASH-82T, 14-cylinder radial reciprocating
engines connected by a synchronizing shaft. Outwardly the HORSE
resembles the United States YH-16, although structurally there are
considerable differences between the two aircraft. The fuselage length
of the HORSE is 72 feet, whereas its cargo hold measures some 36 feet
in length. It can lift 8,800 pounds of cargo or 40 troops. With
this load it has a range of approximately 200 nautical miles. The
HORSE is equipped with a hydraulic-operated ramp door located on the
rear underside of the fuselage. Heavy items of equipment can be
rapidly loaded and unloaded from this aircraft. (S)
(2) The HORSE helicopter underwent several minor modifi-
cations since its first appearanCe in 1955. Most significant of these
was a redesigned tail section. The V-shaped stabilizer was replaced
by horizontal and vertical stabilizers. It is expected that other
modifications of the HORSE will be made before the aircraft reaches
obsolescence. Replacement of the reciprocating engines by gas turbines
is a likely development. This may well result in some improvement of
performance. For one, the payload could be raised to about 10-12,000
pounds. (S)
h. The ma -- The latest helicopter to appear in the U.S.S.R.
is the MI-6 or HOOK.b? This is probably the largest helicopter in the
world today. It is estimated that this helicopter has a payload
capacity of about 22,000 pounds or 80 troops. The radius of operation
is estimated at 100 nautical miles. The HOOK is powered by -bac) gas
turbine engines, each estimated to deliver about 4,000 equivalent
shaft horsepower. Thrust is provided by a five bladed overhead main
rotor estimated to have a diameter of about 110 feet. The HOOK is
currently undergoing service tests. If accepted without major
modifications, series production could be initiated before the end
of 1958. It is unlikely that significant numbers of the HOOK could
become available for use in the Soviet Army before the second half
of 1959. (C)
3. VTOL Aircraft
a. The Soviets have recently initiated active experimentation
with VTOL aircraft. The first experimental aircraft61 of this type,
observed near Moscow in June 1957, was of the "flying bedstead"
variety. It consists of a main platform of rectangular shape about
6 x 8 feet in the horizontal plane, with gear booms projecting in
four directions from the centers-of the platform sides. An enclosed
59.
See
photograph,
page
59.--
60.
See
photograph,
page
61.
61.
See
photograph,
page
61.
58
SECRET
SECRET
FIG 59a. HORSE (YAK-24) Heavy Cargo Helicopter. (U)
ii1CLASSIFIED
t4=0;e0104
?t 18 ?
44 47 it
1 ?
r L1.
,14-1471144$1
.."Vet7"?
FIG 59b. HORSE (YAK-24) Heavy Cargo Helicopter Seen Unloading GAZ-69
Personnel Carrier With Trailer. (U)
SECRET
59
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?-L000?000ZZOO1?1701-0-1-8dCll-V10 171-/?0/171-0Z eSeeiei Joj panaiddv Ado pez!4!ueS -1-led LI! Pe!PsseloeCI
Figure 52. ESTIMATED CHARACTERISTICS AND PERFORMANCE OF SOVIET ETLICOPTERS
Go
rn
70
rn
--I
Designation
Payload in Pounds/
or Troops
Radius/Range (n.m.)
Maximum Speed (knots)
Cruising Speed (knots)
Rate of Climb at SL,
ft/min
Hover Ceiling (ft),
Maximum Ceiling (ft)
Power Plant No./
and Tree
Power Rating (h.p.)
Empty Weight (lb)
Gross Weight (lb)
Fuel Capacit:r (16)
Operationally Available
Quantity Produced
As of 1 Jan 58
Annual Rate of
HAT (K-10)
None
35/75
65
60
m a
1,000
8,210
1/AI-4G
Reciprocating
50
570
827
40
1949
aa
na
HARE (!I-1)
350/2
90/190
108
76
1,280
10,810
14,760
1/AI-26V
Recipro-
eating
575
3,940
4,960
b17
1951
500
leo
HARE (11I-3)
400/3
75/160
108
81
n an
?
b,561
14,763
1/ASH-21
Recipro-
eating
740
3,968
5,180
650
1957
n a
_ _
n a
_ _
HEN (K-15)
2001/1
85/180
85
64
a
_ _
2,230
10,000
1/AI-14R
Reciprocating
260
1,825
2,500
300
1957
n a
_ _
n a
_ _
HOG (K-18)
750/4
95/200
115
8o
a a
n a
an
1/Recip
or Gas
Turbine
260
2,000
3,100
350
1958+
n a
n a
HOUND
(nI-4)
3,500/16
95/200
110
lo o
1,700
5,500
n a
1/ASH-821N
Recipro-
outing
1,825
9,500
16,000
1,900
1953
438
120
HORSE
(YAK-24)
8,800/40
100/220
120
100
n a
_ -
an
n a
2/ASH-52T
Recipro-
eating
2,000
20,000
34,000
3,210
1955
77
30
HOOK (I-6)
22,000/so
100/220
n a
n a
_ -
n a
n a
?
n a
2/Gas Turb
4,000
n a
- -
as
n a
- -
1959.
1
o
Production
* Estimated
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pilot compartment is set in front of the upward projecting engine and
air intake. The over-all height of the aircraft is estimated at 13
feet, the bottom of the platform being about 5 feet from the ground.
It is believed that this aircraft is powered by an axial flaw gas
turbine engine capable of producing a jet thrust of 6-7,000 pounds.
The engine may include an after burner since the noise level was quite
high and a reddish glow could be seen under the exhaust. The total
weight of this VTOL aircraft is estimated at about 6,000 pounds. (S)
b. Although the aircraft described above is of little
practical value in its present configuration it is likely that the
Soviets will continue to experiment with and develop new VTOL aircraft
which may eventually have usetul military application. At the present
rate of progress it is unlikely that the Soviets will have in service
significant numbers of VTOL jet aircraft for Army use during the
period of this estimate (1958-1963). (S)
4. Light Fixed-Wing Aircraft
a. Relatively little activity has occurred in the field of
light aircraft during the past few years. At present only one of the
several light aircraft types in service with the Soviet Army is
considered satisfactory from a performance standpoint. This aircraft
is known as the CREEK66 or YAK-12. Actually there appear to be at
least four varieties of this model each designed for a slightly
different purpose. The CREEK compares favorably with similar aircraft
in the West such as the L-19. In fact, the CREEK can land or take-off
in a shorter distance than the L-19. Furthermore, one of the recent
modifications of the CREEK has a payload capacity of 660 pounds or
3 passengers. To date the Soviets have produced a total of 2,843
CREEK's and production is continuing at the rate of 360 aircraft per
year. (C)
b. Recently the Soviets announced that they have completed
design work on a new twin engine, utility class, high wing monoplane.
According to Soviet estimates this aircraft will operate in the speed
range between 27 and 124 knots. The payload will probably amount to
about 1,000 pounds with rear door loading probable. The wing loading
and ground pressure are expected to be relatively law, allowing for
short take-off and landing from relatively unimproved terrain. By the
end of 1957 no evidence had been received that the Soviets had built
a flying prototype of this aircraft. Only a mock-up is known to have
been constructed to date (see photograph)3. Production of this
aircraft could be initiated sometime in 1959 if flight tests initiated
during 1958 prove successful. (C)
c. It is believed that the Soviets already have or will shortly
initiate the development of a light jet or turbo-prop aircraft suitable
for liaison, reconnaissance and otherArmy functions. It is expected
that design and prototype testing of such an aircraft will be completed
during the period of this estimate. (S)
62. See photograph, page
63. See photograph, page
63.
62
SECRET
CONFIDENTIAL .
SECRET
4.g
vvAl.
FIG 62. CREEK (YAK-12) Reconnaissance Liaison Aircraft. (U)
FIG 63. The Newly Designed Soviet Utility Aircraft. (U)
SECRET
63
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5. Transport Aircraft-
?
a. General -- The development of transport aircraft received
relatively little attention during the period from 1941 to 1953.
However, since a reversal in trend was first detected in 1954, the
progrps made by the Soviets was spectacular. This was to a large
extent made possible by prior research and development of bomber aircraft.
During the period 1956-1957 alone the Soviets displayed a total of six
new medium and heavy transport aircraft prototypes, each powered by
is turbine engines. This rapid progress has not been without its
pitfalls. There are indications that many of the new aircraft displayed
serious weaknesses during flight tests. Most of these were associated
with aerodynamic stability and control. Soviet engineers are considered
entirely capable of eliminating most if not all of these deficiencies.
However, this will take time and consequently production of the newly
designed aircraft may be delayed. (S)
b. Light Transports64 -- Despite the recent development of
new medium and heavy transports, routine military and civilian air
transportation in the U.S.S.R. is almost entirely dependent on light
cargo aircraft. The bulk of the Soviet cargo aircraft fleet is
composed of three models. These are the CAB (LI-2) very similar in
appearance and performance to the U.S. C-47 (DC-3); COACH (IL-12)
the Russian version of our CONVAIR 240; and CRATE (IL-14) a modified
version of the COACH. (C)
c. Medium Transports 65 -- Currently it is believed that
the Soviets do not have in service an appreciable number of medium
transports. Only one medium transport model had been developed in
the U.S.S.R. during the period 1940-1956. As far as is known only a
few prototypes of this aircraft were ever produced. However, during
the past two years the Soviets have completed design of three new
medium transports. Prototypes of these aircraft are currently being
tested and series production of one or more of these aircraft could
be initiated during 1958. Th R new transports are knawn by the names
of CAMP (AN-4)," CAT (AN-10)67 and COOT (IL-18)68. (C)
d. Heavy Transports69 -- The first modern heavy transport
to be developed in the U.S.S.R. was the well-known CAMEL (TU-104).70
This aircraft is believed to have become available for limited service
in 1955. This does not mean to imply that the Soviets were entirely
without heavy transports prior to that time. A limited number of B-29-
type bombers had been converted into transport aircraft. This bomber
is known as the BULL (TU-4), its design being almost identical to that
of the U.S. B-29. Recently the Soviets have modified the TU-104 and
the new model is designated CAMEL A. Further the Soviets have developed
64. See characteristics table, page 66-
65. See characteristics table, page 66-
66. See photograph, page 65.
67. See photograph, page 65.
68. See photograph, page 65.
69. See characteristics table, page 67.
70. See photograph, page 68.
64
SECRET
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
FIG 66. CAMP (AN-4) Medium (Assault) Transport Aircraft. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
.11-)CraL,-Lc.. ? .4
.;;M:L=-4-4111111M111111-1,7,,t..
FIG 67. CAT (AN-10) Medium Transport. (U)
-
? '
FIG 68. COOT (IL-18) Medium Transport Aircraft. (U)
SECRET
65
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Figure 64.
BASIC MISSION, PERFORMANCE AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TABLE OF SOVIET LIGHT TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
Gross
Fuel
No. of
Rated
Payload
Radius/
Maximum
Cruising
Take-Off
Operationally
Quantity
Annual Rate
Designation Take-Off
Capacity
Engines/
Power
in Pounds/
Range
Speed/
Speed
Distance
Available
Produced
of
Weight
(lb)
Type
each
Or Troops
(n.m.)
Alt
(knots)
OR
As of 1 Jan 58
Production
(lb)
(ft)
CAB (LI-2) 26,400
3,200
2/ASH-
621R
985
h.p.
6,600/
20
465/
920
164
knots/
115
2,420
1944
2,643
5,400 ft
COACH (IL-12) 38,000
3,200
2/ASH-
82FN
1,825
h.p.
10,000/
25
635/
1,290
235
knots/
165
1,750
1946
585
1,500 ft
CRATE (IL-14) 40,000
4,750
2/ASH-
82T
2,000
h.p.
7,200/
30
610/
1,290
250
knots/
160
1,700
1954
1,043
42o
10,000 ft
rn
g n
rn
Figure 65.
BASIC MISSION, PERFORMANCE, AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TABLE OF SOVIET II,DIUM TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
Gross
Fuel
No. of
Rated
Payload
Radius/
Maximum
Cruising
Take-Off
Operationally
Quantity
Annual Rate
Designation
Take-Off
Capacity
Engines/
Power
in Pounds/
Range
Speed/
Spood
Distance
Available
Produced
of
Weight
(lb)
(lb)
Typo
or Troops
(n.m.)
Alt
(knots)
GR
(ft)
As of 1 Jan 58
Production
CAMP (Ax-4)
88,000
16,000
2/Turbo-
prop
4,000
ES} P
20,000/
Go
705/
1,235
330
knots/
230
2,355
1958*
9
n a
1,000 ft
CAT (AN-10)
110,000
20,500
4/Turbo-
prop
4,000
ESHP
27,700-
100
665/
1,250
aa
335
n a
- -
1958*
10
an
COOT (IL-18)
128,000
39,600
4/Turbo-
prop
n a
24,400/
100
1,500/
2,800
n a
340
2,900
1959*
1
n R
*Estimated
?:;,f
4
-17737?":"--?, _
Figure 69. BASIC MISSION, PERFORMANCE, AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS TABLE OF SOVIET HEAVY TRANSPORT AIRCRAFT
CO
rn
???4 n
Designation
Gross
Take-Off
Weight
(lb)
Fuel
Capacity
(lb)
Fro. of
Engines/
Type
Rated
Power
Payload
in Pounds/
or Troops
Radius/
Range
(n.m.)
Cruising
Speed
(knots)
Take-Off
Distance
GR
(ft)
Operationally
Available
Quantity
Produced
As of 1 Jan 58
Annual Rate
of
Production
CAMEL
(TU-104 A)
CAMEL "A"
(TU-104 A)
BULL (TU-4)
transport
version
CLEAT
(TU-114)
COOKER
(TU-110)
152,500
157,000
137,000
250,000
183,000
59,000
59,000
40,200
100,000
65,500
2/AM-3
jet
2/Am-3
jet
4/ASH-90
Recip
4/Turbo-
prop
4/jet
19,000
lbs
LST
19,000
lbs
LST
2,200
h.p.
10,000
h.p.
n a
-
23,200/
90
27,500/
90
25,700/
90
55,000/
230
35,000/
150
1,130/
2,1400
1,100/
2,1100
1,670/
3,150
n a/
5,200
n an
1460
1460
205
400
a
3,400
3,700
5,500
6,000
n a
1955
1958*
1954
1955*
1959*
53
n a
- -
150
3
1
4s
an
0
an
-
an
- -
rn
* Estimated
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CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 70a. CAMEL (TU-104) Heavy Transport Aircraft. (C)
FIG 70b. BULL (TU-4
UNCLASSIFIED
Bomber Frequently Used As A Heavy
JO- 0 _XV A
Transport Aircraft. (U).
? ? CCCP415611 ?
FIG 70c. CLEAT (TU-114) Heavy Transport Aircraft. (U)
FIG 70d. COOKER (TU-110) Heavy Transport Aircraft. (U)
SECRET
68
SECRET
two new heavy transports, the CLEAT (TU-114)70 and the COOKER (TU-110).70
As far as is known both of these aircraft are still in the testing
stage. (C)
6. Simulators
a. There is no evidence available on Soviet simulator devices
that could be incorporated in or used with acquisition, tracking
or gun-control radar to simulate a real target for training purposes. (C)
b. There is no evidence of Soviet simulators used in pilot
training. (C)
c. There is no evidence of Soviet simulators employed as
decoys to protect bombers or other aircraft. (C)
d. There is reliable evidence that simulators or mock ups
of helicopter cargo compartments are used in training troops in loading
and unloading procedures. (C)
7. Reconnaissance Drone
No information. (S)
70. See photograph, page
68.
69
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SECRET
FIG 72. CROSS FORK Target Acquisition Radar. (U)
FIG 73. Two WHIFF Radars. (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 74. FIRE CAN Or SON-9 Fire Control Radar In Operating Position. (C)
SECRET
70
SECTION E
COMMUNICATION AND E1ECTRONICS
1. General
SECRET
Since World War II the Soviet has moved from a position
of insignificance in the fields of communications and electronics
to a respected position among the four leading nations. (U)
2. Fire Control Radars 71
a. The CROSS FORK 72, a Soviet radar similar in design
capabilities and emission characteristics to the United States SCR
602 and the British AA Nr 4, MK 3, apparently is being used by the
Soviets for target acquisition. The United States and British models
were designed for medium-range early warning and ground control
interception. The CROSS FORK is mounted on a GAZ-63 closed van 4x4
truck. CROSS FORK's have been sighted operating at WHIFF fire-control
sites. (S)
b. The first Soviet-developed fire control radar to be
observed was nicknamed WHIFF 73. This radar is the. Soviet version of
the United States SCR 584. The WHIFF is an antiaircraft fire-control
radar capable of searching for and detecting aircraft targets out to
70,000 yards range and automatically tracking individual targets in
range, elevation and azimuth out to 32,000 yards. The accuracy of the
WHIFF is approximately plus or minus 25 yards in range and plus or
minus 0.6 mil in elevation and azimuth. An electronic computer is
believed to be an integral part of this radar. The WHIFF is used with
100mm and 85mm antiaircraft guns. (S)
c. The three newest known Soviet fire control radars are
nicknamed FIRE CAN, LONG TROUGH and TRACK DISH. (U)
(1) The FIRE CAN74" for which the Soviet's designation
is SON-9, is a land-based, mobile, fire control radar for which no
recognizable intercept data and little collateral data are available.
The FIRE CAN probably operates in the S-band (1.55-5.20 KMdis) but
the technical characteristics are unknown. The antenna of the FIRE
CAN is a 4-i foot parabolic reflector mounted on a van, 7i feet high
by 12 feet Jong by 6i feet wide. Since first sighted in 1955, this
equipment has been seen at a number of Soviet installations in
Eastern Europe. It is always associated with gun emplacements and
is believed to be used with the 100mm and 85mm guns. The FIRE CAN
71 See table page 74.
72 See photograph page 70.
73 See photograph page 70.
74 See photograph page 70.
71
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SECRET
SECRET
FIG 75. LONG TROUGH Acquisition Radar In Operating Position. (C)
FIG 76. Unidentified Radar Resembling LONG TROUGH But Having
a Shorter Reflector. (C)
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 77. Antiaircraft Fire Control Radar TRACK DISH. (C)
SECRET
72
SECRET
Is capable of measuring range, azimuth and elevation with a possible
search range of 6o2oloo yards and a maximum tracking range of 24,000
yards. (S)
(2) LONG TROUGH75 has a long trough-like antenna array,
having its long axis horizontal, similar to the fiber-glass protective
radome of the United States M-33 acquisition antenna. LONG TROUGH
is mounted on a box-bodied truck. A few other radars76, having
similar but shorter antenna configurations, have been noted mounted
on tracked vehicles. The functions of these are as yet not determined.(S)
(3) TRACK DISH77 has a dish-type antenna reflector
similar to the WHIFF or FIRE CAN tracking radars. The TRACK DISH
antenna is mounted on a fully tracked prime mover with a box-like
body, (5)
3. Counter-battery radar and counter-mortar radar
A single report of low credibility indicates that the Soviets
have an X-band mortar, and artillery shell detection radar called AYS024l.
The ARSON-1 is reportedly mounted on a GAZ-63 truck under normal
conditions but could be dismounted and placed on a tripod. The antenna
is reported to be of the same general configuration as LONG TROUGH,
which is reliably reported to be used with antiaircraft artillery. (S)
4. Passive radar-field type78
a. BOX BRICK is a piece of Soviet passive detection equipment
reported in the Soviet Zone of Germany and the Soviet Zone of Austria
prior to withdrawal of Soviet Forces. Soviet passive detection sites
are believed to be located along the western edge of the Soviet bloc.
BOX BRICK79 was reportedly designed to collect electronic intelligence
(LINT) and is believed capable of ascertaining frequency, pulse width,
pulse recurrence frequency, other types of modulation, polarization
and scan rate of a radar or other electronic equipment by intercepting
its signal. It can not detect an aircraft which is not emitting radar
signals. BOX BRICK can probably determine the direction of aircraft
at a greater range than collocated early warning radars, and could thus
be used to orient or alert early warning radars. The box body of the
BOX BRICK rotates through 360 degrees at various speeds. The cube
on the roof of the van has been reported to rotate independently;
however, this is unlikely. For transit the cube is either detached or
retracts into the body of the vehicle. (S)
b. BRICK ROUND79 and BRICK SQUA1E79 are small paraboloids
believed to be antennas supplementing BOX BRICK by providing additional
75 See photograph page 72.
76 See photograph page 72.
77 See photograph page 72.
78 See table page 74.
79 See photograph page 75.
73
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Figure 71. SOVIET FIRE CONTROL RADAR DATA TABLE
Technical Characteristics
Designation
Radio
Frequency
Ranges
in miles
Modu-
lat ion
CROSS FORK
212 Mc's
Unknown
PRF is
pps
WHIFF
S -Band
See text
Pulse
FIRE CAN
S-Band
See text
Pulse
LONG TROUGH
Possibly
Unknown
Unknown
S-Band
G0
rn
70
rn
-A
TRACK DISH ,
Possibly
S or X
Band
Unknown
Unknown
Designation
BOX BRICK
Miscellaneous
Operationally
Available
quantity
Produced
As of 1 Jan 58
Annual Rate
of
Production
Unknown
Pulse duration
about 2 micro-
seconds
Soviet version
of U.S. SCR 584
Characteristics
probably similar
to SCR-584
Probably standard
acquisition type
radar
Probably similar
to FIRE CAN
Available
Available
1955
1956
1956
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Figure 78. DATA TABLE ON FIELD TYPE PASSIVE RADAR DEVICES
Technical Characteristics
Radio
Frequency
Range
in miles
Modu-
lation
Miscellaneous
Operationally
Available
quantity
Produced
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Estimated
Changes in
Next 5 years
Annual Rate of
None. May be
replaced by
LONG TROUGH
None. May be
replaced by
FIRE CAN and.
TRACK DISH
Greater range
Greater range
1
Greater range
Estimated
Changes in
Production ? next 5 years
S-Band
and lower
through
VH7
100-500
BRICK ROUND S or X 100-500
Band
BRICK SQUARE S or X 100-500
Band
ELINT receiver
CONFIDENTIAL
1954
1955
1955
30
30
30
10
10
10
None.
None.
None.
FIG 79. From Left To Right - One BRICK ROUND Antenna; One BRICK SQUARE Antenna; Two BOX BRICKS. (U)
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
SECRET
frequency coverage. (S)
c. No information has been received indicating Soviet
development of passive radars for use in detecting personnel, vehicles
or artillery. (C)
5. Variable-time fuzes
Although a large quantity of U.S. made VT fuzes for field
artillery use was captured by Communist forces in Korea and research
on AAA VT fuzes has been conducted in the Soviet bloc, particularly
in Hungary, no firm indications have been received to indicate that the
Soviet armed forces have VT fuzes for operational use. It is considered
that they could have VT fuzes for operationT1 guided missiles if they
felt the need for such devices. A Soviet general has stated to Western
officials that the Soviet Union has proximity fuzes for antiaircraft
artillery but not for field artillery. (S)
6. Night observation device
Numerous reports indicate that certain Soviet tanks, especially
the T-54, are equipped with infrared night observation devices. Differ-
ent ranges for the devices are reported, probably experienced under
different atmospheric conditions. Minimum range is evidently about 15
yards and maximum range about 150 yards. Reportedly this is a
cylindrical device with a metal housing which is fitted just above
the driver's vision slit. One report states that the normal headlight
driving device on the T-54 tank is converted for use as an infrared
source by installing three glass disks (one black, one light green, one
transparent) in front of the headlight, giving the headlight a slightly
greenish shade. (S)
7. Automatic data-processing equipment80
a. ANALOG COMPUTEMS
Analog computers are used extensively in the U.S.S.R. and
the equipment is comparable to that in the West. One of the largest
is type MN-8, which is a universal machine having capability of solution
of 32nd order differential equations used for solving problems connected
with earth satellite flight and aircraft trajectories using auto-pilots,
hydraulic problems, and wave motion in wave-guides. Smaller computers,
the ATR-1 and ATR-2, have been built especially for the solution of
railway problems and for the control of railway systems. (S)
b. DIGITAL COMPUTIMS
(1) The Soviets regard the development of digital computers
. 80 See table page 77.
76
SECRET
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SECRET
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as a matter of considerable national importance on which they are
prepared to invest much money and scientific manpower. A. N.
Nesmayanov, President of the Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R. has
stated that a technological break-through can be expected in this
field. (S)
(2) The BES01 is a medium high-speed digital computer
(by modern standards of operating speed) and is the largest known
Soviet machine. It has been seen by several independent Western
engineers, all of whom described it as a competent native-Soviet
piece of equipment of an advanced type, taking into consideration
that it has been in operation &ince 1952, at which time it was
equivalent to the best U.S. computer. It has an average operating
speed of 7,000.8;000 operations per second, the machine being three-
address, parallel operation with floating decimal point. Of particular
interest is the high utilization factor of the machine. Out of each
day's 24 hours operation 72% is useful time, 20% is marginal testing
time and 8% is lost time for locating and correcting faults. (S)
(3) A smaller computer, the M2 has been used for a
wide range of engineering, aeronautical, metallurgical and nuclear
physics problems. The M2 makes 3,000 operations per second with 10
decimal digits (33 binary places), using three- address code with
fixed or floating decimal point. A new computer, the KIEV, which
perform 5,000 to 7,000 operations per second and occupies a space of
30-40 cubic meters, has been developed by the Academy of Sciences of
the Ukraine SSR. The Ukraine Academy also claims to have developed
computers for use in medical diagnosis, particularly of cardiac
conditions. (S)
(4) Considerable interest has been shown in the U.S.S.R.
in the development of other special purpose computers. Of these, the
POGODA is used for weather forecasting; the KRISTAL for crystal
analysis; and the GRANIT for geological exploration. The BM has
also been used for weather forecasting. (S)
(5) Soviet scientists have intensively developed methods
of using digital computers for automatic lanuage translation.
Experiments, conducted largely with the BESMPi and STRELA-1 computers,
have clearly established the principles of machine translation of
English, German, French, Chinese-and Japanese into Russian. A special
purpose computer designed specifically for translation is under
development. The Soviet is considered to have or to be close to having
an operational capability for machine translation of Thglish in some
vocabulary fields notably physics. This is based on a recent demon-
stration before the Academy of Sciences. (S)
81 See photograph page 79.
78
SECRET
1-;
UNCLASSIFIED
SECRET
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.2......44,01.2L4'..311,'4? Ai: '4- 161. war ?
291,11? %,,?'14-1.-l.?
r;.441elf''4 24sal. - *.k....?_,f9i.,_.y00_,? .,1,,, .14??? farigia
"41...Vagilit ' Or" dr:,/
ale' ?"---, 7 0.7.,
"1.
1
FIG 81. Operator Is Perforating Tape To Feed English Text Into BESM Computer
For Automatic Translation To Russian. (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
rr.
FIG 82. Antiaircraft Artillery Computer-Predictor PUAZO
6-12a In Traveling Position. (U)
SECRET
79
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
SECRET
(6) In connection with the mechanization of information
handling, an article by a Soviet scientist in October 1956 indicated
trends in Soviet research and outlined his thoughts for future appli-
cation of data processing techniques to information machines. His
article is evidence of a full understanding of the problems involved. (5)
(7) In 1955 the President of the Academy of Sciences,
U.S referred to the building of a computer having a speed of
25,000 operations per second, which is more than adequate for solving
problems, in "real-time". ("Real-tine operation means that incoming
data must be computed in time for the result to be used to control
the further course of the process from which the data was derived.
For example, in the case of fire control for high speed aircraft,
weapon control signals must be derived from input target data in
sufficiently short time to be effective.) No definite intelligence is
available about this computer, but it is significant that a prominent
0
Soviet scientist in August 1957 said that the Soviet would be using
a computer for controlling their rocket firings and earth satellite
tracking. If he meant that the satellite data is to be passed from 0
tracking-station to tracking-station in synchronism with the flight of
the satellite in its orbit, then the data must be computed in "real- 0
time" by a machine similar to United States IBM 704 computer. (S) 0
c. AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT - FIE1D TYPE
(1) The PUAZO series of antiaircraft artillery computers/
predictors has long been used by Soviet AAAounits. Some of these AAA
0
units now in the field have the PUAZO 6-12e, an electro-mechanical
type of aircraft course predictor, which incorporates a visual height 0
and range finder. (S)
a
(2) Although a good deal of publicity has been given to
Soviet electronic computers as applied to machine translation, none
of these is believed to be available for field use (i.e., Corps and
lower echelons). (C)
(3) There is no information available on other types of
automatic data processing equipment for field use. (S)
8. Air traffic control systetP3
a. In the U.S.S.R. and-at Soviet military installations in
the European Satellite countries., high frequency direction-finding
stations provide, in conjunction with medium frequency beacons and
airborne automatic radio compasses, the main navigation aids available
to aircrews. There are four main types of high frequency direction
finding equipment: four-masted-Adcock installations, six masted Adcock
Installations, eight masted Adcock stations and wide-aperture multiple
arrays. The PKV-45 type is the most representative of the Soviet four-
masted installations. (S)
TT See photograph page 79.
83 See table page 81.
80
SECRET
Technical Charactariatingt
41.0
041
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0
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0
Miscellaneous
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SECRET
81
SECRET
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
SECRET
b. Six and eight masted installations have been reported
since 1954 at a number of airfields in the U.S.S.R. and at Soviet
military bases in East Germany. Wide-aperture high frequency direction-
finding stations such as KRUG are reportedly in use at several locations
in the U.S.S.R. A large number of very high frequency direction-
finding stations have been installed at Soviet airfields since 1954.
This equipment is of modern design, self-contained and fully mobile. (S)
c. MOON is the nickname given to a Soviet long range, low
frequency, pulse navigation system. MOON is a hyperbolic system which
depends on the transmission of synchronized signals from three widely
separated ground stations; a master station and two slave stations.
The master station is located ata point 86 km from Orel at 5308N-
3451E. The north slave station is located near Petrozavodsk, at
approximately 6140N-3402E and the south slave station southwest of
Simferopol at approximately 4456N-3348E. (S)
d. SHORE WALK is the nickname given the Soviet equivalent of
the U.S. SHORAN. SHORE WALK is a navigation and blind bombing system
utilizing two or more ground beacons which are alternately interrogated
by the airborne equipment to provide extremely accurate range measurements.
Where the exact location of the beacons are known, the two range circles
thus obtained produce an accurate fix. (S)
e. HOME RUN is the glide path transmitter portion of the Soviet
instrument landing system (ILS) which is installed at a number of
Soviet civil airfields. The installation was mobile when first observed
In 1953, but more recent reports indicate that it has been transferred to
small permanent buildings. The equipment has many points in common
with its Western counterpart and is known to operate on the ICAO frequency
assigned to this type of navigation aid. (S)
f. HOME TALK is the precision approach radar installation
which is part of the Soviet ground controlled approach system observed
during 1956 at a number of Soviet civil and military airfields. The
electronics installation, which is fitted in a prime-mover vehicle,
consists of two radar antenna and display systems, associated radar
circuitry and communications equipment. One radar system provides
precise data on aircraft elevation during letdown, while the second
antenna gives accurate azimuth and range information on the approaching
aircraft. HOME TALK is generally collocated with LONG EYE, the Soviet
airfield surveillance radar which is used to control aircraft entering
the approach-to-landing pattern of the airfield. (S)
g. LONG EYE, a surveillance radar, has back-to-back
reflectors. It has been sighted in East Germany and U.S.S.R. It is
considered to be the relatively short range azimuth search radar
associated with the precision radar used in the Soviet ground control
approach-to-landing aid. LONG EYEls antenna consists of two truncated
parabolic reflectors measuring about 10 feet by 6 feet, mounted back-
to-back on a trailer vehicle. (S)
9. Airborne thermal reconnaissance device
82
SECRET
MI
SECRET
In January 1958 a Soviet aircraft reportedly was observed. in
Yugoslavia with a device consisting of 4 identical searchlight-like
objects about 10 inches in diameter, 2 above the other 2, mounted under
1 wingtip. According to the report, which is of low credibility) the
device is an infrared acquisition device. The report did not state on
what type of aircraft the device was observed. It is conceivable that
the device is a thermal (infrared) navigational or reconnaissance device
rather than a target acquisition device. This, if true, is the first
Information on any Soviet Airborne infrared device. (S)
10. Nuclear locator devices
a. Soviet development of ion chamber dosimeters, geiger
counter and ion chamber area survey meters appears to be about parallel
with development of these devices in the U.S. (S)
b. The Soviet Union has the capability to design devices for
receiving electromagnetic radiation from atomic detonations in order to
determine the location and yield of bursts. However, no information on
such devices has been obtained. (S)
11. Mbbile Very High Frequency and Ultra High Frequency radio
communications equipment
a. The R-400 is reportedly a Soviet-designed and manufactured
microwave set having a capacity of six speech channels, operating in the
frequency range 2500 to 2750 Mcisl having a power output of 8 to 10 watts
and using pulse-position modulation. The antenna consists of a 5 to 6i
foot paraboloid mounted on a 100 foot telescopic mast. The antenna beam
width is 8 degrees. The R-400 equipment other than the antenna is carried
in a box-shaped vehicle with a 3-axle ZIS-151 chassis or equivalent. The ?
antenna is carried in a special vehicle. Photographs of microwave sgps
which are probably of the R-400 type hgyes,bggn taken in East Germany?4
and at Soviet installation- in Hungary ) . Another microwave set,
nicknamed BUG EARS, has been photographea at ?oyiet installations in
Hungary in mobile and fixed applications?7 kS)
b. Little is known about Soviet, very high frequency radio relay
communications equipment but t ? Yagi antenna arrays have been photographed:
??
one at Krampnitz, East Germany** in November 1956, and one in Budapest,
Hungary88 in December 1956 or January 1957. (S)
12. Field Radio Equipment89
a. Soviet field radio equipment is characterized by ruggedness
and simplicity. (U)
84
See photograph page
84.
85
See photograph page
84.
86
See photograph page
84.
87
See photograph page
85.
88
See photograph page
85.
89
See table page 86.
83
SECRET
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FIG 87. BUG EARS Microwave Radio Relay Antennas In A
Fixed Installation. (U)
Eat!'
FIG 84. Readily Transportable Microwave Radio
CONFIDENTIALTh. ?
FIG 85. Antenna And Upper Part Of Mast Of Microwave
Radio Relay Set. (U)
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 86. Base Of Antenna Mast Of Microwave Radio Relay
Set And Communication Vans. (U)
FIG 88. TOP: Unidentified Very-High-Frequency Antenna
Array Seen In East Germany. (C)
BOTTOM: Unidentified Very-High-Frequency
Antenna Array Seen In Hungary. (C)
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ri
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4. 0
N
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Design4tion
SECRET
SECRET
gl
`.41
gl 431
g1
b. RSB-F9? is an amplitude modulated radio set used by corps
and division headquarters as a mobile or fixed station. It is a low-
powered (50 watt) set operating in the medium and high frequency ranges
at 2 to 12 Mc/s. The RSB-F may be installed in a vehicle. It employs
one transmitter and two receivers. The voice of this set is about
SI Si SI SI Si Zi 431 ZI 'SI l I
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SEtRET
86
50 miles. By using a power amplifier such as the 500-K-9 with the
transmitter, the range of this set could be increased to 600 miles for
voice and 1,250 miles for telegraphy. (C)
c. RBM-191 is an amplitude modulated, two-man-pack radio set
used in forward echelons of infantry and artillery units. Normally, it
is operated while stationary at a command post or observation post but
may be operated while on the march or in a vehicle. The RBM-1 has low
power and operates at frequencies from 1.5 Mc/s to 5 mc/s. Its voice
range is four miles with a vertical antenna and eight miles with a doublet
antenna; distances for telegraphy are approximately twice those for voice. (C)
d. A-7-A and A-7-B92 are frequency modulated one-man-pack
radio sets employed by forward echelons of infantry and artillery units.
They operate in the high and very high frequency ranges (A-7-A at 26.9
to 32.1 Mc/s; A-7-B at 23.9 to 28.1 Mc/s). They have very low output
power of 1.5 and 2.0 watts respectively. These sets have a voice range
of six to seven miles and no provision for telegraphy. They are easy
to operate but are somewhat bulky and cumbersome. (C)
e. 9RS is a vehicular-type, amplitude modulated radio set
used in the older light and medium tanks and with assault guns. It has
low power (5 watts) and operates from 3.7 to 6.0 Mc/s, in the high
frequency range. The voice range of the 9RS is 4 to 10 miles between
moving vehicles and 11 to 13 miles between stationary vehicles. It
transmits only voice signals but can receive both voice and telegraphic
signals. It can communicate by voice with many other Soviet ground
and airborne radio sets. In command vehicles it is apparently being
replaced by the 10-RK, which has more power (10 watts) and operates at
about 1.5 to 6.o Mc/s with a voice range of about 9 miles. (C)
f. The radio set used in heavy tanks and medium and heavy
assault guns has been the 10-R93, a pre-1950 set operating at a frequency
below 6 Mc/s. The 10-RT installed in PT-761 T-541 and T-10 tanks, is
a later model and probably operates about 6 Mc/s. The 10-RTM, installed
in assault gun vehicles, may operate in the very high frequency band.
Other radio sets reported to be installed in tanks and other armored
vehicles are the 10-RT-12941 and the 10-RK-26 and the 12-RTM. The
10-RT-12 is installed in armored personnel carriers BTR 40 and BTR 152.
The 10-RK-26 is installed in JSU-152 assault gun vehicles. (C)
90 See photograph page sq.
91 See photograph page 88.
92 See photograph page 88.
93 See photograph page 89.
94 See photograph page 89.
87
SECRET
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14: CIA-RDP81-0104:1Pnn99nnn-4nn1-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
CONFIDENTIAL
FIG 90. RSB-F. (U)
FIG 91. RBM-1. (U)
.4t4.4:4 "zziKsttl
SECRET
FIG 92. A-7-B. (U)
SECRET
88
SECRET
FIG 93. Tank Radio Set 10-R. (U)
FIG 94. Vehicular Set 10-RT-12. (u)
SECRET
89
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
SECRET
g. R-10595 and R-10696-are two new Soviet man-pack radio
sets employed by infantry and artillery units down to company and
battery headquarters in some cases. They are voice radios and are
believed to operate in the very high frequency range. (C)
h. The two newest known Soviet field radio sets are the
R-108 and R-109. All data shown on these two sets are tentative.(C)
(1) The R-10897 is used at platoon level. Reportedly
the range is approximately 2.5 miles and the weight about 40 pounds.
Two wet cell batteries provide a_2.4 volt power source. The antenna
is flexible and about 60 inches long. The set is provided with a
microphone, earphones and carrying straps. (C)
(2) Reportedly the R-10998 weighs about 55 pounds, has
a range of approximately 1.5 miles, has a 60 inch antenna, a microphone,
earphones and a carrying strap. Reported dimensions are shown in
Figure 98. (C)
13. Anti-missile electronic countermeasures
No information. (S)
14. Reconnaissance drone
No information. (S)
15. Variable-time fuze jammer
No information. (S)
16. On-line cipher device
No information. (S)
17. Teletype, high speed
No information. (S)
18. Infrared detector
^
No information other than that given under the heading:
Airborne Thermal Reconnaissance Device par 9 above. (S)
95 See sketch page 91.
96 See sketch page 91.
97 See photograph page 92.
98 See sketch page 92.
90
SECRET
?
CONFIDENTIAL
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CONFIDENTIAL
91
OF Man-Pack Radio Set
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
CONFIDENTIAL
SECRET
19. Portable electronic jammers
No information. (s)
20. Night photographic device
No information. (S)
21. Long-range target location
No information. (S)
22. Aircraft simulators
No information. (S)
(.?11110 111413)( JOAO JOAO? Ilidr180
CONFIDENTIAL
92
93
SECRET
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Ap?roved for Release 2014/03/14: CIA-RDP81-01043R002200030007-3
'
SECTION F
GUIDED MISSILES
1. General
SECRET
The development of a family of guided and ballistic missiles
probably has received more emphasis than any other Soviet weapons
development program. As a result of the native Soviet effort and the
exIloitation of captured German missile data, equipment, facilities,
and impressed German scientists and missile component technicians,
it is believed the Soviets now have developed, or have operational
sophisticated missile systems in all major categories. The technical
characteristics and performance data of the Soviet missiles discussed
herein are shown in Characteristics Table, Figures 99 and 99a. (C)
2. Air-to-Surface Missile (ASM' s)
In the air-to-surface missile field, the Soviets are believed
to have developed a type, initially conceived by the Germans, known
as the Komet system. See Figure 100. (C)
a. This missile is intended for use against naval or
ground targets. It is estimated to be 34 feet long and 4 feet in
diameter with normal taper wings 8 feet long and 5 feet wide at the
root. The propulsion system is probably turbo jet, the payload approx-
imately 3,000 pounds with either a nuclear or HE warhead with proximity
fusing. The missile is estimated to have a maximum speed of 485 knots
and a range of 50 nautical miles. (S)
b. The guidance system is beam rider with semi-
active homing in the terminal phase of trajectory. The missile is
launched from a carrier aircraft, which also may be the control air-
craft, or control may emanate from a separate airplane that also
has fighter-interceptor capability when not engaged in missile guid-
ance. (S)
3. Surface-to-Surface Missiles (SSM's)
a. Ballistic Missile SS-1
(1) This missile is carried on the same heavy tank
chassis that is used to transport the 35 nautical mile artillery
rocket. It probably is fired vertically from a launching stand mounted
on the chassis. The missile configuration consists of a cone and
cylinder with 4 control surfaces located at the aft end. It is believed
the missile employs a solid propellant although the possibility of a
sealed liquid propellant system cannot be overlooked. Control of the
missile probably is accomplished by air vanes and jet vanes. The jet
vanes cannot be seen but are indicated by the overhang of the air vanes
shown in Figure 101. (S)
(2) The self-propelled launcher depicted in the
95
SECRET
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Weapons
Maximum
Range n.m.
Accuracy
(CEP)
FIG. 99
SOVIET GUIDED MISSILE OPERATIONAL AND PRODUCTION PROGRAM
'Air-to-Surface Missile Systems
Cruise
Speed
Mach No.
Approximate
Gross Weight
lbs.
Guidance
System
Tear
Available
Totals
Number
Produced
As of 1 Jan 58
Remarks
AS-2
55
150 ft.
0.9
8,000
10,000
Beam-riding 1956-57
with semi-
active terminal
homing.
Cl)
rn
Weapons
Maximum
Range n.m.
Accuracy
(CEP)
Thrust
Motors
Metric
Surface-to-Surface Missile Systems
Tear
Available
of Approximate
Gross Weight
ton lbs.
Guidance
Systems
SS-1
30-100
1,200 ft.
10
10,000
Inertial
1954
70
rn
-A
SS-2
50-200
2,000 ft.
25
30,000
Radar-Radio
1954
Comm/inertial
SS-3
150-350
3,000 ft.
35
53,000
Same
1954
SS-4
250-700
1-2 n.m.
100
110,000
same
1956
SS-5
3800-4500
5 n.m.
100/35
200,000
same
1958-59
Guided Anti-Tank Missile - there is no information on Soviet development of anti-tank missile system.
* Cumulative stockpile at the end of 1957.
FIG. 99a.
Surface-to-Air Missile System
Weapons
Maximum
Maximum
Accuracy
Maximum
Guidance
Tear
Altitude
Horizontal
(CEP)
Speed
System
Available
Ranges
Mach. No.
SA-1
60,000 ft
20-25 n.m.
50 or 190 ft.
2.0-2.5
Command
1955
Boosted
SAM**
66,000
30
1.8(desigl)
Command
Anti-Ballistic Missile - there is no information on Soviet development of an anti-ballistic missile system.
1,000 The U.S.S.R. could have
a 100 n.m. supersonic
version of the AS-2 in
1961.
Totals
Number
Produced
Lis of 1 Jan 58
Remarks
4,700
1,600 range
700
150
10
SS-4
May be modified by 1958
to achieve 1,000 n.m.
Total*
Nukber
Produced
As of 1 Jan 58
Remarks
Weapons
Cr,
Maximum
Range
n.m.
Accuracy
(CEP)
ft.
Air-to-Air Missile System
Tear
Available
Maximum
Speed
Mach No.
Approximate
Gross Weight
lbs.
Guidance
System
nn
4.8
20
2
335
Beam Rider
1956
70
rn
Soviet Earth Satellite Vehicle
Designations
Dimensions
Weight
Radio
Initial
Orbital
Date
lbs.
Trans
freq. (WS)
Orbital
Alt. (miles)
Cycle (min)
Launched
Sputnik I
23" sphere
185
20 & 40
540
95
4 Oct 57
Sputnik II
30' I 5' diem.
1,120
201440
1,060
102
3 Nov 57
Sputnik III***
30' I 5' est.
2,000
20 & 40
800
99
1958
* Cumulative stockpile atthe end of 1957.
23,000
Total*
Number
Produced
As of 1 Jan 58
CO
rn
70
rn
-4
U.S.S.R. could have a
90,000/100 n.m. missile
operational in 1961. Missiles
would have a speed of Mach
2.5 and a CEP of 100 feet
with terminal homing or
500 ft with command guidance.
Remarks
44,000
U.S.S.R. could have oper-
ational a semi-active homing
and/or infra-red homing all
weather air-to-air missile,
with a 15 to 20 n.m. range
in 1961.
Remarks
Power saurce-silver zinc
batteries with mercury-
oxide elements were used in
both vehicles.
120 metric ton 1st stage;
combinations of basic or
improved thrust units will
provide boosters for signi-
ficant increases in payload
**
***
Surface-to-air missile displayed in Moscow parade.
Estimated characteristics.
of matellite or apace flight.(/)
()
70
rn
?-L000?000ZZOO1?1701-0-1-8dCll-V10 'bi-/C0/171-0Z 8S8l8j ..104 panaiddv Ado Pez!PeS -4-led LI! PeWsseloaCI
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SECRET
6110?11.1111.
UP TO
10,000 FT
SWITCHING ZONE. EXACT POINT
OF SWITCHING IS DEPENDENT ON
STRENGTH OF TARGET RETURNS.
SEMI-ACTIVE HOMING
50 N M
FIG 100. Tactical Use Of The KOMET Guidance System. (U)
?
UNCLASSIFIED
9D N N.
18 N M
SECRET
FIG 101. Rear View Of SS-1. (U)
TS.
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SECRET
photograph apparently is capable of hydraulically erecting the missile
to a vertical firing position. What appears to be sighting equipment
is mounted on the front of the tracked vehicle. The sighting arrange-
ment indicates the entire vehicle may have to be oriented to provide
initial aim to the missile. Final aiming may be accomplished either
before or after erection of the missile. Possibly a vernier control
within the launcher is utilized after erection. (C)
(3) The launcher is equipped with a ladder-like
superstructure which may serve as both a brush guard and a servicer.
See Figure 102. (C)
(4) The frame work mounted aft of the missile appears
to be a means of blast deflecticn for protection of the tracks. (S)
(5) It is believed a missile can be erected, fired,
and the launchm moved to another location within ten minutes. (C)
(6) Reloading of the launcher probably is accomplished
by a crane. (S)
b. Ballistic Missile SS-2
The Soviets reconditioned and test-launched German A-4
(V-2) missiles in October-November 1947 at the Kapustin Yar firing
range. The information obtained from these firing tests probably
gave the Soviets the data necessary to develop an improved version of
the V-2 missile system. Although no missile of this type was displayed
in the Moscow parade, the Soviets could have available a surface-to-
surface missile system with the configuration shown in Figure 103. (S)
c. Ballistic Missile SS-3
(1) This is a single-stage surface-to-surface missile.
Two of these missiles, mounted on trailers and pulled by M 1950 tracked
prime movers, were displayed in the Nbscow parade. The missile is
tapered from its nose to about one fifth of its length. The remainder
of the missile is uniform in diameter. The exhaust orifice is 3 feet
4 inches in diameter. This is larger than the exhaust orifice of the
United States Redstone missile and indicates a thrust on the order
of 80,000 pounds. There are four carbon vanes that protrude into the
exhaust stream. See Figures 104 and 105. Possible fuel ports six
inches in diameter and painted red are located near the forward seam. (S)
(2) The missile has small stabilizing fins, smaller
than those on the U.S. Redstone missile, indicating that this missile
has a high degree of inherent stability. The small fin size suggests
that the missile carries a heavy nuclear warhead. (S)
(3) The extremely pointed nose cone was not designed
for a high-speed re-entry into-the atmosphere, which would indicate
a medium range missile. (C)
(4) The trailer which is used to transport the missile
is not believed to be a tactical vehicle. The high center of gravity,
-SECRET
100
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UNCLASSIFIED
101
UNCLASSIFIED
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FIG 103. Estimated Soviet Short
Range Ballistic Missile.
UNCLASSIFIED
?
AIL
i? ?,,t
1 1
? ..?
/ .
I 1
1
/ 1
/ I
/ 1
FIG 106. Possible Soviet Medium
Range Ballistic Missile.
UNCLASSIFIED
102
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a
: ?t"
????,'
CA)
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FIG 104. Rear View Of SS-3. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
FIG 105. Side View Of SS-3. (U)
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lack of adequate suspension at the front end, and generally weak
construction of the transport vehicle indicate it probably was not
designed for extensive mobile ope-ration. In addition it seems most
unlikely that the trailer could be used as an erecting mechanism. (S)
SECRET
d. Ballistic Missile SS-
German scientists who have returned from the Soviet
Union have reported development work on rocket engines done in the
U.S.S.R. from 1946 to 1950. They also reported the development
of a missile that was to have a gross weight on the order of 110,000
pounds. Reliable intelligence indicates Soviet operational test
firing of a missile to a range of approximately 700 nautical miles.
There have been at least 48 test firings of this missile over a
period of 26 months. Detailed specifications of this missile are
not available but it is believed that it has a heavy nuclear war-
head and could be the missile for which the 100 metric ton thrust
engine was designed in 1950. See Figure 106 for an estimated con-
figuration of SS-4. (S)
e. Guided Anti-Tank Missile
There is no information on Soviet development of an
anti-tank surface-to-surface missile system. (C)
4. Surface-to-Air Missiles (SAM's)
a. The development and deployment of a Surface-to-Air missile
system continues as a major priority of the Soviets. (C)
b. The layout of a SAM (B-200) site typical of those located
around critical target areas.is shown in Figure 107. Forty such
sites have been observed around the Moscow Complex and nine around
Leningrad. The sites include a cantonment area, launch area, and a
guidance area. The launch area is about i by 1 mile in size and
contains three longitudinal roads and eleven traverse roads. The
launch pads are arranged in groups of three at the ends of the
traverse roads with an underground-bunker between each adjacent set
of pads. The area contains 60 launch racks and missile-like objects
approximately 25 feet long, and 3 feet in diameter have been observed
on the launch racks. The missile probably carries a warhead of
approximately 1,000 pounds to an altitude of 60,000 feet and a range
of 20 to 25 nautical miles. (S)
c. The guidance area is about a half mile square and is
located a mile from the launch area. It contains a large under-
ground bunker which probably houses radar and computer components
and separate power and maintenance facilities. The radar antennas
protrude from the end of the central bunker facing the launch site.
Based on current information relative to the SAM design and develop-
ment program of the Soviets, it is estimated that the B-200 has a
growth potential and that the radar (YO-Y0) had the following
characteristics when first employed at operational sites. (S)
SECRET
lc4
SECRET
>c
HOUSING &
ADMIN AREA
I mile
DOUBLE BARBED
25' CONCRETE
WIRE FENCE
ROAD
BUNKER
\Mr
BORE SIGHT
POLE APP.ROX
90 FT. HGT.
11
4 1mile
2
SECRET
MOSCOW
I mile
FIG 107. Typical Missile Site. (U)
SECRET
105
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SECRET
d. The radar is a track-while-scan device that incorporates
two antenna systems, one for azimuth and one for elevation. The
system has the capability of handling 20 targets and 20 missiles
simultaneously. The antennas produse fan-shaped beams with an effec-
tive beam width of approximately 54 by le at half power points.
The crystal controlled pulse repetition frequency is 2,500 cycles
per second; this provides an unambiguous range of 32.4 nautical miles.
The radar display range, as limited by scope presentation, is 27
nautical miles. The YO-10 transmitter has been reported to have a
peak power of 2 megawatts and to operate in S-band. Operating fre-
quencies in the range of 3,100 to 3,800 megacycles have been indicated.
The antenna rotates at 50 revolutions per minute and thus each of
the 6 beams scans the sector 5 times per second. The system will
provide automatic tracking in azimuth and elevation to accuracies
of 1/20th of a degree. (S)
SECRET
SECRET'
e. Figure 108 shows what is probably a second generation
surface-to-air missile and was displayed in the Moscow parade on
7 November 1957. This missile is a boosted type similar to the Nike
family of missiles. The overall _length of the missile-booster
combination is 34 feet, the missile is 28 feet long, and approximately
18 inches in diameter. The booster probably is solid propellant
type and the missile sustainer motor probably employs liquid propellant.
Analysis of available photographs indicates that the missile is
probably not launchable from the trailer. (S)
f. Based on analysis, the design velocity of the missile
is probably Mach 1.8. The missile is probably command guided. It
will carry a 350-450 pound warhead, which could be either nuclear
or HE to a range of 30 nautical miles at an altitude of 40,000 feet
with full control effectiveness. The missile has a ceiling of 60,000
feet at this range but with reduced control effectiveness; conversely,
for full effectiveness at 60,000 feet altitude, the range of the missile
is reduced. (S)
g. Analysis also indicates that this missile is compatible
with the B-200 (YO-Y0) guidance system. However, there is no evidence
which indicates that this missile-is now operationally deployed in
the SAM defenses around Moscow. A missile of this type would be
suitable for use in air defense systems employed in the defense of
cities and prime targets within the U.S.S.R. and in the air defense
of Soviet field army zones of operation. (S)
5. Anti-ballistic Missile
There is no information on Soviet development of an anti-
ballistic missile system. (C)
SECRET 8"
FIG 109. Soviet AAM ShM Estimated Configuration. (S)
Preliminary information obtained from German missile
technicians, recently repatriated by the U.S.S.R. indicates that
the U.S.S.R. has developed an air-to-air beam-riding missile called
"ShM". See Figure 109. It is believed the first production item
SECRET
106
SECRET
107
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SECRET
was availab3ein mid-1955 and that the missile can be used with the
Soviet all weather interceptor Flashlight. Intelligence data in-
dicates that the missile has a diameter of 8 inches, beam-riding
guidance located in the aft end, and maximum range of about 5
nautical miles. The missile is estimated to be between 9 and 12
feet long and has a wing span of about 30 inches. There is a
marked similarity between the Sparrow I and what is known of the
Soviet "ShM". The Sparrow I weighs 335 pounds, has a 4.8 nautical
mile range at 50,000 feet with Mach 2 plus aircraft launch speed
and has a 42 pound HE frag warhead. (S)
7. Soviet Artificial Earth Satellites
The basic rocket system used in launching the Soviet
Satellites on 4 October and 3 November 1957 probably comprised a
stock 100-metric ton first:stage and a stock 35 metric ton second
stage. The same system probably could deliver a suitable thermonuclear
warhead to a range of 4,000 nautical miles. A third stage probably
was added in the 3 November launching and reportedly was the instrument-
ed satellite itself. A third stage may have been added in the 4
October launching. In any case, the last stage of the launching
system accompanied the first satellite in orbit. Illustrations
of the two satellites and a schematic diagram of the instrumented
section of the second satellite, published by the Soviet press,
are shown in Figures 110, 111, 112. (S)
108
SECRET
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Structural support member
UNCLASSIFIED
8
co
LrJ
11
I
11
\\
\':1\ MI1111101/
\\
//
8
//
U
o
//
8
tem
UNCLASSIFIED
110
Nose Cone (separated in orbit)
Second Satellite.
6
Instrumented Section
4.
SECTION G
NUCLEAR WEAPONS
1. General
SECRET
All information concerning Soviet nuclear weapon technology
and the characteristics of weapons which could be in Soviet stockpiles
has been derived from the analysis of Soviet nuclear tests. In 1958,
Soviet weapons could yield between 2 kilotons and 20 megatons and could
be delivered by a variety of means including aircraft, guided missiles,
and rockets. The yield of any given weapon or warhead would depend on
the dimensional limitations of the delivery system. Future developments
will probably be directed toward more efficient use of critical nuclear
materials and reduction of weapon dimensions to improve flexibility of
delivery. In general, the U.S will be capable of producing nuclear
weapons of the range of yields and characteristics required for support
of major military requirements. (S)
2. Nuclear Propulsion for Aircraft
There is no conclusive evidence of a Soviet program for nuclear
aircraft propulsion; however, the Soviets have made increasingly
frequent references to the feasibility of such propulsion during the
past few years. These have ranged from popular discussions in news-
papers and magazines to statements by some of the highest officials
in the U.S.S.R. Some of the research known to have been conducted by
the U.S.S.R. could apply appropriately to nuclear propulsion of air-
craft. Assuming a program exists, it is probable that the Soviets are
now engaged in the development and testing of reactor components and
sub-systems, and could have a reactor system suitable for nuclear
propulsion of sub-sonic aircraft available in 1962. However, it is
possible that the U.S.S.R. could, for propaganda purposes, fly an
experimental aircraft powered in part by nuclear power at an earlier
date. (S)
3. Nuclear Propulsion for Surface Vehicles
Soviet publications have indicated interest in nuclear powered
locomotives and tractors. A reactor system suitable for nuclear propulsion
of large, heavy land vehicles could probably be available to the U.S.S.R.
in 1962. (S)
4. Atomic Demolition Munitions
Specific Soviet nuclear demolition munitions have not been ?
identified. However, present Soviet fission weapons yielding between
1 and 100 kilotons could be easily adapted for this purpose. (S)
Special Handling Required
Not Releasable to foreign
Nationals EXcept4K and Canada
111 By authority ofcgt4tfv44)10c&wrDate 24 Feb 58
COLEMAN W. TEACHER, Lt Col, GS
SECRET All portions of this section require
special handling, as indicated above.
Unable to determine
downgrading data
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SECTION H
CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, RADIOLOGICAL (CBR) WARFARE
1. General
a. The Soviet Union is believed to have a significant overall
capacity to initiate and sustain CBR warfare. During World War II, the
Soviets reportedly had sufficient stocks of CW munitions on hand to con-
duct chemical warfare. Since World War II the U.S.S.R. has been able
to augment its chemical and biological warfare capabilities. Reports
on Soviet nuclear energy research and development programs do not indi-
cate the existence of radiological weapons or prototypes now or in the
near future. CBR warfare research and development programs are believed
to be in effect and adequate in scope. The U.S.S.R. has the raw materials,
manpower, and the plant facilities for large scale production of CBR ma-
teriel, except RW agents. Soviet CBR equipment and munitions are simple,
sturdy, and multi-purpose. (S)
b. Very little factual information is available regarding
operational availability and rate of production of Soviet CBR weapons.
Gaps in our knowledge of CBR material are recorded in ACSI Intelligence
Collection Memorandum 239-81K-3. Department of the Army pamphlets of
the 30-12 series provide detailed information on known Soviet CBR materiel. (C)
2. Chemical Warfare
a. Toxic Agents
It is estimated that the Soviets can produce approximately
60,000 short tons of toxic chemical agents annually. Approximately 22
percent of this production is believed to be nerve agents and the pro-
portion of nerve agents to other agents will increase in the future. The
following are believed to be Soviet standard agents used to fill munitions
and aerial dissemination devices.
NERVE AGENTS BLISTER AGENTS*
Sarin (GB)
Tabun (GA)
V-Agent
Mustard (H)
Lewisite (L)
Nitrogen mustard (HN)
Phosgene Oxime (CX)
Not necessarily lethal (killing) agents.
113
SECRET
OTHER
Hydrogen cyanide (AC)
Phosgene (CG)
Diphosgene (DP)
Chloropicrin (PS)
Cyanogen chloride (CK)
Arsine (SA)
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SECRET
(1) Means of dissemination
(a) Developments in Soviet offensive doctrine
together with the appearance of several new large caliber artillery
pieces, mortars, and rocket launchers support the assumption that toxic
chemical rounds exist for most of these weapons. In addition, the
Soviets are prepared to use mines,113 bombs, ampoules, and spray tanks
to disseminate toxic chemical agents. (S)
(b) It is believed that the Soviets could have
standardized missiles with toxic chemical agent warheads, however, no
specific information is available.114 (S)
?) Ground spray devices include portable and
vehicular types.11 Aerosol research indicates improvements may be
in progress although no specific information is available. (S)
(d) The Soviets, who had an advanced technology
for aircraft delivery devices at the end of World War II, have aircraft
which could be utilized for the dissemination of any specific agent. (S)
(e) Table 11116 lists bombs which are believed to
be available in quantity for delivery of mustard, phosgene and the
nerve agents. No new information has been received on the specific
characteristics of Soviet chemical warfare bombs. Soviet spray
equipment has reportedly been adapted for use on Soviet jet aircraft.
Other known airplane spray apparatus on which data are available are
also included in Table II. (S)
(f) The World War II aircraft spherical bomblet
release gear117 is believed to be an effective means of obtaining
wide area coverage with CW agents, including the nerve agents. The
bomblets disseminated by this device include the glass incendiary
bomblet.116 (S)
b. Smoke and Flame Warfare Materiel
(1) Adamsite and diphenyl-chloroarsine are believed to be
standard in the U.S.S.R. for filling toxic ground munitions and
aerial bombs. The anthracene formulations (mixtures of anthracene,
potassium chlorate, and ammonium chloride) are Soviet screening smoke
compositions of munitions exploited by the United States. The Russians
are aware of other smoke compositions, including sulfur-trioxide-
chlorosulfonic acid solution, titanium tetrachloride, while phosphorus,
and more recently, HC mixture (hexa-choroethane Aluminum-zinc oxide). (S)
113. See photograph, page 116.
114. See table, Figure 99, page 96.
115. See table, page 115.
116. See table, page 115.
117. See photograph, page 116.
118. See photograph, page 116.
114
SECRET_
TABLE I
Nomenclature
Portable - Manpack
Contaminating Apparatus, Portable, NPZ -3
Contaminating Apparatus, Portable, NPZ -2
Manpack Decontamination Apparatus, RDP-3
Manpack Decontamination Apparatus, RDP -4
Vehicular
Motorized Filling Plant, ARS -SK
Combat Chemical Vehicle, BKM-1 (BKhM-1a)
Combat Chemical Vehicle, BKhM-3
Nomenclature
Bombs
Bomb, Aerial, KhAB-25
Bomb, Aerial, KhAB-100
Bomb, Aerial KhAB-200
Bomb, Aerial, KhAB-500
Bomb, Aerial, KhAB-1,000 *
Spray Devices
Nomenclature
SECRET
Capacity Weight of
23112n2 Unit-lbs
Jig. 115 Ground Spray Devices
Spray Apparatus, Airplane, VAP-500,
VAP-1,000
Spray Apparatus,
Spray Apparatus,
TABLE II
4
3.7
3.2
423
196
95
Weight of Weight of Round
Filling - lbs or Device - lbs
Airplane,UKhAP-250 (multi-purpose sprayer)
Airplane, UKhAP-500 (multi-purpose sprayer)
31
110 '
117-202
374-405
600 *
61
346-387
660-690
?11?=,
Capacity -- Gallons
83
177
264
50-53
* Estimated not
confirmed.
Jig. 116 Aerial Munitions and Equipment
for the Dissemination of Toxic Agents (U)
SECRET
115
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jaLv
FIG 113. Soviet Mustard Gas Land Mine. (U)
UNCLASSIFIED
'?
16 TUBES,
EACH HOLDING
10 BOMBLETS
"--:."--
'..........................?
GLASS STOPPER --