HERALD OF THE AIR FLEET

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R002000020002-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 63
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 16, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: January 1, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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STAT
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EXPLANATORY NOTE
?
This publication is a translation of Herald of the Air Fleet, (Vestnik
VozdushnogoFlota)a monthly journal of the Soviet Air Force published by
the Military Publishing House, Ministry of Defense, USSR.
Every effort has been made to provide as accurate a translation as
practicable. Sovietpropagandahas notbeen deleted, a.s it is felt that such
deletion could reduce the value of the translation to some portion of the
intelligence community. Political and technical phraseology of the orig-
inal text has been adhered to in order to avoid possible distortion of in-
formation.
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AIR TECHNICAL INTELLIGENCE TRANSLATION
(TITLE LINICLASSI F! ED)
HERALD OF THE AIR FLEET
(Vestnik Vozduslmogo Flota)
5
1957
STAT
STAT
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-t
Table of Contents
A Fitting Reception for the Fortieth Anniversary
of Great October
Editorial 1
TACTICS
The Revectoring of Bombers to Other Targets 9
I. P. Petrukhin
Control of a Fighter Element in Aerial Combat 16
N. G. Sopelev
TRAINING AND EDUCATION
The Education and Training of Air Force Rear Service Men 21
N. P. Zhil'tsov
Takeoff and Landing of an Aircraft Equipped with Bicycle Gear. 28
M. L. Gallay
Special Features of Attacks with Accompanying Fire 37
G. G. Rastorguyev
A Method of Teaching Pilots to Fly Helicopters on Instruments 45
F. F. Prokopenko
EQUIPMENT AND INSTALLATIONS
and their
OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE
Ground Radiological Reconnaissance 56
V. P. Syrnev
Maintenance of the Frontline Bomber 68
G. V. Kharebov
Our Engineer 72
V. N. Chernyshev, V. Ya. Proskurin
Conclusions Prompted by Experience 76
L. B. Bogomol'nyy
FROM THE HISTORY OF SOVIET AVIATION
The Combat Operations of the Soviet Air Force on the
Eastern Front 1918-1919 80
M. P. Stroyev, S. V. Lipitskiy
READERS SUGGEST
A Radio Fix Working Map for the Duty Ground Controller 93
The Efficient Use of Electrodes 94
A Navigator's Takeoff Training Console 95
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Table of Contents
FROM THE EDITOR'S MAIL
"Front" or "Bearing"? 98
A. M. Mikhaylov
What Bombing Method is Best9 99
Yu. N. Kol'tsov
REVIEW AND PUBLICATIONS
The Correspondence of N. Ye. Zhukovskiy
V. S. Pyshnov
Spanish Wind
101
104
P. P. Pigorev
120 Thousand Kilometers on the Aircraft TU-104 . . . 108
A. K. Starikov
6 M: III II I I I I I I I I I Elki CR #17 1100010111Kfilfillig2 0111INE
A
A FITTING RECEPTION
FOR THE FORTIETH ANNIVERSARY OF GREAT OCTOBER
The year 1957 is significant in the life of our Motherland: on 7 November it
will be forty years since the day of the Great October Socialist Revolution carried
out by the workers, soldiers, and peasants of Russia under the leadership of the
Communist Party headed by V.I. Lenin, the great leader of the workers.
In 1917, for the first time in the history of humanity, on one sixth of the globe,
a victorious revolution confirmed the political supremacy of the working class - the
dictatorship of the proletariat, Soviet power - the highest form of democracy, democ-
racy for the broadest masses of the people. The land, its resources, plants, facto-
ries, and railroads became the possession of the workers - the real masters of their
country.
As opposed to all the revolutions of the past, when, to replace one form of ex-
ploitation, another would appear, the Great October Socialist Revolution destroyed
all forms of social and national oppression and inequality. It saved our country Iran
impending economic and national catastrophe, from the threat of dismemberment and
enslavement by imperialist plunderers. It showed all the nations the way out of the
bloody carnage which had been undertaken by the imperialists and it proclaimed a
policy of peace as the firm policy of the Soviet State.
The Great October Socialist Revolution signified a most far-reaching upheaval
in the economic system, in the class structure of society, in national relations, and
in the political and cultural life of the peoples of the Soviet Union.
Forty years are a relatively short period of time for history, but during these
years our country has achieved unprecedented successes and has convincingly proved
to the entire world the insuperable power and advantage of the new Soviet social and
state structure.
The chief capitalist countries required more than one hundred years for the
creation of their massive machine industry. The Soviet Union created a massive
technically first-class industry in' an immeasurably shorter period of time. By 1957,
the industry of the USSR had grown more than 30 times over by comparison with the
prerevolutionary period, and heavy industry - the very foundation of the entire eco-
nomic system - had grown more than 50 times over. The socialist path assured the
swift growth of agriculture. Instead of an ocean of petty individual farms with their
poor equipment and dominance by the kulak, the greatest socialist mechanized agri-
cultural production in the world has been created in our country.
The revolution in Russia in 1917 provided fullest scope for the political and eco-
nomic development of all the nationalities inhabiting the USSR, for the confirmation of
their state sovereignty, and for the flourishing of their national, socialistic culture.
Unemployment and poverty have been done away with in our country during the
years of the Soviet regime. The living standard and well-being of the workers in
town and country are constantly rising. In a country where more than three quarters
of the population were illiterate before the revolution, universal seven-year education
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2 Editorial
'has been put into effect everywhere and the transition to a universal ten-year course
has been begun.
If we picture to ourselves what a backward agrarian country Russia was before
the socialist revolution; if we take into account the fact that our country was the first
to embark upon the new historical path and struggle for the victory of socialism - en-
circled as it was on all sides by hostile capitalist states; and if we take into account
the fact that of the forty years of the existence of the Soviet Regime our people has
been compelled for no less than eighteen to defend its freedom and independence
against aggression from without and to restore the economy which was destroyed dur-
ing the wars - then the powerful vitality of the socialist system and the inexhaustible
sources of invincibility of the great cause which our people creates under the leader-
ship of the Communist Party will become more convincing and clear to everyone.
In the area of economy, the October Revolution settled to all practical intents
and purposes the historically ripe objective necessity for the transition from capital-
ist to socialist relations of production, after opening the door wide for the develop-
ment of productive forces.
In sheer production of steel, oil, and electrical energy, the USSR has long since
outstripped all the countries of Europe. Even the most malicious enemies of social-
ism cannot help but see that time is not working in their favor. In the progressive
movement of society, rates of economic development are of decisive importance. The
rates of development in the economic system of our country have no equals. For
example in 1956 in the USA, 1.8 times more steel was smelted than in 1929, while in
the USSR, it was 10 times more. The output of oil for this same period was increas-
ed 2.5 times in the USA, and 6 times, in the USSR; the output of electrical energy in
the USA increased 6 times over, and 31 times in the USSR.
That is what the steadfast confidence of the Soviet people is based on - confi-
dence in the fact that they will not only surpass all capitalist countries in volume of
industrial production, but that they will carry out in a very short period of time the
task set by the 20th Congress of the CPSU: to overtake and pass the most developed
capitalist states in per capita production. The domestic policy of the Communist Par-
ty and the Soviet Government stems exclusively from the constant satisfaction of the
material and cultural needs of society and is aimed at the well-being of the nation.
In the area of foreign policy, the Soviet Union is a bulwark of all the peace-lov-
ing and democratic forces of the globe. Its policy directed towards a peaceful solu-
tion of the sharpest international problems, towards guaranteeing contacts with large
and small states, and towards preserving and strengthening peace, corresponds to
the essential vital interests of humanity and consequently finds ever wider support in
the entire world.
The Great October Socialist Revolution was carried out under the all-conquering
banner of Marxism-Leninism. It inflicted a blow of tremendous power upon bourgeois
ideology, and upon opportunism and reformism in the working movement in all their
manifestations. With the victory of October and with the construction of socialism
in the USSR, Marxism-Leninism became the ideology holding complete sway in our
Soviet society.
The international significance of October, which exerted a definitive influence
upon the entire course of historical development is tremendous. A powerful prole-
tarian and national-liberation movement has developed in Europe and in Asia. Many
;i
1
A Fitting Reception 3
countries have embarked upon the path of construction of socialism and have formed
a monolithic socialist camp headed by the Soviet Union. As a result of the victorious
national-liberation movement, the largest states of the East gained independence,
states which now play an important role in international relations, and in the struggle
for peace.
The Great October Socialist Revolution opened up a new era in the history of
mankind.
That is why Soviet men and women are preparing with such enthusiasm to cele-
brate the significant anniversary in the life of our socialist Motherland. The decree
of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union "Concerning pre-
parations for the celebration of the 40th anniversary of the Great October Socialist Re-
volution" has found a very lively response in the heart of every Soviet man, of every
soldier of the Soviet Army.
"To develop preparations for the celebration of the fortieth anniversary of the
Great October Socialist Revolution as a nation-wide holiday of international significance,
under the badge of mobilizing the creative activity of the mass millions of the nation
for successfully putting into effect the historical decisions of the 20th Congress of the
CPSU" - these words in the decree of the Central Committee of the Communist Party
of the Soviet Union have evoked tremendous enthusiasm and a new upsurge of work
energy on .the part of the working class, kolkhoz peasantry, Soviet intelligentsia, and
the soldiers of the Soviet Army, Air Force, and Navy.
In response to the call of the Party, a nation-wide socialist competition has de-
veloped widely in the country in honor of the fortieth anniversary of October. The ef-
forta of the workers have been directed towards gaining an uninterrupted rise in the
socialist economic structure, at carrying out ahead of schedule - according to all in-
dices - the plan for the second year of the sixth five-year plan, at increasing even
more the volume of agricultural production, and at assuring the further flourishing of
Soviet science and socialist culture.
By a decree published on 22 April, Lenin prizes were awarded for the most out-
standing achievements in the field of science and technology, literature, and art. In-
cluded among those who received the honor prizes are Academician A. N. Tupolev,
General Designer for the Aviation Industry and the most prominent representative of
aviation science, and also Pilot M. G.Surgutanov, of the air detachment of the Ural
Geological Administration.
Inexhaustible creative energy, the striving to move forward constantly to new
victories and progress in socialist construction - these features and noble qualities
of the creative and heroic nation are characteristic also of Soviet soldiers trained by
the Communist Party. Socialist competition is an important instrument in the hands
of an experienced commander and of the party-political apparatus, and with its help
they can achieve maximum results in working with the personnel and with outstanding
men. We must develop in all our soldiers the striving to fight energetically for a
better element, for a better unit.
Together with the workers of the USSR, the soldiers of the Soviet Army, includ-
ing the personnel of the Air Force, are preparing actively for the fortieth anniversary
of the October Revolution. Pilots, navigators, technicians, and all aviation special-
ists are struggling selflessly to master high quality aviation equipment, to heighten the
quality of combat and political training, to strengthen discipline and order in every
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4 Editorial
possible way, and to enhance the combat readiness of their elements and units.
Preparing to celebrate this glorious date with worthy deeds, the soldiers of
the Air Force are increasing daily the ranks of men who are outstanding in combat
and political training; they increase the number of first class military pilots and
navigators - skilled men, who have mastered perfectly the technique of flying duriig
weather minimum and who successfully carry out their missions by day and by night
under adverse weather conditions.
The patriotic movement of aviators is widening, aimed at making every crew,
element, and unit as a whole, outstanding. The work of the personnel of the fighter
unit commanded by officer I. A. Kulakov is an interesting example. During the years
of the Patriotic War, this unit zeceived governmental awards and the title of Guards
unit for exemplary fulfilment of its military duty to the Motherland. Under peace-
time conditions, its new members have been continuing and increasing its glorious
combat traditions.
The pilots have mastered high quality aviation equipment to perfection. The
engineers and aviation specialists assure its reliable functioning. At the beginning
of the current year one more group of officers raised the level of its first class rat-
ings, and now the entire flying personnel cadre has the rank of first class military
pilots. Surely that fact is indicative of the high combat readiness of the Guards
regiment!
No less high results in training have been achieved by the element of officer
N. V. Baranov, all the airmen of which fly in prescribed weather minimum day and
night, step by step consolidating their habits in intercepting targets not visible to
the eye. For success achieved in flight training, the highest governmental award -
the Order of Lenin - was bestowed on Squadron Commander, Guards Captain N. V. Ba-
ranov, on his deputy, Guards Captain A. T. Osipov, and on officers V.V.Molin and
I. A. Zakharov. The Order of the Red Banner was bestowed on pilots M. I. Zharov,
I. N. Kovalevskiy, and N. S. Tsatsenko.
For faultless service, Guards Captain L. P. Levachev, first class military pilot
holds forty-six citations of thanks and three valuable gifts from the Command. It is
not for nothing that people refer to him as the best fighter-interceptor in the unit. The
Soviet Government has awarded him the Orders of the Red Banner and the Red Star for
fulfilment of flight missions under adverse weather conditions. Officer and Commu-
nist Levachev combines flight work with important social-political activity the work-
ers have shown him great honor and confidence in having elected him as their deputy
to the Municipal Council.
We can mention the names of many pilots and navigators, engineers and techni-
cians, mechanics and representatives of all other aviation professions, whose inten-
sive and inspired work is a model of fulfilment of one's military duty. Inherent in
our soldiers is a feeling of deep personal responsibility for the defense of the socialist
Motherland. Herein lies a powerful source of the strength and invincibility of the
Soviet Army.
A very important criterion in the evaluation of the combat readiness of Air Force
units and elements is not only the skill of the personnel in carrying out a mission un-
der adverse conditions in any situation, but above all the degree of good organization
in carrying out all of the flight work.
As has already been said, the overwhelming majority of Air Force commanders
A Fitting Reception 5
have managed to achieve the fulfilment of flight training schedules without accidents
and mishaps. Many commanders and their political officers have been awarded
valuable gifts for progress or have been given citations of thanks by the Commander-
in-Chief of the Air Force. Among them we may mention officers G. G. Agamirov,
M. P. Burykh, P. K. Zosinets, and others, who organize their flight work with flaw-
less efficiency, who conduct the training and ideological-political indoctrination of
their personnel methodically, correctly, and consistently, who combine a high degree
of exactingness with a skillful approach to their men, and who thoughtfully and care-
fully develop a high morale in them.
The success of any matter is determined by the cadres, dynamic men, by their
striving and will to achieve the set task, their readiness to surmount any obstacles
on the path to the designated goal. "Whatever powerful weapons armies may have at
their disposal", said Minister of Defense G. K. Zhukov, Marshal of the Soviet Union,
at an All Army Conference of Outstanding Men, "the decisive role in the achieve-
ment of victory over the enemy belongs to men who possess high morale and who
know how to put weapons and equipment to full use. Our Army, having absorbed the
moral force of the Soviet People, having developed and increased all the best and
heroic characteristics of the Russian Army, has always distinguishzd itself and con-
tinues to do so, by its moral steadfastness and by the valor and bravery of its sol-
diers".
In savage battles with the enemies of our Motherland, the Soviet Armed Forces,
led by the Communist Party, have honorably defended the gains of Great October, the
freedom and independence of our socialist Fatherland. Tens and hundreds of thou-
sands of soldiers of our Army, Air Force, and Navy have accomplished unfading ex-
ploits for the glory of the Motherland. Our people know the names of many Soviet
pilots who, unsparing of their own lives, fought for their beloved Fatherland. And
even now the annals of the Great Patriotic War continue to be supplemented by new
names.
Recently, by a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the
title of Hero of the Soviet Union was bestowed upon Leonid Georgiyevich l3elousov,for
exemplary fulfilment of missions of the Command during the years of the Great Pa-
triotic War and for the valor and heroism displayed in that connection.
No ordeals whatsoever broke Fighter Pilot Communist Belousov's will for battle.
He steadfastly endured many months of torturing treatment after a crash in 1938,
which took place while he was carrying out, under adverse weather conditions, an
urgent combat assignment to render harmless the provocatory operations of an aircraft
that had violated the air borders of the USSR. From the very first days of the Patri-
otic War, Belousov was in a combat formation of pilots defending Leningrad. And
even when, as the result of complications that had set in after an illness, the doctors
were compelled to amputate both legs of the pilot, the physical handicap did not break
his will. At the cost of tremendous effort, tenacity, and toil, he again returned to
his formation, again took off in a combat aircraft and struck at the enemy,until com-
plete victory.
"For me living means flying and flying means defeating the enemy", Belousov
used to say to his fellow-officers. These proud words were confirmed by the deeds
of this genai:ae Soviet man, whose entire life is a most striking example of selfless
devotion to the Motherland.
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6 Editorial
The heroic history of the Soviet Army, its glorious combat traditions are one
of the bases for the indoctrination of combat morale, a pledge of the successful batt-
le for heightening under modern conditions the combat readiness of the Soviet Arm-
ed Forces, which are reliably defending the creative toil and security of Soviet men
and women. While making ready,for the glorious anniversary of the Soviet Father-
land, our people look with pride at the Army, Air Force, and Navy which they creat-
ed and which are covered with the glory of victories. Constant concern for their
Armed Forces, nation-wide love and confidence raise the initiative and activity of
our soldiers to a new higher level.
The paramount duty and task of the Air Force commanders, political workers,
and Party and Komsomol organizations consists of indoctrinating the flyers from day
to day in the spirit of ardent Soviet patriotism and devotion'to the military oath. The
military oath obliges every serviceman to be honest, brave, disciplined, and alert,
and to carry out unquestioningly the regulations, directives, and orders of their com-
manders and superiors. The whole process of training and indoctrination, all of the
party-political work in the units must stem from the requirements of the military
oath and regulations and must be aimed at bringing it about that the personnel of the
Air Force is ready at any moment for decisive resistance to imperialist aggressors
and for winning the victory over a powerful enemy.
High and constant combat readiness depends directly on their knowledge and on
their training and ability to utilize the weapons given them against the enemy. Con-
sequently the best gift which the soldier aviators can present their Motherland for the
fortieth anniversary of October is the unswerving heightening of the quality of their
combat training.
The Air Force equipment of our time becomes more and more varied and com-
plicated from day to day. One must know a great deal in order to master it perfectly.
It is especially important to have a high theoretical training and to know physics and
mathematics well. Yes, and mathematics! But among some comrades there has
been observed of late an incorrect attitude - in our opinion - towards evaluating the
importance of a knowledge of mathematics. Some even flaunt their ignorance in the
field of mathematics. "When I open a book or article on aviation and see mathemat-
ics there, I don't want to read it". This statement can sometimes be heard, unfor-
tunately, from a person who claims to be a cultured and educated aviator. But after
all, in a mathematical formula, in a flight computation, very valuable conclusions
are almost always contained which frequently a person cannot even comprehend in
any other way. What a tremendous and very rich opportunity for mastering equipment
and weapons drops out of the lives of some aviators who do not know any mathematics,
how much they lose! We must eliminate this shortcoming with all our efforts and re-
sources.
- Atomic weapons are now replacing the conventional kind. In the Air Force, we
deal with supersonic jet aircraft, with complex radar and other modern equipment.
Our Armed Forces have powerful rocket and jet weapons of various types, including
long-range missiles. Such a qualitative change in our Army, especially the Air Force,
required an expansion in every way possible of military science work, for otherwise
it is impossible to solve even one serious problem. It is precisely for this reason
that so much attention is being given to the development of the military science idea.
In many units military science societies have been formed. Air force commanders,
?
A Fitting Reception
pilots, engineers, and navigators solve important problems aimed at developing the
tactics of aerial combat, and at utilizing modern aircraft in combat.
However not all officer-leaders approach this big and extremely important job
with due responsibility. It must be confessed, some commanders, after finding out
about the formation of military science societies in other units, have themselves not
undertaken any concrete steps in that direction. And to this very day we have not
succeeded everywhere in overcoming the mistaken opinion that only academies are
called upon to take up military science work, but that it is difficult to set up such a
matter in line units. If we live by such ideas, we can mark time for years and
therehy inflict great damage on combat training. A fitting place must be allotted for
military science work, and on the basis of profound scientific generalizations, train-
ing methods must be improved, tactics must be developed, and we must try to bring
it about that the entire combat training work is conducted at the level of modern re-
quirements.
Our commanders will have to work a great deal to improve the organization of
the process of training the flying personnel in aerial combat and aerial gunnery. It is
very important to seek out new tactical procedures for combat operations at super-
sonic speeds and in the stratosphere, and to examine the advantages and develop the
theory of barrage fire. In training the flying personnel of fighter aviation in aerial
combat and aerial gunnery, we must give some thought to flying safety.
The pilots and navigators of bomber aviation must achieve increased bombing
accuracy. Modern aircraft equipment makes it possible to solve this problem suc-
cessfully under any weather conditions, day and night. However, in the methods of
bomber training there are, in some units, a whole number of shortcomings which
must be eliminated as rapidly as possible. For example, the existing methods of
evaluating bomber training do not everywhere reflect to a sufficient extent the growth
of skill of the crews. This shortcoming must be liquidated in order to achieve con-
sistent improvement of the habits of all the members of the crew, for every pilot
and navigator to receive an objective evaluation of his skill.
The entire personnel of the Air Force must give its attention to the increased
importance of physical training. The nature of the work of our command cadres
and of all military men has become complicated to a considerable extent in connec-
tion with the changed conditions of aviation work. Pilots who are not in good phys-
ical training condition will not be able to withstand the great physical strain in modem
combat. Why even in time of peace in combat training work, physically weak people
will not be able to cope successfully with their service duties. And we do have such
people among us unfortunately. Going in only occasionally for physical culture and
sport, some officers - even young ones - begin to put on fat and become sedentary,
and this is a great defect for any military man.
Air Force commanders must deNote more attention to the physical training of their
men, and develop sport work more extensively. In the Air Force, physical training
must be organized in such a way as to develop the muscular strength of the pilots, the
resistance of the organism to serious overburdening, speed of reaction, and spatial
orientation, which assure high endurance in carrying out rapid, high-altitude and lorg-
range flights.
The preparation for the celebration of the fortieth anniversary of October gives
the commanders and political workers the opportunity to make their work in the polit-
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Editorial
ical indoctrination of their men even more interesting, concrete, and purposeful.
The glorious revolutionary traditions of the Communist Party, of our working
class, and of the entire Soviet People, the combat traditions of the Soviet Army
serve as a powerful instrument for indoctrinating the men. The propagandizing of
our glorious combat traditions occupies a prominent place in the preparations for
the celebration of the anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution. Lec-
tures and talks are being conducted in the Air Force units and elements on the great
role of the CPSU and of V.I.Lenin in the creation of the Armed Forces of the USSR,
in the construction of the Army, Air Force, and Navy, and in the organization of
victories over our enemies.
The commanders, political workers, and the Party and Komsomol organiza-
tions have been called upon to explain more extensively to the personnel, the politi-
cal events of the October Revolution, its world-wide historical significance, and the
achievements of the USSR and the countries of peoples' democracy in the struggle
for socialism and for peace in the entire world. Talks must be systematically or-
ganized in the units, meetings with participants in the October Revolution, with
veterans of the Civil War and the Great Patriotic War, with prominent men in in-
dustrial enterprises, kolkhozes, machine tractor stations (MTS) , and sovkhozes,
in order to become more thoroughly acquainted with the labor victories of the Soviet
people. At the same time we should organize at the enterprises and kolkhozes
speeches by the commanders, political workers, and outstanding soldiers, concernirg
the life and training of aviators, concerning their struggle for heightening the quality
of combat and political training and for strengthening military discipline. We must
practice more widely the exchange of amateur productions among the units, and we
must conduct sports contests. The soldiers must give practical assistance to the
enterprises, kolkhozes, and educational institutions in developing military work
among the youth.
The preparations and celebration of the fortieth anniversary of Great October
will rally the Soviet People and the soldiers of its Armed Forces more tightly round
the Communist Party and the Soviet Government, and will serve as a powerful stimu-
lus for the further movement of our country along the path towards Communism.
THE REVECTORING OF BOMBERS TO OTHER TARGETS
Military Navigator Second Class, Engineer Col. I. P. Petrukhin
The fluidity of present-day combat, in which all arms are combined, and the
rapid change in the air situation make it necessary to vector bombers to the target
with all speed. In this connection, it may be necessary in many instances to re-
vector airborne aircraft to other targets.
It is known that for bombing with a range-finding system using initial data,
the following set-in values are determined for the computing instrument: for the drift
station R dr and the speed station Rsp ; magnetic heading of the bomb run BMPUset ;
the angle between the stations AV set ; positions of the bomb-release indicator and of
the range scale for drift; positions of the "drift station" switches on the indicator and
comparator; and the positions of the tumblers. In addition, for the SRP [RDF] set-
ting, the drop time T and the bomb lag A are taken from tables.
If the crew aloft is given a new target for bombing, the setting calculations for
it cannot be made by using full formulas and by the usual method within the limited
time available both to the aircraft crew and to the ground command post. Consequent-
ly, it is necessary to seek time-saving and simplified methods for recalculating the
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/05/16: CIA-RDP81-01043R002000020002-1
10 I. P. Petrukhin
set-in values for the new target.
Let us suppose that the bombers are to be revectored to targets which are lo-
cated at such a distance that there is no need to alter the approach heading in the
course of revectoring. If we then were to consider that the altitude and speed of
bombing are to remain constant, then for the purpose of revectoring it will be ne-
cessary to recalculate the following set-in values: Rdr , Rsp , BMPUsd
, if set and
the positions of the bomb-release indicator and of the range scale for drift.
In addition, calculations show that (when there are fixed distances between the
original and the new targets, and between the ground stations and the targets) the
slant-range difference between the original and new targets can be replacec112y the
difference in geodetic distances between them; and the coefficient changes ,
cos' etc. , may be disregarded in the computing formulas. If this is
?Ift
done, in the courseof revectoring it will be possible to measure on a topographical
map the extent of the shift in attack according to
the stations of drift Aliir and of speed A ?
RsP '
while the set-in values for the new target may be
recalculated on the basis of the settings obtain-
ed earlier for the original target according to the
following formulas
R dr new' Rdr ? ARdr,
Rsp new = Rsp Rsp,
BMPUset new BMPUset ? AP [bearing]
ORIGINAL
TANGIT
Speed station Drift station
*set new= *set +
where Rdr , Rsp , BMPUset , and ''set denote Fig. 1. Set-in values for re-
the set-in values for SRP for the original target; vectoring.
A R:ir and ARsp denote the shifts in at-
tack with reference to the stations of drift and speed;
AP denotes the bearing difference between the original and new targets rela-
tive to the drift station ( AP = Pnew P);
A\l/t denotes the station angle difference between the original and new targets
( Nit t new ? t
The values A Rdr , ARs AP, and 6.\4, are shown in Fig. 1.
p
It is advisable for revectoring to use a map which makes it possible to measure
distances accurately within 25 m. The most suitable map for this purpose is one to
the scale of 1:50,000 made up of four sheets glued together, since it embraces a suffi-
ciently large area and is handy. It may be prepared in two ways.
The first method provides for laying on grids: a range-finding grid with 1 km
intervals, and an azimuthal with 1-30 intervals, for each of the two ground stations of
the system. The grids for each of the stations should be laid on in different colors;
the range-finding lines - orbits - should be laid on in a solid line, the azimuthal -
bearings - in a dotted line. The orbits and bearings of the grid are numbered.
The Revectoring of Bombers to Other Targets 11
Such a grid on the map is necessary not only for revectoring. It is known that
for bombing calculations with a range-finding system the geodetic distances from the
ground stations to the target M, as well as the target angles *t and bearings P, are
used as initial data. In a combat situation when there is a variety of targets, in most
cases it will be impossible to obtain these data without the aid of the range-finding-
azimuthal grid, since the preliminary geodetic calculations would be cumbersome.
A map may also be prepared by laying on it only the azimuthal grid for each of
the two ground stations in the system. Bearing lines for each station are drawn in
different colors at 10 intervals and are numbered. Such map preparation is not dif-
ficult and does not require much time. In this case the azimuthal grid is transferred
to the revectoring map from a smaller scale map which includes the location of the
ground stations in the system and the area of
combat operations. For this purpose, bear-
ing lines are drawn on a small-scale map
every 5 - 2? (depending on the range), and
are transferred to the revectoring map with
the aid of a kilometric grid. In order to draw
the intermediate bearing lines (at 1? intervals),
the transferred bearings are distributed cor-
respondingly.
The shortcoming of such a method of
preparation is insufficient accuracy of the azi-
rnuthal grid. Besides, the map also does not
permit measuring the initial data, i. e., the
geodetic distances M, as can be done on a map
with a range-finding-azimuthal grid; that is, on
a map prepared by the second method there must
Fig. 2. Measured values when re-
vectoring.
be at least one point with accurately known geodetic distances.
When recalculating Rdr rE%v and Rsp new for the new target on the revectoring
the \ alue s of the shift in attack are measured by the drift station A Rdr and the
speed station R (Fig. 2).
sp
In order to measure A Rdr and
Aquickly and to calculate the angle
-sp
corrections \fr t and P, it is advis-
able first to "lift" the original target, i. e.,
to measure and to draw on the map next to
this target the distances to the nearest or-
bits, the station angle \Vt, and the target
bearing relative to the drift station P, ap-
proximately as shown in Fig. 3.
As can be seen from Fig. 3, in order
to measure ARdr, the ruler is placed
next to the new target in the direction of the
drift station's azimuth in such a way that
its zero calibration is 0. 700 km away from
the corresponding station orbit. Opposite Fig. 3. Original target and measure-.
the new target the value for Rdr is ment of A N.,.
ew
arget
q
-3,230
Original!
ta-tget
1111M1 AIWA A A
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/05/16: CIA-RDP81-01043R002000020002-1
_
12 I. P. Petrukhin
immediately read off as 3.230 km.
Fig. 4 shows how the value ARdr is measured on the map prepared by the
second method. The protractor is laid along the azimuthal line of the drift station
next to the target which is located closer
to this station (the figure shows the pro-
tractor laid next to the original target).
For the heading to the drift station we
read off an angle of 900 _ AP ; in our case
2
it will be
90d- 983- 9?? = 90?- 40= 86?.
2
Then a line is drawn at an 860 angle un-
til it intersects the azimuthal line of the
farther target (in our case, the new target).
The distance from point A to the target is
the value of shift in attack with reference
to the drift station LR dr . In the same
way is measured LRS.
p
The values for Rdr new and Rsp new
are recalculated according to the formulas
above, with the sign for A R being taken
depending on the pattern approach heading,
and on the position of the new target relative
4? 10? no 14? 18?
88?
90?
92?
94?
98?
WO*
Fig. 4. Measurement of A Rdr on
a map with azimuthal grid.
to the original in accordance with Table
_
Sequence no.
Approach headings
1
11
III
Iv
-----.."----,,,,. Signs for ARJ,
Z1R
Positions andsp
of new targetcc?"
relative to to original
4
4
4
1
4
4
oc4
4
4
New target closer to
1
drift and speed stations.
New target farther from
?
?
?
+
+
?
+
?
2
drift and speed stations
New target closer to
+
+
?
?
?
?
?
+
3
drift station, farther
,
frbm speed station
New target farther from
_
?
_
_
+
_
4_
-1-
'
drift station, closer to
speed station
-F
?
+
-1-
?
-F
?
?
1.
Analyzing the table, the following rule may be deduced: If the new target (rela-
tive to its approach heading) is located to the right of the original target, the correc-
tion A Rd, must be subtracted from Rdr ; if, on the other hand, it is to the left,
then it is added. When, however, the new target - relative to its approach heading -
is located ahead of (farther from) the original target,thrzn the correction A Rs is ad-
1
1
The Revectoring of Bombers to Other Targets 13
ded to the original value Ren; but if it is closer, it is subtracted.
In recalculating BMPt set new' the bearing difference AP is first of all deter-
mined. This presents no great difficulties if one uses maps prepared by either the
first or second methods. Recalculations are made according to the formulas indicat-
ed above, and the sign of AP is automatically arrived at when calculating AP=P -P.
For example, if the drift station is on the right and the new target is farther away
than the original target on the approach heading (new > P), then the sign of LP is
positive; but if the new target is closer thantlE
original, then the sign is negative. When the
drift station is located on the left, the signs are
ci
dr.
a)
(r)
Approach
heading
Sign of ..?,,,,,...,...
difference
/4331
ulTsL
I
2
(Ntitr,ew - \i/t ) > 0
(144..w - lit )