1. TWO BOOKS ON PEIPING 2. A BOOK ON WATER CONSERVATION IN COMMUNIST CHINA 3. LISTS OF POSTAL AND TELECOMMUNICATION RATES

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 251
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 1, 2013
• Sequence Number: 2
• Publication Date: November 8, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01
CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
50X1-HUM
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01
CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.B.O. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
COUNTRY China
C-U-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
SUBJECT 1. Two Books on Peiping
2. A Book on Water Conservation in
Communist China
3. Lists of Postal and
Telecommunication Rates
PLACE &
DATE AC
DATE DISTR. Y November 1957
NO. PAGES
REQUIREMENT
a. HU Chia. Peking Today and Yesterday. Peking: Foreign Language Press, 19560
123 pp. English text with black and white photographs, maps and diagrams.
50X1-HUM
b. Glimpses of Peking. Peking: Art Photo Press, 1957. Sepia photographs
with text in Chinese, Russian, English, French, German and Arabic.
-c. Water Conservancy in New China. Shanghai: The People's Art Publishing
House, 1956. Color and black and white photographs with text in English
and Chinese. Compiled by the Ministry of Water Conservancy, People's
Republic-of China.
~, d. Abbreviated Lists of Postal and Telecommunication Rates. Ministry of Posts
and Telecommunications, People's Republic of China, 1957. Printed in
Chinese, Russian and English; includes addresses of P.T.T. offices in some
The books and pamphlet, unclassified when detached from this report'
Distribution of Attachments:
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by "#11.)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
COKPAMEHHb1E TAPH DbI AJISI H09TOBbIX OTIIPABJIEHHIN
TEJIETPAMM H TEJIE POHHbIX PA3I'OBOPOB
ABBREVIATED LISTS OF POSTAL AND
TELECOMMUNICATION RATES
Als
MHIHI4CTEPCTB_& CBSI3I'I KI-iP
MINISTRY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA .
1 9-5 7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
COKPAIILEHHb1E TAPHDbJ AJIS1 1IOyTOBb1X OTIIPABJIEHHN,
TEJIEI'PAMM H TEJIEPOHHbIX PA3I'OBOPOB
ABBREVIATED LISTS OF POSTAL AND
TELECOMMUNICATION RATES
), ?1 '1 ~:
MI'IHHCTEPCTBO CB93H KHP
MINISTRY OF POSTS AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC ;OF CHINA
.7-
19-5;7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
COKPAILEHHbIfl TAPH(P AJ l 1104TOBbIX OTIIPABJIEHHH,
'IIEPECbIJIAEMb1X BHYTPH CTPAHbI (B ioax:ax)
ABBREVIATED LIST OF POSTAL CHARGES'FOR DOMESTIC MAIL
MATTERS (in Yuan)
HH0ro-
BHAb1 OTnpaBJleHHH* EAHHHua H3MepeHHH MecTHoe
pOAHee
Classification Unit of calculation Local
Other
places
IIHCbMa
3a KamAble 20 rp.
0.04
0.08
Letters
For every 20 gr.
p/+ 1 4
rlOWOBble KapTOtIKH
0.02
0.04
Postcards
P All
It 100 ,,,-
lleyaTHble H3AaHHa
3a xaxcAble 100 rp.
0.01
0.025
Printed matter
For every 100 gr.
3axa3HOit chop-
3a 'Kax(Aoe. oTnpaB IeHHe
.._0.12
Registration fee
Per article
?.
r1 tk o
C6op 3a yseAoMneHHe
3a xaxKAor1 TeJlerpaMMMbi TapncHblr1 MtHHHMyM ycranoanen: o6bIK11oBeHnas If cpo'nlaa TenerpaMMa
5 cnoe; TeaerpaMM1a-nHlcbMo 22, cnoaa; TenerpaMMa npecbl 10 cnoB.r
2. Oco6bfe TaKCb1 ycTaHOBJIeHbI Ana BHyTpeHHIIX TeJlerpaMM1, noAaBaeMlblx B neKOTOpbIX npOB111MHBX.
It pailonax.
REMARKS
1. The minimum charge for each telegram: Ordinary and Urgent telegram 5 words; Letter
telegram 22 words; Press telegram 10 words..
2. There are special rates for domestic telegrams originating in certain Provinces or Regions:
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
hS f~
BHAbl n04TOBb]X OTnpaBJIeHHN
Classification
IIIf CbMa
Letters
lpOCTble notiTOBbie KapTOLIK11
Postcards
1-H eAHHnua
20 Beca 20 rp.
4
3a Ka)KAbie nocJle-
i 20''- AyloluMe 20 rp.
Pot 3..
Unit of
Calculation
Taxcbl
Postage
TlpuMeyanne
Remarks
First unit of 20 grams
1.
4fi
h~~
Ait 1a~,T4*
61j
id W 'isr
Ph .1
For each successive unit of
20 grams or fraction
~~
1
n?aQI)I"1s
%-lF
l%n`o
~ 3C4~ "~I7
i
thereof
~
J_
jlp
3
IT{IjJ~1TLF171Q'9~'41, %f Pl1 4~1a?a1"Jo
2. 1?~f4,>F,~nQi)!k' 1"~naLir1'a~
1-H eAiiHliua
First unit of 50 grams
0.09
fletIaTHbie n3AaHHH
,t,? 50 Beca 50 rp.
~r X11 Printed Matter
3a xamAbie noc.ne- For each successive grams
Aylouliie 50 rp. or fraction thereof
1.
1 ~5 flocb1.nKH-6aHAepoJIH
50 3a KaA(Abie 50 rp. For every 50 grams
Small Packets
A lbj MIIHHMa.nbHan Taxca Minimum charge per article
f 3 s~ 3axa3iloii c6op
Registration fee
3a Ka)i{Aoe oTnpaB-
Per article
JieHne
C6op 3a yaeAoMJieHHe 0 BpyLIeHHn
3a Kaxu oe oTnpaB-
2.
y~ Acknowledgement of Receipt
.Henke
C6op 9KCnpecca
1 9S Express fee
3a Ka}KAoe oTnpaB-
.neHHe
C60p 3a TaMO)KeHHb1rf AOCAIOTP
KoppecnoHAeHLHH
-3a'Ka)K.z oe toTnpaB-
1.
Custom clearance fee on
correspondence
.neHHe
CneuiiaJ1bHaH Taxca 3a n0Cb1J1KII-
,1. 4' 6aHAepoJuH (BxoAHUlne)
3a Ka}KAoe oTnpaB-
~F yS Special fee for small packets
(received from abroad)
JIeHHe
f1iL
Q0n0n11HTenbna5i
T., p 1l1ICbA1a II n04TOBbiC Kap-
n TOtIxH
pfi 4 1r Letters and postcards
3a xaA(Abie 10 rp. Additional charge for every
10 6)-ifa4k A0nOJIHHTeJIbHO B311- 10 grams or fraction
MaeTCH thereof
Taxca 3a ne-
peBO3Ky 1303-
AyLHHbTM nyTeM
tletiarlibie n3AaHnn it no-
~P X11 v cbIJ1Kli-6aIlJ epon11
+1? ~, f11if Printed matter and small
packets
3a Ka3KAble 10 rp.
#]E 10A0n0JIH11TeJ1bHO B31I-
MaeTCH
'Airmail surtax
11
}}- ra3eTbl it nepnoAHtlecKne
91; iy~, H3ABIIIIn
3a Ka}KAble 10 rp.
t 10 i2 -i1al~r( AOnOJIHHTeJIbHO B31I-
X~,q ftl4~7 Newspapers and period-
icals
MaeTCH
A3porpaMMbl
~5_ Airletters._r_r__.
-4-
COKPAUiEHHbIH TAPHfi p,JI3WME)I()jYHA0
t=J I ~J` ~~ , I~
OAHbIX IIO'ITOBbIX "' OTIIPABJIEHHH (B toaHAx)
ABBREVIATED LIST OF POST CHARGES" FOR INTERNATIONAL MAIL MATTERS (in Yuan)
EAHIIHga H3MepeHHH
4t, R-337Fb1
O6b]KHOBeuruie C60pb1 3a ra3eTbl, nepHOAntleCKlle 113AaHHn,
AeJfoBble 6yMarn 11 06pa3'nmKII TOBapOB oA1f11aK013b] CO c6opaM11
3a netlaTifble 1131ka11116, oJnaKO 3a AeJIOBbIC 6yhiarii M11IIH-
MaJIbl10 B31IMaeTCn 0.22 IOana. A0noJ1HIITCnbua6 TaKca 3a
nepeB03Ky Bo3Ayl1MbIM nyTeM AenOBbIX 6yMar H 06pa3tl11KOB
Tonapoa TaK1Ke oAt]IIaKOBbI C TaKCaMII 3a ne'laTilble 113Aan11n,
IIO HaHMenoBalnfnAt cipan, B KOTOpble Mono npHHHMaTb
nocbinm it nocumn-6al]AepOnll, a TaK,Ke no TaKCaM 3a
nocbinKll Mo)Kno o6pafuaTbcn K Kacce AteCTIIOro npeAnpUBTHd
CBn31I.
The ordinary postage for newspapers, periodicals, com-
mercial papers and samples is same as that for printed
matter. A minimum postage of 0.22 yuan shall, how-
ever, be charged for commercial papers per article.
Airmail surtax for commercial papers and samples is
same as that for printed matter.
For the names of countries served by small packet and
parcel post services and their tariff, please inquire at the
local Post Office.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 CIA-RDP81-01043RO01500110002-7 ?
 r''1 CJ1C1 YHlY11Y1 ?~ J KCd-\5d, CJIUBU :u~ zuannA).
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
ABBREVIATED LIST; , OF . RATES FOR
-114L ia *1 4 IL
MCCTo Ha311ageHHn
06b1K110-
Belulble
TenerpaM-
Mbl
Ordinary
ik . - ;) 4
A3HR
Aq)raHHcTaH*)
Afganistan*)
1.42
m`J
T ) BIIpMat)
Burmat)
1.40
KaM6oAxca
Cambodia
1.26
UeNnoH
Ceylon
1.33
tr ~
HHAHH
India
0.72
I'IHAone3HHt)
Indonesia')
1.16
4 a~
I4paH
Iran
1.94
I'IpaK
Iraq
1.88
I'I3paHJlb
Israel
2.84
El t,
5InoHHuI
Japan
0.72
I4
d
J
3
09
A ~f A- A- 5C
t is 14
opAallnn
KopelzcKan HapoAHo-
AeMOKpaTHeecxan
an
or
Korea, Democratic
People's Republic
.
Pecny6naxa*)
of*)
0.32
Jlaoc -
Laos
0.72
JlnsaH
Manaigr, IleHanr H
Lebanon
Malaya, Penang
2.99
is ~(~lpfl
4tja 1
CnHranyp
*)'M611r0AbCKa5i`,'H 6,11 iaR
and Singapore
Mongolia, People's
1.45
Pecny6nHl(a*)
Republic of*)
0.32
0.08
Al ;0
Hena.l
Nepal
0.72
0.13
t?,~ 3Q
IlaxncTaH
Pakistan
0.80
0.16'
(I)HJIHnnHHbr
Philippines
0.72
0.24
i 4 f?t 4?I
CayuoBcKan ApaBllH
Saudi Arabia
3.26
41
CIIpHSI
Syria
2.99
0.93.
I f is 1
TannaHA
*) ,geMOKpaTHtlecxan Pee
Thailand
Viet-Nam, Democratic
1.34.
0.24
ny6JIHKa BbeTHaM*)
Republic of*)
0.32
F9
I4eMell -
Yemen
3.36
HPHME'AHHE:
*) Tenerpa1MbrnncMa
*) 4at4 T~fh lie npHHHMaloTCft-
t) CpogHbie TenerpaMMbI
i) 4~i13c tie npHHHu+atoTCs
-6-
REMARKS:
*) Letter telegrams not
available
4) Urgent telegrams not
available 1`+ ''
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
INTERNATIONAI ? TELEGRAMS I (per)Eavo'rd in Yuan)
11 ( *'3Yti fp )
4k 4f -At
McCTO Ha3Ha4eHHH
Destination
06blKHO-
BeHHble
TeJlerpaM-
MbI
Ordinary
TeJlerpaM-
Mbl npec-
CbI
EBPO1-IA - r.- EUROPE
PIT- fr, F, AL 4. AJI6aHHs Albania
1.24,
, 0.17?
ABCTp1HH Austria
1.90
0.50
BeJIbrHn Belgium
tt- '!1 I1
1.90
0.50
.
7711 -41J 7 BonrapH$ Bulgaria
1.17
0.17
T.IexocnosaKHs Czechoslovakia
1.07
0.17
,aaHHH Denmark
1.90
0.50'
j1 q)HHJ[nHAHg Finland
1.90
0.50
(;panuHH France
1.90
0.28
I'epMaHHs Germany
1.14
0.17
f I'peuHH Greece
1.90
0.50
Bexrpnn Hungary
1.05
0.17
I'IcJ1aHAHA Iceland
2.09
0.70.
I4pnaH.g Ireland (Eire)
1.90
0.50.
m.. *. I4TanmH Italy
1.90
0`50
JlloxceM6yr Luxembourg
1.90
0.50
HnAepnaHAbl Netherlands
S..
1.91'
0.56 ?
HopBernx Norway
1.90
0.50
FFl IIonbula Poland
1.07
0.17
TlopTyranHH Portugal
1.90
0.50
PyMbIH1IH , Rumania
1.25
0.17;:
3I? ~? I4cnaHHn Spain
2.02
0.50
-' UI,BeuHH Sweden
1.90
0.50'.
e UiBexuapHH Switzerland
1.90
0.28
Typunn - Turkey
1.92
.0.50
A1lrnHH United Kingdom
1.90.
; 0.28
, CCCP U.S.S.R.
0.72
0.10
IOrocnaBHRk Yugoslavia
1.22
0.20
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
COKPALUEHHb1H TAPH4 AJ131 ME)KAYHAPOAHb1X
PI ( ' )
TEJIEI'PHMM (TaKca 3a CJIOBO B
ABBREVIATED LIST OF RATES FOR, INTERNATIONAL TELEGRAMS (per word in Yuan)
At 41 3L; .&
McCTO Ha3Ha'eHn5i
Destination
AcIPI4KA =
AmmMp
ErumeT: _
1-sl 3oHa
2-H 3o1ia
3cHoniisl
raHa:
AKicpa
JJpyrtie McCTHOCTn
Keiins
J t16epnsl:
MonpoBHsi
JLpyrne McCTHOCTH
JIHB11H
Mapoxxo:
TaH)Kep
,Upyrlie McCTHOCTH
CyAaH:
IIopT-CyAaii
Apyrne McCTHOCTH
TyHHC
YraHAa
CpeAHHN Ac1PHKaHCK111
C0103
I0} KHo-A(ppilKaHCK11N
C0103
OKEAHI'1R
ABCTpanHH_
raBaiNCKHe O-aa$)
Hoaan 3enaHAHn
Algeria
Egypt-
1st Region
2nd Region
Ethiopia
Ghana-
Accra
Other Offices
Kenya
Liberia-
Monrovia
Other Offices
Libya
Morocco-
Tangier
Other Offices
Sudan-
Port Sudan
Other Offices
Tunisia
Uganda
Union of Central
Africa
Union of South
Africa
Australia
Hawaiian Islands)
New Zealand
06b1K110-
BeHHbie
TeaerpaM-
M bl
Ordinary
2.10
2.19
3.26
A .m ,4FL
TeaerpaM-
0.70
0.73
4.05
4.17
3.59
3.82
4.13
1.90
1.90
2.41
3.11
3.11
1.90
3.59
2.28
1.44
2.52
0.50
0.65
0.71
0.81
0.50
0.76
0.21
0.84
W
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
.t 4 3 Z
McCTO Ha3Ha4eHHH
Destination
AMEPI4KA
ApreHTimHa
SonnB1IH
Bpa311n11n
KaHaAa
'411AH
KonyM6ns
Kocra-Pl1xa
Ky6a
,loMHuHnxancxasl
Pecny6nnxa
3KBaAop
CanbBaAop
rBaTeMana
ra]-TI]
roiiAypac
MexcnKa
Hllxaparya
flaHaia
fIaparaaii
Ilepy
CIIIAT)
YpyrBaii.
BeHecy3na
loaHAx)
AMERICA
Argentina
Bolivia
Brazil
Canada
Chile
Colombia
Costa Rica
Cuba
Dominican Republic
Ecuador
El Salvador
Guatemala
Haiti
Honduras
Mexico
Nicaragua
Panama
Paraguay
Peru
U.S.A.; )
Uruguay
Venezuela
l'% nPHME4AHHE:
t) Cpotnbie TenerpaMMbi
+)v 5' 4~ ~v H TenerpaMMbi c
HecKOnbKnnnI aApecaiin
t4ucz-)fiii He npHHHMatoTCa
06blKHo- TenerpaM-
BeHllble Mb1 npec--
TejlerpaM- CbI
Mbl
Ordinary
1.90
2.14
2.09
1.90
1.90
1.93
1.90
1.90
1.90
2.11
2.04
1.99
1.90
2.10
2.18
1.96
1.90
2.22
2.20
1.44
2.26
2.00
0.63
0.71
0.70
0.63
0.63
0.64
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.70
0.68
0.66
0.63
0.70
0.73
0.65
0.63
0.74
0.73
0.21.
0.75
0.67 ,.
REMARKS:
$) Urgent and Multiple
Address telegrams not
-available
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
u ~? t hz : kTbhi 1 V,*!a t'wullrm' C ,'' fin ~1Cbh fc's~' ~ ~3r22~` s ~ 3i 31 DISC ~i'
1
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1,_4j,& X1,1 n Al i boa =URGENT=, 4t 1 1 at.o
KATEIOPHH ME)KAYHA
OO6bIKHOBEHHbIE TEJIECPAMMb1: TaKca 3a xa=oe mono nepei4HCA5ieTCH B BepXHeli Ta6-
-juste. 3a Ka)KAyI0 TejlerpaMMy B3HMaeTC51 MHHIIMaJIbHa51 TBKCa, 000TBeTCTBy1ou an TaKCe 3a 5
CJIOB,
TEJIEfPAMMb!-TII4CbMA: TaKca 3a 1(a)KAoe CJIOBO paBwieici 50% TaKCbl 3a o6b(KHOBeHHble
-reJlerpaMMbl. TapHq)Hb11i MHHIIMyM yCTaHOBJIeH B 22 CAOB, Ha nOAJIHHHIIKe nepeA aApecoM
AOA)KHa npOCTBBHTbCSI nAaTHaA CAy)Ke6Han OTMeTKa = LT = , I1,~i:i~, 169a
P0AHbIX TEJIEI'PAMM
TEJIEI'PAMMbl IIPECCbI: llocJIOBHall Taxca nepeilHOAMTCH B BepxHeH Ta6,nnue. 3a Ka}K-
Ayio TeiierpaMMy B3nMaeTC I MHHHMaJIbHaA Taxca, cooTBeTCTByIoI.uaH TaKce 3a 10' CAOB. Ha
noAJIHHHHKe nepeA aApeco1l AOJIH{Ha npoCTaBHTbcfi nJ1aTHaI cJ1yx{e6HaH OTMeTKa = PRESS
KOTOpwi C'IHTaeTCH 3a OAHO CJI0Bo. BO BpeMA n0Aae1i TeJlerpaMM npeccbl KoppecuonAeIITy
Hy}I p11 3t ` o
2) fz k 'o, T fdop~/~ is,
3) FA9aio lo~?1 #ikLTl~$~i~cfN~~h ul~iW {~5~~1~t)~~
ahwtnoj 0 Irv . *iit?~bi ?)lrv4E:ti1o
t) 4fA 1. 3. 5. FW1to
:).jltlxf,94to
:) IVAEl0ij& FJlo
#i2 R"FA1~if!?1FTt? ~ituh~k, tlr,tki~A"] 4~nl',?e~1FC o i ii
IIPHMEIIAHHE
1) Cpognbdt pa3ronop it pa3ronop c npeJBaplTenbllbIM n3Be1uC-
m1eM He npmuIMalOTCH. Q isi pa31'onopa Me%AY ABYMH onpe-
AeJfeHHbiMn! .IIuaMI1 TaKca panna raxce Ans o6b1KIIoBeimoro
pa3ronopa.
2) Pa3ronop c npeJtBap11TeJIbHb!M! H3BeuteHl!eM mm c yBeAOM-
Jlen!IeMI 0 Bb130Be j! pa3ronop Meifv1y ABYM'I OnpeAeJleHIt iM1l
nnuanm fie npunnMalorcSi.
3) Pa3ronop c npeABaplre.lb11b1M 113Be!uelu!eM! win c yBeAoMJle-
1111CM 0 nbl30Be nplrlrnMalOTCS, npll 3TOM Any KwKAoro pa3-
ronopa B3nMaerc51 Aono91H!TeJib11aa TaKCa, cooTBeTCTBy!oLuaH
TaKce 3a I MMIIItyTy o6blKInoBemioro pa3roBopa. 3a cpognblfl
pa3roBOp TaKca patina ABOImOi! TaKce 3a o6bIKHoBerlllblH
pa3ronop.
i) Cnym6a oTKpblBaeTCH no nonepenblll!KaM, BTOpHIIKaM, nHT111l-
uaM.
t) Cny i1 7 Af6, ,Ir,iUrkilm-V~ i 4 ,AP-, A )
tp A I*i *4 22 3
t4fLA /I.1, ,rJ4
-1k it 0'-
k
d>r4,A * t r , & 1 3 4 - -
43995
42435
32175
22040
26618
6420
03
2602&
AA'PEC IIPEAIIPHATNN CB513H B CJIEAY1O11(HX TOPOAAX
11EKHH
TenecpoH` '
IIovaTMT Fyn AHb I.1;3e, 7. 51500 50561
Tenerpacp Ayi LIaH AHb u3e, 12. 51119 54000
(O6cayxcHBaloHI,11e HYHKTbI CBfl31i HMeIOTCA B rOCTHHHuaX
rIEKMH, CHHb uIO H MHPA)
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100
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+ f ~-~~?~ ADDRESSES,,OF. P.T.T.L,OFFICES ;IN SOME; CITIES,,
PEKING .~;
Post Office 7 Kung An Chieh
Telegraph Office 12 Tung Chang An Chieh
(With P.T.T.,Service Counters in Peking Hotel, ` Hsin-
"`cha'o"Hotel `and' Peace',Hotel) ,
Long Distance Teleplione''Service
Telephone : Nr.
51500 50561
51119 54000
~.scP YYt`~,GT::tR+iiif{~a:t '?.?'?`iv,`aai.: ;;~'"-,ayr5,:. r,:': r`: , - s ..,_ .?wNr ac.'.'~-*'T'?
P.T.T. Office 153 Chieh 35459
(With P.T.T. Service Counter in Tientsin Hotel)
Long Distance Telephone Service 24567
SHANGHAI 111' a
Post Office 250 Soochow Road (North) 45533
Telegraph Office 70 Foochow Road; 30 Nanking Road(E) 13059 10022
(With P.T.T. Service Counter in Chin-Kiang Hotel)
Long Distance Telephone Service 46220
SHENYANG
Post Office 36 Hsi Ti Ma Lu i i' , '13285
Telegraph Office 72 Nan Ti Pa Chi Ta Ma Lu 15000
Long Distance Telephone Service 03
Post Office Shanghai Road
Telegraph Office Tientsin Road
Long Distance Telephone Service
2651
2300
03
Post Office 160 Chungshan Road ` 43995
Telegraph Office 10 Yu Fu Hsi Chieh 42455
,(With P.T.T. Service Counter in Nanking Hotel) '
Long Distance Telephone Service 03
P.T.T. Office 24 Hui Hsing Lu 1: ,.tl '2700
(With P.T.T. Service Counter in? Hangchow Hotel)
i .} s ta? ;a;.rpiiI...'--'.L'~*'''~"""..iviE~. '*.nc;S+:z+-?~5~:.iic:... ~.-rr. +.;'oa3 `a?C?'.?dfip3 i.
hone"Service
"'~`"'"
t
elTele
n
Di
Lon
.
p
a
c
s
g F
Post Office.160 Chungshan Road 321.75
Telegraph Office 6 San-Ching. Wu-Wei Lu 22040
(With P.T.T. Service Counters in CITS, Liaoning Hotel
and Turngpei Hotel) -
Long Distance Telephone Service 26618
Post Office 22 Stalin Ta Chieh _ '
Telegraph Office People's Square
Long Distance Telephone Service
6420
DAIREN 1l ; t E i , . i 'L
P.T.T. Office 134 Tzetung Road,
(With .P.T.T. Service Counter in Dairen Hotel)
; -
Long Distance Telephone Service.,
L
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PE KING
TODAY AND YESTERDAY
Hu Chia
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
PEKING 1956
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? Printed in the People's Republic of China
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CHAPTER I. GEOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Topography . . . .. . . . . . . 16
2. Waterways . . . . . . . . . . 16
3. Climate .. . . . . . . . . . . 19
4. Communications . . . . . . . . 22
CHAPTER II. HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1. A Brief Historical Sketch . . . . . 24
2. A City of Glorious Revolutionary
Traditions . . . . . . . . . . 29
3. The City Pattern . . . . . . . . 34
CHAPTER III. PLACES OF INTEREST AND ANCIENT
MONUMENTS . . . . . . . . . . 89
1. Tien An Men . . . . . . . . . 39
2. The Main Streets and Shopping Centres 42
3. The Working People's Palace of Culture 46
4. The Imperial Palaces . . . . . . 48
5. Pleasure Grounds . . . . . . 51
6. Places of Worship . . . . . . 62
7. Outside the City Walls . . . . . . 65
CHAPTER IV. MUNICIPAL CONSTRUCTION . . . . 71
1. Municipal Government . . . . . . 71
2. Public Hygiene . . . . . . . . 76
3. Drainage, Light and Water . . . . . 80
4. New Roads . . . . . . . . . . 82
5. New Buildings . . . . . . . . . 83
6. Beautifying Peking with Greenery . . . 89
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CHAPTER V. THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL
CENTRE OF NEW CHINA. . . . . . 90
1. City of Learning . . . . . . . . 90
2. The Spread of Higher Education 93
3. Schooling of a New Type 94
4. The Biggest Library in China . . . . 97
CHAPTER VI. INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE AND HANDI-
CRAFTS . . . . . . . .. . . . 101
1. Industry . . . . . . . . . . . 101
2. Agriculture . . . . . . . . . . 105
3. Handicraft Specialities . . . . . . 109
CHAPTER VII. HOW THE CITIZENS LIVE . . . . . 114
1. The Improvement in Living Conditions . 114
2. After Working Hours . . . . . . 119
ILLUSTRATIONS, MAPS AND DIAGRAMS
ILLUSTRATIONS
facing page
SECTION I . ' . . . . . . . . . 20
THE GREAT WALL
PEKING'S FOUR SEASONS (4)
KUANTING. RESERVOIR POWER STATION
YUNGTING-PEKING CHANNEL
SECTION II . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
CHO'KOUTIEN
PEKING MAN
THE IMPERIAL PALACES
WATER CLOCK
ANCIENT BRONZE
MAY THE FOURTH DEMONSTRATION
STUDENTS' DEMONSTRATION: 1947
SECTION III . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
MAY DAY (2)
ON TIEN AN MEN
TIEN AN MEN: NIGHT SCENE
EAST CHANGAN BOULEVARD
ALONG EAST CHANGAN BOULEVARD
NEW DEPARTMENT STORE
COURTYARD IN THE IMPERIAL PALACES
HALL IN THE INNER COURT: IMPERIAL PALACES
THE WORKING PEOPLE'S PALACE OF CULTURE (2)
WATER PAVILION, CHUNGSHAN PARK
NINE DRAGON SCREEN
PEIHAI PARK
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GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION OF PEKING . .
SKETCH MAP OF PEKING, CENTRAL AREA
(see Illustrations, Section III)
PLACES OF INTEREST ON PEKING'S OUTSKIRTS (ditto)
lacing page
14
page
DIAGRAMMATIC PRESENTATION OF PEKING'S LAYOUT 35
CHANGES IN THE CITY PATTERN . . . . . . . 37
INTRODUCTION
Peking is both a very. old and very new pity-old and.
rich in its culture and artistic heritage, but new and thriv-
ing as the capital of People's China.
Over two thousand years ago Peking was already an
important political and trading centre. The present city
walls were built in the fifteenth century during the Ming
dynasty, but not only the, city but its layout dated back
to the Yuan (Mongol) dynasty in the thirteenth century.
Peking was world famous then as an architectural master-
piece, but as the centuries passed, this ancient city, despite
its heritage, declined with the last feudal dynasty.
Since the middle of the nineteenth century, grasping
foreign powers began their penetration. China was grad-
ually turned into a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country.
Peking suffered as did the rest of the country. The Rev-
olution of 1911 overthrew the Manchu regime, but Pe-
king's fate hardly improved. First came warlord rule,
then the Kuomintang, then Japanese occupation. The end
of the war against Japanese aggression brought back the
dark rule of the Kuomintang. In 1949 the great victory
of the people's revolution set Peking free.
As New China's political centre, where the will of the
entire Chinese people is made manifest, Peking, to the
people of the world, is the symbol of the country's inde-
pendence, prosperity and strength. Peking is very. much
"on the map" nowadays-Peking's past, yes, but even more,
Peking's present. The changes that are taking place in
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this well-loved city are so striking that many people long
to visit it.
But Peking's importance is not only political. It is
the nation's cultural and educational centre, the seat of the
Chinese Academy of Sciences, the country's highest scien-
tific research body, and twenty-eight modern universities
and colleges turning out large numbers of graduates to
play their part in national construction. Peking is also
a museum of art and history, ancient and modern. It is
the place where, as all the world knows, famous architec-
ture is to be seen-the Imperial Palaces and the Temple
of Heaven, for instance. It is a city of fascinating land-
scapes-from Peihai Park to the Summer Palace and the
Western Hills.
Peking has quickly become a city of international im-
portance. Statesmen from all over the world, visitors, and
delegates to international conferences cone to Peking. In
the streets, at the theatres and conference halls people
from China's vast family of nationalities rub shoulders with
people from other lands. All lovers of peace are sure of
a warm welcome in Peking.
The life of the people has changed greatly in seven
short years. Peking's citizens enjoy a peaceful, secure,
happy life. They and their children look forward with
confidence and dignity to a joyful future. Shops and
amusement centres are crowded after work and on days
off. The pleasure grounds are full of children and parents
and strolling lovers.
And not only among its citizens is a new life to be seen.
Peking's buildings have changed too. Steel plants, cotton
mills, cement works now stand on the outskirts. New
housing, new shops and markets rise everywhere. In
seven years the built-on space has been increased by 70
per cent! The old dirty streets are no more. Every little
lane and courtyard is clean. The new wide roads, the
drained swamps are beautified with trees, flowers and
shrubs.
Peking, as it grows, is becoming more and more a city
of production. In the years to come it will become an
industrial metropolis as well as the political and cultural
centre of New China. .
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Geogrnphienl Position
of Peking
GEOGRAPHY
Peking is situated on the northern limits of the Great
North China Plain, on latitude 39?54' N., longitude 116?28'
E., and lies shielded by mountains to the north and west.
It is some 100 miles from the nearest point on the coast-
the Gulf of Pohai, which has the Liaotung and Shantung
Peninsulas like two giants on either side, guarding the
capital. Beyond the, gulf lies the Yellow Sea, which merges
into the world's largest ocean, the Pacific. Until recently,
Tientsin was the port for Peking, but now a great new har-
bour has been made at Tangku, which is Peking's gateway
by sea.
Peking's land connections with all parts of the country
are good, lying, as it does, at the northern apex of one of
China's chief grain and cotton growing areas. To the
northeast lies our oldest industrial base-Northeast China;
to the northwest are our largest natural pasture lands-
the Inner Mongolian grasslands-and the northwest prov-
inces, already giving proof of their great industrial future;
to the west are the mountainous lands of Shansi, rich
in coal and iron ore deposits; while to the south lies the
most densely populated areas of Central and South China,
rich in produce of all kinds., From all parts of the country
people and goods come in a continuous stream.
Peking is conveniently placed on the Eurasian con-
tinent. The U.S.S.R. and the People's Democracies in
Eastern Europe and Asia form one compact land mass with
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The Great Wall, our world-famous ancient engineering
wonder, winds along the Yenshan range-the outermost
ramparts of Peking. To the southeast, the Yenslians link
up with the Western Hills. . These beautiful hills are
visible from Tien An Men (Gate of Heavenly Peace) and
many Peking rooftops.
The water supply is potentially adequate. The largest
river in North China, the Yungting, skirts the city's west-
ern outskirts-the famous Marco Polo Bridge is over the
Yungting. It is formed from the confluence of three
rivers, which rise in the loess highlands, beyond the West-
ern Hills. They join in a gorge, some sixty miles N.N.W.
of Peking. The drop, from the gorge to the plain, is some
2,700 feet. But like many other Chinese rivers, heavy
accumulations of silt are brought down in the rainy season
-in this case silted loess dust. The Yungting rivals the
Yellow River in this respect. Through the centuries, this
silt has raised the river-bed until in some places it is
148 feet higher than the level of Peking, and has to be re-
strained by dykes. When these give way, the river tem-
pestuously changes course and floods wide areas. As the
only natural outlet is by the river-bed itself, and this is
considerably higher than the floods, the waters cannot be
drained, and devastation and misery remain in the water-
logged land. In close memory-to take only the last 30
years-the Yungting has broken its dykes seven times.
Some 130,000 acres of farmland were inundated, and for
the most part remained perforce waterlogged, with all
that that implies in terms of human life and property.
We smile now at the monstrous naivety of the Manchu
emperor who in the eighteenth century renamed the un-
tamed river. Its former name was Wuting, "The Never
Still One." He renamed it Yungting, "The For Ever Still,"
in the hopes that its nature would change with the name!
But the last four decades, with their seven disastrous
floods, are in modern times-from the fall of the Ching
(Manchu) dynasty in 1911 to the liberation of Peking.
The reactionary governments of that period (lid no better
for the people than the emperor. But the People's Gov-
ernment, on liberation, mapped out a plan to end this
misery. This had to be a plan with' far-reaching con-
sequences, a plan which dealt with the cause of the trouble
-the erosion and the loess silt, which comes from an area
of 18,000 square miles, and is deposited over a basin of
5,800 square miles. It must involve harnessing an angry
river in a gorge. The first step, the building of Kuanting
Reservoir, was completed within four years. Four years,
to survey, plan, and build, after thousands of years of
ineffective tinkering !
A huge reservoir has been built which covers 90 square
miles, and can hold 80,000 million cubic feet of water. The
check dam, 148 feet high and 950 feet long, towers at
the mouth of the Kuanting Gorge, and holds back the
floods. To the west is an intake tower, which controls
the flow through a tunnel cut through the rocks, and directs
it into a stilling basin and thence into the river. At the
other end of the dam is the spillway, 1,414 feet long and
G5 feet wide, like a giant slide. So now the waters can
be controlled. By December of 1955 (three months ahead
of schedule) the hydroelectric station was finished - its
equipment all made in China - and started contributing
to the high tension grid, feeding Peking, Tientsin, and
other cities. Not only that, but now water from the
Yungting River is being drawn to Peking-a dream of
the Peking people for 17 centuries comes true !
From ancient times efforts have been made to exploit
possible natural sources of water, for Peking and the sur-
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rounding plain. As far back' as the period of the Three
Kingdoms (220-280 A.D.) an attempt to dig an irrigation
channel was made, from near where Peking stands at
present, to the Yungting. But the Yungting was unreli-
able and was anyway full of silt. When the summer came,
the floods broke the dykes and silted up the channel. This
first attempt failed. In 1171 A.D., during the reign of the
Nuchens (Golden Tartars), another vain attempt was
made. In 1187 A.D. a new direction was tried-to tap
the Jade Spring, draw it through the Kunming Lake (in
the present Summer Palace) and the River Changho into
the city. These difficult and complicated tasks were well
carried out, and the natural course of water was success-
fully changed, but the limited amount of water from the
Jade Spring Hill was not sufficient to meet the city's needs.
In 1343 still another attempt was made to get a water
supply from the Yungting. Once more it failed, because
the Yungting would not submit to being tamed.
Since liberation, the People's Government has taken
speedy steps to improve Peking's water supply. It has
already done much, with sinking wells and in general mak-
ing better use of existing sources to increase the volume,
but now this has been linked with the plan to harness the
Yungting. The Kuanting Reservoir makes it 'possible to
use the Kuanting water to supply Peking.
On January 16, 1956 the cutting of a 12-mile-long water
channel began, from .the Yungting -River to Peking, in-
volving the displacement of four million cubic yards of
earth, with a check dam and sluice-gates at Sanchiatien,
a village on the, city's western outskirts. Part of it has
to be cut through hills, and a 2,300-foot 'tunnel is neces-
sary. At its lower end a small hydroelectric power station
is being built to use the 92-foot drop. The channel brings
in a daily flow of 3361 million gallons of water-enough
for the normal needs of '2,800,000 people, or twenty large
factories, or irrigation for some 130,000 acres of farmland.
The small hydroelectric station will be used to supply
power for five 50,000-spindle textile mills. The work of
supplying Peking with Yungting water is scheduled to be
complete before the end of 1956.
Since very ancient times inland waterways have been
tremendously used and developed in China. The Grand
Canal, whence the tribute rice (the tax in kind) was
brought thousands of miles from the south to the imperial
granaries, was connected to Peking through the Tunghui
Canal.
The Tunghui Canal was "created" by Kuo Shou-ching,
a famous hydrologist who in 1262 A.D. worked out a plan
for a canal. He used the water from the Jade Spring.
Later, in 1291 A.D., he tapped the Deity Mountain Spring,
diverted the water into what is now the Kunming Lake in
the Summer Palace grounds, then by canal to a lake within
Peking's walls and subsequently into the Tunghui Canal.
By these means, the canal received enough water for
navigation.
To the northeast of Peking is the River Peiho. Its
western tributary joins the Tunghui Canal, and together
they flow into the Grand Canal. In later-times, both the
Grand Canal and the Tunghui Canal partly silted up. But
now they are being restored and will be used again to
transport goods between our cities and countryside. '
Peking has a continental (east coast)' monsoon climate
of the north temperate zone. In winter, cold, dry winds
come from the Siberian land mass. In summer, warm,
moist winds come from the Pacific. But the climate re-
mains continental. It is the continent,' not the nearby
ocean, which affects Peking. On average, the days are
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warm, with a sharp change of temperature during the
hours of darkness, and no long ducks. In high summer
the noonday is often intolerably hot, but usually at sunset
coolness comes : the nights are like autumn. The seasons
change just as abruptly. It may be said that in Peking
spring, summer and autumn merge, so that there are really
only two seasons to all intents and purposes-winter and
summer. The cold clays last about five months, during
which the average temperature is under 100 C. There are
approximately' 80 days of really severe cold between mid-
December and the end of February, when the average
temperature of the coldest month is 4.5? C. below. The
hottest summer monthly average is 26.1? C. The annual
mean temperature is 11.9? C.-which is quite commonly
the normal temperature in Peking at the beginning
and end of summer, which we may call spring and
autumn.
Spring comes late, and in a glorious burst. After the
season has "officially" begun, snowfalls are not uncommon.
Spring really starts when the northwest winds cease, and
the snow finally melts, but summer comes hot on spring's
heels.
The spring rainfall is negligible. Most (lays are clear
and bright, with intensely dry air, and hours of healthy
sunshine. The winds bring frequent dust storms, stinging
and uncomfortable, but they are usually of short dura-
tion. The crops and vegetation in general depend on snow-
falls for moisture at present, but this will gradually change
as our great afforestation and anti-erosion schemes begin
to show results. In Peking itself, since liberation, the
new roads and new districts have been well planted with
trees and shrubs. Shelter belts and orchards are doing
well along the lower reaches of the Yungting River,
and already the troublesome dust storms have begun
to lessen.
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Cutting the channel for water from the Yungting for Peking
Some rain comes in May and June, with the southeast
breezes. Our parks and gardens are full of colour-
peonies, lilac, pomegranates, oleanders, almonds. Poplars,
willows, and locust-trees colour the streets with fresh
green. From rooftop level Peking is seen as being under
a leafy canopy.
The annual rainfall for the city averages 25 inches.
Two-thirds of this falls in July and August, with the
greatest precipitation in July. Tremendous but short
downpours occur then, which quickly yield to bright, burn-
ing sunshine again.
These treinendous short downpours present a difficult
problem as far as drainage is concerned. This problem,
however, is being gradually solved, thanks to the construc-
tion of the Kuanting Reservoir and the overhauling of the
city's drainage system.
After August the weather begins to turn cool quite
sharply, and the days gradually get shorter. This is
Peking's best time of year, with long days of glowing sun
under a cloudless sky. The grapes hang on the trellises,
red apples shine, and the sweet pears and Peking dates
ripen.
Then comes the Mid-Autumn Festival - round about
September 20 - and the leaves begin to wither and fall.
The street pedlar who cries :
Here come turnips
Sweet as pears!
is the herald of winter.
From September or October on, northeast winds again
blow, and there is no more rain except for occasional falls
of sleet. The frosts last from early November until
March. Peking's frozen lakes and canals make winter
skating 'a highly popular outdoor sport.
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and Ulan Bator was opened to traffic. This line, jointly
built by China, the Soviet Union and Mongolian 'People's
Republic, connects with a direct link to the Soviet Union
at Ulan Bator, and shortens the Peking-Moscow journey
by 684- miles. The rail distance between the two capitals
will be further shortened when the Lanchow-Urumchi-
Alma Ata Railway (now being jointly laid by China and
the Soviet Union) is completed.
Communications between China and the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam are now greatly improved, and since
August 1955 good rail connections exist between Peking
and Hanoi.
Peking is the centre of a network of highways-to
Tangku and Tientsin, Chengteh and Changchiakou the
latter two being the links between the Inner, Mongolian
Autonomous Region-and Peking. The entire network of
main roads on the North China Plain and the Northeast
Plain, which in turn connects with every part of the coun-
try, leads to the capital.
Airlines, too, radiate from Peking-to Taiyuan, Sian
and Chungking and thence to Kunming; to Hsuchow,
Nanking and Shanghai; to Wuhan, Canton and thence to
Nanning and Chanchiang; to Tientsin, Shenyang and
Harbin and thence to Tsitsihar; and to Sian and Lanchow
and thence to Urumchi via Chiuchuan and Hami. There
are three direct airlines to the Soviet Union : to Chita via .
Shenyang and Harbin; to Irkutsk via Saiyinsata and Ulan
Bator; and to Alma Ata via Sian, Lanchow and Urumchi.'
Other international airlines connect China with the Demo-
cratic Republic of Vietnam and Burma. Air travellers
from Peking can make good connections at Canton for
Hanoi via Nanning, and for Mandalay and Rangoon via
Kunming.
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Peking is the centre from which all China's communica-
tions-by rail, highway and air-radiate.
From the railway station just outside Peking's Front
Gate (Chien Men) four lines lead in different directions-
northeast via Tientsin and Shanhaikuan to Shenyang,
thence to Manchouli (from Tientsin a main line runs to
Shanghai),; south to Hankow and thence to Canton; north
to the Kupeikow, Pass; and northwest to Changchiakou
and Paotow. Express through trains run every day to all
China's big cities-Shanghai, Tsingtao, Taiyuan, Sian,
Shenyang, Changchun, Manchouli, etc. There is also a local
service between Peking and Mentoukou, a mining district
on the western outskirts. Fengtai, a junction station on
Peking's southern outskirts, has been connected with the
main station by double track since January 1954 instead
of single track as hitherto, which has relieved the heavy
congestion on the main lines. In July 1955 a new line
was opened to traffic between Fengtai and Shacheng, a
65-mile length which passes the Kuanting Reservoir and
has speeded up traffic on the Peking-Paotow line. The
latter line is now being extended to Lanchow, whence
another great artery is under construction to Sinkiang.
In Southwest China two trunk lines-one between Pao-
chi in Shensi Province and Chengtu in Szechuan Province,
which is being laid, and another between Chengtu and
Kunming, which is already blueprinted-will, when com-
plete, be linked up with Peking.
Since 1954 there has been a through passenger service
from Peking to Moscow-a journey of 5,620 miles which
takes 207 hours, and between Peking and Pyongyang, a
36-hour journey of 840 miles.
In December of 1955 the 650-mile railway line between
Chining (in China's Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region)
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HISTORY
1. A BRIEF HISTORICAL SKETCH
Several cities have, at one time or another in China's
long history, served as her capital; but Peking can boast
of being one of the oldest, second to Changan (now Sian)
and Loyang. It was the capital during the feudal dynas-
ties for a thousand years.
Between 1918 and 1939, the fossil remains of the world-
famous Peking Man (Sinanthropus Pekinensis) and the
fossil remains of another kind of man, Upper Cave Man,
were unearthed at Choukoutien, a village 34 miles south-
west of Peking. Peking Man lived 500,000 years ago.
Upper Cave Man lived about 50,000 years ago. There is
necessarily, as yet, a long period in Peking's history which
has to be left blank, but we do know that primitive com-
munities had settled down 3,000 years ago on or near the
site where Peking now stands.
Round about 2,200 years' ago it was made a capital for
the first time. That was during the period of the Warring
States (403-221 B.C.). One of the Seven States, the King-
dom of Yen, established its capital near the present city.
This capital was called Chi.
In 221 B.C. another of the Seven States-Chin-gained
control of a united China, with power invested in a central
government, and the Yen capital was incorporated into a
prefecture or governmental district. During the Han
dynasty (206 B.C.-220 A.D.) this area was still in the
territory of Yen. Later it was given the name of Yuchou.
During the period of the Three Kingdoms (220-280 A.D.)
it was again called Yen.
The northern border of the China of those days ran
close to Peking, and northern nomadic tribes frequently
broke in from across the border. Thus Peking became an
important strategic area as well as a local political centre.
For close on three hundred years (314-589 A.D.) this
northern territory, including the site where Peking now
stands, Was, indeed, largely un4ler the control of invading
nomads. It was not until the Tang dynasty. (618-907
A.D.) that it was recovered. By the middle of the Tang
dynasty, steps were taken to prevent the tribesmen, the
Hsis and Khitans, from raiding the border lands and the
local capital. The position of Peking, then called Yuchou,
became increasingly important. But later the Khitans
became stronger, established the Liao Kingdom (916-
1124 A.D.) and invaded and occupied Yuchou and other
places around. Yuchou was renamed Yenching in 938 A.D.,
and was made one of the Liao provisional capitals. More
than that, taking advantage of the prevailing chaos in
China, the Liao rulers turned Yenching into a stronghold
from which to make further inroads.
In 960 A.D., Chao Kuang-yin founded the Sung dynasty
(960-1279 A.D.) in the South. Preoccupied with the sup-
pression of internal disturbances, he was content to take
a merely : defensive attitude to the Liaos. His brother,
Chao Kuang-yi, tried to recover Yuchou and other lost
territories, but was defeated in his two northern campaigns.
In the early twelfth century, the Golden Tartars rose
in Liaotung (in Northeast China), defeated the Liao troops,
established the State of Chin (1115-1234 A.D.), and seized
all their territory, including Peking. In 1153 A.D. the
State of Chin removed its capital to Yenching, and
renamed it Chungtu (Middle Capital).
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Chungtu under the Golden Tartars was rebuilt on a
large scale, with splendidly decorated palaces, and halls.
Hundreds of thousands of workers were. conscripted, enor-
mous sjims of money spent and countless lives sacrificed
in creating this luxury.
Less than seventy years after this-in 1215-it fell
to the Mongols under Genghis Khan. In the battle, the
palaces of the State of Chin were set on fire, and blazed
for over a month. The Chin troops were defeated and
Chungtu had a new master. Kublai Khan renamed it Tatu
(Great Capital) in 1272 and it became the capital of the
Yuan (Mongol) dynasty (1279-1368 A.D.).
Tatu was much larger than either of its forerunners,
and was rebuilt slightly northeast of the old site. Again
there arose magnificent palaces and halls; beautiful lakes
surrounded by pleasure gardens were created, and the
place was packed with treasures of every description looted
from the people. It was at this time that a canal-the
Tunghui Canal-was dug and made to connect with the
Grand Canal, so that the boats transporting the tribute
rice from the provinces south of the Yangtse could come
right up to one of the new lakes inside the city. Tatu,
with its magnificent imperial palaces, its treasures coming
from every corner of the country, the stupendous feasts
which the Great Khan gave on state occasions, and the
well organized post-stages on the roads to the city all
astounded Marco Polo, the Venetian traveller, who visited
Tatu under Kublai Khan.
In the middle of the fourteenth century, Chu Yuan-
chang headed a peasant revolt which overthrew the Yuan
dynasty and established the Ming dynasty (1368-1644).
He moved his capital south, to Chinling, and called it Nan-
king (the Southern Capital). Tatu was renamed Peiping
(Northern Peace), and was placed under his son's rule.
On Chu Yuan-chang's death, the throne should have passed
to his grandson, but his son, Chu Ti, who ruled Peiping,
usurped the throne. In 1403, it was renamed Peking (the
Northern Capital). In 1420 it was made the capital city of
the Ming dynasty and remained so until the dynasty fell.
Peking in the Ming period grew on a yet grander scale,
even more magnificent than under the Mongols. To begin
with, the old city and the palaces were taken over as they
stood. Subsequently the capital was rebuilt and enlarged.
An 'Outer City was added, and new temples and altars
built, until there were altogether 786 buildings-palaces,
throne halls, pavilions and gate towers.
So Peking stood until, in 1644, there was a peasant
uprising led by Li Tse-cheng, who took the city. His
army held it for only 40 days, because the Manchus were
simultaneously preparing an incursion south of the Great
Wall, and at the end of this time, thanks to the treachery
of a Ming general who opened the pass, they swept down
on the city. Peking fell intact, and was declared the
Manchu capital the same year by Shun Chih, the first em-
peror of the Manchu dynasty. This was the last imperial
dynasty, and lasted for 267 years.
Peking remained superficially the same throughout
these years. Buildings that needed repair or were derelict
were rebuilt, 17ut substantially to the same pattern.
The city plan was unaltered, though many palaces,
temples and pavilions were added outside the walls to the
west, notably Yuan Ming Yuan (the Old Summer Palace).,
All the new buildings were centred round the life of the
imperial court. They were either for the direct use of-
the imperial family and its ramifications, or for its minis-
ters and favourites. Peking was full of treasure squeezed
out of the people or made specially for the emperors, the
monopolists of feudal times.
But a hundred years ago a tremendous change came
over all this. To Peking where, in all these years, in-
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of the Manchus, the Diplomatic Corps in Peking was vir-
tually a superior governing power.
After the victory of the October Revolution in 1917,
the new-born Soviet state abrogated all unequal treaties
which Tsarist Russia had forced on China, and withdrew
its troops from the "Legation Quarter."
Under Kuomintang rule, which followed the northern
warlord period, Peking was no longer the capital-and the
name was accordingly changed from Peking to Peiping.
After the Incident of September 18, 1931, Japanese
aggressors occupied China's northeastern territories meet-
ing, on Chiang Kai-shek's orders, no resistance from the
Kuomintang forces. The aggressors then turned their
spearhead against North China and Peking. The Kuomin-
tang government persisted in its policy of non-resistance.
For Peking, the years between 1931 and 1937 were years
of instability and disturbance. On July 7, 1937, the Japa-
nese attacked the Marco Polo Bridge, west of Peking's Outer
City, which started eight years of all-out war against China.
Again Peking suffered alien occupation, this time by
the Japanese. After the Japanese surrender in 1945, the
Kuomintang, with the help of American bayonets, re-
entered the city.
In 1949, Peking was again in the hands of the Chinese
people.
2. A CITY OF GLORIOUS REVOLUTIONARY TRADITIONS
Peking occupies an. important place in China's revolu-
tionary history. In 1895, during the last years of Manchu
rule, after China's defeat in the Sino-Japanese War, 1,300
candidates who had been suceessful in the provincial ex-
aminations and had come to Peking to sit for the imperial
examinations, submitted a memorial to the emperor ex-
pressing their opposition to the terms of the Peace Treaty
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vaders had generally come from the north and west, over
China's land frontiers, came a new menace. The capitalist
countries of Europe and America began to invade China
from the sea, shaking the already tottering Manchu Em-
pire to its foundations. In the Second Opium War (1860),
Anglo-French forces occupied Peking, and compelled the
'Manchu rulers to conclude the Convention of Peking
(which confirmed the Treaties of Tientsin), pay heavy in-
demnities and admit other humiliating claims. During
their occupation they burnt down and ruthlessly looted
the Old Summer Palace and other treasure houses full of
antiques.
Forty years later, using the Yi Ho Tuan (the Boxer)
Uprising as a convenient pretext, the combined forces of
eight powers (Britain, the United States of America,
Japan, Russia, Germany, France, Austria-Hungary, and
Italy) occupied Peking, killing, burning, raping and plunder-
ing. This time the invading. forces demanded possession
of part of Peking. - The Manchu rulers gave them extra-
territorial rights in an area which later became known as
the "Legation Quarter." Inside this "Quarter" China had
no sovereign rights. Chinese were not allowed to own
buildings or reside within its high walls. Chinese soldiers
and police were forbidden to enter. Inside the walls with
their, embrasures were barracks full of foreign soldiers,
their guns trained on the Chinese people.
The Diplomatic Corps constituted itself a special polit-
ical force, and all but controlled. the Manchu rulers, whose
power declined from clay to day. In 1911 they finally col-
lapsed under the impact of the revolution that ushered in
the Republic, and Peking ended its long career as the
capital of a feudal empire. ' Within a few years, however,
internecine strife between the warlords broke out, and
gave the foreign powers a further opportunity to keep an
ever more open grip on China; and, as in the last years
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and putting forward proposals for political reform. Again,
in the closing years of Manchu rule, the Yi Ho Tuan
(Boxers) put up a stubborn fight against imperialist ag-
gression.
These two events foreshadowed mass movements in Pe-
lting. But it was the May the Fourth Movement in 1919 that
turned a decisive page in Peking's, and China's, history.
On the morning of May 4, 1919, Peking students held
a great demonstration, a demonstration which was to have
far-reaching consequences. It was held as a protest
against the treatment of China by the imperialist powers
at the end of World War I. The Paris Peace Conference
had calmly awarded Germany's unlawful "possessions" in
Shantung to Japan. Japan had thrust the infamous
Twenty-one Demands on China, and the faint-hearted
Chinese government of the time had accepted them. Both
these events amounted to a denial of China's independence.
The students gathered outside Tien An Men and began
to march to the "Legation Quarter." Before they got
there, they were stopped by foreign troops. They turned
to a government official's house-the house of Tsao Ju-fin,
Minister of Communications, who along with Chang Tsung-
hsiang, the Chinese Minister to Japan, and Lu Tsung-yu,
another high official, was known as a pro-Japanese traitor.
The students were further enraged to find that at that
very time these officials were holding a discussion with
the Japanese. Shouting "Restore our rights and interests
in Shantung!" "Punish the traitors!" "Down with the
Twenty-one Demands!" "Refuse to sign the Paris Peace
Treaty !" they caught Chang Tsung-hsiang and beat him,
and set fire to Tsao Ju-lin's house.
The warlords who held power in Peking struck back
hard. Many of the students were arrested and imprisoned.
But they and the people refused to be cowed. , All over
the country, people came out in support. Workers went
on strike, merchants suspended business and fellow stu-
dents elsewhere joined in voicing these demands. The
movement went far beyond Peking. All anti-imperialist
and anti-feudal forces were behind it. Mao Tse-tung
summed up its importance in the following words: "Its
outstanding historical significance lies in a feature which
was absent in the Revolution of 1911, namely, a thorough
and uncompromising opposition to imperialism and a
thorough and uncompromising opposition to feudalism." In
another place, he said, "It was part of the world proletarian
revolution of that time."
Seven years later, in 1926, a massacre took place in
Peking. Under the pretext of enforcing the "Boxer" Pro-
tocol of 1901, the Japanese, backed by the Diplomatic
Corps, sent an ultimatum to the warlord government, de-
manding that all fortifications at the Taku Fort should
be dismantled. The purpose behind this was, in fact, to
make it easier for a certain pro-Japanese warlord, Chang
Tso-lin, to attack Tientsin. Again, on March 18, the stu-
dent body and the people in Peking took action. A great
crowd collected outside Tien An Men, and marched to the
government headquarters. Here they were met by armed
guards, who opened fire, killing and wounding several hun-
dred. The massacre was followed by a terror. The
warlords, hand in glove with the imperialists, tried by every
means to turn back the rising tide. All patriots were ?
hunted and persecuted, and warrants were issued for over
fifty people, among them Li Ta-chao, one of the founders
of the Chinese Communist Party, and Lu Hsun, the rev-
olutionary writer. They managed to arrest Li Ta-chao,
and he was- executed by Chang Tso-fin in April 1927.
Having occupied the Northeast since 1931, the Japanese
aggressors then began to seize North China. A series of
events occurred in which the Kuomintang government sold
out the country's rights and submitted to Japan's humi-
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Bating demands every time. In June 1935, an agreement i;
-the "Ho-Umezu" agreement-was signed in Peking be-
tween Ho Ying-chin, the Kuomintang government repre-'
sentative in North China, and Yoshijiro Umezu, com-
mander of the Japanese armed forces in North China.
The agreement purported to recognize Japan's "special
political power in North China," thus allowing it to inter-
fere in China's internal affairs. In November of the same
year the Japanese aggressors, through collaborators, en-
gineered the "movement for autonomy in the five northern
provinces" and the subsequent establishment of the bogus
"Anti-Communist Autonomous Administration" in eastern
Hopei. To meet the Japanese demand for "special polit-
ical power in North China," the Kuomintang government
appointed a local Kuomintang warlord to head a "Political
Affairs Commission for Hopei and Chahar." All this
placed Peking and the whole of North China in a very
dangerous situation.
Earlier, on August 1, 1935 the Chinese Communist
Party had issued a clarion call to all patriots. They de-
manded that the Kuomintang should call off its civil war
against the Communists and put up a real resistance to
Japan's constant aggression. It was in answer to this call
that another great patriotic movement swept Peking, the
December the Ninth Movement.
On December 9, 1935, the Peking students issued a
statement calling on the people to fight Japan and strive
for national independence. "How can we sit down and
study," they said, "as long as the Japanese enemy is not
driven out?" They came out in force and put their de-
mands to the Kuomintang representative. These demands
were rejected-rejected with bayonets and fire-hoses
They
.
stood up to this, and were. supported by the people. The
streets rang with their slogans: "We reject the idea of
anti-communist autonomy !" "Down with separation for
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 ~r ~ ~ S ~`e``.,_`1-~~rx~r.~v\~.jfj^~s~~y"nyi?tr',?,r~`:=7}`y@~:_~ h.~~".i:;`,+?-'-+'p`:52
~5` iI L~ti IIA' l~ .w-f'~R> i ~i"~C '?21. it i..r~. -n
North China !" "Down with Japanese imperialism !" "De-
fend North China by arms!" These slogans were taken
up by students, workers and peasants all over China.
A week later, on December 16, the date set by the Kuo-
mintang reactionaries for the inauguration- of the "Polit-
ical Affairs Commission for Hopei and Chahar," the Peking
students carried out another demonstration, holding a mass
meeting of Peking citizens in the square outside Chien
Men. A resolution was passed rejecting such a commis-
sion. In the face of armed guards and police armed with
swords and whips, the students undauntedly spoke for the
people. The pressure of public opinion compelled the
reactionaries to postpone the setting up of the commission
for the time being. ,
The students' patriotic movements on December 9 and
16 soon turned into a national movement to resist Japan
and save the country. More and more people of all sorts
and conditions joined. in. The students themselves turned
their fiery energies to action. They organized propaganda
groups which went into the nearby country districts to
urge resistance to Japanese aggression. Led by the Chi-
nese Communist Party, they formed the "Vanguards of
National Liberation," who became the core of the national
salvation movement in various areas. It was from then
on that the young intellectuals of China began to identify
themselves with the people. All this originated in Peking.
When the War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression
started in 1937, many of the same students in Peking
joined the people's forces-the Eighth Route Army and the
New Fourth Army. Among them were many "Vanguards
of National Liberation."- They carried on guerrilla war-
fare against the Japanese and puppet troops from their
bases in the Western Hills and nearby.
After the Japanese surrender in 1945, Peking students
kept up their revolutionary tradition. In December 1946
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Peking students' demonstration on May 4, 1919
Pelting students' demonstration against starvation,
civil war and persecution in 1947
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they staged a great demonstration and march to protest
against the rape of a girl student at Peking University by
an American soldier. In May 1947, the year in which the
Kuomintang government again started all-out civil war
against the Communists, subjecting the people to extreme
hardship and trampling on civil rights, the Peking students
came out in a huge demonstration "against civil. war,
starvation and persecution." '
For three decades-ever since the May the Fourth
Movement in 1919-Peking witnessed these great patriotic
outbursts. They have now borne fruit in the victory of
the Chinese people's revolution, the victory which liberated
the whole country. Today, Peking students, together with
Peking citizens in all walks of life, with the Chinese Com-
munist Party in the lead, are giving of their best in order
to build China into a great socialist country.
Peking city plan encloses four walled cities-the Inner
and Outer Cities, the Imperial City (now minus all its walls
except for the southern end) and the Forbidden City.
The city is shaped like a Chinese character a , or the
letter T upside down, the cross stroke being to the south.
The upper (northern) section is called the Inner City,
and this contains within it the Imperial City and the For-
bidden City. No roads run through the latter. To this
day all traffic has to go round it. It is the centre round
which the old city was built. A beeline-five miles long
-could be drawn through Peking, from north to south.
All the imperial buildings will be found to be built round
this one line. The main gates and palaces are either on
this line, or grouped symmetrically on either side, and
their golden tiled roofs rise and fall rhythmically.
YUNG TPIG MEN
CIEEN MEN
CHJMG IUA MEN
TIEN AN MEN SQUARE
TEN'AN MEN
TUAN MEN
MERIDM GATE
GATE OF SUPREME HARMONY
THROtIE HALLS
"MR COURT
COAL HLL
TI AN MEN SITE
DRUM TOWER
(TELL TOWER
WORU* PEOPLES PALACE
16 O1JNGSHAN PART:
Diagrammatic Presenta-
tion of Peking's Layout
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Starting from the 'extreme southern point of this
imaginary line, from Yung Ting Men, the middle gate in
the wall of the Outer City, we see on either side almost
at once two groups of buildings behind their red walls-
the Temple of Heaven on the right, or east side, and the
- Temple of Agriculture on the west. The road runs due
north, through a busy shopping district. In front of us
looms a great gate tower, the main Front Gate to the
Inner City, Chien Men. Here the road divides, but the
design of the city does not vary. Behind Chien Men is
another gate, Chung Hua Men, and in front of us lies a
great square, and Tien An Men itself, the gate to the Im-
perial City. Go through Tien An Men, and then Wu Alen
(Meridian Gate), and a series of courtyards and palaces
open before us across a marble-bridged stream-the Golden
Stream-wide courtyards, and above them row upon row
of glazed tiles on the tilted eaves. The great hall which
we now approach is Tai Ho Tien (Hall of Supreme Har-
mony). Still going due north we cross the moat again at
Shen Wu Men (Gate of Godly Prowess), and see before us
a steep hill - Coal Hill - crowned by Wan Chun Ting
(Pavilion of Eternal Spring). This is the only point of the
line which is higher than Tai Ho Tien. Behind it there
was, until recently, a gate-Ti An Men-which has been
removed to facilitate traffic. Further on there are two
more towers-the Drum Tower (which used to mark the
hours by drum beats), and the Bell Tower (which used to
sound the curfew). This is the end of the line of build-
ings. There is no central "back" gate, though there are
-two gates-An Ting Men and Teh Sheng Men-in the
north wall of the Inner City, following the symmetry
which is. inherent in the architectural' layout of Chinese
tradition.
Peking as a city has undergone many changes, but
through all these changes the site was approximately the
same from the Tang dynasty (618-907 A.D.) onwards. In
the last 800 years the city was rebuilt four times. To
superimpose the varying sites on present-day Peking will
best illustrate these changes.
(1) From 1153 to 1215 it was called Chungtu, the
capital of the Golden Tartars, ten miles round, at the
southwest corner of today's Inner City and west of the
present Outer City.
(2) From 1267 to 1368, as the capital of the Yuan
dynasty it was renamed Tatu. Tatu was 20 miles round
and was built to the northeast of the former city approx-
imately where the Inner City now stands in fact but with
its northern limits extended further. This more or less
fixed Peking's present site. The court buildings were
built slightly southwest of the centre of the city, by the
side of the present Peihai and Chunghai Lakes; they were
the predecessors of the palaces of the Ming and Ching
dynasties. The city plan was largely modelled on Chungtu
-with walls, watchtowers, moats and. bridges-and also
incorporated the ancient imperial traditions, with the Altar
of Land and Grain on the west side of the palaces and the
Ancestral Temple on their east. Behind (north) lay the
market place.
(3) From 1368 to 1419 it was at first called Peiping,
and after 1403, in the early Ming dynasty; renamed Peking.
It was not,the capital-that was then at Nanking. After
the Mings had captured Tatu from the Mongols in 1368,
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PLACES OF INTEREST AND
ANCIENT MONUMENTS
Tien An Men (Gate of Heavenly Peace) is not only a
building of beauty and historical interest, but now has an
added political significance, so much so that it has been
taken as the heart of the national emblem of the People's
Republic of China.
It stands on an ancient site-the south central gate
of the Imperial City, which was built by a Ming emperor
in 1420 A.D. The original gate was burnt down and re-
built in 1651, since when it has borne its present name.
The marble bridges which span the moat in front were
added later:
In feudal clays the Imperial Rescripts-the edicts and
proclamations-were given out from Tien An Men. The
custom was to wedge the scroll containing the "Divine
Decree" in the bill of a carved phoenix, which vas then
thrown over the.parapet to officials kneeling below, whose
duty it was to relay -the contents to the nation.
But, like the Manchu dynasty itself, by 1911 Tien An
Men was in a sorry state.' Weeds and shrubs grew in the
crevices of the crumbling walls, and the carved pillars in
front were defaced. In fact when repairs were- carried
out after liberation the gate tower was found to have been
pitted by shell fire at the time when the combined forces
of eight imperialist powers invaded Peking in 1900.
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tllc~ cita,'y tlorthertl limits were brought nearer the northern
11~1ttttcittl`~` of present Inner City, and in 1419 were enlarged
:tliult9.~~~ to the south, till the southern wall reached its
'?\`~~~t`tlt position. Round about the same time the old
`ltillll~~~ lnnd city walls were faced with brick. These re
ul`illl to this day. The city was reduced by one-third com-
vAt4Ml to 'l atu, and the walls were 121/2 miles round, and
'\A%1 g111w, gzi1.,es, The Ming emperors seem to have had an
,ywvAm to using the palaces as they stood: they did a lot
.~;' t~ce~il~+~l'tucC and rebuilding. The Forbidden City
1,Nlilt. 500 feet east of the original site and the Drum
,Awl Boll Powers were also rebuilt slightly to the east so
311.at 1hs) llew central axis from the Chien Men Tower to
11:1\ 1;tll Tower would not be interrupted by Shy `Q
tA)* 1,ak-o of Ten Monasteries). And, with the soar
\\-Q1 Imillod down and rebuilt further south, the ca-~
I?; iN i f C o a1 11111 was the mid-point of the Inner C = -
141, Vrom 1420 to 1553 Peking was the cap-i`' - { the
?i 1lk dyn:1;at,~=. Around 1500, border disturbanc h
tN AN.,'1r. The city population had far outgrown h~:
,~;d ~olrlt~tliing had to be done to protect the c
"" `
.~nt1 atl~rrg'tlrorl Cho dotcnces generally. It was
to 1'11iltl Anothor complete wall round the a -- - + ?-
lwa1:11, use o sonlo of the ruined mud wv s on
'nut flnlds did not allow of this, and ody =-
m -
'wall in the ac1n01o1 n 111111. Nvao evos built.--e
'\0 h Akwoli gnh,a. (Iomplotod in 15$S this
\V.A11 of protrfmt-dat' i elcl lg. This \vas the amst
Iinl~ 1'e~kin ;'y walls wro rebuilt.
{h) l'oldtl}; t'rotll 1 ,11 to the
1\-\16110i la\'ottt stnd walls, chet`c~t'o e &S '
tky1 1Y. lult`0 inmvn 011'(111 01 mangy ec~*lt \ ~.
~,yt~ ~ tiostrth'tl?n uncl robtlil(titt,?, th , : : == mZ
\V t `w) \11111\' 11111 t1t~tl~ll.~}, and Is :tit
 It was with the founding of New China that Tien An
Men returned to its former glory, and .more. Tien An
Men was now the heritage not of emperors, but of the
people. The great blockhouse gate has been lovingly re-
.paired and restored according to the traditional pattern.
Again the golden tiles on the uptilted roofs gleam above
the red walls which glow round the enlarged Tien An Men
Square, now a place of proud gatherings and free demon-
strations. Now the national emblem shines under the
eaves in the centre and two inscriptions run the length
of the walls on either side of the entrance: "Long Live
the People's Republic of China!" and "Long Live the Great
Unity of the Peoples of the World!" On both sides of
the marble bridges and on either side of the square are
reviewing stands, six in all, which hold ten thousand on-
lookers for the great parades.
Due south-that is, standing with one's back to Tien
An Men-stands a great monolith, nearly completed. It
out-tops Tien An Alen by some 14 feet. It is the Monu-
ment to the People's Heroes. On the side facing Tien An
Men is the carved inscription, in Chairman Mao Tse-tung's
calligraphy, "The People's Heroes Are Immortal !" On
the other side is an inscription approved by the first ses-
sion of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Con-
ference. Round the base are bas-reliefs depicting the
heroic deeds of fighters for liberation over the past hun-
dred years. A flight of steps leads to a balcony with
double-tiered marble balustrades, where wreaths may be
laid. Between the monolith and Tien An Men the national
flag flies high.
On October 1, 1949 three hundred thousand people
gathered in the square to hear the People's Republic pro-
claimed. The red banners fluttered in the breeze, and
songs resounded. Chairman Mao Tse-tung hoisted the
five-starred national flag and proclaimed the inauguration
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tmve.w II I~I Il i.o.a
un[ A~~~:t.~
Soviet Exhibition Centre
'Loo p
Five Pagoda Temple 13
Court of Purple Bamboo
Temple of Heavenly Tranquillity
West Yellow Temple
Great Bell Temple
Summer Palace
Jade Spring Hill
Temple of Azure Clouds
Temple of Sleeping Buddha
Chou Carden
Nankou Pass
Ming Tombs
Chuyungkuan Pass
Green Dragon Bridge
Marco Polo Bridge
A Teh Sheng Men
B Hsi Chih Men
C Fu Cheng Alen
D Fu Ming Alen
E Kuang An Men
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Sketch Map of Peking Central Area
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 Within the Summer Palace grounds: Across the
lake (above, left); a scene at the back of the
hill (below, left); part of the painted covered
promenades (below)
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 tip
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N
of the Central People's Government of the People's Repub-
lic of China. The words rang out: "The Chinese nation
is not going to be insulted by anybody from now on. We
have stood up !"
Since then, on May Day and on National Day, October
1, the people of Peking, in their hundreds of thousands,
proudly wearing their best clothes, march' past Tien An
Men. A kaleidoscope of changing colours, gay with flowers,
flags, banners, charts and representations of trades and
industries, they are reviewed by Chairman Mao Tse-tung
and the other government leaders. Shouting slogans,
singing, cheering, they are a living proof of their deter-
mination to defend world peace and build socialism in
China.
Till late into the night Tien An Men Square is filled
with rejoicing cr,owds. As dusk falls, people pour in from
all over the city and from the surrounding countryside.
The buildings are flood-lit, decorated with flags and lanterns,'
and along Tien An Men itself sway huge palace lanterns,
glowing red. Searchlights pale the stars and fireworks
dazzle and flash. Throughout the square and along the
great wide street' rings out music for the dancing, singing
crowds. The citizens of Peking dance and rejoice together
with their heroes of labour and the battlefield, their peo-
ple's deputies, peoples from all China's great family of
nationalities and friends of China from all over the world.
These are great, happy days for Tien An Men. But in
the thirty years before the birth of New China, it saw
other manifestations of the people's strength and the
people's determination. The great student demonstrations
during the May the Fourth Movement in 1919, the mass.
meeting in support of tariff autonomy in 1925, the March
the Eighteenth Movement (1926), when Peking students
demonstrated against' Japanese imperialism and the Dec-
ember the Ninth (1935) student'. demonstration against
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2. TIIN MAIN STREETS AND SHOPPING CENTRES
Peking changes all the time. The main shopping cen-
tres used to be concentrated irrationally on the east side
of the city or outside the main central outer gate City. Chien This
sup-
in the wall between the Inner and now been mchange anner of and state and
a are far co-operatives
mo more evenly
plying all
distributed.
Let us stroll round Peking, starting from Tien An Men.
A great wide boulevard stretches both ways, 'east and
west, wide enough to take three lanes of traffic each side
of the tree-lined tram lines in the middle. Old green trees
shade the wide pavements on each side, and there is now
bicycles,
increasing road traffic-trams, buses, lorries, cars,
pedicabs-on this main thoroughfare.
Here we will go further west. On our right, breaking
the line of high red
tower. great
Under the tilted eaves
brilliantly
hangs our national emblem. Here is the heart of Peking
-indeed the heart of China. This is the seat of govern-
ment. Behind the doors of Hsin Hua Men live and work
r url.i1er niviib
Municipal People's Council Hall. Here the trees are not
so big - they are newly planted. North and south now
runs a crowded, busy shopping area, the centre for the
u-
n
t
g
a
west city. The main roads of Peking follow the rec
lar plan of ti-
this road in the east city. Down this road lies a bazaar.
Here is all the bustle of a shopping centre - meat and
vegetable markets, big co-operative stores, and all manner
of shops supplying daily needs and luxuries. About a mile
north we see a major road at right angles. Looking west
we see a gate tower - the Fu Cheng Men and to the right
of it a dagoba, gleaming above the rooftops.
Quite near this dagoba lived the famous revolutionary
writer, Lu Hsun. It was here that he wrote most of his
essays and articles, in pungent language, against the peo-
ple's enemies. The actual address is: 21 Hsi Shan Tiao,
Kung Men,Kou. It is a simple little house in a small com-
pound. His bedroom-study-known as the "Tiger's Tail"
-is still kept as it was when he lived there.
Let us now go east from the main road. We pass by
the Catholic Cathedral, off the road to the left, the ad-
ministrative office of the Chinese Academy of Sciences,
and the National Library, and cross the lovely marble
bridge which separates Peihai from Chunghai and Nanhai
Lakes. This bridge-called Chin Ao Yu Tung, meaning
Golden Turtle and Jade Rainbow-is an important cross-
ing for Peking's east-west heavy traffic. It is being
widened and will soon be four times as wide as it is now.
We reach the other end of the bridge and pass a high
round building, the Round City, and then the main en-
trance to Peihai Park. Soon, on our right we see the
moat and walls of the Forbidden City.
A little beyond we find on our right the back gate of
the Imperial Palaces and on our left, Coal Hill, now'a pub-
lic park. Turning north and then east we find ourselves
in front of the Hung Lou (Red Building), originally built
and used by the Peking University. It stands in Demo-
cratic Square, named to commemorate the revolutionary
tradition of the university., In one corner- of the ground
floor are two rooms in which revolutionary relics are kept.
One is the memorial hall to Li Ta-chao, one of the founders
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Japanese imperialism and civil war-all these took place
on the Tien An Men Square.
Tien An Men is a landmark of the Chinese people's rev-
olution.
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of the Chinese Communist Party who died a martyr's
death at the hands of a warlord in 1927. It has a desk
by the window, a bookshelf and a cane chair. This was
Li Ta-chao's office when lie was a professor and chief
librarian in the university. It is kept exactly as it was
when he lived there, except that now some of his, belong-
ings and documents are also on display.
The other room, the outer of the two, displays the
articles used by Chairman Mao when he worked on the
university staff-the small desk and the somewhat shabby
chair he used in 1918-19. There are various documents-
the teachers' and staff payroll and the list of ticket-holders
for the lectures sponsored by the Society of Journalists.
Chairman Mao's name appears on both of these. Also on
display are other documents and souvenirs which have a
bearing on Chairman Mao's life and work.
We walk out of the Red Building, turn south and soon
reach Tung An Men Street in the east city, and come into
Wang Fu Ching Street, a great shopping centre. On the
east side is the Tung An Bazaar, which occupies nearly
ten acres. In it there are six hundred odd stalls and small
shops, selling all manner of articles. But the main stress
is on the specialities of Peking-curios and objets d'ar'ts,
handicrafts, old books, and preserved fruits. The Chi
Hsiang Theatre and the famous Tung 'Lai Shun - the
"instant boiled mutton" restaurant - are also in Tung An
Bazaar. There must be few Peking residents or visitors
who have not dawdled round Tung An Bazaar, enjoying
the bustle and 'the delights of the stalls.
You will find many other interesting shops here - the
Peking Department Store, a modern six-storeyed building,
the largest department store in the capital, the Arts and
Crafts Shop, both on the west side of the street, a large
branch of Hsinhua Books', and the Guozi Shudian (Inter-
national Bookshop). Going due south, across the broad
East Changan Boulevard to Tai Chi Chang Lane, we enter
what was once the "Legation Quarter" and go along Tung
Chiao Min Hsiang, which was the main road there. It runs
from east to west. There is no sign of the typical Peking
streets and houses here. For 50 years this stretch of
land was "occupied" by the imperialists, right up to the
liberation of Peking in 1949, wlien it came back to the
people.
The west end of the Tung Chiao Min Hsiang runs in
almost at Chien Men, the main Central Gate to the Inner
City. This gate lies on the north-south central axis of the
city, as does the street named after it, which runs due
south from the gate like a broad river fed by many tribu-
taries. Vehicles and pedestrians pass in an unending
stream here, Peking's busiest shopping area.
Narrow streets, lined with shops, as we have said, run
into both sides of Chien Men Street-Lang Fang Tou
Tiao, Ta Shan Lan, Hsien Yu Kou, Chu Shih Kou, etc.
Here are famous shops, some dating back several hundred
years-Tung Jen Tang, the Chinese medicinal herbs
shop, Jui Fu Hsiang, renowned for silks, satin and furs,
Chuan Chu Teh for roast duck, and so on. There is also
a bazaar, a counterpart of the one on the Wang Fu Ching
Street and the one in the west city. Around this district
are shops and workshops, specializing in cloisonne, ivory
carvings, palace lanterns, silk flowers, and so on.
Not far from the west end of Ta Shan Lan is Liu Li
Chang, the home of antiques, china, curios, where one can
find ancient books, Chinese ink and brushes, hand-made
papers and scrolls of excellent quality, paintings and other
treasures. This is where the renowned Jung Pao Chai
(the Studio of Glorious Treasure) is to be found. This
studio .has been established for two hundred years; this is
where the facsimiles of Chinese ink-and-water colour
paintings are produced. During the Lunar New Year
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Festival, there is a two-week fair in Liu Li Chang, where
they sell toys, kites, paper-cuts and so on, and where the
jade market is open.
Let us turn back to Chien Men Street, and go south
again, till we reach Tien Chiao (the Bridge of Heaven).
There is no bridge to be seen now although there was one
formerly. It is now a popular market and the amusement
centre for the -working people. Today the Tien Chiao dis-
trict includes the area west of the Temple of Heaven and
north of the Temple of Agriculture.
The centre of Tien Chiao is called the "Fair Market,"
-where country folk sell their wares and buy what they
need from town. Every day large amounts of grain,
timber, eggs, vegetables, raw tobacco and cattle change
hands. Since liberation a state department store and a
modern theatre (The Tien Chiao) have been established
there.
As we walk towards Yung Ting Men, down the street
of the same name, we find on our right the Temple of
Agriculture, near which is the People's Stadium, and on
our left the Temple of Heaven.
At the end of the Yung Ting Men Street is Yung Ting
Men itself, the central south gate of the Outer City. Until
we pass through it, we are still in the Outer City of Peking,
though we have walked quite' a long way. Nowadays
though, the municipality has spread beyond the walls.
Like nearly everywhere in Peking, the whole of this area
changes its appearance almost daily.
3. THE WORKING PEOPLE'S PALACE OF CULTURE
The Working People's Palace adjoins Tien An Men on
the east. Once this building was the Imperial Ancestral
Temple, where the tablets of the emperors were displayed.
But on May Day, 1950, it was opened as the Working
People's Palace of Culture. Thus from being a place of
sacrifice to the ancestors of,the feudal rulers, it has be-
come a place for the working people, where they can savour
life ever more fully in all its richness.
A tablet inscribed with the words "Peking Working
People's Palace of Culture" copied from Chairman Mao
Tse-tung's' handwriting, hangs over the entrance gate. We
pass through a grove of deep green, sturdy ancient trees
to three main halls straight in front of us, flanked by
side-halls and verandas. The hall in front, like the Hall
of Supreme Harmony in the Imperial Palaces in style, is
built in three stonework tiers, each with double eaves. On
either side are two rows of verandas surrounding a vast
courtyard big enough to hold ten thousand.
Large exhibitions are frequently held in the three halls.
There have been exhibitions of the Movement to Resist
American Aggression and Aid Korea, Sino-Soviet Friend-
ship, the History of the Workers' Movement in China,
Advanced Methods of Production, Railways, Petroleum,
Coal Mines, Theatrical Art, Folk Arts, and so on, and ex-
hibitions introducing the achievements of the Soviet
Union, Rumania, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, the Democratic
Republic of Vietnam; the German Democratic Republic,
Poland, Bulgaria, the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea, India and Indonesia. The working people love to
go to their own palace of culture, where they can visit the
exhibitions, the library, the sports ground, the entertain-
ment hall and the theatre.
Of course, there are other things as well for them to
enjoy in their own palace. Lectures on science, literature,
art, and so on are frequently held and reports given by
nationally known heroes of labour. A spare-time school
has also been established here with five sections: literature,
drama, music, fine arts; and dancing. Here we find as
well the home of the amateur art groups, who go in for
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dancing, orchestral music and choral singing. And from
here, any worker who is discovered to have special artis-
tic talent may be sent to a specialized school for further
study.
In the northeast corner is a sports ground which can
accommodate over 4,000 spectators. It has a large flood-
lit volleyball and basketball court. In a grove in the
southeast corner is a large open space for dancing with
a smooth cement floor and a stage. What used to be waste
lands, overgrown with weeds and bushes, are now beautiful
grounds.
Intact, a unique architectural group, the Imperial
Palaces stand in the heart of Peking, their golden roofs,
white marble balustrades and red pillars shining in the
sun - five hundred and thirty years old. It is surrounded
by a moat and walls, with a tower on each of the four
corners. There are four gate-guarded entrances, one in
each wall: Wu Men (Meridian Gate) in the centre of the
south wall, Shen Wu Men (Gate of Godly Prowess) in the
north wall, and Tung Hua Men and Hsi Hua Men (the East
and West Flowery Gates) on the other two, as their names
imply.
The Imperial Palaces consist of Outer Throne Halls and
an Inner Court, the Inner being to the north. This is
typical of all old Chinese architectural planning. The
front gate, the Outer City, and so on-is always the south-
ern entrance or section.
Let us enter the Imperial Palaces through one of the
three tunnel gates of the Meridian Gate. Before us lies
a great courtyard, beyond five marble bridges. Pass
through a gate at the other side of the courtyard and we
are before a massive double-tiered hall, Tai Ho Tien (Hall
of Supreme Harmony), once the Throne Hall. A marble
terrace above marble balustrades runs round it, with
beautiful ancient bronzes standing on it: cauldrons, cranes,
turtles, compasses and ancient measuring instruments.
-The Hall of Supreme Harmony is the largest wooden struc-
ture in China.
Behind it, beyond another courtyard, is Chung Ho Tien
(Hall of Complete Harmony). This was where the em-
peror paused to rest before going into the Throne Room,
and beyond it is the last hall, Pao Ho Tien (Hall of
Preserving Harmony), after which we reach the Inner
Court.
The Inner Court was used as the emperor's personal
apartments. There are three large halls, Chien Ching
Kung (Palace of Heavenly Purity), Chiao Tai Tien (Hall
of Heavenly and Earthly Intercourse) and Kun Ning Kung
(Palace of Earthly Tranquillity). The Palace of Heavenly
Purity is divided into three parts. The central part was
used for family feasts and family audiences, audiences for
foreign envoys, and funeral services; the right (or east)
section used for mourning rites; and the west section for
business of state. The other two palaces, one behind the
other, were imperial family residences. The three throne
halls in the Outer Court, and the_ three main halls in the
Inner Court lie along the central axis. On either side are
smaller palaces, with their own courtyards and auxiliary
buildings. And behind the buildings, before the back
(north) gate of the Imperial Palaces is reached, lies the
Imperial Garden. Each palace, its courtyard and side-
halls, is an architectural whole. The skill of the builders,
artists and architects who planned and executed these
wonderful buildings is manifest. The Imperial Palaces
are of supreme historical aiid artistic interest.
Today the Imperial Palaces are used as museums-the
Historical Museum and the Palace Museum. The Historical
Ell'.
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Museum is near the south entrance-in the tower over the
-- Meridian Gate and its side-halls. It' is devoted to displays
of historical material, ancient architectural sketches and
models, and special exhibitions on relevant subjects.
The Palace Museum is far larger, housed as it is in
the remainder of this great court city. Some of the halls
are kept as they were in imperial times-a museum in
themselves-and others for the display of some of the
countless treasures from China's past. There should be
far more of the latter, but looting and corruption have
,robbed China of much of her rightful heritage. The
Eight-Power occupation of 1900, when their soldiers and
officers vied with each other in plunder and destruction,
was only one major theft. The deposed emperor, after
the fall of the last dynasty in 1911, sold, mortgaged, or
gave away as bribes many treasures. The warlords did
not neglect their chance, and both before and after the
Japanese occupation, the Kuomintang stole indiscriminate-
ly. During the Japanese occupation the Japanese ' troops
looted freely, and just before liberation the Kuomintang
did their best to take away as much treasure as they could.
In fact, they had thirteen thousand chestfuls ready pack-
ed, intending to ship them to Taiwan. Fortunately, the
speed of liberation prevented them from carrying out
their full plan, and only a couple of thousand 'chests were
got away.
So rich were the Palaces, however, so great, in fact,
had been the wealth ground out of the people for hundreds
of years, that much remains to be seen there. Recently,
moreover, a hall has been set aside for exhibiting new
finds. There is also a hall set aside to display gifts from
friends in other countries-the Hall of International
Friendship-acid a permanent exhibition of porcelain, pot-
tery and paintings.
5. PLEASURE GROUNDS
Peking is bejewelled with delightful parks and pleasure
grounds, each with its own distinctive features-the an-
cient cypresses and flowers in the Chungshan Park (Sun
Yat-sen Park), the great lake after which Peihai Par1Q
is called, the pavilions high up on Coal Hill, the beautifully.
laid out lakes and hills in the Summer Palace and its
finely built halls and pavilions, and the rare animals and
birds in the Zoo. These parks-flowers and trees, foun-
tains and rocks, buildings and paths-are each designed
as a whole, while each individual section has a complete
unity. The Chinese art of creating gardens is here ex-
emplified. The deep-blue, umbrella-shaped Hall of Prayer
for Good Harvests and the intricately planned white
marble Circular Mound Altar in the Temple of Heaven are
spectacular examples of our national tradition in architec-
ture.
Since liberation the People's Government has not only
restored the parks to their original beauty and more, but
has created new ones, like Taojanting (Joyous Pavilion)
Park and Lungtan (Dragon Pool) Park in the Outer City.
Chungshan Park adjoins the west wall of Tien An Men.
Formerly this area enclosed the Altar of Land and Grain
where the emperors made offering to the gods of earth
and agriculture. In 1914 it was opened as a.public park.
Indeed, with its old temples and altars shaded by dense
groves of cypresses, it is ideal for this.
It covers 60 acres. The Altar of Land and Grain con-
sists of a square terrace in the centre of the park, raised
some four and a half' feet above the ground, and 54 foot
square. This flat surface is divided into four sections
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with a circle in the middle. The four sections are fill
ed
with coloured earth, red, black, blue and white. The mid.:
dle circle where now a tall flagstaff stands is yellow. It
is surrounded with low wall .4
s an gates. To its north is
the Hall of Worship and the Halberd Gate. The Hall of
Worship is now the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, used for
meetings, such as the Peking People's Congress.
Built over 530 years ago, the Hall of Worship, to use
its old name, is the oldest wooden structure in Peking.
Its simple form. masterly design and sturdy woodwork is'",
characteristic of early Ming architecture.
The park is beautifully laid out. Directly facing the
main gate is a majestic white marble memorial arch on
which is inscribed the characters "Defend World Peace."
From the entrance run covered promenades, typical of
Chinese layout. To the east side the promenade runs to
a tea house and restaurant, through cypress groves, rock
gardens, flower beds, and tree-shaded pavilions like Sungpo
Chiatsui Ting (Pavilion Embowered with Pines and Cy-
s..-
_ ,_ ,
Ureccaal on th
e
of
and
t
magni
" en
structure and its
brilliantly
painted under-eaves shinin
i
g aga
nst the blue sky
and white clouds-
If we take the covered promenade t
th
o
e `rest, we find
ourselves on the banks of a lot
.
__
.
u
p
H
s
.+n
up to the water raviiion,
built out over water on three sides. This used to be a
gathering place for scholars and poets, where they met to
drink and feast. Now it is used for exhibitions of various
kinds. Here we follow the north promenade for some 800
yards and find ourselves at Tang Hua Wu-a hot-house
which displays tender plants in season-then at the Orchid
Pavilion, where a stele inscribed with ancient calligraphy
is kept, and then at a two-storeyed building, the Huei Ying
Lou (Tower of Portraits).
The surroundings here are particularly striking. Scat-
tered among pools, rocky hills, weeping willows, blue-green
pines and cypresses, bamboos and rock gardens are pavi-
lions, kiosks and towers. Here a gently flowing stream
chatters under a little wooden bridge, and there a winding
path leads to a quiet retreat. This is typical. of classic
Chinese landscape-gardening.
North from here is the grove of cypresses round the
Altar of Land and Grain. Altogether there must be close
on a thousand cypresses in Chungshan Park, planted for
the most part in the early Ming dynasty. To the north,
along the bank of the palace moat, we see, above the
cypresses, the towering edifices of the Imperial Palaces
and the corner towers of the Forbidden City.
Flowers and trees here are in many-varieties and the
colours change with the seasons. In the spring, lilac,
peach and apricot blossoms greet you as you come in by
the south gate. In early summer the park is lovely with
its herbaceous and tree peonies and roses. The lotus
flowers in front of the Tang Hua Wu have scarcely faded
before the cassia flowers, and they are succeeded by gay
scarlet salvias. The chrysanthemums of autumn finish
the flowering season in a blaze of colour.
This park is also famous for its goldfish. Along the
west covered promenade is a goldfish enclosure, with a
great variety of goldfish in great tubs, some of'them very
rare kinds, like the "Dragon Eyes," "Pompons," "Tiger
Heads," "Toad Heads," "Gazing Up to Heaven," "Turned
Up Gills," and "Pearl." This collection is very popular,
and no visitor can resist lingering here.
On holidays the park is crowded with people enjoying
the beauty or going through to the Assembly Hall for a
meeting, to the open-air theatre, to the Water Pavilion to
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with a circle in the middle. The four sections are filled
with coloured earth, red, black, blue and white. The mid-
dle circle where now a tall flagstaff stands is yellow. It
is surrounded with low walls and gates. To its north is
the Hall of Worship and the Halberd Gate. The Hall of
Worship is now the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, used for-
meetings, such as the Peking People's Congress.
Built over 530 years ago, the Hall of Worship, to use
its old name, is the oldest wooden structure in Peking.-.
Its simple form, masterly design and sturdy woodwork is '
characteristic of early Ming architecture.
The park is beautifully laid out. Directly facing the
main gate is a m 41 1
a
les is white marble memorial arch on
which is inscribed the characters "Defend World P
From the entrance run covered promenades, typical of
Chinese layout To the t
e
d
as si
e the promenade runs to
a tea house and restaurant, through cypress groves, rock
gardens, flower beds, and tree-shaded pavilions like Sungpo
Chiatc?; T;,,,.
brilliantly painted-under-eaves shinin
and white clouds- g against the blue sky
If we take the covered promenade t th
V e west, we find
ourselves on the banks of ., TT .1 .1
- -_~ "N Mlle vv ater ravinon,
built out over water on th,?QA a;,1 . ?T ,
?~~?.?lil~b place ior scholars and poets, where they met to
drink and feast. - Now it ;r
?_~ ~.. 1,1 uluucllaue for some 25uu
yards and find ourselves at Tang Hua Wu-a hot-house
which displays tender plants in season-then at the Orchid
Pavilion, where a stele inscribed with ancient calligraphy
is kept, and then at a two-storeyed building, the Huei Ying
Lou (Tower of Portraits).
The surroundings here are particularly striking. Scat-
tered among pools, rocky hills, weeping: willows, blue-green
pines and cypresses, bamboos and rock gardens are pavi-
lions, kiosks and towers. Here a gently flowing stream
chatters under a little wooden bridge, and there a winding
path leads to a quiet retreat. This is typical. of classic
Chinese landscape-gardening.
North from here is the grove of cypresses round the
Altar of Land and Grain. Altogether there must be close
on a thousand cypresses in Chungshan Park, planted for
the most part in the early Ming dynasty. To the north,
along the bank of the palace moat, we see, above the
cypresses, the towering edifices of the Imperial Palaces
and the corner towers of the Forbidden City.
Flowers and trees here are in many varieties and the
colours change with the seasons. In the spring, lilac,
peach and apricot blossoms greet you as you come in by
the south gate. In early summer the park is lovely with
its herbaceous and tree peonies and roses. The lotus
flowers in front of the Tang Hua NVu have scarcely faded
before the cassia flowers, and they are succeeded by gay
scarlet salvias. The chrysanthemums of autumn finish
the flowering season in a blaze of colour.
This park is also famous for its goldfish. Along the
west covered promenade is a goldfish enclosure, with a
great variety of goldfish in great tubs, some of them very
rare kinds, like the "Dragon Eyes," "Pompons," "Tiger
Heads," "Toad Heads," "Gazing Up to Heaven," "Turned
Up Gills," and "Pearl." This collection is very popular,
and no.visitor can resist lingering here.
On holidays the park is crowded with people enjoying
the beauty or going through to the Assembly Hall for a
meeting, to the open-air theatre, to the Water Pavilion to
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see what is being exhibited, or taking their children to the
children's own playground.
PEIHAI PARK
Peihai Park (the North Sea Park) lies to the northwest
of the Forbidden City. It covers some 176 acres, half
of it water-a striking thing even for a city which is unique
in:so many ways. It is part of a chain of lakes which lie
across the west side of the city running roughly north and
? south. Peihai itself is the most northerly of the three
lakes which lie within the Imperial City.
The existence of pleasure grounds, lakes and buildings
on this site goes back eight hundred years. There have
always been pools and swamps here, but detailed records
exist of their being cleared and deepened and palaces being
built from 1150 onward. At the end of the twelfth century,
the Golden Tartars had their pleasure grounds here. In
the thirteenth century the Mongol rulers, while building
Tatu, their capital, put up palace halls by this very lake.
In 1651, a Manchu emperor built the White Dagoba on the
top of the hill on the ruins of a Ming dynasty structure.
The Round City-a striking group of buildings-stands
just to the left of the main entrance to Peihai Park. As
you enter the Round City and walk up the steps to the
courtyard, you find, in front of the main hall, a great bowl
made out of a single piece of jade, carved with dragons and
waves, a relic of the Yuan dynasty. In the main hall,
there is another beautiful thing, a Jade Buddha, also carved
from a single piece of jade.
Peihai is an ideal pleasure ground. As-the lakes were
deepened and dredged, the excavated earth was used to
build hillocks and islands of great beauty. The Chinese
characters translated here as landscape mean, literally, hill
and water, and here we see illustration after illustration of
this Chinese art.
Many of the buildings are used for serious pursuits as
well as recreation. There is a Pioneer Club, an Institute
of Research into the History of Chinese Classical Litera-
ture, a Popular Museum of Natural History, and a branch
of the National Library in the erstwhile imperial temples
and palaces, and some of the other buildings are used for
exhibitions.
Until 1925 these beautiful grounds were not open to
the public at all, but even after that-until liberation in
fact-they were still left to fall into a sad state of decay.
At the time of liberation, the lake was a stagnant pool, and
all the channels were blocked. But in 1950 the Peking
Municipal People's Government had the lake cleared out,
and the drainage system opened. Repairs and redecora-
tions have gone on steadily and the grounds have been prop-
erly cared for and where necessary replanted.
Of course, the spacious grounds, the beauty of the sur-
roundings, the lake itself, which is crowded with rowing
boats in summer and a natural skating rink in winter, is
greatly enjoyed by all Peking. The many restaurants and
tea houses are crowded in the summer evenings and on
Sundays. For hundreds of years the working people of
China have laboured with their hands and brains to create
this beauty. Now they have entered into full enjoyment
of their heritage.
COAL HILL PARK
Ching Shan, from which the park takes its name, is a
man-made hill, over a mile in circumference. The hill has
five ridges, with a pavilion on each, the largest being. the
one on the 196-foot ridge. The hill is part of the plan of
the old imperial city, and as such naturally contains much
of historic interest. From the top of this hill you see a
magnificent panorama of Peking-not only the Imperial
Palaces, and the walls of the Inner City, but the new sky-
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line of Peking within and without the walls. Ching Shan,
strictly speaking Prospect Hill, is popularly known as Mei
Shan-Coal Hill. The reason for this is not clear, though
tradition has it that this was where the emperors stored
coal for use in case of siege. It seems probable, though,
that the mass of the hill was made from the silt dug from
the beds of the artificial lakes and moats. There is one
episode which took place here which is worthy of mention,
illustrating, as it does, the past feudal days. In 1644, at
the end of the Ming dynasty, the peasant leader Li Tse-
cheng fought his way into Peking, and the defeated Ming
emperor hanged himself on a locust-tree on the east, slope
of the hill. The tree is there to this day amid the ancient
pines and cypresses.
One of the halls to the north-Shou Huang Tien (Hall
of the Aged Sovereign) now belongs to Peking's chil-
dren-it is the Peking Children's Palace. The children
may go in for whatever activity suits their individual taste,
but they have a wide choice-from reading, sports, get-
together parties, camp fires, acting, camping or hiking, to
science and art. Their own productions are regularly ex-
hibited. They plan to have their own garden for flowers
and trees and farm crops, so that they can try their hand
at experimental grafting plant breeding, and so on.
Tien Tan Park (Temple of Heaven), where once the em-
perors offered sacrifices to the gods of heaven, is now open
to the public as a park. It is the biggest park in Peking,
565 acres in extent. Within double walls are the famous
temple buildings. Flanking the approaches and between
the red walls are 5,000 cypresses. The main buildings in-
the inner altar space-Chi Nien Tien (Hall of Prayer for
Good Harvests), Huang Chiu Yu (Imperial Vault of Heav-
en), and Huan Chiu Tan (Circular Mound Altar) are all
circular, and were designed according to the ancient belief
that the heavens are round and the earth square. They
present a spectacle of unique beauty.
The Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests is built on a
triple-tiered circular stone terrace called Pray-for-Grain
Altar. Each ring is balustraded in white marble. The
roof has three layers of eaves with blue glazed tiles, which
symbolize the sky, and the topmost one is crowned with a
golden ball. The whole is supported on massive pillars
with open lattice-work doors and no outer walls. The four
central columns, dragon-carved, stand for the four seasons.
Then there are two rings of twelve columns each, the inner
ring symbolizing the twelve months and the outer ring the
twelve divisions of the day and night.
The Imperial Vault of Heaven is a small circular temple,
with only one layer of eaves. The entrance to it is through
a round enclosure with a thick wall, known as "the Echo
Wall. It has the peculiar quality that a mere whisper close
to it can be heard distinctly at any other point on the wall.
Three steps from the bottom of the flight of steps which lead
down from the temple is a stone called the "Triple-Sound-
of-Voice Stone." Stand on that piece of stone and shout.
There will be three echoes one after another. Thus, 200
years ago, our builders and architects were well aware of
the nature of sound waves.
The Circular Mound Altar, three concentric marble ter-
races, lies open to the sky. The inner circle is 17.8 feet
above ground level and 98.4 feet in diameter. The middle
terrace is 164 feet across, and the lowest terrace 230. All
three terraces are bordered with carved marble balustrades.
There are altogether 360 pillars in the balustrades, symbo-
lizing the degrees in the celestial circle. In the centre of
the upper terrace is a round stone, surrounded by concen-
tric rings of stones, the number increasing as the circles
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fan out. The numbers of these stones correspond to the
"heavenly numbers" of one, three, five, seven, nine and
their multiples. Call it superstitious if you like, but the
architectural design, and its execution, is a wonderful monu-
ment to the architectural genius of our ancestors.
The Temple of Heaven was first planned and built 500
years ago. In structure and design its beauty and splendour
is famed throughout the world. The blue tiled roof of
the Hall of Prayer for Good Harvests will never be for-
gotten by those who see it.
THE SUMMER PALACE
Lying close to the Western Hills, Yi Ho Yuan (the
Summer Palace) is about six miles N.N.W. of Hsi Chili
Men (the West Straight Gate), the nearest city gate. It
is the largest park in the outskirts of Peking, perhaps un-
rivalled in the world for its mastery of artificial landscap-
ing and its inimitable blend of woods, water, hills, and
architecture. It is impossible to guess where nature be-
gins an(] man ends in its deliberate imitation of the wonders
of hills and gardens famous elsewhere throughout the coun-
try. Yet it retains its own soul and style, despite its
miniatures, of other renowned beauty spots. The whole is
gracefully interwoven with the natural beauties of the
Western Hills which back it. Going along the road to the
Summer Palace, you see Wan Shou Shan (Longevity Hill),
Fu Hsiang Igo (Pavilion of the Fragrance of God) and
the other buildings embowered among the woods of the
Summer Palace, apparently one with the towering pagoda
on the top of the Jade Spring Hill to the northwest and
the misty ridges and peaks which fade away in the dis-
tance.
The Summer Palace Park covers altogether 823 acres,
four-fifths of which are lake, the remainder being man-made
hillocks. More than a hundred buildings-halls, towers,
pavilions, bridges and pagodas-lie scattered throughout
the park. The park can be considered as falling into four
sections-the erstwhile imperial living quarters and the
court buildings, the spectacular architectural design lead-
ing up to Chih Hui Hai (Sea of Wisdom Temple) on the
highest point, the ruins of the old palace and the landscaped
stream at the back of the hill, and the lake and its imme-
diate surroundings.
Immediately on entering the east palace gate we see
three groups of buildings which we approach through
courtyards-Lo Shou Tang (Hall of Delight in Longevity),
Teh Ho Yuan (Hall of -Virtuous Harmony), the old Em-
press's theatre and stage, and Jen Shou Tien (Hall of
Benevolence and Longevity). Where once the extreme
formality and excesses of feudal, rule held sway, the peo-
ple now enjoy their freedom-Hall of Benevolence and
Longevity and Hall of Delight in Longevity are now used
for exhibitions, and Hall of Virtuous Harmony is a rest
home for honoured workers. . ,
Connecting the buildings and courts, from the east
palace gates, all along the shore of the lake up to the
Marble Boat-the empress's specious excuse for appro-
priating the naval funds in order to build the Summer
Palace-are a series of covered promenades, richly paint-
ed. The paintings, which are of scenes at the Summer
Palace itself, are the work of artisan painters, not artists
as such. They have a charm of their own. To the right
is the architectural section. Stroll along the promenades,
past Pai Yun Tien (Palace That Towers into the Clouds),
and then turn right, _ up and up through stone stairways,
until you reach Sea of Wisdom Temple on the summit of
the hill. This stands out-topping the courts and stairways
below, surrounded by a rose-pink wall, the typical north-
south axis being maintained from the temple' down to the
memorial arch by the lake. A magnificent view lies be-
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fore us. Directly in front lie the placid waters of the
lake, in summer dotted with rowing boats, covered pleasure
boats and bathers. To the right are the misty Western
Hills, and to the front and left lies the plain, with Peking
--clearly visible.
Turn north now, and go strolling down the hill to the
-back. Here the whole atmosphere changes. Around are
the ruins of the buildings burnt down by the Anglo-French
-forces in 1860-among shrubs, trees and wild flowers. At
-the foot of the hill runs a stream, which widens as it runs
round to connect with the lake. Tall trees and rocks sur-
round the narrow paths along the banks. This is an
_imitation of beauty spots south of the Yangtse.
As we round the curve of the hill, following the stream,
we come to Hsieh Chu Yuan (Garden of Harmonious In-
terest). Pink lotus glows in the pond, wistaria casts its
purple blossoms over pavilions standing over the gently
flowing water, and bamboos wave among artistically group-
ed rocks. This. is a typical Chinese landscape painting
come to life-modelled after the scenery of the Chi Chang
Garden on Hui Hill in Wusih, Kiangsu Province.
We reach the lakeside again. All round the edge is an
embankment. There are islands, large and small, and the
Seventeen Arch Bridge-an outstandingly beautiful struc-
ture, even among so many beauties. The embankment
and the six bridges-copied from a famous beauty spot by
the West Lake in Hangchow-delight the eye.
Today, as we see Peking families enjoying the delights
of this fairyland, and visitors from all over China-and
indeed the world-strolling and refreshing themselves with
the beauty created by the toil of Chinese artists and work-
ing people, we cannot but muse on the past, and be thank-
ful for the present. What man had made for the pleasure
of the few-the feudal rulers-what imperialist aggression
had destroyed and looted has now returned to its makers.
Id
PEKING ZOO
The Zoo is in the former West Suburb Park, about
half a mile outside Hsi Chih Men, the same gate which
leads, to the Summer Palace. The total area of the park
is 175 acres.
The park was variously used by the imperial rulers for
gardens and temples. In the last dynasty, the old em-
press made a _ zoo here and hopefully named it the Garden
of Ten Thousand Lives. She also ordered that part of
it should be used for farming, and bestowed the grandil-
oquent name of the Experimental Farm upon it.
But at the time of liberation it belied its name. There
had never been ten thousand animals there, but in 1949
there were only a dozen or so starved monkeys, two par-
rots and a one-eyed ostrich left. Now it is very different.
It is the largest zoo in the country, with over a thousand
animals-lions, elephants, Manchurian tigers, a Sinkiang
lynx, deer, a black swan, alligators, and so on. Last year
the Zoo was further enriched by three giant pandas. Many
of the animals have been collected within China's wide
borders, but some are gifts from, or acquired by exchange
with, other countries.
Among the animals foreign to China are the polar
bears, Arctic foxes and Saiga antelopes from the Soviet
Union, the Indian humped cattle (the gift of the Leipzig
Zoo) and the Shetland ponies and kangaroos from Aus-
tralia. One of the four elephants was presented to the
children of China by Mr. Nehru, the Indian Prime Minister.
Two others were a present to Chairman Mao from the
Vietnam-China Friendship Association, and the fourth is
a gift from Burma. -
The Zoo proper does not occupy the whole park. There
are gardens and nursery gardens, orchards and farmland
to be seen as well. Towers and pavilions stand amidst
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trees and lawns. It is a most pleasant place to wander
in, and is, in fact, crowded 'particularly on holidays and
Sundays.
6. PLACES OF WORSHIP
Peking has many religious buildings-Buddhist tem-
ples, lamaseries, mosques, and Christian churches-so
many that we can describe only a few.
Kuang Chi Sze (Temple of Broad Charity) is a Bud-
dhist temple on the Yang Shih Ta Chieh (Sheep Market
Street) near the Hsi Sze Pailou crossroads. Built in the
twelfth century, and repaired in the middle of the fifteenth,
it subsequently fell into decay and rose again several
times. Twenty years ago it was damaged by fire and re-
built. Since liberation it has been extensively repaired
and repainted. Now it is the religious centre for Bud-
dhists in Peking. The All-China Buddhist Association has
its offices there.
Wide, quiet courtyards lead to the temple, and the
main hall is surrounded by cloisters. Over 100,000 volumes
of Buddhist scriptures and relics of Buddha and sutras-
the latter, gifts from Ceylon-are kept here.
This Buddhist lamasery, the largest in Peking, lies in
the northeast corner of the Inner City and runs right up
to the wall of that side. It was originally the residence
of Emperor Yung Cheng before his accession in 1723. It
was given the name Yung Ho Kung (Temple of Harmony
and Peace) in 1725 and converted into a Lama Temple in
17114. The lamas there are mostly Mongols and Tibetans.
The first thing you see on entering the temple is a
stone arch. Further on, through two gates, is a beautiful
quiet courtyard, shaded by old cypresses and deep-green
pine trees. Turning north you see three spacious court-
yards leading through five main halls. The first has the
same name as the temple itself, Yung Ho Kung, inscribed
over the entrance in four languages-Chinese, Manchu,
Mongolian and Tibetan. The second, called Fa Lun Tien
(Hall of the Wheel of Life), is surrounded by side-halls
and has five small pavilions, each topped with a small
pagoda, rising from gold-tiled roofs. In this hall, which
is used for chanting the sutras, beautiful paintings and
murals glitter on inside walls. The third hall is Wan Fu
Lou (Tower of Ten Thousand Buddhas), with pavilions
on either side, connected to the main hall by overhead
bridges. In it is a gigantic figure of Maitreya, the Buddha
of Resurrection, in sandalwood, carved from a single tree-
trunk, over 551/ feet high and almost touching the ceiling.
On the second and third storeys around this giant figure
are shrines with more than ten thousand images of Buddha
-hence, the name. The other two halls are Yung Kang
Ko (Pavilion of Eternal Health) and Yen Sui Ko (Pavilion
of Lasting Tranquillity).
The halls in the temple had been allowed to decay in
the past. Since liberation they have been repaired by the
government and redecorated, until today the temple
reassumes its magnificence.
Tung Chiao Sze (Temple of General Teaching) is a
famous Buddhist nunnery in Peking. It lies just inside
Tung Chili Men (the East Straight Gate) of the Inner
City. The original building dates back to the sixteenth
century but the buildings as they now stand were put up
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1
in 1942, and in 1953 the People's Government allotted funds
for the building of new side-halls.
THE MOSQUE ON NIU CHIEH
The Mosque on Niu Chieh (Ox Street) inside the south-
west gate of the Outer City is the largest and oldest of
the mosques in Peking. This mosque was built in the
eleventh century, during the Northern Sung dynasty, and
the six paintings in the main hall date from then. Rows.-
of pillars divide the main hall into naves, and at the fur-
thest end from the entrance is the pulpit- As the faithful
enters the hall he faces the direction of Mecca- Outside
the hall are two towers, one at each end. The one in
front is where the faithful are called to prayer by the
Muezzin. In a corner of the courtyard are some ancient
tombs of followers of the Moslem faith-the oldest dating
back to the thirteenth century.
The area around this mosque is largely inhabited by
Huis-a national minority who follow the Islamic faith-
and the People's Government has now built a special school
and a hospital for them in the district.
Among the mosques in Peking, another, the Mosque in
Tung Sze district, is as famous and revered as the Ox
Street Mosque.
NORTH C_kTHEDs_-%L
Pei Tang (North Cathedral), situated in Hsisblhku
Lane, Hsi Ali Men Street, west city, is one ,of the famous
,Catholic places of worship in Peking:
The Cathedral is a Gothic structure deliberately rem-
iniscent of -Notre Dame, The front facade has statues
of t e Four Evangelists, and on the tops of the bell towers
en either side stand St, Gabriel and St. Raphael in stone.
The interior is in the normal Catholic tmdltion, i-ith a
high altar and nine side-altars. It is a large building and
can hold over a thousand. The Cathedral is fully. open
for services.
THE CONGREGATIONAL CHURCH AT TENGSHIHKOU
(LANTERN MARKET)
The church, in the Gothic style; stands in a tree-lined
spacious square, an oasis of quiet amidst the bustle of a
busy district. The building dates from 1902. The in-
terior, also Gothic, has a central aisle and two transepts,
with eighteen arches each side of the aisle and a wooden
Gothic roof. The church can hold a congregation of 800,
and there is also a vestry which seats 200.
THE ASBURY METHODIST CHURCH
Built in 1904, this church is in the southeast corner of
the Inner City, just inside Chung Wen Men. It is a large
wooden structure, with an interesting wood-panelled octag-
onal interior and a capacity of 1,000-it is often filled.
THE CATHEDRAL CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR
This church is known to the people of Peking as Chung
Hua Sheng Kung Hui Cathedral-it belongs to the Angli-
can Communion. It is in the southwest corner of the
Inner City close to Hsuan Wu Men, a gate in the Inner
City wall. It is a wooden structure, tastefully designed,
for a congregation of 400.
There are many other churches in Peking with well
attended services.
7. OUTSIDE THE CITY WALLS
Peking and its environs abound in reminders, of his-
tory, in sites of ancient cities, pagodas, temples and gar-
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dens. The earth mound walls outside Teh Sheng Men,
the northwest gate of the Inner City, are the remains of
Tafu, Kublai Khan's capital. Three of four more famous
pagodas in China are near the city-Hsi Huang Sze (the
West Yellow Temple), Wu Ta Sze (Five Pagoda Temple).,
and Pi Yun Sze (Temple of Azure Clouds). In form these
pagodas are in the Indian style, but certain points of con-
struction and decoration are characteristic of Chinese
architecture. There is another, the octagonal, thirteen-
storeyed pagoda in Tien Ning Sze (Temple of Heavenly
Tranquillity), outside the west gate of the Outer City,
which is the oldest rind best preserved temple of Peking.
It stands as a monument to the talents of the Chitan work-
ing people and the Han craftsmen of the eleventh century.
The big bronze bell in Ta Chung Sze (Great Bell Temple),
west of Peking, was forged in the early fifteenth century.
It, is 23.6 feet high, 11.3 feet in diameter and 7 inches
thick. The hook by which the bell is hung is over seven
feet high, and the whole weighs 53 tons.
When the Manchu dynasty was at its zenith, a number
of palaces and gardens sprang up on the we?tern outskirts
of Peking. Between where the Summer Palace stands to-
day and Hsiang Shan (Fragrance Hill) were three famous
hills-Fragrance Hill, Jade Spring Hill and Longevity Hill
-and five palaces including the Old Summer Palace; But
the latter were all destroyed by the Anglo-French forces
and the combined forces of the eight powers. Then there
are the Ming Tombs, a short train or car ride away, and
the Great Wall of China.
JADE SPRING HILL, TEMPLE OF THE SLEEPING
BUDDHA AND TEMPLE OF AZURE CLOUDS
Jade Spring Hill lies just over a mile west of the Sum-
mer Palace. As early as the twelfth century the Golden
Tartars had a pleasure palace here, and from the Yuan
dynasty onwards the emperors and empresses visited it
frequently. It is a famous spring, with sweet and pure
water, and an important source of Peking's water supply.
There are several beautiful pagodas on the hill, such
as Yu Feng Ta (Jade Peak Pagoda), Liu Li Ta (Glazed
Pagoda) and Miao Kao Ta (Wonderfully High Pagoda).
The latter stands like an awl piercing the sky, and is
sometimes called the Awl Pagoda. It is a landmark on
the road to the Western Hills.
The Temple of the Sleeping Buddha lies on the slope
of a hill just over three miles northwest of Jade Spring
Hill. It was built on a site where a Tang temple stood
in the seventh century. In the fourteenth century, the
temple site was enlarged and the temple rebuilt. Two
hundred and fifty tons of bronze were used to cast a
twenty-foot high sublimely peaceful Buddha. About a
mile beyond this temple is a beauty spot-Chou Garden-
and further on tall trees surrounding a crystal brook which
runs through rocks of all shapes.
Just a mile southwest of this temple is the Temple of
Azure Clouds, on the east slope' of Fragrance Hill, the
largest of this group of temples. Originally a monastery
built in the fourteenth century, it was enlarged and made
into a temple during the Ming dynasty in the early six-
teenth century. In the eighteenth century the Manchu
Emperor Chien -Lung built a stupa behind it. The temple
buildings, courts and steps run straight up the hill. Near
the top of the hill is the Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hall, where
his body rested for four years before it was moved to the
mausoleum at Nanking. The glass coffin presented by the
Soviet Union is placed by the side of his bust. On the
left of this hall is a spring surrounded by ancient trees,
and on the right is the Hall of Five Hundred Arhats. Be-
hind this hall, standing among the deep-green foliage of
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ancient trees, is the stupa, with seven small pagodas on
it. Here are kept some personal belongings of Sun Yat-
sen.
From the time Peking again became the capital in 1420
until the end of the Ming dynasty, there were fourteen
Ming emperors. Thirteen of them are buried in Tien Shou
Shan (Heavenly Age Hill), some 20 miles N.N.W. of
Peking. The tombs lie within a radius of 25 miles, scat-
tered in a natural amphitheatre, surrounded by serrated
mountains and valleys which are threaded with meander-
ing streams. The surroundings are magnificent.
The thirteen tombs were all built in roughly the same
style, but vary in size-the tombs of Emperor Cheng Chu
and Emperor Shih Chung being the biggest. Leading to
the Cheng Chu tomb is a long avenue with a wealth of
stone bridges, monoliths, archways, pillars, and the famous
pairs of stone animals and court attendants. Across several
stone bridges is a great hall where sacrifices were offered,
and behind it are more stone archways, monoliths and
stone terraces. Finally the tomb itself is reached amidst
pines and cedars.
THE GREAT WALL, CHUYUNGKUAN PASS AND
PATALING HILLS
The Great Wall is one of the world's architectural mar-
vels. It stretches from Shanhaikuan on the Gulf of Pohai
to Chiayukuan, in Kansu-a distance of 1,684 miles. It
was first built during the period of the Warring States,
that is, between. the fifth and third centuries B.C. At
that time several states in north China built walls along
their northern borders to keep out the Huns. - Then, after
the Chin dynasty unified China in 221 B.C., these walls
were joined up. The Great Wall was repaired by succes-
sive dynasties, but it was during the Ming dynasty in the
fifteenth and sixteenth centuries that the most extensive
repair work on the wall was done. The Great Wall,- as
we see it at present, is, by and large, Ming work.
The Great Wall is 25 miles from Peking at its nearest
point. Here following the strategically defensible heights
of the Yenshan range, the wall was. an important outer
defence line of the capital in the old days.
Nowadays we can take the Peking-Paotow train,
through the Nankou Pass, where the mountainous area
begins and the train winds through valleys and tunnels
for eleven miles, to Ching Lung Chiao (Green Dragon
Bridge) Station, from which we can climb Pataling Hills
and see the Great Wall. Here it is 19 to 39 feet high,
16 to 32 feet wide, made of stone at the base and brick-
faced on the upper part. On the top of the Wall, parapets
line the side facing outward and balustrades the other
side, with beacon towers every 120 feet, where of old the
alarm fires were lit.
Chuyungkuan Pass lies between Nankou Pass and
Green Dragon Bridge. Surrounded by continuous moun-
tain. ranges, it is an important pass through the Great
Wall. The Peking-Paotow Railway runs nearby-three
miles away. It seems astonishing that a railway could be
built at all in such a mountainous area. It was designed
by our famous engineer Chan Tien-yu, who is commemorat-
ed by a statue at the Green Dragon Bridge Station.
MARCO POLO BRIDGE
Lukouchiao (Marco Polo Bridge), across the Yungting
River, is nine miles west of Kuang An Men, one of the
western gates of the Outer City. Built during the Golden
Tartar period in the twelfth century, it is mentioned by
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the Venetian traveller Marco Polo, so its fame has long
been known to the outside world. It was repaired during
the Ming dynasty. in the fifteenth century. It is built of
white marble, and is 820 feet long and 26 feet wide, with
11 arches. The balustrades are made of 140 carved pil-
lars, ehch topped with a carved stone lion holding cubs,
no two the same. The whole is a magnificent example of
the level of artistic creation which our engineers, archi-
tects and artisans had already attained so long ago.
It was near this bridge that the Japanese imperialists
launched their all-out war against China on July 7, 1937.
The very name Lukouchiao now symbolizes the beginning
of our War of Resistance to Japanese Aggression.
CHAPTER IV
MUNICIPAL CONSTRUCTION
1. MUNICIPAL GOVERNMENT
Peking is the capital of the People's Republic of China.
Because of its importance there is no governmental tier
between it and the central government. There are only
two other such cities in China, Tientsin and Shanghai. All
others are administratively part of the provinces or au-
tonomous regions in which they are situated. Peking is
divided administratively into 13 districts-seven in the
city proper and six on the outskirts, the latter being again
divided into 95 townships. It has an area of 1,264 square
miles and a population of 3,280,000 at the end of 1955.
The People's Republic of China is a people's democratic
state led by the working class and based on an alliance
of the workers and peasants. All power belongs to the
people, who exercise it through the National People's Con-
gress and the local people's congresses. What does this
mean in practice? Let us see how it worked out in Peking.
Soon after Peking came under the people's rule, the
Peking Military Control Committee and the People's Gov-
ernment called together a broad cross-section of Peking
citizens-representatives of the workers, university prof...
essors, industrialists, business men and national minori-
ties; to ask their advice and consult them on the problems
that faced the city. And in August 1949 six months after
liberation, Peking's first'People's Representative Conference
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 was convened -a consultative conference to which 332
people from different walks of life in Peking were invited.
Three months later - less than a year after liberation -
the second People's Representative Conference was held.
This second conference was, for all practical purposes, a
people's congress. This method continued until such time
as elections could be held. Up to August 1954 there were
four such conferences, with twelve sessions in all. The
number attending increased every time from 332 at the
first conference to 555 at the fourth, which meant that
the Conference became more and more representative. It
included workers, peasants, teachers, capitalists, people
from government offices, the armed forces, public bodies,
religious circles, as well as people belonging to the Com-
munist Party and other democratic parties and democrats
without party affiliation. The method by which representa-
tives were chosen gradually changed, too. For the first
three conferences, only a few were actually elected by their
respective organizations. The majority were invited or
selected, subject to the consent of their respective organ-
izations. But by the time of fourth conference, 83.7 per
cent of the representatives were elected by the bodies they
came from. This laid a good foundation for going over
to electing deputies to the people's congress by universal
suffrage.
These representative conferences accomplished a good
deal in a few years. The city's work in all its important
aspects came under their purview and scrutiny, and the
conferences made decisions. They played a very important
part in getting the people of the city into action on the
various social reforms, such as land reform on-the rural
outskirts and the great health and hygiene drive. After
the state plan of economic construction,was launched, the
conferences, at session after session, discussed how it ap-
plied to Peking and what they had to do about it.
The Joyous Pavilion Park today
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 Workers No. of deputies
Peasants . . ? . . . 168
Government employees . . . . . . . 65
6
6
Employees in the education & culture fields Medical & health workers . ? 126
Engineers & technicians . . . . . . . . 26
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1 No. 1 Cotton Mill. Workers' club and housing
t, 11111 !I(AI~ .yIlli UII IU 1111W ~ ~~ .A7
The people's representative conference elected the mem-
bers of the Peking Municipal People's Government (known
as the Peking People's Council since autumn 1954) includ-
ing the mayor and deputy mayors. It saw to it that the
municipal government carried out the decisions and resolu-
tions of the conference; discussed and approved the esti-
mates and examined the financial statements submitted
by the municipal government; examined the report on its
work, etc. During its meetings and sessions, members of
the conference showed themselves very much alive to their
responsibilities as servants of the public. Criticism was
frank, suggestions were many and practical. The con-
ference certainly had a great influence in improving the
work of the municipal government and raising the efficiency
of the local government workers.
These four years of practical democracy were extreme-
ly useful. Peking's people grew more and more confident
in themselves, their political understanding improved, and
with it their organizational ability. The time was ready
for the next stage-people's congresses elected by universal
suffrage. Between June 1953 and March 1954 elections
based on universal suffrage were held throughout Peking.
Over 92 per cent of those eligible voted (non-voters in-
cluded those away from the city at the time). People of
all callings and Han and brother nationalities enthusiastic-
ally took part in. their first real election. Five hundred
and sixty-four deputies to the first People's Congress of
Peking Municipality were elected. The composition of the
Congress was as follows :
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No. of deputies
Co-op employees . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Armed forces stationed in Peking . . . . . 10
Industrialists & business men . . . . . . . 43
Democratic parties . . . . . 30
Religious circles . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Dependents of martyrs, servicemen's families, ox-
servicemen, and other residents
Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564
Among them (though not as such) were 106 women
and 37 people from brother nationalities. Among the dep-
uties there were 62 model workers. Our democratic
system, as may be seen, is not only broad-based but built
on fraternal unity between all democratic classes and na-
tionalities.
It is laid down in the laws governing local government
bodies that local people's congresses which meet twice a
year are the organs of government authority in their
respective areas and the local people's councils are the
executive organs of local people's congresses. The present
People's Council in Peking consists of 47 members, includ-
ing the mayor and eight deputy mayors, who were elected
by the Peking People's Congress in February 1955. They
control 47 administrative and other units which cover all
fields of life-health and sanitation, public security, educa-
tion, employment, industry, etc.
The People's Council has to carry out the decisions of
the People's Congress, and take appropriate action on pro-
posals brought up at Congress sessions. People's deputies
make a tour of inspection twice a year to see how the
People's Council actually operates and, if necessary, criti-
cize and make suggestions.
As mentioned in the first paragraph of this chapter,
Peking is divided into districts and townships in the ad-
jacent countryside. Each district and township has its
own people's council.. Below the urban district comes a
number of street offices-sub-offices, as they were, of the
district people's council. Below them come residents' com-
mittees-self-governing welfare organizations. The resid-
ents co-operate on matters of common interest, such as
questions of local hygiene, culture and recreation, sports,
studies in current events, literacy classes, etc. These
activities in citizenship help to increase understanding and
co-operation among the residents themselves and ensure
close contact between government and
welding them together in a collective spirit~pThethere le
say, and mean it, "We mans people
our own manage our own affairs; we run
government !"
2. PUBLIC HYGIENE
Since liberation the municipal authorities have not only
forgedtaneouslyo ahdead with new building and layout, but simul-
ne
a tremendous job in improving the existing
sanitation and the roads in and out of the city. In doing
this, they did more than rid the city of outright or poten-
tial dangers to health. They made beauty grow where
before was dirt.
Carts by the thousand carried away the refuse and
filth which had been allowed to accumulate for years be-
fore liberation, and the sewage system, such as it was,
which had almost completely broken down, was overhaul-
ed and made to work again or installed for the first time.
Great pools of stagnant water, a direct danger to life,
were drained. Waste land and swamps are now lakes and
parks. How this change came about is a fascinating story
in itself.
Dragon Beard Ditch, which lies north, of the Temple of
Heaven in the Outer City, had, with good reason, been
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municipal construction was to clear the lakes, rivers, canals
and drainage systems. Thanks to the energetic efforts of
the public and the People's Liberation Army, the Lake of
Ten Monasteries came to life again. Along the shores
stone embankments were built. Flowers and plants now
beautify the banks, and weeping willows throw their re-
flection on crystal-clear, active water. In the distance, amidst mist and
the Western Hills appear and disa
clouds. Now this place is ideal for stroll ng and boating.
On its banks is now a new swimming pool and sports
ground. When it was opened in 1951, it occupied eight
acres and was then the best equipped in the country. There
are four pools, one deep, one shallow, one for children and
a racing pool, with a pleasant sunbathing ground,
and lawns. There are reading' rooms, with newspapers
and periodicals for spectators. At the opening ceremony,
the Mayor of Peking, Peng Chen, said:
In the past, this was one of the filthiest places in
Peking,owjustweabhout as insalubrious as it could
possibly
be. Nave turned th
f
l
e
i
thiest it th
the harmfulnoe loveliest,
into the useful W
e haid
.ve wpe out the
old things which stopped people living decently and
That built is new the things for their benefit. That is our task.
way we are going to make our capital a
new and better place
.
Since then the grounds h
ave been eld
narge, and more
building is going on in th
e neighbohd
uroo.
At present, the water in the Lak
e of Ten Mt
onaseries
comes from the River Changho, which itself is fed by the
Kunming Lake in the Summer Palace.
Peking's
development plan includes the cutting of a chnnetonbiing
water from the River Yungting into Peking (see Chapter
I) and the dredging and deepening of the Changho and
the moat round the city walls... When this work is com-
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plete you will, in a small boat, be able to go,by water right
through the city to the outskirts, from, say, the Peihai
Park or the Lake of Ten Monasteries to the Summer
Palace or the Joyous Pavilion Park in the Outer City.
The Joyous Pavilion Park, west of the Temple of Agri-
culture, is believed to have been the site of the eleventh
century Temple of Mercy. A pavilion was built here in the
seventeenth century. There is nothing left of any of this
save an old temple close by the city wall, in a district very
sparsely populated. In feudal days any place like this
was deservedly popular, as most parks and palaces were
closely guarded imperial preserves. To the Joyous Pavil-
ion came scholars and their friends to drink wine and
write or recite poetry. They cherished this isolated but
beautiful spot, surrounded as it was by weeds and marshes,
as a "mountain forest in the city."
But on the eve of liberation, it had become completely
waste land-a dilapidated temple, with forgotten graves.
Just a rubbish dump and stinking water pits. Few cared
to visit such a place, whatever the "historical interest."
Then came liberation. The Peking municipal authorities,
concerned with the people's health, took on the job of
clearing it up and improving sanitation in the vicinity gen-
erally. Draining of the marshy swamps began in the spring
of 1952. And what a transformation ! What were then
muddy puddles are now lakes, 46 acres in all of water, with
winding banks more than two miles round. The Joyous
Pavilion itself stands on a little peninsula. Around the
lakes are-seven little artificially created hills made of earth
from the lake-bed, varying in height from 16 to 33 feet
from which you see across to the Inner City. The banks
and hills have been planted with trees and flowers. Scat-
tered round the park are pavilions and towers, terraces
for open-air dancing and playgrounds foi children.
A striking thing to be seen on the little peninsula is
a number of archways, or pailou. There used to be many
of these typically Chinese arches. They stood the crossroads and important streets, but as modern t aflic
increased, they led to accidents. Now they gain a new
lease of life, and give colour to this new beauty spot.
Tse Chu Yuan (Court of Purple Bamboo), about a mile
west of the Zoo, has also been renovated, and its old lake
dredged and restored, with all that that implies for the
hygiene of the .neighbourhood. Years ago there was a lake
here which served as a reservoir for the middle reaches of
the Changho. During the " Manchu dynasty, the Dowager
Empress and Emperor ICuang Hsu used to rest here on
their way to the Summer Palace along the Changho. As
the feudal regime declined, the Changho was graduall
allowed to silt up, and all that remained was marshy s amps
and rice fields. In dry seasons, when the lakes and water
courses in the city were crying out for water, this lake
absorbed too much and in rainy seasons it could not con-
tain downpours and flooded the city. It had long lost its
value as a regulator of the Changho.
But by the autumn of. 1953 the work of changing the
rice fields and swamps back into a lake was virtually com-
plete. A new lake came into being, about 33 acres of it.
Five wooden bridges with railings painted in red, connect:
the edges. In the centre are two' islets, and they and the
lake-sides have been planted with trees and flowers.. The
Court of Purple Bamboo Lake is once again a reservoir
and regulator for the Changho and is once more beautiful
-but now it serves the people. ?
So, in improving Peking's hygiene, the city was made
beautiful. The work still continues, but the worst jobs are
finished-including the -last open . drain in the Inner City,
which was made int
o a covered sewer in April 1956.
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3. DRAINAGE, LIGHT AND WATER
Today you hardly think twice about talking of the clean
streets, running water, drainage and electric lighting in
Peking. But before liberation it was a very different mat-
ter.
The old sewage system had 178 miles of piping; but
at liberation, only 13 miles of it were working; the rest
was, to put it mildly, "out of order." During the rainy
season many parts of the city were flooded. In the work-
ing-class districts, where there was no drainage system
at all, conditions were deplorable.
Let us hear what an old resident has to say. Lao Sheh,
the playwright, reminisces, "In the days before libera-
tion, the night was often spent in darkness. There was
some electric lighting, but it was so dim that we might
as well not have it. And anyhow it was always failing
for hours at a time ! Political darkness dimmed even the
electric light. The same thing happened with the water
supply. In summer, the source of supply dried up; people
could hardly get any water to drink. At other times those
with power and influence could squander water to their
heart's content, while where the poor lived there was never
running water; they had to put up with dirty well-water.
You could say there hadn't been any real improvement in
the provision of water and light to this old city under
reaction for seven hundred years."
Since liberation the People's Government has system-
atically dredged and overhauled the old drainage system.
The work was practically finished by the end of 1953. It
.meant clearing out and overhauling 165 miles of drains!
Between 1949 and the' end of 1955, 180 miles of piping
were laid so that by the end of 1955, 358 miles were in
service-27 times as much as in the early days of libera-
tion. Anticipating further municipal development, we
have now installed at key points a separate drainage
system, in which rain water and sewage are carried by
different sewers.
The biggest engineering job was done near the Lake
of Ten Monasteries, as that is where enormous quantity
of rain water collect and have to be
d of. To
this, mil reinforced concrete tunnel has begot en made.ne a do
two es of it, nine feet high, and 91/2 arly Ivide. the western outskirts, a sewage system, eightt miles to g,
has been laid to serve the college and university sector.
Improved drainage has not, of course, been confined to
the main roads. First consideration was given to work-
ing-class districts, in what used to be regarded as far-
away, forgotten places-like the Dragon Beard Ditch dis
trict already mentioned.
Electric light, too, has been brought to the people. Lao
Sheh has something to say on this, too: ?
he says, "has brought light to men's eyes as well lasiheart'
s
When the Peking Power Plant came under new manage-*
ment, the workers improved their skill and worked as
never before, and now the electric light has come into its
own. The workers have taken a vow to see that there
is no shortage or stoppage in power Supply.
dear old city reveals its splendid beauty. At night the
golden tiles, the red walls and marble bridges The green and
glimmer and
glisten under brilliant lights. Moreover, there is sufficient
power to feed the factories, so that Peking is fast becom-
ing a producer city as well." Translating Lao Shell's point
into figures, in 1955 Peking was producing 272.78 per cent
light and power compared with 1948.
A piped water system was first introduced in Peking
over' forty years, ago, but at liberation, in 1949, the 228
.miles of water Piping served only 640,000
People.
liberation the system was rapidly extended, with priorty
to the factory and working-class districts. By the end of
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1955 there were 650 miles of pipes serving 2,190,000 peo-
ple. That represents nearly everyone (96.6%) in the city
proper, and 21.6 per cent in the rural districts round it.
When water is flowing freely through the new system
from the Yungting River all the citizens of Peking will
have clean, piped water.
Ever since Peking has been a capital there have been
smooth, straight roads in and out of it. But they were
roads for the imperial court, for the nobility and the rich.
The ordinary hutung-narrow lanes-where the majority
lived, were unpaved, made of trampled earth. In fact,
there was a rueful proverb about them. "No wind, three
feet of dust. Rain, and it's all mud!" After liberation,
roads which were asphalted, gravelled, or metalled total
310 miles by the end of 1955. At the beginning of 1949
there were only 163 miles of decent roads. Between 1949
and 1955 four times as many new roads were built as the
reactionary rulers had done in the forty years between the
end of the Manchu dynasty and liberation !
As new factories, mining areas, offices, schools and
universities spring up, new roads are laid in all directions.
Beyond the eastern gates, a network of roads link the new
factories. Beyond .Fu Hsing Men, a broad highway, 17 miles
long, leads to the Mentoukou mining district via the in-
dustrial town of Shihchingshan.
In the northwestern outskirts, where most of the educa-
tional and cultural institutions are located, the old road,
barely two narrow traffic lanes wide, which led from Hsi
Chih Men to the Summer Palace, has been widened. It is'
now two metalled double-track roads, with trees and shrubs
planted down the centre and on either side. Another road,
eight miles long, has been built from near Teh Sheng Men,
the northwestern gate of the Inner City, to the Summer
Palace. These two main roads, linked by crossroads,
serve the colleges, universities and other cultural institu-
tions, the parks and beauty spots on this side of Peking.
In the city and the residential districts the old main roads
are all asphalted. Since liberation some 2,600 hutunag in
the city have been resurfaced.
Public transport within and without the city has been
rapidly expanded. Just after liberation, there were only
49 trams and five buses, old and worn, Plying short dis-
tances. By the end of 1955 there were 240 trams on seven
routes, serving a total length of 38 miles, and 401 buses
on 13 urban and 14 rural routes, serving a total length
of 215 miles. The newly opened tram and bus routes lead
to the factories, government offices, schools and housing
estates. For instance, the newly laid double-track tram-
way between the Bridge of Heaven and the Red Bridge,
completed in October 1955, serves workers who were
formerly off any public transport routes. In 1949, trams
and buses ran at twenty or thirty minute intervals. Now
they come at intervals of three to five minutes.
5. NEW BUILDINGS
Anyone who last saw Peking seven yea--- and
comes here again today will hardly believe hissey so,when
he sees the number of new buildings which have sprung
up in all parts of the city, and when he sees carts and
trucks loaded with steel rods and frames, timber, sand,
cement, stones, bricks, tiles-all kinds of building mate-
rials-wherever he looks. Everywhere you turn whether
in the main streets, the hutung, outside the city, even in
the open fields, the varied sounds of building are heard
-the roar of engines, the yo-ho of work-songs, shouting. At night, the building sites are brill antlyelit
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-winter and summer, since the introduction of a method
for carrying on work during even the bitterest winter
-days. Buildings have risen on both the ruins of the old
and on sites where buildings never stood before. And still
'scaffolding is going up everywhere. Buildings which went
up between 1949 and the end of .1955, had a total floor
space of 16,744,000 square yards, equivalent to 70 per cent
of the floor space of all the buildings standing in 1949. Of
the old Peking houses, 90 per cent were single storeyed.
Now, over 60 per cent of the new buildings have four or
five floors and not a few eight or nine.
On the eastern and southern outskirts and in districts
further out to the west and northwest of the city, state-
owned factories have been built or expanded. These include
the Fengtai Bridge Engineering Works, the Changhsintien
Railway Repair Works, the Pelting Agricultural Machinery
Plant, Peking Nos. 1, 2 and 3 Cotton Mills and large and
small brick and tile kilns, marble works, etc.
The actual speed of erection is very rapid. Work on the
Peking No. 1 Cotton Mill started in the spring of 1953.
Even while the scaffolding was still rising on the upper
storeys, engineers were installing machinery on the ground
floor, and ? before the National Day 1954, the Mill was
already producing large quantities of cloth for wear on the
holiday! And before No. 1 Cotton Mill was finished,
building began on No. 2 Mill (twice the -size of No. 1) and
then on No. 3 Mill.
In the northwest district, where the colleges and univer-
sities are, the total floor space built from 1949 to the end of
.1955 was 1,578,720 square yards. Of this, 538,000 square
yards were built in 1953 alone. In the last few years, ex=
tensions have been added to both Tsing Hua and Peking
Universities. Between 1952 and 1954 the floor space of new
extensions to Tsing Hua was half the total floor space of all
its buildings put up over the previous forty years.
But there are more educational buildings since liberation
besides universities and scientific institutions. To meet the
urgent need for technical personnel of all grades called for
by the various plans for economic' development, a host of
secondary technical schools which never existed before is
coming into being. There are, for instance, schools of iron
and steel technology, chemical, electric supply and power,
engineering and oil technology - each housed in spacious
buildings with lecture rooms, laboratories and experimental
workshops. The School of Iron and Steel Technology has a
floor space of 49,000 square yards. Between liberation and
1955, 2,152,800 square yards of new classrooms were added
to Peking's primary and secondary schools-the new
schools, for the most part, being in districts where there
were few schools before for the children of workers and
peasants.
New and enlarged hospitals, too, are to be seen - the
Soviet Red Cross Hospital, the Moslem Hospital, the
Children's Hospital, the Tuberculosis Hospital, the Tung-
jen Municipal Hospital and the Peking Hospital, and fine
new clinics connected with the Peking First and Fourth
Hospitals and the Central Seventh Hospital. There are
also two tuberculosis sanatoria-the Sanatorium for
Asian Students and the Peking Municipal Sanatorium.
The Soviet Red Cross Hospital, which has a total floor
space of some 40,000 square,yards, is a very large building
on three floors. Its layout and equipment are based
on the very latest Soviet ideas in medical science. Then
there is the hospital set up in the Moslem district to serve
Moslems exclusively-an unheard-of thing before. The
Sanatorium for Asian Students has a total floor space of.
over 20,000 square yards, 300 beds and beautiful equipment
and buildings. It stands as a symbol of the unity and
friendship between Chinese students and those of other
Asian countries. The new Children's Hospital which has
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a total floor space of 35,806 square yards and 600 beds, is
the largest, best equipped and most up-to-date of its kind
in the country. All types of cases can be treated-med-
ical, surgical, ear-nose-and-throat, and eyes, with an
isolation ward for infectious diseases. There are iron
lungs for poliomyelitis cases and the full range of physical
medicine apparatus. There are exercise rooms .and play-
rooms for convalescent children, residential and nursing
rooms for nursing mothers of sick babies, and a premature
baby ward. The hospital also has two clinics in the city.
The demand for more housing for government em-
ployees, workers, teachers and students is ever more
pressing. It is being rapidly met; and gardens, squares,
co-operative stores and department stores are also springing
up both in the new and the old districts.
The People's Government also looks after those who are
not too well off - the families of men in the armed forces
and the dependents of martyrs who died for their country.
Tens of thousands of poor people who were formerly
homeless or lived in wretched sheds have now moved into
clean and comfortable new houses.
New hotels have been built, such as the Peace Hotel,
the Hsinchiao Hotel, hostels for foreign technicians, and a
special transit hostel- for Chinese who return from overseas.
Existing hotels have been renovated and enlarged-as
have the Peking and the International Hotels. These are
all modern buildings, with exquisite interior decoration.
Just outside four of the city gates are peasant hostels.
They are for peasants coming in on business or pleasure,
and are designed for the comfort of the users - with the
kang of North China-brick-built beds heated by flues-
sheds and stables for their carts and animals, canteens and
retail co-operative shops dealing in farm implements, 'rec-
reation rooms, a safe-deposit room, etc.
Before liberation, Peking had 16 cinemas and 10 large
theatres. If they had been evenly distributed, they would
still not have been adequate, but they were not sited ac-
cording to Population densities. To satisfy the
people's
cultural needs, between liberation and the end of 1955, the
municipal authorities built 13 theatres and six cinemas and
rebuilt three theatres. Two vi the cinemas are in the
north city, as is the spacious People's Theatre. At the
Bridge of Heaven, outside Chien Men, where thousands of
working people live, is a new theatre. On the Wangfu
Avenue in east city rises the beautiful Capital Theatre,
which seats 1,385. The stage can take 400 performers,
and it is fully equipped with modern scene-shifting de-
vices. There is a full-size orchestra pit and spacious.foyers
and bars.
Outside the western wall, adjoining the Zoo, is the
striking Soviet Exhibition Centre. The buildings are
grouped round a high gilded spire, topped by a glisten-
ing red star which can be seen for miles. There is a
magnificent open-air theatre- seating 3,000, a cinema seat-
ing 800, and a restaurant holding 400 at a sitting. It was
opened in October 1954, when d magnificent exhibition was
held, an exhibition of Soviet economic and cultural achieve-
ments. The exhibition buildings are now a permanent
addition to Peking's cultural life.
Another new landmark in Peking is the Department
Store on the Wang Fu Ching Street which has .a. floor space
of 22,700 square yards. Six storeys high, it is planned for
the convenience of customers and can hold 10,000 customers
at once, so well laid out are the sales floors and counters.
There are over 1,000 assistants and the stock of goods is
kept up so as to be able to supply 120,000 customers a day.
A new gymnasium - the Peking Gymnasium - in
southeast Peking in the Outer City was completed in
October 1955. It has a total floor space of 51,000 square
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yards, with three main buildings. In the centre, the main
gymnasium has basketball, volleyball
tennis and bad
,
-
minton courts, and space for other different kinds of
physical exercises. There is seating for over 6,000 specta-
tors, giant electrically controlled scoreboards and sets of
lighting for various games. The indoor swimming pool,
164 feet long and 65% feet Wide, has room for 2,000 specta-
tors, and is air-and-water-conditioned for all-the-year-round
swimming. The third building is for training in all kinds
of sports. There is also a parachute tower 177 feet high
nearby.
Major construction work is still going on. Of the larger
buildings at present being built, a new hotel, the Chien Men
Hotel, in the Outer City is typical. It has a central build-
ing eight storeys high ? and two six-storeyed wings. The
total floor space is 29,780 square yards, and it will accom-
modate 400 guests. ' Another project is Peking's second
open-air swimming pool, near the Joyous Pavilion Park,
which will have shallow and deep pools and a pool for races.
The swimming pools can accommodate 5,000 swimmers and
the stands 6,000 spectators. Another project is the Peking
Planetarium, China's first, which will be west of the city
near the Soviet Exhibition Centre. Standing in an area
of 6% acres, the planetarium will have a floor space of
24,000 square yards. The buildings consist of a domed
hall, 75.4 feet in diameter, and a pavilion on either side
for exhibition purposes. A Zeiss planetarium projector
(made in the German Democratic Republic) will be install-
ed in the centre of the hall, from which thousands of points
of light will be projected on to the inside of the dome,
simulating the-form and motion of the celestial bodies.
The planetarium will have its own observatory and
meteorological station. Research into ancient Chinese
astronomy will also be carried out there.
6. BEAUTIFYING PEKING WITH GREENERY .
In the last few years public gardens have been made
near the main roads. Over seventy thousand trees have
been planted along the roads and the banks of rivers and
streams. In an' area of some 930 acres in the Western
Hills, thirty million trees, mostly conifers, have been plant-
ed, to act as a shelter belt against the sand-storms. In
the factory districts, three shelter belts over 100 ' acres of
land have been planted, and Peking has 2,085 acres of
nursery gardens where trees and shrubs are brought on.
The citizens of Peking are going to make their whole
city green. Much has been done already; more will be done,
until all Peking is a beautiful garden.
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THE CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL. CENTRE
OF NEW CHINA
Writers and Artists is in Peking. The famous Peking
Opera originated here, and all folk art and artists gravitate
here, too. Operas- classical, modern and local - folk
songs, music and dances from all parts of the country can
be heard in Peking. Our famous professional actors and
actresses and folk artists of China's national minorities,
and those from other countries, bring their best to Peking
audiences.
Peking is, too, the chief publishing centre for news-
papers, periodicals, and books. Twenty-one national
newspapers are published here, the most widely circulated
being the People's Daily, Worker's Daily, Peking Daily,
China Youth Journal, and Kwangming Daily. There are
two news-sheets in foreign languages-the Hsinhua News
Agency Release, in English, and Druzhba, a full-size daily
paper in Russian. There are 246 periodicals published in
Peking with national circulations. Several foreign language
magazines, including People's China, China Pictorial, China
Reconstructs, Chinese Literature, and Women of China, are-
also published in the capital.
There are forty or more publishing houses. The largest
is the People's Publishing House; others deal in specialized
fields such as literature, the fine arts, science, national
minorities, and so on. There is the Foreign Languages
Press, which introduces China and her people, their life, .to
the world through books, pamphlets, pictorials and transla-
tions of literary work both new and old.
Peking is the educational centre of China. By the end
of 1955 it had twenty-eight institutions, of higher learning,
and over a thousand primary and secondary schools. There
are also various kinds of secondary technical schools.
Since liberation considerable progress has been made in
primary and secondary education in Peking., By the end of
1955 the number of primary school children attending
school in Peking was 336,980 - nearly three times as many
Peking has, throughout the ages, been a treasure house
of public records and famous as a scholastic centre. Since
liberation this aspect of Peking has become even more pro-
nounced.
Peking is now the home of academic and scientific re-
search in China. The Chinese Academy of Sciences
gathers together all the leading scientists and experts in
all fields, and leads scientific research for the whole country.
Much more emphasis than ever before is now placed on
research, and the number of specialized studies, and, cor-
respondingly, the number of research workers has grown
The Chinese Federation) of Scientific Societies
which
,
had 34 affiliated specialized societies at the end of 1955
and engages in all kinds of academic work, and the Chinese
Association for the Popularization of Scientific and Techni-
cal Knowledge, both have their head offices in Peking. So
have many other associations, for instance, Political Science
and Law Association of China, the Chinese People's In-
stitute of Foreign Affairs, the Chinese Philosophical
Society, the Chinese Historical Society, and the Institute
of Banking and Currency.
Peking is the centre of China's literary and artistic
activity. The headquarters of the Chinese Federation of
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as in 1948; and the number of secondary school students
was 141,971- an increase only slightly less. In the pri-
mary schools 76.7 per cent, and in the secondary schools
76.9 per cent of the students come from the families of
workers, peasants, government workers, and servicemen.
There has been a radical change in what the schools teach-
and the methods of teaching. In New China, particular
attention is paid to promoting the all-round development
of her youngsters both in mind and body.
To satisfy the people's longing for a full cultural life,
spare-time schools for government and factory workers are
run by government organizations, factories, or by the
local communities. That means there is an evening class
for every so many streets or lanes. In the country dis-
tricts on the outskirts there are regular spare-time and
winter schools for the peasants. By the end of 1955,
government employees numbering 130,000 were taking part
in spare-time cultural study; and over 100,000 peasants,
handicraftsmen, government workers and their families
and other citizens-were getting schooling in one shape
or another.
Peking is the centre for libraries, historical relics and
archives. It has the largest -library in the country - the
National Library. There is the Peking Municipal Library
too, with reading rooms to serve the general public. Besides
the main building it has two branches and 114 mobile book
and magazine services which serve the factories and rural
areas of Peking. Since liberation 70 reading centres, large
and small, have been opened in different parts of the city.
As already mentioned, in Chapter III, there is a
museum - the Palace Museum - in the Imperial Palaces.
It is the largest in the country. A great number of ancient
finds which have been unearthed in China have been sent
to Peking to be stored and exhibited there.
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Despite the repeated devastation wrought by imperialist
aggressors and reactionary governments in the past
h years, Pelting is still a treasure house of buildings
ofhundredistoric
importance and artistic beauty, still the
"Museum of China," and still, perhaps, one of the world's
richest cities in this respect.
.2. THE SPREAD OF HIGHER EDUCATION
The spread of higher education can best be seen from
the growth of Peking's western outskirts. For some years
past there have been two universities and an agricultural
institute outside the western walls. But since liberation
over 20 new institutions of higher learning or scientific
research have been established. Now, when we go out of
Hsi Chih Men or Teh Sheng Men, we see before us a very
different aspect from what there was before.
The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the central point
of the entire district. Buildings already completed or
still under construction include those which house several
institutes of the Academy- Physics, Geophysics, and
Meteorology, Economics, Linguistics and Philology-and
these are only a beginning.
Now, radiating round the Academy of Sciences, are the
Peking Normal University, the Central Conservatoire, the
Peking Medical College, and the Institutes of Iron and
Steel Technology, Oil Technology, Mechanized Agriculture,
Aeronautics, Geology, Mining and Metallurgy, the North
China Institute of Agricultural Research, the Central In-
stitute for Nationalities, the Chinese People's University,
Peking University, Tsing Hua University and the Marx-
Lenin Institute and others.
All these institutes of higher learning and scientific
research, whether newly built or expanded, are training
large numbers of technicians and specialists, who are in
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great demand for China's economic construction. By the
end of 1955 the total enrolment in Peking's higher institutes
was 60,544. Increased facilities have enabled them to
admit more and more students. The Peking Institute of
Iron and Steel Technology and the Peking Institute of Oil
Technology, for example, had twice as many by the end of
1955 as in 1953. The Peking Institute of Geology had
4,486 students at ,the end of 1955 - 61/., times as many as
the total number of geological students who graduated in
the 40 years previous!
Prior to liberation, there were, all told, only 11 colleges,
and about 10,000 students in Peking. And even in this
small group there was no co-ordination. The curricula
overlapped, there were gaps, and what was taught tended
only to touch the fringes of the subject. Such science or
engineering departments as did exist were, in part, only
suitable for a semi-colonial, dependent country. Students
were not trained in designing or manufacturing, but only
in assembly, overhaul and maintenance. Some whole de-
partments - geology, for instance - had only a handful
of students. Now, since reorganization, such neglected
courses have become independent colleges in their own
right.
3. SCHOOLING OF A NEW TYPE
Peking boasts of a number of institutions which have
become models for similar schools elsewhere in the country.
Let us first consider the Chinese People's University.
Founded in 1950, it has the general courses, specialized
courses, preparatory department, a short-term worker-
peasant secondary school, a Marxist-Leninist evening
college, and a research course in Marxism-Leninism. By-
the end of 1955 it had a total enrolment of 5,197 students,
including research students. Ninety per cent of them come
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from government offices and enterprises, industry, or the
armed forces and have been selected by their orgazations
and sent here to Pursue more advanced stItdies.
The fine traditions
in the of revolutfouar . eduatfOn laid down
liberated areas during the Anti-japanese War by. tae
North, China University have been iced l~F the Chinese
People's University. With the polio of Hnkf with practice, linking Soviet et g teael22ng
conditions of China as its guide, etn ERce with the concrete
Leninist education to train worker andPrd on blarxL~t
to conduct scientific research. The Chinese People's Unand
iversity has acquired rich experience in this re-- ,-t and
has passed on its experience to other institution, through-
out the country. This has been a great help in furthering
reform of teaching methods and teaching content generally.
Peking University was founded in 1898. Ma
President of the University, called it "one of the seeds o,
revolution" at its 56th anniversarf
y celebration. seeds o
the May the Fourth Movement," he said "o `Before
was taking an active ur university
feudal outlook. After the _Ma the he Fourth a net the part thanks to the influence of the October ]Revolution, an
entirely new cultural force, armed with a communist world
outlook, emerged in China. It was when it was confronted
with this changed attitude that Peking
made contact with Marxist Leninist theory. Comrade
Mao Tse-tung, the great leader of the Chinese mode
Party and the Chinese people, Comrade Li Ta-chaothe
disseminator of communist ideas during the Mar the Fourth
Movement period, and Lu Hsun, the standard
China's literary revolution, all worked in this univej-
It was they who sowed the seeds of revolution, and the
seeds have borne fruit in the last decades in this universitc
It has been able to play an important role in the new
cultural revolution."
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But Peking University is not famous only for its
glorious revolutionary traditions, but also for its tradition
of scientific research. And now it is a comprehensive uni-
versity of a new type, its main task is the training of
specialists in research and teaching the natural and social
sciences. By the end of 1955 the university had 13 de-
partments including mathematics, natural sciences, philos-
ophy, social sciences, linguistics and philology, and litera-
ture, and these departments are again subdivided into 32
specialized courses. There is also a special short training
course for librarians, a special class for foreign students,
75 teaching and research groups, an institute of research
in literature, and a short-term middle school for workers
and peasants. In 1955, it had 828 faculty members and
5,881 students in all departments including the research
students. There are 40 laboratories and a library with
1,700,000 volumes.
Then there is Tsing Hua University. After liberation
it was reorganized; and since 1952 has become a new
polytechnic, an industrial university, training engineers of
a new type. By the end of 1955 Tsing Hua had seven de-
partments subdivided into 20 specialized courses, all direct-
ly connected with heavy industry or capital construction.
There are 822 faculty members and 6,577 students includ-
ing research students. There is a large library with
spacious reading rooms, and a well-equipped gymnasium
and beautiful sports grounds and facilities. There are 47
laboratories and an experimental workshop. The students
have their own self-governing groups-for example, phys-
ical training groups, scientific research groups, and liter-
ature, music and dancing societies.
The Central Institute for Nationalities was established
in 1951 in order to train people belonging to national
minorities to work among their own folk in the political,
economic, cultural and educational fields. The institute is
a.
specially designed to carry out this task, with special de-
partments in political science, linguistics and languages,
and so on, and research departments in the history, culture
and economic conditions of minority areas. By the end of
1955 it had 229 teachers drawn from 31 nationalities and
473 students, including research students, drawn from 53.
The daily life of the students and staff of this institute
is a miniature of the family life of the whole nation,
embodying as it does China's policy towards national
minorities -respect and equality, religious freedom and
full observance of national customs. Facilities for the full
observance of this policy are complete. There are special
buildings in rooms for Moslems and Buddhists to worship
in and the kitchen provides different kinds of food to suit
the dietary laws and tastes of the different nationalities.
In addition to the new type of universities, colleges and
institutes, Peking is well provided with new
types secondary technical schools, such as the Peking Machine-
Too] School, the Peking School of Iron and Steel Technology,
the Peking School of Electricity, and so on. Teaching in
these schools is closely linked with the needs of the country,
and facilities exist for students to obtain experience at the
bench. Examples of this method in practice can be seen
in the Peking School of Iron and Steel Technology, which
has its students' hostels close to the Shihchingshan Iron
and Steel Works, and in the Peking Machine-Tool School,
which is near the casting shop of the Peking No. 1 Machine-
Tool Works, so that the students can take part in actual
production and become familiar with their job in "real
life."
4. THE BIGGEST LIBRARY IN CHINA
The National Library, the biggest reference library in
China, is, as we have already mentioned in passing, on the
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west bank of Peihai. It is not only beautifully situated,
but is a beautifully laid-out group of buildings. Go through
the gate in the red wall, guarded by two stone lions. In
front of you are lawns, surrounded by a close-cropped
cypress hedge, and then a palace-like building, with green
tiled tilted eaves and covered verandas, white stone balus-
trades, and two more lions. The interior of the building
is modern.
It has inherited a rich store from the Chingshih
Library, the Peihai Library and others. From the Ching-
shih Library it -acquired the books and archives of the
imperial Wen Yuan Igo Library-a famous collection
which has existed for 500 years, and which, in turn, in-
cluded books and manuscripts from the, imperial library
of the Southern Sung dynasty some 700 years ago. It
also includes other famous collections from imperial libra-
ries of the Manchu dynasty, imperial colleges and private
owners, and is still increasing its priceless collection. By
the end of 1955 more than 4,300,000 volumes stood on its
shelves - books in 65 languages, including 13 minority
languages of China - three times the number it had in
1949. Among them are rare copies of ancient manuscripts
and books of five dynasties, from the Sung to the Manchu,
including 140,000 manuscript volumes on 18,000 different
subjects, 8,700 copies of Buddhist sutras going back to the
Southern and Northern dynasties (479-581 A.D.), the Sui
(581-618 A.D.) and Tang (618-907 A.D.) dynasties, old
maps, diagrams, and 25,000 rubbings from ancient in-
scriptions on metal and stone. The Yung Lo Encyclopaedia
of the Ming dynasty and the Sze IKu Chuan Shu (Imperial
Library of Chien Lung) of the Manchu dynasty are kept
here, too. There are also revolutionary documents from
the last hundred years and authors' original manuscripts.
The library is open to all Peking's citizens. Popular
works and Marxist-Leninist works have been augmented,
a reading and reference room for scientific and technical
subjects has been opened, and a children's section, with a
reading room, added.
Besides supplying such normal public library facilities,
exhibitions and lectures on current affairs are held, and
readings, talks by authors, discussions and so on organized.
The library plays its part, too, in the great work of construc-
tion, both by supplying literature to the workers "on site"
- by mobile libraries which go to factories and construc-
tion sites, like the IKuanting Reservoir and the Fengtai.
Shacheng Railway-and by supplying reference material
and technical books to the planning staffs. It answers re-
quests for specific information and collects relevant material
for individuals, governmental and non-governmental or-
ganizations, factories, and so on.
The library has also established inter-library exchanges
with other large provincial and municipal libraries through-
out the country. So now geological workers tapping
underground riches in the mountains and readers in the
border areas can obtain books from the National Library.
Reference books which are only available in single copies
are microfilmed or directly photographed, so that copies
can be supplied when needed.
Stocks of new technical and reference books for use in
our construction have been greatly increased. The Soviet
Union, in particular, has sent many from the Lenin State
Library and the Academy of Sciences of U.S.S.R. on an
exchange basis. Indeed, up to the end of 1955, the library
received no less than 140,000 works from the Soviet Union,
books and periodicals, which are of enormous assistance.
,The Soviet libraries regularly send books dealing with
advanced scientific and technical subjects on publication.
Similar exchanges are made with the libraries of other
countries.
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As the number and coverage of the books increase, so
does the good they do readers. In 1955 a new, six-storeyed
building was completed which can take over a million
volumes. As the level of the people's culture and educa-
tion rises, so will the National Library grow.
CHAPTER VI
? INDUSTRY, AGRICULTURE AND HANDICRAFTS
1. INDUSTRY
Up to 'liberation Peking had been mainly a consumer
city. What little industry it had was poorly equipped, and
only used out-of-date techniques; the quality of the prod-
ucts was low, while costs were high. Such low-quality
products as Peking put on the market found few customers.
Moreover, rapacious imperialists and the Kuomintang
scrambled for control. On the eve of liberation most of
Peking's few industrial establishments were at a standstill
or only partially in operation.
Almost from the very day of liberation the People's
Government carried out a policy of industrial rehabilitation
and development. By 1955 the value of Peking's industrial
production was nine times what it was in 1949. The value
of modern industrial production, as distinct from industries
using simple mechanical processes, increased from 74 per
cent in 1949 to 80 per cent in 1955, in the total value *of
industrial output in Peking.
The old workshops and factories have all been repaired
and expanded, and some entirely new ones built. The
Peking No. 1 Machine-Tool Works, for instance,. was
formed from an amalgamation of fourteen ramshackle
Kuomintang weapon-repair works, which had had no
machinery worth mentioning. It- is now turning out up to
two hundred universal millers a year. An even more
dramatic change, perhaps, is, to be seen in the Peking
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Agricultural Machinery Plant. Formerly another old
Kuomintang arsenal, it now turns out hundreds of thou-
sands of Ploughs and harvesters-the new, improved
models. "Swords into ploughshares" with a vengeance!
And it has started on the production of combine harvest-
ers, which have passed the prototype stage.
Then, too, there is the Shihchingshan Iron and Steel
Works which has gone from strength to strength. By 1955
it was turning out nearly 15 times as much pig-iron as in
1949.
The Chingho Woollen Mill, which had previously 3,200
spindles and 60 looms and was only able to turn out coarse
army blankets and poor-quality serge, has now increased its
spindles to 12,000 and added 56 new spinning frames.
There is a new section which produces long-piled material,
and other high-quality woollen goods.
The cotton textile industry is completely new to Peking.
The No. 1 Cotton Mill, with 50,000 spindles and over 1,000
looms, and the No. 2 Mill, with 100,000 spindles and 2,400
looms, are in full operation. The No. 3 Mill which will have
80,000 spindles and 3,600 looms is being built. They use
locally-produced cotton and are already meeting the needs
of Peking and nearby districts.
A great new enterprise is now in part operation -the
North China Structural Metal Works, which makes steel
frames and other building materials. Production not only
meets Peking's huge building programme, but can supply
other parts of the country as well. Then there is the
Peking No. 1 Motor Accessory Works, which has begun
production and, besides servicing all types of motor
vehicles, -will support China's new motor industry.
And, of course, the coal mines have not been left out
of this new life. They are being mechanized systematical-
ly. In the Chinghsi (western Peking) mining district,
for instance, in 1955 three times as much coal was mined
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as in 1949. Two new shafts are in operation. Peking's
mines have good-quality coal, including anthracite. There
is also a fairly wide range of other minerals-lime, quartz;
white jade, marble, bluestone, slate, etc.
Peking's industries, mainly light, produce a wide
variety of manufactured goods. As we have said, there
are textiles (woollen and cotton goods), printing and dye-
ing, knitwear, cloth and canvas bags, leather goods, rubber
footwear, rubber-proof cloth, tires, enamel-ware, acid-
proof material for industry, curved sheet glass, laboratory
equipment, electrical supplies, etc.
Since liberation the People's Government has carried
out a socialist, transformation of private industry and
handicrafts in Peking. In 1949 there were 107,700 people
employed in some 30 trades in private industry. Price
stabilization, the progress of national construction and the
improvement in the living conditions of the people after
liberation gave the industrialists a great opportunity of
expansion. The People's. Government has -adopted a
variety of forms of state capitalism as half-way houses to
socialization of private industry-forms such as the giv-
ing out of government contracts for manufacture and pro-
cessing by private industries, the purchasing and distribu-
tion by the state of their output, and conversion into
enterprises under joint, state and private control. In 1955
these concerns (not including the last sort) were turn-
ing out seven-tenths of the whole output of Peking's
private, industry. Most firms affected were running
smoothly, turning out better goods and making a profit.
The firms which had become "state-private"-76 of them
-produced goods worth 2% times as much as in 1954.
The advantages of joint state-private enterprise have
become clear in the last few years. This has made the
capitalists see that their future lies only in linking their
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ps and private houses, as often as not, one man
or family concerns. Now, since liberation, they have
gradually gone over to co-operative working. With the
help of the government and the state-owned enterprises,
they have been able to increase their capital, improve
their equipment and organize their work on a more' ration-
al basis. This has proved a great success. Production has
risen, and quality has improved enormously.
In early 1956, as agriculture round Peking was going
over to co-operative, collective farming, and inside the city
= private industry and commerce were going socialist, Pe-
king's handicrafts, too, went co-operative en bloc. The
handicraft co-ops now have 84,000 members.
The Shihchingshan Iron and Steel Works
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own interests with those of the state. The Communist
Party and People's Government have re
t
dl
pea
e
y assured
them that any capitalist who has done something for the
cause of socialism will not be forgotten by the state and
the people, and will get a fair deal. Capitalists have come
- to realiz
th
e
at work is an honour and to exploit people
something shameful. Realizing this, they want to earn
A heir living by their own labour. Within their own fami-
lies, too, sons, daughters, wives, cousins persuade and
encourage those who may hold back. At the same time,
the employees in private industry have got together and
have themselves played a large part in ' educating and
transforming the capitalists. The high tide of agricul-
tural co-operation which had reached Peking's very walls
at the beginning of 1956 further showed c
it
li
ap
a
sts the
way things were moving. Within a few weeks Peking's
private industry took the first great step towards socialism
almost overnight-4,556 private industrial concerns be-
came joint state-private enterprises.
1, i+ Peking's handicrafts have a long history and have
always occupied an important place in the city's economy.
Handicrafts used to be carried on in tiny, widely scattered
worksho
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fresh vegetables
all the year
round for Pe-
king
Peking Ducks -
at the western
State Farm
The municipality of Peking includes some 201,108 acres
of farmland. Here, too, changes are to be seen, reflecting
the great changes in agriculture that have taken place over
the length and breadth of China.
Output has steadily increased, and with it happiness
and well-being. In 1955, total grain production was 2.7
times what it was in 1949, cotton 6.5 times, and vegetables
eight times. Meat, dairy products and fruit have also
greatly increased in quantity. ,
Several factors accounted for these changes. First
there was the carrying out of land reform around Peking.
Here, as elsewhere, this made the peasants masters of
their land, and gave them something they could put their
whole hearts into. Following land reform, the People's
Government helped the peasants in every possible way,
with loans, with advice on improved agricultural tech-
niques, and so on, and helped them set up mutual-aid teams
and co-operatives themselves. In the mutual-aid teams
both production and the incomes of the organized peasants
progressively increased. In the co-operatives, the later
stage, this became ever more marked. Grain yields of 279
co-ops at the end of 1954 were higher than those of mutual-
aid teams or peasants working on their own-25.8 per cent
above the mutual-aid teams' and 42.4 per cent up on in-
dividual peasants': Peasants like to see things for them-
selves ! They were not blind to such figures. They saw
that co-operative farming was the only way to progress
for themselves.
A great step forward was taken early this year, the
culmination of the experiences of these formative years.
In 1952, when the first co-ops near Peking started, only
.08 per cent of the 120,000 peasant households in the mu-
nicipality joined. By 1954 and early 1955 the figure had
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gone up to 46 per cent. And by the winter of 1955 all
peasant households were in "first stage" co-ops-that is,
co-ops in which the land is pooled and worked in common.
but wnere the plots remain the property of the individual,
on which he receives dividends at harvest time. Then a
great upsurge took place on Peking's farmlands, and swept
China. The ordinary co-ops turned themselves into cnl.
lective farms, in which land is no longer pooled but owned
collectively. No more dividends are paid on land; all pay-
ments are for labour only. By January of 1956 all the
co-ops in Peking municipality had changed over to the en.
tirely socialist type-otherwise known as collective farms.
The striking thing is that the change-over has been so
smooth and natural, but then all conditions were-ripe for
it. In the first place, the majority of the poor and middle
peasants were already in the lower type of co-ops, and
knew full well that co-operation was the only road to pros-
perity and happiness. Secondly, at the lower stage, the
bigger individually-owned farm implements and equip-
ment, and the draught animals had been turned over to
the co-op at a fair price, and the land dividends were any-
way low. Then the change-over to a higher stage gave
a larger remuneration for labour, which more than com-
pensated for the cancellation of land dividends and other
shares. Thirdly, there was the example of the seventy-
seven out-and-out socialist co-operatives already in exist-
ence-collective farms. They had been set up since 1952,
and in every case both production and the incomes of
members had gone up. This, greatly encouraged the peas-
Peking were pretty large, and well-suited for a diversified
economy. It was easy, therefore, for peasants in such
surroundings to visualize an even larger and better stage,
where it would be to their direct advantage to find work
for everyone-whether they had full or ' partial labour
power-and where proper help could be given to the old,
feeble, orphaned or widowed, without placing undue strain
on the able-bodied, or reducing their income untowardly.
So they took this great step forward to socialism and
immediately started to draw up comprehensive and far-
reaching plans to develop production even further. Let
us take, for example, the plan of Red Star Collective Farm.
That will show what the future holds for the 120,000 peas-
ant households of Peking.
Red Star Collective Farm lies in the southeast corner
of Nanyuan District (south of Peking). The ground is
naturally poor, low-lying, often waterlogged and over-
alkaline. Yields were low and many varieties of crops
simply would not grow there. After liberation and land
reform, things began to improve, but the average peasant,
despite the fact that he owned his land and was no longer
in bondage to the money-lender and the landlord, could
still only make a bare living. The peasants saw for them-
selves the value of mutual aid and co-operation. Life it-
self taught them. In 1952, two co-operatives started up
as a try-out. In the autumn of the same year these two
merged and formed a collective farm-Red Star Collective
Farm. It started with 63 households. By 1955 there
were 850. The farm now covers 2,800 acres. In contrast
to the old days when people could only look forward, half
in dread, to the next harvest, they can now draw up a
definite plan on a long-term basis. In the autumn of 1955
a comprehensive seven-year plan (1955-1962) was drawn
joining up small plots of land held byvdiffer
tiiica and
en
peasant
households into large tracts; re-locating farm offs e
s and
members' homes; planning crop rotations in relation to
actual fields; drainage, road-building, tree-planting, live-
stock raising, training technicians; an education scheme
both for children and adults,-and siting the school build-
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ings conveniently; having their own co-op retail stores,
and so on. It also sets up production targets. By 1962
the farm expects to produce six thousand 'tons of grain,
176 per cent above the 1955 harvest, including 520 tons
of rice, a new crop for this land. Cotton output will reach
1,250 tons (65 per cent above 1955), and there will be
400 tons of fruit, 859,400 gallons of milk and 705 tons of
pork. Income and living standards of the farm members
will rise steadily, in keeping with the growth of produc-
tion. The income per household will at least treble. What
was once an area which all the wiseacres thought could
only keep its farmers at a bare subsistence level is now
well on the way to being a prosperous mixed collective
farm, combining farming with livestock raising, and rich
in grain and domestic animals.
Besides the collective farms, there are in Peking three
state farms and a machine and tractor station. The role
of.the state farm is to popularize new and better methods,
from abroad and from other parts of China, to grow and
select better seed, to run experimental and demonstration
plots and to arrange discussions and lectures for the peas-
ants in the neighbourhood. Here we shall briefly describe
one of the state farms-Western Outskirts State Farm.
It is a mixed farm, going in for intensive dairy farm-
ing, pig-keeping, market-gardening, fruit (peach and apple
orchards), ducks, and grain. The real speciality, perhaps,
is peculiar to Peking. The ducks bred here are the famous
Peking Ducks. From here over 30,000 ducks are sent to
market each year. The succulent Peking Duck is the re-
sult of years of expert knowledge. The ducklings are
brought up quite normally until they are 45 days old. They
are then stuffed with sorghum and other coarse grains
twice a day-literally stuffed for forty days. In this
time they put on some three to four catties over and above
108
their original weight, resulting in the delicious cluck that
you eat in some of Peking's well-known restaurants.
The Machine and Tractor Station works the fields for
the collective farms and agricultural producers' co-opera-
tives. Now it has 41 tractors, three combine harvesters
and three sprayers. Before the end of 1956 it will have
230 tractors and will cover the needs of 65,880 acres of
land.
3. HANDICRAFT SPECIALITIES
Peking is traditionally famous for beautiful handicrafts
and luxury wares. The skills of thousand of years were
brought to Peking six hundred years ago and took firm
root'in this ancient centre of culture. The arts and craft
artists here are representative of the Chinese creative
genius.
Peking specializes in rirany forms of handicrafts. Per-
haps carvings come first to mind in many media jade,
ivory, bone and wood-cloisonne, carved lacquer and lac-
quers, inlays in mother of pearl and other materials, em-
broidery, artificial flower making, carpets, lanterns in all
shapes and sizes, particularly the large red palace lanterns,
glassware, wrought metal work, and so on.
Of course, these are highly individual creative arts.
They have had a troubled history and were in danger of
extinction before liberation. The grasping hands of greedy
capitalists and imperialists, the inflation, the Japanese
occupation, exploitation by reactionary rulers, dumping of
mass produced foreign goods combined to all but kill the
craft trades. The craftsmen could not make ends meet.
They ceased to take on apprentices, and their art itself
declined. Handicrafts had already become stereotyped by
the last years of the Manchu dynasty and the subsequent
demand for cheap and vulgarized goods by exporting mer-
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chants either meant that the craftsmen had to lower their
standards or else allow their art to die out.
Liberation first and :foremost saved these handicrafts
from decline and degradation. In 1950 there were only
1,680 'craftsmen; by the end of 1955 there were 13,000.
They were guided by the head office of the Amalgamated
Handicraft Producers' Co-operatives of Peking to organize
themselves into forty producers' co-operatives and teams,
with 7,298 members at the beginning. By early 1956 the
co-op membership has increased to 13,065. The decline in
skill and taste was arrested. The best of the old and the
stimulus of the new together started a renaissance. In-
dividual artistry, far from being stultified, has gone from
strength to strength. The carvers in ivory, for example,
are not only carrying on the old intricate work but are even
surpassing it and reflecting the new life in their subjects.
Let us look into a small workshop-studio just outside
Chien Men. It is the Peking Ivory Carvers' Co-operative.
The leading craftsman there, Yang Shih-hui, a man of 43,
comes from a poor family of Peking craftsmen. He start-
ed as a lad, carving wooden architectural decorations, and
was trained by his great-uncle. But there was no living
in this. He turned to ivory carving, copying others or
following traditional designs. He had little formal educa-
tion, but he had an artist's eye, and an old art master
helped him. But it was no easy life. Then came libera-
tion which changed his life, as it did that of all other
craftsmen. As an expression of his love for the new
society, he began to carve new subjects. Now he and six
assistants have finished-after 15 months' work-an im-
. mense carving. A huge 150-pound, 61/2 foot elephant
tusk, its natural curve utilized in the design, has been
used to make a panorama of Peihai Park. All the beau-
ties of Peihai are there-the island, the trees, the Dagoba,
and the human figures, 1,298 in all-not the. contempla-
tives or the court beauties and eunuchs, but the citizens
of Peking and their families rejoicing on National Day.
Some of the figures are so small that they can be seen only
with the help of a magnifying glass. Dancing, boating,
climbing up *to look at the view, China's great `family of
nationalities is reflected in this great carving.
The co-operative in which Yang Shih-hui is the tech-
nical head is flourishing. New China, with its respect for
human dignity and labour, gives all the help and care it
can to its Yang Shih-huis. Yang himself gets a good
wage, on the scale, say,, of an engineer. And, finally, a
significant fact-which shows how art is appreciated in
the new China. He is a member of the Peking Commit-
tee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Confer-
ence.
Or take the case of jade working, or working other
hard stones. Jade in particular has a special place in
Chinese art. The texture of the stone itself has always
had an attraction and is a symbol of beauty and treasure.
When it is worked by the dextrous hands of the crafts-
men, beauty is added to beauty. This is an age-old craft.
The workers themselves will tell you that it goes back
three thousand years, long before any other people were
working such hard material, let alone working it with such
consummate skill. Since the clays of the . Manchu Em-
peror Chien Lung (1736-1795) the craftsmen were attach-
ed to the imperial court, and Peking became the centre of
the art. Towards the end of the Manchu rule, the art
began to decay. After the revolution in 1911, it had a
brief new lease of life. A brisk trade sprang up, for ex-
port in worked jade. But the middlemen got' most of the
profit. During the Japanese occupation all seemed to go;
no one could make ends meet, least of all highly special-
ized workers who might take years over one miraculous
piece. In desperation, the craftsmen took to other trades.
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Great artists were pulling rickshaws, trying to peddle
clumped goods, starving. After the Japanese surrender
came inflation and chaos, and there was practically no jade
working done at all.
Immediately after liberation the scene changed. To
illustrate the new course of events, let us look at one of
the famous jade working establishments-now a co-opera-
tive.
Outside Chien Men, in a crowded street, is a jade carv-
ing producers' co-operative. Soon after liberation, sixty
jade workers got together. They had no capital, no
material, some not even their tools. But they had their
hands, and their skill, and their love of their craft; and
they met with equal love and respect from the People's
Government. New ideas began to permeate them. With
the help of loans from the government, the co-op was set
up. Now it is a flourishing concern. There are altogether
158 workers in it, including apprentices. They are sup-
plied with the stone by the state which handles the out-
put. But the state does not specify certain article, nor
expect the artists to turn out mass produced articles. The
work to be produced depends entirely on the nature and
shape of the stone, and the individual artists' particular
bent. On the other hand, they are now able to improve
on working methods, as there can be some division of
labour. They can do what they feel is their speciality-
one, for instance, does ,birds and flowers, one human
figures, one incense burners, and so on. The apprentices,
too, have a new and better life-receiving a general educa-
tion beside learning their own craft.
Or take cloisonne, another handicraft centred in -Pe-
king. That, too, goes back five hundred years to Ching
Tai's reign in the Ming dynasty (1450-1475 A.D.)-hence,
the name of this art, Ching Tai blue. It is, perhaps, a
more elaborate art than jade working as so many, proc-
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HOW THE CITIZENS OF PEKING LIVE
Almost the first thing the ordinary citizen will tell you,
if you ask him -what comes first to his mind about the
change in everyday life since liberation, is: "The cur-
rency is stable; you know where you are with prices." The
suffering and misery of the inflation days are still burnt
into their memories. Now they can plan, can look ahead,
can know that they themselves and their dear ones can
be sure of all their daily needs-food, clothes, housing.
The nightmare days when prices soared, literally every
hour, and nobody was sure whether the money in his hands
would provide the next day's food for his family have gone
for ever. Every man and woman in Peking feels the ex-
traordinary contrast of today's peaceful life-with its
feeling of security-with the endless torments of the past.
Ever since liberation incomes have been rising steadily.
Wages have nearly doubled. Besides this, workers in fac-
tories and mines are entitled to benefits under the Labour
Insurance Regulations, and all who work in government
offices get free medical treatment and other amenities pro-
vided by the management or their trade unions.
Typical are the workers at the Shihchingshan Iron and
Steel Works-west of the city. Their wages have gone
up, so that they can now live comfortably and put a bit
by each month, whereas before they were always on the
verge of starvation. They are buying things they never
thought to own before-wireless sets, bicycles, and so on.
By 1955, the plant has spent over seven million Yuan on
houses for its workers. Most of them have already moved
into sunny new homes, thankful to get away for ever from
the old shacks which barely sheltered them from wind and
rain. There is a little song, a popular hit in China, which
might have been written for this plant:
"lit the bad old days whenever it rained,
Our houses were flooded right out;
But now that we're living in proper new homes,
We've got something worth singing about."
The People's Government attaches great importance
to the welfare of the working people. The Labour In-
surance Regulations lay it down that it is the manage-
ment's responsibility to cope with all difficulties aris-
ing from injury, whether sustained at work or not,
disablement, illness, birth, old age, death, etc., and give
proper help. Women are specially looked after. Before
liberation women workers dreaded pregnancy. They
were lucky if they were not promptly sacked. If they
were not, they had to return to work within a few
days of having the baby. Now maternity cases get 56
days' leave on full pay, and expectant mothers on tiring
jobs are transferred to lighter work, without loss of pay,
in or before the sixth month of pregnancy. Most factories,
mines and other enterprises have their own nurseries and
kindergartens, and-nursing rooms for mothers who are
breast-feeding, for which they have time off, syithout loss
of pay, in working hours. .
Sanatoria and rest-homes for Peking workers have
been enlarged, and new ones made available. By the end
of 1955 there were 114 with 2,578 beds, run by the fac-
tories, mines, municipal offices and building enterprises in
Peking. Every year more and more model or advanced
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workers are sent to recuperate in specially equipped pavil-
ions and bungalows in. the Summer Palace, a former im-
perial summer resort, at Peitaiho, a famous seaside resort,
or other holiday resorts.
Besides such regular sanatoria and rest-homes, some
factories and mines also run over-night sanatoria. The
Changhsintien Railway Repair Works Sanatorium, for in-
stance, is run for workers whose health is, in general, good
but who may suffer from chronic complaints, such as in-
testinal troubles, neurasthenia, and so on. They can work
normally during the day, but really need extra care. They
go back at night to the sanatorium, where they get suit-
able treatment and special diet, and are looked after by
doctors and nurses. Save for a small deduction for food,
all expenses are borne by the factory. About 1,600
w,orkers at the Repair Works benefited from this between
July 1951 and December 1955. Many regained full health
and put on weight, and returned to an ordinary life, happy
and full of vigour.
These striking changes in the standard of living are
not confined to city workers only. The peasants around
Peking, as everywhere, are able to look ahead and live
better now, and the farming co-operatives have their own
welfare funds. Gone for ever are the days when the
money-lender took all that the landlord and taxes left.
Take the Laikuangying Agricultural Producers' Co-
operative on the eastern outskirts for example. Since the
co-op was set up in 1953, the individual income of its mem-
bers has steadily risen. They find themselves better off
every year. Nobody goes in rags today. In winter, young
and old, men, women and children all have warm cotton-
padded clothes and firing. In the retail co-ops, gay new
cotton prints, sweets, fruit, rice, white flour-all things
which the average poor peasant never before held in his
hands-find a ready sale. In fact, there is barely enough
of them, so great is the demand, and so increased the pur-
chasing power. In the first half of 1955, the local co-op
store was selling as many goods in a month as it did in
a year before. And now ?brick houses are rising in the
villages. How many peasants in the old days even dreamt
of having a brick house?
Nor is there only material- improvement. Co-op mem-
bers enjoy an increasingly rich cultural life. This same
co-op now has a regular primary school, and has a second-
ary school within easy reach. Three hundred and ninety'-
six children go to primary school and there are 58 secondary
school students, where before there were only 20. Two
hundred and twenty adults, men and women who were
never able to go to school in their' youth, are now going
to adult schools. The co-op has a cultural centre stocked
with over a thousand books and all the newspapers and
journals you could want. It has its own. newspaper read-
ing groups, runs picture exhibitions, and has'its own wall
newspapers and a mimeographed periodical.
Before liberation the dreadful life in the poorer areas
in the city = in places like Dragon Beard Ditch which we
mention in Chapter IV-is almost impossible to describe.
It is so close-only seven years ago - that all but small
children remember it: The small tradesmen, the black-
smiths, barrel-makers, dyers, grass-hat plaiters, sock-
makers, sewing women and other handicraftsmen all plied
their trades out here. They lived huddled together and
struggled for a living. The Kuomintang's heavy levies and
the extortions of soldiers, policemen and local gangsters
pressed so hard on the people that there was a steady
stream forced into absolute penury. Finally they used to
sell their tools and became rickshaw men or hauliers-any-
thing they could get. All too many were reduced to beg-
ging. Now such conditions are no more. Houses have been
provided at controlled rents, with cheap electricity and
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2. AFTER WORKING HOURS
Side by side with the rise in living standards goes a
richer cultural and recreational life. This has been part
and parcel of the new life after liberation. Much was in-
digenous and traditional. The famous Peking Opera, of
course, but also Shaohsing Opera, Ping Chu Opera, and
other local operas.. Acrobatics, tumblers, puppets, street
players-Peking was always rich in them, though they,
too, had suffered, and some forms nearly died out. Now
they have new theatres, the arts are encouraged, and they
mirror the old and the new, as they always did.
There is a puppet theatre, built for children, but en-
joyed also by adults. The old puppet players, their props
hanging from two baskets on a bamboo pole, still give per-
formances in the markets and hutung, but they also play
in the puppet theatre.
Theatres and cinemas are doing a roaring trade. The
"House Full" lights seem always to be up. Peking's
special contribution to the theatre, Peking Opera, is now
world famous, and in great demand everywhere. It was
originally one of the many forms of folk opera. It in-
cludes many popular aspects of Chinese folk drama -
acrobatics and tumbling, folk songs, folk tales, ballad sing-
ers' stories - and has absorbed many distinctive forms
and features from all over the place. It was a peasant art,
and was introduced to Peking in the middle of the eight-
eenth century, where it caught the fancy of the emper-
or's family and court circle. Later it came to be called
Peking Opera.
Peking Opera, in brief, is a synthesis of folk theatre.
It is highly stylized, from the music, with its traditional
instruments, the Chinese two-stringed fiddle, cymbals and
tympani, and the speech, the seemingly miraculous tum-
119
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piped water. The handicraftsmen have got together into
co-ops. Patched clothes are a rarity. For generations the
children grew up in rags and spent most of their childhood
among the rubbish heaps, looking for bits of coal, usable
cinders, rags, and odds and ends of vegetables. They had
to, if their families were to live at all. The discovery of a
bent tin was often the cause of a fight. Today, when you
see the children tumbling out of school, healthy and happy,
going home to do their homework, no longer little old men
and women before their time, when you see the chubby
toddlers out in the sun with their grandpas and grannies,
peaceful and serene, you can only remember with grief the
little tramps in the streets who used to go hungry for
days on end.
The increase in general purchasing power in Peking
hits you in the eye. Under the Kuomintang except for a
few shops dealing in luxuries ana catering for the rich
only, the ordinary small "man and wife" shops were
always on the verge of bankruptcy, even in famous shop-
ping centres like those around Chien Men and in Wang Fu
Ching Street. But today it is a different picture. The
shops and book stores are thronged with customers, and
on Sundays and holidays you can hardly move. Before
the big holidays shops of all kinds stay open late, and the
supply of goods still cannot keep pace with demand. In
the first month after the new department store was opened
in Wang Fu Ching Street, two million, customers bought
over five million yuan worth of goods.
There were many unemployed in Peking before libera-
tion, but the figure is going down rapidly. By the end of
1955, the Peking People's Council had found work for over
.60,000 unemployed, and another 50,000 had found work
themselves. As industrialization gets under way, un-
employment will be wiped out.
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bling and acrobatics, to the convention of movement, place
and emotion. All is clone with consummate skill.
Peking Opera is booming. Mei Lan-fang, who has been
on the stage for fifty years, is the most famous actor-
renowned for his actbig of feminine roles. There are other
first-rate Peking Opera actors and actresses, perhaps just
as versatile though not as popular, in the capital and all
performances are packed with highly critical audiences.
Peking audiences see the premieres of many plays put
on in China. Playwrights and theatre companies like their
plays to be shown in the capital - the galaxy of critics and
writers who live in Peking help them to do their best, and
also help them, by criticism, to perfect their works. Many
modern plays have won success-Dragon Beard Ditch,
The Long March, The Test, On the Komincr Steppes, and
the popular play for children, Ma Lan Hua, to mention only
a few. And famous foreign works from the Soviet Union
and other countries, like The Inspector-General, Uncle
Vanya, Julius Fucik and How the Steel Was Tempered
have been performed in Chinese, and met with a great re-
ception in Peking.
It is not only Peking Opera or modern drama, however,
which is shown in Peking. The national festivals of music,
drama, folk arts of the theatre, all take place here. The
best artists of all China, the workers' amateur troupes,
the minorities' representatives are all to be seen.
There have been wonderful performances by folk
artists-the Lion Dance, Donkey Dance, Drum Dance, Tea
Pickers and the Butterfly, and so on, warmly welcomed by
the audiences.
With every encouragement from the government and
the trade unions, amateur art is forging ahead. Many
factories, mines and government officers have their own
amateur dramatic and choral societies. The Classical
Song and Dance Group of the Changhsintien Railway Re-
pair Works, for instance, is doing very well, and has put on
Peking Opera with great success. In an Amateur Music
and Dance Festival held here, Peking was able to see the
performances of other amateur groups.
Peking audiences have a good chance of seeing the first
performances in China of visiting cultural delegations and
artists from many countries. Swan Lake and Eugene
Onegin by the Moscow State Arts Theatre Company (the
famous Stanislavsky-Danchenko Theatre) left a deep im-
pression on the Peking audience. Performances from art-
ists of sixteen nations have been seen here, from the Soviet
Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic
Republic, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, Albania, Yugo-
slavia, the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, the Demo-
cratic Republic of Vietnam Mon( olio India. B
_ T__
urm
"-?" ~?i~a.+? uueit wonueriui performances, besides
being first-class entertainment, help the Chinese to under-
stand more about other countries.
Sports and athletics are today nationally popular.
Workers and peasants-who in the past never had a
chance of such enjoyment-are now eagerly taking part.
In this, too, Peking leads the way -its teams usually win
in the inter-city and inter-organizational matches. There
are many public facilities for games-swimming pools,
stadiums, gymnasiums, skating rinks - over and above
those provided by individual organizations for their em-
ployees. Nearly all organizations provide facilities for
basketball, net-ball, badminton, and other games from
their welfare and trade union funds. Records are con-
stantly being broken. This is because of the facilities pro-
vided for workers and peasants, who formerly had no
chance at all to show their mettle and whose skill was un-
known.
Besides this there are the "unorganized" open-air en-
joyments - swimming in the new swimming pools and in
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the lake at the Summer Palace - and boating in the lakes.
These are summer amusements. In the winter there are
skating rinks on the frozen lakes. The parks are crowded
on holidays and in the summer evenings, and the children's
playgrounds ring with laughter all through the summer
holidays. The big new gymnasiums are packed for the na-
tional meetings. The largest of these so far were the
Athletic, Meeting of the Chinese People's Liberation Army
in 1952 and the National Track and Field, Gymnastics and
Cycling Meeting in 1953, but the international 'friendly
contests are equally popular. Peking has welcomed visit-
ing athletes and gymnasts from many countries - the
Soviet Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, the German Demo-
cratic Republic, Hungary, Rumania, Bulgaria, the Demo-
cratic People's Republic of Korea, the Democratic Re-
public of Vietnam, Mongolia, India and Burma.
There is another traditional folk art which is well rep-
resented in Peking-the jugglers, acrobats, Chinese
boxers and wrestlers, and weight lifters. Before libera-
tion they led a precarious life in the quarter of Peking that
specializes in these arts - Tien Chiao, between Chien Men
and the Temple of Agriculture. These Tien Chiao artists
are famous throughout China - and now are famous
abroad. They played to packed houses everywhere when
they went on tour abroad.
As we have mentioned elsewhere, there are always ex-
hibitions of one kind ti or another in Peking - drama, folk
art, fine arts, puppet* theatre, shadow theatre, recent anti-
quarian finds, ancient printed books, the Tunhuang murals,
and so on. The Soviet Union, the People's Democracies in
Eastern Europe and Asia, India and Indonesia have also
presented exhibitions in Peking, the largest being the
Economic. and Cultural Achievements of the Soviet Union,
and Ten Years of Socialist Construction in Czechoslovakia.
Both these were held in the Soviet Exhibition Centre.
Amidst the new life, the old loves flourish. Peking's
citizens have a connoisseur's eye for landscape-gardening,
trees and flowers and goldfish. For countless years,
Fengtai, a railway junction south of Peking city, has been
known as the garden of Peking. All the parks and gardens
are full of flowers in their seasons, and in Chungshan Park
in the greenhouses, out of season as well. From the lilac
and peonies, the wistaria of spring, through the gay flow-
ers of summer to the chrysanthemums of autumn, flowers
are grown and admired. Very few houses, even the small-
est, have no flowers, if only in a flowerpot on the pave-
ment. The autumn chrysanthemum shows in Chungshan
and Peihai Parks are a magnificent sight. The skill of the
gardeners is only matched by the beauty of the flowers
and the names of the varieties. Thousands queue to see
and buy these chrysanthemums. And nearly all the parks
have a "garden" of goldfish.
On Sundays and holidays citizens can go further afield
- beyond the Summer Palace to the Western Hills, to the,
Great Wall, or to the Ming Tombs. Peking abounds in
places of beauty, now freely open to its people.
There is a saying: "Once you live in Peking, you can-
not leave it. If you do leave, you cannot forget it."
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INDEX
All-China Buddhist Association G2
Altar
Circular Mound - 51, 57
- of Land and Grain 37, 51, 53
Pray-for-Grain - 57
An Ting Men, see Gate (Men)
Ancestral Temple, see Temple
Arts and Crafts Shop 44
Asbury Methodist Church 65, Map
p. 40
Bell Tower 35, 36, 38, Map p. 40
"Boxer," see Yi Ho Tuan
"Boxer" Protocol 31
Bridge
- of Heaven 46, 83, 87, Map
p. 40
Green Dragon-69, Map p. 40
Golden Turtle and Jade Rainbow
43
Marco Polo -16, 29, 69, Map
p. 40, Illustrations
Red- 83
Seventeen Arch - 60
Capital Theatre 87, Illustration
Cathedral Church of Our Saviour
65, Map p. 40
Catholic Cathedral 43, 64, Map
p. 40, Illustration
Chan Tien-yu 69
Changho River, see River
Changhsintien Railway Repair
Works 84, 116, 120
Central Institute for Nationalities
93, 96
Chi Hsiang Theatre 44
Chi Shui Tan, see Water
Reservoir
Chi Nien Tien, see Hall, Prayer
for Good Harvests
Chiao Tai Tien, see Palace, Heav-
enly and Earthly Intercourse
Chiayukuan Pass 68
Chien Ching Kung, see Palace,
Heavenly Purity
Chien Men, see Gate (Men)
Chien Men Street 45, 46
Chih Hui Hai, see Temple, Sea of
Wisdom
Chin, State of, 25, 26
Chin Ao Yu Tung, see Bridge,
Golden Turtle and Jade Rain-
bow
Chin dynasty, see Dynasty
Ching dynasty, see Dynasty,
Manchu
Ching Shan, see Park, Coal Hill
Ching Tai blue, see cloisonne
Chinese Academy of Sciences 12,
43, 90, 93
Chinese Association for the Pop-
ularization of Scientific and
Technical Knowledge 90
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Chinese Communist Party 31, 32,
Dagoba 43, 110
Foreign Languages Press 91
Genghis Khan 26
3.3, 34, 44, 72, 104
White-54, Map p. 40
Forbidden City 34, 35, 38, 43, 53,
Goldfish 53
Chinese Federation of Scientific
December the -Ninth Movement
54
Goldfish Pond 76, Map p. 40
Societies 90
32, 41
Fu Hsiang Ko, see Pavilion,
,
Illustrations
Chinese Federation of Writers
Democratic Square 43
Fragrance of God
Golden Stream 36
and Artists 90
Department Store 44, 87, Illus-
Fu Cheng Men, see Gate (Men)
Golden Tartars 18, 25, 26, 37
54
Chinese Historical Society 90
tration
Fu Hsing Men, see Gate (Men)
,
,
66, 69 '
Chinese Philosophical Society 90
Dragon Pool Park, see Park
Golden Turtle and Jade Rainbow,
Chinese People's Institute of For-
Dragon Beard Ditch, 75, 76, 81,
Gate (Men)
see Bridge
eign Affairs 90
117, Map p. 40, Illustrations
An Ting-36, Map p. 40
Grand Canal 19
26
76
Chingho Woollen Mill 102
Drum Tower 35, 36, 38, Map
Chien- 22, 33, 35, 36, 38, 42, 45,
,
,
Great North China Plain 14, 15
Chinghsi (Western Peking) min-
p. 40
87, 110, 112, 118, 122, Map p. 40
Great Wall 27, 68, 69, 123, Illus-
ing district 102
Dynasty
Chung Hua-35, 36
tration
Ching Lung Chiao, see Bridge,
Chin - 68
Chung Wen-65, 113, Map p. 40
Greater Hsingan Ranges 15
Green Dragon
Ching-, see Manchu-
Fu Cheng-43, Maps p. 40
"Gulf of Peking" 15
Chou Garden 67, Map p. 40
Han - 24
Fu Hsing-82, Maps p. 40
Gulf of Pohai 14, 68, Map p. 14
Choukoutien 24, Illustration
Manchu -17, 27, 39, 66, 79, 82,
Hsi Chih-58, 61, 82, 93, Maps
Guozi Shudian, see International
Chu Shili Kou Street 45, Map
98, 109, 113
p. 40
Bookshop
p. 40
Ming -11, 26, 27, 37, 38, 53, 54,
Hsi Hua-48
Chuan Chu Teh (roast duck res-
67, 68, 69, 70, 76, 98, 112
Hsin Hua-42, Map p. 40
Han
taurant) 45
Mongol -, see Yuan-
Hsuan Wu-65
Hall
Chung Hua Men, see Gate (Men)
Southern and Northern-s 98
Kuang An-69, Maps p. 40
Aged Sovereign 56
Chung Hua Sh
K
i
Sung - 25, 98
Shen Wu-36, 48
Benevolence
d L
i
eng
ung Hu
, see
Cathedral Church of Our
Southern - - 98
Teh Sheng-36, 66, 82, 93, Maps
an
ongev
ty 59
Complete Harmony 49
Saviour
Sui - 98
p. 40
Delight in Longevity 59
Chu
' H
Ti
Tang - 25, 37, 98
Ti An-35, 36, Map p. 40
Five Hundred Arh
t
67
ng
o
en, see Hall, Com-
plete Harmony
Yuan - 11, 26, 37, 54, 67
Tuan-35
a
s
International Friendship 50
Ch
h
i
l
Tung Chih-63, Map p. 40
Prayer for Good Harvests 51
56
ung
a
(
ake) 37, 43, Map
p. 40
East Changan Boulevard 45, Map
Tung Hua-48
,
,
57, 58
Chungshan Park, see park
p. 40, Illustrations
Wu-35, 36, 48, 50 ?
Preserving Harmony 49
Chungtu 25
26
37
East Straight Gate, see Gate
Yung Ting-35, 36, 46, Map
Supreme Harmony 36, 47, 49
,
,
(Men), Tung Chih Men
p. 40
Virtuous Harmon
59
Chuyungkuan Pass 68, 69, Map
p.40
Echo Wall 57
Gate of Godly Prowess, see Gate
y
Wheel of Life 63
(Men), Shen TVu Men
Worship 52
Circular Mound Altar, see Altar
Fa Lun Tien
see Hall
Wheel of
Gate of Heavenly Peace, see Tien
Heavenly Age Hill 68
Cloisonne 112-113, Illustration
,
,
Life
An Men
Historical Museum 49
Coal Hill 36, 38, 43, 51, also
Fengtai 22
123
Garden, Chi Chang 60
Hotels and Hostels 86
see Park
,
Fengtai Bridge Engineering
Garden of Harmonious Interest
,
tion
Congregational Church 65, Map
Works 84
60
B ospital
p. 40, Illustration
Garden
f T
Th
Fengtai-Shacheng Railway 22
99
o
en
ousand Lives
Central Seventh-85
Court of Purple.Bamboo, see Park
,
Fragrance Hill 66, 67, Map p. 40
61
Children's-85, Illustration
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Moslem-85
Peking-85
Peking First and Fourth-s 85
Soviet Red Cross-85
Tuberculosis-85
Tungjen Municipal-85
Hsi An Men Street 64
Hsi Chih Men, see Gate (Men)
Hsi Hua Men, see Gate (Men)
Hsi Huang Sze, see Temple, West
Yellow
Hsiang Shan, see Fragrance Hill
Hsieh Chu Yuan, see Garden of
Harmonious Interest
Hsien Yu Kou Lane 45, Map
p. 40
Hsin Hua Men, see Gate (Men)
Hsinhua Books' 44
Hsishihku Lane 64
Huan Chiu Tan, see Altar, Cir-
cular Mound
Huang Chiu Yu, see Imperial
Vault of Heaven
Hung Lou, see Red Building
Huei Ying Lou, see Tower of
Portraits
hutung (lane) 82, 83, 119
Imperial City 34, 35, 36, 39, 54
Imperial Garden 49
Imperial Library of Chien Lung
98
Imperial Palaces 12, 43, 47, 48,
49, 53, 92, Map p. 40, Illus-
trations
Imperial Vault of Heaven 56, 5-,
Inner City 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 42,
45, 55, 62, 65, 66, 78, 79
Inner Court 35, 48, 49
Inner Mongolian Autonomous
Region 22, 23
Inner Mongolian Grasslands 14
International Bookshop 44
Ivory Carving 110-111, Illustra_
tion
Jade Buddha 54
Jade Carving 111-112, Illustra.
tion
Jade Spring 18, 19
Jade Spring Hill 15, 18, 58, 66,
Map p. 40, Illustration
Jon Shou Tien, see Hall, Benevo-
lence and Longevity
Joyous Pavilion, see Pavilion
Joyous Pavilion Park, see Park
Jui Fu Hsiang 45
Jung Pao Chai, see Studio of
Glorious Treasure
kang (brick-built bed) ?6
Khitans 25
Kuanting Reservoir 17, 18, 21, 22,
99, Map p. 40, Illustration
Kublai Khan 26
Kunming Lake 18, 19, 77
Kuang Chi Sze, see Temple,
Broad Charity
Kuomintang 11, 29, 31, 32, 33, 34,
50, 101, 102, 117, 118
Lang Fang Tou Tiao Lane 45
Lao Sheh 80, 81
Lake of Ten Monasteries 38, 76,
77, 78, 81, Map p. 40
"Legation Quarter" 28, 29, 30, 45
Li Ta-chao 31, 43, 44, 95
Li Tse-cheng 27, 56
Liao 25
Liaotung 25
Liaotung Peninsula 14, Map
p. 14
Liu Li Chang (street) 45, Map
p. 40
Liu Li Ta, see Pagoda, Glazed
Lo Shou Tang, see Hall, Delight
in Longevity
Longevity Hill 15, 58, 66
Lukouchiao, see Bridge, Marco
Polo
Lu Hsun 31, 43, 95
Dlaitrcya, Buddha of Resurrec-
tion 63
Machine and Tractor Station 109
Manchu
-capital 27
--emperor 16, 54, 111
-Empire 28
-regime 11
-rule 29, 30, 111
-rulers 28
Manchu dynasty, see Dynasty
Mao Tse-tung (Chairman Mao)
31, 40, 41, 42, 44, 47, 61, 95
Marble Boat 69
March the Eighteenth Movement
41
Marco Polo 26, 70
Marco Polo Bridge, see Bridge
May the Fourth Movement 30, 34,
41, Illustration
Mei Lan-fang, 120
Mei Shan, see Park, Coal Hill
Mentoukou 22, 82
Meridian Gate, see Wu Men under
Gate (Men)
Methodist Church, see Asbury
Miao Kao Ta, see Pagoda, Won-
derfully High
Ming 27, 37, 38, 39, 52, 56
Ming 'dynasty, see Dynasty
Ming Tombs 68, 123, Map p. 40
Monument to the People's Heroes
40
Mongol dynasty, see Dynasty
Mongols 26, 27, 37, 62
Mosque 64, Map p. ' 40, Illustra-
tion
Nanhai (lake) 43, Map p. 40
Nankou Pass 69, Map p. 40
National Library 43, 65, 92, 97,
99, 100, Map p. 40, Illustra-
tions
Newspapers 91
Niu Chieh, see Ox Street
North Cathedral, see Catholic
Cathedral
North China Structural Metal
Works 102
Nuchens, see Golden Tartars
Old Summer Palace 27, 28, 66
Outer City 27, 29, 34, 35, 36, 37,
42, 46, 48, 51, 64, 66, 69, 75,
78, 87, 88, 113
Outer Court 49
Ox Street 64, Map p. 40
Pagoda
Awl-67
Five Pagoda Temple-66, Illus-
tration
Glazed-67
Jade Peak-67
Temple of Azure Clouds-66
Temple of Heavenly Tranquil-
lity-66
West Yellow Temple-66, Illus-
tration
Wonderfully High-67
Pai Yun Tien, see Palace That
Towers into the Clouds
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 a
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_pailou (arch or archway) 79
Hsi Sze-62
Palace Museum 49, 60, 92
Palace
Earthly Tranquillity 49
Heavenly and Earthly Inter-
course 49
Heavenly Purity 49
That Towers into the Clouds 59
Pao Ho Tien, see Hall, Preserv-
ing Harmony
Pataling Hills 68, Map p. 40
Parks and Pleasure Grounds
Chungshan Park 35, 51, 53, 123,
Map p. 40, Illustration
Coal Hill Park 35, 43, 55, 56,
Map p. 40
Dragon Pool Park 51, Map
p. 40
Joyous Pavilion Park 51, 78, 88,
Map p. 40, Illustrations
Peihai Park 12, 43, 51, 54, 78,
123, Illustration
Court of Purple Bamboo 79, Map
p. 40
Lake of Ten Monasteries, see
'Lake of Ten Monasteries
Summer Palace, see Summer
Palace
Temple of Heaven 12, 35, 36, 46,
51, 56, 58, 75, Map p. 40, Illus-
trations
Zoo, see Peking Zoo
Pavilion
Embowered with Pines and
Cypresses 52
Eternal Health 63
Eternal Spring 36
Fragrance of God 58
Joyous 78, see also Park
Lasting Tranquillity 63
Orchid 52
Throwing Arrows into the Pot
52
Water 52, 53, Illustration
Pei Tang, see Catholic Cathedral
Peihai (lake) 37, 43, 54, see also
Park, Map p. 40, Illustration
-Ivory Carving 110
Peiping 26, 27, 29, 37
Peitaiho 116
Peking Agricultural Machinery
Plant 84, 102, Illustration
Peking Children's Palace 56
Peking Cotton Mills (Nos. 1, 2
& 3) 84, 102, Illustrations
Peking Duck 108, Illustration
Peking Gymnasium 87, Illustra-
tion
Peking Ivory Carvers' Co-opera-
tives 110
Peking Man 24, Illustration
Peking Machine-Tool School 97
Peking No. 1 Machine-Tool
Works 97,101
Peking No. 1 Motor Accessory
Works 102
Peking Municipal Library 92
Peking Municipal People's Gov-
ernment 71-75
Peking Municipal Sanatorium 85
Peking Normal University 93
Peking Opera 119-120, Illustra-
tion
Peking Planetarium 88
Peking School of Electricity 97
Peking School of Iron and Steel
Technology 85, 97
Peking University 43, 93, 95, 96
Peking Zoo 61, 79, 87, Map p. 40,
Illustration
Period of Three Kingdoms 18, 26
Periodicals 91
People's Congress 52, 71, 73, 74
People's Publishing House 91
People's Representative Confer-
ence 71, 72, 73
People's Stadium 46
People's Theatre 87
Pioneer Club 55
Political Science and Law Asso-
ciation of China 90
Plays and Performances 120-121
Red Building 43, 44, Map
p. 40
Red Star Collective Farm 107,
Illustration
Revolution of 1911 11, 28, 31
River
-Changho 18, 77, 79
-Peiho 19
-Yungting 16, 17, 18, 19, 69, 77,
Map p. 40, Illustration
Round City 43, 54, Map p. 40
Sanatorium for Asian Students
85, Illustration
Sanatoria for Workers 115, Illus-
tration
Sanchiatien 18
Shanhaikuan 22, 68
Shantung 30
Shantung Peninsula 14, Map
p. 14
Sheep Market Street, 62
Shen Wu Men, see Gate (Men)
Shihchahai, see Lake of Ten
Monasteries
Shihchingshan 82, Map p. 40
Shihchingshan Iron and Steel
Works 97, 102, 114, Illustra-
tion
Shou Huang Tien,, see Hall, Aged
Sovereign
Soviet Exhibition Centre 87, 88,
Map p. 40, Illustration
Studio of Glorious Treasure 45
Summer Palace 12, 18, 19, 51, 53,
59, 61, 66, 77, 78, 79,, 82, 83,
116, 122, 123, Map p. 40, Illus-
trations
Sung dynasty, see Dynasty
Swimming Pool 77, 88
Ta Chung Sze, see Temple, Great
Bell
Ta Shan Lan (lane) 45, Map
p. 40
Tai Ho Tien, see Hall, Supreme'
Harmony
Tai Chi Chang (lane near Tung
Chiao Min Hsiang) 45
Tang dynasty, see Dynasty
Tangku 14, Map p. 14
Tang Hua Wu 52, 53
Taojanting, see Pavilion, Joyous
Tatu 26, 37, 38, 54, 66
Teli Ho Yuan, see Hall, Virtuous
Harmony
Teh Sheng Men, see Gate (Men)
Temple
Agriculture 35, 36, 46, 78, 122,
Map p. 40
Ancestral 37, 46
Azure Clouds 66, 67, Map p. 40,
Illustrations
Broad Charity 62, Map p. 40,
Illustration
Five Pagoda 66, Map p. 40
General Teaching 63, Map p. 40
Great Bell 66, Map p. 40
Heaven, see Parks and Pleasure
Grounds
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i ?l
Heavenly Tranquillity 66, Map
p. 40
Lama, see Yung Ho Kung
Sea of Wisdom 59
Sleeping Buddha 67, Map p. 40
West Yellow 66, Map. p. 40
Ti An Men, see Gate (Men)
Tien An Men 16, 30, 31, 35, 36,
39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 51, 52, Map
p. 40, Illustrations
Tien An Men Square 35, 40, 41,
42
Tien Chiao, see Bridge of Heaven
Tien Chiao artists 122
Tien Chiao Theatre 46
Tien Ning Sze, see Temple,
Heavenly Tranquillity
Tien Shou Shan, see Heavenly
Age Hill
Tien Tan, see Parks and Pleasure
Grounds, Temple of Heaven
"Tiger's Tail" 43
Throne Halls 35, 48, 49
Tower of Portraits 53
Tower of Ten Thousand Buddhas
63
Tou Hu Ting, see Pavilion for
Throwing Arrows into the Pot
"Triple-Sound-of-Voice Stone" 57
Tse Chu Yuan, see Parks and
Pleasure Grounds, Court of
Purple Bamboo
Tsing Hua University 84, 93, 96
Tunhuang murals 122
Tung An Bazaar 44, Map p. 40
Tung An Men Street 44, Map
p. 40
Tung Chiao Min Hsiang (street)
45, Map p. 40
Tung Chiao Sze, see Temple,
General Teaching
Tung Jen Tang 45
Tung Hua Men, see Gate (Men)
Tung Lai Shun (the "instant
boiled mutton" restaurant) 44
Tunghui Canal 19, 26
Universities, Colleges and Insti-
tutes 93-94, Illustrations
Upper Cave Man 24
Wan Chung Ting, see Pavilion,
Eternal Spring
Wan Fu Lou, see Tower of Ten
Thousand Buddhas
Wan Shou Shan, see Longevity
Hill
Wang Fu Ching Street 44, 45,
87, 118, Map p. 40
Wangfu Avenue 87
Water Reservoir 76
Wen Yuan Ko Library 98
West Straight Gate, see Gate
(Men), Hsi Chih Men
Western Hills 12, 15, 16, 33, 58,
60, G7, 77, 89, 123, Map p. 40,
Illustration
Western Outskirts State Farm
108, Illustrations
White Dagoba, see Dagoba
Working People's Palace of Cul-
ture 35, 46, 47, Map p. 40,
Illustrations
Wu Men, see Gate (Men)
Wu Ta Sze, see Temple, Five
Pagoda
Yang Shih-hui 110, 111
Yang Shih Ta Chieh, see Sheep
Market Street
Yen 24, 25
Yen Sui Ko, see Pavilion, Lasting
Tranquillity
Yenching 25
Yenshans 15, 16
Yenshan Mountains 15
Yenshan Range 16, 69
Yi Ho Tuan (Boxers) 28, 30
Yi Ho Yuan, see Summer Palace
Yu Chuan Shan, see Jade Spring
Hill
Yu Feng Ta, see Pagoda, Jade
Peak
Yuan dynasty, see Dynasty
Yuan Ming Yuan, see Old Sum-
mer Palace
Yuchou 25
Yung Ho Kung 62, 63, Map p. 40,
Illustration
Yung Kang Ko, see Pavilion,
Eternal Health
Yung Lo Encyclopaedia 98
Yung Ting Men, see Gate (Men)
Yung Ting Men Street 46
Yungting River, see River
Zoo, see Peking Zoo
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
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WATER CONSERVANCY IN
NEW CHINA
COMPILED BY
THE MINISTRY OF WATER CONSERVANCY
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
74 A 6k 1 4 x A ii
THE PEOPLE'S ART PUBLISHING HOUSE
SHANGHAI, CHINA
1956
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pout-saT orM' ummmi8ID
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WATER CONSERVANCY ACHIEVEMENTS IN NEW CHINA
Our country stretches over various geographical regions, the major part being
situated in the temperate and subtropical zones. It possesses fertile lands and plentiful
products, and is traversed by numerous rivers with abundant water resources. Among the
river basins, particularly those of the Yangtze, the Yellow, the Huai, the Pearl and the Sungari
are the centres of our country's cultural and economical development.
Our people have a long history in the development and utilization of water resources.
For centuries, however, under feudalistic rules, especially under the combined oppression of
imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat'i'c capitalism during the Kuomintang reactionary
regime, the national economy was badly shattered, what had been achieved in water con-
servancy was ruined owing to long years of negligence, and in consequence disastrous floods
and droughts occurred frequently.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the Chinese Communist Party
and the People's Government have paid much attention to water conservancy. During the
period of national economic recovery and the period of socialist industrialization, the main
tasks of water conservancy are to alleviate the disasters of flood and drought to insure a
steady increase of agricultural production, and to promote the development of industry and
river navigation. According to incomplete statistical figures up to June of 1955, more than
4,200 million cub._ m. of earthwork were done, 32 million cub. m. of masonry laid and
1,140,000 cub. m. of concrete placed. These great achievements have helped effectively in
the diminution of-flood and drought. damages, played an important role in. the increase of
agricultural production, and laid a firm foundation for the further development of water
conservancy.
Among our river projects now being carried on, that of the Huai River is the largest
in scale and extent, with 5 reservoirs and 15 flood detention basins already completed and
2 additional 'reservoirs under construction. In the.middle reaches of the Huai River, a flood
control regulator has been constructed at Jenhochi. In the lower reaches, the Sanho Regulator
has been constructed, and a main irrigation canal has been dug, in the northern part of
Kiangsu Province from the Hungtze Lake to the Yellow Sea. Besides, dikes have been con-
structed along the main water course and the tributaries, channels have been dredged, and
the land drainage works are being under way.
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On the Yellow River, a great plan for the permanent control and unified development
of the Yellow River has been prepared with the aid of Soviet experts, and has been ap-
proved by the Second Session of the First National People's Congress. Alongside of
preparing for a valley development project 130 million cub. m. of earthwork have been
done on the 1,800 km. dike system. Besides, flood detention basins have been constructed
to cope with floods of 1933 magnitude. For the development of irrigation, People's Victory
Canal has been built.
On the Yangtze River, in addition to the strengthening of all (likes, a ,huge Chinkiang
Flood Diversion Basin has been built on its middle reaches.
In the Hai River system, the Kuanting Reservoir has been completed on the Yung-
ting River, some channel improvement has been made on the Taching and Tzeya rivers,
and a flood escape channel leading to the sea has been constructed.
Together with river development projects, farm irrigation works have been carried on
extensively in the vast plains and hilly regions. Among them, millions of canals, ponds, wells
and pumping stations have been constructed, which serve a newly added irrigated area of
over 83,000,000 morr
The severe floods of 1954 proved the effectiveness of these works, notably those of
Huai River and Chinkiang, all of which functioned satisfactorily according to plan, and
protected many cities and vast farms from inundation and ensured the normal operation
of the important railroads.
The above-mentioned are but the great beginning of the water conservancy construc-
tions in new China. With the victorious progress of our socialist construction, water
conservancy has been given a broad future for development. The agricultural mutual-aid co-
operative movement have given more strength to the farmers, enabling them to carry out a
wide variety of farm irrigation works. Under the leadership of the Chinese Communist
Party and the People's Government, we are pursuing a policy according to which both
water and land resources are to be systematically exploited and emergency and long-range
measures are to be fully co-ordinated, to diminish flood and drought damages, and to
develop step by step the water resources of the large rivers-the Yellow River, the Yangtze
River, the Huai River, and the Pearl River-to push our industry and agriculture forward.
`A moo equals one-sixth of an acre.
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 THE REGULATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE
HAI RIVER SYSTEM
The Yungting River of the Hai River system is also a river in China which
hich is being
and developed.
This river, known as the "Little Yellow River", has its sources on
the southern slope
of the Mongolian plateau and the hilly region of northern
Shansi, with a total length of 585
km. and a drainage area about 48,500 sq. km. Emperors
of the Ching (Manchu) dynast
had rebuilt some of the dikes and changed its original "Never-resting ~~ pal name the "Wuting River" the (literally
River) into its present name "Yungting River" (literally die "Ever-rest-
ing River"). This obstinate river, however, did not obey the imperial order to become
resting for ever, but kept on inundating an area from 300 to 2,000 sq. km. In 1917 and
again in 1939, flood water of the Yungting and Taching rivers s invaded the city of Tientsin,
interrupted the railway communication between Peking and Tientsin and badly silted u the
Hai River navigation channel. p
The regulation and development of the Yungting ng River will proceed along these lines.
On the one hand, soil conservation measures are to be carried out in the mountainous and
loess-deposit regions along the upper reaches of the river to improve the local conditions and to reduce the production
th amount of silt carried down the river;
reservoirs are to be built on the other hand,
rlt to control flood water, to eliminate
reaches and damages on the lower
d to fully exploit the water resource
R s of die Yungting River. The Kuantin
eservoir is the most important one amon those n
the g planned and occupies a key position in
Yungting River development program. i p
reservoir only partly coin feted
n 1953, he
played a very important role in retarding the flood which ranked second in
river's hydrological record and s ared its l
lower in reaches from being inundated. Com-
peted it controls an area more than 47,000
sq. km. (about 97/, of the entire drainage
area) and has a capacity of 2,270 million cub g
be used ? in. The regulated flow of the reservoir will
ed for power generation, for municipal and industrial water su 1 of th
for the irrigation on art of the fan pp Y e capital and
p d lying along the lower reaches of
its hydro-electric power station the river. At present
is nearly completed.
The Taching and the Tzeya River, both
belonging to the Hai Rive
originating from the Taihang Mountains join their water courses near b Tuliu
Tientsin. At flood season almost ever' y northwest
osafet Y year, these two rivers seriausl thread
y of Tientsin, and sometimes brought todeteat
ght about flood damn es. To relie
to that important city, an escape channel was constructed in 1950 from
the sea. the river junction to
This escape channel is an engineering undertaking of considerable. ma ni
ss
40 km. in length, and has dikes " g tune. It
At its head ~.5 m. high and 7 m, in to width bank is a flood-inlet gate designed P on its
seco for a maximum discharge of
m. per
nil. On the right of the escape , 1,020 cub. m, per
pe channel, a regulator and a navigation lock have been
These are but the first ste i
h
n
t
e regulation and develo men
and
d a unified development plan is now in - p t of the Hai River system,
r7~h 7*r~rr7T t, lffli T Jo i r7 h1 f~m7O
Picture shows the flood-inlet requlator of the Tuliu Escape Channel
which dispatches flood water of the Taching River to the sea.
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
0
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An artificial reci itat'
p p ,on
station in suburban Shanghai.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 LAND MELIORATION
While river harnessing works are being carried on, land melioration works are also
progressing on a vast scale.
During the past few years, 9,230,000 irrigation canals and ponds have been improved
or dug, more than 250 major irrigation systems restored or constructed and a million wells
drilled. Through these measures, we gain a total irrigated area of over 83,000,000 neon, not
including that on which irrigation has been improved. This figure equals to about one
fifth of the total accumulated irrigated area during the past thousands of years in our
history.
Land melioration is mainly private undertakings done with government aid in
consideration of the local needs. The Chinese Communist Party and the People's Govern-
ment not only render effective organisational leadership to such work, but also make big loans
every year to the farmers to help them solve their financial difficulties. The major projects
are carried out with. government investments. Furthermore, power irrigation and power
drainage have also gained considerable progress with a total increase in pump capacity amount-
ing to 53,000 horsepower. As for the already existing irrigation systems, their administration
work has been improved, regulations have been established, progressive irrigation methods
like furrow method and border method introduced, and measures for the utilization of
irrigation water in a planned, way have been practiced in connection with soil melioration to
check alkalization.
Soil conservation is also an essential part of land melioration. The building of
1,800,000 check dams in co-ordination with afforestation has begun to change the natural
features of the mountaineous regions and loess-deposit plateaus, and plays an important part
in the checking of erosions.
Accompanying the progress of the mutual-aid co-operative movement in agricultural
production, die peasants become more enthusiastic in the development of production, and thus
the land melioration works are advancing by leaps and bounds.
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11C, L~~f6i~ltil~ a~1~i1~11`)2~_~lh)fo
Picture shows a typical small reservoir-the Wanshihyen Reservoir
in Fukien. Thousands of reshe?Yangtze tfor irrigation purposes.
the
the hilly regions south of
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01: CIA-RDP81-01043ROO1500110002-7
A forest belt stretching 1,500 kilometers from Yulin in. Shensi to Chiuchuan in Kansu is being
used to fight sandstorms. Picture shows people in Yulin participating in afforesiation work.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043R001500110002-7
 Declassified in Part - S?==anitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/02/01 : CIA-RDP81-01043RO01500110002-7
kr itii~7zll1 31~fl~in 1IL A~'9 ` *l!1;
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The horn arouses people at every flood
season along the Yellow River and
well-organised flood-fighting commences.
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Battling with the floods in a critical
sections on the Yellow River levee.
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