CZECHOSLOVAKIAN COMPUTERS AND COMPUTER THEORY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R001300040009-0
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 155
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 11, 2012
• Sequence Number: 9
• Publication Date: August 30, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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G~~c~c~~~ a~t~c~.~. A.~~d~rr~* ~f Sci~r1~~~
I~.bn~~tox~t for' I~~,~h~matic~~. P~~c es
~C~~Ta~S ~ PP.~JC~~S~~G ~~"F0~'L4Z'IGI~s
p.A~T
~~.TI~~~.TICI'~Z ~f~1.CHI!~a
~,ibl.icatio~. of the ~ ~~echo~lc~va~i~n Acad~zt~r of Sciences
Pxague ` 195 .
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A ~ ~~O~rat~$
.. _,:..
K.Bezn, V.Cern~r, 1~Jex~narr Z.Korv~,~~ ~,.Kristou.~ek J.~~ta,rek, J.Oblons r
O.I'okorna, Z.P?kox~r~* J~,ichl.,, ~'.1~~oboda~ I~iSneZerova, M.Sterbova,
MValach~_ V.~lysi~
?
-~ ~, _.._
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In t~i.3.s volumes 1.ectt~res to the ~rork'ers of the S~.bar~.tory` of ~Iathgmatical
yes of the C~echo~lovakiari Academy of Sciences he~.d at the ~r~orking Conference iri
~e b9' science worker J.E.Pttrkyne in Oece~aber 195 aye published. The next volume
~~ contain wanks in the field of comjputers for prvices~ing data submitted ~' the
~TRODUCTIDN
ab~c~`~e-ment~.oned Ioaboratc~ry. The acceptance of the works is the province cif the
SG ~enc~ Council of the Ieaborator~ for I~ia ~.hematics,l Machines.
The main purpose of the First ro~alume is tc~ s.cquaant a w-o de pub]..a.c with an aut~-
la.;.xe of the. work. carx?~.ed on s,t the I,aborator~r for 1~athematical Nla.chines in the fie~.d
~f automatic comptzt3..,ngA The .text of the manual i~ the ~nar?k of the ;staff of the I-ab-~-
c~x~tor3r. 'I`~ie results off` the orig3.na1 works were re~.~red, and the ~.ost iYr-.portant
items selected for publ.~.cation.
The forrmalat~..on of the central automatic calculation$ its cod?s~ the method of
cr~structiara of the computation are the work of Antonin Svoboda.
The adaptation of the codes in conforr~.t~r ~i-i.th the constructive requirenfents
off" the machines and the extension of the codes necessax~* for time-sav~..rl~; ax?e the
w~~~?k of ~'aclav Cerr~yp
The p1es off' the manual were prepared b~:
Jan Oblonsky (The computing of cos x), Olga Pakorna (The Geometer ?f F'roblems~
its t3ptics } 9 Zdenek ~'okorn~ (The Computing Problems in Optics) ~ J~..ri Raichl (The
C~~np~uting of Solutions of Dfferex~tia~. Ec~uatidns }
' ? The formulation of the multipl.f.cation perforations and their codes is the wox~
o:~ Antonixt S~'oboda.
The in~'estigation and execution of the ~.ltip~:ication perforations axe the.
a~or~ of the Aritma Research Znstittxted
The methods of solving the problems described in the second part of the manual
e~~d the appli?d s~bols (Operating ,Tables} are the work of Jindrich lark.
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.... ~ ...
T~-ie staff of the Labi~T'ato7"~r .for ~ath~m~atical ~Iachi.ne's had to overcome mangy
~r~y~~.c c~.ifficu~.t~e,sd 'hanks are due to ate. who cohtx~ib~ted their active support,
p:t~..rtic.ularly the Czechoslowak~.aM Acade~r of s+~~.e~sces, in whose framework the I.,abora-
t~"- for Mathematical Mach3.zie~ has b+e~n s~cc~ssfull~ de~reloped, am the Mathematical
~9C1.~titute of the C~echoslo~v~lk~.a~i Acad `~ off' Sciences ~s cia
i pe 11~ its Director, Acad-
~~~.cian E. Cec~iovi, mho has ~.ent his ~triselfish support to this development .fora num-
b'~~ of dears. Thanks are also due to the re9earch workers of Aritma for willing and
~.~~roted co11_abaration.
Thanks are also due to the staff of the ~aborator,~ for Mathematical Machines,
a~~,~1 particularly to those memt~ers w~iose collaboration fa~cil.3stated the preparation of
t~~~:s Manual.. Prof . Tyr. Hruska carried aut the critical scientific examination of
th~a manuscr~.pt. Special thanks are dtrte to th+~ ~'ragtxe printers, shop 05, their M..ar~--
~~ ~r i~.'~licko;ri, and especials,~ the~.r type setters? who composed even the most diff--
ci,~ ~t parts of the tent and tables unusually carefu~.I~r and iM the shortest tune.
P~~gue, 31 December 152 Collective I.~~S
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~~~TRQD~7CTIQI~~ TQ .~i:HC~D ~~ C~~'~.A'S~QN ~~" AU~C-ME1'~IC CALCU~AxZ01~
C~-.'AI~T~R
Av~~~~~ catr~~rro~
.Ll~ ~A ~.JLIy M v y
Calculation, logarithmic and other tables are the oldest aids to rapid numeri-
~~~~ calculation. ln. 1,ater gears compiuters ,were designed axed developed for coAZ lete~--
P
~~' automatic calcu~.ation.
The employment of corapu.ters ~s today so widespread that everybody' has at least
a clear idea of the~.r use.
A computer has a keyboard far the digits and various operat:ionkeys far the
solution of operations with dx,gts, 'hen op~~atin~ the calcula+.~i ng ~,ch~,.n,e, the
o~ere.tcr reads from th? formu~.,a the numbers on w'h~i.ch he has to operate, gets thin
~~, the machine, carries out the necessary opexat~.on, roads off the results, and
iiRR;~~rts it into the forrrnz.la. ~'he transfer of the rttimbers from the formula to the
as~~c~hine and of th? result f`ro~t the machi.rie to the fox^mal,a is net as difficult ar~d
tr~c~i.ous a fob a3 the e~ecutian of ar~.tha~ctical operat~.orrs with pencil on papErb
Thy ca~cputer carrying out such grithmetical operations rapidly is desire.ble not on1,g
b~;cause it accelerates the ~cr~ bv.t also because it faci~.itates and impro~res it by
e~;~ luding ealcul.at~.ng errors.
An automatic computer is a machine which carries aut auto~natica3.l.y a ~,arge num-
be.L of ~.rithmeticaZ operations,, automatically manipzil~,tas the numbers on ~rhich it
o~~rates, and automatically ad~u~lts itself. to the c~~er~;t~.tig procedure.
It is incorrect to describe the computez~t~rithout the last of the mentioned
ch~racteri sties. According to thiM incorrec#, descript~:~-ny the automatic computer
i~ based on the simp~.e mechan3.~ation of the ~ror ?
king procedure of the calculator
~~.j..r~g the calculating machine Such an automatic calculation would mean one' the
acceleration of numerical calctz]..st~.on carr~.ed out by the mathematician in the usual
.STAY
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~s The work~.r~.g procedure ~rou~d be pined accord~ig to the old methods of nut~rer-
~a1. c~~.cuYat:ionj anal the solu,t~.orr ~~" ~~~.pa~ohl,e~ w~,~h tie au.to~atic ca~.culator
uto~.
W'` `- ~ ld consist o~i~:~r ~.n the caloul~t3oi~. of terms in ad~rance of thea.r feted positions
~. ~ plane?d d knc~m sequence.
The first "atitomat~.c ca~.culatt~rs~t were the result of construct~.ons accord3,.ng
to this naive description. This was a tie of cal.ctxlating mis,~hne, consisting of a
co~inatioz~ of machines w3.th which the operator calculated formu~,as mechanical..ly:
?-
e gadget which controlled the seq~zence of maiaipulations and operatioris with the
z~umbex~s resembled ~ te~.egraph transm3.ttGr. A group off" openi~?g~ in perforated paper
tape was scanned and the place of t~`aY1s8io1"~ of the ~unprint carried. the manipul.~.-
t~,ori and operation .with the nuntlaers inside the calculator.
'The modern sutou~tic computer doe~l not proceed s~.~a~`ishly according to a pre-
1.~.mnaril~---prepared sequence of r~an~.l,,at3.rig and operating co~~~~.nds, which are call=~
~d the instrzzct~- ons The autom~.tic calculator described in the fir st part of this
zn~.bn~ial. selects while caYcu.lat~.ng the instructions 3:n dependence or_ the results of
tale operations end usu.a~.1.~r creates regularly new' instruct~_ons when old pl~axined in-
sj,ructiozis are absent, The plan according to ~rhiCh the selection of instructions
is carried out and the creation of nr~ instructions is called the ~.ristruction net-
works We shal.~.. see that such s P~ differs substantially from the instruction
sequence of the instruction-machines part ~ti.th scanning of the telewriter tape.
The development of then numerical. method of calculati.~ig has been greatly in-
f luenced b~ every advance in the art of calculat~.ng means. ~~'hens ho~w~e~er, the ins
~~,uence of logarithmic tables acrd calculating ms,chines is compared with the nflu-~
ice of automatic calculators; it is seen .that the change in the method of nyamer-
~:ca1. calcul.a.tion was a revolution. Specifical.~, with the classical method it was
sought to d?crease tie number of trumerical operations or to simplify them (e.g.,
rep],acing multiplication by addition ). `ihe extremely ?urge number of operations
made this expedient impracticable. The modern method of automatic calculation
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_. ' c.sregards the number of Qperatior~s; so that it can uti~.ize the calcu:~.ting methods
.. ~~h~.c.~~.i are ixnpxacticab~.e from the viewpoint of the classical method (For ex~n~p~.e,
. ~~ the functional va~.ue o~" a trigonometric Function. i~ fo~~d an the classical method
,,
.. _ nth the help of a '~s,b1.e, while ~xith automatic cal.cul.ation and such value is easil~r
rt~ advantage?ugl,~r ca~.cula.ted as the sum o:~ the members of the corresponding Po~'~
ho~z~.~nal) . In autorrtatic calculation, ~ large number of ope~~ations is not c~.3.sadvan-
~~g~~ous because its operating speed is considerable. W
The application of autcnnatic computing to the solution of technical and re~- ~~~~
~e~.r~ch problems has, ~iowever, pine fun.dar~ental trait wh~.ch should be stressed : ever
solut~,an of a prabl.etn with automatic calculation represents a complex mathematical
sez~iment carried out aecorciing to arbitrarily-establ..~.shed conditions. ~ varging
these conditions anal compar ing the variation in the results it is often possible to
f rld the ans~ters to other accompar~ir~g disagreements. 'rhe enployrnent of auton~tic
calculation, of course, brings to ~..ight purer theor et-i cal questions, which i.n r~aazy
cases sex~ve as the starting point for new research. in other fields of mathematicsw
~Tr~oz~vcz~zar~ To r~ ~~on a~ a~~-~~zo~
1 ~ ~. h Calculat ~. an b~- Formals. s
Ir forr~ulat~.n,g a worka~g procedure for autosatic computingg the start is wade
with the classical calculating method b~ foxrnulas~. The ,working procedure begins
~:th the selection of a suitable numerical. method, the notation of the mathematical
sessions, the ana~.,~rsi s and ~il~3nning of the operations; tre select yon of the
s~~.rting values, and the preparation of the forz~.7.a~ If the sta .rung values ax~?
a~i4anged accord~.ng to a s~.n.gle index (~.n sequence); the cs.lculating is carried out
w~:~,h the help of the single forr~.u~.a in the f ox7a of separate Tables . At a l,s.rge num-
bc~~ of independent variables (Large number of x.r~dexes) a 'bound volume of Tables or
a i~hole series of such volumes is re red.
p ~
The formula with the plJari of operationsconstitutes a mode. of the selected
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c.~u~.ating method. An example of a Classical forrm.~.la s~~~~shoMm in Fi~.l.l. The
~~en in the headings of the cc~lu~arls These constitute the it7structio~. series.
The operation procedure when warkang b~ formula begins by taking one, two ar
pt:`:.i.1.a from the values of s given iri the first coltumrl accorc~iing to the expressions
~:~'~ co~.u~n, the values of gs are calculated in suceess~.on with the help of the
~or~ of the values written in the forr~~.la, proceed~i.ng with the operation in accord-~
ah~~e with the ~pr~ss~.ans .n the headings of the columns, and finallp noting the
r~w~izlts in the corresponding places df the f'ormul~a. The columa~s are filled with
va~.~icus values of the same varia'bl.es, while the lanes contain the values of var3.oug
v`~;x~iables ~rh~.ch are raperationall~r dependent on each other.
The operations in working ~' formcuJ..e.s are usually carried out w^th the calcu--
~.a,t^n.~ machine or wa.th the help of Tables:. The fox~la is usually arranged in
c.c;:~.umns because the arrangement in line has great disadvan+.,~ge when using the ca
ci~:.~ating machine and Tables. Qn the basis of the columns already filled, the un~-
~'~~~~.led columns are filled. At the filling of the same coluAm the operation remains
unchanged for alb. of its places, the computer rema.irs set for the saffis type of oper-
s.~.ion, the values vet regul~:riy, the setting of the values in the r~ach~l.ne and their
r. eg~.stration are regular. Thus it is little fatiguing, easil;,r superv3.sed, and there--
~~~re reliable.
The working procedure such as filling a formula by columns is suitable for
d~~ces operating with perforated pirates. It is unsuited as the basis for. the plan
cif operational sequence in automatic calculation, because i.t r~.kes impossibly high
d~,~nands on the memorising capacity of the machine.
1~3. Instru.ctions
ln. calculating by formula, the instructions constitute the directions far fill~-
i?g further places in the formula. The instructions, therefore, contain the follow-~
i~~g information
whence : from which place of the formua.e, to take the number to be operated on;
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..
cu.rection : hc~r to oper~-te on the taken number; ~ _..
wh$r~ ~ ~~ Which place of the formax~.a to insert the result.
., _, r'or the working procedure by forim.xla shcywn , ~'ige 1.l a s?c~uence of o rations
F pe
..:. ~ ~~" this type can be prescz~.bed. The number o~t~` ~~ of
.. such a sequence will be_
... ~ ~ ~-1 to the number of operations necessary fob ~'illin the
g fox7nula (counting one
-~ n;~eration for each place ~ . Bar sel:ect~ig su3tab1e symbols the in t
~ s ructions ~ for the
. ~'~i~cail.a can be prepared. b?Jhi),e such ~.nstructions are never r
!` p spared in practice,
-- ~~ seems desirable far the pree~lnt purpose to explain thQ work'
.~ ~; _....` a~ng procedur? at auto--
--- ~~,tic calculation.
1~, ~m Inst~ on S~rn~bols
The address is the number w~i3.ch clearly expresses the lace
p of the f?rr~rtla.
irrh..eh a new item of information is obta3.ned fro_m_ a previous item of information
~r:~thmetical operations are denoted by the usual symbols. If it is d? '
s~.red to
ex~:~ress the value to be operated b~ a given address the simple symbol < > is used
as defined in the precedi~~.g paragraph.
'"'~t~ord~ is used for the content of the place.
The number aesZgned to the address a is denoted by the symbol .
The instruction assigned to the address b is denoted by the symbol .
The equation x = means either o.f the foil twa ~ ~ n
o'~g expressions . Y -the
nu~.~ber assigned to the address at~,~ or 'tthe number assi ed to the _ ~
~ address A -- x~ .
ado developing character is attr~.buted to the equation. Thee tion '
q~ is s~.mpl,Y
a ~~erifyixlg equal~i.ty.
Operations: An operation here is every ful1~ defined workin rocedure
g P bar
~~ address determines the place from which the number to be o r
pe ated on is taken,
an-d the place where the result of the operation is noted. The address
a~.so denotes
thy, place into which the instruction is written. If it is not r
exp essly desired to
s~.~.t? the content of a place, i. e., whether by number or inst
ructir~n, the expression
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'~~~us, .for example
is
?, + ,, d~riotes addition of the numbers assigned to addresses
~ and b
saw < > ..~ denotes tie sine of the argument assigned to address p
p
* n ... denotes the addition of the number n to the number a9-
signed to the address m;
~ + n ,., denotes the addition of rn to n;
x ?.. d?notes the product of the numbers assigned to the ad-
dresses ~ and ~ .
Develo~~ent : The result of the t2tnporal development of the working procedure
denoted by the d~nrelopm.er~t~-a? ~ -~ ~ at which :
the number x subst~.tuting the number assigned to
ote
d
x -~.
s
en
...
address a,
ned to address 'ta" substituting
i

g
. o . denotes the nu~.ber ass
the nurr~er assigned to address '~b" ;
~
~
... denotes the number ass~.gned to address "c" substituting
the number ~;
x .~ ~
-
, . , denotes the ntaimber x. substituting the number ~.
+
-~

... denotes the additiion of the numbers assigned to ad-
dresses a! b, substituting the number assigned to
address c;
n + ~ -~
n
... demotes the addition n + 2 substituting the number n;
< ~ +
-~

. s . denotes the addition of the number assigned to address a
to the (same } number assigned to address s'a~t substi--
Luting for the nwnber ass~.gned to address "a" .
The last expression illustrates the intermediary character of the working pro--
ce~ture , Qn the address +~an the number < a> is taken twice. The addition of +
+ = ~, of the fundamental octor~ry.
The preparation bf the instructional networks ends wa.th the detailed and co~-
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t?~odel 2
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.. 6
.. .. ..
~~_ete fill~.ng o.f r~iodel ?+~ form. According t.o the '~Address? and entrance lnfoxrma-
t~.~~~ co.~u~rt~ there ~.~ then perforated. the .entrance watch. of perforated cards.
~: ` ?~~~.. In~tru~t~:anal ~i~twor~ for the Ca1c _ ~t ox~. ~;f ca.~ ~
1n the follo~ting the preparation of the instructional network for calculating
t~,~ ~ralue of ~ equals cos x will be described.
"~~~+ction of the Method of Oalculation
~l~yed ~.,*~ the cs,~I.ct~~.atior~ ~-s the faJnil~.ax~ e~r.,x~en#:.ia~. sari e~
~+~cause the value of argument x is unknown in adv~axzce, and the sexd.es for the z~a.~
ri~~tude of x converges slowly, it is necessary before proceeding with this series to
_-- ca~.culate the argument of the same functional value between a and rr/~. The itera-
. -t3.~~ is calculated by addition of the expr~nential series, because this is the most
__ ar~~rantageous method for the atttomat~.~ co~putex~. ~'he ca~_culat^on is terminated as
--. s~t~oh as the next teen of the series is emaller than the given E .
.... The ~~,ther~u~,tica7 formulat~.on and the draft~.ng of the instructional network in
._...ge:~i~rai form are carried out on ~tMociel In form. shn~tn an Figs.3.3 and 3.~.a pn. t,ha
-- .~fia ~St page of the form, in the tfAnalysist4 column; the arrangeanent of .the argument ~.s
- -~;fo~~nul.ated in the specified limits
For the sake
f
i
~
i
.
o
s
mp
.
city we shall start at
A!~
_....,.
--.~.th,3..s point with the ab~a111te value of the argument. First we subtract 2r~ until we
-;get a negative result. Then we reach ~~, located ~..n the interval - 2n to 0.
To
___...`th;~~ ~N we then add rt/2 until we get s, positive resu~..t which will be v~l, located in
----,the range 0 to n/2. The second coi.umn of the ~'able~, entered after completion of the
- ~- nAr~l.ysis~ column gives y = cos ~ for varo~is possible m values entered in the first
-, ~,c~~.umrz of this Table. Since we wish in principle to calculate only according to the
se~~es for the cosine, we put y = s X cos w. The values :for s and w for various m
_ues are given in the remaining two columns o.f the mentioned. Table. On the second
STAT
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..~ age of the fo7~rn (Fig.3.l~), in the eAnalysisn column, the method far calculating the
1,..,~~.m. of the expan~ntial series is, ~"~ah~'ula~e.d and the.. condition for 3.ta compl.et~.on; is
~~ated.
The drafting of the inetruct~.c~ihal network for the described arrangement of the
with the sage memory a. Regardless of the sigm of the result (in this cafe it wi:Ll
a:~~ays be positive) continue further according to instruction BB". After carrying
ot:~t instruction AA, ~ x. I is set in memory ~-, which i9 entered in the "Vocab~ul.a,ry~'
column. The next instruction AB is: "'Set the product of the numbers set in memo--
r~.es pl and pa in the memory b. Proceed further according to instruction ACt'.
After execution of instruction AB, the constant 2n is set in memory b. With th~.s,
ha~wever, we are prepared to calculate zn. For the calcus.a.tion, manory a is used
_ w~~ere ~0 ~ ~ x ( has already been prepared. The calculation is -carried out according
__~ tcs instruction AC: ~Frorr~ the content of ~e~ory a subtract the content of memory b,
_._and replace the content of memory a by the result. At a positive result proceed
._.fux~ther according to instruction, at a negative result proceed further according to
~,
. _ _._..
~~struction AD". St is obvious that the execution of this instruction must be re-
_.,.~t~_c-n is discontinued., because then the sought z~ is already set in the memory (and
_'.retarded in the t'Vocabulary" column}, and the calculation is continued according to
instruction AD. This instruction is carried o?+ for replacing the content of me~-
- -~ ~or~ b (where the set constant 2 n is no longer needed by the new constant n/2. Thus
--~we are prepared to calculate mused in memory a. At this point of the instructional
network, simultaneously with the calculation of vm, the ramification of 4 possible
STAT
~xgwment in general` fora is carried out in the remaining columns of the form in
~'~.ga.3.3 and 3.l~. 'fie begin with the two clews :QO and aQl for setting the standard
c:c~n$tantg 0 and 1 in the memories 0 and 1 and with the. clew :4,3 for setting the gi~r--
eh argument x in the ~nemAry a. 'We.proceed according to the first instruction AA;
~'~~ake the absolute value of the number set in the memory a and replace its c?ntent
_peated until a positive result is obtained. At the first negative result the opera--
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012!12111 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
i
i.,'f ~
~Ik'~~,~818
VO Cab~3S'~/
0 = (~)
~. (Z)
~- ~ . coy tv
?t' = ~r~~...yly
m, = 1', 2,3,E
?M
~
d
fU
1
Bin v,~
i
1
}n - v,~
j
~'LV9 ~~ea
~~i
'~f(~
`;~
---8011 Cwe
+~
~~ ` ~'m
~
i
cc~e v~
I
t*,~
i~~ = Ca>
~ = C1~~)
(~~)
2~~ = CbS
z~ = Ca)
~ f ~ = ~6)
~'m = Ca)
8 = (C)
uJ = (a)
AA
tQ3
!Q4
AB
AG
A:
AE
A.~
.AG
Ax
AI
AJ
AK
AL
A ~f
I~IS~r''tiC~~On
CQ> + ICS>I -~ Ca>
A~3
7
V
N
~ -r (p~)
S) -~ (b)
<
1
C
AC
A~
~
`:
~
> a
P
?a
~
b
+C
C
Al
A1~'
-~ ~
a
)
C >
>
I ~
(~) + (a} -~ ~~)
Air
A~r
~
r
- C
+ Cb
Ca
BA
i
BA
)
a)
) ->
~
#~'~.g.3 , ? _. ~~` ~.r~t .'ark ~~ ~.r~~tr~ctic~r~. ~ ~ ~~'~ :~ ~x~,:. ~a
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~1"'.c'~,~'615
u~ rr.+~
~0 4I
t~~ + j'~~~ + ~~
~Q Cc1~IL~?r11"y
t~+~~=~~
~It}?fl_~->
~n~tructa.on
l~P'
B~'
BH
t~s
BK
B
B~
C~7
w
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R~narks
``` STAT
 D
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._
., _
utin the sum of the e~nne~xtial series begins with instructionx BSA, wt>j-c
Camp g
e lacement of the content of. memory' a with the value w~. The i2ext
~:ffects the r p
' BC and BD rcyd.uce the setting of the irtiitial values u~ 9 s ~ and j
~.nstructions BB, P
'e d acid 2 t~ihere the ~al~.es are replaced. Instru.cti?ns BE;
~'a~r J = C 1n me~nora.es , ~
and BJ carry' out the calculation of. the further members of the series
~~' m , Bk~, . Bl
/~ ? , la ' ven in the +1Anal~sis'~ column. The form also contains the
~;r~cord~.rxg to the for?r~u g~
~ tiYx the constant e in memory p3 ? Th~.s constant is used by the
c~ma~and .Q5 for set g
. ? on ~, for veri.f~ing .whether the iteration uxiast be continued (accord~-
next, ~.nstructz
` n BI, ar whether the rrach~.ne is read- to proceed further with the
Ong to ~.nstruct~.r~
. ? ch tre instruction CA is valid) . In instruction BL# the addi~-
ccmputatzon (for why.
~~ s c~' series is carried out until the sure. is reached. Instruction
ti on of the term
? tent of memory e by unity, after which the machine pr?ceeds with
Increases the con
further iteration,, beginning with instruction BE. Instruction CA effects the re?-
~acement of. the content of b with the calculated y, after which inst~.c~iar~ CB
p
intervenes, which stops the computation.
' ' nstructional netv~ork is prepared on the forms of ~`~.gs ~ 3.5, 3 ? b
The detailed ~
_ st a e of the "Model 2~' form of ~`ig.3.5~ in the first two lines;
and 3.7. On the fir p g
~-~~ d OOflI are entered, depicting the constants accord-rig to +~he
t~"le A1~Tl0x"1eg ~~~ ari
`~ t and . On the fv.rther fines of this page and nearly all of the sec-
--._ cr~mmands .QO Qa-
__._ ~, contain the in;gtru,ctions~ each of them always in two lines. The
__ ot~d page (Flg?3? ~
bird e of the form ~Fig?3 ~'~~ gi.ves the contents of the constant and variable
t, pag
einories in the course of the calculation. In the ~-sLemarkst' column there is always
z~
? ondin .line the coordination of. the memory with the general ~d-
_. g:~ven on the corresp g
'._ d:~:~ess of the instructional network from the ++~~iodel 1" form.
For example
2
t
Ch
,
.
er
ap
. e written .n the manner described in
._ The instruct~.ons ar
. instruction on addresses ~2 and ~~ reads: rrTa~e absolute value of nuuxber
the
' - r OlOU add to it the content of memax~y U000, and set result in memory
-- Set s.rr rr~emo y' ~
.. e lacin revi.ous content); proceed further according to instructions
O:.L00 (r p g P
STAT
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 .;
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0 , ~..
_. .
~~~ng with memory OC~'?!~" ~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
lVr3$~':
~.ddr~~w
-~~~
~~r.
uuc-E~
COS ~C
p. I
aot~ l
Uf.-fa
OOt7:;
U~U~
~ r~
V(~~.lr~
o~~of~ j
UU07
ut)~U
UU 11.
0111 ~> I 1:3 ~ c- i C-c) tit)`~~? ,~'
t}~}~~ ~ ~ C)l()l (i(?1
4 ~ t1~ Cli)C~~ ~~"~1` . f
..._......_.., .,_ - i w..._.._ ,
O 1(ln OOE~4 ~O(lt)
r-~(-()
f)(-0
-~~ouUr~ou r1 o r
(110 Z UI)C)~i 1ti+"
(111(1 ~1tir,-" t) I l 1
(:-1t1~ 1:1()()1; ,~:~lu
0 I UU rli~ 1~1~ t- I~ ~C1
u~c1~t r1C-1 ~ I~
U1 11 t)(11 j (iiy il)
OIUi t,1C1Cii ~-1i:1(1
(-l Ut) U11~3U ~~'
l)1~1 r-1-?r- 1-11)l-
+'~tr. a.nce
1..~~.fn~~,at~.+.~!T
. .-t ti I ____._
f 1)O'~3
~ - - - _ I
~ C1().,~ ~ 1, i ~I~ l ra1- t-r-;-1 ,ti'.1t
.~, ~.
_-t li ; - -------
00??7
i ~-t-3(r
li!-31
.~ 1.11 '
_ ..-- -
1-1-;i:3
_.
111);3
lt.-l ' --
j
_ ...
li!-;;;i
1111;;1i
f}' ft -
-
1111;;
C) l t) ~~ 1)U'S-~ ~~
t~c-(-r- 1-r)~_1 r-r-l- ~
1} F ~)~~
Orii)f~1 rH-~;;~~ 1-t11.-~
()10~
f1U'-~ ,x'.11
UUU(- 1-(1~~~ 1)1-~ E
t-11-i1 f-tl;~fi i)lUt)
r - ! ti l UI-.~ 11 ~~'
t-nl-t- 1ir-~E- (1111)1
~d T`~.c'3.~'J~. tW
Paz2e-_:_~-
~~n~.r~C
STAT
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
Case:
I~iodel
P a e~.2
I? Ivmarks
i~,3.6 - record Part of I~str~uctional ~~~etwork
~~
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address
i if 1-~ ~ f'
I
!1{itifi ~ !'
! 111(1 i
E,rit rangy
O 7:'IY~t? ~. C?2"i
IJ l Utt 1_H:ki'4 .~
Iultur 11t1it11
1i1N11i 11ilINl 11(11111
cos x
Variable
STAT
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
INTR~OD~CTION
~,
t ~> ~;'rkg procedure is the elimination of tie ims-giayg error ,Mrith the help of the ton..-~
~.M,.~ t o tical a ate the moat important ,part, of .the
1;w41 in calculating ~ high- y p - y ~
~-~;~~~t` para~aetere (dimehaiane). This gust be done by calculating the ray-path of the:.
~..~ x~e
1
gone of the formative parameters by a small ~~t? For ac~aple, in a pho-
`~ ~ ~ ~ out the variation of
-?~ ~r~ rind tine are saved. This suggested the ides b~` cgrrying
:free pointa- of the iieage alrsad3- require tie calculation of 300 ray patha?
~0f course, by tor~u],a~ry ca~.culation r~.tb the help of Tables and the computer,
,' ~
_t
~~ ,
~et~y of the optics]. syst~a, because its calculation is relatively ei~le. .
With the help of the computer, however, it is vary
`, ~' d~~r~cu~.t, bt~t time-con.ng.
..+
~~`~ ~;~I,i~~ wb pry the it~tructionel network, accord3.ng to which the devi.ea calculates
~~
..
.__. .: _.
~i'E$'~GdITION OF A CIId~D 0 a'~'ST~ W.~TH THE
we conclude tine fr~tt p~-rt of this ~inual w~.th two concrete
examples ~f the a~iplicati~n of the automatic computer..The
first of the a~camples is i'rom the field of geometrical aptics.
~i~eh optical ayatee- ahd that of the optical eys-tem obtained from thin system by
~~a~~a twenty other aim~aar calculations+ ?Yt is riot sufficient here to calculate the;
~u~ that we must carry out besides the fundamental calcuhation of the ray path at
cgphic obi ective the formative parat~et~ra are usually ire than t~renty. This
s
cu
a
h of one ray. At last five :rya must be c$1 a or sac p ,
t d f h oint of the image
~
~ ,~'~acv3.ation o~ a rah path convergent Kith the optical. axis is not ~atheroat~.cally
,,
th convey rit vrith the o t~.Cal iudsl. .
..~~- s~i~tructie-t~~ e~ tha irie-tructotwll h+~tworks for the .calcination o~ rah paths
5~
STAT
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... _
~~Crgent and convergent with the optical~ax~.~ will be explained. It should be not,
~.~
.,~.~n:~t_ ~i.n t.h~s ...p.~t.~.on one pToCQ~de3d ~.r~ ~...~n,_.the laaa.i.a _ ~f decadic cor~id~ratiob~c
for the pr~~ent capacity
How~ev~r,
t~rorks
~
t3
~
,
.
. ne
-
.
tin the economy of the in~ltruc
_ .. _
_ _
~' the e~p~t~~y theme ig bufficiemt ~om~ fob setting instr~.ction~ fc~r the talc
~~ discussion of ~u~h a ~upple~mentayry' working prr~cedure is beyond the scope o~ the
., ~ ~~n of the glum of t~~ ~qua,re~ ~f errors and inatriuctions for m~.ni~i~ing thee.
~r~ent work.
51
STAT
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0 ~?#
1 convex, .concave, and plans bt~unc~rie~ of a .focal plane. r,ach of tine
~. en rz
areas has a certain constant ~~ {r~l.ati~,re re~`ractive index, i.e., the ratio of the
f :.~ ,
_.. ~'~x"ractive in.d~xes in front mid behind the bounr~ar~ The ra ,s fu ' ~
:'~? ~ ) y rther zdentz~.ied
._ _ b~ its individual. d.irectiona~, vector end point. The rote A
., rs~ctzon of the given rah
w :: w~.th the first boundary must be determined. In addition the new
inc3~.vz.dual vector
T e investigation of a ct~nte~ed optical, e~st~inl in~ro~.ve$ _a r~}aettvn., of t~,e ..
~c~lution .for the prable~ of the t~aY~s~.tion of ~ g~.ven ra throw h `
Y g the g~.ven optical
~~~stem.. This problem can b~ .~t~r~~tlatec~ z~aughly as fall.ows; . ,
Assu~.e a s~-stem .with ~ e~~tain nturiber m of s~phericdl areas ~w^th the~.r enters
~.h the axis xl. The Last of these areas is the focal ~ ~..ane.
r~ 'the rema~.nin~ part of
t~~e areas have the form of the eurfa~e o~ the r~d.~.vsduai lenses of the o tical s s-
p ~'
~~? This part of the areas wild. be cawed the bQUndar ~. Fi
~ gore ~..1 shows e~les
ga.v~.r~g the direction of the ra~r after refraction must be determ'
~.ned { w7.th the help
bf the constant Nl. Th~.s refracted ray is then again determ~,.ned by the individual
ci~..recti?nal vector a.nd the paint {intersection v~.th the fir ,
st ooundar~r) . Then the
`intersection of the refracted ray withh the second bounds must be '
t"3r deter~u.ned, and
.. then the new d~.rection of the ~3'', axed so forth, until. the focal
plane ~.s rea.ched.
.~ In, this case on1Y the intersection of the ray with this lane u~u
_ p , st be deterrn~i.nea
- -, ah.d the problem of the transit of the given ra~r ir_ the o ti 1
T_ p ca-: system is solved.
-~-- This shows that with the sc~~.utzon the problem is prac~sieall reduce
_. Y dtoafew
... r6petitions o.f the solu~ion of twio such geometrical problems".
.,
-; ~ ~ Pd~ ~.s a constant as lorg a,~ aa~.~, the wave,'~.ength of the light is considered.
_ ~- The points wi1.1. b~e denoted the same as their half vector so that we
l TI1a,~' sp ea}f
of point x, ~ {x ? , x x ) ~ The variable .
.. ~ ,~ ~ l i, 2~ ~ ~3 point {vector) will be denoted
STAT
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 ? Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0 ,
+~ . ~s~-
?
~n detail in paragra~ihs 4b--~,.1,~,..
~~cownt according to the phys~a~. ~~~ise of the prob~,er~n~ These facts a~-~ coneid~red
JA~+RSs,,
van by the constant and act if the angl.~ off' the vectors n~ and a~_i. ,
~t the solution of this g$a~etrical
....~... _ ..._ ...._. _._... _._...~.... _ .._ roblem s?me fact
s must be., ~~.~~ ~-~~...;.
Fig.1.~.2 -Transit o f ~ Rays at Hc~ur~dar~
a} For Ni < 1, b} For ~~ ~ 1
w ~ la. ~ 2. Transition o f a Ra Throu a S heri cal $aunda
We descr~.be the procedure of the calculation far the stage where the transition
of a ~ rah, is ih~estig~ted in an area. It should first be noted that .this area is
_.:.~ spherical. K~wn in this case are.
t ~e st ra~.ght ~.in es
tie he~~~.cal area
STAT
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
- _ _..
..~ C~i.culate the. Sntersectt~n n~`.. he ., .....fah. ~~ie ~~~3.c~. _~ur~ace
..~.,...
~~ Detex~aine the v~J,.ue~ of the parametez~ t Por ,the intersdctia>r~:
..~..~..
?
a a .~ ~ )r 1
~~~.2~
~~ ~8.~~ci2~.,e'>~
1

4: _ ~~p
~ = ~g~r;
ps:
E~Y~. ~-
.. _ ~~:
~~~ `~ ~~
t:
iiN
~~3 ,
t 1'1 '~' ~7
r~~;
~~
. ~~7
+~ -
~
FX
FJ
Fly
~FI.
FAQ'
F~'~'
F
FP
F~~
~~~;
Fg.1~, g
Z718ti"?1Ctl0~I~
(h.~} -~- (ti~~4,~ -~ c ~F~~
(9:14 j ;l~ t; -a ;:h 14;
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~E[;l~I'~?~
I ,
~ FB~ ~`
~~ ~ l1 G
FD FD
~ FP' FF'~
FF ~i~~
FED FED,
.FIB' Ftfj
' ~f~ ~~
I Fh, t FK?
~ F~ ~ .F'L
per! ~~~~
Fw' F.'1'~
~~ ~ F~~
PP ~'F~
FQ i~~ L
~ ~e#, as first
~~~-
~ t ion is .
>~Z _ 5Q
F'Kj FRS
$ `;
~~a STi L'v~7,~
FT i F~l
LTf.t tiTr;.:
F~~' FQ~
STAT i ~
i
a
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Analysis
Pr~cedur~~ i or Plane
ef~i ~"' xf_1
of-1,1
[bcpresaion
Instn~ction
~tocabu~
ary
.
r~da~
E~perationa~. S~bol
+
-
-
~'-~'-
E~
-. (~1~)
~ ;=-
.~~~~
~ ~t~~ ti rll IB~~) -~ (~bt)) ~
~l ~
.~l
r
t~ = h7`
~ ( )
CAB
~ ~
(h() '+~3 --- lhi`; ' H.=1 ~
~ ~
N~~
.,12 aJ-t,l
~~+ ~~~x~-a s
I '
U1-1,3
~i-i,~
(rl~)
lrt5)
(n6)
,.
xlt~ ~ x~-!, t ~- ~3-1,1 ~f
[Expraaeion (1+.15}]
Procedure for S~~her$;
?s =~ xt,~ : R~
[~resa~.on ~~.3}]
;r~i~ (rr(1) --> (Irl t)
~
r ,;IEfi
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Remarks
L.~ ~ ~11.~
ddress p2
~e reached
t~ instrac-
j tion JA ~.n
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012!12!11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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Fig. 1.21
8+~
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STAT
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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Page 10
Remarks
STAT
s~.
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
~ L ~8 f o1l:owing i~o~.utions of concrhte ~r4bl.etas by means of the camput~r are ~e~
~'
l a ~_~ ~;~eted from .the fie~.d of cdnvdnt~.~onal. dif~'eret~tial.. egt~atior~s Z`here are two such
__.~
oblern~+;
~~ ~.~.! 1. ~nve~tigatian on ~, ~rery y~.m~l~ exple of the fortau.lati?n of the in$truc-
~ 8 , ' t~.e~na~. nct~rk ,for the solut~.t~n of ~ differential egt~a-ton;
~~ {
.. ........g
~ '
1
l ~? _.~ ~~twor~ far another at~tc~mat~.c ca.~.culs.tion~.
i
w~
PrxrpQaeiy ~eleeted was a very simplQ, ~sxample in order to avoid difficulties in
"~ ~..? "~sp~ the essent~.~.l ~.atter. The st~lut~on is ?btainec~ by a more
~. ~.scertain~terit of modf i~$tion~t enabling em~lo~riient of proposed instructions.
...
NTH T AE~~`C^~IC CA~.~t1~A`TbR
.,
--=~- sat~.s.~~g the _~'~~rtir~g aarditior~~
~- ~?~
-- ~- __ d x
complicated
--- ~ It is addit~.c~nally assumed that the sought integral .curve does not. approach any of
SC~~
cite
the singular points of this equation. ThiB equation is easily tr~.naformed iritc~ the
.`~.`~ sy~~tems:
STAT
J~--.~ rn+thod which can be re~-di~.y applied to very eo~npliCat~d sy~tema of differential
~~F _..~ b~,uations.
3 `- _.~ t us e~ir~ the salut~.on of the equ~.tion
~~
3 ~..~_.'
v .._:~....:_..._ .. _ _.. . ~, ...,. __..:..::.....~_...._._ ...__.
.. .
SQ~UTI(~~I OF" CbI~VEN~1c~t~AL ~~~'~:~ZE~~T?IA~ ~t;~1Afi~0?~~ t~P" THE 2ND OR~3~
fCt) -~ fist -~-- f~~
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
l~Y~'LICATI4~? 0~' TAE t~TNOD
For the ~olut~.~n.r the. Ruri~e~~utta mt~l~o~~ ~s u~$d ~~cau~e_t requires .a..~~ry
~~ a~tt~ll nwnber a~' mam~arie~ for the m~~hfne. In view o~ the ~irnp~,ic~.ty of thi~r ca~a~
~ ii
it
y
t~ii~ c;xcu~aa~t~nee ~..~ rathar t~iimpc~rtant s~.nc+e ~caretly l~~ o.~ the memory c~.pac
. ~~ the. machine i~ ut~.li~,ed~ ~: ~ei'ciency of me~norie~ manifae~te it~el.f ire. the uae
~ ~. _.,..
~.~ Qf ~~rstem~ having a ver3p larg$ nt~m}~er ?~ dif`.f`drential equation.
~e select the cv~rr~s~~ond~.n~ increment h indepCndeht of the wari~.tion in t,
_~~
~ axed, bs~~,.nni.ng with the given initial condition9 vo; tea, to tdl~n?ted via
`~
21 _...:
whr~
~ ~,~ ~ _S,~~ka-Hruska, Theory and ~racticb of Numerical Caleul.atior.
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 v~3 ``.~ ~tb `~-` k{~ ~ x~ .~ btu `~' lt2 ~ td~ -= do `~- h
'~ ~~~ther i~~z~~~"'~.~. ~i~*t~ ~:>~` ~.~,e~ ~"~r~. ~ t~~-~z~, g,~~~~~ ~,
?~i-~-1y+t1 ._...' ~"db T 6~~tu -~-- Z~~~ ~`~' 'Gi2 + 1'f~~
- - l 1 Yi
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~- ~rheta
.._
etwd~?k
t
ti
l
t th
i
rt
~
t
.
n
vna
ne
r~zc
e
e
rne~ pa
~~i s
_~, ~ the name, it can be carried but with
I~. is sufficient if ~e ~.re only concerned with the exchange of .the nuanbers v~ ,~,
~/ ` ,; .j. ~1 V S .~~,' ~,. ~~? y~ ~f vaA vaa~.i7 t.JOYi v v.a~ v.av r..~,v vas uav v.i.v..+.w w.. ... ~....~._ ~~. ~.. ... -
J }s~ 1~~ 7 r~+
w111 then be possible to c~teblish th+~ further ope~rat~.~ns, name~.y~ the calc~zlaton
:~ ~ - --~ a~' v ~ x ~ t ? t acCard~ to ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Such e. network hawe~rer
i+1Q~ i+1D' 1+10 g q~ ' '
~ ~;
r u~d contain a relatively lame nui~er a~ instrtxctior~9 r a~.nd he~ice would require a
~g~ number of memar~.ds for strstage of the intermediate re~iults k~ i, li ~: Thi
h.creased demand on the me~nax~.es ~rouldi o~ courser be a rc~tter of ndiff etenCe
.t ; _N...
Ue~.n,~ these values a~ the nei~t ~tar~ti,n~; cond-Ltidn~cr we ohta~i.n b~ th.e further
~tep~ . of the ~u.nge-~utta ~ae$~od the riew i.~teal points o.f the curve-. This ~xro?-.
~~dure i~ constantly repeated. Since the calculation off` the expte~~ians fnr
kid, . ~~~
~ ~itydification of the_ Hiu~ge-~~t~tt~_ ~e~t~dd
Next let u~c try to reforr>rlv,l.ate the instructional network mart Cconamically.
It i again requited to calcui.~ta equatior~a ~ 5 ~ ~.} , (5~, ~~ r ~ ~+3) r ~ 5 i 1~) v+rth tht
..t~.. this ver;~ simple s~stet~, but in the s~-1~ut~.on o~ ~ystema with a large num~ier of
~~ .~fe~'ential equations a defic3.Cnc~r a~ me?~~ties might Occuz?.
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STAT
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
nr~n .......m~.at..._t~taau.te_. t.h~ .in+~~ v~:ue~d ~ . Fc~ _..t~ie . ~tu~.r~ti~n _~i~ machi~:_..th3.~...i~...._..
Next Mre must c~lrr~r. a`ut the ca~.au~x-tis~n ~e~ ~ ~ 1~ ~~r tha calculgt~,?~ of the
~~rried out Frith the ixi,~tr~uction~ ~~' ~~~ T. V~~ cortte to inaiftruct3.on FA, wh3.ch
~:nct+~~,~cs the ~-dc~r~~s of . tie n~rtructdh ~~t 2~ ~s e~t~blshes the in~tr~xctian bar i
-~~.~ riich, .the c~.lculatiorr i~r repe~~-ted As soh ~-~ this in.st~uction is reached for the
.~:.` ~ecand time, the rch~e ~ p~rc~c~eding almng the path ~ ~ ~~ In -the group of in-~
_...~~ t~u.ctian~s beginn~.r~g w3.th TA ~ ~ 3 ~, thi* is C~Chan~ed ~'~~ m~
~~~.
---j ~'~-r q ~ h Zn the ~
rau~ of ~
nrtructions b~gf
nn~~ `with TC the ~ralue s eh~ige
~..~ ~~o t~ ~ . ti?+ ~- r~gardldsa o~ than v~ariabl~~~ It is th?refcsY?c neces~s.r~r ~tca canes
2
[~',~txf~} _;.. f (tit l~fl, ~ z.;,, __r.. is .:~.. ?~ ~ ,~~ :~ h
b ~ :~
3
l~~xt ire ca~r~ out the tab~l,ation t~rith int~ructit~n '~`E Mang the path ~ ~ ~, in
~+ ~~~srd~ess o~ the v~~riable it remain~l un
~ ~ c~xarng~d, be~,s,u~e `i2 ~ t0 + 2 Wig mist the~tfores r~plSat the calculation of t`(t}
b
'
_...._
---~ sn~a cont~..nue~ ~~r-ti1 in the grout of i*~s~-*'~~.~tf~*~s u
---~ lrt the further calculJation ~
-.
t. __.
r~r~hnr~err ~ n ~ nr+_rt~.++-~ nt~ Tr'i n .er }1 f'~? n
---~ ~Y~nge the va.l.ue~- regardless of the
~" ni~~g ~ri.th TC
5 ~4 ., ~
.-.y
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
.~ ,~ ~ 6
v~a~iabi.es in tha group. off` ~.nstructions 'beg~n~
,
,.
.
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
'I'hd group pit ihstx~ct~c~ns begirin3.rs,~ nth TG .t't~rnishes the com~~snds ~+~r perft~~-
_.,.,~
.~...:
~tiri r thr~ n?mh~r~ vh. .. ;~ ~ ~ ~ t, ~d ~t the a t~.me t~~btail~te$, ~h~tti
.
?
~t .._~. ~ the startr~.g val.~e~- ~'or the ~ie~ atep ~ the Rt~ge~Kittta. method.. thus the
~ ~ -..~~ ~,etual ~~.nduction ~ro~t to + 1 is t~bta~i.~ied. ?~'hs grcnz.p o~ instructions beginnirxg
l ~ ...`.~ ~ra.zn ?1~, no~rocver, must 'sti11 correct the ~ddreas of the.. instru~~ian FA b~? ~rhich ,the
2 c~ -.~~ .~:~?irtructicah is $et for the . cc~nt3.nuati~n ~ such ~ ~~ that the machine cc-ntinues
?j' .vng the path ~ ~ ~.. when inm'trt~ction FA ~o~.ea. up aga3.~i~ 5~.racz the solution of the
_~
~- ~ euaticm is ~t inter~~-t to ur ~n the part~,cula~ Mange ~ ta, tom), included i.n this
~~ 'out ~.~ ~ ~tM,.~cti Qr ~ 1~~ r~h~.ch tht ~i ~~' ,the di~`f eren~e tip ~- ~~~ s,scer-
xge in wh~.ch. we ors ~.nster+~st+~d, and it dtope:
The ?le calcu~.atioh ~roeeedrig in the sti~ehine may ba bMie~'ly Mated the
`~ `a~ the ~`o7~a~ equ~tiori~
~:~..._' tinr~d. Aa .soon as it cvmea~ out positive; the ~ria~.chine hgs rea had the limit of the
terra- q~ s-~~ ae~et~rdi~ru; t~- the ..#~sb~-d~~,~er~,..,_~.__.~
.STAY
G (.~ ?~
Ba~ore each calculation, it is necesscar~r to replace in the corresponding me;a-
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
d sr ~e+'~ ~ s
.~...x~.d am... o~.._.the~ _.3~uct i?n~a~.. netxrork _ i~.~ .re.
~' ~es~rite~c~....,fri= F~.g?~.~..... The....p~r.~aoaed...i~_~_.
.,~...
~~~ rtructioral network in ~ ~cnera~~. f~r~ is preaentec~ ~.n F~.ge. 5.3, 5. ~,, and,. ~.
I.n this wad this tizn~ z~equired for calculating the ~am,e
steps wou~.d ha~re bash, re~u~~u v~ a.rb~=~.t a
-- Fina31~, it ~~~ be interesting ~o note that recently a special method hasr
`',---- ~
---b~~n estabZi~h~d for solv3.ng dff~reritial'cqu~to~~ .with the ajatc~atic com~ut~r#,
3';
.~
-'It is also based on the Runge-Kutta method, and tht calculat-ion requires an eQen
n d ;
+`! ~ ~ .
---~am~.l3er nul~bcr ?f nemories thaw: fir the Runge-Kutta method as it has been. employed
,~
~i~ A ncess far the ate b ste into anon of difr"erential a uation~ in- an
q
_ _
_~' __ :~~tomatic digital ~o~np~ating mach3.n~
STAT
for better or~.entatc~n it naay be
~~:tere~tii.r~g to Hots that the calcul_.ation
of this equation in 50 steps tot~l~ ab+aut
haY.~ an hour. A~ a~eady mentioned
the be~~.~nn~.ng, we used the Runge-Kutta
method this case Qr.1y .for didactic
~'e3~oYlb~ If it had been the purpose
i
to o'bt~tir~ the aoluticr i n the aho_rtest
?f differentiation requ~itig a urger number of memorie>a
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 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
3%
~ t_.__..
~~ `x~ __ ,
Q~ r
i.o
s; ,
X~~~rllj S;~ ~ K~~? 1
Fi~.5.2 -Developed Diagram
96
3 -ter ~ ~"~ i
~~~~~
rtlrllP~Tion or I
~esu~t~
tabut~t~'on, ~
vr~tctian
,~~~ .
STAT
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
:r.. .~. .r. ~, a.
~......~_. ~ _ ,L.,.. ~_ ~. _..~ ___~ .. ~.
Anal;~eis
c,ty -t o~ ~
F~~u ~' ~ ~u ~ ih
tc,:u+a~~u+w=v~
x~y ~ ar. ~ tk
~-
w c:> f..~
~~~ r_' ~
jlaeabular~
~
~ Cd)
e
= 4~
~
tr
~ CF
7~
~e
s (p
~)
ne
- CP
~>
xe
- (p
l )
x~
-~ t 1' '',t 2
Ali i i ~ ~ a ~ ili ~ a erg!
ts;~ fi e ~ b ~. b1b a d .~
r
e~'n o ii b ~ ~ ili o ~ .~
? a e a? a b e`e a b Y n b b 9~9 c~ a l e
1 f ~ ~ S d J ~~ 8 In 1+ tt! tl +~ +5 ttl!!7 I~. I~ ?J >~I t3
"^ ~ ~ 1 n ?' 4 ! 9 ! ~I ~ 9 .A R y tJ a 7I! w ~ 4
~~ ;~,.:1 !.~ s~ '~~ Stl 59 60 QIIl~ b1 C?t.Eff 6c ~r ca ?tS17t9 ~+ ,x iy ri >?ti ~ 17~ rb
chi 'r R i i
~i ~ #.al# y i a a
!1 S ill S d 9
? ! ? ?i? ? G ? t!
I
11~~~1 it~1/
M b9sN by us as*o
Fig.b.~ ~- in.~tructic~n ~~rd for ~~sr~'oratior, c~_~ ~radit~>_g ~~`d
~....:! ~~ thy: reat~t~ ~.?~to the. card cdnt~,i~a.ing tie second terms
- eb } Addition of the r~uxr~b~r perforated into the 1e~din~ card Frith the ~~,~be~e
:~ ~= ..~.
.--s pe~?fvrated irta the tr~~.il..in~ cards (t~r,.til the nG~~ ~.ea~din~ card), and per:r`or~,t~an
~~~
a ~ A ~ +1 4~ A I ~S i ~1 ~ i I ? Y I :S ~ i ? 4 i t ? i i ~ ?1 ~ i K i ? ~
b ~ ? ~ S s .I9 ~ ~ .s ,s ~ 5 wlG ~ ~ ~ s. s. a ~i~ >f i # ! i ~ hl ~
t o 8 ): a c air ! 6 u c O tr ?~a C? v 6 s K ?fY ti G? it i i [Ii
T i 7 Y 7 7 1 i! :' 7 l~ 7 2 T ~ 7~? 7 7 f 1' T 7 I y 'y y ~ 1 }~ T 7 t,},
? a Y a?? C ely ee e? s b tliie r e ~ a a o aid b? u i ~I ~ d1a
b;~ :'er~o~atc~r
S
.
C3perati.?ns from I.~ad~.ng hard t~ `'~`x+ailit~.g giver. Ca~d~ (;w~i.th Leading Ga~.~?d FolY:owed
by F..~.pt~ Cara. (k~i~ ? 6. S } ~
da} ~Iultiplic~.t~on oz number ~ri 1Gadir~g card b~ num~+er in add card, axed per
~ ,.,._,1
. W--~ fd~~tian Q~' result into- e~ren ~ard~
t
...._:l.
db} Addition of nia~t~bex in. leading card with number iri odc~ card, and perform-
icn pf result izato even card,
Operations a'? ong Pack of Ca,rd~ ~ ~'~.g6.~)
ea) StYCC~~sivc subtraction i9f v`alue~ ptr~'orated into the same f 1eZd 0f all
w '~~ ~~.r.6ds oz ozZC yet, and pcrforat3.on of the ~.ntermediate r~su~.t~l 3.nto the individual
S ~ _
Ca,~d~+~
STAT
i
1 i 1 5 t 1 ! 1 I .' ~ 1 I 1 1 1.1 1 1 1' 1. ! I C l i! 1 1. +~ ! 1 ) i~l 1 1 1 1 1' I
Q i' ti~ 4?: t I t 1! 2 >` ![ Y 2' t t! Y Y 4 P 2 2 I: 7 >i @! t tF ? 1) t t 1! r
tb 24~ 1?K 'tt di fi rr '!U 31 !>P; 53' y1 :ti ~ ?1 ~~ YJ
t i i
4 ! tt
i i aii v i i i
iii a i,3 i
i ?e
~?'- t 1 l
?I~ o a ?.
*.I* f i s y
?dl~l it +~ as ~y
i
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
~~~~~the 3..ntex~iedi~te'.,resultm...n~~b the. _individuai caard;~.
All..of_ _ the~_...Qnu~e.r_atad . operatioru~ oc~~' aut~a.t.i~~-__~th. ~'~~~~---. #sa~_t~e....a~
~~sl~a~~.ly combined nth the printing of the
The opcratiom caf the tabn~..i~tor i~-
~i~. 6. ltd - ~'~sr f arato~-
STAT
serf Gyrator
---~ The perforator is an e~.~ctr~.ca~l.~~-dr~.ven mach~.i7%s j wrhich pe~~o~atds the ~..nit~.e-1
5 ~:~
v~~~es, the irdc~, the constanta~ the per~'a~ration of thr leading c~"d, etc infra
u'-?'
tote pa~.rt~.cul~.r ro~.i't~i~ of t1~e ~d (at the processing d~ tie card>~ with the tabu
- ~raii~.ee _. ~ .....~ .. _ ._
per.~aratcd iz~ta the ca~rdr and the subtraction ~~' the value pe~?for~,ted rota
~.i,tor, the card corms ar-e not d~.vclec~ titre ~.ndiv~.dua~. ~'eldr~) w~:th simiultaneau~r
int of tMhe s:~ y .the inteiedia~t~ x+e~ru,~.td, end tFhe~?r~,n~1, tot~.~s~.
_i t~i~ perforating cards a The pack o~ cede to be' perforated with the information
--~-~ a~c+~rding to the wr~.tten or printed data is placed into the faed magazine w~ah thr~
5 r, _ _ .. _.. .
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
?
,n .~
_y.~ ~.ng tht cha~r~.cter ~e~~, the ~ettirig ~arr~ts.~e off" thG per~'~ra.tt~~ moves .from the i*ir
_.. ___.... ,....... ,~,.._,.~....~....~.w..,_...~...~
~_j Face of the cards upw~d an,d this cut corner to the left. By prea~s~.n~ the number
~~e .,.~__c~f' th.~ k+~~s~xd .the necer~;~a~r di ~,t
Y ~ , ~ ~' ~ are .aet... ~.nn. the cc~rreapandir.~,~ . ~olu~mn.s....1.
to 90. ~ cr~ntrast to the tt~riiter; where the ro~.~. with the PaA~r maVes duriri~
~,.,~ tht typing of the letters acid d3.;~~.t~ end the +writing g obtaurd directl.~ bv.i~re~~~-
C~.g.~~11 -- ~~~.a~~~.f"l~r
.~ ~il~t tif' the yet d.at~. ~,re ger~'aratcd ~.t~tc~ tht card; the card moves a~,t?ma~tica~l,y to
~.J the storage r~il,ga~ir~ea ar~d the mach3.~re ~eec~s Chet newt lat~vest ca.rd+ '~ht set vdlu~ss
-~ r~smain intact, and the mach? ~e pe~f o~rs.~tce tie ~ar~c~~ ~t a rate of ~t~(J to 6CKXJ c~.rds
,~~' hour; ox+ .the yet ~ralues art autdrna.tica~~.;~ caneel~.ed and the ~iperator seta the
i F -
__... new ~rglue~ ~'or the ~a~ct Bards.
C~
STAT
Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
 Declassified in Part -Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/12/11 :CIA-RDP81-010438001300040009-0
ver~.fica~tir~n of .the corr+~ctne~s ~:~ t~e p+~r~`a~ratir~g 3,e ~bt~f.ncd bar repeatira,~
c~ .:~ r~. ~: G1.asa~..t
This ve~~.f icd perf?rate~d card then ~~nt~~, cnl~ o~ta~. ho~.es which can es-si].~ be-
--~
~~~
~e claseit~sr is ured fcrir car~~-ng t op~~atcns 1?rftY~ the c~arda~. ~~ pack
~~ ~ cf c~rd~ is pl.ace~. ~.n the ~esd i~iaga~3~ne the ~ ~ ad in tha pe~fo~-ators
~ ~ .~ Feeder feeds the ~a.~d~ bf .the Eck ones b~ the fr~r~ .'be~.ow to the rn~,chine at.. a rate
..
~~` ,CX34 eard~l per hour. 1~ach card st~p~s ~~r a m-o~m+~nt tzndex the fe~e3.~,r csi' the
- ~
~~ a~a~ wi~e~~i the ecl~m ~.~ determined ceord~g to which than card ~.~~ t~ be
claas~ified ar1d. rrh~bre the ~ +~ar~ra d ,.~. ~i ~ Aec?rd .. t
~i.n a the i~'ort:~at~.on cvn
g ~ P ~
~~r-.-~ ~-ain~d ~.n the dcte:~ined cc~.umn~ csri~ of tab thirtaen~ ~rtar~aga c~partanent,~ opens
fi~y{.:..~~.~.p1a~.~c3...~C.b~..hf_..:~...pex_~c~.~~t~.~.~_~._._...~.....~...
I
i
2 ~~.._ ~E'a~1s rtin roll rndv~+s the card to the ~ . ~ c
~ po g partmant into which it falls.
~ ~'an of these thix?tee~a eompa~tmente ~t~r,~p+~ tt~ the tin digits d to 9 } . The
In this ~ra~D b~ e ~ ~pa~r~' tk~~~gt~ ~ ~aChr~e the pack of cards can be re-
sued int? as ;~ batches ~-~ there are. diff~rer~t kinds o~ in~'or~ation ~.n one
.~ ~,.~
~~~ :. ~, far ep1G, a pack ~,~ t~ ~e~ reels=s3aed canai~eti.n~g t-f txo kinds e~
i~bt;r, for exsmpl.e, set lt~ and $~t ]:5 (r~3^i+~e~ nuae~x~ ind~.ces are c~e~~,gnated in ecl?-
.w.,.,
f
~ ~--~-` die $~ and ~C3 } : then the te+~ler of t~ Le c~
Triage ie eat f~ cv-1'umn 90. 3'he card
fah the digft ~, p+e~~'~ratad intc Bolt ta11r iritd edmp'a~tinent 1~, while the
1
i
~.~
_ .
i~rds rfarated with the d ~.t 5 fall. ~ c
p? ~; . o~partment ~.
' ~'he coining ~sf: cards _ it +era~r~d cult in ~xch a wag. that th+~ pack e ~it?;i~t
V YrrnY `'
~~~tsd acEC~-ding t? the lo>~It index. ids are then again made. up into a
_.
t .
Eck in such a wag that ..the l~e~ xd i~ taken t'riom cc~partmen.t ~, them f~apa
cp~rtment 1~ thtiri ~~csan ~cSmpart~nt 2, e?tc. ~ uriti.l.:tinall~r fr~n +cc~p~tment '~,,
?
~~. ~_. c,~1.a_ssifier_.i,~,:.._of
~ourse._a~.~o _ used ._far ._porn~~~i~iz~-g.. other t~p+~~_. of__ chi=~s;
Ml ~rhich~._ har~r+ever. ._ ~~ of nn 3,ntar~ . _ __ ,.. . __ _..I
~ ...w..__..... _ __ -. _ . .~ .... _ dt toy out P~"'~s+~r~~
~~
,~:r.v.'u:~lyil~ -'~;-,:;tea,-_'.- wi.a:.;-w,:~w.+:u.:...~:,:......:.:... ..,..: _...a+-_i1.S~i...""w era..$s...~..:.`L"i.1ii~...._.,ra i+: ...