METHODS FOR THE PROTECTION OF SECURITIES, CHECKS, IDENTITY PAPERS, AND SIMILAR DOCUMENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R000700170006-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 234
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: August 30, 2010
• Sequence Number: 6
• Publication Date: April 8, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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METHODS FOR THE PROTECTION OF SECURITIES
rtat IDENTITY P'ERS; AND SIMILAR DOCUMENTS
. B. Meyer, Certified
Die S9,cherungstecb~nik der Chemical Engineer
Wertpapiere Methods for the
Protection of securities],
1935, Zurich, Pages 1-'5 and
5-183
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Foreword by Or. Edmond Locard, Director, Police Technical Labo-
ratory, Lyon
6 [of original]
1
Introduction
T
Chapter I. Counterfeiting and Forgery
General
Chapt?r II. Protection against Counterfeiting` -
18
safeguards and Techniques in Paper-Makiflg
Chapter IIi. Protection against Content Forgery
neral Safeguards and Techniques in Paper-Making 58
Chapter IV. safeguarding Personal Identification 118
Chapter V. Fingerprints as Signatures ca NegotiableS,
by Edmond Locard., Director, Police Technical Labo-
120
ratory at Lyon
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Chapter VI. Graphic Safety echfigUes
Chapter VII. Sate Writing echnigues
Chapter VIII. Miscellaneous
Index of German patents of the last 15 years, valid and
expired, as of 1 starch 1934
Bibliography
index oX patents referred to i n the text
Index of authors
Alphabetical index
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177
186
190
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MRTIIODS FOR THE PROTECTION OF SECURITIES caECK6
IDENTITY PAPERS, AND SIMILAR DOCUMENTS
those countries. More recently there were the Czerwonky counterfeits
and the Hungarian false French 1,000-franc notes. Once an idealistic
Austrian scientist, too, turned counterfeiter -- to finance his
successful researches in malaria.
asaociaved with personal gain; often they are of a political nature.
Napoleon, for example, had counterfeit Austrian gulden and tussian
ruble notes printed to pay for the acquisitions his army made in
police statistics. The counterfeiters' motives are not always
papers, and stamps is a matter of common knowledge confirmed by
tickets, checks, letters of credit, receipts, contracts, ship's
The frequency of counterfeit bank notes, lottery tickets,
stock certificates, bonds, tieasury notes, railway and admission
The state, the:banks, and private individuals annually suffer
., ..ng~oV~ ~h
enormous losses as the result of couptesfei.~ 4 nv .ab1B papers, bank
notes, etc. While it is usually possible to detect and punish the
criminal, the damages are only rarely made good. Furthermore,
certain types of counterfeiting cause far greater damage, and injure
a far wider group, than the monetary value of the false paper that
is circulated. The market price of a stock or other security, for
example, may fall catastrophically as soon as it is known that false
certificates are in circulation, while public confidence in the
issue is only slowly regained. For this reason many cases of counter-
in the case of checks. Many other cases never come to light;
felting are kept secret by interested parties
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a criminal arrested recently on another charge ironically informed
the Paris police, to their apaazement, that he had printed and sold
thousands of tickets to the Colonial Exposition there in 1930. The
American Secret Service in a single year dealt with 25p,a40 counter-
feit dollar bills. Many other examples could be cited.
There can be no doubt that governments, municipalities,
banks, steamship companies, and all those concerned with negotiable
papers -- the general public, in fact -- have a direct interest in
the prevention of all kinds of forgery and counterfeiting. To
~ .4. .r MATA /. ~ior
"ocV9 A'My
reach this goal is the task of security tecnniyu~.s or tk a pac+ .
of currency and negotiable papers.
All countries have stringent penal laws against forgers and
counterfeiters, and the League of Nations is also concerned with
them to some extent, Central offices for dealing with counterfeit
money, like that of the German Reichsbank, have been set up. Banks
are organized for action. When a counterfeit bill or forged check
appears, the information.is..swf tly circulated. All these measures
are useful, particularly in the detection of counterfeiters and
forgers and constitute part of the security system. However, they
do not suffice to render forgery or counterfeiting impossible. To
do this is the task of security techniques for the protection of
currency and negotiable papers.
To carry out .this task, security techniques are based first
of all on the principle of multiplying the difficulties that stand
in the way of counterfeiting .or forging a bill or document. At
first glance we might be inclined to doubt the effectiveness of
this principle, as everything produced by man can, a priori, be
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imitated or reproduced identically by others. 'hough the objection
is valid in principle, there are a number of cases in which an
individual is able to achieve a certain effect which he himself, to
say nothing of others, is not able to repeat
or could repeat only
by a most improbable accident. (Koegel's principle of safety advice
and other protective techniques, especially those used in printing
and engraving.) In these cases actual technical imitation must be
considered impossible. But the possibility of a counterfeit still
exists. In Koegel's most valuable procedure there is still an
_-~n_ For control microphotographs etc
equivalent must be retained by control officers, and thus the
possibility of counterfeiting enters, in that the control document
can be replaced by one that corresponds to a false document. Because
these control officials are needed, the procedure is not adapted to
the protection of many negotiable papers, such as banknotes. sore
important for these purposes are processes which systematically
make imitation technically impossible -- at least with present-day
techniques. Noteworthy among these are various secure printing
processes. With these the. possibility of counterfeiting the entire
document can be made so extraordinarily difficult that it may be
regarded as practically excluaed. But although these processes
already have rendered most important services, they cannot entirely
eliminate fraud by falsified notes, checks, or docusents. For,
while they are of inestimable value when used by experts, they are
quite useless in the hands of untrained or careless persons. These
are, and always will be, the outer limits of the possibilities for
protection and security. Even if an intrinsically perfect security
technique should come into general use, bank notes and other negotiable
documehts would continue to be falsified, because thews will always be
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forgers and counterfeiters who profit by the inexperience or care-
iessnesa of their fellows. But in the vaeasure that protective
techniques are perfected and applied, the criminal's risk will be
increased and his chance of gain reduced.
Another triumph of the protective techniques lies in the
fact that the alteration of the content of a written document, such
as a check, today ,..may be regarded with practically complete certainty
as impossible.
Many of these achievements of the protective tec.n? UeM c1J
date back t? the last few years or decades. Unfortunately, however,
it must be noted that these improved protective methods are only
gradually being introduced, and that even now they encounter a great
deal of mistrust. To some extent this is because so-called safety
papers frequently appear on the market which are supposed to be
f orgery..p,r oof9 while an expert would consider it child's play to
counterfit them or especially to alter their content. Even today
the postal money order forms of most countries, the blank checks
of most banks, etc, are not only easily imitated but their written
content is even more readily susceptible tO falsification. Although
these facts may amaze us, they become understandable when we stop
to think that a lot of inadequately "secured" papers appear on the
market and that the authorities who decide on the implementation of
security measures lack the necessary technical knowledge ~? which
is hardly surprising. Likewise, the manufacturers of so-called
?'safe" Papers often are quite unclearboatthe properties which
their product should possess. In many places, protective techniques
. are still at a low level of development and drastic measures are re-
quired to seize the victory. This is what the Danish newspaper
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publisher E. C. Aller accomplished in an era when today's technical
means of protection were still far in the future. In 1909 he forced
the Banish National Bank to recall anissue o2 1Q4kroner notes by
counterfeiting them and then confessing his crime and submitting
the serial numbers involved. The notes were later reissued in a
more secure form. As Aller acted on purely idealistic grounds,
without seeking to enrich himself, he was not prosecuted. The Danish
National Bank in fact was obliged to thank the critical publisher,
as he undoubtedly saved it from having to redeem a great many false
notes.
When a counterfeiter succeeds completely there is no way of
telling the difference between the genuine and false notes. Often
it is only the application of technical protective procedures that
reveals the counterfeit, if it is discovered at all. Certainly the
protective procedures adopted to date, even if they offer all too
little security in themselves, have prevented a large number of
cases of forgery and counterfeiting, in a purely psychological sense
in that they inhibited or deterred the criminals.
Progress in the protective techniques not only serves to
discourage forgery and counterfeiting, and the consequent losses;
it can be fruitful in many other ways. There can be no doubt that
a completely protected, safe check would make possible not only a
basic simplification of the way in which barks handle checks but
also a much more widespread use of this convenient form of pagment
than heretofore ~- at least in Europe in contrast to the United
States. (In the United States, of course, children are taught about
the use of checks in school and learn how to handle a check book.)
Thus the check would achieve its real importance as a circulating
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medium payable
"at sight."
At present it has largely lost this
meaning in practice, simply because of the doubts evoked by forgeries
- he banks make payment on certain checks only after the fulfill'-
sent of various formalities. In this connection a decision of the
Court at Paris of 30 April 1931 may be noted. A. bank had delayed
payment on a bearer check because advice of it had not been received.
The bearer of the cracks brought suit and won. The court held that
it was unlawful for the bank to make immediate payment dependent
upon the fulfillment of formalities not set forth in the statutes,
and thus to delay payment.
The enormous public relations advantage over its competitors
accruing to a bank that uses really well protected blank checks
is obvious -- aside from the other advantages.
The following lines concern themselves with the most salient
elements of modern protective techniques for safeguarding bank rotes,
checks, and other negotiable papers. These elements can be combined
to achieve a more or less complete degree of security answering
every protective need. It has been impossible to discuss in detail
every combination of elements without exceeding the planned length
of the work, and many combinations are only indicated or touched
upon. The more or less complete discuBsion of counterfeiting and
forgery methods, and of methods of falsification not yet adopted
is not included to encourage crime but to call the attention of the
producers and consumers of safety paper stock to the requirements
such paper must meet, and particularly to alert the consumers
banks, for example -- to the dangers that threaten them.
As the methods of counterfeiters and forgers s constantly
being improved and refined, it is necessary for protective techniques
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to be in continuous devolopmeft. Numerous avenue of deve1opient
stand open, on the basis of present day science and technology.
All of them could not be treated in this book. However, a thought?ful application of the methods given herein should yield solutions
to most protection problems which will be adequate for the great
majority of practical, purposes for a long time to come, and; which
are beyond the present technical level of the forger.
Chapter
. ~.-onLei 4 ing Wn4 s yr g+.. J
Technical or protective methods for conibating c~sunterfeitifg
and forgery can be evaluated and analyzed only after one has been
acquainted with the operations of counterfeiters and forgers in
sotae detail.
Depending on the kind of fraud contemplated and the nature
of the object to be falsified, the criminal, is confronted with
the following problems:
1. The mutation of a bank note, check, or similar paper,
in all its details, including the paper stock, watermark, engraving
etc. In this case a genuine document is replaced by a spurious
one .... which will be referred to hereinafter as counterfeiting.
In ordinary language this imitation of a negotiable paper is often
called forgery. Total falsification is the total imitation of a
paper. counterfeiting is especially common with negotiable papers
like bank notes, stocks, bonds, etc. (Between 1921 and 1929 12,000,000
French francs' worth of counterfeit bank notes were in circulation
in France done. hisses from counterfeit stack certificates in the
last few years amounted to some 100,000,000 francs.)
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2, Alteration of the content of a negotiable paper in certain
details, such ae the elimination of certain written characters and
their substitution by others, in an otherwise genuine document. This
is essentially an alteration of the content, which we can refer to
as content forgery. However, for the sake of brevity, this will
usually be referred to siao~ply as forgery, as it is called in ordinary
language. It is especially cou only practiced on unsafe paper
stock, in which case it is done with the greatest of ease.
W .
~ a tation of the handwriting or utaucs t ii
authentication of the intent of an individual _.. that is, the falsi-
fication of identity in an otherwise genuine or spurious document
without counterfeiting or content forgery. This is particularly
common with checks and the autographs of famous personalities.
Counterfeiting is usually a matter of imitating a paper
stock, a given watermark, a printing type, an ornament, or a character.
None of these presents any great difficulty for the specialist. An
experienced paper maker can easily manufacture paper with a well-
known watermark, while a printer or engraver can iiitate a known
blank form exactly enough. Draftsnief, artists, and many unskilled
persons succeed notoriously well in imitating handwriting, signatures,
etc, more or less exactly. All these professionals need only use
their professional tools -- machines, apparatus .- to do their jobs.
It would carry us too far to describe these techniques in detail
here. presumably there are detailed technical treatises in most
languages; acquaintance with them is assumed in the following, except
for special tricks used mainly by forgers. The latter are best
dealt with in the di?cussion of individual protection processes, and
are omitted here in order to avoid repetition. There, too, belong
a
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the general remarks on the standard operating procedures of the
professional counterfeiter and forger.
Content forgery involves changing the content or meaning of
a document. fandwriting, type, etc are removed or obliterated, and
thus rendered invalid, to be replaced -- when necessary -- by hand"
writing or printing with another meaning. In other cases alteration
of the significance is accomplished by rewriting alone. Content
forgery can be carried out with or without removal of those portions
of the paper which carry the characters to be removed or obliterated.
I. By removing those parts of the paper which bear the writing.
This can be done as follows.
I. By rubbing off the characters when they lie on the
~ the
surface or in the topmost layers of the paper, as is usually th
case. For this we use the terra mechanical erasure -- erasure for
short -- which is cononly known and usually done with a pen
knife, rubber eraser, abrasive paper, etc. I1e abraded area
must of course be written over anew.
Z , By epi it t ing off the topmost layers of the paper which
contain the characters to be treated w.. for example by affixing
a powerful adhesive paper, like the paper tape used in sealing
Packages, and then pulling it off. The top layers of the document,
those holding the matter to be removed, are thus split off -- if
not the first time, the process is repeated (Be? Figure 1).
3. Dy excision of portions of the documents which coetain
the matter to be removed, and insertion of new paper with new written
content in the appropriate places.
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II. Without removing those parts of the paper that bear the writing.
This can be done as follows.
1. By addition or superscriptiou, such as transformation of
a 1 into a 4, 3 or 5 into an B, etc (see Figure 2).
2, By covering characters to be rendered invisible. This
can be done with colors either in dry form, like powder or chalk,
or by impressing or stamping with transfer papery for example, as
well as with watery, oily, or other opaque paints. Thus, for
instance, black printing can be completely covered with white lead
d 7
i-i Ltuciaa u ?
a7v n
can t! be t~-p e4 c~vc~r tug uiu or
less concealed originals. In this way ticket No $ 24922 of the
French State Lottery of December 1, 1933 was forged and won the
forger the sum of 1, O00, OO4 French francs.
3. By bleaching with light, rendering inks invisible by
applying the destructive action of light to the dyes they contain.
4. By chemical removal of characters (chemical erasure).
This method is very frequently used, especially on documents written
in ink w- particularly checks -~ because it can often be accomplish-
ed without leaving any damage visible to the eye. In order pro-
perly to evaluate protective measures against this kind of forgery,
the forger's chemical tools are discussed in some detail here. These
are primarily ink bleaches or chemical eradicators.
Ink bleaches are chemical substances with which it is possible
to destroy writing in ink. The principal ones are substances used
in the textile industry 'as bleaches or corrosives
etching chemicals;
in general, they are oxidizing or reducing agents. They oxidize or
reduce ink dyes to colorless compounds. But,/depending on the ink,
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acids or other chemicals, such as alkalis, or solvekitA like alcohol,
can be used to remove handwriting in such a way that the ink dye is
either chemically transformed into a colorless substance or is
mechanically dissolved out.
In the great majority of cases forgers use oxidizing agents
that are sold on the market as ink eradicators under the generic
name Tintentod (Ink Death). Most important among the oxidising
agents are the hypochlorites -- soluble salts of hypochioritic
acids, principally calcium hypochiorite or chloride of lime, sodium
hypoch orite (aiso called iau de Laoarraque) and potassium hypo-
chlorite (Eau de Javelle (Javel water]). These chemicals are mass
produced, are used in paper and textile mills, laundries, etc, and
are easily obtainable at any grocery or drugstore. The forger has
no difficulty in getting hold of them. By far the great majority
of dyestuffs on the market can be completely bleached out with them,
especially in combination with hydrochloric acid. The writing to
be eradicated is first moistened with the hypochlorite solution
or paste, the excess chemical is absorbed with blotting paper, and
the writing is then covered with hydrochloric acid, whereupon the
ink disappears more or less rapidly, depending upon its composition.
By using the hydrochloric acid before the hypochlorte the process
can also be made to work in reverse order.. The latter procedure
has advantages over the former in that the paper stock is less
affected. Bypochiorites have a rather strong alkaline reaction
which softens or stains the paper (especially paper with wood pulp
content) faster than does an acid reaction. The effect of the hypo-
chlorites is based upon the principle of the oxidising power of
hypochiorite acids, which is liberated by the action of the carbonic
acid in the air and much more rapidly by hydrochloric acid.
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The latter with hypochlorite acid becomes chlorine, which with
water formS in part a new hypocblorite acid= Chlorine is a bleach
in itself, which explains the expecially goad, rapid effect pro-
duced by the application of Mypochlorites and hydrochloric acid.
The simultaneous application of the hydrochloric acid and hypo-
chlorite is still more aggressive, in some cases attacking the
underprinting of a check which resists the application of hypo-
chlorite (chloride of lime) and hydrochloric acid applied successively.
Chlorates, whose action is essentially similar to that of
the ihypochiorites, art ti u govu
,LLLt1 J~GWtdV 6. is v~v3svvw ii..r r..
solution of sodium chlorate is applied to the ink, followed by
dilute hydrochloric acid, whereupon most inks bleach out.
Next to the hypochlorites, potassiu3a permanganate plays the
leading role in the bleaching of ink. Like them, and because of
its stability, it is found in mangy'of the commercially available
chemical ink eradicators. It has a neutral reaction and a strongly
violet color, and like the hypochiorites when used with acids,
particularly hydrochloric acid (in which case chlorine again
results) it has a very strong effect. As a result of oxidation
the violet color is changed to the brown of the manganese dioxide
which is formed, but this is easily removable with a solution of
either sodium bisulfite or sodium sulfite, or with acids.
Still other oxidizing agents can be used, like chrorn c acid
or chromates, or bichromates in combination with acids. However,
green colored chrome salts appear as byproducts of the oxidation,
and they are not so easily removed from the paper. The effects of
other oxidising agents, such as persulfates or perborates, is based
on the oxidizing properties of hydrogen peroxide, which is less pro-'
nounced than that of the agents previously mentioned.
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Organic oxidizing agents must also be noted. Aktivin (sodium
paratoluolsulfochloraanide) far example contains 23% of free chlorine,
which is liberated very slowly, hoer. Senzoyl peroxide shoxild
also be mentioned.
The use of oxidizing agents in organic solvents must also
be considered in certain cases, for with these the forger can largely
avoid damage to the paper stock. Safety papers, including those
with goffering, ~rmbossing, perforations, etc, can be treated in
e~. s - al d
ttr i ., rn" fer yv i ti the e i ~,trc e,
Sh~ .Ntv.-:sAw< ?.< w
^'~.r the nr~dYgna1 1mreSSion and
texture of the paper.
writings in ink can also be erased dry with gases like ozone
or chlorine. Tha method also preserves the original texture of
the paper.
The following reducing agents are used for ink eradication.
sulfurous acid and its salts, hydrosulfitee and their more stable
formaldehyde compounds, stannous chloride and titanous chloride of
which the latter is by far the most effective. Sulfurous acid,
easily available, combines with certain dyestuffs sometimeS used
in ink (fuchsine, malachite green, etc) to produce a colorless
compound which is easily washed from the paper. Its soluble salts,
such as sodium bisulfite, which develop sulfurous acid when used
in combination with acids produce similar results. Sulfurous acid
has little effect upon the most coonlY used inks, but it bleaches
ferrous sulfate, the basis of iron gallate inks.
Bydrosulf ites, like sodium sulfite and its formaldehyde
compounds (rongalites), are much stronger than sulfurous acid,
especially in combination. They reduce ink dyes particularly if the
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latter are composed .... as they commonly are -- of artificial organic
dyes, Rowevor, the hypochlorites are more effective. Rydrosulfices
have an alkaline reaction.
Among reducing agents titanous chloride is stoat effective.
Edmund Knec~it (E, Knecht and E. Rilbert New Reduction Methods in
Volumetric Analysis) of course proposed its use in the analysis
of dyestuffs. 9o far forgers have used it little or not at all,
perhaps because it is not found in commercial ink eradicators, is
unstable in he presence of air, and is Tess easily available in
shop; than other ink bleacz>les. From the standpoint of protective
technique it deserves special attention, however, because in acid
solution it can completely bleach a long list of ink dyes, namely
all azo dyes, thiazines, safranines, in addition to triphenylmethane
dyestuffs, indigo, and many others. Titanium chlorate is violet
in color but as a result of oxygen absorption or reduction turns
into colorless titanic acid.
A long -list of other acids -- inorganic and organic -- can
be used as ink removers: sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric
acid, oxalic acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and
others, all of which are readily obtainable. The strongest of
these, like hydrochloric acid or oxalic acid, have a destructive
affect on ink dyes -- particularly on iron gallate -- or form colored
solutions with them that can easily be washed out of the paper.
The weaker acids have only a dissolving effect, like that of the
organic solvents (like alcohol), Which dissolve coal tar dyes but
only attack iron gallate or logwood inks insofar as they contain
organic anilin dyestuffs that are soluble in alcohol. Alcohol and
the other organic solvents (glycerin, glycin, Asetin; eta) act slowly
and are only partially effective.
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These are the most important chemicals capable of removing
ink. A thorough knowledge of their application and their effects
upon inks is necessary in order to take the necessary counter-
measures. The basis of one of the most important protective measures
is the production of papers, printing inks and writing inks that
will indicate the application of chemical reagents as clearly as
possible, so that attempts at forgery will be revealed and the
potential victims warned.
Wk 11 ~r.AmnY.c~t o,w i na~a111ag ?f the u ua1 WY'Iting inks is
surprisingly easy and succeeds admirably. The elimination of print-
ing inks and India ink, black typewriter printing, and pencil
script by chemical means is more diff iCUlt. The great majority
of printing inks are in media insoluble in water, such a boiled
linseed oil, resin varnish (resin and mineral oil), etc, which dry
with a water-repellent film and sometimes lose their solubility in
solvents almost entirely. Such inks offer more or less strong
resistance to the usual chemical reagents used on ink, and if they
contain lampblack -- as do most black printing inks and temperas
(finely divided lampblack in shellac, etc), every oxidizing and
reducing agent fails. But if the binding medium is destroyed or
dissolved -- alkalis, soaps, spirits of soap, etc are notably success-
ful -- such inks can Ijkewise be removed. There are also commercial
products (TuechSA, Tuto, for example) designed to remove India ink
from technical drawings. According to US patent No 1,488,881,
(F. E. Jackson, Grosse Pointe, Michigan), these printing inks can
be removed with a mixture made of;
1 part by volume turpentine (as solvent)
1 part by volume glycerin (to retard the evaporation of the
alcohol and ammonia)
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1 part by voluBae ammonia (effective solvent for the binning
medium)
2 parts by volume alcohol (as solvent and detergent, and to
minimize the effect of the ammonia upon the paper stock)
2 parts by volume soap (to prevent too rapid evaporation
and drying out) plus starch paste to give the mixture a thick
consistency, so that it will not run and can be confined to the portions of the document that are to be erased. The starch also
_. ,:y _ ~~.w mom, ~aAnts from the binding medium.
absorbs the pi ent, r~:~~~~s:~ ~.._ = -~
The paste is applied to the writing or drawing to be removed. iixter
asufficient working time, the affected characters can be rubbed
off with a cloth or bits of paper, or lifted off with the point
of a knife. Many other such eradicators for printing inks can
be devised.
As far as the falsification of identity is concerned, this,
to is usually accomplished with ease when the forger has only to
o 9
imitate the handwriting or a signature. Signatures are wrongly and
still too widely regarded as the personal, sign of a particular
ind.viduai which cannot be imitated perfectly. In contrast, B.
~
Locard, in his Manuel de technique policiere, page 195, writes
that the determination of the genuineness of an individual signature
is e$traordinariiy difficult. "It is certain that a practiced,
clever forger can imitate a signature perfectly enough to render a
dia oSis virtually impossiblep While in a longer manuscript the
grapb,ometric method leads to the goal with complete certainty. On
,
the other hand- *. semiilliterate may have such wide variations in
his signature that the range of variations may include the inaccuracies
of the forge?."
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For the various methods of imitating signatures see I. Locard's
Traite de Criaainalistique.
It is desirable or necessary in many cases to apply the
various protective procedures in combination with each other, as
it is of course advantageous from the standpoint of protective
technique to preclude as many possibilities of forgery as possible.
What is to be guarded against in a given case is determined by the
nature of the note or document to be protected. For example, a
Dank note need not be protected against alteration of a signature
tT tt?fl ii i11 as wri t g iiik is not used on a bank nofre . In tie
case of bank notes, the best assurances of authenticity are those
which are easily verified.
Protection principles can by applied either to the paper
stock,the press work, the printing ink, etc. For the sake of
r
clarity the discussion of these specific protective methods is
broken down into general, paper, press, and writing ink techniques.
A sharp differentiation is not always possible, as a large
number of processes are based upon various combinations of pro-
tective measures. In order to avoid repetition, the general
measures are discussed with the technical methods for the protection
of paper stock.
Just as falsification of notes and documents can be divided
into counterfeiting, content forgery, and forgery of identity, so
the protective aeasures can be divided into the following categories.
Authenticity safeguards, which aim at protection against
iaaitation.
0
M l i
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11
Safeguards against forgery of contents or forgery-proofing,
which seeks to render falaifications Qf the contents of a documient
impossible or easily recognizable.
Safeguards against falsification of identity, preventing
imitation of a mark which guarantees the expression of a personal
will.
Chapter ll. protection A ainst Counterfeiting- General Via. wards
and echnques:::n Paper Making
in the production of paper, presswork, printing ink, writing inks
etc, in unusual ways which are as difficult as possible to imitate.
VhetbGr a given paper was manufactured in one specific way, and in
no other, must be ascertainable more or less easily, either at an
inspection office or by all persons concerned with the document,
who have access to certain tools. The value of a given protective
process is measured by the difficulty of imitating the safeguard it
contains, and by the ease with which its identifying feature is
unmistakably recognizable.
Genuineness is determined subsequently by putting the 2 pieces
a document with some complicated pattern is cut off and kept.
A further principle used in ensuring authenticity is based
not on difficulty of imitation or production, but on difficulty
of discovery. There are, for example, secret marks or symbols
agreed upon by the interested parties ~? but the possibilities of
applying this principle are limited. Still better, in certain cases,
is authentication by matching pieces. This principle covers a
device frequently used for special purposes, whereby a portion of
together to see whether they and the patterns match.
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In given cases all these principles may be combined, which
izr>asurably increases the security.
Assurance of the authenticity of paper stock is based
essentially upon some identifying feature which ordinary paper
does not have. This feature should be integral with the paper
jtself, insofar as possible, in order to make imitation difficult.
It may be associated with the use of a costly machine -- the paper
making machine, for example. Several processes are based upon this
principle, but they cannot be deemed particularly valuable, for
with another paper making nachime, or
4i14 vlr
or similar effects are obtainable. Furthermore, miniature experi-
mental paper-making machines are available commercially, and the
possibility that counterfeiters can get bold of them must be reckoned
with Yet there are distinguishing features which must be considered
impossible to counterfeit in detail, even with a paper making machine.
Unfortunately these methods are at present not applicable to documents
such as bank notes. For them, we are limited to the choice of a
paper as difficult as possible to imitate, but whose inlmitability
is not entirely satisfactory.
The known varieties of identifying features in safety papers
may be conveniently divided into the following categories, which
will also provide a good survey from the standpoint of protective
techniques.
A. The safety paper as a whole is provided, in the most
complicated, most difficult manner possible, with properties dif-fering from those of ordinary paper. These special properties
can be produced by means of a specific materiai alone or by means
of the tools of the paper..mak?r's trade alone. The distinguishing
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feature may be identified either diractly, 3..e., by the human sense$
alone, or indirectly, by means of physical or chemical aids. The
identifying marks may be further divided as follows.
~w
A, I. Directly perceptible charact'ristics, i.e., those
which can be perceived by the huan senses alone sight, hearing,
touch, taste, smell.
Direct visual recognition of authenticity is by far the most
important, but it is relatively unimportant for simple, uniform
papers. The eye can t is tinguisn
ior, r.~?i ref lect~d
or transmitted light, and surface finish (glass, smoothness, rough-
ness), the length of the fibers and possibly their material nature
plus special additives like glitter, gold flakes, etc.
}juariflg gives us the sound of the paper _a the property which
often has aroused the first suspicion of forgery . With the aid
of the sense of touch the surface roughness, hardness, and approximate
thickness and weight of a paper can be felt. The odor of a document
offers no basis for determining its authenticity unless the odor
has been developed subsequently by special chemical treatment.
Paper eight be scented with perfume, but scents are so easily
transferred from one sheet to another upon mere contact that imitation
would be no problem for the forger. Virtually the same can be sai4
about taste, and for sanitary reasons no one - generally speaking
can beexpected to test negotiable papers or bank notes with
his tongue. iowever,.certain fdbltasting substances might be usable
in rare cases.
A: II. Indirectly perceptible features. These are marks
which can be made visible or otherwise perceptible by means of
2a
11
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physicai or~emical procc4u.es. PIiysical properties may be
rcognizable by machanical, optical, electrical, or magnetic means.
These methods will be discussed further under B below. Because of
their general applicability and to avoid repetitions shall now
turn to a discussion of chemically recognizable ?arks.
Chemical assurance of authenticity is based upon the concept
of applying to a paper -- all or only parts of it, such as the
printing or the writing _- a substance -- visible or invisible to
the eye -p which will produce a color reaction -' or some other
t asi1y recogtizaibi ? rat ion
tet4 with
J =
The signal reaction is the feature which establishes the authenti-
city of the paper, printing, or writing.
In principle, all the color reactions known to chemistry
may be used to produce such a signal reaction, provided that the
substances are compatible with the paper and inks, etc, are suf-
ficiently stable to air and atmospheric influences, and do not
evaporate or sublimate. The requirements for the reagent to be
applied in testing -- hereinafter called the test reagent -- are
not necessarily so exacting, but on practical grounds the same
requirements would be desirable.
A great number of reactions familiar in analytical, inorganic,
and organic chemistry, as well as in the chemistry of dyestuffs,
may be adopted as signal reactions in the chemical determination
of authenticity. But substances for producing color reactions
which are easily available to all -- so that forgers can identify
and imitate the color reactions by means of a series of experiments
with genuine documents --- in themselves offer a very slight, or
-
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11
illusory, degree of safety. Therefore further processes, more
difficult to imitate, diave been sought.
Thus, in Austrian patent No 92, 282 (J . Ehrl ich, Vienna),
the variations in the capillarity of paper fibers in relation to
various solutions of different concentrations were used to make
the imitation of chemical signal reactions more difficult.
If, for example, a l% alcoholic solution of dimethylglyoxim
is mixed with a 4.5% solution of sodium salicylate in 80% alcohol,
in a specific proportion -~ 1:4 for example -- and this liquid is
i - ~
c: a L 6. as
~plo. W1 t ~. .t _3
a_ww
is n rs.S !
P
t~ p ropared per ; touched with a
reagent composed of a saturated solution of nickel nitrate and a
1 solution of ammonium ferric alum in an exact proportion
8:2.~, for example -- will develop a spot of color which is violet
in the center and has a concentric red ring around the outside.
By virtue of the varying absorptivity of the paper figs to the
solutions of differing concentrations, the liquid mixture separates
and a 2-color reaction, in fact one with a distinct, sharp line of
demarcation, is produced. It is achieved, however, only if the
coating mixture and the test reagent are exactly adjusted to each
other and to one and the same kind of paper. A slight alteration
in the system of compatible reagents, by variation of the concen-
trations or of the proportions of the mixtures, would suffice to
ensure failure of the 2-color signal reaction, producing all possible
color mixtures from blue violet to red, gray, or gr'a?"Yellow ~ Wi=t? ~=~~--a -__--
cators must be incorporated in the paper in special ways in order
to interfere with corrections. In tho process protected by German
patent No 422374 CR. E. Liesegang, of Frankfort on the Main) paper
fibers are colored with ink, or the color is produced upon them by
means of the usual chemical reactions. These fibers are sprayed
onto the paper web while it is still on the wire mesh, or before.
The fibers are intimately united with the paper by the pressure of
the drying cylinders, and a mixed paper is produced which will
always react to ink removers like hypochlorites, oxalic acid, etc.
However, it is easy to restore a chemical or mechanical erasure on
such paper, quite apart from the fact that it is not protected
against individual stroke bleaching.
Another method. of combining ink and paper is suggested by
doctor, Emil Hausassann, of Berlin in German patent No 303989. The
dyed pulp is couched together with 2 covering layere which are dyed
slightly or not at all, so that the finished paper is in 3--layer.
If, for example, the paper is to be written upon with iron .gallate
ink, the paper pulp is dyed with tannin and forric salts. .
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thin as possible and slightly absorptive, so that the writing will
penetrate into the middle layer, iu turf is likewise slightly
absorptive so that it may easily absorb any possible ink bleach.
The lowest layer serves as backing and is either identical with
the top layer or it can also be dyed or imprinted.
If mechauical erasure is attempted, the colored middle layer
is exposed or shows through more strongly, A practiced forger, of
The top layer serves as the writing surface and most be
-3 ,
ci3iaS 0s,LaII
thew tt 1; to correct the error by coloring it with
a crayon or the like, or by bleaching the middle layer and, if
necessary, redyeircg it to the desired extent. But usually the
forger would not even consider mechanical erasure, but would re-
sort to chemical eradicators. In this case careless work would
likewise destroy the color of the middle layer, so that a light
spot would become visib'e, especially if the paper is held against
the light. The forger will not be able to restore the color of
the middle layer] because it is covered on one or both sides with
a colorless layer or obe of a different color. Uut if he tries
to balance the light spot by applying color to the upper or lower
layer, it must be colored so heavily that it becoe's readily apparent,
,
especially when the paper is held up to the light. And if it is
colored so lightly that the correction is not apparent in reflected
light, it will be too light in transmitted list. As previously
however, the error can be largely corrected by coloring
mientioflea,
with a crayon or the like. Safety paper made in this way
over it
is particularly vulnerable to individual stroke bleaching by suns
of bleaches in paste form.
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Us patent No 1938543 (J. C. Sanburn, Strathmore Paper Company,
West 3pringf ield, Massachusetts) , aims at safeguarding against
counterfeiting and content forgery by using the methods of paper
technology. The paper is produced either with a certain quantity
of detecting fibers of a special color and with other fibers having
the same coloration, so that the 2 kinds of fibers cannot be dis-
tinguished from one another by the naked eye, but can be distinguished
when a reagent is applied. Or the fibers are pretreated with a
chemical roagent and then made into paper with other fibers, the
Qttiiig 3.1in3~ajii~ss ~vsu,6 w
shed paper.
..L
Rsoicr
oIcr nn t4fnt _n the f tni'
a . c _
as aor:rr v
The main object of this process is to develop:
The
a. an indicator of at.erpted or completed chemical eradication,
which discolors the detecting fibers;
b. a safeguard against counterfeits, which, like a chemical
preventive of counterfeits, makes the detecting fibers visible with
certain reagents, thus making it possible to determine the authenti-
city of the paper.
In yellow paper, for instance, the detecting fibers are dyed
with brilliant Paper Yellow, a dye sensitive to alkali. If the
finished paper were to be treated with an alkali such as ammonia
in liquid or gaseous state the detecting fibers would assume a
reddish color. Also, the color of the detecting fibers may be
different from that of the others. Other coloring agents used are
Congo red and sodium diphenyldiasobinaphthioaate, which turn blue
with acetic and stronger acids.
Insofar as Congo red is concerned, its suitability for the
manufacture of safety papers is questionable, as it is known that
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it will turn color even under the influence of the sulfuric acid present
in the atmosphere In industrial sections.
Such a safety paper is better protected against stroke bleaching
than those mentioned previously; and the correction of erasures is
also sosaewhat more difficult.
It is not always easy to dye fibers identically and to give
them the desired properties it would be better to color the fibers
with different colorless forgery indicators, which develop different
colors with ink bleaches, and incorporate then into the paper. Then
there would be at least a certain element of counterfeit prevention
in the paper. Its value as a forgery preventive would likewise be
enhanced, insofar as a characteristic granite-paper effect would re-
suit if corrosives were unlike what may happen if the coloration is
uniform, this affect is not so likely to raise the question of
whether the paper was soiled accidentally, for example by a drop of
ink.
f heaical forgery-proof safety papers spade with dyestuffs
generally show a lightening or fading of the color in the erased
area when chicai erasure is attempted. Because the writing must
be easily readable, the coloration may not be strong or dark.
Therefore in all these papers. erasures are not very noticeable and
can more or less easily be corrected by coloring over them ,? for
exaaple - much more easily than could a dark colored area. Recently,
therefore, forgery indicators have has been eagerly soffit Which
are intrinsically colorless or light colored but produce the darkest
possible coloration with ehextcal erasing agents. Beire? the erasure
is much more noticeable and can be satisfactorily covred only with
great difficulty; and a forger isa not notifiod in advance of the
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fact that he is dealing with a safety paper. The hitherto patented
or usable forgery indicators and safety processes using paper
technology of this type are noted below.
According to British patent No 156740 (1620) (Waterlow and
Sons Ltd, and g. Goodmann, Finsbury), a black or dark colored but
fast-dyed paper is coated on one or both sides with an opaque,
light colored wash, for instance with manganese ferrocyanide, which
conceals the black color of the paper base. The manganese ferrocyanide
is destroyed by ink etching agents (ink eradicators) and the black
undercoat appears on the areas to which eradicator is applied.
Mechanical erasure also is impossible without the appearance of
the black foundation. But it should not prove too difficult to
recover the black color with water color, or dry, for instance
with embossing paper. Likewise, the change which the manganese
ferrocyanide undergoes under the influence of oxidation agents
can be reversed with bisulphite. All or most of the forgery indi-
cators of course are applied to the paper in this manner -- as surM
face colors -- and unless they are eliminated by counterfeit-proof
printing or other safety measures, they all have the above mentioned
shortcomings to some extent. In general it is Mare advantageous
to saturate the paper coapletely with the forgery indicator (which
can be done in the neater or by subsequent treatment), and to use
a weak size, so that the spot produced by a chemical ink eradicator
soaks as deeply into the paper as possible.
The protection provided by the process in Berman patent No
546627 (see page 65), also rests in part on this necessary penetration
of the eradicator into the paper stock. (Absorbent, coated paper.)
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U a forger wishes to remove a portion of the script from
such a safety paper by means of a chemical ink eradicator, the latter
will also soak into the underlying layer, where it is permanently
noticeable. If the script on the upper surface of the document is
eliminated with a weak chemical reagent, and a new script substituted
therefor, the original script will be slightly visible (perhaps in
dark ultraviolet light) on the reverse side,:so that the alteration
will be detected. Strong chemicals will soak into the mass of the
middle layer and, precisely because of its absorbency, will be diffi-
cult to remove. Then, too, discoloration, etc, makes it immediately
obvious that an attempt at forgery has been made. An erasure of the
script would scarcely be possible without destruction of the cover?
ing layer, and even if a new layer were appited, the body of the
underlying layer would reveal this alteration.
A safety paper which develops a dark, indelible color with
ink eradicators by means of inorganic, almost colorless forgery
indicators, is manufactured by J. Genoese, San Francisco, under
US patent No 1026078. The paper is first impregnated with one
substance and then coated with a different kind of solution, both
of them reacting with ink eradicators. The impregnating solution
causes spots resulting from ink eradicators to soak through the
paper so that they are not easily removable. It is composed of
water, alcohol, lead carbonate, zinc sulfide, and soldium bromide.
The paper is dipped in this solution - or, rather, suspension.
The lead carbonate and zinc sulfide are supposed to prevent the ink
from running. Sodium bromide gives a yellow spot reaction to ink
eradicators, but not with all of them! The dry paper is then
coated -- or, rather, ii*printed - with a solution which has the
properties of a printing ink. It is composed of glycerine, glucose
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(to effect adherence to the paper) , zinc sulfate, magnesia (to
produce a printable consistency), iodine (which is supposed to
produce a blue color with the ink corrosives) , nickel chloride
(which produces a green color with alkaline corrosivea), and alcohol.
The zinc sulfate is added for the purpose of further darkening the
spot formed in reaction to corrosives. Iodine and nickel chloride
are not absolutely necessary. Probably the iodine sublimates off
of the paper in a short time or, if it is not in chemical combination,
becomes noticeable because of its unpleasant odor.
Most of these forgery indicators can be eliminated from the
paper before forgery, if no solvent indicators are present. Lead
carbonate and zinc sulfite are insoluble in water, to be sure, but
the black zinc sulfide formed therefrom with acids is easily oxi"
dined to white lead sulfate by means of hypochlorites.
According to US patent Na 1804918, in the namo of the game
inventor, the paper is treated with a solution composed approximately
,
of the following substances.
141.75 S alcohol
1892.6 g water
?.O5 g iodine
7.05 g.cobalt nitrate
3.344 g sodiU thiosulfate
e solution is colorless, therefore all the iodine is combined.
Such a safety paper offers an intrinsically quite inadequate
safeguard if it is not combined with other forgery indicators, especi-
indicators. or cobalt nitrate and thiosulfate,
ally with solvent
or their exahar-gc products with iodine, are easily washed out o!t the
paper with water before a forgery operation, whereupon the forgery
can be perpetrated as upon ordinary paper without forgery.proofing.
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Furthermore, the spot formed with iodine is easily bleached, for
instance with thiosulfate or with alcohol, The black coloration
which cobalt produces with alkalies (formation of cobalt hydrox-
ide) is likewise easily removed, for instance with acids.
The forgery indicators which produce colors in reaction
with the ordinary writing inks, and thus to a certain extent fix
them (inkset), or supposedly make them unbleachable, are partly
inorganic and partly of an organic nature. Most of them also re~
act with ink bleaches.
One of the oldest processes of this kind is that of Ball andes
of Paris (see Andes, Papierspezialitaeten [Special Papers), page
77) in which calomel is added to the paper, either in the beater
or as a coating. To write on such a paper one needs to use a
special writing ink made of gum-water, alum, and sodium sulfite.
Due to the action of sodium bisulfite a black script is produced,
which would fade however if the alum were not present. The alum
is supposed to fix the black script upon the paper.
Calomel, or mercurous chloride, is of course rather poisonous.
It becomes yellow on exposure to light and also as a result of heat
or friction. Alkaline hydroxide reacts with it to give black
mercurous oxide; ammonia gives black amino-mercurous chloride.
Despite these most interesting safety properties it is not to
be recommended because of its poisonous nature and its high price.
Furthermore, the black colorations readily dissolve in nitric acid.
The process in US patent No 1217076 (E. B. Schmidt, Covington),
is also based upon the Inkset, principle -w the reaction between
the ink and a substance contained in the paper. Here script with
'92
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a ferrous ink, specifically with iron gallate ink, is not supposed
to be eradicable either by chemical or mechanical means. The
following solution is said to be particularly suitable for the
treatment of the paper:
90? g ferrocyanide of sodium or potassium
85 g ox gal].
2$.4 g magnesium sulfate
in 15 1 of water.
Ferrous inks react with such a paper, or with the ferrocyanide
salts. to form Prussian blue, which is stable to dilute acids, but
with alkalis forms the brown-yellow iron hydroxide. Removal of the
script with ink eradicators is thereby rendered more difficult,
but, contrary to the assertion of the patent, is still possible,
and actually in rather simple fashion. To be sure, the paper is
more or less affected, depending on its composition.
In the foregoing formula, the ox gall serves to reduce the
surfabetension of the solution, in order that it may penetrate
into the paper more easily. It also stimulates the penetration
of the ink into the paper (as ox gall acts as a desizer), which
makes mechanical erasure also more difficult. The magnesium sulfate
prevents the ink from running i.e., drying with indistinct edges.
This effect is probably based on a sort of salting out.
Dyestuffs may be added to the above-mentioned solution as
forgery indicators to provide further protection against chemical
and mechanical erasure. If the dyestuff remains only on the sur-
face of the paper, not only the chemical but also mechanical erasure
is made more difficult. The patent furthermore claims that if,
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 after mechanical erasure, it is attempted to restore the original
color by coloring over with some coloring agent, the chemicals
contained in the paper will prevent the restoration of the desired
shade.
The same inventor (ir . E. Schmidt, Paramount Safety Paper
Company, Chicago) describes a further development of the preceding
process designed for imprinting paper, whereby the solution is
given a printable consistence by means of a thickener (US patent
No 1269833).
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or example :
284.0 g sodium or potassium ferrocyanide
340.0 g sodium or potassium iodide
28.5 g glycerine
28.5 g ox gall
453.0 g sizing
are mixed with sufficient water to yield 3.8 1.
The sizing is composed of:
22.7 kg tapioca starch
1.6 kg caustic soda
159. kg water
boiled together for approximately one hour. The caustic soda serves
to dissolve the starch and is effectively neutralized by means of
hydrochloric acid.
The above solution may be applied to the paper as a coating
or isorinted thereon in fine lines as in the engraving processes.
The effect of the chemicals is the same as that in the pre-
viously described patent, except that the effect of the iodides is added.
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The latter, whon added to acid eradicators or treated with an
acid-alkali combination -- which is particularly offect lve in ink
eradication -- form the :.odte which turm3 the yellowish cellulose
fibers blue. This iodine coloration is of course very volatile
because of the instability of the iodine. The iodine can also
operate as a highly energetic chlorine carrier, if hypochl.orites
are used for bleaching and chlorine forgery indicators are present
It should be mentioned that unless other safety features
:hate been incorporated as well -- especially solvent indicators
of its forgery--prOOfing properties by first eliminating those
substances which are highly soluble in water.
to prevent elimination -- such safety paper can easily be deprived
US patent No 1900967 (F. S. Woad, Quincy, US) states that
the paper produced with potassium ferrocyanide according to above"
mentioned patent No 1217076 fades and that this is can be avoided
by making the paper containing potassium ferrocyafide moderately
alkaline. The necessary alkalinity can be produced by means of
carbonates, especially alkali carbonates.
In this connection, French patent No 769012 (A. Mache) must
? a~
be noted. Under this patent an ins-set ~ a..-- ~ety paper is produced by
combining the paper pulp with potassium ferrocyanide and buffers
like disodium phosphate or mono potassium phosphate. These sub-
stances can also be added to the size used for the surface sizing.
B3 patent No 1951076 4F. S. Wood, of Quincy; Inkset Safety
Paper Company, Sosstoh)p states that it was previously impossible
to treat finished sulfite-cellulose paper with such substances as
a potassium iodide carbonate solution. Because of the loss of
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pulp and the high price of the chemicals it was also much too expensive
to treat the pulp with such substances in the beater prior to manu-
facture -- to say nothing of possible damage to the bronze in the
beater vat, the wire mesh, or other machinery parts.
Therefore the above mentioned patent proposes, as an innovation,
to treat sulfite cellulose paper with a solution composed of water,
decolorixed alkaline tincture of iodine, glacial acetic acid, and
tannin, the latter 2 neutralizing the alkali.
The decolorized iodine tincture and tannin give the paper a
da K color wki n it ..is treated with an t t, eradicator. Tae tannlm
serves primarily to make the coloration appear also in the interior
and on the reverse side of the paper. The glacial acetic acid
serves to neutralize the alkaline iodine solution and prevents
subsequent discoloration of the paper.
As it is often desired to establish not only that an attempt
at forgery has been made but also which numerals or letters the
forger tried to remove, the inventor has also given this paper
the so-called Inkset property, which is a fixation of the ink
script. This property is said to be based primarily on the relation-
ship of the tannin to the glacial acetic acid. The latter makes
bleach solutions soak into the paper, etimes all the way through
to the reverse aide.
Safety papers made in this way form iodine with roost oxidation
agents, such as chloride of lime and other hypochi.orites. But any
discolorations.that are caused in this manner can be removed with
the greatest of ease by applying sodium thiossulphate for exaaple.
The case is different when still another substance is present to
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react with iodine to produce a coloration. Such a substance is
fluorescein which, when combined with iodine (or iodine chloride)
~
and alkali forms the red dyestuff erythrosin 0. 'rho latter, unM
fortunately, is decolorized again because of an excess of chloride
of lime.
The high solubility of the alkaline iodides and of the tannin
would suggest the utilization of a solvent indicator. In any case,
the tannin is rather strongly adsorbed by the fibers of the paper.
Us patent No 1938373 by the same inventor, concerns a method
_. j._~a.ust .~ doc,r?r~';iia5 4,;,ats~ap++a_
of producing safety paper of the kind ~.~,r_I!
possible , for example by making it at the tinge the paper stock
as
itself is made. The paper is superdried on the paper. aking machine,
so that
W' .
contains no or very little moisture. Hereupon nozzles
apply a precisely regulated spray made up of a solution of decolorixed
iodine to which tannin and acetic acid have been added, or some
other forgery indicator, so that the paper takes up approximately
of water and no further drying or impregnation process is
necessary. The patent asserts that by applying this process to a
soliito the price is increased 3 1/2 times with an increase of only
about 10% in the cost of production.
U8 patent No 1884318, which will be discussed later, is also
based on the Inkset principle and used tannin.
The process of German patent Boo 239850 R. C. Menzies and
J. E. Aitken, iittBBClburb, Scotland) is like'siSe based on the lnkset
S
and ink is said to be absolutely impossible to remove
principle ,
from it
~.,; 4 dubious clam.
a
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In this invention a soluble thiocyanate, preferably amflaonium
sulfocyanate combined with a soluble lead salt is added to the
paper pulp or to the finished or semifinished paper. For maximum
effectiveness the resulting lead sulfocyanate should make up 5 to
20% of the weight of the paper ! The lead sulfocyanate can also be
added directly to the beater vat.
As most inks are acidic ~- at least those composed of tannin
or logwood, but often the aniline dyes as well -- it is possible
to produce a paper which will undergo a color reaction with the
acids in the ink.
in the pt CL`3Gi t cam , ~a~',se L act tit i ?A~yaiiate is
attacked by the acids in the ink, being transformed on the one hand
into black lead sulfide, while on the other hand the remainder of
the sulfocyanate is changed to iron sulfocyanate in combination
with the iron in the ink. Thus a sort of fixation of the ink is
achieved. The lead sulfide is barely soluble in weak acid solutions
and therefore cannot be removed from the paper with acids. But
it is possible to oxidize it to white lead sulfate on the paper
by suns of concentrated nitric acid or hypochlorites, or to trans-
form it into lead sulfate with sulfuric acid. Other objections
to the process mentioned are the extremely poisonous nature of the
lead combinations, particularly lead sulfocyanate, which is fairly
soluble in hot water. Used by itself, the process can give only
slight protection, at best, against chemical erasure, and none
against mechanical erasure.
As for the iron, sulfocyanate formed when iron gall ate ink
is used, it is decolorised by light, phosphoric acid, and many
organic acids (o.i?alic, tartaric, lactic, citric, and others). It
is a much too unstable substance.
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(Among the heavy metal sulfocyanates there is the white-colored
sulfocyanate of mercury, which forms the familiar Pharaoh serpents
when heated. This propertg could also be used to indicate authenti-
city. But sulfocyanate of mercury is likewise very poisonous.)
There are numerous other possible methods of producing lnkset
safety papers. These processes often depend on writing with a
special kind of ink, and are therefore less desirable, even though
they might offer great advantages in technical security.
with the ink for a longer..tiRie, so that a deep. penetration into the
paper and a thorough reaction with forgery indicators is produced.
But the same result can be achieved with good forgery indicators.
the forger is forced to leave tkae corrosxv ah~ 1 1
The lnkset safety papers in general have the advantage that
Among the organic forgery indicators, a leading role is
played by certain aromatic amino and hydroxy combinations and by
aromatic aminooxy ccabiuations, either by themselves or in
combination with other forgery indicators.
particularly in the presence of catalysts (vanadium salt?), to
form aniline black. This is hardly removable from the paper.
. One of the oldest forgery indicators is aniline, or amino-
benaol, whose mineral acid salts combine with many oxidizing agents,
The so-called laundry inks, used for marking laundry and required
to resist chlorine bleaches, also have an aniline base.
These mineral acid salts of aniline are of course widely
used in the production of chlorine"fast black textile dyes by
mans of oxidation (Rettig, Bu1~ 1.? Soc.lad. 1836, Mulhouse, page
179) . I t has been found that a large number of aromatic amino
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and aminooxy combinations can easily be oxidized to form sometimes
highly fast colored products. In dye chemistry these are called
oxidation colors. The most important combinations, which sometimes
yield deep colors practically indestructible by hypochiorites,
manganese hydroxide, and other oxidizers, are o- and m-toluidine,
o-!
diphenylamine. Also the commercial Ursols or purreins `m>diamidoanisol,
44? diamidodiphenylanaine, 1-5 dioxynaphtalin, and others). Some
of these products -- like aniline -- are almost useless as forgery
indicators because of their low stability; others are protected by
patents. Several leuco-4ndophenoles and leuco- nda mines : patentee
in the United States as forgery indicators by W. N. Doushkess (US
patents Nos 1866400 and 1916606), belong to this class.
The leuco-indamines and leuco-indophenoles yield strong
color changes when treated with ink eradicators. As we have already
mentioned, aromatic amines and the like, which have been suggested
for this purpose, usually suffer from a lack of stability to air
and light. Therefore it is preferable to oxidize them into the
indophenol or indamine, and then use the resulting leuco>bases,
which are more stable. It has been discovered furthermore that
the stability of the safety papers produced with these substances
m-, and p-amidophenol, p-amidodiphenylamine, and p>oxy?p-amido-
for example benzidine ~- can be further increased by the addition
of metal sulfates, so that in storage the action of light and air
is substantially retarded while the sensitivity to bleaches is
unchanged. Manganese sulfate is said to keep especially well and,
as is known, reacts with alkaline bleaches as well. Like benzidine,
mangane+e sulfate also partially precipitates out forgery indicators.
The addition of manganese sulfate has the advantage of making safety
papers extremely sensitive to alkali; in that the manganese hydroxide
toraed also causes a color reaction.
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It is best first to saturate the paper with a 10% solution
of the leuco-compounds and not to apply the manganese sulfate
(5 lbs in 100 1 of water) until later. The same combinations
can also be used in printing are used as in the printing of
invisible marks. Chemical compounds can also be introduced into
the paper stock which are later changed into indophenoles or indamines
by means of appropriate reagents. These compounds, too, are pro'
tested against atmospheric influences by uieans of manganese sulfate.
Sulfoacids and their salts are among the countless derivatives
of `he aromatic aiBino and oxy combinations which have been suggested
for use as forgery indicators.
The parasulfoacid of aniline, sulfanilic acid, is used as
a forgery indicator by A. J. Cone of New York, in US patent No
1554950, specifically in the form of the insoluble mercury sul-
fanilate, preferably added to the pulp in the beater. It is not
easily removed from the paper, thus it cannot be neutralized in
a f.r far7A
.
it is said to be more stable and light-fast than most
of the other mercury salts. With alkalies it turns brown to
black, while if thiosuiphates (hyposulphites), sulphites, bisul-
phites, or aonia are added, a brownish color results. With
iodides there is a color tranafoi' ation from yeliaw to black, while
with chlorine or hypochiorites a rd-brown color appears.
Although mercuric sulfanilate alone provides considerable
forgery proofing, this can still be effectively improved by the
simultaneous use?of other forgery indicators such as suifani:ic
acids or their other salts (which are applied to the finished
paper stock on account of their solubility in water), with or with-
out the benzidine,sulfate (added in the beater), which is insoluble
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in accordance with it should contain:
to the patent, a satisfactory safety paper produced
According
in water and other solvents. Sulfantlic acids and their soluble
salts produce a yellow coloration in damp, unbleached, or partially
ocellulose paper. If a cautious forger has washed
bleached lign
the soluble sulfanitic acids or their salts out of a safety paper,
this can be detected because a damp sheet of lignose paper, pressed
against it, will not turn yellow. Thus the suifanilic acid serves
as an indirect solvent indicator.
Mercur b self afhlate
1% tnl?anilic acid or its salts
1/2% pnzidine sulfate.
(optional), and
The mercuric sulfantiate combines the properties of an
oxidation, reduction, alkali, and iodide indicator.
Many of the technically important sulfa :acids among the amino
and oxy coipounds of naphthalene produce colored products in re-
action with hypochlorites, but these usually disappear again with
an excess of the oxidizing agent. A few of these compounds ought
to be usable as forgery indicators, however.
Since Crane and Company, }altona tTg1 suggested the use of
idine in the manufacture of safety paper in English patent No
bent
209919, this product has been r idely recommended in the technical
re as an oxidation indicator. imprinted on the surface
literatu
of the paper, it can also serve as can all colorless forgery
-.- in the detection not only of chemical but also of
indicators
If properly printed, the areas treated afar
mechanical erasures .
not easily identifiable and are scraped away if erasure is attempted.
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This supposes of eourae that the erasing is done in the usual way
and not on the strokes of the writing alone. Amines of the
benzidine group usually refer to benzidine and its homologues or
substitution products. The salts of these substances may also
be used. The most suitable are the insoluble salts of benzidine,
particularly benzidine sulfate.
These sub$yauces may be incorporated into the paper stock
at any stage of the manufacturing process, or applied to the
finished paper, which again ta_c; l i.ta tes the detection of surface era-
sures . They can also be dusted onto the paper er ssnrii~ 1 th
a stick similar to a A Ll1 k; wh{ciir co91ta~;ww the Ssor~?'i~IV~jn~j>
_ ~ rarwlLd~ I'!
cators as its active ingredient.
When the pulp in the beater is being treated with the indi-
cators, the proper proportion is 5 parts benzidine sulfate to 100
parts of the pull: by weight.
The patent states further that benaidine and similar corn--
pounds turn brown when treated with the usual ink eradicators --
especially oxidizers -> which cannot be removed with acids, alkalis;
reducing agents, or other chemicals.
But the colorations of benzidine when treated with hypochle>
rites (a blue diphen+~quiucnedichlflrdiinine is formed) and other
oxidizers are easily removable, with sodium bisulfite. US patent
No 1384334 prevents this by using h reducer-indicator such as mercuric
sulfanilate.
. It has been shown that benzidine and its homologues, as well
as its soluble salts, turn brown when exposed to light and air.
The insoluble benzidine- sulfate is therefore preferred because it
is essentially more stable.
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11
It is also noted that benzidiue gives a brown-red color with
lignocellulose or wood chips, which is not surprising when we
recall the fam111ar test for wood chips by means of aniline sulfate.
Regarding the stability of benzidiue to light the following
is also to be noted:
Benzidine produces extremely lightwsensitive compounds when
combined with various acid coal tar substances. In fact, the
Badische Anilinund 5odafabrik (now I. G. Farben) has based a
photographic copying process on this property, which is described
in German patent No 337173. The addition of oxidizers, especially
mantanese a sodium, and i~gne 1 n tr a Leo, f u` thus- i cr`i aces the
light sensitivity.
J. M. Eder, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wissensch., (Minutes of the
Academy of Science], Class of Mathematical and Natural Sciences,
-smart T.Tw, `'r1 ivv,
l22, Vienna, page 319, describes such compounds
in greater detali and has found for example that a paper stock made
with quinoline yellow and benzidine is approximately 1/5 as sensitive
to daylight as normal silver chloride paper. Measured on the same
paper stock, the relative ratings of eosin and benzidine are both
1/10.
Benzidine with cyananthrole gives black to black violet
colors on exposure to light, which go over to brown with sodium
hypochlorite. Rosin A (sau-free) with benzidine upon exposure to
light gives purple-red; Neptune Green SGX gives lively greens which
turn dark green with sodium hypochiorite. The light sensitivity
of qutEioline yellow or eosin with benzidine is especially strong
in the green to yellow range.
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These compounds of benzidine with acid dyestuffs would still
be useable as ink pigments for printing check forms, or as paper
dyes, despite their sensitivity to light, because they react to
oxidizers. But they cannot be used for colorless, forgery-indi-
cating safety papers. The foregoing details are evidence particularly
for the fact that benzidine, used in certain combinations, has a
particularly high light sensitivity, which must be carefully
considered in the manufacture of safety papers containing benzidine.
Us patent No 162?2b4 (B. W. Smith, Todd Company, Inc.,
.r ti W S SJ S i W
O.F YM d 1 P W Y~r W(y
so___
J__J ~..t~...~..
~11iYV~~i/M ~sVA S
+r "vvv
s:ivriv`vsdi+.~.~
..4.~~tw4.~sat~ i Q
w+w. :?i.~..3- a
characterized by the fact that a group of carbon rings is inter-
connected in such a way that a carbon atom belonging to one of
the groups of rings is linked directly to one belonging to another
group, and that soveral hydrogen atoms of the groups are replaced
by 'amino groups insofar a~ they react with ink xrnyr~t to form
11/ ~/tl d w
colors.
Alpha-naphthidine is cited as an example, fie., the 4u4'-bi-1-naphtylamine which has a formula similar to that of benzidine,
except that the benzol radicals of the benzidine are replaced by
naphthol radicals. This alpha-naphthidine, with oxidizers like
sodium bypochlorite, gives dense, insoluble, red to purple substances.
The isomers of naphthidines, particularly dinaphthylines or bi-
naphtylines, while they likewise produce the color reaction, are
less suitable because their salts are soluble. (W. M. Cumming
and Howie, J. Royal Technical Coll., 3, 1933, Glasgow, 26-33, have
recently conducted investigations of these substances.) It is better
to use salts such as the sulfate and the chloride, as they are more
stable to light and itua d1ty; and their reaction products keep
better on the paper.
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0
The naphthiuiz is colorless and reacts with bichrolsate,
permanganate, hypochiorites, and other oxidizers to form deep -
colored products which are relatively difficult to dissolve.
The latter cannot be decolorised again by means of the usual
reducing agents. Thus we are dealing with an irreversible in-
dicator of oxidation. Besides, it is extremely powerful, and the
addition of 15 kg to a ton of paper is said to suffice.
Alpha-naphthol (Alphanaphtidin] is produced by the oxidation
of alpha-naphthylamine with ferric oxide, according to F. Reverdin
and C. de la Rarpe (Cbem. Zeit [Chemical News 1, 16, 1557).
Anthracene rings may take the place of the napbthidine rings.
Us patent No 1839995, by A. B. Remick (The Todd Company,
Inc., Roczester, N. Y.), cove rQ 6usoc 1 ii derivatives, e.g., di-
phenyl guanidine, triphenyl guanidine, and their substitution
products, like ortho or Para-ditolyl guanidine, and ortho or para-
anisyl guanidine, as well as their analogues, homologues, or deri-
vatives, as forgery indicators. These substances, Which possess
the properties of diphonyl guanidine, will be simply referred to
as guanidine substances In the following. They are fast and color-
less, react with oxidizers like sodium hypochlorites by forming
insoluble, deep dark brown, easily visible reaction products which
do not disappear with an excess of the bleaching agent. They are
stable to light and air and are preferably used in the form of the
soluble salts, such as the acetates. The paper can be impregnated
with a 3% aqueous solution of diphenyl guanidine acetate and then
dried. When added to the pulp in the beater, 30 lbs of diphenyl
guanidine acetate per ton of pulp suffice.
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Diphenyl guanidine is of course one of the moat important
accelerators in vulcanizing rubber, and thug an important commercial
product.
A few aromatic hydroxy compounds which can be used as
forgery indicators have already been mentioned in the foregoing
A further combination of this kind is covered by U3 patent No 1992509
(we R, Oradorff, Todd Corpany Inc a Rochester N. Y?) -~ the 1-3
dimethyl ether of pyrogalloi (pyrogallic acid) and derivatives
with similar reactions. These are excellent oxidation indicators.
These substances and their salts are technically easy to produce,
and in addition are found in beechwood creosote.
pyrogallol dimethyl ether is a colorless substance stable
in light and air. It is 1.40 soluble in cold water and much more
so in hot. It is also highly soluble
ducing agents cause the above-mentioned dipheuol intermediate pro-
duct to reform.
Alkalis destroy the substance in the presence of heat, while re-
in alcohol., oils; and other
.+.,,t,rco,t or eoeruligzton
solvents. The long-known rormatioi _~ o2 cd ---
from pyrogallol dimethyl ether is applied to forgery-proofing in
the patent cited. The pyrogallol dimethyi ether reacts with all
passible oxidizers, such as chromic acid, chlorine, bromine, nitric
acid, ferric chloride, potassium ferricyanide and others, almost
quant?itative?ly, by way of diphenol, into the corresponding dark
blue colored diphenoctuinone -- the cosrulignon or cedriret (see
A. W. $offfiann, Vol 1T, 1376: page 329, Liebermann Ann. [Liebermaun
Annual], No 169, 1$73, page 221). Of these substances, tetramethoXq-
diphenoquinoe is insoluble in most solvents but soluble in phenol.
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According to the patent, addition of a 3% solution of the
ether to the paper pulp gives satisfactory results.
As a result of its rather great solubility and of the reversi-
bility of the color reaction, this oxidation indicator, alone, has
restricted value as a forgery indicator and ought to be conbined
with other agents, especially with reduction and solvent indicators.
However, this oxidation indicator's gx'eat sensitivity even
to weak oxidizers, and its strong color reaction, are very valuable.
Its solibility in oils also facilitates its use in oil-based print-
ii&g .4I1~Y3 , jai G 3aV v t
=1--- -.-a_1.
4&*4lg7V V0*
b on the
surface, because the dimethyl pyrogallol ether is a typical drying
retardant.
There are still other possibilities along this line. For
instance, beta--phenyl-alpha-naphthol in an alkaline solution
changes to the violet diphenylbinaphthon when treated with oxidizers.
Benxml or napthaliue carbonic acids, especially polyvalent
poly"oxyWbenzoic acids or polyindicators. Thus, for example, 2-6-diozynaph-
thaline with oxidizers is changed into orange colored amphinaphtho-
quinone. And 1.5 dichloraasphf-2,6-naphthoquinane is formed in a
quite analogous manner. These substances themselves are strong
oxidizers, a property which might be utilized in possible further
safety measures.
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Although 1-5 dioxynaphthaline is stable to air, it rapidly
changes into dark colored products when added to alkaline reagents
or alkaline oxidizers.
Many more examples of similarly constituted substances
could be adduced here, all of which are easily oxidized and undergo
color reactions in the process. They have not yet been used as
forgery indicators, perhaps because they are often difficult to obtain.
Below we shall give a comprehensive listing of V. T. Bausch's
specifications which have to be met by any safety paper which is
meant to furnish protection, especially against chemical eradication
Thcse? 3 1 C17C ~.CA L x k1 s 1i a4~ 4..i ii da iccs with
gical development which had been reached at the time (V. T. Bausch,
Zahlungsverkehr and Bankbetrieb, 1932, page 18).
The suing of a safety paper should be such as to permit the
ink to penetrate into the paper almost to the reverse side, but the
sizing must not be so weak that ink spreads and strikes through the
paper, giving the completed check an untidy and unpresentable appear-
ance and a reverse side which cannot be legibly endorsed.
lighter papers the ink does not penetrate sufficiently into the paper
stock arid attaches itself ine4equately to the ti rat, A thicker
The. weight of the paper shall not be less than 85 g per sq
m, if possible, as with the relatively stronger sizing necessary in
vely and absolutely greater quantity of reagents can be incorporated
a better foundation for the reagents to be incorporated; a relati-
strip thrrough to the reverse. Furthermore, a thicker paper presents
paper can be more weakly sized without fear that the script will
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into a thicker paper. This contributes materially to its increased
ability to react, and:to the fixation of the script.
In practice it is scarcely possible to keop the sizing of
a paper stock completely unOra throughout the production process.
The paper mill therefore must be careful to keep the sizing rather
too weak than too strong. A paper with too little sizing may look
ugly when written upon, but a paper with too much sizing is dangerous.
This is especially true if lighter papers must be used for reasons
other than protection.
II. .Stability of Writing Ink on the Paper
he tighter the ink dyestuff is attached to the paper, i.e.,
the tighter it is fixed or adsorbed, chemically and physically,
to the fibers of the paper, the more difficult and especially the
more tedious are mechanical or chemical erasures, which, if not
impossible to perform, will leave obvious traces.
Test for Ink Stability to Chemical Erasure
on the papers to be tested, draw a line, not too thick, with
a uniform pressure and a pen that does not scratch. Blot it after
14 seconds. Cover the line with a fresh 2% solution of potassium
permanganate. Blot it after 1O-2Q seconds and remote the peanganate
spot (or any color reaction from oxidation) with a bisulfate solution.
The line should not disappear, but if it doea, an ineradicable re-
action spot must be leSt.
III. Sensitivit to chemical Eradicators
All color reactions should be darker than the surrounding
paper, or at least should appear to be of a substantially different
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color by transmitted light. The color reactions should not be
discoloration by chemical agents which oppose the reaction and
Complexity of the color roaction and ineraadicability of the
colored bleached areas can be manually recolored without difficulty.
coated, or printed color is not a color reaction: white or light
possible, to the reverse side. Mere bleaching of an incorporated,
merely superficial, but should penetrate into the paper -- if
thus compensate for the agent first employed,
essential. The
safety paper must not only nake successful forgery impossible but
must also clearly indicate the first step of an intended forgery.
A. General Reactions
I. Color reaction of weak acids.
Example: A 10% solution of oxalic acid or sulfuric acid,
which upon treatment with (weak) alkalis cannot be corrected, or
only with the formation of a new ineradicable color reaction.
2. Color reaction on weak alkalis, preferably ammonia which,
when treated with acids or bleaching oxidizing agents (chlorine),
cannot be reversed.
Color reaction on oxidizing agents, preferably bypochlorite
solutions, or molar chloride, which when treated with reducing
agents (e.g., bisulfite or hydrosulfite) cannot be reversed; or
which, when treated with reducing agents, is traneforaed into a
differently colored reduction product It is essential that, insofar
as the ink writing is removed by moans of oxidizers, upon sub -
Sequent treatae11t with . reducing aagentss, such as hydrosulf ite, a
prominent spot or ring be left indicating the. atteapted erasure.
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Special Ae-actions
1. Liquid ink erasers with a permanganate basis without acid,
such as I-orrektor, Italina, Sxtinkt, etc, which consist of a weak
sulfate solution with approximately 3% potassium permanganate and
a bi- or hydrosulfite solution (2 bottles only). Those eradicators
are the most dangerous, as they remove fountain pen inks as well as
normal ink writing that is not too old, without leaving noticeable
traces of the reaction (not even by ultraviolet light, if the
chemicals are skilfully handled).
Even if t+h t T,Vd'i Ali ii fr- h csaid
i,&; vi Wy11.1`wwww G. sr
, -' .?NN T ?
-- V w T .......c
several times in succession, it may not be possible to obliterate
the writing without leaving conspicuous traces.
2. Ineradicable color reaction of amii?nia.
Older ink script is "attacked" by ammonia and rendered more
?'susceptible~x to the bleaching action of chlorine. Sonia is
used particularly in order to compensate for any acid properties
in the various chemicals used for ink eradication, which might
react with an acid-sensitive paper, and to compensate for any
discoloration which might have taken place as a result of an acid
In most oases the forger will first, attempt to dissolve
the script with dilute acid (peptize it). Re will attempt to
correct or compensate for the nascent acid reaction, preferably with
anonia, as this alkali evaporates idiately and leaves no after-
iffeots on the paper. For this r ason th+ sensitivity of safety
paper to ammonia ~- and to the weakest alkali ?? is an essential
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3* ineradicable color reaction with soap solution and spirits
of soap, which have been variously used for the removal (washing off)
of ordinary stamp pad inks used for hand stamped cancellations.
This reaction is particularly important in the case of stock cer usually reduced in
size -> are made. The positive is printed on pigmented paper.
As the distribution of the printing elements has already
been made in the original, as described above, it is not necessary
in this process to photograph it through a screen of any kind. The
remainder of the process is normal. The pigwented positive copy is
etched as usual and the printer's cut, cylindrical or flat, is printed
its the usual press.
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The results achieved with the printer's cut described above
resemble copper engravings. Contrasted with the usual copper
engraving, this modified intaglio or gravure process yields
considerably higher production speed. The production capacity
of copper engraving for negotiable papers has been considerably
improved. Production techniques with the newer machines are
described by Naxura. See also British patent No 241470 (Roe and
Company); 217810; 220842; 233551; 235008 (for gummed paper -
postage stamps) , and 238719 (ASnmerican Bank Nate Company).
Like the previously named safety measures, a number of
other safety printing processes are bases on tea if~.i .............,f
production itself. In most graphic processes, a perfect register,
i.e,, perfect superposition of the individual printing plates is
most difficult to achieve. While the industry has taken great
strides in this direction, the maintenance of perfect register
still depends on various factors, such as paper, machine, technique,
which in most printing offices are inadequate or not fully sati-
sfactory. The following processes depend partially on perfect
register. They serve to assure authenticity, and, if properly
used, constitute forgery-proofing as well.
According to German patent No 82053 (A. B. Drauta, Stuttgart)
documents such as bank notes, etc, are iaprinted on both sides with
exactly sletrical designs. The colors are the satma, but applied
in reverse order, so that, the two impreesione being precisely
superposed, only one color will be visible by transmitted light
the combination or fusion color from both sides. It is clear that
in such a process principally transparent colors lust be used The
principle is explained in a few words by means of the following example.
128
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On the front, for example, are printed the letters A H. A is in
transparent yellow, B in light Prussian blue. On the reverse,
the same letters are printed (in reverse), so that by transmitted
light they appear as single units. But A is printed (on the back)
in the same light blue, as N was printed in on the front; while 8
on the back is printed in the same transparent yellow as was used
for A on the front. While A appears yellow by reflected light,
on the front, and blue on the back, it is green by transmitted light.
8 is likewise green by transmitted light, but by reflected light
iS biue on the front and yellow on the back.
tgie ~ecVEi 6d ~.csa4tiscsvs w ~ .
Applying and adjusting F g +~ p
r
in such a way that the colors and figures are exactly superposed,
and choosing the colors are matters which require practice. Such
press work can be carried out only in a printing shop with excellent
presses and skilled personnel. The preparation of the 2 engraved
plates w hxc h must be identical also demands extraordinarily precise
workmanship, as the slightest variations between them comes to
light at once on paper printed on both sides with identical figures
but in different colors.
The production of precisely superimposed plates is particular-
ly difficult when obverse and reverse must be printed in 2 separate
printings. When the variations in size of the paper and the dif-
ficulties in feeding it into the press must be reckoned with. The.
difficulties are further accentuated by the fineness of the design.
According to German patent No 338333 (Poensgen and Beyer,
Letmatho, Westpbalii, the photographic tracing process is used to
produce exactly superimposed patterns on both sides of a sheet of paper.
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This has the advantage that by transmitted light the 2 designs are
precisely superimposed, so that even the finest drawings may be
utilized, A further advantage lies in the greater sensitivity
of the paper to fraudulent attacks. The paper prepared for the
photo-tracing process is highly sensitive to erasures and attacks
by corrosives, and the restoration of the pattern, especially the
color tones, is extraordinarily difficult if not impossible, so
that the attacked areas are immediately recognizable in transmitted
light. The paper is prepared in the following manner.
'yrom the negative of a printing plate a reversed negative
printing plates are set into a single copying frame, which ensures
is niade by contact prlntIng; consequent y~ the _.pat=ieax s on the
2 photographic printing plates are identical. The 2 photographic
the exact superimposition of the patterns of the 2 plates. The
prepared, light-sensitive paper is placed between the 2 negatives
in sheet tort or fed through in rolls. After exposure to light
it is fixed in the usual way.
This is not the place to go into the numerous photocopying
processes already fully described by various authors. All these
processes, in one way or another employ substances which are
highly sensitive to corrosives. The newer processes, such
as , Qzalid (see Eder, Die Pigmentverfahren [The Pigment processes],
and Wandrowsky, Die Lichtpausverfahren [The Phototracing Processes]
uvz~nwwrr.r.w++r .
also use dyes which are usually highly sensitive to corrosives.
These latter processes would be the more suitable for safety papers
as the fabrication of the fight-sensitive diazo substances often
is quite difficult. On the other hand, it is disadvantageous from
the standpoint of safety that such diazo substances are already
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available coumercially. Best for safety purposes would be a new
kind of secret process ' based on
materials that axe difficult
to produce.
Identical superimposed drawings that are chemically highly
senaitive, and appear on both sides of the paper have the advantage
that in case of chemical or mechanical erasure -- on the front,
for example -- the design would still be preserved on the back,
and in all probability it would be impossible to reconstruct the
design on the front to match that on the back.
US patent No 1692645 (L. Cailer, E. E. Lloyd Paper Cointanye
Chicago) contains the description of the manufacture of a safety
paper that is dyed and printed simultaneously, front and back, in
perfect register all in one single operation. The coloration
is so chosen that it reacts against chemical corrosives.
The paper is conducted through a dye bath, dyeing both sides.
Depending on the strength of the sizing, the dye penetrates into
the interior of the paper stock to a greater or lesser extent.
After the dye bath, the paper passes between 2 wringer rolls, one
or both of which may be provided with an intaglio plate or any other
kind of printing plate. Thus on the front and back of the paper
appear imprints in perfect register, in the same color as that
of the paper, from which they differ only in being lighter or darker,
as the case may be. If parts of the paper are treated with corro-
sives, acids, etc, not only the paper color but also the designs
are affected.
Several variations of this process are possible, For example,
the paper may be stamped with characters or designs in relief, before
dyeing, which would give a similar effect after dyeing.
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From to point of view of prutectiou, such a paper has an
advantage over paper impriuted with ordinary printing inks based
on linseed oil nawely, that the printed characters are very
easily attacked by chemicals and that a forger would find it
difficult correctly to restore characters on one side because of
the existing duplicates in exact register on the other. The
difficulty, however, is based prirari3y on the fineness of the
drawing, guilloche ornaments would be most useful here. A further
advantage is that the papez' is simple and cheap to produce. Check
forms may be produced in one continuous process by this method.
A flat bed press for the production Qf multicolored work
for textured backgrounds for bank notos, stock certificates and
the Iike which guarantees the necessary maintenance of perfect
register, is described in British patent No 4429 (1915) (Whitehead,
Morris and Company, and P. Morris, London) , The previously inked
color printing plates are applied one after another to the paper
which is attached to a tabla. The plates are held in position
by an electromagnet, which guarantees perfect register. In this
process mOnt lone
used in color photography, Which by their fineness
screen patterns
a texture, a pattern, or a toned surface is
determine whether
produced. White and black are regarded as special colors in this
.connection.
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of elements, for exaniple a row of closely
A given combinatiOn
ntiY colored,exagos will appear as either a
jtxxtaposed, dif#ere ~
ps.ttern , a texture, or
a tone depend~g on the site of the indi?vidual color elements,
which, for exaU-ple r could be red, green or
blue, or rede yallow, and blue, or SoRe other combination.
I of i atious which fall under (2) or (3)
In the case of co
the elements consist of sufficiently f me or
above , I .e . , when
ant col?rs, or are sharply angular or other
broken lines of differ
out 1o d shapes, they can be reprodur~d only
vise gharp- ~y ou4d~.;+?r =_ - - r ~~ ~y
h43to Spell S ? 'phis 2s becS>utse of the
very incompletely by p
i ht pass :'througb the camera lens and other
refraction of the 1 g
aberrations and errors in the various steps of the photographic
and reproduction processes.
there is a texture in the present sense in
LC, therefore,
or ound material of a check, et+c, and
or up?n the body, stack, ~
nts theraof fit together exactly, so that
if the individual ele~ce -
ration of these elements substantially or complete
the total conf. ~~
be rotected, then the result is a safe'"
ly covers the s`'f acQ to p
roductiou by means of the photographic camera.
guard against rep
ough the possibility of reproduction by means of the
~
be restricted, there is aQtually
photographic camera may thereby o~:ch limitation to
the possibilities of reproduction by contact
above-mentioned texture is suppleaented
prixmt 3:ug . fiance , if the
with a background consisting of lines, dots,
by or incorporated suf f i-
hose elements are guff iciently opaque (i.e.,
de~si, etc, w
wtien conbined with the printed signs of
ciently hontranalucent)
- of colors for the base contrasting
tb~e document and if in the usv
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colors other than black and white are chosen and used, so that
the photographic effect of the 3 basic colors cannot be suppressed
or simultaneously rendered ineffective either through combinations
of color filters, colored light, and color-sensitive photographic
plates, then, in case there is an attempt to isolate or extract
the drawings or other parts of the document by means of contact
printing, there will always be enough background which cannot be
rendered photographically ineffective. This background will make
it impossible to achieve satisfactory or completely successful
results by ca ara vw c n:a:
It also provides protection against counterfeiting by means
of transfer reprinting provided it is prepared in such a way that
it transfers along with the design, so that the transferred design
cannot be reproduced because of the background which was trans-
farred along with it.
In accordance with the patent under discussion, then, a
texture, or net-like or web-like configuration is produced in
or upon the base of the check, etc, composed of elements which
in size, Color, and shape answer the abbve'nienti0Ued requirements
for a texture, and which completely, or almost completely, covers
the surface to be protected. Depending on its composition , the
texture exhibits a characteristiC appearance which depends pri>
m~r?Zy on the size: shape, and color of its individual elements,
and secondarily upon their grouping.
The characteristic texture may lie in the base of the check,
etc, ? itself, or it may consist of elemente. imprinted on the aur~-
face, in which case the texture may cover all or only a po=tion
of the check. In case the texture is produced by one of the graphic
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processes, it will. in practice be composed of sharply contrasting
colors, but not black. and white, nor in one. color and white. If
the texture is produced as a weave, it may be also made in black and
white, or one color and white, or in an other selected single color,
without making it possible to reproduce it by means of the camera,
as the black and white elements can be made too fine for the camera
and still be recognizable as a texture.
A characteristic texture can be formed in the substance of
a !Znk note by suitably chosen teAtiles, the threads of which are
pulled and so aligned as to give the impression of a texture,
rather like the damask patterns often woven into, fine cloth or
silks. The material will preferably be thin enough, translucent,
or open-meshed, so that after treatment with suitable dressing
tools it will have the same strength and stiffness as the usual paper.
At the same time single or multiple iiiprints will be partially
visible from both sides of the note. The textile may also contain
information, or the designation of the note, and the denomination
of the note might be woven into it.
In case the texture is applied to the surface of the note
by one of the graphic processes, various familiar processes may
be employed. The following examples may serve.
(a) The design for such a composite texture may be drawn
up on an enlarged scale and the printing plates for the various
elements may be reduced to the desired small scale by gradual
photographic reduction.
. (b) Tha pattern which forms one coaponelt of a texture, for
instance , one of those obtained by photographic reduction from a
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texture dra i at a large scale, may be sprinted by moans of a
single plate at 2 or more points, one after the other, and the
successive impressions may be made in different colors.
(c) The various components or elements of the composite
texture may be engraved or etched directly into the engraving plate.
(d) Various reproduced elements may be obtained by suc-
cessive or simultaneous impressions in different colors from the
lower and higher portions of the same plate.
(e) The 3 colors of a texture composed of 3 distinct
colors may be produced in one impression: one of the colors by
means of the hollowed-'out portions of the plate, the second color
by the raised portions of the plate, and the third color by inter-
posing a thin, open-meshed textile, netting, or stencil, the lower
surface of which serves to print the third color while the first
and second colors are being printed through the holea~. The third
color may also be obtained simply by masking and coloring the
paper with the mesh, netting, or stencil, instead of being printed
with it.
(f} The plates may be reetched or reengraved in order to
make changes in the product between successive impressions.
(g) Separate plates may be made from a negative, positive,
or original in such a way that they correspond exactly- for all
practical purposes. For example, the fact that a negative and a
positive are exact opposites, and that the transparent areas of
one of them fit perfectly with the opaque areas of the other, may
be used for the preparation of plates with Which a set of small,
exactly fitting surfaces may be reproduced.
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Insofar as the characteristic effect of a texture :.s produced
by the exact fitting together of the individual elements, and as
these elements themselves are extremely small, it will be evident
that even the most trivial error at the edges where the elements
are supposed to fit together will produce a typical blurred effect
which is different from the original texture, and Which makes any
attempted counterfeit immediately recognizable and obvious. Further
more, according to the invention under discussion, a background
composed of lines, points, or other patterns or designs may be
d!~J ...a ~-!
.ilwsrawii vviaiiiiis?-iivs3 i iy4-v:Liv ... 4TO4....~ .~ .ce .o .4 4i~ .~ J
ki_ v .i.~* . v.ir -.. ?t
vw.n ir% v : w .i43m KiifA\F. . 41#i {v~7 i. L .
This background may be produced in the material of the paper or
on the surface by processes identical or similar to those used for
the production of the texture itself. When this background is
executed in colors other than black and white, the colors must
be
c"osen not :nly jfl such a way that the photographic effect of
the elements forming the background cannot be entirely and simul-
taneously suppressed or nullified but also so that, in combination
with the design, etc, on the note, these elements are also suffi-
ciently opaque so that the design will be damaged or distorted
if reproduction by means of contact printing is attempted.
When the above-mentioned texture is formed .in the material
of the paper itself, it may contain or fulfill the function of the
effect of the background as a result of the depth and, consequently,
the opacity of its color elements.
When the texture or the overall network effect is produced
by one of the graphic processes, it may incorporate the elements
of the background, which then will appear as. part of the texture.
In this case the texture itself becomes a safeguard against
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our:terfeiting by contact or transfer proces$e.~, for example,
c
a line line system or a similar configuration is repeated in close
juxtaposition in 3 colors, it will result in a tone determined by
of the impression. Now, if a fourth color is applied
the l;,neness
at a slightly different angle, the effect of a texture will be
achieved, and if the dimensions of the elements are small enough,
and the colors suitably chosen with regard also to their opacity
of one of them), this texture will constitute a
for the opacity
background.
:-
It is clear that a comp ca,t_4 ~: _iiQ network or a bank note
pattern such as those ordinarily used is to be preferred, and in
in combination with the characteristic note
practice will be used
surface produced according to the in~rentiOf under discussion.
,
be superimposed over the composite background.
Such a pattern 7
the texture is being produced with the background
Furthermore, if
in successive impressions, or if the background is being made in
per- the bank note pattern or design may be made in one
this - ?
intermediate impressions; and in this or any other manner
of the
may be interlaced with the counterle~ t-proofing elements of the
texture and background or of the. latter alone.
As we mentioned earlier, the matter which forms the safe-
guard against c?unterfsiting need not cover the entire surface of
its elements may for instance be printed in such a
the.-sate, and
gray that they theaseiVes constitute portions of h text or of the
ornaa~ental decoration of the note.
, One graphic proseduce which is rather widely used in proVid-
tug protection against counterfeiting is based on the unlikelihood
.
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of its being discoverod. It consists in making some identifying
mark on a plate
perhaps in a sentence of a stock certificate
before impreasions are made. The plate is ready to be printed,
and an official of the firm for which the shares are being repro-
duced removes a part of a character -- perhaps the dot over an i -w
or damages some other letter. Of course there must be no witnesses,
and the plate must be destroyed immediately after the printing is
finished -- a demand frequently made of printers. Such minor
deformations of letters generally escape the attention of counter
Loiters, who frequently fall into these quite simple traps. But
in case of a photographic reproduction such a safety measure is
useless. Besides, to be effective, it depends on strict secrecy.
The so-called cross-hatching represents a printed pattern
which is coonly used to protect checks against mechanical. and
chemical erasure.
This is not merely a matter of narrow, straight, parallel
line patterns. Many others forms have been developed. For example
in the year 1909 the firm of George La Monte and Bon registered a
trade mark with the US latent Office. It consists of a background
in the paper formed by parallel, closely placed, wavy, horizontal
lines. They are uniformly distributed over the entire surface of
the paper and offer a general safeguard against mechanical erasure.
The Orell?Fuessli firm in Zurich (Switzerland) subsequently used
a similar background imprint for its safety papers, and a lawsuit
consequently arose between the 2 1irds which was settled before
the Swiss Federal Court in Lausanne in 1929. These legal determi-
nations are of special interest for printers of safety papers, as
they draw clear boundaries between the protection of trade marks and
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^
that of inventions in this special field. Trade mark protection
extends only to the designation of commodities, and does not cover
deBigaations in which a specific technical result (such as the
prevention of erasures) is achieved. Only patents apply to the
latter.
But, if simply executed, this kind of hatching and background
impression may be easily corrected [if damaged by erasure] and
generally withstands chemical erasures if the inks are not suitably
corspounded. At the same time, the inks should be chosen so as to
make photoapaic r+vfavaa:4n-ore
J 4.p44,?! ..+
~ii.i+aa vv~a+. v a
While the above-mentioned patterns serve primarily for protection
against counterfeiting and forgery, more or less simple patterns
or letter arrangements have been invented especially to give warn-
ing if forgery has been committed.
U$ patent No 1431943 (G. Becker, Scranton) proposes first
to imprint check or document-paper with a symbol -- namely, the
word void -- in very thin letters; with a resistant ink. Superimposed,
or next to it, a second, compatible pattern, in a nonresistant ink
such as watercolor, writing ink, etching ink, etc, is imprinted in
such a way that the first pattern is hardly legible. (See Figure 16)..
if such a paper is treated with corrosives, the pattern printed in
the sensitive ink will disappear, and the word void will appear
prominently (see Figure 17). The first symbol, the word void, may
also contain, or have printed parallel to it, forgery indicators which
darken readily with ink.eradicators . in this case the word void
would stand out more prominently alter being treated with ink dradi~
cator. The color tomes chosen are preferably light, so that ink
writing on the? document will be easily legible.
169.
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Similarly, according to Us patent No 1454887 (3. W. Smith,
Todd protectograpb Compan, Rochester) , a safety paper is im-printed with an ink that cannot be erased mechanically or chemically.
It is masked by a superimposed imprint of the same shade, but in
ink that can be erased and eradicated. Now if an area on the
document is treated with chemical ink eradicators, the first,
ineradicable imprint appears. It serves to destroy the validity
of the document. For example, the word void (in German: nichtig,
l. i9
unguel 4 g)
sm~li letters (Figure 18)
appear iiV _L= en~tr ~trface of the paper. Superimposed, but
6~di a w u w .ire
with letters at a different angle, is the word void again, in
eradicable ink. Thus a configuration is formed (B, Figure 18)
in which the word void is hidden and unnoticed. But if the paper
is treated with bleaches, the ineradicable imprint, reading void,
becomes prominent (A, Figure 18), and thus warns the receiver.
The second ink the one which can be eradicated or erased
3,A dneui Lably
i:.k and in
is preferably chosen in such a way that it is sensitive to chemical
as well as mechanical erasure. It may also be composed of a
watermark, or of an lnk that is darkened by corrosives.
The ineradicable ink may be composed of carbon black ground
in a hard-drying oil dium, for example. The nonresistant ink
would then consist of a black eosin lake ground in a gum arabic
solution with a little glycerine.
Depending on the characters used, the restoration of era-
dicated characters or of a single bleached stroke can be accompliM
shed more or less easily, so longue no other forgery indicators are
.
added and no paper that is completely impregnated with forgery
indicators is used.
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This is lees true of the safety paper in US patent No 1578908
(J. w. Neff, Easton), which is impregnated or imprinted with aniline
salt ar other colorless forgery indicators (Figure 19). When
brought into contact with ink oxidizers, the imprint (for example
the words void or canceled) and the paper are darkened (Figure 20);
the aniline black which is formed can only be renoved with boiling
sulfuric acid. This, however, would destroy the paper. In order
to render the aniline salt more stable to atmospheric conditiofa,.
it is somewhat acidified. According to US patent N 1652042 of
the same inventor, lactic acid, citric, stearic, etc, may be used.
According to the latter patent, the paper sompie tely
.I.RY~l~F V~AE `vvv
with aniline salt is imprinted with aniline salt while wet (Figure
21.) By this means the aniline salt is supposed to be deposited
more densely on the printed areas, so that the difference between
the discoloration of the paper and that of the imprint, when an
ink oxidizer is applied (Figure 22), will be more pronounced. To
make this paper sensitive also to mechanical erasure, another
colored, sensitive coating is provided. This process has the
advantage over the preceding metbod that single-stroke bleaching
is made more difficult. But the aniline salts are not stable
enough in air.) The advantage of protection against forgery by
bleaching out individual strops may of course also be obtained
by overprinting a paper containing a forgery indicator with more for-
gery indicators.
In the following process, based on US patent No 1817171 (B.
w. Smith, Todd Company, Rochester), which provides a good safeguard
against single-stroke bleaching, the use of such a safety paper is
unnecessary. In this process the repeated word void? is printed
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over the entire surface of the papex. The individual words are
closely juxtaposed and preferably in colorless ink, but in negative
form, with the areas between the letters receiving the ink while
the letters themselves do not (Figures 23 and 24)? Furtbermore,
the Letters are composed of interrupted elements -< dots, or
example. This results in the advantage that the warning signal
is much more difficult to see than in the processes mentioned
above, as the eye is not accustomed to reading negative impressions.
Even if the paper is viewed at various angles to the light, an
impression of this kind is hardly perceptible, if at all. As inks,
en1~n ' es torg~ry Indicators like manganese f rrocy'an de tolldjne
d
hydrochloride, benidine sulfate in oily or watery binder (glycerine
and gum arabic) are suggested ..~ to which zinc white and other
primers may be added. But if the printing substance does not
penetrate more deeply into the paper it is possible to scrape it
off before chemical or mechanical erasure. Therefore the reactive
layer is effectively covered with an erasure-proof imprint. The same
inventor recommends the ink made according to US patent No 1911774
(see page 86) for the smite purpose.
The process covered in U5 patent No 1583241 (B W. Smith,
The Todd Company, Inc., Rochester), aims at the production of
a safety paper which is protected against mechanical and chemical
erasure, which superficially looks like a good quality writing
paper
a ribbed (or laid) paper, such as that made on the paper
machine with special rollers or wire meshes. This is achieved
by imprinting the paper with fine straight or other lines with
an ink'sensitive to chemical forgery. The color of the ink is
only slightly darker than that of the paper, so that the same effect
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appears as in a watermark or printed watermark. The ink, for example,
consists of manganese ferrocyanida, tolidine hydrochloride, benzidine
sulfate, or the like, ground in an oily or other binder. The ink
cai also be prepared in such a way that it is sensitive to mechanical
erasure.
If ink eradicator is applied to such paper, dark lines or
spots appear on the affected areas, giving the impression, for instance,
that these areas have been cancelled to render the document void.
The value of such a paper depends primarily on the character
of the corrosion indicator used and on the additional zorgety indi=-
cators and identifying features used in combination with it.
A further, more effective safeguard against chemical and
mechanical erasure can be obtained by combining conwled warning
signals with guilloches or similar forms.
The protection value of a guilloche lies especially in the
difficulty of analyzing it, and in the difficulty of repairing it
once an erasure has been made. U3 patent No 1075759 ~. W. smith,
Todd company, Inc., Rochester) aims at the same effects combined
with warning signals. Here 2 or more patterns are imprinted over
one another on a safety paper. Cie of these patterns consists
of a great number of little dabs or spots, very close together,
between which a different color is applied. The second, which is
superimposed on the first, is so combined with the first that a
blurred, confused overall patteru results. The ink is sensitive
to ink eradicators, so that after any attempted chemical erasure
the individual eleaents caannot be restored. ile the separate
patterns each have a regular, easily decipherable geometrical
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LI
design ~- for example, a regular hexagon (Figure 25), octagon
Figure 26) , etc
%w.*. the
corners and center represented by circles,
etc) superimposition of the 2 produces a complex pattern (yigure
27) which can only be analyzed into its component patterns with
great difficulty. Maintenance of register is by no means required,
a fact which greatly facilitates the work of the pressman. The
word void or some other warning signal may be imprinted in resistant
ink over the complex pattern or in its elements -- perhaps inside
the little circles, so that it is scarcely perceptii~le but emerges
prominently upon any attempt at applying bleach. This process
1! A 5..~.w~
ef
oA pat
may also be combined with that VJ
l 1.~5as?i'z~
th?
same inventor, which increases the protection value of -he latter.
This process is supposed to render the restoration or
imitation, or individual elements more difficult than with a
pattern composed of individual strokes or designs, such as rosettes
or borders.
An improvement of the process Just described is described in
Us patent No 1669302 by the same inventor. In it the warning
symbol void, for example, is printed in an ink consisting of
colorless forgery indicators (manganese ferrocyanide, tolidine
hydrochloride, benzidine sulfate, etc) while the basic patterns
for the confusion pattern are printed in inks which resist era-
dication. if mechanical erasure is attempted on such a. safety paper
it is practically :impossible to restore the daaaged portion of the
pattern.. Attempts at chemical corrosion result in the appearance.
and easy legibility of the word void, in black or dark color, and
the receiver is warned.. ever, the forgery indicators named
would not alone suffice but would nave to be reinforced by others.
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The primary advantage of this process, practically speaking, lies
in the fact that the entire paper has the light, fast dyes desirable
in permanent documents, making handwriting easier to read than if
darker, stronger inks were used (as required in US patent No 1675769).
To prevent not only mechanical or chemical erasure but also
the easiest kind of forgery ..p additive forgery or fraudulent
additions such as check "kiting" -- the imprinting of indications
of maximum value on checks and letters of credit has been suggested.
This procedure, properly carried out, gives excellent protection
against this type of content forgery. Each value entry is written
in 2 different ways. The first time in the normal fashion; with
ink, and a second tune by canceling certain numerals from a line
of figures in such a way that the uncanceled numerals equal or
cow as close as possible to the desired value designation.
A similar procedure used to be required in Germany. The
maker of a check used to be required to detach or cancel the numbers
superior to the nominal value of the check from the row of numerals
located at the right haftd side of the blank. Fraud was still
possible, within limits, as the blank form was not efficient enough.
The already widely adopted standard check, which had aeanwhile
been proposed by the Committee for Economic Management of the Reich
Economic Board at Berlin in the light of recom ndations made by
the Berlin Society of Banks and Bankers, no longer incorporated
this safety feature.
. . According to US patent No 1286346 (U. C. Davis, Wilkinsburg)
maximum values are printed on check forms, etc. The paper is then
cut or perforated either under, over, or adjacent to the maximum
value indications, or the paper is desired in these areas by
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chemical or other means. Either way, the purpose is to make the
paper ink-absorbent in the vicinity of the printed maximum values.
When the check is written, all the inapplicable maximums are cancelled
in ink. The ink soaks deep into the cut or desiaed areas, making
mechanical erasure impossible and chemical erasure exceedingly
difficult, provided the proper chemicals are used. But excess
ink used in cancellation might soak all the way through and inadver-
tently cancel the values on the next blank in the checkbook. To
avoid this, the cut or perforated areas on successive blanks are
located alternately above and below the value indications.
According to U3 patent No 1799499 (R. E. Bohrer, Rochester,
Us, The Todd Company ; Tnc, , Rochester). the 'xi* um value des1g at ions
are applied to the paper invisibly or unnoticeably. These invisi-
ble numerals can easily be transformed by the initiate into visi-
ble, exceedingly fast, ineradicable n ?e erals. The aim of this
process is to prevent or indicate fraud by chemical or mechanical
alteration of the numbers or by "kiting" its intended value.
The maximum values may be applied as watermarks -- but
these would be visible by transmitted light -- or in colorless,
invisible ink which becomes colored and fast when treated with
ink eradicator. The position of the maximum value symbols may be
entered by mechanical means; for instance, by using a stencil
supplied with the check book, a very practical procedure. The
process also provides for a combination of the maximum value
imprint with that of warning symbols (such as the word void).
The latter also are printed in sensitive invisible ink according
to one of the processes already mentioned.
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chapter VII. Safe writing Techniques
Writing safeguards afford protection against both counterfeit-
ing and forgery. Several protective techniques have already been
mentioned in the preceding chapters, such as the use of cheffiicala
with identifying features or detergent ink additives.
The surprising ease with which ordinary commercial inks can
be removed from paper is responsible for most forgeries, and it is
no wonder that iaany attempts have been made to develop an indelible
ink. (For the behavior of inks with chemicals see A. Robertson and
a, s. Rofmann. pharm., Central-Halle, 1892 and E. Locard, Traite
de Criminal 1stique) . India Ink is wrongly considered to be ineradi-
cable. While it does not bleach out with chemical eradicators, it
can be removed with soapy water, or by the process described in the
chapter on forgery, or with co~nercial products, such as Tuto
or Tuschex. Similarly, according to V. T. Bausch, Antigan ink,
which is considered difficult to falsify, can be washed out with
soap and water or spirits of soap, especially if the paper is
highly sized.
In theory there are many ways of compounding safety inks
for protection against forgery. Thus, most of the chemicals
used as forgery indicators may be combined with ordinary writing
inks. Instead of tho amino compounds, which are difficult to
dissolve, their soluble salts or sulfo-acid salts may be used.
The latter often have the advantage of not precipitating ordinary
ink dyes. The ink industry already manufactures similarly compounded
dyes, such as the inks with which laundry is marked in such a way
as to resist the effect of hypochlorites and other bleaching agents.
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Such inks are co~-posed, for example, of hydrochloric aniline,
copper vitriol, sodium chlorate, acetic acid, and a thickener
(see C. Becker, Die Fabrikation der Tinten, Tuschen and Stempelfarben
(The Manufacture of Inks, India Inks, and Stamp 'Pad Inks], 1834,
Augsburg). However, they are not entirely suitable as substim
tutes for ordinary writing inks because of their lack of permanency.
A great number of organic and inorganic substances may be
added to ordinary coiiercial inks without seriously affecting their
writing qualities p- for instance, the double aalts of metallic
oxalates, metallic complex salts, copper' sulfate, manganese sulfate,
silver nitrate, etc. Mere chiorinoslast or bieaCh ast dyusLutf
may also be added to the writing inks. (A safeguard against mechani'-
cal erasure is also produced by the addition of dyestuffs which
penetrate and diffuse into the paper).
But these materials can often be eliminated from the dried
ink before actual forgery is attempted. As a result their value
is doubtful. Ink supplements after drying should be insoluble
in all solvents and produce a practically irreversible discoloration
with corrosives. These requirements -- to which good fluidity
must be added -- should be capable of realization.
According to British patent No 217053 (Davidson), a safety
writing ink can be prepared by adding aluminum-, chrome-, or iron-
sulfate to ordinary commercial inks. However, the hydroxides,
which are formed therefrom by treating them with alkali hypochiorites,
are dissolved readily in acids. But as the above-mentioned aalts
penetrate deep into the paper, these dissolution procedures leave
faint traces which may be detected by means of the dark ultra-
violet light. Iron suifato, while on thhepaper, gradually turns
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into the almost insoluble iron hydroxide, so that the iron vitriol
cannot be wa?hed out before an aetual forgery ss~ wua a zaa&b% .a.
even in the ink solution it begins to liberate hydroxide, which
affects the writing qualities of the ink if the separation is not
inhibited by strong acids which attack steel pens. Iron sulfate
chloride behaves better in this regard., which is why it is preferred
for the preparation of iron gallate irk.
According to German patent No 331822 (H. Gethe, Duesseldorf),
a bleach- and oxidation-proof ink is prepared by adding prussiate
of potassium to ordinary writing ink. The following formula may
serve as an example:
25 g extract of dyewood
9 g aniline dyestuff (water soluble)
l.5 g prussiate of potash
1.5 g pyrogallol
plus the iron compound chosen, liquefied in 500 g cobalt sulfate
water, and filtered.
The patent does not specify whether yellow or the red prussiate
of potash is to be used. Perhaps either of them, or both together,
would be suitable. mile the ferri?salts do not precipitate with
potassiua Ferri-cyanide (red prussiate), but yield a brown solution;
Ferro-salts with potassium ferro-cyanide (yellow prussiate) first
produce a white precipitate which on exposure to the air oxidizes
to blue (Prussian blue). Ferro'salts with potassium fern-cyanide
produce a blue precipitate (Turnbull's blue) which is soluble in
oxalic acid. Properly compounded, safety irks prepared according
to this pxocess far excell ordinary writing inks in protective
properties,
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Safety inks whose chemical principle resembles that of photo-
tracing paper may also be made. And many sympathetic inks, of which
a large number are described in the literature, belong in part to
the safety inks.
A safety ink ought not only to be chemically ineradicable,
but in addition ought to contain substances which produce characteri-
stic effects in dark ultraviolet light, so that the fact of a
chemical or mechanical attack can be detected more easily. A
mechanical erasure is particularly easy to detect if these chemi~
i penetrate through to the reverse side of the paper.
But the best safety inks will never eliminate the use of
safety papers with forgery indicators, as the latter clearly betray
any attempt at chemical erasure over the whole area to which chemi-
cal ink eradicators are applied. Rather, an excellent safety
paper can eliminate the need for safety ink, as no ink can be
removed from it chemically -- at least not without some obvious
reaction. From they standpoint of technical security, both safety
paper and safety inks should be used.
Paper may be written upon not only with inks, pencils, etc,
but, if properly impregnated, also with an electric current, between
electrodes. Very durable writing which penetrates the paper may
be produced in this way. Electrolytic writing
paper
#s -- u--a--
especially for the e],ectrical transfer of pictures. The details
concerning these papers would take us beyond the scope of this
book. They may in part be used directly as safety papers. We
shall therefore only list the following patents. They include
thermal processes in which the writing. is done with a heated
stylus,
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German patent 488740 Formation of minimally soluble organic metallic
coapounds, such as alizarin copper, nickel
dimethylglyoxime, etc.
German patent 402394 use of cadmium iodide, etc.
German patent 511164 Iodide or iodide and starch, supplemented by
. reducing agents to prevent separation of
iodine during storage
German patent 511165 Supplement to preceding. Addition of alkali.
German patent 512381 Cadmium- and potassium iodide and other salts.
German patent 523258 Utilization of used acid fixing bath solution
LU 1Pru. Vir va.,.
X91 vex` day hav been replacea by
lead.
German patent 523653 Use of a paper covered with metal foil.
German patent 536506 Use of nitroso>barbituric acid (violuric acid)
with iron electrodes.
German patent 543635 Heat~-sensitive paper. Consists of gelatine,
an oxidizer and an organic substance which
yields a colored oxidation product in the
presence of heat (aniline hydrochloride, etc.)
Incidentally, it should be noted that Goppelsroeder (Wagne_r_s
Jahresbericht 1875 [ agner's AnnUal Report 1675], page 9527) wrote
with an electrode stylus on a fabric which had been impregnated
with aniline salts.
German patent 556841 Writing on a blank with a conductive ink (Aquadag).
German patent 557064 Heat sensitive paper, made by impregnation
with organic heavy metal salt (silver stearate,
antranilat, lead thiobenxoicc:acid, etc.)
And finally, paper may ordinarily also be branded with a red-
hot stylus.
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Ha dwriting can be safe carded by chemical or mechanical
means after the i;ak has been applied to the paper. Thus, in German
patent go 828787 (H. Gethe, Duesseldorf), powdered potassium
ferrocyanide is dusted on a written document or blank by means of
a cloth bag with an open weave. Handwriting in ink already dry may
also be treated in this manner; the paper should first be moistened.
Already dry handwriting may also be protected by a coating
of varnish or lacquer (Zapon varnish, paraffin) or with trans-
parent paper tape. The firm of Kalle and Company of Biebrich
manufactures co~ipletely transparent cellophane tapes, which adhere
without being moistened and are likewise suitable for such purposes.
But protective measures of this kind do not offer adequate pro-
tection in themselves and therefore should be combined with other
safeguards.
A. E. Meyer of Chicago, in U8 patent 1174783 seeks security
against chemical or mechanical forgery of all writing and printing
on the face of a check, etc, by crimping or, rather, gofferiag
the entire document after it has been written upon. Much simpler
devices suffice for this purpose, such as the check-writing machines,
etc, which usually write only certain items, primarily the amounts.
But, when used alone, this procedure does not offer adequate
protection, against chemical or mechanical erasure. Hven without
forgeries it will occur frequently in practice that certain areas
of the document will accidentally be printed flat and thus give
rise to suspicion. But a goffered docu ent can also be treated
chemically, for instance with bleaching agents disolved in organic
solvents, without damaging the goffered paper as aqueous solutions do.
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Mechanical writing processes, for instance with the typewriter,
as usually executed likewise offer insufficient protection against
forgery. Typewritten characters may be erased mechanically, even
though this may often be difficult. Mack typewritten characters
withstand chemical erasure, especially when the pigment used is com.
posed of lampblack, which is usually the case. Blue and violet
typewriter ribbon inks, however; are easily removed with chemicals.
A safety procedure frequently used by banks consists in
writing checks with carbon copies. The carbon copy (made with
carbon an a special printed fog, or with the Transcrit process)
is sent to the drawee bank as an advice. The latter co*pares
the original check with the carbon copy by superimposition by
transmitted light to see wheth~.r they correspond exactly. But if
a forger has access to a customer's check book, and at the same time
knows and falsifies the written advice form, his fraudulent act
will succeed that much more easily.
Excellently protected against chemical and mechanical erasure
is the work produced by a typewriter with a special type face. The
characters of this safety typewriter (manufactured in Germany by
the Mercedes Bureaumaschinenfabriken (Mercedes Office Wlachine
Factories] at Zella-Mehlis, aad the Europa-8chreibmaschinengesellschaft
.(Europa 'r9Aewriter Company], Berlin) are provided with needle-
pointed spurs which prick tiny holes in the paper (Figure 28) The
taste of the paper is inscribed in several colors at the same t ime
by means of a multicolored typewriter ribbon, while on the reverse
it receives the iapre?sioh of a colored carbon paper. Falsifications
by means of additions or masking are possible under certain conditions.
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Very good protective perforating writing devices are in
use as check-writers.
According to US patent No 869823 (J~. E. Angell, Boston)
the spaces between letters, numerals, or other conventional symbols
are pierced, goffered, softened, desized, or imprinted (figure 29)
with a special device described further in the patent. The areas
treated should be simultaneously imprinted or dyes in order to
mace the writing more legible and to protect it. The purpose of
this process is security against erasure or alteration of the
value designations, etc of the checks, and alterations are not
ezpposed to be possible without destroying the paper.
In US patent No 936399 the same inventor describes a further
development of the preceding process in which the numerals are
surrocnded with perforations, etc, only in their immediate vici--
pity (Figure 3O). Not all of the space between nuerals is
treated. There is a distinctive type of goffering or crimping
for each letter or numeral. Th j s is supposed to prevent raising
the value of a check by transposition or substitution of individual
numerals. Transposition can only be made by cutting out a numeral
and affixing it somewhere else. However, this would make the latter
area thicker and easy to detect. This sort of transposition can
be more readily performed on a check written out according to US
patent No 869823. One of the simplest methods of? raising the
value of a check consists in altering the first or last digit of
the number designating its amount by cutting out a section of the
check, replacing it with a different piece of paper, and imprint-
ing the spurious character. To make this already very difficult
operation still more difficult, the numerals are each given a,
different size and thickness.
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Another process using a similar device is claimed by R. R.
Angeli (Todd Protectograph Company, Rochester) in US patent No
1282166. In this case the spaces between the numerals are printed,
perforated, and punched in dot form. Thus, superposition of
other numerals or characters is supposed to be made impossible.
The printed dots are supposed to be placed in the depressions
between the elevations in the paper produced by the stamping
or goffering. (Reference is also made to US patent No 849715 by
the same inventor. It could not be dealt with here because the
patent is out of print).
ssv? r.in- J ..:ii. - ~IIN_...?1_ w va.iiF~ I. i VrVVIGrR7 s- 6i 4r44*. # .I 3.1y
in banks is explained in US patent No 1144742 (L. M. Todd and
C. G. Tiefel; G. W. Todd and Company, Rochester) . Two sets of
characters are used; one for writing the mount of the check, the
other to limit the written line (Figure 32) . Those portions of
the paper which carry the letters, numerals, or other symbols,
are suitably damaged. For example, they may be cut through,
goffered, and printed. The damage may be inflicted uniforma~-, to ;
the whole surface of the character or only at certain points, for
example by means of fine lines. Stamping the ink into the broken
areas of the paper serves to soak the paper thoroughly with dye
and thus to make erasure or chemical eradication difficult. The
line>limitation symbols afire imprinted in a different color from
that of the numerals, in order to make it m difficult to supor-
pose the numerals of one line over those of another. A check
writer of this kind was patented by the ear inventor in US patent
No 1081508. .Unfortunately guch check-writers, which provide a
high degree of protection against erasure, chemical corrosion, or
other alterations, are exceedingly expensive and? can only be acquired
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by the larger ccnoerns, Their advantages may be attained more
simply with suitable combinations of protective measures. Also,
their protective value is always dubious if excellent guaranties
of authenticity and safeguards against counterfeiting are not
combined with their use . Furthermore, it is not impossible to
repair perforations.
Professor doctor G. pbst in his Geld, Sank- and 8oersenwesen
(ney, Banking, and Exchanges), page 83, had the following to
say about check-writing devices and similar protective methods.
.~~surtnefit
the bags themselves, in their own issueS. The X11 or medium
business man, for example, will hardly be able to acquire punching
and stamping devices or a modern checkwriting machine, which,
when properly used, eliminates the possibility of all subsequent
(but not prior) falsification of checks."
To this it may be added that nowadays it is technically
possible to enjoy the protective advantages of a check-writing
device without using the device itseU.
' Insofar as possible negotiable paper, such as cheeks, letters
of credit, ete, obviously should be kept out of the hands of un.
authorised persons. Therefore they should also be protected by
appropriate security measures which are partly organizational and
partly technical and which, when taken together can be very effective.
Among the technical measures axis the safe envelopes, etc, but their
security value is usually quite dubious.
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We can only ration the numerous proposals for the manufacture
of safety envelopes. Most of these proposals have not found y,
or only limited, practical application. See German patents Nos
1297, 8042, 18130, 53689, 646189, 67(64, 70474, 74871, 75945, 76034,
79030, 79279, 98512, and many others. They offer varying degrees of
protection against the unauthorized opening of letters, or indicate
it better than does the usual envelope. Furthermore, the illegal
opening of an envelope is rather easily detected by a criminologist.
Of course an envelope sealed in the usual way can also be robbed
of 1tp nriTtfi!1tc Withnstt s+~. n4w ' t fn" de4~ n,ve~a h
knitting needle method. As moisture plays a role in most letter'
openings, harder and Bruening (Kriminalitaet beider Post [Crime
in the Mailsi, page 136) recommend applying a rubber stamp impres-
sion in highly water-'soluble dyes (see solvent indicators) to the
envelope, or writing over the closed edges of the flap with an
indelible pencil, or affixing seals of thin, colorless paper and
outliinilg them with a sharp Indelible pencil, or imprinting them
with methyl green. Dark ultraviolet rays, too, may render good
service in certain cases when there is doubt whether a letter has
been opened or not.
. To ensure against letters being opened, seals are of course
usually employed. But the falsification ?- removal and reapplication
_.. of seals is relatively easy (see especially K. Penn, "The Forging
of Seale," in Tuerkel, Faelschungen [Forgeries], 1830, Graz, which
also discusses safety methods. L Goddefray, Sur la fraude possible
des pus charges et assurea, octant doe cachets a la cif [Frauds
on Registered and Insured Letters Bearing Wax Seals], 1923, Brussels,
reco ends -a safety locking divfce. See also Harder-Bruening,
ri~imelitact der_Post, 1924, Berlin.
l87..
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/30 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000700170006-6
For the sake of completeness, devices for photographing
bank checks, documents, etc, according to German patent No 464344
(J. J. Kaplan, Boston, US), and German patent No 492546 (G. L.
McCarthy, Eye, Westchester, US) are referred to. They are intended
for use primsaarily by banks for registering checks. It frequently
happens, in connection with a bank's check transactions, that the
loss of paid checks, particularly of destroyed forged checks and
other irregular items, perhaps as the result of the carelesaneea
of messengers, etc, escape the bank's ineluctable systematic
control. Photographing both sides of every canceled and paid
check offers infallibie proof that payment nas been made, anc
protects the bank against bogus claims. The daily volume of checks
previously made it impossible to photograph them, as earlier
processes and apparatus were inadequate to handle the voles.
Thus the banks had no sufficient proof to determine whether lost
chocks had already been paid or not.
These inventions claim to provide a means of satisfying
this requirement.
German patent No 293745 and Supplementary patent No 302999
(doctor Carl G. Schwalbc, Eberswalde) deal with the destruction of
negotiable documents. The abject is to avoid undesirable but
necessary asnual labor on certain negotiable documents which may
escape destruction when documents of this type are being burned
or ground up in pulp machines. To accomplish this, the fa*iliar
process of carbonising vegetable matter in woolen cloth is applied
to the negotiable paper. The process transforaia the paper into a
completely triturated mass. In other worde. the negotiable paper
is treated with acids in gas or liquid form, especially hydrochlo~~i~:
w 198
11
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at high temperatures, for instance 124? C. U properly executed,
for example iu a revolving drum, no large fragments will remain.
The small pieces which may still turn up are so soft that it would
be ipeeible to put them together again for fraudulent purposes.
According to the supplementary patent, chlorine gas may also be
used. ?is is done in a carbonic acid atmosphere in order to
eliminate fire hazards caused by the oxidation of the printing inks
on the paper.
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INDEX OF GERMAN. PATENTS 0P 'I'SB LAST 15 YEARS,
VALID AND EXPIRED, AS OF 1 MARCH 1934
DRP*
328787
expired
mt
388099
expired
DRP
397363
expired
DRP
399671
expired
DRP
402727
expired
DRP
412381
expired
DRP
413216
expired
DRP
416302
expired
DRP
416303
expired
DRP
422294
valid
~p
422374
expired
DRP
433176
expired
DRP
439376
expired
DRP
446656
valid
DRP
464344
valid
DAP
487824
expired
DBP
487994
expired
DRP ?
492546
valid
ARP
497037
valid
D,RP
497178
valid
DRP
546627
expired
DRP
573587
valid
* DRP [Deutechea Reichepatent -~ Patent of the Geraan Reich]
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BIHL1OGRAPHY
Andes, L. E., Papier~Spezialitaeten
Bauaert, Lehrbuch der gerichtlichen Chestie, (Manual of Forensic
Chemistry]
6
Bausch, V. T., "Safety Paper," Zahlungsverkehr and Bankbetrieb,
No 1, January,. 1932
Browne, H. K., Photomechanik [Mechanics of Photography]
Danckwartt, P. W., Lumineszens-'AnalYse irn filtrierten ultravioletten
Licht (Analysis of Luminescence in Filtered Ultraviolet Light]
Donnstedt and Voigtlaender, Der Hachweis von Schriftfaelschungen
.......... .
[Proving Forgeries]
Feigi, A., Systeme des Chiffrierens, [Cryptographic Systems]
Goddefroy, E., Sur la fraude possible des p13s charges et assures
poxrtant des cachets a la cire
Harder-Bruening, Kriminalitaet bei der Post
Hazura, K., ?Printing Inks for Hegotiables and Valuable Documents,"
in Ha, Hans, Handbuch ueber die Herrstellung and Verwendung
der Druckfarben (Handbook for the Production and Use of
Printing Inks]
Heiwich, 0 . , Die Infrarot-Fotografie (Infrared Photography]
Jeserich, H., Che*ie mid Photographie im Dienste der ge~rbrechensaufklaerung
(Chemistry and Photography in the Service of Criminal
Investigation) Koegel, G., Die unsichtbaren Strahlen im Dienste der Kri*inalistik
doe 1, G., Pal impsestphotography (Photographing Palimpsests)
Krueger, 0 . , Die lllustrationsverfahreri [Methods of Reproducing
illustrations] .
Locard, E., Manuel de Technique Polic?ere
? l91
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Locard, E., "Technical Analysis of Written Documents," Traite de
CrimiualiatigUe, Vols V and VI
Obst, G., Geld, Bank, and BoersenWesen
Paul, F., Randbuch der Kriminalistischen Photographie (Manual of
criminological Photography]
Rinse, L. J . , tiltraviolett Strahlen and ihre Eigenschaft (Ultra-
violet Rays and Their Properties
Schmidt, Kompendium der Photographie (Manual of Photography]
Tuerkel, S . , Das Auge als Identifizierufgsgrundlage (The Eye as
Basis for the Identification process]
Tuerkel, S., aeiscAufge i or Brio
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INDEX OF PATENTS OF THE GBR? REICH
DRP NO
.1297
6042
7120
18130
22573
32403
32453
r %I c
vv'TwM
J?)
EP NO
283752
293745
302999
303989
320596
328757
331.622
?7,'v:
Q')
492546
447() 7
61460
36/38
337818
48
497178
62052
107
338333
98
498740
62053
97
341970
33
502394
64689
142
364390
44
511164
67060
142`
388099
38
51165
70474
142
397363
27
512381
74871
142
399671
44
523258
75945
142
402727
112
523653
76030
142
406942
31
536506
79030
142
409586
31
543635
79279
142
412381
39
546627
98512
142
413216
40
556841
183838
106
413303
49
557064
214838
36
416302
49
573387
243972
40
416430
29
582530
244479
35
422294
38
259850
77
422374
52/68
193
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PAGE DRP NO
40/41 433176
143 439376
143 446656
. 53/70 464344
39/120 487824
138 487994
137
137
137
137
138
138
138
138
55/72
138
138
31
84
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INDEX OF' AMERICAN PATENTS
US Patent No
Page
U8 Patent No
Page
US Patent No
Page
711815
32
1488881
19
1864116
77/84
717799
32
1578908
129
1866400
79
849715
141
1584850
64
188296x2
31
869823
58/139
1588201
131
1883184
31
936399
140
1627254
82
?883185
31
1026078
73
1652042
41/129
1883187
31
1061508
141
2662509
$3
1900967
76
? ? rtl A
i .1'*'t t C*6r
't AS i r' r ..
L%#( a s a
r war r- r~r - a
, _ l R
O V - v s v v
Y A9 /t
1~1/ 1JJ
.Li/4C'W-CW
1174753
138
1689302
133
1910568
53/68
1217076
74/76
1692645
99
1911774
85/109
1282166
140/141
1799499
134
1916606
79
1286346
134
1804978
73
1938543
70
1431903
117
1817173
130
1939378
77
1454837
133
1825796
31
1951076
76
1457805
116
1839995
83
INDEX OF BRITISE PATENTS
British
Patent No
Page
British
Patent No
Page
British
Patent No
Page
1044
110
201307
117
235008
97
1136
117
209919
81
236718
97
29491
118
217053
136
237695
117
105619
111
217819
97
373905
31
159740
53/72
220842
97
378694
84
200294
117
233551
97
194.
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INDEX OF AUSTRIAN PATENTS
Austrian Austrian Austrian
Patent No Page Patent No Page Patent No raga
10301 29/108 82238 121 12551E 31
12999 29/108 85401 118
77088 146 92282 24/26
FRENCH PATENTS
French Patent No Page French Patent No Page
757540 28/109 769012
?. I95 -
76
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INDEX OF AUTHORS
Albert
Aller, K. C.
Aserican Bank Note Company
Andes
Angell, E. E., (Todd Protectograph Company)
Archimedes Company for the Investigation and Evaluation of Inven-
tions and Trading Company Ltd.
Aufreiter, J.
Ausschuss fuer Wirtschaftliche Verwaltung Beim Reichskuratoriwii
fuer Wirtscbaf tlichkeit in Berlin (Committee for Economic
Management of the Reich Economic Board at Berlin)
Badische Anilin and Sodafabrik (Baden Aniline and Soda Factory]
Ballandes
Bank von rankre ich [Bank of France
Barker, R. W. (American Bank Note Company)
Bausch, V. T.
Bausch and Scbroth, A., (Felix Schoeller and Bausch)
Becker, C.
Becker, G.
Beckmann, E.
Behrend, E. R.
Behrend, G. F.
Rohrer, u. E., tine Todd Company)
Callo
Corte, H.
Crane and Company
Curing W . M. , and Howie
196
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re ibmaschineUgesellschaft [Europe Typewriter Company]
Europa Ech
Fa.rbenindustrie J. G. [ iG parben]
Fournier, Georges
Fues, E., doctor
Gailer, L.
Genouse, J.
~Gernaert, J.
Gethe, H.
GieBecke and Devrient
Goddef rog, 8 .
Goethel, F.
GoppeiarOeder
Haithot, W.
Hardor~Brsening
br. Drudkfarbentabrik?u [$arta 1m Bros. printing [uk
Hartaaanu Be
Hadert,
pactoriea
HaUSB*ann, E. , doctor
Hjlbert, E.
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Davidaon
Davis, D. C.
Depianche, A.
Dittmar,
Douahkess, w. N.
DrautZ, A. B r
Eder, J. M.
Ehriich, ~?
Erfurt, J.
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Himmel, S. S.
hoc and Company
.
Horst>-n'-Steinberg Dye Factory
Jackson, F. E.
Kalle and Company
Kaplan J. S.
Kleinewefers, w.
Knecht , $ .
Koecher, H., doctor
K.oegei; Yjo.Gd7soa
Krueger, 0.
La Monte George and Son
Lebateux, L.
Liesegng, . It.
Lloyd, BE. Paper Company
Locard, #.
Lue it t iCh , Max
McCarthy, G. L.
~acdonaugh
Mache, A
Mellet, R., and Bischoff, A. .
Menzies a. C., and Aitken, J. K.
abriken [Mercedes Off ice .Machine Factories]
Mercedes Bureaumasciamenf
Meyer
A. B.
Meyer,. J . B.
itche1, C. A.
Mueller..
Musil, B.
?198-
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Nachrichteusteile gewerblicher Rechtschutz "'Japan" (Japan Information
Center for the Protection of Commercial Rights]
Neff, J. w.
W13fgen, A.
Obst, G., doctor
Orell-Fuessli Art. Irstitut (Oreli-Fuessli Artistic Printing Company]
Orndorf, f , Todd Company
Papic irabrik Koeslin, A. G. (Koesiin Paper Company, Inc.3
Patentpapierfabrik zu Penig (Penig Special Paper Company)
Penn, K.
Poensgen and Heyer
Reinheimer, M.
Remick, A. R., The Todd Company
Rettig
Reverdin, F. et De La Harpe, C.
Rezsny, K.
Robertson and Hofmann, J. J.
Ruth, G.
Sunburn, J. C . , (Strathmore Paper Company)
Schmidt, R. F.
Schmitt, E. L.,. (Paramont Safety Paper Company)
Schnellpze enfsbrik A. G. Ueideiberg (Hiideiberg High Speed Press
Company, Iuc.} .
Schubert.
Schulz
3Qhuize, B.
Schwaibe, Carl, G. , doctox',
Schweiz. BUndesg~richt (Swiss Federal Court)
Smith, B. ? Todd Company
199
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ith, B. W. Todd Protectograph Company
Snyder, T. J.
Snyder Document Protection Company
Spater
Steuer# P., doctor
Stirm, doctor
Thomassen,
Todd, L. M. and Tiefel, C. G. (G. W. Todd and Company)
Tuerke1
v~ ifa Werke .
Aschaffenburg [VEIFA Factories
United Electrotechnical
Institutes Frankfort Aschaffenburg]
Vereinigung der Berliner Banken and Bankiers [Association of Berlin
Banks and Bankers]
Vogel, H. W.
Van Heinrich, F. (E'ationalbank von Ungarn) [Hungarian National Bank]
Wadewitz, Martin, doctor
Walther
Walther } Brune
Wandrowaky
Waterlow and Sons, Ltd. and Goodmann, E.
Wexner and Schwaann
Whitchesd Dorris and Company and Farmer, E. H.
Whitehead, Morris and Company and Morris, P.
Whitehead,. Dorris and Company, Morris, P.. ad Bryant, J. 4.
Whitehead, Dorria and Company and Pugh, J. P.
Wood = F41 W. (Ynkse t Saf a ty Paper Company)
WOvdhull (A~roriean Bank Nate Company)
Zeyen, L. .
Zulaseungssteile an der ? Boerse zu Berlin [Ad~-ission O Ziee of the
. Berlin Stock Exchange]
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ALPHABETICAL INDEX
Reproduction, photographic
masking
Forgery by masking
Aberration errors
Splitting
Acetone
Addi t ion attachment
Esculine
Ether
-._-J
a cohol
Et'zylene derivatives
Etching ink
Corrosion indicators
Etching agents
Etching agent indicators
Etching agents (Corrosives)
Etching (Corrosion)
Stock cert if icates
Coupons,. Dividend
Activine
Alum
Aldehydes
Alizarin copper
Algol dyes
Alkali
Alkali blue
Alkali blue base
Alkaline hydroxide
Alkali indicators
Alkali iodides
Alkaline carbonates
Alkalinity
Alcohol
Alpha--naphtidine
Alphanaphtylamine
Aluminum plate lithography
Aluminum iciil
Aluminum hydroxide
Aluminum sulfate
Formic Acid
Amidodiphenylamine p-
Amidophenol o- m- and pM
Amines, organic
Amines of the benzidine group
Amines, primary aromatic
Aminobenzol
Amino-2-phenylbenzazola
Amino"mercurous chloride
Amino- and hydroxyco*pounds, aromatic
Amino- and hydroxycompounds of naphthaline
Amino-compounds
Ammonia
Ammonium persulfate
Amph inaphthoqu inone
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Anal me
Analyses
Quarts lamp
Anastatic
Color >tion, negative
Coloration, positive
Aniline
Aniline hydrochiorate
Aniline dyestuffs
Aniline hydrochloride
Aniline black
Aniline sulfate
Aniline writing ink
Anisyle guanidine
Deposits
Deposits, difficulties with
Electrode stylus
Anthracene
Anthracene rings
Anthraflavone C
Antigantines
Anthranil
Finishing tools
Aquadag
Watercolors
Argentine
Asbestos
. Plates and film, photographic
Stamping
Coating
Application device
Softening
Auramine
Bleaching out
Salting out
Excision
identity cards
Separation plates, photographic
Mutographs
Autotype
Autotype printing process
Autotype impression surface
Acetate
Acetine
Axo dyes
Azo yellow
Lycopodiura powder
Bank
Bank checks
Bank notes
Bank,? Imperial German
Bank, Swedish
Bankpaper
Bank checks
Barium chromate
Barium chloride
Barium lakes
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Barium platinum cyanide
Barium sulfate
Cotton
Printing
Mordant ing
Exposure
We t t ing agent
Benzidine
Benzidine sulfate
Benzoic acid
o%
rCLLirisssv+++
Benzol rings (nuclei)
Benzoyl p' roxide
Prussian blue
Writing
Durability (stability)
Beta-phenylalpha-naphthol
Bible paper
Bichromates
Binaphtylines
Binders
Binders, oily
Binders, aqueous
Bisulf ite
Paper strips
Blanc Lire
Logwood
Logwood ink
Lead
Bleaches, chomical
Bleaching agents
Bleaching agents, alkaline
Bleach indicators
Lead ferrocyanide
Lead carbonate
Lead rhodanide
Lead salt
Lead Pencil
Pencil writing
Pencil strokes
Lead sulfate
Lead sulfide
Lead thiobenzoic acid
Lead, white
Shutters
Blood albumin
Prussiate of potash
Prussiate of potash, yellow
Prussiate of potash, red
Bolognese chain
Borders
Postage stamps
Postage stamps, German Reich
Postage stampa, Swiss
Bromine
Broaeosine
Bromides
Silver bromide emulsion
-203-
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Silver bromide?collodion process
Silver bromide layer, non-
orthochromatic
Letterpress
Letterpress process
Beechwood creosote
Characters
Colored paper
Colored paper industry
Calcium lakes
Caliophan apparatus
Carbon black
Cellophane tape
Cedrire t
Celluloid
Character heads
Cyphers
China clay
Quinine
Quinoline yellow
chlorine
Chioramine yellow C
Chlorates
Ch lorbenzanthrone
Chlorine Bleach
Chlorine forgery indicators
Chlorine gas
Iodine chloride
Calcium hypochioride
Calcium hypochloride solution
Silver chloride normal paper
Chlorine carrier
Chrome alum
Chromates
Lead Chromate, yellow
Qiromic acids
Chrome salts
Chrome sulfate
Chrysophenine C
Ciba Byes
Coerul ignon
Water colors, opaque
Cover layer
Cover layer, susceptible to laceration
Coating substrata
Covering power
Dextrin
Biamidoanisole m-
Diamidodiphebylamine 44'
Diazo substances
Variations in thickness of paper layers
1>5 dichioramphi ? 2,6 naphtoquinone
Thickness, irregular
Dihydrouydiphenyl p-p'-
Dihydrosydiphenylsulfide p, p'-
Dihydroxydipbenyithiocarbamide
Fyrogaliol.di~ethyl ether
Diaethylglyo*al
Dinaphthylenes
244
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11
Di sodium phosphate
Dioxybenzojc acid 3-.5
Dioxynaphthal ins 1-'5
Dioxynaphthal me 2..6
l-'? Dioxynaphthaline-f'carbon-'3-'
sulfonic acid
Diphenoquinone
Diphenol
Diphenyl b inaph thone
D ipheny l guan id ine s
Diphenyl guanidies, sulfonated
J;ipuenyi guanid ine acetate
Diphenyl guanidine salts
Ditolyl guanidine
Documents
Documents, paper for
Documents, pe anent
Document paper
Writing inks for documents
Three-color autotype
Photography, 3-color
Printing
Printing, masking
.Printing, polychronie
.Printing, negative
Printing,f. ineZS; hip: ,yhb.~:
Printing, :;inks
Printing ink, aolorlQss
Printing ink, oily :
Printing ink, transparent
.205
Printing ink, watery
Printing ink removers
Printing form
Printing indicators
Printed patterns
Printed-patterns, use of
Printing oil
lmpression plates
Printing stamps
Printing technology
Printing processes
Puncturing
Perforation
Incision
Carbon paper
Carbon copy script
Carbon copying processes
Eau de Javelle
Eau de Labarraque
Authenticity testing
Counterfeiting
Counterfeit'proof ing
Authenticity, marka of
chemical parks of authenticity
Safeguarding authenticity
G;
Chemical safeguarding of authenticity
Safeguarding authenticity by
graphic processes
gethOds of safeguarding authenticity
Chemical metir3ods of safeguarding
authenticity
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Methods of registering
authenticity safeguards
Fast Red A. V. (dye)
Granite effect
Check, standard
Inlays
Tickets, Adhaission
Iron
Iron acetate
Iron, nickeliferous
9
Am3nonium ferric amt
.oniuxzi ferric alum solution
Ferric chloride
Iron electrodes
Iron gallate
Iron gallate inks
Iron gallic inks
Ferric hydrate
Iron Lakes
Iron Alloys
Ferric salts
Iron oxide saccharate
Pulverized iron
Ferrous sulfate
Iron sulfate chloride
iron tan ate
Acetic acid, glacial
Albumin
Albuainous substances
Electrodes
Electromagnets
Sensitivity
Emulsion, photographic
Removal of printing ink
Removal of India inks
Desizing
Eosin
Eosin A
Eradicators
Success of protective technology
Erythrosine
Erythrosine C. -
Acetic acid
Extinkt (ink eradicator]
Extraction
Trade Marks
Threads
Forgery
Forgery, chemical
Forgery, mechanical
Forgery, indications of
Forgery, indicators of
Forgery indicators, colorless
Forgery indicators, pritmary
Forgery indicators,.1 secondary
Dyeing process
Tickets, railroad
Counterfeiting Information Center
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Crumpling index
Discoloration
Discoloration, irreversible
Color, application ox
Color, formation of
Color
Color, subject to corrosion
Color, corrosion'-proof
Color, 2~tone
Color, "dirty::
Colors contrasting
Colors transparent
Printing ink, without filler
Printing ink, eradicable
Dyestuffs
pigment, bleeding
Pigment, basic
Pigment , b teach-fast
Pigment, chlorine fast
Pimnent, direct
Pigment, acid
Pigment, solutions of
Ink substrata
f!ni_~? tong
Color tones, "dirty"
Color envelope
Color difference, slight
Color application on paper-making machine
Printing ink, sensitive to friction Fibers
Printing ink, forgery-proof
Colors, rejection of
Figs, dyed yellow
Fibers, dyed
Color, isolation or analysis (photo) Feathers
Color printing processes
Filter, color
Color photography
Color transitions
Colored fluids, visible
Dyewood, extract of
Color lake
Color pigments
Color plates
Color reactions
Color layer
Ferric acetate
Potassium ferricyanide
Ferricyanates
Ferric oxide
Ferric salts
Lead ferrocyanide
Perrocyan ides
Ferrous salts
Potassium ferrocy amide
Fatty acids
Humidity
2Q?
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/30 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000700170006-6
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/08/30 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000700170006-6
Humidity of Atmosphere
Film printing
Filter
Fingerprints
Varnish
Fish glue
Fixing bath
Fixation of handwriting
Galvanos
Gases
Goffering
Goffering symbols
Goffering machines
Couching
Couching press
Secret Writing
Planographic reproduction processes Secret symbols
Flax
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