FOREIGN TRADE AND PRODUCTION

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R000500200001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 183
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 14, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 1, 1957
• Content Type: REPORT

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The countries ot the democratic camp have tisen as their
coon oat to pr~aduce not only More but at lower cost arid vith
greater 1Bbor procuct1v1ty. This goal can be achieved by better
organization of cooperation, the division of ga&.s eccordi to
specialization of production, a well-developed collaboration, so
that conditions will be created for the most ecanondcctly efficient
utilization of the rear rztateri.als, natural coriii tiffs , production
capacity, and the level ~f deve1opmen t of the forces of production
in deve1opin the economy of all the lands of the democratic Geri.
This ;ot~1 which c!it SJ"1thout efirnrrogerat1ow bcalled hL-~tor c, ree-
Cluires us to develop nil forme of economic cooperation. of course
in this program foreign trade occupies a leading position cis the
most important tool in the division of irahor within the de,crntic
camp, since it is the agent of mutual, exchange of machinery, equip-
tiient, and other industrial products as well as rav materials E.nd
food4 In this connection the goals of foreign trade rise contiuy
ually and enhance its importance
At the same time the overall international development, un~
der the influence of the pence policies of the socialist cam, a
of the successful efforts of nuzneroue lands beyo! the aea t-o free
theraseives from thew former political and economic dependence on
the imperialist powers, is directed tarexd the formation of tyre
favorable conditions for the peaceful coexistence and competition
of two different social. and ecoavmic syatema ?- socieliem and cap-
italitsm.
gntrepreneurIal eircle e in the capitalist countries t t,
under their direct influence, even the goverw its of thee. eoun-
triee, becoring increasingly ewere of hs ue e2 naneaU of ell
a ~te~ta at ec C discrimination against the countries of the
peace esa~, vhich they attempfit t er pressure frogs the wive
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American policy of the Atlantic pact, and they understand thet it
15 in their own iEltGrestis to renew broader Joiitic i. ct itur 1.
and econcnic contacts with the east. iere, too, increaaed tasks
fall to foreign trade, bath in collaboratiou with the countries
fighting for poiitic8l and economic ir4ependence tnd in establish..
jag a>nd expaudin trade Faith the capitalist states trhich have de
cited to end the cold war and develop trade on the basis of m+itua1
advantage aid equality Of both partners.
Under these condstions foreign trade cart become a very et'-
fective means for spreading the ides or peaceful collaboration ad
competition among countries with different political ai ecoaomac
systems. We are glad to undertake such competition because for>
eign trade presets one oppor tunity for deut~ttrating the super-
iority of the socialist means of production over the capitalist.
From this standpoint we can beet see the importance of a
further development of foreign trade and the necessity of taking
all possible -neasures to increase exports. It would be extremely
shortsighted to believe that by exporting we are deprivin,; our in-
ternal uarket of goods which we ourselves might consua~e. Whoever
grieves over exported Javas or Spartaks should aee tb~e enor~o-.s
quantities of imported raw materiels which our factories process
daily, end the quentities of imnported foods which we consume daily,
Without iorts we could not fulfill the goals which we have out-
lined for ourselves in the secot Five?Yeer Plen end these iorts
would be impossible without the exports whereby we obtain the ne-
cesaary forei~ exchange.
In order to develop exports to the eaope required bar iaporto
e uat generally i tie our woxt both in the foreig~a.trade epa'
perstve itself end In the factorise ving for export, sled thus
ultimately in their ce< 1 liaison.
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The ycar which has paased since the first edition of this
handbook has ? va 'ua a rent dell of new experi.e z irforma
Lion on our export suess wiiit is a great encouragemeut for fora
tier work; f! have also learned of my shortcomings which must be
systematicail,r e1imi.nated in order that we may draw from our suca
crass ar$ fulfil the new goals v ich we Thee,
In v:ew of the fncrensir significance of foreign tram: in.
the second FiveNYear Plan the authj)rs have decided to cousider
these new goals arui experienees and prepare a Second edition of the
handbook, substanti~a11y expended and supplemented, with new infor-
mation and ideas. We present it to the workers in production who
sre working Tor export, and to those in orei.gn trade, as a guide
in their work. As in to first edition we are now convinced that
the lsrger the number of" workers, party officials, and mase-orgsn-
i.xation officials who vaster the info Lion contained in it, the
greater will be their success in exports and importa, for the en~
tire national cconomy, for further increasing the living atandard,
for the good name of the Czerhos1ovak people abroad, end tor con-
solidstirg peace throughout the world
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U IC FEATS CF CZECIOSWVAK FOREIGN SAE
Czrchoslovuk .Foreign trede, like all important brunches of
our national, ecOnoifly, is rationalized. and incorporated as an iw
portant elettrient in the econordc system of the People's iemocrat1c
Republic. In the spirit of the basic economic law of socialism our
state uses foreign trade for the construction and development of
industrial a4 sgricultural production ar1 for meeting the grating
needs of society. AIongaide our own domestic sour cea it is ara itn~
portant supplementery source of means for increasin; pr oductlon and
better supplying the population with the tens of consucaption.
The new role and structure of foreign trade in our economy
had to be fought for. Until 19148 iraports were 74 percent, and ex
ports were 38 percent ft the hands of private firms which used forty
elfin trade for their own enrichment and thus injured the 1ntGrests
of the state. Shortly of ter February, as a result of reactionary
"management" of foreign trade, we had a negative balance of almost
5 billion crowns. In the next ration period there waa no meat a.nd
a large nua~ber of important raw arterials were lacking. At the
same time the capitalist merchanta had robbed the republic of bil-
lions in foreign exchange which they deposited in foreign bank.
Victorious February opened the path for a solution in this sector
as well, and thus nationalized industry could be aupp1emtented by
the state foreign-trade monopoly which is a necessary condition of
the existence and development of our econow r.
What Is the Foreiga??reds icavpolyI
Foreign trade in Czechoelovekia is a monopoly of the aocis1.-
1st state. The foreign-trade monopoly is co sitrat~d in the hells
of a special state organ, the Ministry of Foreign fade. Foreign
trade is aubordinated to the goal* of soaieliet coMtructioa sad
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operates eccorcU to the foreign trade pica, which is an insparty
ab' p?rt o? the econo niC nlcun. The faction of the forei n
trade monopoly are:
lm To aseii the economic independence of the country.
?. To be a tool of economic cooperation wiUa the USSR an1
the people's aemocrayies.
The monopoly protects our econcnya~ainat the unfavoreble
ef'f'ects of foreign capitalist countries -- the efftpcts of d.iacrira-inatlon > nd of the dieaatrcaus effects of economic depression which
periodically seizes capitalist econorateS.
With the aid of the Soviet Union and thanks to the fore
trade irnopoly we have turned back the ecanoti: blockade which the
imperialist at.atea attented to i poae on us through heir embargo
policy, their prohibition of exports of many types of important
goads to the countries of the democratic camp. The period Of the
cold war could not hold back the economic deveiopmeat of Czecho-
siovakia. Even the mem rS of the so-called Randall Commission
which investigated conditions for American coanerciel policies ad-'
minted that: "The control o trade between East acid West has mere-
l:, strengthened the irieperideaco of the Es3t-European market of
the economies of other countries (i.e., capite3.ist) by heLping them
to reveal their weakneaees and overcome them. ~' Liaiaon between
the democratic atetes has been further atretheneI an expanded.
Czechoalovek foreign trade hee purpoeely transferred its main ef-'
forts to the world de~ocretic market and noun hae eseured our ectn -'
omy fndepeaden a of the cepitaliet world. It has thus erected a
dam a iaet the effeate of dapz'eeeie vhtch 1e inevitable in the
capitalist world vhich, preai#ely through foreign trade, epre.'t*
from country to cou tr7, U v$ t elves experienced during the
world ecoeaoetc depression before the 8exo>g1 World War.
-6.
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The toroign>trade monopoly nikea it possible for us to have
uninterrupted internal economic developatent by foreseeing price
f]Luctuatione ~a the world malt so that they cannot influence the
results of activit~r of our conunercial e4 production enterpriaee.
The orgenizational separation of production froni the foreign trade
monopoly prc,videe production with a firm calculation base undis>
turbo by price movea~nts abroad because foreign trade sells prad>
ucte at fixed prices.
The task of the ?inistry of Foreign Trade as the supretne or-
gan of the foreign-trade monopoly is . to direct specialized foreigr~w
trede enterprises, negotiate international trade agreetuenta, on
trot their fulfillment, and see to it that ye are se11ing end buy
ii g on the nx at favorable markets, at the most favorable time, and
under the most favorable conditions. The PZ?rs (podniky xahranic,.
mho obchodu -M Foreign-Trade aterpriaeeI like Technoexport, Fer>
romet, Kovo, Strojexport, gkloexport, and, others, directly dis-
charge plard export and intport goals by cocnaercia1 operations
(3.e., purchase and sales).
The foreign..trade enterpriaea are independent economic
unite, legal pa ono, which operate in their awn naaie and have
their rn .financial economies.
Foreign trade is served by a number of other agenclea, also
directed by the Minietry; first place among these is occupied by
international transportation and shipping, managed by the enter.
prises Metran (o erlend transport) anal Cecho'racht (maritime trane -
port). i portent Foreign-tree icee are pertormed elso by the
cseohoelav*k State Beuk as the holder of the foreign-rxohe ~no?
poi in peyant relations with oth eo triaa; the heath In-
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atitute of Foreign Trade, and the Czechoslovak Chaffer of Corm 'ce.
The enterprise Cedok was set up to hen41e t1c tourist trade.
Thanks to the onopoly and to the specialization of comer
eisl. activity our ores -trade entez'prisee can enter vorid markets
as very strong end desirable partners whose demands must be take~z
into consideretion in a way con>pletely different from formerly when
each production enterprise or private merehant dealt indepetdently
without proper coordinatiou or a unified line.
naturally, vii uh t1 rop d 'eve? op et?t of the Cx~nhos1 ovak
economy an4 with its direct effect on the goals end possibilities
of foreign trade, there have been changes in the form o1 the mono
poly and the methods of its application. The increased share of
n1chifery in our exports has led to greater specia1izat1on of for-
ei n-trade enterprisea. The strengthening of our economy has been
reflected also in the wording of newly concluded csxmtercial agree-
ments. The foreign-trade uonopoly was created by our state for
ccxrcial relations with other countries; it is therefore natural
that the monopoly must react quickly to changes in the interns'.
tional econoinLc and political' situation. lta principles, however,
remain a valid part of our socialist regime. Therefore the mono-
poly must be continually $trengtheued. and organizationally p ec-
ted in order that it may become a re ef'f'ective tool in our de<
velopment. We must see to it that in the organizational separation
of the foreign?trede apparatus from production, which is aeeoctete
with the foundation of the m~ropoly, the organizetioa of the for-
eige~ Mi ade f1iYncpo].' not leg ehiud he continua)iy in taskM
which our p'oving eco y pl ec on it. on the other h , h? never,
the r ag eeo is pipe, pertiaularly product;, east un r-
eteM the functioft aed aiutan of the ~iopo1y 8M helptit fU321U
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the Ala which are t more bi ing since their fulfillment ie
eseociated with the eoordinatiou of economic plans of the other
couutries in the socialist cat in basic question of .industrial,
=-
and riculturel production aril with the spread of the idea of peace
fat collaboration and peaceful coretition arming netiona.
Cont
orary Goals of C~echoa].nv_~-k Fore
Trade
The goals charged to our foreigi trade by the requirements
of irduetry, the inductr ielizatiOU of the .people's dencraeiee~ and
the increesed requirementa for imports of food and. raw materials
s~UM~ r J ..tee ..,1th ` the rye in living standard -- these are very de-
~-~ yi a{i Vii the s ~~ w
pending. They have led to an expansion of existing commercial re-
lations and the development of new ones and their consolidation by
agreement
The development of our economy is creeti very favorable
conitior z for the development of foreign trade. The results of
foreigu trade since l948 have shown convincingly that the fast pace
of development whereby the vzechos1ovak econouz j achieved technical
and econonic independence of the capitalist countries has in turn
uia a it possible for increaeed import requirements to be met by ex-
port of those good.s which are needed in the world. The index fig.
urea showing the develop t of Czechoslavek foreiga-trade turn-
over mace it clear that between 19148 aril 1955 the total volume in-
creased by approximately 50 percent=
Iz4exes of Total Czecho lovek ForeignMTr$de Turnover (198 * 3.00)
It
eta
aorta
Total
1953
22
105.k
12.5
129.0
136=9
151e
107.1
116.1
131.9
133.5
156.2
10 6.3
I22.0
130.5
135.1
155.1
The totel value at *eGhOS1Ov$k toreit"tree #a* ver in
)955 exceeded 16 billion + .
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The importance of foreign trade in the total economy is in.
dieet- by the fact that at the be rx 1 of the 'sv ur P1 n
Czechoslovakia exported appro cimateeiy one.tenth of its i r4uatr ial
production> Foreign trade approaches tie fulfi n t of its cur-
rent mat talks Bch better prepared than it has been for several
years
Fulfillment of the Fives-Year Plan in decisive branches
etreogthene i Czecho'alovekf a's pOs ttion among world export . This
position le based on very' general aat highly specialized iuthstrial
and agricult -al production and on the continuing rise in its volts
ume, variety, and quality. Al]. the principal branches of industry
are working in greater or leseer dege for export; these include
primarily branches such as machiawrbuildini, metallurgy, he tex-
tile industry, ceramics, gisea, footwear, chemicals, wodiorking,
paper, and sugar refining. Finished products make up approximately
80 percent of the value of our exports, v'hich is more than it vas
before the second world war; when Czechoslovakia e ported more than
5 percent of total world ir4ustrial exports of industrial produc-
tion (uot including the tom!) and when Czechoslovakia waa among
the 14 largest exporters.
The atructural reorganization of Czei~oslovak industry is
also reflected in foreign trade, where kci y occupies relative
ly a curb etroogsr position (in 1955 it exceeded eO percent) anal
where the vol*a of exports of ocher branches also increased en-
stsntially in a`eolutee value. Tn sdditioz to machinery and fin-
iehed light'industzy pests, doh xe will discuss in re tetail
in another part of this publication, i c rtaDt Ctec ]e> c ems
is 195 i ons hops, salt, suz', atallurgieal products, 1.r,
zs$ tip, a.11,ai1ose, pa er, ob i , lgsolin, ante, eta,
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Our exports now have a oorap1ete1y 4if+ 4t purpoae from
that uruier the eapitailet economy before the war. We are no long..
er interested in export profit or i pLacing i9tl aieb1e ~tourp1ua"
on foreign ms rkets; we are intereeted rather in exporting gocxte to
obtain :funds or the necessary iuporta acd so that we may alas
help t-e people's cieallocrecies ar4 economicai1y backward countries
in their developr,t .
Therefore we moist not odder our exports as an et d in
theu8e1ve s. The feuds gained by exports are used for imports, pro-
duction, investment construction, suppUesy and thus to raiee the
living stendetd. It may thus be said that foreign trade serves u$
by effectively helping to develop the forces of production both in
Czechoslovakia and in the fraternal democratic countries
No lees iii ortant than exports are the changes which ccn
struction end. the raised living etandard have brought about in the
make-up of irporte. Raw materials and semifinished producta make
up more than one' half of our iriorts. The main enhasie continues
to be on raw materiale for heavy industry ~w iron ore, nonferrous
ale, chemicals, and petrol products -? but rev materials for
light induetry are also c ontin *11y on the rises cotton, wool,
silk, rav hides, sisal, jute, rubber, etc. Greater consumer de-
mad, vhieh is an expression of the risiig living standard, is seen
alao in greater imports of certain foods, partieui rly bum', meat,
lar4, fish; legumes, rice, tear Kim, coffee, cocoa, orange,
lens, apples, figs, ,Bates, almnds, spices, s4 queutities of
ivdustriel goods of mad aonr tiou. Agriculture also places
mat !4s on forei irate since arts rapid deYe3.OPt re
- fertilisers eat fv s end certain epeoisi r*chthes.
The ruin support of t Qseoovek eaonosy in pudding
fa' its *es is trade vit t)* Soviet bioa aM ' the peep].. ' a 4a
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oracles. Their sere in total foreign trade turnover has risen
continually in postwar yearn until it reached 75 percent iii 1954,
and it has resulted in increased independence and economic stabi]
i.ty of the Czechoslovak economy.
Percentage Share of the USER and the People'a Den cracies in Total
Czechoslovak Foreign Trade
1848 l29 1950 1951 1952 1954 1955
14 32 46 55 61 71 75 70
The significance of this development wi11. be still ure
striking when we realize that this share has increased with the
continual rise in the volume of foreign trade as is shown by the
following indexes, is which 19+8 = 100;
Volume of Foreign Trade between Czechoslovakia and the USSR and
People's Democracies (1948 =
100)
198
1949
199
1951
1952
195
1955
USSR
100
156.4
168,6
219.0
2515
277.0
301.4
331.3
Albani
--
100.0
172.0
335.0
311,0
400.0
33,5
314.6
Bulgaria
100
141.3
130.8
135.4
150.7
214.5
228.8
255.8
Hungary
100
140.5
148.5
224.5
318.5
319.0
332.4
324.
GDR
100
225.0
337.0
464.0
518.0
629.o
803.3
911.9
Poland
100
134.5
152.0
187.1
192.5
216.0
176.1
191.3
Rumania
100
1A7.8
114.0
135.0
146.6
260.0
156.5
154.8
The volume of trade with the Soviet thion has increased more
than threefold since 1948, and with individual people's democracies
between two and ten times.
Trade with the nations of the world democratic market rep-
resents a new and higher type of economic relations. Its basic
idea is to achieve the most rapid possible co eco ie programs
vhile respecting auto sovereighty, mntue~. ad to e, and ec asIity
or r tta. Relstiona of itrsightforvard oocperatioa a~ ofd ere
an expreseioa of proletorien interuetiot*lem binding together the
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countries in t .oh the waiting class has seized its power and is
building the esonic foundations of a socialist society.
The forei. n trade man4po1y in the `S a r4 the peop] e i $ demw
ocracies makes it passible to direct goods exchange tovani eccel-
ersted, develapn nt of the forces of production, the systematic in-
crease in the we11?being of the population, and consolidation of
the economic and tec1m1c~ i1 ir4epe enee from capitalist countrie6.
The makeup of imports and exports is therefore determined by econ-
omic end political goals during the given tive period and not by
the effort to force on the coimaezreial partner thin;
which he does
not new, as occurs between capita_l_iat stated. Far example, in
the pe*ioc immttateiy after the war Soviet deliveriee made it pos-
sible to provide for neaesee y supplies to the popuetion end. to
bring our factoriea back into operation rapi&ty, while later this
aid helped to fulfill the demanding Ala of the Five>Year Plan
sad in lame part to raise the living standard of the workers.
The volwmte of goods exchanged is continually riaing becauae
production and oneumption are inoreasing without cease.
Foreign trade alao twee over another important function.
It become s means of ooorttineting the economic plane of countries
iri the world i z'ket, ar d in a number of branches of industry makes
possible the division of production programs and the maxim utii.>
ration of production capacity. It thus beco ea a tool prom ting
the gradual socialist interuetional division of labor.
The is orteat r la which the 80viet Union plays with reepact
to t hoslovakia in this nyetea of waderetes4tng and cooperation
is projected in sharp detail by the tact that trade Mith the 8o>
viet Union skse up erore than one-third of CIecho$lovek foreign
>
13
e
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Percentage $he of the USSR in Mel 0se lovek Foreign ',Trade
3? ; 19 2J 22
1 5 12 6 i6 a8 '3 35 36
The Soviet Union sera Geeahoavekia food industrial rev
matorials, end complicated pr oth ct on equipment. Unlike the punt
liar ;year;, en deliveries of food predominated, there has been an
incresae in resent years primarily in mechinen and raw materials.
In c .'.. erieon with l9Ii deliMY eriea of X11. ozi or W b Y e Ineress 2.3
tit s, pig iron 1.5 tlmea, aluminum 3, cotton 1.5, and wheat. 1.5
times. Of total inane the Soviet Union supplies Czechoslovakia
with 80 percent of mangenese ore, 70 percent of iron are, 50 per
cent of copper, 80 percent of aluminum, 60 percent or petroleum, 80
percent of phoophs tea, and 80 percent or synthetic rubber, while
the US&R alao sends large quantities of zinc, lead, nickel, tin,
Ferro L b eruj ferrotungaten, ate other metals and alloys. 1ffecw
tine aid in our conetruotion ani iricz easing production is provided
by Soviet machinery whether bulldozers, dredgea, mine equipment of
all typee, construction and highway machineezy, or agtcu1tura1 m-
chines such as gain, beet, and. potato combines, heavy tractore
over 60 horeepovor, grain driers, etc.
A sub itautiel portion of 0se lotrak deliveries to the So-
viet union is made up by machinebuilding products, tugboatte, Uieeel~
electric paseezager ships, paver tre3, portal crenes, vericaezua-
chine toole, turret lathes, fang anxt preeeing equipment, large
Dieeel enginea, dredges, etc. The Soviet lJaion is at the e
time as enoraua market for eahoelovok iaduetry.
% ht a basing our aoastruotion on deliv~riee of rev astiel
aM machinery from the Soviet tom, we are oiou1tazeau$ly wing
to tren$ifoz' previously agrarian or iMuetriel? rie n ocmtrtes
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.m* Bu; aria, Albania, Rung, mania, end Chia M. into countries
with their ow nature industry, ar4 Czechoslovak deliveries are
making en important contribution to the farther construction of
Pot d and the Gerwn Democratic Republic,
The largest Polish cement plant, in Opole, is completely
fitted out with Uzerhoeiovak euipme t, as are the coke ovens at
the ICosciuszkko factory and a number of electric power plants . Our
industry has aupplied Madera equipment for Rungariau beuxi.te !ainea
and a1wain production, for the cherE.ca1 azid. food induetriesy, and
power eq>i pment Czec aslovakia has become, after the Soviet
Union, the second lamest supplier of machinery and equipment to
Ru nias and is participating in that country's 1OMyear electriffi~
cation plan by de1iverir large electric parer plants, our indus~
try ha$ also contributed to Bulgaria's industrial expansion, par-
ticu:Larly by delivering egment for electric povex plants and cew
merit plants. Czechoslovakia's sure in the electrification and
deve1opmennt of industry and traw partatian in Albania is also con'.
siderable. Year by year deli':erle2 to the Chinese People'e Repub-
tic also increase, as early as 1953 Czechoslovak trade with china
catnprised s~imnat one third of total Chine trade with the d -
ar atic ata !Ves ! We are eupplyichina with meta].lu gioal and ma.'
building producte; and equipment for electric power plants,
eugar factcu'iee, r!etinne too p; te1e o nit atione equipment,
cranes, dam, trucks, etc,
Erperiencae with the progressi i> h stxialization of the
people'e demooreeiu shove bind all doubt that few that the ad.-
vane in it atrisl production in the6e f lI a -cultural couu
tries would reduee their trade vith hotel countries such as
eahoasieakiai mrs vein. the ootrary, with the edge of
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inhistrializatiou in the agrt J.tu'l prople's dens er'acies their
trade with Czeehoa1ovaka a is alti80 developing, and we a o have lii..
creaei.y v1gorous exchange of goo,s with such a pronouncedly inw
duatrial couutry as the Germ Democratic Republic. In the prac~
tica]. execution of the principles o? cooperation ar4 specisliza-
tiou a fig founat?on has been. built here for -xchan not only
of raw materials and Food but of macatuery and other ndutr1al
prpducts. Particu1ariy as regards Czeehosiovak deliveries of rraw
chinery we have a permanent market in the Soviet Union a d the
people's democraciee . 4 ereas in 194 sQQpp1ies of r achin y and
equipment to these countries corised 25.7 percent of all Csecho"
slovak exports, in later years this proportion Increased regularly
until it equeled 5O8 percent in 1953.
in 1953, however, the growing purchasing power required, in
additic to exchange of machinery; equip
EZI
raw mater?l$, and
food, the exchange of larger quantities of consumer goods . By the
end of 1953 au1 throughout l95i1 sup-p3meuta1 agreementa were con-
claded with the Soviet CTnion and alw,st all the people's democra-
cies concerting exchange of consumer goods in excess of the agreed
qua titiee ( quotes) . F'or exenle, Poland, Rungar y, Ruunie, azt3.
Bulgaria delivered more agricultural products -- butter, cheese,
vegetables) fruit -- is exchan a or Czechoslovak motorcyciea, bi.
eyelee, radio receivers, and seving machizie . The German Democratic
Republic supplied photographic caemree ant watches in exchange for
ca elova motorcycles, baby carriages, furniture, eni decora-
tive' leather accessories.
All the evidence iz4icatea therefa that the rapid rise in
the iii staaar4 of the broad wsue* oi' th populetiott presents
ever v pt ibilitier for exahsz* of Ada, Our atoms contain
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more arl ve isdustriai consumer and fob delivered by the
entries of the vr,~rf,d demcratic nzintet .
The nature of et o ,c ct a atiou with the SSA m the
p o ie' a de cr ~ci is met sat1af i~ by 1 ^ m trade a ee ~
its w i:Lah give a eleer aicture of Further deveinpu ent ark '_ e
it poeeibie to iztcorporate foreign trade more cLosely into the sys;
tet of economic plans . This results n the atrictiy binds nature
of deiivery ar4 receipt gotas; it is for thin reseon that mach em
de
phasia is placed an the mzintetaaace of delivery deadlines and
Winds i'or quaUty, einee otherwise delays would occur in the conr
atr ction of econonica11 r i orb nt instaUatio? s and in the
pla3r1ed circulation of gouda.
In addition to goths he Soviet Union and, the people's demp
acracies exohange teehnical doeumentation, dravtng cal tU.atiat~s,
6t technologieai paa ns. They eriage in extensive exehenge of dis4
coveries and inprovement suggestion"; visite of scientiste and
speeia1iets are organised as well as technical training r- every-r
thing which can be a .ed ecientifie end technical cooperetion.
In the c pitaliet works, of course, he law of eouetition creates
eo 1etely different cor diti one z auierouB production procedures
and discoveries are stashed as coem ercia1 and. productioti secrete
and a profitable trade le carried on in the sale of patents and ii.-
cen eu. The goal of the pecple's demo tic countrie$, havever, is
to raise the technical eat orgeuad,satione1 level of the netionel
econov and the entire peace esp.
In order to carry out the t ex ive possible eeonoaic
cooperation c*echoelavekie is a tmb.r of the UUOiL of $ of
I4itue1 Aid, ,eh is bui3,t on the fnulddetion of egaal repr nte>
tioe of the *r countries a bee the *1 of o ni*ing the ox
olange of eco is expezi e, tue 1 to t iea2. aid, d t the
deU of rev ter1a1$, foods , m o iine~'y, et
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At present the eoorUnatton of economic p1en among the
countri of the socialist can promoting muitual cooperation
' u the p ~i ed dival.eian of bore This is shown clearly in
our soco FiveYear Plan, in which the t chinebuilding sector
p aizes t development cf i ortant brancb?s of heavy triachine~
building in aeaociation with the goala facing us in the deve1op4
amt of the other p lea der oracies. At the seine time in is
second Five-Year Plan we can count on grow a orta ar. Gid fro n
thee countries. The industrial potential of the countries in the
soci.aiiat e e, whose output equals 30 psrcent of world wt~dustrial
production, will v by 1960 to a teal of 1,250 million tans of
coal, ' llion tons o cast iron, 95 million tom of steel, and
47o billion kilowatt !.'"
et a p
r. Gsal
for uteri efforts of 'fie mean countries in the field of peace?
fiii utilis~ttiOA of 8tomio en 'gyp
we stand squsreIJ behied N. S. usbchev's statea~nt at
the XXth Congzese of the Cc nist Party of the Soviet Union, in
vhich he eteted that tred has a great role to play in expanding
the baBis for effective cc ration ercnng countriea a. t, un-
like to 8logsn of the North At1 ratio Blocs "Iet us arm" we grow
claifs the alogan "Let ua trade. "
The r
Central. C ?tt ' the moist Party of Cz cho$1o>
, vhiah matt on 29 a4 30 Mrc1 1956, outlined the foUoviDg
prtnatp] ea for the foreign policy of our country:
1, To carry out, La f iz al end frt ship with the
Soviet i and the oth* darstte at, a policy of
peaaatu3. Qlt eolnt *$ xih Jiff % social oyster.
p. fe w sts'eigtl*n pe3.itioa1 aM eaamic aoUabor>
ate with des et thn aoeie t ?aa~p.
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3< Tic, develop and coceo11dete eoono.tc a political coop
er tion with the lerative 'eople'B Republic of Yoi:zvia.
4. develop econor 1c cooperation and tai tz'sde with
c
ail entries on apt equal basis, psrtic r1~t xte i econord
and technical aid. to the ur4e eveloped cauntrieB thich a ettemp.
tiny to streuen their rational ir~lepen~ience.
The broad deveioptaeit o ali-roux i contact awl cooperation
auK,n(~ Gauntries is an important basia for creating a atmosphere
of ritual cofl ia.4 cc and percent peace. Czeohoslovak foreign
trr~rie is attempting with all its strength to achieve this great
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Cam! U
FOR ION flAD -i IN PD1&k iCR cZUO8LOVAKIA
Iu over to rnk e stiU clearer hcw our present foreign trade,
built on the basie of a socialist rn r oly, differs in all its form
and coutett from Czechoslovak foreign trade before the we mgt
discos itports a arts In CxeCho81ov3k18 before rich.
Foreign trade is pre4&utich Cxechoelovakia was capitalist
trade. This aeans that it was governed by the baasiC economic isv
of contemporaary capitalism the race for r>xitaun profit. It had
all the tvpicai features cvf the iu erial1et stage of capitalism acid
was thus distinguished riot only by chaos but also by the fact that
tradividuai aeetora were ruled by capitalist n ouopoiy. It was
marked aiao b r rmatuaal competition of cap itelict groupie and profouxid
Gore lic t e rg them as veil by the ezport of capital. Tie ex
port of Capital requited both in the penetration of our econom7 by
'oreiga capital and by the great effort to export our own capital
to economically weaker countries.
In addition to these features, common to all capitalist
c ountriea in the stage of it riaalism, prewar C2echoslovsk foreign
trade had eeveral feeturea of its own resulting from the historic
rieve3oprnenf of our state; We must discuss all these fest'ares in
sothet more detail because the entire reorientation of foreign
trade ard its apparatus which we undertook gradually after the lib
eretion eesults from the effort to free ourselveS of all unhealthy
att. in jurio.ze features a8eociaate i with its capitalist foundati .
Before the first wc*')4 War the Cserh PravinceS ware the ia-
dustria 1 hit of all of trfs4 angW In our ]mod lived only
abet 5 peet of the total pdpulstiOn of the A~tt u rian
aK*%arahy, but in this e i*$ Concentlct*t about &7O petit of
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ite total irdustriwl p duetioa. After to breekdov of the in~
arctiy here re ined in Czechoalovakia i perce It of to :otton
ipiardn .11s, 90 percent of the cotton a? tit, 3 rc it
of the wool spinn1r and weaving mills, 80 percent of bat produc>
tjof, t'3 p c t of the ceUulo6e plants, 52 percent of the page'
pitmota1 about ones h 1 f h prot3ir"t1on 'ap city of iron worka, at
,
the over r he1niig ~o .ty of foo1~1rth stry pro.~uctioti capacity
T iuetria1 production capsot ty 1iich mined on territory
ear eoeedA3d the cepacity of the domestic t 'ket to absorb ?n uaM
trial products. On tie other hs our country vs unable to aup M
ply rani teria]s for industry. The caps talists t entrereiieurG
L7interes ted only 112 their OWn profits an 1 their econot is parer,
and aationc1 irdependet ae concerned them only to the extent that
it directly served their irztezesta. Therefore they muse uo effort
to chance the economic Structure of the ccauntry? 'hie is the ba
jug p of the vod#ng misses of the p matt , ell thus
.a<
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level epflAtaltiofb n 1929 Csec1oa1ov~,.ki1 i vrted OO L words
l9a962 mt1ion crctv' g thio figure dropped in 1933 to ),63i 1-
lion cr 'nsp and t 1936 on the same bit 1eve) W03 1-
licm crovns
The permanent drop n Cechoalov foreign trade was one
cotequence of the general crisis of capitalism and was accoran
ied by 1ovol1 utilis?tion of 1n1uatria1 production capacity,
high end peuent unemploynrat, low consumption by the population,
and poor living conditiona, as well as by other acac mpanyit`g phe-
nomna peculiar to the n m ly phase of cepita1ist develop nt.
a i tai iet Trade w< Tool irz a Race f'Qr Pro!ita
Foreign trade in the pre44unioh republic thus not only
failed to contribute to ie rrovet living oonditione of the people,
but actually vorsened these cord.itionS. This is nat to blame for'
eign trade as a tool of the international exchange of goods, but
rather the capita et method of utilising f oreigsn trine tar the ao
cunatilation of n xionum profit Foreign trade brought extraordin*
erily high prof its to inoxtere and e q ort . We cannot obtain
a preciae picture of these profits becauae aocea remained deposited
iu foreign b s. The pre4tuifch governments, furtheruK re, eaten.
ded subaidiaa to exportera she producdra ten theme profits vere
threatened by competition on foreign markets etnd bred prices.
t that io only one aide of the z tter. ? iii trade
served the capttaUsts also in that it orts of cat.in products were
finites t or that producta wre i orted ithtch we aoulct obt*in st
b+?
For a p1e, is orts of iron ore > in sect while do.
aetie mining reed ereud, eltba this lad to a
rise in un ee~-io rnt. The ty ot iroa ore in 1.935
dr ed to 51.5 perct of the 1926 level elm taports of tror-
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ore dr099or1r to 76.8 ;meat of that level. Still rare atrk'
iris is the dU'fearence between raining an importation of man ariene
ores The mid of mannese ore in 1935 was oy 7 .5 percent
of to 1926 level while is orts oraa crieae ore rose to 295 per'
cent or tie 1926 level. mastic production of copper ore vas
stopped altogether a aU domestic ~ -er needs were met by ini~
pow. Frcua the atantlpoint oZ the overall requiremeats of the
Czechoslovak natta L eoon p of the utll atiori o?' do tic oree,
and cxi Czechoslovak a 1o nt, tt was incorrect; it brought the
capitaliata enorn ur profits , however
$icdlar profit captives were aeea ego izi trading in agricu1~
Lural produeta. ;worts were 1.icaited, or instance, in cheap for
eign wheat end wheat four . In 1930, for trap , 229,138 carloads
cif wheat and 18,989 carloada o wheat flour were imported, while
in 1935 these figures dropped to 9, 53? cexloada of wheat w4 78
carloed3 of wheat flour. This limitation on the i+ ortation of
wheat was iutended to maintein high docaesti,~: prices on wheat and
other graina as tell. This is because grains were pz'oduced or sale
on large eetatee sub, kulek fem. The srasU an medium 4tzect fer-
roes, ou the other heed, derived ri et of their income from animal
products which did not bring the fe rs such advantageoue prices.
on the other hated, the capitalists, the were iute'eated in exports,
redhiced expenses for ? age under the pr5aue of foreign
cr etition. The stsr stion wages of the ors made it possible
i~cr them to eoe to vith teal ntcall t Mvauei f oeiign pr oem.
Our torch tree aboved a positive balance each yr. This
means tit tacre Od$ were tot t iu orted. For .xa le,
betwesn 1926 s 1931 the uz73.u , in ' ' one of prewar ate,
vest as foU1s*
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1926
2,580
L929
511
1927
2,113
1930
1,759
1928
2,03.6
I
until later years dad this surplus drop. In addition
to this surplus reeu1tin from tr"adi in goods, we also received
income f rslro?d tr&eport of foxreign goods. In 199 this
egusled 572 million crc , and I11 million crows in 1930.
Cwechoelovekia thus regularly exported more ~oois than it
in ortel. This reprsa ted a certain ectual loss for the nation 1
econotAy. o profited From this lose? The surpluses of Csecho~
Slovak foreign trade, repsenting billions of crovaa, served both
dorneatic capitelists, who txansf erred aome of their prof its to
other countries, and foreign cepitelista as well.
Foreign aapital coatro11ec a considerable portion of large
Cxechos1ovak banks awl outstending ieduatria1 plants. Thus the
,1.obanka was controlled by F)eneh and Eng11sh capital, the Czech
Uniozt Bank by Belgian, ?ranch, and Swiss Capita]., the Bank for Irn-
dustry er1 Commerce also by French capital, eta . The large bad
controlled about 80 percent of the 1,330 joint.stock societies ui
indstry, so that foreign capital reached into all branches of
Czech e1ovak pr9'uct?on: Some jot& 4tock oc ~ et1e 3 ha direct
foreign-capital participation, such as tha Mining and Metallurgi-
cal Society, the Skoda Works, eats.
Some of to Cepitalist profits wrung troi the sweat of t r
vorking peap1o thus belted to foreign capitalists.
The a iawolved rrs-tod hum of i ous of erme
arnni#1],y. r e p1e, in l frig capitalists reaet 60
].ion crovus for the use of pates, 180 million crovai for divi
d *r48 f 'em Joint-stook societies, 507 million czvna f ink
on state, ooe ity, privy debts aim, 72 ei1lc * arovts to
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ernortie state and. comity ctebts abroad, 1,073 million crowns to
amortise foreign debts of Czechoalovak industry and banks; etc.
The surplus in exports over imiorts wera used pr ec?aai y in order
to make up these items in forei~rt excha .
All of these facts show that foreign trade and the financial
transactions aesociated with it intensified the poverty of our work,.
ere who themseibore the entire burden of double exploitation
domestic and foreignt.
In this connection it may be pol,nted out that even Czecbo~
al.ovak groups strong in capital (the Skods plant, the Zbrojovka,
Data ) began to export capital and to set up foreign enterprises in
econonically weaker countries in those cases in which the exporta-
tion of capital was More prof stable to them than direct exportation
of goods. Our prewar foreign trade was thus not free even of this
feature of the higheat stage of cepitalism.
T_ Role of Car tela
The raonopol iatic nature of the age of in,aerialism was shown
very clearly in the effect of cartels in our foreign trade. In ai ,
d ition to a number of export axt :Mort cartel agreements and syn-
diaates of domestic pretucers and aterehanta, among which the coal
iu ortati on syndicates were eepeccisi y infaeaua, corpting the
govexrLing political parties, Ceechoslovek prewar foreign trade wee
affected azl limited in the tnost veried ways by cartel agreements
in which foreign enterprises and cone roe were the partner of
Czechoslovak fires. For exa le, in 1937 the cartel register, kept
by the State Statistical Office, Wired 130 certel ante with
foreign contracting partly in a variety of c ountriee, principelly
Germany eat Austria. ' purpose of these domestic and interns
tional ante 1 $ to maintain prieee on the hit possible
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^
level and thua to al cure maxi s profits ort the domestic and for
We I is
I~ter t1 ! n1 azreenients exterLded primarily to prod-
nets of the + ete11ur ica1, met.E 1working, a i chemical industries
tl
In rieta1Iur T Mr4 tel j 4 4 czechoe1ov ie wie repre n
ted in all the large inteationai cartels, particularly the cartel
of rolled rav-steel producte (ziu), the central.. opean cartel
for rolled steel, the :internationel union for rolled wire, the ia~
tertitional rail cartel (IMBA), the international cartel of vice
products (IWE O), the intexnatioriil cable cartes, the international
cartel of electric light bulbs, not to mantion a number of smaller
agreements. Of the large international cartels in which the Czech
oslovak chemical industry participated one may mention the "Carbow
Iiorit41rsioa" cartel in Frankfurt am Main and Amatezam for activa-
ted charcoal; the f'e* r oeil; eon syicate, -'Elpro", for chlorine and
eblorine products and caustic poteeh; the international saccharin
cartel; a!d cartel agreementa conaerniri .formic acid, aodium per
borate, sodium peroxide, biamath salts, benzoic acid, permangan-
ate, citric acid, terrocyelidee, oxalic acid, carbide, borax, ao
dium crate, etc.
In addition to financial participation and cartel agreements,
foreign monopoly orgeniaationa reached into our foreign trade alao
tha ,"' i bPuvut.P i
Uc -ea. This is true partiaulerly of elec-
trical engineering, redic, engineering, end bell bearings, in which
foreign aoncerna demanded advantageoua monopoly poaitione im our
expo.
From the sketch which we have drawn of Czecbo*lovsk prewar
foreign t rede it La car that a thorough ire +rovesent of the eitue-
tivn ebaoiutely re fired rebuilding its 'fie, is edditior to tree-
ing our foreit tam, like the tiro eetioris] ems, of sll
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capitalist parasit a partieu].arly of the fetters with which
f'ore1 n uonopoiy capital- bound It. This goal was oxpreesed c1earw
-2 by K nt Got ald in the preparations for our first Five~Year
Plan. At a apecia L meeting of the Central Planning Co i sioon on
to October 19L7 he announced that "Czechoa1ovak industry must be
reoriented, away from those branches in which before the war we
were able to compete on world rrkets on the basis of starvation
wages (a in the prc uction oW gloves, toys, etc, and in some cases
in textile and glass production), toward those branches of industry
for which we have a particularly favorable background roaki g it
possibie to self. procbrcts on foreign markets p This is true of the
tal industry, particu1ar1y heavy machinebutiding, and also the
chcal industry " 4Klenient Gttwa
19k49, published by
Svobc , 1919, page 240). In a later speech on 10 September 1950,
In Karvine, YQent Gottweid said "In order for our economy to develop in the best poseible mariner and to brim, our people success
and a goad life we mast orient ourselves pazrti.cu1ar1y toward that
kind, of production for which we have the best domeetic raw mate
rials and for which we a1 o have a permanent market assured abroad...
We can see that fewer imported raw materially are required for heavy
industry than for light industry, for instance, for the leatber~
corking a textile industries.,. Aa regards exports of our prod
ucts we know that we will always find a market for the products of
heavy ma y, particularly in the people 'e denDcracies Vhich re-
.ee$ant +ttwel~d, .~
q.tire theta for their construction'' (}3
publiehed by the tom, 1953, pmt 266).
It yes eecsery to cbaee the struata Of our entire tiofti2 , eat, incia4i*g fore trede, end plsae it on a aev
foundatio acoerdie~ to the oe edof our pia socialist ind as
trielisatton. It wee nacssssfl to build up eft eeomy eapeble of
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reei$ting a].1. preeeure z4 di cri Lion, t~hich would be a poei>
tive ei ut in the eyed of eaonoic cooperation with the Soviet
''~i the 1e'a tq rm~-i6 b of ape en Aaiia.
It was there 'are neceseary to buU4 up a p overfu1 Davy ^
duatry, and alongside it to prerve and develop further all that
vas healthy, viabae, at aw.caaaful in the other branches of in^
c e ry
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I
III
~.cHIN rG
tE CQRNST ONE 3? OUR 'O
The problem of Czechoslovak foreign true wvuia uot be
ped properly if we were xurt fui1y aware of the radical, abso1ute~
ly vo1utio ry changc which has occurred throughout our entire
tuitional economy by bui34ing up heavy industry an 1 transferria
the emphaas :fia iudu~'trial p .action to machirnebui34ing.
Thia buildup, directed toward the development principally
of hetivy maQhinebuilding, was a basic element ~.n vhe firsu ~.V-
Year Plen. It waa intended primarily to prorate our own socialist
i uatrialization as well as the chanization of agriculture,
which was necessary for the transfer to large>acale agricultural
pA WV t4'AOt1 f.~7i R w&. - t4' --- x~ Wig r M~ w~v~ir.tlv~w ~M' '~li`Mr.v ~KJ-.~4~ni0M
enhanced the capacity of our ition to defend itself, It was also
irtant for foreigi trsde: it reduced our dependence on inorts
of machixary and equipment which we did not formerly produce and.
which made us open to diacrimination, end it also gave our expert
a structural supplementation corresponding to its option toward
further expa kted economic cooperation with the Soviet Union and the
people r 8 d aciea . These countries also need the Eet vary
kixda of maChinery for developing their orna ir4uetry, agriculture,
aid tran ort tion, and therefore it wee aece~teary to provide them
primarily with the neceeer y machinery anti industrial equtpunt.
Thee were the reason why the buildup oz our la-ehinebuild-
iag tudustry was the principal eft in the first Five-gear Plan.
the of ~c~1ai P'~vdu~tic
1n that first livee r Flan it was edt ~ that output
of t a etalvorking it uatry beset 1.98 eat 1953 would increase
by 93 percent, i?e~, double. The planned idcr s$e for this it Iua>
try vs. the greatest of any i3*uetry. Nevertheless, in fuUt11g
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our first Five-Year Plen it vas found that the planned inereaae
could be not only aehieve but far surpaBsed; the original goal
vaa thus revived and the final result wa that Caechoelovak machine-
bui).ding production during the first FivewYear Plan increased by
224.$ percent if we consider that even 19188 far exceeded the pre.
war level and that pr action increased further in 1954 and 1955
- considerably sn in certain sector -- we can see that at the be-
sinning of cur second Five-tear Plan our present eachinebui1ding
production is about 4 tires the prewar level R
At the acme tits it should be noted that even before the war
in a nwuber of respects we had a relatively aciv raced machinebui1&t
in industry ell. of whose ,products made out well on foreign markets.
Such pants as the Skoda Works in Plzen., the Ceekou revska>Kolbel?
Danek, the Vitkovice Ironworks, at4 the three o macht.nebuilding
plants (the First Brno, I(ralovo Pole, and the 2brojovI a) in certain
branchee of machinebuilding stood up against the sharpest roreign
co~etition and their proctucta, thanks to the akil a. ability of
our workers technicians, penetrated markets near and far. When
we realize that the prewar scope of production of these large plants
and of small m chine-bui1 tsg pl ants km increase:t o that the ins
duatry nov produces about t times sa mt~ch as before the war, then
on]y can we underetard the size of the change vhich has been achieved.
The high production level has been made posaible1r extensive inveet-
Thntle, i11cre1sing the number of a ip3.oye~e in this iMuatry, and
raising the productivity of their labor.
In the volume of ite production machinebai34ing is t - i'er
ahead of all other branches of thdu$t17 vtt before the War it
vaa surpassed by textiles, at that tip the largest Csechostovak
iad try. Zn 19 velu. of ehinebuiLdiflg pr4uetion
r 37 w
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was a7.8 of total industrial prc4uctton, while that of til
w88 only 8.5 percent.
t_s~.t__ I ~.1u.Y. 1 nvnd~ ntwi #f~fiitsd#rM~r
'Phis vo.LUEne o& ~.+ aww. w Vi.
an expressly socielist character ark strengthens our poaitiou on
worl4 rkets.
In the new F1ve Year Plan the total grass production o in-
duetry is to it~cx~ease by 50 pexcent~ of this total the output or
the taeans of production is to increase by 57 perceut and that of
iizachnebui1diu, as the leading element in industry, by 83 percent.
By this production lncreaae, which will be achie: in part by in-
creaaiu the tecunicas quaIi y of machinery and equipinent, vs I?111
bring about a substantial increase in the taciunical, etar4axG of
all branches of the national economy, an ~niprovement in tn,e caps-
city of the nation to defy itself!, atl a greet increase in our
ability to export.
e litativ, Recouatru~ction of chinebuih~.i,
The production incraage eque1 to 1 ti c the prwar level,
24 new u chinebuilding plants, tie than 25 percent of total duaw
trial production -- these are the art4e f igurea .ahowring the quan'
t; tative g th achtev d in the Czecoalovek machinebut ag indua>
try. Thia quentitative advance is associated with qualttetive
chance, to less i nortintt, concerning the structure of machine-
building. The t~ehinebuilIiplants are producing every year t
only con8ider'8bly greater cpisntitiea of pr?dncta but are turning
out also eve better products a: are expanding their production
program.
Even if, ae has been pointed out already, es had ift many re>
epente a -4eve1ad atiMbui3ditag inlduetry even b *tors the
war, large sectors of the f1 3A v re nevertheless *e1eatM sad
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sow not pressted at all. t j 1flL3 onnect d pr' X'11 Ka i
the is uence of forei o1ies on our prewar ecor y, which
was atilt ..1 .Ts~c~ P41u.a1 ~' a~wtilU~aiot~niYf&h '~!Y"itF
Cepitaiit c- ' be
efforts of the Swedish cone
cern SF e dial riot have our owi antifriction bearings and were
condemned to import this key product . 8i uilarly the getetlt sno w
poly of the i'crei. onceraS ?Mips aud Siemens i ed the dev'el>
opment of our own electrical>engineeri~ indi try tnc1ud1cg radio
ertgiueering. Thus it ;? ?eaented a basic change in our machine
buildilig industry when, with the technica1 ai.i of the Soviet Uu.on,
we built up our own production of anti`iction bearings and deve1>
opecL our on e~.ectrica1 etagineeriag to be one of the most lmportant
sectors of chinebui1cU ? The enort ?s problems encountered will
be i ,?cated by the tact that, fog'" 2i i6, for our :o bear ~ ,e
plants we were obliged to produce arouu 150 special machitiee, ap-
paratU, end measuring i~a-st T fltB. In 1953 alone rnore than
technological tuetO had to be eo3ire in be8ri productiou with
,
continuing axp ion of the productiOn prom (cr. Tekme
p1ccoit v tt a iletce u 8 (Technical grogrese
in the Gottvald FivteMyesr Plan ~" eah tel~ti1ding~, 8L, 1955,
page 231).
Similarly in other branches, wherein we were formerly eon-
d cou~l1et@].y or pri merily to icapartS, we have built up our ova
prodhuction which bas in large pert become the basis of our new ex-
ports This applies primar ].y to power esgiaeerin, eqjipment for
the chemical industry, laud roUIn?aiU eQjtizeeent, but it is true
el eo of ae chi r for the test, rubber, polygi'eic$ iidu*"
tries, a the pothotioe or edictal instrumsnt$ sat equip t, vs'
r s elee'ias1 eppUsncee en etpiii t, etc ? At the sere
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th atry in whici we achlev aucceaa in exportation before t1 var
S. fl
in taetaiwork ng a4 wood orUug ttachir3e tools, engineA , ~~ l ?=
vehiciea, preclalon mechaz 1asr !machinery for the food lndustry,
s agricultu1 metaines
"Sinae the war zechoalovakia has perforuiect a miracle in
mecbinebuilding. As a specialist I can say that nowhere in the
vorid have I sari such a high- ia1i.ty ~. i xtenaive survey of ma-
chinebuilding products." Thus the dev'e went of our mach1nebui 4
ing industry was characteri2ed by Cartos Haydn; a Brazilian i xIus
trielist from Sao Paulo, one of the more than 2,000 foreign vial>
tors to the fist c'i nebui]4ing exhibition held in 1955 in Brao.
At his exhibition, which had 1,004 ambits and was attend by
850,000 pec 1e; 1nc~lud1ng guests from 57 foreign countries, Ozeeho>
a iovakia yes ahaVn to be a eountry in a leading position in inter
natio 3, trade in machinery In 1956, at the aecot1 r achinebui1d...
ing exhibition in moo, we wx11 be able to see that the pructaon
erAd export deveIo ment of our machinebu134ing inductry continues
along with uninterrup ed improvement in technolo y.
d'e~hni,.o~l a ~e in lchizu~~ti.ldi
For a general picture of the size eahieved by the Czecho>
a3,ovak rm#chinebuiLding intuatry it may be pointed out that we are
tc y producing huge dredgea (up to 1,200 tone in weight) which can
trap s and dump a thotaand cubic mstere pad hour end replace
the labor o: several thoueaM porkers, We are also making the i * t
varte machinery for the coal iudizatry, sucb as mine combines std
:Locomotives, pn 9ctin and1 ari1UU ms hinery, and faeewoutttg ..
ehieery? we are bui1JU%$ belt trnac*$ end ey*t $ of rolling
equipt; shims ter eerubbieg, grsding, and wing pls*te'.
for co*l ores; la e 1 and ' o e ieetric paw plants
40
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 aI1y hl
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tractive force at the drawbar. A n 55.horsepower
1500 auto bile engine, f'or clvfiac~ vehicles. The first televises
ioti tz ae 'tt in pra, ue Petz'in, etc. (f. Tpokrk v
1!9.+nLLr~r"lArrwrr ...e.tr.9 Y +.4....- lFd..r.r 2~.u.wro-nie~si ~f11e.wl~oh 1 r-n1 ~.~w eyG 4 i $~ a
w44 iC ~-`+;JYW U~,rl3sfk+4?' 47tIJ.liiii Li~14V4 `bCi~OirYIiA.M4iQJ. i A'W&iifai7q- 4$ tliiG
Gottva1t. Five~Ye.,~: ?i
ehitebui .ng3, SNTL~ 1955, pagea ]) i6).
~echniaal Aid t1e vl.et ion
The technical peas achieved by Czechna1ovek mainebuii~w
ing is in large part d to the acientific anti techt ica1 coU boo -aticrn with t1 Soviet ion a~ to t?Uir ; orier for cowpiex c .M
ehinea7 for he USSR in Czeehoalovik plants according to Soviet
documentatiof. In the perk cal Stro4ireBka vyr ba ( chinebai1ci
ing ProdUctianl e No 11, 1955 the experiences gained in this co+
laboration is the V. T. Leninl Plants in ?en are collected, show<
ing clearly the importance o f Soviet technical aid for the prog-
r+ of Czechoslovak maehinebuiUing. For exau 1e, then to eo1~
laboration with the USSR it has boen possible to carry out the de~
velop>c t and construction o?' very heavy machine tools which were
previously imported. into Czechoslovakia< One nia hire of Chia type
ie the new C 3154-D k lathe with a dlaraeter of 3, 150 millimeters
a?td bed leis of ltom, 20, 440, and 25, 004 millimet . On the
baeis of documeata supplied by the Soviet Dion we have begun prow
ducing large globoid teeth for setting the rota of block stiff,
end producing l7"roA1. levelers, use aperetin precision is about
10 gradee higher than that of wetchmlaking. l Bern alachinee have
aleo b? produce for the cuttiaag lire of broom-strip rolling
ilia, and mmiipulstin a pm for block finis ie being pro-
cbuavl eccording to Soviet doaum~at$. Reouperatiou miiahinea have
been code for 8oviet c1ical plea, for the eq tp t ueed to
possible for the Vi I. Lift Plants to bee en iuortaMt par i-
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of several plants th ughout the rid px ucing eq.ttpment for
heavy theui tr y, Amng pvw .u+ ?ia~ eiuinaeut ye t ay utiau
the manur'acture of 8m811 3OO4i1oVatt DC turbine uip t, which
has niate it posaible to deve1c the tec1ino1oy of turbine blades
a enrich thia tec1rno1og by the addition of items previously 1WhOWfl ~ such as, for e t iei dreving shaped pert, eta. De1iver~
ie$ of stem turbines are very i aartaat for work on the ata arM
d?vation of these mac1 ine$, 'while delivery of LompenSatoo, ti flS"
formes, at1 othax' products hea ode it passible to 1a) the four
ciatioiis for the easier solution of tasks of building the p oer
base in Czechoslovakia
T $' a i i~i~{i Iii Vi ilrAdySuda7M v
seccrnLI Fiveear ~i P1at1 c c+ CMechoelo k Nia hi ebui)4"
~MP ei ~.ww. In .,...,. ,..... a.. p.a . ~
inga &a the ~, ~ ~.R1/~.:~Fto pr~t b"b id+ w. ezt I n t1UtI`3 l a.c tof. with new
tam ithi ch must be di.charg by further technical deve1opu t.
The orgr 1zationa1 reqjuire t for this is the eatab1i.ehment of
three machiaebuilditg ?m.nietriea, vhiah was aahieved by the end of
1955; the Mdniatry or Bevy l4aehiae Bui1di.i, the Ministry of Pre
ciaion Machinebuilding, and the Ministry of the Automobile 1t~uea
try and Mricultursl Machinery.
One of the most icortant gcel.s is providing for pawerwen>
gineeriug cortstxuctian by t nS of advance c machiuea. In de1iverF
ing 85-rae avatt hydro turbi and geiierators for the target h -
droelectric diet at Orlik, with ai drop of 71.5 maters, cad for the
hy& :etc pover. p3ant at Lipno, .Lt the ma cI iaery involved ie
of dimene1ons and aapecities hitherto evsx' produced in zechoBlo>
vim. At the aa~e time we ~haU ao)Ze the probte a oaiat*t
vith the comatruction of tea pr plants th LOO I *e tt uaite
vperat at 180 at o ms es i a mature of O dep'eO$ cam.
tS.e with #tees boil with c itieS tce$ ptr h ?
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The deveiopment of a new series of electriw m,tore 'i1th higher ef.
iciency, reduet? crn in trap tormer melee, the design of electric
pover for -tnes, the ~ch?ft to ieae1 lectric loco r tives, and the
eiectrification of the railroad. netvork -w these are electrical?en-
gineering ,Jobe which will require the development of chi, eb'uil4-
i.ng technology.
More numerctze and no leon important viii be the jobs of n
?chii ebuUding connected with the thi nery and. equipment used to
mechanize heavy labor in ell brace of induetry< Improvement in
mine equipment, delivery of ore- and coal-.dreuing dente; the c_on<
? action of metaUurgical equipr t, particularly for roli,i. g mills,
and the redeeigu of a aeries of dredgee are eziang these goals. airn
liar tasks arm enco.mtered in the construction of new chemical
plants refiring the mastery of higgb-preaeure catalytic synthetic
proce~$eB, intensification of aheioel process by the use of high
or lore tezeraturee, and the tranaiti on to continuous processee cf
itWut, filtration, and drying. In the food it Iuatry, as in lilt
industry, it will. be nece$aery to perfect production techziolvgr by
mews of meoh*nical a pmant and to expand production of equipment
for factor~r tarapcrtstivaz; in agricultural aachinebuilding progM
real rs*at be continued in the develcp zit of mode element, lacking
in the codex die ion of plaht and and l production. For
the conetruetian iaiuu r it will be n ceuery to develop and prow
duce a broM variety of as chin ocy azxi equips ut to mechaii?e the
produati m of bui1U m?t els, the production of prefabricated
e -.ent?, cos tructiv itself, Vhile arch. - and equipment
amt be built to 3 the eao?i Cation eM repair of huge
rsilr sL 1i a.
tII! d1d *].e of course cwt b! isfie6 vitb
the vlarie' of cbisary wed for eebaal- production purpo-
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The taa1t1 to ire pr?: duetive shaping, ie1d leg, and cutM
tit mac ne requires the deve u t art production of vezy ef~
ficiet cotruetion, sin~,poae, ad apecia). chin.ery
equipped with speaiai attaeFnta aced with him automated open
atis.
This runs that c1iiiebui1din production steep, duri
the n Five-Yesx Plan, will ucdergn a profound to uiasi in rove-Wit, the range of witch is tiied in the th a concerni fur-
ther teeiuticai deve opmtint off' Czeeho 1ovok iz1uetry p z1 ii het in
September 1955 by the Centrel Co ttee, C, end, he government.
Theae state primarily that, in the interest of further aeveiop nt
and imprevemen in technical eta rde in machinebui1,diag, the roles
lowing gDala muht be fulfilled s
1 w deveiop progreaaive technology pri~z'i1y naea off'
baaic is rtence er in those which offer tie best prospect& thin
includes pover nerring vqu puieat, Diesel engines, mining a
metaurgic*il equipmt, cemical equipment, certain food-iiiustrw
e pent, ahips 1occmotives, Special. freight cars; highway aucl
conatructiof iflE+i!t.S, variOUs equipment for mechani< etion, elec-
tric power en 1n+ tng, $ r ing e4 textile machine, agricu1~
tuxgi machines, tractors ari n torcyclea, mathematical and etatiaw
tical teahi , i trial electrical engineering, equipment for
autation, a meesuring laboratory itrumenta.
2. Aa a priority goal we must provide for the deveLopeeit
atttl production of hi,ts1tty eutti ng, fang, a fours I aaa ~
chibee xLeae.aanyy `or th$ introthietiozt or progruive ?orms of ccn+
tines pr'oduation ascbtnebutding. ',fie ameahinars aaat be of
a a lit Diu vew1t.
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3. As rem the d rnizetion of eauip t ire o own
Wac hinebuilntg I $t~. `, we must: keep in wi d i a o #i$ of tert
speclal rnachin and i is .provide for the deve1 men;
and production of our own iacbizry ar4 equipnt as needed.
'* The teehao1o3y of macbinebuildinj production v113. thus
be raised by the transition to progressive forms of continuous pro-
chrction, particularly by the organization of p]ces of work accor-
dine to terial, by the formatior;~ of shops with a closed prnduc>
tion c;y1e, etch
0
5. In the foundriee forgea there will be a'icantinua4
tion of the a ~chanisatiQrt oP atxenuous work and progreeaive meth-
ods in the production of ae ,cried producta, each as precision
aaetiag aed shell mr~lding, "rave' casting, efficient "naUtiov n1 ,
aiachine eheping of large aaetin , p e ieion forging, rotary for-
ging, pressing, etc.
this picture of devet in the second Five-Year
Flat, in which trsehinebuiidiug will. be faced with such great tasks
and will at the same t expand ar'4 perfect its production base,
we can see the outlook for #"urther decisive progress throughout ma-
ch bui1dtDg technology. On he basis o the eantinuaI MY elop-
ut of progressive to a1o y ec slovak -ehi bgi)Aing viii
be able in still greater measure to fulfill its mission is deliv..
ering inez7 a eo piete fact- a iiint to ccpit ?ee
parts of the world in order to help bUUd ug prod.uction and proyide
evic ence of the technical progress of Coe el o'ak maohi ldi
Thia viii also atrergthen the ptil-tion of our mecbia+eba~tld iag in
the try,
Mr4ervt i ebui14i*g technology is of course 10 r d
that it is praoticaiy i pia a to pr uoe all types of ate ,
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nor is it desirable. For ie ren we all t only contit
tc~ +. & O?t speciei Cth7 oe fron the Soviet tht n and certain per.
pl&s 4GLUOC'$CiS (the Oman erratic Bepnblic, IluagaZ7f po~
4) but + shall alao gratialiy negotiate 4th them the coordi~
ziatiork Of production pr'ograia in order that uiacbinebui1cU produc
tion can be built up on the fou4aticn of large production ran .
In 196, for exa
le, accordin to sn ag tent concluded
on 6 iebruary 1956, the i ort Of machinery from the Germ De io
cratic Republic to Czec1'osiovakie Wi11 increase by 55 percent over
the 1955 level. At the aame time, howeve;, the Gerien Democratic
Republic will triple it orte of machine8 The two rtner3 viii
i .i........? ~wreaae t.FM~dheik; win i ow,tc of
f
Wei W1 1 wM iV d1' t.A.I ~eV~NM M ~-
etveen tea will make it poaaible to intensify apecialisation a
r. t n m p uc't?ou We ze thus 'got ii 1titig ? OX't3
special achifle8 Which we do of produce ourselve6, on the cones
trey, we are expBnd just this type of import wherever it can
help in our construction
?on pux'posee of our construction it is important to have our
OWu ; uctioa of machines for the i et inortant inth*r'ies ao
that raa binebuitiing can provides the necessery basis for our ex-
porte and so that in respect to tnachineer T We Viii not be subject
to the danger of diecrition U Was the sweet vhen we were de-
pe!ent an t ore? n wncpoi y concerns in certain ka r seine iteaa
and thus at their mercy. Our pmt machiinebuilding industry is
a secure foi etion for our soc 1st induatriali ation eat to
mechanization of agriculture, sad ftfl protects u$ eg~tiust dis?
ci1miaetion abrvswt?
The e,vIa 3aatitatiYe sad SI*lit*tIV things s*#eh plan-
nifig bis bit sit iti o~ asbinebui]4iUg sines 19l5 Is nitur'
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a11y reflectec. in our c p `t !# in which re'ehiaes bare becoie the
1ecdi~ .ten, far suz'asein he other br&tcc of ius yr y . The
growth in the shere of tchinery in total Cxechoslovk exports can
be awn clearly from the fol1owf Burvey+
Item
~1CMn~1n+R'NA ~ "t N~! M r1sl~Mt~+u
Machtnebu'ildirLj j~sr~w w
1 ;2'a
a perceftt*if total exports I
FAa
6,L. 22.9 Io.o
36.3 311..O 1.o
it is ciear from the table whit a fti? amenta1 chance haS oca
curred In the structure of ow e~orta. hereus the proportion of
rrehine$ 1r. tota.1 exports his i.ncreaao. more than 6-fold since 1937
and by almost 50 percent talc) since 13; the proportion of con'
awner goods ixaa total export. his fellers by more than ham. 'hereaa
before the war Gzechos1ovekia wci a negative Foreign-trade balance
in machity)the balance in this field is now pos1tive. This posi>
tive foreign-trade balance in machinery was achieved as early as
the last year of the Two-Year ? lar-, 1948, ar4 the expansion of rw ~
chinebui1ding durir~ the Five-Year Flan: hts further impzroved the
trade balance in. machinery.
C choalovakia's ode Glance in Machinery (Millions of 1937 o ' )
Year...
1929 681.0 1339O ' 658
1937 8u.o 982.0 - 171
19i8 2,135.1 735 ? +1,381.6
The inked thrtio ? e11 iii ac 1 t contiu du t the
Five .!ear Plan and su quent years 8m tMt C bOB1 c1a is nov
ark, t >*t 1~or t fliers of apac t Gad iMuletrte1 eg4p-
t in t ]ii cW-rce, ?OU)N$r1Y itt V th field~ We have
a ble a I.ea4i pce ttioe Pert?,1*r1y eachtM teole, Diesel
~
des, pU4*Sr min e1actrioai, aeerifla equ ent, abok
iu8 "~-: may, etc.
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Consume
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A cba teriatic, of our expo a of chinery is the y va,
et i, since they include tf3ac1 a and ir~atruwinta of all type,
from precision rnea8>.wtfl inatrl nta to gi ntic >ahines atd equip-
ment for et tine i. du trim pi ita. In addition to machinery for
i ustry t various vehic1e we art a1 o cot u> r soda such
as radio receivers, sewi nit chimes, and other prtcua .
We $ P to the Soviet Union pr1riari1y proth ets of heaver
chic eb ii1c1i m con ie Ve equip l t for tii a plants, a v-ieu W
i& rly for electric power pl ants . If the So!vlet t'nlan has outlined
~ (ratKUoG3 n ? gala for i ncreaaed itiustri 1 production a con
atruction in to sixth Fi"v>Y~ar 1a n, we may take deli t in the
fact that ye too are cot?tribt Stir ? to the realization of these g i
by supplying varioua machinery aLad equipment - Mesa export8 are
fourr3 iri the great conat etion? of C, r sm and are oontributin
to the accelerated develop t of the Soviet wining, paver, meta1-
lurgi.aal, taachinebuildir, , chemical, textile, gags, leasther vorky
ins, acid f x a i nduatriea of cour8e on a rm.ch uore modest scale
then domestic Soviet industrial products.
No lees import tare deliveries of Czechosiovek machinery
and in trii l er ptsent to the people's demo ciss .
There is amt interest ire capitalist countries as well
in Csechoalovek matinery, particularly in ir4ustrially ut 1erde~
veloped couotriea which, with the aid of our mechiriery awl, equip_
atertt, can build up their dart induetry vithaut the danger of brie
ing in forei~r- cepital interests I melon deliverieaa to these
oountriee we frequently are cerryii out older t*CMitioae. For
exarWle, one qua it of a sugar fa sa in the vorLd operate
with eqy$ nt delivered, a$ le>aet in poet, by Oseaho$La!sk sac-
tioslee.
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oztei4on of vveetaent Utii
or by :ar the greatest importenoe for our exporta are pr4>
ucts of heavy rnachitebui)4in, including particu ly e,cporte of"
inv tment units, i . e. , coap1ete equipment for entire factories eu t
electric power' plants. These comprisee gigsntic unite ioi'th sever.
ul hurxired miUion crate for a single complete outfit weighir
many t io a ` tones , For e: Quzp1e~ he C ^hanie i a e1eotri-eel egi1pi. ent fory a steam electric po~ger p1 t of i ti 200 gaM
wattn' capacity weighs 11,t tons anti thug requirea i,hoo freight
Cara to tranaport it. ( ce. Za aicni obcbgd (Foreign ?rade 3, No
U, 1953, article by J. A. Zvoboda on the export of investment
units),
lnveet at unf to naist be ptod.uced and aeesemb1 d so that they
will meet he special requirements of the plant for which they aye
iitez4ed they must be carefully "tceilored." proctucjng this
very complex Lpnsernt a uuuber of factoriea participate, ami their
work must be proper? y coordi ted by the chief auppUer. For ex.
ampp1e, in suppLying equipu nt for a ceramic plant in E pt, for
whi the chief auppUer was Keramoetro j, is Blar p, 89 aubcon~
tracttoera participated. The productiou of iuvetatme ut untta ueually
takes a year, and betare production csen be undertekea long p par>
o tory snd deaigu work t be c 1erted
The very fact that VzechoP1o'i' `ia ifw eiJle to a ~.y in11eY"
went unite on auk a large scale that p ,ape41a1 fareign4rade en
tes rise >- eohnoexport -- has beer suet up for thie purpaae is the
best evict?, ot' the high techiUcal level ar potentie1 of our
heeiry machinebu.i141its try.
to a report to the 2Kth Qo se of teoaataiat Pertyy of
Cze 3. vekia, on 26 Miy 9, t n potoeky, then Prime Min-
iater, epc of the i tace of eorta of Czecboio*ik ss ithi t
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"We cannot aitn for iiit profite, which are bred on
the explottetion o?' industrially' ur erdeve oped countri and the
effort to keep tie countries u erdevelop as 1on ao SSi` 3.e.
We at support the de .opineut of industry lri these countriea au
give these not only cot8uc goods but parUcuiarly chinez'y, fac~
toriea, electric power plants, augar `e .toriea laooeotivee, etc ?
: store or affiance with the people's den crecies is of euch
grert 1ot4fl the capitalist intention of keepiug their
allies iriduatrieLiy backvard and depe ent, we intend to help them
turd irziustrial ,evert with the knowledge that this devei-
opn t will e our a11innce more valuable and their consu~tion
and the poaeibility of mutua1 a change of gads with uE viii rise.
Ii" our foreign trade is to be thus oriented our production rat be
adapted. to this orie itat~.on*"
Te.~efore we helve pisced the main euphu?s in our econom r
prim iLy on machinebui].di 3 an for this sane reason we have a1.
teed the structure at' our xox' and are continuing in tbis de..
veivp tt in the second 'ive.Year Plan. We believe at the name time
that this development favora not of y us but that by exporting mM
cbifez7, which makes poaeibLe exte i ieparta t Csechos3.ovakLe,
we are also beet aeng our fcign?trede pale. And only this
type of foreit trade fTm whiah both perties derive advantages is
healthy aed ddesible at long Ming.
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C~ABT!t. IV
'hE EXPO 8UCC Q~' Tip i ZEc OS OVAK MA IL1 IG
AND I AUAJRGICAL LiD~I
What better characterizes the export auceess of our indus~
tries than the tact that Caechoalovak producte and the syebo1 "ode
in G2echo~lovaaa are " ars t ti 'ou out ''h ~. 1Mi ech.,
~. ~`G +~~.a~r~v v~.,-or~.9 Whe1R ,~~.,,mdl eaa deserta of the Middle
Bast and over the broad junglea of southeast Aaia. " Thus to "fly.
i dip1c t", the Belgian charge P of f eires Wuis de Ban, M
presscd hi ii' about our Ae + I5 aircx~ft. Be teak one in Prague
and flew with it from Brusaeia to Milan, Castel Benito, Ceiro,
Ba d, Teheran, Shard jak, Karachi, New Delhi, Calcutta, a1 Ban's
good to Bankok.
Many a tour flyers ctnd proi'eesiona1 pilots have expressed
themselvea in similar terms concerning our apart aircraft. When-
ever use aircraft are presented at foreign fairs they cause a
sen6ation, as occurred in DJakarta and Toronto, where our sircraft:
won enore success. As in the case of the motorcyelea each such
success brings rare ordera >? to inesta, aitzerle, Argentina,
Austria. We are producing and selling new types of sport ar
training airerarti Aeroa from het in Iovice, Treners from More
vary in Otrokovice; and Sokole from Orlieen in hocen. There is
e]so a great deal of iaterest in the Brigadyre from Choceu; these
are used for the aerial dusting of crops with peeticidea. Argeaa
titer, for exale, has taken 100 of these aircraft.
In 1915) ageitast very strong interaatiotSl coaetition from
gland, the USA, West any, Austria, and Hungary, we received
an oz'ler for 54 boor tivee for the IMian railroad eyatetia, surely
a great achievement for C$echoeovs irtdustr~r. We are ceding Ir*.
die 2,450 railroad oars, also on the basis of a victory in co .
titioa againat 37 firma from all. o ' the world. ; .a has thus
b coi a oae of our greatest posers of 1oeotivea ana rind
cam. At the oaa time the csecbi*lovsk lodarctiv. factories (the
V. 1. Ianiit Plants in Plsen a the SCalav+a) sad our Tatra
rsiZromit ' pleats in 8t2es>8tovice, B iehov, srud Ceska Lip.
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are occupied in filing Viers for other countries as wed.. Rem
Gently we is ve sent epec T aal care to the U2$R, freightca rs to Korea,
and express cars to .tea and Turkey.
One of the 1a r eat export ordere in the entire hietgry of
Czechoslovak foreign tra4e is the dei.ivery of 150 electric c1eanw
ing Joao i e to the Soviet iJriou. feary one electric lc co a
tives from the v. Z. enin Plante in Pizen are worlth to colete
$aatisfaction in Siberian and Chiuese: aurrface ia1 s. They wei,h 150
torte and turn out 2,100 ho epower. In th v. 1. Leniii Plante they
say with pride that these locomotives ere uaequa1ied by as ny coupe-
titive ma 3hinex'y.
The 5tavoloko Plants in 1Motin u Prahy ae small mine 1o-
eoITDtiVe to Trance, Sweden, and Turkey as veil as other countries.
in 1955 the adminiaatration of the pboaphate nines in Jordan or -
dared 200 mine tipple care for the fleU line. A1thou~h the over
vas Xi]. it wee promising for the future, while a difficult con
dition wss attached: the cars had to be delivered within 2 rxinths.
The Stalingrad Plants in Liskovec were quite ready to inset this
co> iition aand won the order. They p eeled with sir f1e i?
bility in the case of an order for Argentina in which it was ne-
cessary to rr et apecial technical requirements.
"3esterky" ( li zerde ) is then emgiven by the people to the
agile battery carte uset to carry emaaIl lade in factories enri at
railroad etattvne. The Deain l chinebuilding ?IRnta export them
to the Sov et Union, A>f triaa, RumRQia, Vie, ypt, Sweden, Af
g , gam, ~hf**, ate, T elaviaa.
During that pive?Iear Ply vs have built a new br nch of
exports in the com$truatiot of Wis. The nieeel.eleetria psuen~
ger ships produae~ in the arhipysze, w p1yt the Voigs
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the Don, arcs floating hots in Wh?Ch 300 traveiers and tour.
it find the uat CQmtOX'table aecomodations.
We have sent 20 or 30 tugboats to the Soviet Union; they are
uBed nay both on Soviet rivers and in aaaatal shipping on the Black
Sea. 'hy are r ecogilized to be of the hest quality in the So..
viet Union. These tizgboats an draw as canny as eight 1,OOO ton
barges which generally correaponda to the load carried by 530
fifteen4on freightcars~
The third type of floating stock which we produce r or exM
port is the flostiug suction dredges which are de by the Bohew
man shipyards in Jolesovice. These inn coloasi work ors Siberian
rivers whilh they reach by water dawn the rivers and cads of
Eurapei throe Sacse~in, and thence by sea to the Soviet eystem
of rivere and awls. Trarusportation eonditiomla alone show how
aol id. the canaitructior imat be In one hour the dry can tear e
port about 350 cubic meters of alluvium. The operation of the en~
tiro dredge is controlled by a single person while the rest of the
cre-r 10 there only to see that all the equipment ie is order and
works f.tleaaly.
"Tour dredge is a terrific machine, " said one of the most
experienced Vo1a creation machinists, Egiaecr IO akhaniti.
"in a short time it has gained the zespect of the Volga woitee.
Believe me, that's not eaayi smnce our river fleet ie now equipped
with such advanced machinery as our Soz~ov ahipe."
Theee v~zga are not only the higheat re mr d for our wok but
an inspiration for further efi'ort.
a%Ihereas in prerr c.ahos2ovaki* the fi eial *M paw
poaitioa of fe iii eq ' t, pe #u]ar1t Oei'ini did not pait
the prgpez- deve i at a vs hays is our
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people's der ratio built n ex'tsi ve i ustry of elec..
trical uzeasuriug instruments and te1ecotrcieatieue and radio in-
struinents and e j prnent. At a recent exhibition in 3rno mare than
40 pmts engaged in electronic engineering exhibite1 radio inw
etrumenta, electronic raeasuriug inntrumeuts far laboratory and i R
dustrial use, oscillographa, electrical microscopes, vacuum gibes,
incandescent bulbs, and fluorescent tubes,
The Testa national enterprises in Bohemia, Moravia, and gio-
vakkia nov concentrate all the araiu branches of electronic ern -
eering aa4, by expoacti g large otitiee, are perform; valiant
service in extec4ing radio operations and the tale thone network. .
Pro I1 the TTesla plant in Karlin we sent, telephone central
oficee to various cowitz'iea >- aov t recently to China at d Pin*
land, where ye received an orler following a very vigorous inter
natioaal oon etition. At the plant in Liptovaky Bradek they were
forced to increase the pr+pduetion of ~vdern telephone instrw is
f or? exert. The aia plant in h ubetin participated in deliv -
eries for one of the largest radio stations in the world in china.
Production of electronic meaeuxing inotrum tte, which we have de-
velc!ped f nothing, is concent'ated in the Br o Tesla plent,
wherea fluoreac t tubee axe produeed by Teala in vrahlebi .
hia plant they travel in a soft bed of excelsior to Turkeyr the
Par East, and Latin America. Enterpriaee is Pardubice, Prelouc,
and. Bolesovice eleo work for export, and. these pints nre coc-
ted with countries ter ami far aM work for the deYelnpment of
modera teleeaomc aetione eagineth g a*1 thus for uMerstaMing
an g netic a, for progreet, end pssie.
The u of t$is re*t cech in tto r, ice, f e fain on he
ele c.1 egneea g p]aatrn aho, rlin, rte, ?rutte~v, with
t~biah the *ihaDUkls paut Pzisov it ales; misted. The
.76.
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Smiohow rizik ulaat won in public competition a large export orw
for 60, oingle>ph a electric Inters for Wit, htch is
w
evid.ence of its gx4 a work. The ?re aov plant exports iow
voltage txransformerrs, small rectifiers, and small fans to 20 coon
tries, iucluding apt, Pekieten, Th.wna, India, Brazil, Turkey,
as the Union of South Africa, In another Slovak plant -y the
Krotiipachy they say, with justified pride: "Where is not a
si Ie electrical chi use1 in CzecbolsavQkia or exported to
the yiet Union, China, Austria, Turkey, Afghanistan, Lebanon,
lrrau, or media which does not have as part of its assembly an in-
strumeut produced in ?ur p1att." Also the Bratislava Gua~on plants
supply important parts for electrical?engitri equipment need
iu the eotruetion of ].ere electric power plants in the people's
d craciee a i overseas. Once again these products were fortaer-
ly iapported, principally from ritzerland.
The F.lektro-Prey plants in Jeblaneeke Paseky Tanvald
have receive, orders worth millions of craws for the export of
small electrical fixtures.
"Clara" bulbs from the glassworks in Uiekac illuminate the
streets in Bombay and Coped art burn in Austria and dosla
vie. In 1955 uev aaf ty iilumiation ec zipment was inatalled at
the Leipzig airport; this ccpUpment gz'eat1yy increases larding
Dety Ma e rtad by ` ho lovakda.
Preoioioa? t nice. ae tics Alen cport Itei
The optics]. products cit the nati l enterprisee cal
I4ecpt* Iu Pie, Prerov, a*i &stialeva -* tee, mcyvie c8 e8;
aaci projectors, ecpyisg a~ en ging iutaute, bieoculare, iiii-
ac , doUte8, ara3ytias b 2a*aes, pbp-iua-.1.setiai ?,
a*t oar opt a e~ Instruments >> re to
th* 30 aountrt*&.
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e C eh~~ ~v~k F1 f ~ 1E1 Or exne 'IW~v~, ? t: v1
_. ?????-? ~-~< ?~-.?_ ? ~?,??. +~ w..~........~??~ ..w +w! w wr M V7M V~MvYii4e_~ 65.W.
received even in the TEA, a country vhich s orxe of the not
v ced in this field. We have exported tene of thousands of paira
of polarizing eyeglasaes. The precision mechanics plants in Bytca
export eagravin ; tools, geoimetricai instruments, ani tote1 leveic
to Brasil, Buxom; and Uruguay. Qkuula iu !rome~riz exports mic <
scopes, waiie tra in B1t ansko exports preciaioa measuring in.atru.
tests, the motional enterprise Laboratory Instruments exports vac<
uum PUUps and other equipment, ant. Somet in Teplice exports tueas-
uring inatrumerrbs
An entizre new field, extremely important in the str g 1e
for public health, hria been built up in the production of medical
instrut tta, in the national entexpriaea Chirac, "Fremn" in end Bloom, Both enterprises are outsta-ndiag exporters. We manu<
facture dentists' aira and instruments, diagnostic and micro.
struatura]. X>ray machi (aueh as the smallest X-ray inatrument
in the world, the I+ dent ), various aiecti cal equipment and eurg
cal irstrumenta, injection syringaa, surgical needlea, stetho-
scopea, sterilisation drum, and mobile ciinice. ~oeday not oa1y
Czechoslovak phyeicias,s but physicians th UghOQt Europe and
countries aorosia the a use our inatrur ata and utensils.
Preaision aaeahanics inolud the production of Q fiae tas-
chiner at sing machines, vhioh are also a successful object of
e -ort. Czecho+a3ov k Zets typevriters from the Jan Sve rma Pl nt
in k'no can hold their even vith proctuots troe- cou*tries high.
ly vaaaed i* this i'iel4 j i iMicsated by the ial reeo~r
tint rived is 1 trei1a by they 1 cslIe l the "POrtIbI co**
sic,." Ioijrn of c au3,atislg mehiaea hsve siso z'e t y
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as.1 _._i. ,_ _, _ ~w -_ -- ?- - . . _ .
- wil . rri.? Y'ar.W [.N
.i. II. w- d Q..:tt"- 7 W 4./P.Pt??a ! afF T CZt (P 7 T Cim:- 9 N /! l1tA Awn 1JA
*+w.w.w.. www~.r wMMww r. w,wr4rv W.PF wvvYi.wA.Gf ? ~7ii4/-~ i W7 47Gi~l J..l~O f6llfvc -auna r i
tern mope, Canada, g9t'aai1, apt South Africa purchase a eing
racizi , Just ae do `turkey, ixic,iee, azd Australia d The eau e an
be said of Minerva sewing machines produced in Boekovice to be u
by readde clothing plants a tailor shops.
A wide variety of electrical appliances and other household
furufebinge ?~ washing tmachines, eiectric mixers, stoves, baby carom
riages, metal furniture ..< are also successfully exported. Large
washing tmachinea and irons are also a ?'t for industrial use.
Stoves from the Iva It Plata in 'Crnava are found at Soviet poM
lar stations. Alarm clocks from the Cnr'onotecbna Plaat in Sternberk
weke up people is Uruguay, Indonesia, and Finland, while locks
"Made iii Czechoslovakia" are used in Egypt, Th'key, a Holland.
The Jan Sverma Plants in Brno aiao produce hunting and eporw
ting rifle$ far a wide variety of urea. If we are to believe the
former Pakietan governor, who is himae ` a good hunter, our huut~
ing weal are ataoaig the best in the world. That is Wilt he acid
about tbc~a at the Czechosiovak expoaition at the fair in I acni.
ICavo, the foz'eignwtrede enterprises, received a letter from an In-
donesian hunter who had shot a tiger in to jungle with a small
gauge Cseehoe.ovak rifle.
Cechoalovoak eslwere calls of inx has achieved real
world z'en wn. It ho s raaohed the Pacific Ism and the most re-
ixte regions of Africa. In Nigeria, for exauaae, the taetfves,
faced with a choice of good* fro s 2; c tntriea, oak for "those wtth
the lost ", i.o., with l*eeriptiox iaie in c boeio~
vakie." The asaret of success is bob a lent qty ua~
limiter qty is form sM deaomtfoa of gooda. Therefore the
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Sao Peulo, I co , Sofia" can be read on the eartona into
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plants in vrata near Ce a teJovice, in Brno, in Pii& oVo, and
r.
dr ~ ' wt - ^ - zot i1' gal h-, red cane ~ these
3+- L- f'd r7wlew x ~ . ~r w.... y
pr 4ucts to the entire wor 4. iae1 tuba are also a successful
export item.
Te ' of etgi9a1 Products
Ai i ortaat Czechoaiovek nietafurgical p?.anta where in
the export of metallurgical products, : which fl1k up a significant
p ion of all Czechoslovak a ort& Eren the New IC.ement Gottwald
Metallurgical plant is earting increasing quantities of foririge
and rolled products to Pr land, Rw ry, the Ge n Democratic Re-
public, and t na. A particularly so t' after product is tubing
~- moth tubing and oil piping - vbic1a is used by the Soviet
Union, the people's de cracies, and the Caapita1iet countries in
ape and overseas. Good proof of the quality of this tubing is
the #att that it is being used even in the Gernn Federal Rep bli c,
which itself exports this material Furthermore an Austrian comm
Paay which took over some oil mires from the Soviet administration
has remained loyal to deliveries fry I uncice.
The Vitkovice Ironworks also export tubing to a number of
ELirape$n and transoceanic countries. Vitkkoviee combines metal1ur"
gical production with the msnufacture of structural steel and heavy
machirebui]4ing. This plant rolls for export not only rail, large
ijuantiti+ of which is used in Eg pt, but alao turns out boilers
and 1.1er mills, as well as structuraI steel for Chine, by freu1ic
pipia for area, heavy fnrginga for the Soviet Chemical 3z4uatry,
role. ate for Soviet metaUurgical p3anta, eqjipmant for Polish
coking pleats, rol3*t prattle, t gings ing$, crsl af'ts,
fire tubes, tires tar fre -te w ee , a, tee of pro to
for ezpcrt to sli ccnti -,
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The Vitkovtce Iron rks 8180 have a great deal of experience
in the production of Steel bridge atructures. There are Severa1
bridges in the Soviet Union vhi were sent by Vitkkovice. The Vit>
kovice troi w ke a1so played an i> pvrtant part in the ens hp
bridge over the Danube connecting Ramie and 3u1gar1a. 6evera1
bridges h a v e alp been sent to r ey. Recent achievements of the
Vitkovice bridge> and machine>bui1dera tciie a swim bridge fcw
Egypt, which was inctaled by the end of 1955. This bridge, O
Mere long, weighing 220 tons, can be turge, in only 3 minutes.
Another suob bridge was delivered in 195
Another csechoslovak plant sena.ang bridge constructions
abroad is the Steli ad plant in Mistek> skoveo, In 1355 this
plant sent to 1'pt the atruetu rQ1 parts for a bridge 102 resters
ton and 30 hers wide ark weighing 650 tons. Assembly requires
220,000 rivets. The fact that a Ozec1ioe1+vak plant iron the order
for thin bridge in co
etition with 1$ leading foreign firms is
evidence of the quality of our metallurgical and mschinebuilding
plants.
The V. 14. i'blotov Plants in Tnec send rail end vsrioua
roUeei products to Holland, Widen, Africa, ar4 South America. In
1955: for instance, they sent m than 50,000 tons of rail to Ar>
gentina.
one-fifth of an the tcrnsge of rolled products turned out
~)t the Gustav Klim t Iromiore, in is tender for ex-
port, sod, is cent to 20 c of a.: iee. The zo !orkf!, in Podbrezove
Berea cbronic u1o~t in the pre-icy republic and were
threst+~aed w i t h p e r m a n e n t s h u t < a rn. T i f e.: rev ful1F Loyet
with d do end forte 'u ,,~o t, ?8 countries. For-
eign mirkets sbov grest tntere ~ st ., Tomes iteel,
si*1 otb~ r prouate rce~ the E Via. Uwrgice1 plaint of the
meted Stee3 Mlle, in
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The Pipe4toliing .U*, in Chomutov, keep receiving foreign
orders for their tubing, thigh they send to the entire woxld, In
1955 a its from these pie nta to the Soviet Union alone were 15"
percent greater then the avert of all exports o' these plants
from 1936 to 1938. in additionto the Soviet Union, however, the
ckzomutov plants export to ezil; Turkey, India, Indonesia, Aus~
trie, and, recently, to Norway, Widen, a Finland.
Alor~ with large cnetallur peal deliveries exports inc1u1
smaller E0c43 from smaller pLantl which aannat be underestimated.
The chain plants in Ceska Ves near Jesenc,
111A J.4eau
snow chains to northern countries, and cnamercial chains to India
and Ceylon. The sarew plants in Kyjov in 1955 produces 120 car-
lodas of various sarews and nails for export to China. TheCryv?-
hute (Metallurgical Plaxita 1 in Povrle export hundreds and, thou-
sands of tans of iron wire to the Soviet Union, Egypt, and l3razil.
In the min Icovohut they manufacture electrical eonducting cable
which is sent, amrong other countries, to Iceland. The Pohumin
Wire Mills alao export cable; in the 5 years that this product has
been made here they have turned out 10,000 kilorieters of its, which
is mare than the distance from iohumin to Viadivostok Among re
cent deliveries we may mention eable for the great freight eable.
way in Brasil, which is new being assembled by the workers at
m....U..___.1. d r l'IL W .a ~ ...
# L- u't t~suo
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CIiAE"r&R V
A N FOUNDATION FOR POR of LX(ET'INDU 3TRY PIDUCTS
Planned socialist industrialization requires that the focus
of all industry be on heavy industry, whose development tit be
more rapid than that of light industry. This requirement was in
confiict with the iuduatrial structure which we inherited. from the
preMt tnich republic. More the war the textile industry led ali
other branches of industry with respect to the number of en loyees,
share in total industrial output, and share in exporta. In 1937,
for example, textile exports represented one-fourth of all Czecho~
alovak exports, and the share of other branches of light industry
was proportionately large; 6.6 percent of all exports were glass
products and 5.2 percent were other consumer goods (porcelain,
leather goods, wood products, etc). About two-thirds of all tex>
the output was exported, Some other branches of industry .? pox.
celain production for instance -- were still more dependent on ex-
ports than the the i duetry. The world depression and the de-
cline in exports represented a real catastrophe for these branches
of industry. The preponderance of light industry in our economy
and its great dependence on foreign uarkets was inherited partly
from Austria-Hungary (since Czechoslovak industry, las has been
said previously; Worked principally for the territory of the en-
tire former monarchy) and on the other hand resulted from the cap-
italist sya em which gave priority to light industry, ainae this
type of industry requires less investment and provides great prof-
its in exports. of course, during the depression yeera this prof-
it vale achieved primarily at the price of starvation wages in. ell
industry, and also at the expense oP the domestic gonsw r who
paid high prioes for goods which vere domed one foreign markets.
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0
This, for example, was the policy of the sugar cartel, which ex-
ported sugar at a fraction of the price paid by domestic consumers.
Anothe"r" icegative aspect of the inordinate share in the econ-
omy and. export trade head by textile industry and to a certain ex-
tent the leatherworking industry as veil was the fact that these
branches of industry were almost ex&sively dependent on raw mate-
riaals irmorted from aabroed. In certain years this dependence
forced us to maintain exports with great effort and great loss only
in order to be able to import the necessary cotton, wool, raw hides,
and other raw materials. The situation was the mare serious since
many of these raw materials were exported again, after only the
aaiu~lest processing, in the form of serif iniahed, products (such as
cotton in the form c yarn), albeit with profit for the entrepren.
eur, although at the expense of workers' wages.
This rrich moat be said by v ay of introduction concerning
Czechoelovak exports of consumer goods before the war, in order
that we may understand the spirit and significance of the changes
made after 19I 5 during the Tvo and. Five Year Pans. Baaaaicaally
the following problems were solved:
1. The structure of our economy was altered so that the
fomts of industrial production was shifted decisively from consu-.
mar goods to the means of production.
2. The share of consumer goods in total exports was reduced
such that as substantially greater ehaare is occupied by the prod-
uctas of the machiaebuilding and >tallurgical induatriee.
3. Dependence on ia~ortaa of raw materiels from aapitaliat
countries camas reduced in thoae in4uu8triee Ithiah, because of their
special foreigniexehange reii*'enta, did not produce sufficient
forei - >hange yle]4. This **sure vu in hare y vith the gen.
era) line of soneolidsting .M ae fra* the caa piteUst 3d,
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Planned management of the propartionnl growth of individual
branches has meant that the share of the means of production in
total Czechoslovak industrial output has increased from 57.8 per
cent before the war to 62,3 percent in 1953, while the proportion
of consumer goods in total output his dropped from 142 .2 to 37.7
percent in the sari period. This has been achieved by dfectit
greater investments toward the output of the means of production
than toward light induatry. Thus during the Five-Year Plan machine-
building prcd.uetion increased by 224 percent, metallurgical pro-
duction by 102 percent, chemical output by 138 percent, power by
110 percent, while output in the textile and readymade goods in-
dustry has risen only 50 percent, ceramics 28 percent, glass 21
percent, and. leatherworking 19 percent,
The buildup of heavy industry will surpass increase, output
of light industry also in the second Five~Year Plan, and this will
in turn raise the share of machinebuildtng in total induatrial
output and exporte. According to the latest determination machine
building represented 27.8 percent of total industrial production,
whereas textiles represented only 8.5 percent, readymade goods 2.5
percent, leathervorkitig 2.2 percent, and glass o.9 percent. Where
as before the war metalworking and metailurgy occupied 2 percent
of all industrial workers and textiles 29 percent, nowadays, with
a eouaiderably highSr absolute nuiber of 34ees, 3? percent work
in the metallurgical and nachinebuildi .. ng planta, and only 16 per=
cent work in textiles and reedymade goods. During the same period
the sire of the eta1working a IIhoemsking industry dropped from
6 to 3 percent, ate of the glass inawtry fro* 7 to 2 percent, of
the total mzer of iudustrial rorkee.
The th'r i the p+ eitsp ire in total orts of icdiv
idual braMhu of 13$tt iMustr~- is sbowz by the telloeing tit
85..
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item l7 193
Textiles 25.0 16,2 6,8
Glass 6.6 6.3 3.1
Other consumer goods except
fooda 5.2 11.5 5.1
These figures show clearly how the share of light industry
in total industrial production and exports has dropped, following
the requirements of socialist industrialization and changes in the
structure of exports.
It is convenient to note that this decline in textiles from
a leading position in Czechoslovak exports corresponds to the gen-
eral development of international trade. After a number of dec-
ades exports of textiles in world trade are now dropping, whereas
exports of machinery are on the rise. This development it quite
understandable, since the industrially underdeveloped countries are
gradu~lly establishing their awn production of at least ordinary
textiles and other consumer goods, so that exports of textiles in
world trade are becoming increasingly limited to special types and
high-quality produCts, thus reducing total turnover. On the other
hand, the gradual induatrialixation of underdeveloped countries is
raising the demaM for me-chinery on a world wale and thus increaa-
ing their share in international trade. If, therefore, we are at-teching increasing export importance to eeehinary at the expense
of textiles, thin corresponds to general develc~pmmeats.
The decline in the share of textiles in total Czeahoalovak
industrial productiou and exports has aimultaneouely solved, the
problem of redueing mr daper4 n*e on ia~orta of rev aaterials trout
capita3.iBt dies. This has beet tea in to v : we have ex-
pan + atia produeti of Mural fibers (fl*c snrl ) sand
ayath a fibera (extifia ,, silk, oel C-ae step). ftbsr*, as
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g1a a fiber) and changed over to raw meterta ~ reported from the
Soviet union and the people?s deu~cracies Soviet cotton and
wool, Chinese silk, hemp, ra.e, jute, etc. This has made it pos-
sibie in the cotton industry, for example, to use cellulose stall
pie fiber and artificial silk, as well as raw materials imrported
from the USSR and the people's democracies, to such an extent that
between i99 and 1953 the proportion of cotton and cellulose sta-
ple fiber imported from the capitalist states dropped from 1+5 to
23 percent. It is clear from this how the total trade balance of
our textile industry has improved, particularly since with our own
production we have replaced the mejoritof previously imported
dyes and auxiliary materials,
We have proceeded similarly in other branches of light in-
dustry in which we were disproportionately dependent on imports
from capitalist countries. For example, in the leatherworkin$ in-
duetry the nee of pigskins has made it possible for us consider-
ably to reduce our dependence on imports from capitalist countries.
3n the production of glove leathers we have completely liberated
ourselves from imports by using domestic raw ateriaLs. Tanning
agents which were previously iiorted are now partially replaced
by domestic synthetic production.
The suction is imports of raw materials for the textile
and leatherworking industries has co feted the trausfortaation of
the foras~rly unhealthy structure of our foreign trade result
froml, the excessively lerg share of light-industry products in ex-
ports and the simalta a groat dep tdance of thin type of i e-
try on t o rta of isv miteri*lR from it st c trie s
N! doba a pry
The trausfor tion in the stricture of Cseehovak foreign
tale out above tees not, of coma, *esn that the s# ifi~
? 8 i
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cance of exports of light-industry products is to be diminished in
the future. It must be en# hasized that, while in this reorienta-
tion of industry we strove to reduce the proportion of light indus-
try in total foreign trade turnover, a further relative or abso-
lute drop in light.indutry exports is not desirable in the future.
Production of all branches of light industry has grown and d11
continue to do so, albeit not at the pace of heavy industry. This
growth of production is.znecessary not only in order to meet the
constantly growing domestic denaud coupled with rising living stan-
Bards, but also so we may continue and develop exports of light-
industry products, based on increased output of domeatic raw mate-
riale
It should be emphasized above all that with the continually
rising living standard in the people's democracies there is a si-
multaneous growth in interest in numerous products of Czechoslovak
light industry. We are able to meet this demand, on several cap-
i:taliat markets new advantageous opportunities are developing for
us in eales Of a variety of consumer goods whose production is
r
based on domestic raw materials end will thus yield considerable
foreign exchange. It retains the job of foreign..trade workers to
transfer their experience in foreign trade to the production plan,
to acquaint our workers with new developments abroad, and help them
?maintain our good export tradition in this branch of production. ?
In many branches of industry, particularly light industry,
there yea a profcut change cf pereonnel foUawing the liberration.
Wow in large part replaced men co that today is many plants vork-
prineipet] IY for .Xpa1!t the ority of es 3aeyeee are ' men.
Por ale, to cast do Z4na textile plants in vhieh 95
pmt of the oees are ~; th Eamiro toy taetori.e in
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which only 3 men work, the rest being women; the Centroflor fac-
torles producing artificial f],owers, the factories of fancy leather
aecesaoriea in Paludska, the Pleas knitting rills in Havliekuv Brod,
the Plants of International Women's Day in Bratislava, and the
Jaroslav Jezek plants producing accordions in Borovice. A large
percentage of women also york in the Dvory porcelain plant, the
Bohumin chemical plants, the 5ax4rik plants in Vlkanova, and else-
Where. Women have shova themselves to be highly adaptable and
quickly trained, although this is nit always an easy tack. roe-
rienee shown that as agile girl very quickly learns her work and
can often operate two or more machines. Demanding foreign markets
require that new workers be trained carefully, while the experience
and skills of older workers must be fully utilized. In the major-
ity of our plants whose product is primarily exported these tasks
are well understood. By way of exaple we may mention the Czecho-
slovak lace industry, Which includes production not only of lace
but also of tulle, curtains, and embroidery; 80 percent of whose
products is exported, primarily to South America. This type of ex~
port is economically very advantageous, since the material content
is much s!aller than the labor content. The lace-industry workers
have done a great deal to promote exports, since in this industry
it was necessary to train a large number of new Workers. Although
these are delicate products lace and embroidery are often produced
on gigantic machines and therefore it is very useful to have these
machines operated by women, who in many respects are superior to
men and carl sometimes operate two tulle machines aiinultaneou.Blyi
Special etteation is devoted to training yE1th, and the apprent1Oe
center at the 71ex *nterpz'I-* in LatOYice is *b4 the bait ap-
pretice eeatire in al]. of lift i ustr
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In this connection it may be pointed out that the irnporbant
role which women must p]ay in producing for export, and particu-
larly in those industries in which we must maintain valuable tra-
ditions, is not understood everywhere. For exam~ale, in the Vam-
berk lace plant one can hear complaints that the manpower offices,
in an effort to fulfill recruitment quotas, prevent young girls
from devoting their efforts to lace production. This is a direct
threat to the future of the production of bobbin lace at Vau-berk,
which in 195 won second place at an international exhibition of
lace in Bruges: Thus we took second place to Belgium, a tradi-
tional lace-producing country, and won against a number of other
ccu~pating countries .
The demand on foreign markets changes constantly and greet
flexibility is needed to keep industry adapted. This does not
mean that we should turn away from our traditional products which
have brought us a good reputation abroad and which provide oppor-
tunities for further development. On the other hand, however, we
nuust 6130 develop production of new types of gads which will bring
technical progress atxi for which there is d.+lnd. The glass in-
dustry provides a good example of this. this industry, like the
lace industry, has a particular value for e q orta, not only be
cause of its good export tradition, but also because its products
contain a great deal of skilled labor ar4 use primarily only domes-
tic raw mmeaterials. The glass industry lives not only on the tra-
dition of Czech cut glue and eostum jewelry, but has been able
8Ub5intially to espafl*L xtn production program.
Zn davelcping ner technic vs have begun to produoe upti-
cal glass, glass for vacuum t na I1, speeial glass (SisI, P..
kal ) g]au fiber, pz'ad ?f alt W1%
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its s! # tea,
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and a variety of products required by new techniques in industry
and agriculture: vagina1 iztterts for insemination, "distance rings"
for vacuun tubes, pyrolusite frit for cementing light-bulb bases,
corundum loops for dairy centrifuges, glass atul. sapphire phono-
graph needles; frlt fi_?ters, containers for firefighting equipment,
etc.
We already export to the people's democracies glass tubing
for chemical and food4fn1ustry plants and, in the second Five-Year
Plan, this type of export will increase considerably. It is in-
teresting to note in this oonnection that a "glass bakery" has been
iustalled in Prague-Holesovice, representing a complete revolution
in the production of bread and baked goods. Patents have been ap-
plied for on this equipment in all countries and foreign interest
gives every hope of great export opportunities. Also in Chrudim
we may be proud of an automatic mill with glass equipment.
The Kavalier Glassworks in Sazava are producing not only
glass industrial equipment but also special technical and cooking
glass. Simaxx glass particularly has great export promise and will
be used to produce export goods, since it may be compared with the
famous Jena glass, At the glassworks in Retenice they are produ-
cing so..called "detbeal" glass, Which doee not permit the pas-
sage of either heat or cold. Our Spartak-kola !gyp+S are n nufac-
tured for export with this glue. Glass fiber, produced by the -
titl enterprise Vertex in LitomyBl, is also exported to the peo-
ple'a democraciee a~ld capitalist cauttriea. The Ducheov G 3aeevorka
are well'knovn in y foresgu coutttriee for their glass shaped
tile. Perticu1srly notevortby are the micro coVeZ glasses 0.1-0.2
miUiter thick vhieb scienti+ , phrstoi*M s$ eheski$tm use to
observe *tit$i uar the aiee. W. P17 taperted
these cover giaseee from the a Qeiin7. In 19I7
-91.
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took domeatic production: at the Jablonec Gleesvorks in DolnI P"olub-
ny ana gradually perfected it eo that we became exporters instead
of importers.
Conscientious reeeerch in this aspect of the glasa industry
opens promising perspectives, in that the glass research institute
in Hradec Kralove has succeeded in working out the production of
precision optical glass for microscopes, binoculars, and photogra'
phis objectives, which were formerly the raonopoly of the German
glaseworks. Earlier the research tasks connected with producing
glass for vacuum technology and particularly for producing glass
for television picture tubes were solved.
if we mention the glass industry by way oz" example this
does not mean that similar opportunities have been completely
overlooked in other industries. ?or example, in textiles a number
of products have been introduced or perfected, many of which will
go very well on wort markets (this is indicated particularly by
the interest of the USSR and the German Democratic Republic in
basic knitted goods with azlti olored film printing).
In looking for new export opportunities we must it forget
traditional export products as occurs in eome cases when a parti~
cider industry is occupied aolelyr with supplying the doestic mar-
ket or loses interest in exports for other masons. Carew of this
kind can be found, ermc~ng other placee, in the export of certain
food and agricultural products. In this field we have a tradition
which naist be aged carefully. go one can claim that in the -
port of food apecia3-tiee sac agrioulturah products, such as high.
qty sead, ped3gread animas, eta, vs *r. now using arm ur-
tur ti ss; of Ihich a than enough insight be revlsalad b r better or.
ganization. licit adrrenta is the exort of certain of these
p ucta is eh by the f that the feed tkma frog one oee
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earn enough foreign exchange to in ort the grain necessary to feed
the goose. This z Bans that when the feathers are exported the
meat and fat are pure gain. Sonie countries such as Hungary, Aus-
tria, and 8cawiinavia show a great deal of interest not only iri
goosefeathers but in chicken feathers as well. Nevertheless we
have not organized. the collection. of feathers in such a gray as to
rake full use of foreign demand. Despite the considerable effort
which we have exerted better results can be achieved in exports of
medicinal plants and other wild craps, whose sale on foreign marts
kets is extremely advantageous for us. We thus have a real inter-"
eat in ddeveioping this type of export.
In the next chapter we will discuss the success which we
have recently achieved in exports from light industry, chemical in-
dustry, and the food industry. Here it moat be stated in cone 1u-
sign that following the structural change in Czechoslovak foreign
trade which placed exports and imports on a more healthy fouMa-
tion we must strive to consolidate consumer-goers exports on the
same basis. 'Ihese exports must not be overlooked or underestim-
ated because of the development of machine exports. We must keep
in mind that production of light-industry goods is in a number of
i nduetries b>a-sed t n a domestic rev rn ter1 ari for this reason
ax.
ports are very valuable with respect to foreign exchange. In many
of its branches Czechoslovak light industry has outstanding pro'.
duction experience and a cor rcial tradition which it vouid be
incorrect not to utilize.
The taske facing feign trade are great, eaonomica11~r ir.
portent, and reg4re the maxiwinnutil4zation of all the forces which
may contribute to it. Isere is no question that Ught i Ustry may
take a lar e part in t eft 4
re 93 ..
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ART O>' PRODUCTS OF LIt INDUS .'RY, CH4 4I8TRYs
AW ThE FOOD INDUSTRY
Although the focus of C~echoelovak exports has been shifted
to machinebuilding products, nevertheless light-iz ustry products
glass and ceramics, textiles and leather >- as veil as products
of the woodworking, chemical, and food indus tries will continue to
be important items with which we shall achieve success. We shall
attenpt here to give a brief survey of the development of these
exports in which, in addition to the national enterprises, the co-
operatives and local-industry enterprises play an important role.
Czech Glass Uueiialed
Czech glass exports continue to rise. In 1955 they increased
by 20 percent and in 1956 by another l5 percent.
Despite all the efforts of the competition Czech glass, with
its age-ola tr adi t ion of r cf i. nement and beauty, remains unmatched.
Our trademarks Moser, Lobmayer, and Bohemia leed the world, while
Harrachov cut glass, Borocrystal products from Bor, and crystal
chandeliers from ~Camenicky genov are no less valued.
In the picture gallery at the Louvre, in the Moacow theater,
in the flail of Columns and the Winter Palace, in La Scala in Milan,
in the Brussels Theatre de 3.a Bourse, in the Sydney Opera, in the
palace of thF: han king in Kabul, in Hayrierabad, in Manila, in
tho CCngrw J Int cional in Quito in IDcuador, and in many other
iu oaten 1 buiUings C~echaslovak handeliers shine out with unique
beauty. The chandelier '~iicbciecoratea the Sydney Opera is 5.70
meters iz . dia t , 7 maters ig1i, has 208 light, and 10,000 pen'
i itsr -'t weighs 3,5? kilog c. It vss hipped is 72 a !ttona.
h t nU* ChI1S1i? is AtL, Zvi.tiot&sl enterprise
Lustry in Ku!e.aky Benov is saes ooutiig its glorious
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tradition. Among Its recent exports we nbaU ton LSO ohaud elera
sent to the scow Gastronom. The amaUest of these is 160 cen-
tlmsters high and weighs 160 klloams, While the largest is 460
centimeters high and weighs 3610 kilograms. A chan1eIier has been
soot to the Iu erial Palace in Addis Ababa; it has 160 lights and
weighs over 200 kilograms. A decorative chandelier was made for
the puler of Saudi Arabia, the design of which used a modern com-
bination of metal and glass.
We also supply table glass for rulerrs, diplomats, and other
outstaring persons.
In addition to these exclusive and individually designed
products, in which an important position is occupied by cut and
etched. vases of outstanding artistry, we also export a variety of
useful and decorative glass. Numerous smaller glasavorks which are
less well known to the public than the Harra chov and Podebrady
glasaworks have a good reputation aboad and have customers through-
out the world. This is true particularly of the glaseworks in
Annin near mice, Nisbor near Beroun, and Katarinaka Hut near
Banska Bystrica, all of which export very valuable cut glass. 8e-
ries.produced pressed glass is exported by the Moravia glassworks
in Rosiee U B a, the 14 glaaavorke in &araka Bystrice u Tep-
lic, and a number of other planta. We also apart aic~ple packing
glass, particularly bottles, at4 flat glass, noludiag mirror glass.
A Cze os1ovakk specialty, valued throughout the world, is
Zelesny Brod figurines, now produced fro "metallurgical." glasaj
another specia1t is costume jewelry and glass buttons. The form'
eign-trede enter rise Jsb1o, in Jablanec aad g aou, tthlah han*
dl exports of glass mete]. eoetu JmIe]xy, pelz'ls, bum,
a& vat demotions, is in active aonteat vith o countries
throughout the vorU sal note increasing dell by year.
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If there was uncertainty for a while concerning the future
of this typical Czechoslovak export industry, this uncertainty is
nor a thing of the past, and oduction based, on export success is
being i 4ernized by investments in machinery and by reactivating
idle factories. Important plant investments are being prepared
for the second FiveMYeer Plan in Bor aad Kamenicky genov.
Closely related to the production of costume jewelry is the
output of Christmas decorations; this is not, however, concentra-
ted in Jablonec and ZeLezny Brod but reaches as far as Dvur Kralove.
Class 4Ur18tm98 decorations are manufactured even in Moravia and
around Bratislava. The national enterprises share in this with
the production cooperatives. The scope of Christmas-decoration ex~
ports is astonishing. Dozens of carloads of these email and deli-
cate goods aye sent to Prance, Bo11ant, Italy, and Switzerland and
s number of other countries in Europe and overseas. The spirit of
Christmas is peace on earth toward men of good will. Our brist
mas decorations go to all the world as a greeting frow our people
working in peace and for peace, to all people who wish to live in
good will and friendship with us.
Among exports of technical glass we should mention the suc-
ceasful export of thermometers from the Technosklo Plant in Drzkov.
In 19~ this plant produced 14,044 thermometers in excess of the
plan and sent them to Nox'vay, Rumania, Bulgaria, China, and else-
where.
Cseablovak Cea* a wide Known
In the C$eahaelavedc ceramic iadustry there are eeve a1
p1 nts hiah are known t s haut the vor3A. This is true parties
ugriy of the Sri asuiiQ Pita whose ko g.ued struatural
the 1wse u$&I for the facing of a tua e1 user the tdaan River 1u
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New York, for the luxury hotel GOOilaud in Rolland, the Amalier~
bad Bathe Lu Vienna, Ford garages in Antwerp, end many othez 1m
portant buUdi,s and instaUations throughout the world. Throug'b
the foreign-trade enterprise Czechoslovak Ceramics the Rakovnice
Ceramic plants recently received an order for large green facing
the for the facades of several great new buildings, including a
hospital,in Cuba.
Another leading plant whose traditione and whose ontinuit g
in rovement of product contributes to our?export success is the
West-Bohemian Ceramic Plants in Rorni Brisa near Plzen, renowned
for its refractory material. The products of these plants are
sought in industrially mature countriee like France and Switzerland
just as they are in underdeveloped countries across the seas. We
export sanitary ceramics to 60 countries. The national enterprise
Duchcov Ceramics plays a great part in this export since it has
customers in Iatin America, Africa, and the Near and Mile sat.
Recently we have achieved great success also in exporting ceramic
tubing by inning a public cotupetltion in several countries of the
Near East? The contract concerns several hundred kilometers of
this tubing. Almost two-thirds of the asbestos+cemeflt Water-SUP-
ply and sewerage pipe produced at the Beroun Bternite Plants is
now exported, and demand is aontinuafy on the ri 'a.
In Mlynarce seer Nitra a factory has been built to produce
asbestos goods which are aucceaefully exported to lt4ia, Indonesia,
Bum, and Pakistan.
Throughout the vorld w- in 1 e, Asia, the USA, and Ms?
tra3.ia the rk ' Dwc is hi y valued; this treds rk is
used on s U aezvasic the +er*iiio Plants in Tepiiee,
one of the heov per. In thlx elegant ezeaution, taste, and
or lty these its aver rtniaet of poradain fiSirines ?
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Exporta of porcelain were temporarily reduced but certain
steps have been taken reaently vhiah assure us that we will be
able to contiaue our former success in exporting iCar3.ovy Vary por-
celain, with its tradition of snore than 250 years. The factory of
the national enterprise gtarorolaky porcelain in Dvory is ~rorking
exclusively for export aince the Breezova plant of this enterprise
(formerly Epieg) was changed into a developmental factory as part
of the program to imlprove exports. The exports of another plant
with a great tradition, the Thun Porcelain Factory with plants in
Kiasterec nad Ohri and Dalovice, are continually improving. A nev
set of fine decorative porcelain aroused such interest in Belgiwn
that a carload shipm~ant was ordered immediately from the san~le.
In addition to artistic and useful porcelain we export tech-
nical porcelain as well. For exan 1e, about one third of the prod
ucts of the national enterprise Blektroporcelan, in Bohosudav near
Teplice, is sent abroad, as is the product of the plants in t kl.in
and Downy. The new porcelain plant in Cap near Nitra, thich has
been operating only a year, sertda its products all ove,'r the world,
particularly large insulators for power engiheering -- to the So-
viet Union, china, the European people's democracies, India, and
several capitaliet countries.
Finally it ray be mentioned that we export ceramic raw iria?
terials and basic m terriais as well ?.. kaolin, cunt, and Slovak
magnesite.
chosl,?vak exti A1et~
Czechoslovak materials with satin and. corc~ted effects have
been hai]1ed by Austrailian ti ortecs as the east eucaoaefu]. aoUeo-
tion of the 1955 aeaavn. A few days after they were otCered or-
ders were r rivsd for th* Ong one arovna. fir
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success was equally great in Cuba, where they set the style. The
foreign~tr.e enterprise Centrotex receives orders from Cuba for
hundreds of meters of material.
Today the world textile market is not interested in ordin-
ary "dozen" goof. These can be made in all countries. Only spe-
cial products or producta with outstanding quality, patter, and
taste can be sold. For this reason this is the direction taken by
exports of Czechoslovak textile products, and we are aohieving sue-
cess in this way.
For exanile, our tickings have become so well liked in Can-
ada for their excellent quality, strength, impermeability, and fine
appearance that customers ask for Czechoalovek goods exclusively.
The situation is similar in shirtings and furniture coverings.
Our frottJ goods are exported to 50 countries.
The national enterprise Tiba, which is a oombine including
textile printing plants, is one of the largest enterprises of its
kinl in the world and continually increases its exports of a wide
variety of printed fabrics, particularly through its constant in-
novations, The Textilana plant in Liberec also exports hand-prin-
ted wool wraps, shawls, scarves, tablecloths, and women's suitinga
to all parts of the world.
gilon [nylon) material from the Atlas weaving mils in Kra
liky have achieved success at all foreign fashion share. For 1956
this enterprise prepared 100 new patterns and. typee of silon and
artificial-silk fabrics. In the Erokat planic is i arov they are
producing luxury brocedes vhieh were ordered for the woronation of
Queen Elisabeth IL
Oonauiere aro the old are wearing CzeahosLovak linen
goods. our lima tablecloths we us in l tr 1, Capin,
', *M Capeteen. $teulrme plying he YeJgs and Don use table-
air bedwi~i p kueed in oar Ua n avin U1*.
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It is not very well known that handkerchiefs are among the
textile products most sought abroad The nationa1 enterprise Liza
iu Hradec Kralove has handkerchief customeri in Egypt; Kenya, Vene-
zuela, and Cuba, in Tangier, Uganda, Ronduras, and. Haiti. The 'bs-
tex factory in Mostek, a plant of exemplary quality, has customers
in Australia, Canada, and the German Democratic Republica The
Mileta plant in Horice produces handkerchiefs almost exclusively
for export. Particularly brightly colored scarves were prepared
by this plant, as by he Atlas plants in Zabreh, for the Olympic
games in Melbourne
An important item in textile exports is light readymade
goods -- our checked flannel shirts, for example, are so well ?ikad
in Norway that 150,000 of them were sold there in 1955. The sit-
uation is similar in a number of other countries where we have
been able to adapt to the taste and requirements of customers.
Our exports of underwear to Denmark increase 5-fold in 1955.
IRS
Abyssinia our trademark two lions, which denotes Czechoslovak
flatwear -- is so well known that importers have stopped sewing in
their own trademark.
Loading exporting textile plants include the ,.arel Havlic k
Borovaky Plena plants in Revlickuv Brad. Thousands and tens of
thousanda of shipments are sent ot from this plant ,to all parts
of tie world, containing knitted "natelniky"; undershirts, under-
pants, and "scawpol&' which are very such sought after in Haiti,
Egypt, and Indonesia. One of the leading customers for socks pro-
duced by the enterprise Tatraavit in Svipod Tatrami is Sweden
which at the beginning of 1956 ordered 50,000 pairs. The aationnl
enterprise Elite in Yernsdort leads in the export of vomen's stock-
inte r Readymade goods from late,jov, aaluding e1oat all types
of totting, are exported to the entire aor]4, principally to Latin
America at4 the sear a,ad Fax East
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Interesting export specialties are "simplex" gloves, flan-
nel trousers and, above all, ribbons and braid. The S. K. Neumann
Plants in Krnov are the largest ribbon and braid combine in Europe.
This plant produces 2,000 types of ribbon an+i braid which are purr
chased in the most remote countries. The national enterprise Stuha
[ribbon) in Dobruskw has also specialized In so-called "leontine"
goods in ~those production metal fiber is used instead of textile
fiber (one kilogram of copper produces 65,000 meters of metal fi-
ber!). These leontine ribbons and braid have become suet a spe-
cialty in international trade that we export them to all corners
of the world.
Demand, particularly in western Germany and Australia, for
certain types of Czechoslovak lace is so great that production can
scarcely keep up with it.
The Plant of International Women's Day -- 8 March, In Bra-
tislava, produces thread and embroidery yarn, exports of which have
tripled since 197? It would be erroneous to underestimate this
product. We export it to 30 countries, some of them very far
away -- Ceylon, the Gold Coast, numerous South American countries,
Kenya, Iraq, and Jordan. Sponit in Chribska has also achieved con-
siderable success with exports of its thread and yarn.
The national enterprise Juts which produces rugs has ousto-
mera throughout the world. Czechoslovak rugs are well liked even
in the lands of the Oriental rug -- in the Near East.
Our hate are truly exported on a world scale. Tbnak bats
from No.y Jicin and Valasake Meairici are worn in the Soviet Uniaa
and America, in England, Sweden, New Zealand, Iceland, and pige-
rie. Csechoslovek factories produce sombreros for Venezuela, fesee
for South Africa, and ghu rksa for India. Seventy percent of all
hat production is now sent abroad.
~lOl~
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Even bei'ore Strekonice was renowned. for the production of
motorcycles it was well known in the Orient for Its fazes. The
Strakonice Fezko still produces fetes but now turns out vainly berm
eta, "radiovky", and patterned caps in a wide variety as required
for continually increasing exports.
Shoes and, Gloves
The foreign trade enterprise Centrotex exports not only tex-
tile goods but also shoes and gloves. The Gottwaldov shoeware
house, which sends "Ce-Bo" Czech shoes to the entire worlds is a
sort of gazeteer containing the muses of dozens of European afd
overseas countries, all of them our customers. The largest custow
mere include countries in Asia and Africa. Shoes ere exported also
from the plant in Trebic-Borovina aril from the Plants of 29 August
in Partizanske.
Production of leather gloves, which was formerly scattered
mainly throughout the frontier region, has now been focused in a
new center -- Dobris. Only branch factories remain in Prague and
Abertamy. In the 5 years of its existence the Dobris plant has won
back a leading position on export markets for Czechoslovak leather
gloves.
Varioua Expcrta from the Wood Indust
We export wood as raw material and ae*uifiniahed products,
but principally in the form of finiehed products -- furniture, mu-
sioal instruments, matches, various small wooden objects, etc.
The plant in rnovice exports high-quality veneers. Score.
Gina in Baneka Byatrica has achieved eucceas with its structural
and mature testerial Sarekolit end Tsoplet. The national enter-
prise Lira in Ceaky w exports ?c~ulding for picture freea to
Jasica and the Middle Best
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Caechoslovakia leade the world in Oxpoi3r of bentvood furw
niture,both in quality and gcsautity TON emirs are veil-liked-
in escar end Malaya, on the Fiji le l enda, in Hongkong, the
t R, the people 't de racie ; a the A.
Our furntture industry retains a tred t?s of careful and
te8tefu1 execution a is at the as time inasterinb caoderr~
ode of work orprcxIuct1on lines encl. mechan.isiri egad aut t flg nu
merous operations to adapt itself" to the dez rids of tmoc1er tech-
no1oogy. The UP Plants sent spec.el folding dining choirs e d school
benches to Svitzerland and office bookcases to the German cratic
Republic. No less successful in exports of specisl furniture are
Jiton in L150v, Sloboaa in Ce1ar* s, the West Brheiian Furniture
Plant in Pizen5 awl the national enterprise Interier in Preg re,
Present exports of pianos ore six times as gnat as before
the wer, the result prirAsrily of the high quality of our p ucts.
If Czechoslovak pianos are chosen for radio arzd television studios
in Rome and Singapore, this is certainly the best evidence of the
quality of their sound. In ustrs1ia at4 Ncw Zealand ;zechosiovak
pianos are considered the best fnstrumentmd E ports of Czechoslo-
vak pianos udder tie trade-marks Petrof", Foerster, Weinbach, Roes
sl er, Scholze, and Dalibor bind Czechoslovakia to the entire vorl4
Our organ factory in Krnov is also one of world renown. Among ite
rent exporta we m~y list the export of an organ for the capital
city of Tcelaw, Reykjavik. World- soaxophone$, tro
bones, horns -- trade- erred Amati are exported to Cenade, I.ao,
the 1$A, and Vaaeaueia, White inetr t+a Par w;ad bats are eeut
log
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-I
to the people'8 democracies in Europe and Asia and several African
AA11f9 E't~~ G3C! Der4.4 a nr.vnr~4 rrriu, ~.,.r.
r a
+...vo.wr+ A J Va.VY.W?L 1rVLi:4,S$UC1U.LLJLt.
of the quality of our wind in-
strutnenta comes from the victory which we have achieved in several
public corapetitivns.
Accordions are also much sought after in the export trade
and we have achieved great success with them on the world market.
They are produced in the Plants of Jaroslav Jezek in Horovice with
branch factories in Pisek and k uny. In 1955 we exported
12, 000, 000 crowns wouth of them.
A long tradition, a1n st 90 years old, stands behind our
export of matches from the Solo plants in Susice. They are known
throughout the world. A tale is told of a Czechoslovak cultural
worker who brought back from a trip to Java a box of Indonesian
0
matches as a curiosity; not till he arrived home did he rea1ie
that he had brought back Czechoslovak matches which had been expor.-
ted to Java and supplied with an export label. The Susico Solo
plants are not, however, satisfied with the old tradition and with
continuing the new tradition in match exports; they have also un-
dertaken to produce wood-fiber sheets from their waste. These
sheets are now exports to England, Prance, Greece, and other coun-
tries.
One of the most advantageous forms in which we export pro-
ceased timber is paper, one of the most highly desired Czechoslo-
vak producte. A large number of countries with which we trade
make special reservations in their trade agreements that we will
send them various typca of paper in which they are interested.
Where is scarcely a country in the world to which we do not export
paper. Even countries which are typical exportea of paper, such
as the Scendiuaviao aountrieat, Austria, and Canada, import at leaaz
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certain special types from us. We have been succesaful even on
the remotest markets and recently, against great international com?
petition, have won several public contracts in AfghaniBtan, Pakis-
tan, Iran, and Cyprus.
The Olsany Paper Mille, UP Paper Mills; Harmanec Paper
Mills, Slavosov Paper Mills, grid the national enterprise Grafocel-
pap in Ruzomberok export the majority of paper. Some tf them pro-
duce specially deaired types. The Oleany Paper Mills, for example,
are celebrated for the export of cigarette paper from their main
plant and handmade paper from the plant in Velke Loamy, where the
paper was produced for the Kralice Bible. Graf'ocelpap in Ruzon-
berok exports 90 percent of its products, including seven main
types of paper, particularly printing and writing paper, Amongst its customers are the Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie. Writing
paper for his personal use is sent out in special boxes with a dec-
orative sticker which is printed in the North Bohemian Printing
Plants in Turnov, a factory which has proved itself in export pro-
duction.
The Vratim Paper Mills in Ceaky Teain have a century of ex-
perience in the production of commercial books, notebooks, and copy-
books. They have continued their prewar export tradition by send-
ing cotanercial books to Ethiopia
Pragoexport: Exporter of Small Consumer Goods
~~ yW~l//I IWlrl
The export of timber and the products of the woodworking in-
dustry and paper is handled by the foreign-trade enterprise V.igna;
certain wood products, however, are handled by the enterprise Prago-
export, which exports small coneuaer gaodat pencils, stationary,
school supplies, brushes, buttons, tailors' and ehccers' sup-
plies, fancy ac;ieesoriea, artificial flowers, umbrellas, shaving
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and sceaking Supplies, fishing and sporting tackle, and supplies,
toys, hygienic and. surgical rubber, and numerous other products.
Among the best-known goods exported by Pragoexport are prod-
ucts of the national enterprise Koh-i-noor, which hes several
branch enterprises in addition to its main plant In VrsovjceGripper snaps, zippers, straight pins, safety pins, hooks, and
other tailoring supplies are exported to the entire world.
Koh-i-noor in Decin exports pocket flashlights to Norway and
Pir+la1.
Shoemakers' tacks, "Moravia'r brand, are exported in freight-
car lots to various countries as one of Czechoslovakia's export
specialties,
The output of buttons at Butonie in Roud.nlce is intended
primarily for export. Twice a year through Pragoexport this enter-
prise sends its foreign customers its collection containing 1,500
typee of buttons.
One of the moat active enterprises working for Pragoexport
is Igla in Ceske Budejovice; this enterprise produces needles for
household, induztrial, and medical use, and fishing hooks, which
have become a very desirable export items. Its sister plant in
Valasske K1obouky exports aewing?machine needles.
Among fishing supplies wa alaa export reels and artificial
feather flies. Among sporting goods we export principally hockey
sticks -- to countries in which this sport is native -- and frames
for tennis racquets. It is interesting that a country like Sweden,
in which winter sports are so widespread, buys ekt?ee from us --
from opo1 in Police and Metuji. Another iudication of the high
quality of our sporting gaota is the fact that balls of Caeohoalo-
vak ufecture Race chosen fog 4he i uropean ch ianship gema+a in
women'a beeketball.
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Among atoking auppliea we export briar pipes, tobacco con-
tamers, (the demand for these is constantly on the rise so that
production must be increased), cigarette holders, etc.
Czechoslovak shaving brushes are used principally in South
America and in the Near Fast and. India. They are exported from the
plants in Felhrimov together with other brush products, of which
the greatest exporter is the Orlice Brush Factories in Cervena 'soda.
Women throughout the world like artificial flowers which are
produced for them by Czechoslovak women ir. the Centroflor plants
in Doll Poustevna. These perfect typical export products decor-
ate women in Uruguay and. Venezuela, in Jamaica and Canada, and they
decorate apartments in Iceland, Lebanon, and Syria. We export tens
of millions of them each year.
Women also delight in various leather accessories and hand-
bags which are successfully shown at various foreign fashion shows.
Therefore exports of these products from Paludzka near Litpovaky
Mikulas and the national enterprise Gala are constantly on the
rise. Czechoslovak bags, briefcases, leather travel and hunting
`supplies and wslleta -? all find a permanent market in Switzerland,
Holland, Belgium, and other countries of ~irope and overseas. The
national enterprise Kazeto in Prerov is one of the largest plants
of its type in the world. In serial assembly-line proth ction this
plant turns out suitcases, principally for export throughout the
world. It is interesting to note that in some countries of Africa
and on the Pacific Islands Czechoslovak suitcases are almost the
only property of the natives, who carry their few poseeseloas in
them.
Cgeehoalovar exports of toys inol ude wooden, etal~ rubber,
and bile toys . The 1ergeet plant in the country devoted primar-
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ily to export production of wooden toys is the national enterprise
Tofa in Albrechtice, which also exports wooden Mohammedan bends.
Metsl mechanicel toys are exd~orted from a number of factories in-
eluding Koh-Qetional enterpriss, materials turued out by the
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local-economy plants -- okres inthwtrial combines and production
cooperative, Local-industry plants and production cooperati s
of course supply export goods and important parts of export goods
to other foreign-trade enterprises and for this reason their con-
tribution to Czechoslovak exports must be particularly apprecia-
ted. No contribution to our exports can be underestimated, and
these sail?1 plants can provide new arid. unexploited sources for ex-
port.
Local-industry enterprises and production cooperatives un-
derstandably make a greater contribution to exports in those fields
whose products contain a great deal of manual-artisan or artistic-
industrial labor. This includes a variety of objects made of va-
rious materials; garnet jewelry, buttons, glass Christmas decora
tions, electric hotplates, reproduction machinery, phonographic in-
struments, children's bicycles, umbrellas, razors, combs, automo-
bile fittings, various office supplies, basketry, reed and bast
products, toys, special watchmakers' products, and many other
smell goods.
A special Czechoslovak product for which there is demand
throughout the world is woven reed goods whose previously scat-
tered production with a century-old tradition had been organized
by the industrial combine in Bakov nad Jizerou. Baskets, trays,
and tiles similar to those made in Bakov are manufactured by the
okree industrial combine in Morkovice, where wicker boxes ar~d
other ca*etware are produced on the 1)asia of cottage industry
Neently they have begun making them of polyvinyl chloride. About
80,400 bodes are made here annually, a large proportion of whim
are seat to Canada, England, Australia, Sweden, egypt, Iceland,
New Zealand, and the M5L
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Similcr popular creativeness is the foundation of export
production in other Vocal-industry plants. The workers at the corn-
munal enterprise in Vimperk produce a variety of decorative arti-
clea of bone, while the lathe workers in the industrial combine in
Treat have exported chess men even to the Olygpic games in Helsinki.
The local economy enterprise in Bile Tremesne exports glass Christ-
D188 decorations to 20 countries. At the Keralit Plant in Litomysl
they produce white and red popular ceramics. Other export arti-
cles are the artificial flowers produced by the okres industrial
combine in dicin and jewelry from Kovosluzba in Trencin.
The glessvorks in Skrdlovice, an enterprise of the Kraj Na-
tional Committee in dihlava, an exclusive export enterprise, is not
only the only plant of its type in Czechoslovakia but, save for
the Swedish firm Oleforx, is the only one in the world. This plant
turns out decorative "metallurgical" glass, each piece of which is
a unique work of art. There is no country which does not show in-
tereet in these products. Among the largest customers are India
and Egypt, which have a special sense for the truly remarkable
beauty of this luxurious glees.
In addition to artistic-industrial products, local indus-
try working for export aleo produeea other products of a purely
practical nature. For example, the atone workshops of the admin-
istretion of water flow in Hradec Krelove uses Hradec Kralove sand-
stone to produce grinding cylinders for synthetic precious atones,
and sends them to the Soviet Hnioa. The okree industrial combine
in Horovice uses stone from its own quarry to produce discos for
fine gxiz4ing of enamel, and. soft metal, Vhieh it tcporta in large
quantities to other Eurcpean countries. 'h! brickyard in Pu].ioe
near Oobruska exports special bricks sad dreiu ge t, a. The local
industrial co bizs in 3prty exports auxiliary roiiinaiU it.
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tings for boiler tubing, required equipment for export orders for
refrigeration machinery and various boilers. We previously import-
ted this product ourselves, The Metalworking Enterprise of the
City of Prague is producing patented fireboxes which are being ex-
ported to Iran and Mexico.
The Olomouc Industrial Enterprise is exporting equipment
for fishing, while the okres combine xn Sumperk is exporting wood-
en boxes primarily to Holland., flexible tubing to China and Bulga-
ria, and vapor saturators to Poland. The okres combine in Rtakov-
nik is exporting infautl' bootees.
Similarly the Prerov Industrial Combine and the okres in-
dustrial combines in Litomysl and Svitavy export part of their
prOducts. For example, interest has been shown abroad in water-
harvesting comb inea from Litomys1. The Wood Enterprise of the City
of Brno produces toys of the plastic durolin, which are Mauch sought
after in England, France, Turkey, and which are exported to
South America as well.
Almost every kraj contains local-industry enterprises which
contribute directly or indirectly to our exports. The same is
true of the production cooperatives. In 9,000 production-cooper-
ative operations, in which more than 100,000 workers are employed,
more and more goods are being produced for export, while same co-
operatives can be considered exclusively export enterprises.
This is true, for instance, of the cooperative Majak which
unites several hundred permanent and cottage producers of costume
jewelry. The production cooperatives in Doubravice and Zdobin near
Dvur Kralove also work primarily on export orders for glass Chtiat-
tnae decorations. The stone-polishers' cooperative Precious is in
Turnov, as is the cooperative E nat, which produces garnet jewel.-
7 in which there is even greeter interest abroad than in Gzecho-
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siovakia so that about 90 percent of the product is exported.
They have also undertaken polishing mercasite, for which there is
some demand in Australis. Also Soluna, the gold cooperative, has
sold its handmade jewelry on the foreign market.
Another export plant is the Bratislava cooperative Datex
which through Pregoexport sells umbrellas by the thousands to Aus-
trails, Africa, South America, aril India. Its exports did not be-
gin until 195k, and it is not ae .rportant factor in the total ex-
port market; this should be an inspiration to other cooperatives
as wells
Other exporting cooperatives produce automotive fittings,
An example is Drukov in Brno, vhich produced ignition contacts.
The greatest success in exports has recently been achieved by the
'Perfektor" electromagnetic switching instrument produced by this
cooperative. The West Bohemian Cooperative ZAD has made its mark
with its ZAD pipe tap. Some types of radiators produced by the
Production Cooperative of the Auxiliary Automative Industry in
Prague are also exported.
The Metal Cooperative in Sedlcany may take pride in the fact
that it exports about 6,004,000 high-quality razor blades each
year to a large number of countries, principally overseas. Its
export goods include also replacements for meat cutters,
The Blatna Cooperative Drevona has aroused interest abroad
in some of its mueicel instruments, particularly electric basses
and. guitars. The cooperative Special in Rcvensko pod Troskami is
again export$ng pipes aaede of cherry mood which are used primarily
in the Union of South Africa in the wine indu$try.
. The cooperative RSA in Prsg-ue has recently exported 250 vac-
uun cleaners to Finlatsi and 1,000 to the tern De cratic Republic.
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In precision mechanics the cooperative Druopta has been particular-
ly outstanding ar4 has for several yeare been exporting its Pionyr
cameras. In 1955 orders totaled $0,000
China, and the South American republics.
i'cr
Finland, Poland,
There has been some interest shown in stopwatches produced
by the Electron Cooperative in Polna and in exposition witches pro-
duced by the members of the watchmaking cooperative in Mala Skala,
Liberec..
The Popular Cooperative Igra in Prague exports mechanical
toys and parts, primarily to Finland. A similar exporter of toys,
of a collection of charming animals, is the Prague cooperative
Duva. In its Zizkov plant this cooperative produces gifts of
plexiglas to be used for advertisement purposes by to foreign-trade
enterprises end the Czechoslovek Chamber of Coamaerce. They are
very cleverly designed. For example, a cigarette case in the form
of a barrel, advertising Plzen Prazdroj, has a music box which
plays Vejvoda'a popular polka whose English refrain is "Roll out
the barrel!"
Among rural toymaking cooperatives Jas in Straz ned Nezar-
kou has made a great contribution to exports and has a number of
foreign customers.
Five thousand fountain pens were produced in 1955 for export
by the cooperative penco
Pardubice. Svsdx^ap in Octt?~a13ov
8Nr
plies winter caps and plaited ahoes to Iceland. One of the oldest
furniture-making cooperatives, Universal in Fro~tejov, participates
in exports of furniture to equip the cabts on Soviet ships . The
upholstery cooperative, Kvalita, is Sradec Kralove, has sold a large
order" for couches to the Gerin Dec oratie Republic, and it has
cuatose s in Indonesia end Saudi Arabia.
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The Vamberk Lace Mill is one of the cooperatives exporting
a~ace ?
Popular ceramics are also en export item. The people's co-
operative Keramo in Kostelec nad Cernymi lesy produces and exports
Cernokostelec ceramics, and similar interest is shown abroad in the
remarkable popular majolica fronModra near Bratislava. Small
plants in Jihlava Kraj also produce various decorative objects, in
which there is interest abroad. For example, in obratim, near Pa-
coy, various rare woods are used to produce beer steins, which are
an export item in much demand.
A great many products are made by the cooperatives and the
local-industry plants. Many of them have found their way abroad,
but many still wait for the proper initiative to get them itAtj ex-
port trade. The discovery of these reserves to supplement export
resources is a job worthy of increased attention.
Millions of Czechoslovak Hooks and Phonograph Records Go Abroad
In the field of cultural goods ?_ books, sheet music, pho-
nograph records -- we have built up a very interesting branch of
exports, under the care of the foreign trade enterpriee Artia.
Being one of the largest Czechoslovak publishing houses,
Artia publishes hooka by Czech and Slovak authors in foreign-lan-
guage translations to be sent to foreign readers throughout the
world. Printings of these books run into the hundreds of thou-
sands, end include novels, children's literature, travel reports,
scientific a>% technical literature, and beautifully prepared gra-
phic publications on Czechoslovak art and historical monuments,
popular art, and the beeutie* of Czechoslovakia. Among the most
widely sought books are P1ick4s vork on Prague and Slovakia, and
of course the popular travel account by Hanaelke and Z4k und. The
? 114 w
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book about Mis kulieek, with Trnke illustrations, has been trans-
lated into several languages. In the 5 years of its existence Ar-
ti.a has published 500 books in )A languages and 5 million copies.
The 1956 plan envisions 120 more titles in a total of 1.5 million
copies.
An important place in Artia's activity is occupied by sheet
music, since there is increasing interest throughout he world in
Czechoslovak music, particular~.y Smetana and Dvorak. Artia also
exported around one million phonograph records in 1955. Greatest
interest in them is shown in the soviet Union, the people's demo-
cracies, Belgium, Rolland, Italy, Australia, South America, and
among Czechs and Slovaks iN the USA. We ii so export phonographs,
which are produced in 1lrable and Litovel in Slovakia, and are sent
to the European people's democracies and several lands overseas,
Artie also exports postage stamps, jewelry, picture post-
cards, and paper toys; photographic picture postcards, for instance,
have been manufactured in the Orbis plant in Sadaka for export to
Malta and Iceland. Three-dimensione l toys include chlldreds pop-
up books, which are aosembled so cleverly that when the book is
opened the picture stands up. Representations include Chrristmaa
scenes, grandfather Frost, forests, a circus and a farm. Children
play with them on Mauritius, Trinidad, and Ceylon. We have sent
100,000 nativity ereches to the USA. In 1956 Artia will export
about one million of these toys, and we could sell twice as many
of them if we could manufacture them. At the request of Mohei se-
dan customers we have print: 100,000 copies of a new three-dimen-
sional picture of "MOhB Ued'8 Tomb in !Mecca", which are being seat
to Bgypty Syria, Pakistan, Jordan, Sri. Cesablenoe as souvenirs.
A'ong Czechos lovek films `she eror' a Baker has had the
rcat foreign s~icoess; it has been sold to 20 countries.
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By exportin cultural objects we not only earn foreign ex-
change but at the same time we perform a valuable service for the
cultured rapprochement of nations, and thus for the peaceful co-
existence of all nations.
bcort Success in the Chemical Industry
It is characteristic of the present position of the chemi~
cc~1 industry that we are exporting products in which we were re-
cently partly or completely dependent on imports, This is true,
for example, of textile dyes and auxiliary preparations. So~ae
Czechoslovak tar dyes are now superior to those sold on the world
market by other countries. We are also continually expanding the
range of dyes produced. This is true not only of textile dyes, but
of paints and lacquers too, which are produced in Usti, Rybitvi,
and other plants and sent to the Soviet Union and the people's dem-
ocracies, to western Europe, Scandinavia, and. overseas. Sweden ap-
proves of our chrome black and ultrazols. Brazil is increasing its
imports of titanium white, which is produced in the Hrusov Cheraical
Plants, The largest customer for white paints from the Dukia
plant in Ostrava is Chins.
The Eduard Urx Plants, in Ostrava, have for the first time
begun producing carbon black fiom tar oils and coke-oven gas. Be-
fore the war the United States had almost a monopoly of world sales
of this product, which is used particularly in the rubber industry.
Now we supply carbon black not only to china, Finland, and Turkey,
but even to the USA! Products from the Eduard Urx Plants are sent
to a total Qf 19 countries.
We have also sede greet progress in drug production. We now
export thea (Prom Chemofarma in Usti, Slovekofarmr~ in Ulohovec, and
other plants) to countries is the derocretic camp end to a}. capi-
talist aountriee. For exemple, 60 percent of all our eulfonaaide
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production is exported. Exports of pharmaceutical products make
it possible for us to purchase abroad various special drugs which
we do not produce ourselves. It is worth noting that Dental, in
Jicin, which turns out $GO typea of artificial teeth, exports to
Brazil, Indonesia, and Turkey.
Another product which we export today but formerly imported
is incandescent rriantlea for gas or pressure kerosene and alcohol
lamps.
The young plastics industry still has much ground to cover.
Nevertheless the Ostravit plants export pressing powders to 27 coun-
tries. Another interesting export product from this industry is
raincoats etude of polyvinyl chloride from the national enterprise
Fatra in Bapajedle.
Czechoslovak photographic papers are recognized as the best
in Switzerland, where they meet aever competition
The Stalin Works in aaluzi, near Most, have begun exporting
chemical products. They have consumers in the USA, Sweden, Aus-
trails, east and west Germany, and England for their special prod-
ucts.
Along with new branches of the industry we are not forget-
ting our traditional chemical production. For example, the plants
in Michle export decorative candles, a Czechoslovak specialty, to
the remotest countries -- even to the Pacific Ocean..
Rubber goods were also exported from Czechoslovakia before
the war, but today we have considerably expanded the variety of
such goods exported cud have found new customers. Tires frog the
new plant celled the Rubber Factory of 1 May, in Puchov, are used
in shoat the vole world.
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sugar, MMa1t, Hope
Amon; the food products which we export the most important
is sugar. Before the war sugar represented 10 percent of our total
exports in certain yeara, and still is our "white gold", even if
its share in total exports is not so great, Because of its great
sweetness and the fact that it suits consumers Czechoslovak sugar
is sought after in a wide variety of countries in Europe and over-
seas. Several sugar factories contribute to sugar exports -- fac-
tories in Nemcice, Dobrovice, Skrivany, Modrany, Usti nad Labem,
and Melnik ~- totaling about 15 sugar factories and refineries,
some of which have decades of export experience.
If sugar is our white gold, hops are our green gold. Zatec
hops are still considered the best in the world,, although other
vJ
Czechoalovak hops also have a very good reputation. The carevhich
the hops are marked and packed contributes to their receptia~n
abroad. Because of the great amount of foreign exchange which hops
yield us maximum attention should be devoted to their cultivation
and harvesting, as well as help from brigdes.
No less sought after throughout the world than Czechoslovak
sugar and hoes is our malt, which is exported from several malt-
houses - .= in Olomouc, Prostejov, Ivanovice, Prague, and Trnave.
Other countries grow barley, of course, and malt it, but Czecho-
slovak malt, particularly that from Rana, remains unequaled because
of the quality of our barley, the care devoted to malting, and the
enormous experience we have in its manufacture. For these reasons
our melt is truly a product of world renown. It is auch desired
in the people's democracies and in capitalist countries, in the
USSR as in the tWA, in Braden end Africa, in Bwitserland end in a
number of Latin MerIQBD republics. We ere the world's greatest
malt exporter and, deepite the feat thatws export more melt than
?u8-
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before the war, we are unable to meet all demand on the world mar-
ket. Therefore in the next five-Year Plan we shall Increase the
capacity of the malthouses and prciuc~.ora~ and exportation of malt
will rise further.
The export success of our beer is based on the excellent
qualities of Czechoslovak hops and malts Nowadays Plzen Prazdroj
(Urquell) alone does not have to sing the praises of Czeehoelovak
beer around the world. It is exported to 67 countries, and finds
ever new customers; but in addition Crystal beer from Ceske Bude-
jovice and beer from the Smichov brewery are finding a good recep-
tion abroad. In one month the Budejovice plant exports 6,000 hec-
toliters of beer, while Sarichov sends out 7,000 bottles a day of
12-percent beer, mainly to Hungary and the German Democratic Re-
public.
Other Foods and Beverages
w.ww~wwsr.- .r ^ - ~-~+
Our distilled liquors are appreciated abroad. The reputa-
tion of our specialty -- Vizovice slivovice -- has reached Austra-
lia. Whiskey from Krasny Brezen, griotte [cherry brandy?] from
Proatejov, trademarked liquors from Mochov, "Becherovka" from Kar-
lt1y Vary, are favorites in many countries, even far overseas.. The
greatest export success in this field, however, has been gained by
the liquors, particularly the fruit cordials, exported in luxur-
ioua containers from the Kord plant, aat Bohemian Distilleries,
in Hradec Kralove.
Chocolate figurines i4and-painted cont4.iners, the way they
know how to adapt them to the taate of foreign customera at Zora
in Olomouc, Bfinx in Vaetuly, and Marys in Rohatea, find customera
is then 50 oountriee, iacs uding Paraguay, Venezuela, New Zeal-
and, the Dominican Republic, Curecao, Lebanon, thiaa, and the Ba-
hamas. Exclusive chocolate can~tiea are exported principally to ea
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tern Europe by Lidka, in Kutne flora, but cnany other candy factor-
les have their own export specialitl.aile Arabs like our "nea~
po1itanky,t manufscfure. iii the P d ue Cticx oiete Factories in Mod-
rang, the Icelande are fond of 'migaonky~', trade marked Fiedor,
Meteor, and Melergaa? "Delicaramels from Ivosice are well liked
in the Germen Democratic Republic, and. Velim Christmas collections
ere the favorite in France. The S tolwerck plants in Bratisiava
export mainly fruit candies. Carlovy Very wafers are liked in Can-
ada, snd the Pragt a Bekedw oode Plauts se crackers to China. It
is particularly remarkable that our candies are sought after in
countries which have their own veil-developed irduatry, such as
the USA amt Switzerland.
Dried chicory is one of the traditional Czechoslovak ex-
pone ? Today synthetic coffee is also exported < Exports in. 1955
reached 360 carloads, and in 1956 they sr expected to rise further
During the Five-Year Plan we built up a uew branth of the
food industry - .. the dairy-products industry .... in aeven modern
combines . Today we are exporting the products of this iruiustry
to 25 European, Asiatic, and. Latin Anserican countries. And Sb-
vakia is exprrrting sheep's -milk cheese to Austria.
The goon foreiga reputation of Plzen beer, ifana aaalt, and
Zatec hops, not to mention lnojmo pickles, is shared also by Prague
he and Cxechoslov?k smoked t Beta is general. Shipments to Mos-
cow and Berlin, Belgrade, and r York by Meat Industry, Zvonarke,
in Vinohredy, maintain the world renown of Prague smoked products.
Our mkt industry doee not, however, limit its exports only to tra-
ditional hen, but eleo uses aodern canning techniques to meke cua~.
tomere abroad acquainted with other sm~aked epecia].ties. The good
reception of our amok d -ta abroad ie shown ol.early by their euc.
0e1$ at the cor exhibition entitled "Ten Tears of People' e Dean -
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cratic Czechoslovakia", in 3.955- The Czech restaurant there
served 3,000 frenkfurtera anti 6,000 bacon saap1es daily, and the
Soviet Ministry of the Food Industry decides to introduce and ex-
pend the production of ae ked teats according to Czechoslovak reci-
pee end include them in the beak variety of smoked products .
Potatoes, so often overlooked, ore another suocessful ex-
port item0 We e:~port eatix:g potatoes to countries which ?o not
produce them s'id high-quality varieties as seed. Consumers are in
France, Switzerland, 3e1gi.um; Italy, and Egypt. The main prot.~
cing end exporting regions are the f ohemian4bravian Upland region
and southern Bohemia, but the Cesky Srod, Prestice (Plzen), and
other regions alao produce them. A total of arse than 50 purcha-
sing enterprises participate in purchasing potatoes and other crops.
We also export proceesed potatoes, in the form of stare!.
The starch azills in Pohledeke nvorakky near Navlickuv Erod, for in-
stance, export hundreds of cerloeda ennually of the well-known
preparations Solamyl and Maize to Finland, Switzerland, Italy,
Greece, and n any other lands .
Fruit and vegetables are exported both fresh (such as cher-
riee and cauliflo ter) and canned. The longest tradition in exports
of canned vegetables is held by pickles. Teircultivation and
processing is not limited to Znojmo, however; Slovecko Fruta in
Bzenec and the pleats at Tacky end Nitra in Slovakia eleogarti-
cipete. Pickles are exported to a comber of countries in Europe,
and to Australia.
In addition to canned vegatable~ act tomato puree we have
recently developed exports of a variety of canned fruit, aooapotes,
jems, syrup, and iaa roaalae e. They are produoed in a large ctua-
be!r of brute plents in Iohea is and revia, whiLe SlOvakie has eome
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of the largest cant. p1 t~ tt the auger fectories in Siedkovi'
coy ? Nitra . Canned fruit ?a cent in r1oad Lots h msny cow
tries in Europe east and west Germany, ngand, Scandinavia,
Finland *. and are appreciated also in Iceland and Australia.
exports of fruit end vegetables are simplified by refrigerM
ation technology. The freezing pleats in Litornerice freeze a
wide variety of fruit and vegetables so that dorneetic and foreign
markets may be supplied with fresh food out of Beeson. Freezer
freight cars and trucks ere ueed for exporting these products.
The advantages of Czechoslovak frozen plums, peara, spples, apri-
cots, and various vegetables are appreciated in Italy, Holland.,
sevhere
A source of foreign excharage which cannot be overlooked
exists also In the fruits of our forests. In the forests of south-
ern Bohemia, Sumava, and Blsavakia brigades, which also include
youth, collect blueberries and uushroocas. thrn reds of tons of
these are exported fresh by the mast rapid moans of ccxmmanicetion,
az- arrive at their destination one day after picking. We also
export them proceaaed. chantarelle muehrrooms, for instance, are
-'sileged", i.,e., they are covered with brine cad then cent in bar
rely to Switzerland. Great interest has been expressed abroad in
dried muehrooms; their conaumera lncl4e New Zealand For one
kilogram of dried mushroonS we receive foreign exchange sufficient
to purchase 3.5 kilograms of butter. It is worth mentioning that
there is interest abroad in "aipky'. In 1955 we exported about 18
carloads of them to westera t -r r, Holland, Been, and Switzer-
1a,here they ez'e used to pry tea , jet riti, and eon.
The r lth of our torahs, xt-ich xe eea turn into feign ezchane,
includes the seee of tort trees, which w export to Austria,
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the German Dernocratic Republic, France, Denmark, and. elsewhere.
One kilogram of larch seeds on foreign markets is worth IA kil w
grams of lard a We also export Ch stmae trees to Hungary.
Finally we export game - hare, pheasant, and partridge.
They are sought afterebroad for establishing end freshening stocks
Bach year about 30,000 live partridgee and. 12,500 pheasants leave
Czechaalovakia . On the international market the price of one
partridge equals about 12 kilograms Qf pork, while a hare is worth
25 kilograms of meat. Thus this export is very advantageous for
us. We also successfully export furs from the furwenisnal farm
whith operate independ.antly or as part of certain forest farms.
In addition to forest products nature also gives us medi-
cira1 plants as another source of foreign exchange. In Slovakie,
where 330 schools have been recruited to collect them, about 100
typea of plants are collected for which good markets are fommd in
France, Belgium, east and west Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Hun-
gary, and the USA , Ang the mineral waters which our therapeu-
tic springs provide ua the favorite abroac -- not only in Europe
but in Egypt, for example is that from the 1b1 Matton.t spring,
Karlovy vary mineral water (from the Mill spring) is also expor-
ted. Amore common form of export then water in glass bottles,
however, is export in the form of ealt obtained by evaporating the
spring water Righty percent 01' the slit produced from the Karw
to -Very springs is exported to the i India, Iran, Italy, Aus-
tria, and Holland. Similarly Pieetany exports its medicinal, mad
to Belgium, Germany, end 1 traIin.
The a-nd for Cseahos1oys feathers in Europe end A.as
is mors than we can supply. Litet exte to various feather
products -> decorations for voarsn's hate, artificial insects for
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eiTeruen, rnd Chria a trees uade of feathers, which ire nr ch
liked in South America.
As regerda a~ricu1tura1 products we ire continuing to export
hiti-ctuaiity seed, although we are far from utilizing X11 opparuuw
pities. We are also oeginning to develop exports of ped.td .at-
tie; for exanipla; we sent Valasske rags frcun the Bystrana farm, of
the Spiaska NOVA Yes atate farm, to Poland in order to regenerate
Polish coarae?wooled sheep.
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cflA?r vu
WHERE qtr SST E OV1D
tvAatylgyw axe a .r....... ...... .. +.~ ..,. ~ ~ R. _ ,
The continuaUy nisi volute of forein trade and the sucw
cess of Caechoeiovak prcxduata on new marketa are convincing proof
of the generally good work of he factories which have been able
to provide sufficient taateriel for export, atd of our foreign-trade
enterprises which have organized exports, his sueceas thorouly
shatters all the slanders which have been uttered by enemy propa-
Banda concerning our production ? The perfection arx beauty of our
products is evidence that they could be created only by people liar
i ari oorking freely. In this connection our exporta are an ef-
fective means of telling the entire world the truth about life in
Csechoclovakia.
Overall euccesS does not, however, permit us to overlook
certsin ahoitomings and errors of Lich we are sti11 guilty.
There is no doubt that our econonr, progresaing relentlessly
toward sociaisna, is on the whole superior to a chaotic capitalist
economy. This does not mean, however, that we do not meet on cepi-
taliat markets eotetitora who can offer better delivery deadlinee,
prises, selection, or Brash ty of goods. We must learn from these
instenees, draw from them necessary conclusions, and direct maxi-
r effort towerd eliminating shortcomings wherever we remain behiad.
This is the reason why we mast seek ways continually to im-
prove relations between the foreign-trade enterprises and the pro
duction enterprises, anti Irby coa~etition for the exeaplery ful
fiU!nent of export deliveries Lmzet be developed on the initiative
of the Mini$tZ7 at Foreign Trade.
Tovard Better Colleb t'ktun weea the ForeignWT*de tZI1eeB
and Frvdcnatian
. Lz~ .
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The organizational aepsretion of production from foreign
trade is the direct result of the monopo1izetion of foreign trade.
This does not, of course, mean that the former cooperation in the
fulfill ut of goa1s ehould be abolished; on the contrary this co-
operatioi must remain 86 Close as possible, and be atrengthened
further.
It often happen that before new working utethods Lan be de-
veloped the organizational aeparetion causes certain difficu1tiea i
Therefore we atrive to overcowe the remnants of antiquated think-
tug in ourselves and aeek new workLng methods adapted to new forms
of organization. The success of our products in sales abroad de-
pends on the closest possible cooperation between foreignwtrode
and production waxkere . With respect to the foreign customer,
workers in production and in the eommercia1 apparetus ere a single
party, both sectors therefore have : con iatereet in measures
which viii help to fu1f"11I their cordon goals with honor, It is
in the interest of our entire economtir that the production plants
support our foreign-trade enterprises in the struggle to *ein or-
ders and make it possible for thew to offer high-quality moods on
short deadlines end at prices prevailing on foreign markets.
Although cooperation between the two groups -- production
and the foreign-trade enterprises -- is growing continually cloak,
nevertheless too rah paperwork has sometimes unnecessarily ham-
pered cooperation. From the foreign-trade workers one often bears
co~-lsints that the proction enterprises, with their parochial
interests, yauee unnecessury difficultiee. On he other hand pro-
duction vorkera complein that the foreign-trade enterprises, in
obtaining orders, do not kit bow to take into ecooua-t the techni~
eel, production, end fin is1 a sec cee of these orders on
production, epd aaUpt odere vbich an that production equipment
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viU hl*ve to be rebuilt. It is understandable that foreign trade
viii always require certain adaptetions markets, and this iti
turn demands flexibility end prepcredness in production. At the
same tire it i p'asib1e, however, that the foreign-trade workers
might meet cotupla itxts from production workers by iaork in; out their
own iong-range plans and thus giving a more precise idea of their
future requirements. These 1o Yra e plans must be cou i1ed sub
tieiently in advenee, particularly in the cane of codex equip-
ment, so Chet exteneive cooperation can be worked out betveera de~
aign and production enterprises.
Iia this connection it will be very important to set up tech-
nical centers, as have unAertaken to do in our mew customwr court-
tries. These winters will be able to provide better e?;a ce to
our ciastocers and simultaneously wall nzke nice o prrf ound
technical market stadies than indiv:luel delegates can. These cen-
ters will be used for our exporta of machinery and eguipn nt, per.
ticuiarly investment unite . Their in jobs ri11 include ~eare inw
tenaive sales efforts, better preparations of contracts, end gen-
eral provisions for export. They will follow deliveries and as-
sembly of equipment end, after the equipment begins operating,
will continue to obaerve its performance so that it vii]. operate
to the customer's satisfaction and provide a basis for more oilers
or the same kind. Anther important teak vi].]. be market resesreah
dealing with further investment activity in a given country azt
with checking on technical and design it ovetione of the oo eti-
tion. In certain countries theee centers will become to some ex-
tent sdvi9ora in large LEWSStaent pry
In view of thole Div gae1e th s aerit&'e which are
able to aontirn the good tradition of the technical offic ea
the leedtng CU loYIk w i ng me rpri ahou11 be sup-
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plied with experienced technice1 personnel who also have commercial.
k wledge, The woorkera in these centers vill have not only to find
potential cuatouzera and adviae then, but will to a considerable ex'
tent have to explain their recauirementa and adapt thorn to the capa~
cities of our factories. They must also maintain the necessary
liaison with domestic production and acr)uaint our plenta with the
requirements of custo era and with technical developments on for-
eign markets.
Intensified research abroad and careful following of tech-
nical progress throughout the world are among the leading tasks in
the further buildup and consolidation of our foreign trade.
J. Mudrunka, 8 y+orker in the Central Committee, KSC' has
written of thin job; "The result of close cooperation must be
that foreign trade informs production of the experience of other
countries in introducing new techniaes, how our products sre re-
ceiva, and ghat improvements show be made. The valuable expe-
rience gained on Foreign markets ahould be included in the tech-
nical-development plants of individua1 producing plants and the
plane compica shou3d be further in~roved an the baais of expe-
rience gained later. In order to achieve thia coal initiative must
be developed on both sides. In addition foreign trade must bring
beck all new and :valuable experience concerning technical devel-
opment in general. This experience wait then be applied as rep-
idly as possible in our production" (go~ve?ml (New T)ougbt], No
3, 1956, page 229).
It eel of course be admitted that the working style of the
foreign-trade epperatur in cert L hectors still has not entirely
f ~~eed itself of aertein bereeuerstic avtbods which definitely do
not contribute tovu mine the patb betxeen producer a for-
eign eoe u '. ]let in a plsneed eoon y it is not oaly necessary
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but qu$te easy to achieve high adaptability, speed, and f1exibi1..
ity` Xn order to make prod.uctiou' job easier In providing goods
for export the foreign-trade etterpr aea must present heir orders
in time, and in these orders aU details mint be clearly exp1einedd
so that the export casterials will be delivered properly and in
tires so that ~oreign~trade workers viii consider weys of incres-
ei foreign sales of those products in which domeatic production
has not exhausted all its csp?~city$ so that goods prepsred for
shipment be picked up in time end factory working morale trot in"
jured by delays; end so that the "signu& be applied in time acid
not changed latex (Te 'signuta"' is the number ox other symbol
which is affixed to sn individual shipment >- carton, sack, etc --
for shipment abroad, with the Items entered in the proper invoice
or account for goods shipped and i the transport documents.}
These shortcomings do not result from the basis of the present or~
ganizetion+al system but merely represent bad execution of the
functions wI ich the system assigns. Therefore these sflortcoIflfl1 s
should be relatively easy to eliminate. In the Ministry of For-
sign Trade and individual foreigaMtrade enterprises these errors
are really being gredually liquidated. by proper checkups; and this
provides aesureace that liaison with production will be maintained
by the Ministry and its apparatus.
There is no other way to solve the problems which arise be-
tween production eod foreign trade tin for the workers in both
sectors in every instance to undea'Stsnd the difficulties t Bich neat
be overccii, using the overall rational economic 1Aterest as e
standard.
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dare Urderatsr)iui of export Re wire nts
The uninterrupted growth of Czetoslovak foreign trade awl
its continuing expansion .nto new markets are proof that our inp
t2stry has in general been able to provide the necessary export
goods The success of our forei trade should of oourse not be
cousidereti sitily as the results of the acquisitive and organiza-
do l work of the forelgn.-trade enterprises, but in it we must see
above all the results of the efforts of our workers in production
plants. Despite these generally succeasful results we can still
see considerable evidence that many production enterprises forget
that every breach of discipline in Orkin for foreign markets in-
jures the good reputation of our products and thus harm our ex~
port interests.
Faultless and tiely fillii of f oreiga orders is not only
en eeorwizic matter. It is at the same time a calling-card from our
entire nationslized industry, our econouiic and political system.
As regards our relations vith the Soviet Union and the people's
dem-acrecies each failure to fulfill plenned deliveries on our part
or shortcominS irl quality shows up directly in the fulfillment of
their pray whether production, iavestment, or retail turnover
plans. Therefore it may be considered serious infraction of the
,principle of >xutual aid snd cooperat;sin em~ng the eon,tries of the
peace camp. Similarly we niuct keep in uind the fact that the
working people in the capitalist countries judge czar republic anri
its regime according to the products tahich we supply a according
to Qur accuracy in filling the orders xe receive.
It is from his eta~gdpoint that we uiut evaluete wozt on
export oxdea~r in oar iMust l enterprises . Our goods work is
knova eM appreciated abed, therefore our products joy the
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especial confidence of foreign customers . We must not o~y wain
tam the good i ~ternatione1 reputation enjoyed by our goods but
we meet continually raise the quality of he goods we export. We
must ke
in mind that today speed in aubmtting bids, delivery
time, quality, and price of goads mean everything, because the
consumer Is not United to a single supplier but can choose from a
urge number of producers in different countries.
It is partictU.arly in certain typee of consu,r goads that
we have a great tradition and a good reputation. If we are no i in
a favorable position in foreign trade as the legatees of that tra -
dition, we certainly cannot be completely satisfied aimply by liv-
ing off that tradition. re twist continue to develop it, nor cen
we permit that tradition to be tarnished or uaed to conceal our
own ahorteoninga . By aupplying fat~ttleas goods and filling orders
in tide we will show the world that our nationalized industry has
greater possibilities than dial private industry, whose owners were
raotiveted only bj the search for maximum profit.
Particularly as regerda the machinebuilding industry, which
is today the focus of our exports, we must keep ever in view our
great export goals and achieve them in all weys The great work
being done in our rectories must not be spoiled by the failure of
some workers, v out of bureaucratic ].Iziness or indifference
toward their duties commit errors each as the failure to answer ia-
iries, eending inaccurate specifications, etc, all of which may
have very unfavorable coneequenoes. The least teilure in our ex-
port efforts may give a customer an exeuse to make complaints
ageinat us, may cause disputes, end m~y even assn the lase of a
market.
3l
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For all these reasons ali zoxkers in our p1e tts > t un~
do tenrl the economic end palitic4 importance of our exo:te andf
with this understanding, work with increased zeal to fulfill ex~
port order and for the good name of their txr$de?tmr on foreign
markets. The good reputation of the factory trade-mark ehould
becon a an abject of pride of all our workers
7ounc3n Qf art Sue
The auccess of our export efforts depends in large trsure
on placing on the market up??towdate and spprapriate goods, offer-
ing ttezu at a cc etitive price and with short delivery deadlines
Further success in exports depends on the accurate flilln
of purchaae agreementa . This amine that deliveries must be ode
precisely, within the agreed tune llta>l.t and quai,ity specifications
De1e18 in delivery or failure to a~intein antract quality are
causes for complaint, and uauaUy love unfavorable price conaequen-
ces, since the cuetomer will ask for a reduction in the original
contract price to make up for the loss which he has sua dined ae
a result of the delivery delay or reduced qw+l ity.
Above ell, we Ist attempt to satisfy every foreign inquiry
with a rapid bid, and in more e u Beefed caseB we must provide for
the rapid preparation of a bide Therefore we net reduce as dralg-
tically as poasible
the
gnyvini: rns"
itM.MY.NM V'F
ti! nereegsru to draw up plans,
if the bid requires them, and devote increased scrutiny to the
price ~t ich we quote. We t offer our foreign euator rs a broad
selection, be certain that we are offering th productl of the
hit technical quality, er4 sake available new products For
this reoson we t eacelerete developaent, r4 .dept it fl*xfbly
to the special wishes of eustor$l we oat fly r uee dsli
wary des4.Unes, dmm to cc etiUve Levels, th i stick obao~
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lutely to the agreed time iimite Nor can we overlook the burning
problem of snare parts, since the opportunities for much rra 1itnery
trade are ditninished by the fact that sometimes we cannot offer
sufficient quantities of spare pi rte.
e 1 ortance of Time3ics
We frequently owe Much to the t1tie1y preparation of bids for
submission to foreign customers - indeed, this is perhaps the
first COt~itivu og export success, We shall therefore mention et
1eac3t the main shorteomirga awl list certain exetuples by way of
warning,
from he experience o~ Technoeexport, an enterprise which or-
ganizes the export of ;Large cne hanica1 equipment and .investment
traits, we rosy present the fo11owin3 cases Toward the end of iIo-
vember of one year an inquiry was sent l?f Technoexport to a product
sing plant for the prepare tian of a bid. The plant's answer was
not received until the fo11owiag February.
sometimes the preparation of bids takes us so Long that our
competitors hove time enough to supply the finished product. When
the preparation of complicated bids would take us months the coin-
petition does it in weeks This situation definitely require6 1i'
provement. Our capitalist competitors end the producers in the
German Democratic Republic, in textiles, for example, are able to
supply samples deeired by a cuatou er within 3-5 weeks, and then of ?
ten make up saurples on the suggeation of the customer. Our plants,
on the other hand, are this efficient only in handkerchiefs and
cotton fabrics, poplins, and dresa materials; in otter products we
are far behind, and cases in rich eerding out sa lee took 6
months or ire do not belong entirely to the peat.
Foreign trade ott.n re'dree changes ich concern only the
and of treetst tad not tM sr-terial. Shirts vii]. be ordered
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with the pocket on the left instead of the rights or aingleMbrel s?
ted instead of double breasted costs. These requests do not al
ways meet proper undeztandirtg in all plants, since they do not
require fundamenta1 changes in the production process Each such
failure to adjust makes the order yore difficult, whereas positive
experience shows that dnd for our export clothing grows when we
are able to adapt to the requirements of foref gn customers , For
exai p1e, we have begun seMing out shirts with the sate coi 1 r
size but different sleeve iengths. This Wight seers to be trivi&.,
but it is important in order to satisfy the customer anal thus to
increase sales.
Another shortcouiltg in bids is their incotnpletcness , Tech.-
rioexport, for example, transmitted an inquiry for a certain com-
plete group of equipment, but the production plant submitted s bid
for only a certain machine makir , up a pflz't of the whole group
This of course rikea it impossible to satisfy he customer pith e~
co fete bid, and negotiation of the purchase ageernent drags on.
A ten thy correspondence often warns he customer to order his
products where administrative handling is more flexible, or where
he can actually eke personal contact,
still another shortcoming is the failure to prepare techni-
cal descriptions of new goode and technical documents in general.
The foreign-trade workers often miss from production the proper
technical documentation, whether descriptions, sketches, or other
technical material, which is most effective is demonstrating the, technical superiorities of' our products, end the generelly high
quaUty which the poetwer buildup ees brought to our techno1gy.
Our plants are avtre that he bidding systetn suet be $.m..
proved. For example, on d.rect ardara frog the Ministry of M
chinebuilding, with tI'e aoapezstian of nerpro3ekt in the ede
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trica1-engineering industry, program was carried out directed
t()rard better biddirr~ practice. We may essume that with the
s V* gtherting of the sa1eS7 i, W1A in Vi4o8e rodw 1Jion plan 4 3 woxtM
fng for export, towerd which tnany plants are trending; particular-
1:1 in heavy ind:istry, bidding practice will surely take a turn for
the better in order to provide for timely preparation of proper bids
In order to improve operations in this field it will, of
course, be necessary for the foreign-trade enterprises to heed the
jtzstif ied requests of our design tatitutea and production enterp
prises and send 1n inquiries in the most concrete poasible forrni,
and to info theca of the reasons wny heir bids were not accepted,
particularly in cases of complicated bidding> concrete irt'orma~
tion 88 to wh'y their bids failed to satisfy the foreign customer
or why they failed in competition can be an incentive to improve
work in the design plants end institutes.
In connection with delays in submitting bids it may be no-
ted that certain plants lag not only in preparation of bids, but
also in aeoding out bi1L3 and other documents on which p&ytaent 'or
the delivery depends. This type of delay actually amounts to ex-
tending credit to the foreign customer, although we ourselves need
foreign exchange to pay for imports of a variety of goods,
The rtaace of Price
One of the grest'at advantages gained by the production en-
terprises from the organizational separation of foreign trade fron
production is the feet that they ere protected i"roui the unfevor-
able effects of contirnioue price fluciuatiorie on capitalist its.
This aaeene that they can sell export products to the foreign-trade
enterprises at fixed prieee specified by the etete price list. The
rive of price fluatuetions in foreign trade is borne by the for-
eign-trade enterprises.
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It would, of course, be erroneous to believe that the sepw
oration of production from foreign trade ar4 the functioning of the
monopoly as a protective wa11 against disturbing fluctuationa on
capiteliat markets has broken al]. connection between internetional
and domestic prices or thst the i'oruation of domestic prices is un
On the contrary the problem of price is a very 1raportant ore
in relations between foreign trade and production, and the clarity
and pnambi city of this problem is a condition for the araooth hand M
ling of export trade in its first phase, e must keep in mind that
a cornpariaon of doiestic and foreign prices provides a check cart the
con etitive poaition and productivity of individual branches of
induGtry; aor can we overlook the fact that there are types of
goods which our couetitors can manufacture more cheaply than we
In machinery particularly it is not enough in our bids to
show clearly the technical standards and efficiency ref the product;
we must also, in terms of price, convince the customer of the prof"-
itability of the purchase.
With respect to price ve muat welcome any suggestion which
reduces the coat of the production proceaa, however trivial it may
seem. We have recently had several examples of hia type of inven-
tiveness an the pert of the workers. For example, at the Sumavan
plant in Vimperk, where they were to fill a foreign order for
shirts with a aeam is the middle, a very difficult operation, two
workers made an iu rove ent euggeetion which reeultin the design
of an attachment which eecelerated production end reduced its coat,
80 that the order yea tilled in time without increuing the ewer
of worked occupied on it. At the Zirovnice plant producing teoth~
er-of pear, god* for export a dal improver pertetted a uiacb-ine
for drilling holes in buttons so that a worker wild drill 90 in-
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stead of 50 gross per shift. Axd in Producing theruometers for ex-
port the design of a !tew rnachine for aautoaietic filling consider-
ably reduced production costa. At the V 1aeeke Wood Pactoriea in
Valasake Mezirici, which sends several carloads of luaber end Crete
slettiru dtL iy to Eng1ar3d, HoU nd, end the Near East, they are
particularly interested in obtaining the maxim yield of iutrber
end parquet nteria1 from each tree bole, Proper setting up of
freme saws and better orgonizetion of work ede it possible for he
employees to save 224 cubic meters in a single rnont1~, atnountin to
about 9 carloads of round ticuber . At the Pohuiain Chemical Plants
the initiative of the vo?riera workers wss directed toward utilizing
wastes so that more than 500,000 extra incandescent mantles could
be wade, thus 1ncreasir>g export resources. In retsiworking it can
be noted that at the Precision achinebuilding Plants in Hulira
transferring certain types of threading and ai.l1ing operaatiorts on
rotary machines brought production time down frotn i to a ire
minutes At Vitkovice, to produce a single "Igor rotor they need-
ed an ingot weighing 22 tons . The new system uses ingots weigh-
lug only 16 tons, This ins that every fourth rotor produced for
export yes mazie out of material paved, with 2 tons left over'
All of these examples show clearly how the coat of e..port
production can be layered while cimultaneousayy increasing the op-
portunities for selling Czechoslovak products on foreign markets.
An important job will. be to reduce the cost of design work,
which makes it more oou 1ica ted to calculate priceB in submitting
bids for investment units. It a out be noted particularly that
'hasre no price Bast exists for to goads, but the price is being es4
tab3.ished on the basis of apeoW aalculstton, the pro tuati oit en-
terprie s aoaetiaaes act irresponsibly sad overestia to prig. Hot
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until their incorrect estiute has been pointed. out to them do they
adjust the price with eatonishing agility. This of course makes
the Mork of the foreign-trade enterprises considerably raare dig-
f i.cult.
Delivery Deediite$
Too frequently, and usually uimeceeearily, the excessively
long delivery tires which we offer rob us of order a .delivery
dates are of absolutely key inaortance, after competitive prices,
in our export success, and for this reesorn we mould meet the core-
petition as far as possible, Instead, however there have been
esses in which we have been able to offer an S 160 Diesel engine
for i5-.month delivery, while foreign firma have msde delivery in
4 or 3 iantha. Our delivery datea on hats have been 8-10 weeks,
and those of the competition 3M4 weeks; in cotton fabrics compar-
able figures were b weeks as ageinat 3-4 weeks. Our delivery dates
on linen fabrics are considerably longer than those of the compe-
tition.
We cannot eonelude from the reletively short delivery times
offered by the capitalist countrlee that they have achieved any
greater f1exibi1itr through better organization of their enter-
pri.see. The principal factor operating here is the fact that with
chronic unemp1oyeent the capaeity o: their factories is not fuU.y
utilized, SQ that production can be suddenly expanded to aaeet short
delivery deadi.isies. On the other hand when the market ie more ec-
tive, with full ea loytsent, deft ver~r deter in capitalist entergri-
see are coraidersbly longer, end someti>ees, in metallurgical prod-
ucts for exp1e, reach 1.5 * nths.
Mere are rsn r inet ee in whiob ve were able to surpass
capitalist enterprises in delivery dates. For exsmple, the 8te1-
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ingrad Iron orks in Liekovec won an order for mine carts for Jar-
van's phosphate mines only because, other conditlotas being equals
they offered a quickest delivery.
Io. 1955 workers in the West bohemian Ceramic Plants ini Horni
briza were able within 3 rr nthe to flU an i ortant order for 150
quintals of white aquare tiles for blast$urnoce use 9nd refractory
bricks for glaalmakirig vets i'or Yugoaievia. Growing numbers of
plants are reducing their delivery deadlines for delivery to the
Soviet Union, China, and Korea
This is pram" teat even with our full employment, based on
p1anniDi, we can, by better organization, ore flexible planning,
and taking certain technical and organizational meaaurea, sharply
reduce delivery times, so that we can not only equal but, in a3uie
cases, can even surpass the competition. If some pmts can deliv-
er within aatiafactory deadlines the other pets must learn to do
so too.
Many plants are, however, still not sufficiently aware of
the importance of sh,'rt delivery deadlines and of the importance
of fuli4i11ing export orders on tide. The cases in which our dead-
lines, alreac:y long ones, were not fulfilled have had very unfa-
vorable reaults. A customer who orders goods in Czechoslovakia
naturally wants to have them by the time specified in the contract.
Our customers order goods so that they can receive them before the
Belling eeaaon. When we fail to meet an rgreed deadline the goods
frequently arrive in the middle of the s~eaaon or even after it,
reducing or aanihiletin& chaff of selling the geodes, The custo-
mer ur4eretag4ably does root wish to keep the goc4s Bitting in the
varebouee untU, the next sew, amd therefore be may retuae to ac-
cept the -$ Cx e Y theist on large prices diacCunta. Under the
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IOst unfavorable form of payment, the so-c811ed accreditivc, the
money to pay for a i~hipment i available in the bank only as ref a
eertein deadline. If by this tine no documents ere presented to
the bank showing that the goods have been. delivered the acereditive
is withdrawn and other inethods of payment must be employe,, less
secure and taking a great deal oe time. Thus the foreign exchange
earned cannot be used for foreign, purcheses for several raonths .
In order to avoid all these unfavorable results we asst ex-
haunt all posaibilities for seeing that deliveriea are made vithin
established time limits . Nevertheless aome plsnts permit the i'ai ?-
lure to export according to plan and allow delays in individual
orders.
The opinion is still widespread in our industry that ane
week pare or lees is not important in n ak1ng deliveries . In export
deliveries, on the contrary, a great deal often depends on days end,
hours ir. order that the deadline be met, that, the goods reach e
certain ship, that the accredi=;ive with which the customer pays
for the goods be drag on, and that to fareiga-trade enterprise
not have to undertake risky and expensive ehlpping procedures
When time has been lost by negligence people often try to
mike it up by last-minute efforts. $Ut this always has its dark
side. This is shown clearly in the rwt3~ae of a delivery of glass
necklaces to Saudi Arabia. 6&hen it appeared that the deadline might
not be met the necklaces were actually manufactured with great ef-
fort, but the special taet shipment neceseary raised the coat of
transportation by 000 arowas.
Adis of production gcles as now carried out in Csecho-
slovek meta1,lnrgical plants b -s a1vn that the a~ jority of prodic
tiae is sit bg the material in transit betveen oper*tions
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or lying idle between options, end less time ie spent on actual
production operBtione, elthgugli the situatirrn should be reverse..
This Bho`ts clearly that if production times are to be reduced sub
stantially a greet deal depends on good work organ.ization> The
difficulties which we encounter here si ould be eoived primarily in
0
t?. -; planing athod.
lneufficient provision for deliveries of sterting material,
bad preperation of produetion, poor organization of work in actual,
production, unsatiai'actory operational wat gernent of production,
and the improper or
riiization of final operations - these are the
main causes of lortg deliveri times and he failure to meet even there
Goes it not indicate bad work when, for example} in a gliass-
works more than one third of the mont:'.ly deliveries are made 3n
the last 5 days of the ruonth?
The roost i.raportant job of all enterprises working on export
orders now is to strengthen our reputation for keepirigg our word
once we have given It.
Men. ple nts have already attempted, with varying degrees of
success, to solve the problei of hoer to shorten deadlines and as-
sure their maintenance. The Gustav Kliment Pipe-Rolling Mills in
chowutov have appointed an experienced, skilled worker for complex
checking on goods for export. Precise directives have been issued
for the work of all skills working on foreign orders , Weekly con-
trols are made and the elininatfon of shortcomings ie checked op-
eratienel]1y.
The enterprise director of the Bile Cerkev Iron ks, in
Hredek near Aokyceny, ho34e re !r fir' i eetings to deck on ex-
port orders; this has eaaure~ in a aiu Ie t*ahion that the import
.
plea was fu ltil in thee, with on1 r a few ao aU exotiona.
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At the Julius Pue1k plants in Chomutov they have set up a
paroductiorrMdispatohing department which, ors the basis of confirl
deUvery ordera, vorka out production graphs for individual caper
ationa, controls their fulfillment, and, when the goals are not
operatioually met, e11minate1 obstacles.
At the KlemeY GottYMai4 Vi 1J11 vice Ir onworkl3 they nave in-
troduce. weekly and 10-day determinations of the state of produc-
tion of export orders, in ter of the deliver ceadlines during
the particular month. In certain plants this activity has been
intensified to the point where the control is carried out twice
each week at diapstaher neetfngaWhen deviations are detected
the necessary steps are taken instantly, in production, shipping,
and in liaison with the foreign-trade enterprise
At the Uaieov Mohinebuilding Plants the factory trade-
union organization encourages the workers toward the proper f'ul-
f illment of orders , If the deadlines are threatened the work
take socialist pledges to reduce production deadlines. Ir order
to fulf i11 export ordears they often work into the night, er4 on
Sundaya and holidays, and thus make up for insufficient working
discipline and the poor understanding on the pert of the supply-
ing factories.
A very gaud example of how to provide for timely Ailfi11-
rt of export deliveries was given by the Union workers in sn
itnportaat depar t of the V. I ? Lenin Pleats in Plzen. They con-
ducted aaore than 20 production in8pecticna whose purpose yea to
help production and ela to nnT ec Ury lose of time. The
gout abers saY to it that ell to ordars vhiOh they apowsocdd
v ,e fulfilled tact Ci>aI eM with. prop 4asUty.
In e auer of asses the B ec Iromiorks heave Pilled o <
d in ;lase tba l1 dom. They have dope this by cueing me-
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terie1s on which production had already started. In the MEZ plant
in Vsetiti socialist couietit1on aucceeded in redlucit delver
timie to the required 7 months, so that the promised. deadline was
met . That the workers in the TOS plant in benec fully under-
stand the importance of maintaining all contract provisions is
shown by the fact that they pledged that they would zeduc? by 6
Months the delivery time on seven 150 presses, and wold teke
other aieasurea to produce an e~:tra 17 presaes for export. The grew
ciaioa Machinebu114ing Plants in Gottwaidov adhere absolutes to
agreed deadlines. At the request of the foreign trade organs the
plant and all its workers exerted extraordinary efforts to reduce
by three months the delivery time on a large delivery of shoemak~
icog a~lahinery for the Soviet Union, and thus made it possible to
increase aubatantially the production of shoes on raew production
lines in the USSR.
Svit in aottwaldov also has very gcod experience. There
they have been able to see that the warehouse is always supplied
with the deaired types of footwear, and that the wishes of foreign
customers are supplied rapidly. Not a day goes by but at the
workers, eud of course the master work meu, in the shops and the
opezrattonal directors know precisely how the export-order plan is
being fulfilled. The they can in tirne take the necea ary corrects
tive stepa wherever production has slowed down for any reason.
Sine a great deal can be learned at Svit frolrn the technology of
production and the organization of work, eomradee from the Kag no
`rich Shoemektg Plants is Minsk have studied there.
At the fi Sokol ovo deapite a number of unforoseea dif'ticul-
ies the euesbly sectioa uder cowrde Keka esa bled a gigsa-
tic cce rusor far he met Union within the speaUied de fine,
is the eutual of J.955. A d*tSiled k nc eu w$ worked out, so
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that each worker knew precisely when his pert was to be finished,
a that the t ate of ezz mr~t 1ft delivery hung on each wo er
A large chart hung in the shop showing the progresa of the order
was challenging to anyone vho began to fail behind
In the 3rati3.ava Electrical kngirteering Plants they rake
certain they will keep down delivery time by assembling two or
four generators extra each month; thus they keep dead
By the use of irzprove nt suggestions and making the neces-
sary changes in the technological procedure it is possible to brizig
about a substantial reduction in production titae, One need only
? get out of the accuatomed rout and et production diseussions agree
on methods which will accelerate and it rove work. Only on the
basis of such correct solution can the plants accelerate export
orders by one week or two, or a whole mnnh. Not by frantic lastM
mirnate measuree but by a well-prepared, thought-out, and organized
procedure.
Other plants, on the other hand, in the solution of their
production problems, show such incompetence that they take each
difficulty to the foreig-trade organ, Baking for the necessary
parts, power, fuel, freightcare for loading, and other services
which are not within the jurisdiction of the foreign-trade enter-
prises
From the positive and negative exemples which we have pre-
sentad it can be seen that the problem oi' reducing delivery times
must be solved eyste~tica31y, not only in some but in ell plants
working for export. Overall delivery tiro is aoeposed not only of
actual production and sssep~bay time, but includes design time,
construction, technological p tration, proTiding rev ~tteriela,
p*rta, al, so ties, *Ubd veIiU. In the parity of aese*
th se presinste the ahortaoming end who will give the necessary ordere.
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Those hemroinga and hawinga often scare the custuier away from fur-
ther dealings. For this reaaon we need more plant loyalty, reflec~
ted, in the fact that all plant workers feel the impnrtence of
rapid elimination of shortconhin s. it IS interesting to observe
the procedure among our Soviet comrades : When a fault shows up on
Soviet built mmchinery or equipment, at home or abroad, the sup-
plier takes the necessary steps on the spot to restore operat ioa,
usually within 21 hours. Immediately a report is written on the
cause of the breakdorf. If it is four that the trouble originaW
ted in production a bill is issued ageinat the producer; if the
trouble originate: in assembly the assembly department is obliged
g<
to make up for the difficulty e should do the same thin
For the assembly of investment units we have several spe-
cialized enterprises seperute froth production which have proved
themselves, particularly in the construction of large electric
power plants ?M mote in Hungary, Doicesti in Rumania, as well as
in Poland and Bulgaria They worked under very difficult conai-
tuns in assembling the Afg an cement plant. ? The Brno ar4 Bratis-
lava electriCal?&ssetUbly plants, Metsllurgical assembly in Kuncice,
Steel Constructions in Brno, Qiemontaa in Hradec Kralove, Trewon-
tax in Chrudira, and Stavosvit in Gottwaldov heve done a number of
iiportarit installations and assemblies abroad. Despite this euc-
cesa experience shows that, beceuae of increasing apecialiZetion
and preps edaeaa it will be efficient in assembly end particularly
in repair to use more assembly workers sent directly from to plant
which supplied the squipment. For this rsaadn apacial uaeaably de-
pertamenta will be set up in the ieportant exporting machinebuilding
plants The idle is besicaUy to train here highly skilled tech"
nical personnel, With language trainiol " veU, for the jobs
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abroad, where they will have to represent our aocialiat producticr.
The attention which used to be devoted to language courses in some
of our plants, such ea the V1. Lenin Plants in Plzen and Kovo-
avit in Sexituovo Usti, should point the way for the other plants.
It is certainly a joyous mission for our technicians and as-
sembly workers to be able to contribute to the construction of
plante in the fraternal people's derncrecies ad in remote lends
across the seas, where industrialization is struggling ainet
econoaic and. political backwardness, Ad it is equally joyous to
ald local technicians an1 workers, as Ls usually done is connection
with essembling factory equiprient sent frcxTi our plenty- This is
a practical expression of technical aid and proletarian interns-
tionalism. But even la cases where it is not actually their job
the members of our assembly groups make use of opportunities to
give lectures and courses to acquaint the local workers (in places
where they have been sent to perform special jobs) with various as-
pects .of our technoiogy, A grand example of this was provided by
Engineer Bor's 50-member technical brigade in Korea
The Chinese electrical-engineeri worker }hi Chin-Yang at
the exhibition "Ten Years of Building Socialiam in Czechoslovakia"
in Peking was given en opportunity to learn to operate Czechoalo-
yak machines. He wrote; `11 am lr ebted to the Czechoslovak ape-
cialists because in two weeks they have taught ode to operate 13
beautiful machines..."
The responsible asad honorable work of our osaembly tecbni-
eiane and workers is r aogdsed everywhere. 0. K. Dvorak of the
darasdorf T06 received the f o11owing stet t fro London$ "The
customers are coss~letely utistiod u+ith his v end r spect him
for his excellent kIsNled * of s* hte tools. They would eppre-
cite it if ha cow be seat on future tripe to nglessci."
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Our vorkers return from abroad enriched by valuable tech-
meal knowledge er other experience. "I learned i.n both Chine
a India that the finest ambassadors of Czechoslovakia in these
countries are the products of our people. That is the grandest exM
perience, one that T shan't forget, kP says designer Trebin from
Doudlevae near Plzeu n And assembly worker Josef Urban of Kovosvit
ssys. "Abroad I was doubly proud of our machinery, our people, and
of the fact that 18m a Czech."
Greater Attention to Product Qualit
ghortcominga in quality Injure owe export interests as se-
riously as does the failure to meet delivery deadlines. And just
as in the case of delivery times s rapid improvement lies com-
pletely witbin our grasp, if sufficient attention is devoted to
this problem in the plants working for export. Foreign markets
are a very exacting test of quality, ark to fail means either to
oae the market or to lase out considersbly in price
In one foreign order for 70,000 meters of shirtings, pro-
duced by the Jiakra plant in Cerveny Xostelec, flaws were discov-
ered in the fabric at delivery time and the customer had to be
granted a discount. This amounted to foreign exchange sufficient
to purchase the cotton to manufacture 17,,E meters of the same
shirtinga. Another delivery of low-quality shirting, this one
from the national enterprise Utex in Usti nod Orlici, robbed us of
foreign exchange to purchase cotton enough for 12,004 meters of the
same goods If our planta had followed the exaup1e of other 1ight-
industry plants and devoted greater attention to socialist eompe-
tition to increase quality our internal market could have received
alooet 10,440 extra ms's shirts made of export poplin. Such cesea
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show pare clearly than anything else how important at is to as-
sure high-quality export deliveries
Quality shortcomings exist st various levels, In the major4
ity of cases the product itself is not 'bed, but its final handling
is iwperfect For e;caciple, the quality of our -enc11s is good,
better in any cases than the competition's. The shortcotnngs were
in their surfsce finit a:4 packaging, so that improveme t was eaa-
ily brought about.
The director of as export enterprise expressed himself as
follows on various metal tools for housokiald use, on the basis of
know1ed a gained at fairs; Our products are as goad as those of
the cowpetitioci, and. often more efficient; they have been di.ffi.-
cult to eel1, however, because their surface finiuh Was unsati6~
factoryF We are now adjuating to foreign requirements on the ba-
819 01' this experience.
Whet is true of pencila and small metal goods is true of
metallurgical products. 'when complaints cone in they do not refer
to basic production but to auxiliary operetions ? Most complaints
deal with bad bundlin, packaging, and marking of goods.
The principal shortcomina which injure the competitive po-
aition of our textiles are in the finishing of fabrics; this is
largely the result of the fact that technological procedures are
not adhered to in production.
In machitiebuilding we must put an end once and for all to
cases, albeit isolated, in which the surface finish ie neglected,
90 that peinte peel, mechinea az'* not preoperly preserved, parts
are dented poorly using bed aeteriala, etc. It is oerteh]Y bad
nev* for those who auppUed the sacbtee that one cuat r had his
machinery painted iISdi.tely on arrival. in order to correct their
appearance.
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At the Weir is New Delhi we exhibited a very good grinding
machine from the OZ plant in Strakonice. The iwpreesion crested
by the rnaebine suffered, however, from its poor appearance; he
surface was unerren and poorly worked, and the pint pass rough.
As the editor 01' Rude Prevo said it looked as thou~i the machine
had had sip lipox.
As regards finish to ny oi" our piaLts can profit from he
example of good work done in the production of Favorit fsctory
wheels [bicycles? ] . The q.uality of surface finish and the harpy
among material, color, and shape were assured icy collaboration
with the creative artist, etong other things.
Still worse than neglect of surface finish are cases in
which our exported machinery shows actual faults combined with e-
quent breakdowns . People talk about one error core than about 100
good features. The competition will see to goat. It is therefore
particularly regrettable when negligence in making up orders i`or
export injures the reputation of plants doing goad work, as hap-
pened to the Oecin Machinebui1ding Plants. One of their battery
carts, a `'lizard", showed a aerioue fault upon delivery to Brazil.
The Precision Macninebuilding Plants in Gottwaldov, whose products
have earned a very good reputation abroad, received 12 complaints
in a single 3-month period dealing with fauna in their machine
tools. One may well ask what the OTK IuaidentUied3 does when a
customer caanpleins about a damaged bicycle, a burned-out electric
motor, a worn warm grter, or a set of tongs without a spring. The
Jan Sverma Plante in Brno sent 10 treetors to Sweden as an initial
order One might expect that they vould have sent out en
plary shipment Actuelly, hoverer, loose nuts, unbent cotter pins,
faulty h treu1ic eyatem, acid other shortcomings veto diecovered.
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The consequences of failure to devote sufficient attention
to export shipments are shown by the experience of s Czechoslovak
tech Uca1 group working to restore hydroelectric power plants in
LL' LJS. ve+ .
;e can iniagine the er rnous effort require to raise a
3~ton coapreesor up to the top of a 3Ow7evei drop. When it was
finally in place, however, it was round that the electric motor cUd
not work. In addition the attached description of the machine did
not contain a description of the motor, and only the skills of our
araserx-bly workers made the motor operate. Our welders also did exw
cellent work until they used up their carbon electrodes, since
someone had forgotten to send spare electrodes. Again our workers
knew what to do, although it is possible that if they had not been
there no one in this faraway land would have known how to got the
machinery ar4 instruments into working order, which would have
c8u6 d serious loan.
Similar cases, in which imperfect parts spoil the effect of
excellent products, are still quite frequent. Czechoslov4 r>xrtor-
cycles are the pride of our export trade, and the automobiles which
we export are also very valuable. What is true of the vehicles
themselves, however, cannot be said of the wipers and other equip-
ment; and the factories will have to give greater attention to the
new developments in peaking, brake iininge, types of clutchea , etc,
being produced abroad.
In other Czeahoalovak products discrepancies in the quality
of iadividual parts are at fault. The good reputation Which we
build up by the excellent quality of a large number of parts can
be lost utterly by a single part which fails to maintain the pre-
ecribed quality. Standardisation is particularly urgent in the
paper indu*try, and more attention ahould be given the matter in
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the phonograph industry We must be relentleas in the utter of
quality, end, not shrink from abarp criticism or thoroughgoing self
critiaisrn.
Cr oaeiy earmecte3. with gruaiity are to cotipi iats of our
customers who point out the relatively limited selection in cer-
tam types of goods and the paucity of new developmerAts.
true pertJ.cularly of eonsun r goody -.textiles anti leather goods,
used"u1 ceraraica acid porcelain and glass, in which we have relied
on our tradition; it is true also of our phonograph recordings
and scmall wooden consumer goods. In all these fields the competi-
tion is slwsys putting out new products, introducing new forms,
and making changes to meet the wishes of the consumer; sad here
too we must keep pace with the competition. Our light ir,ustry,
particularly textiles and lesther~rorking, must keep up with changes
in i`a$hiol and taste and requirements in cut, pattern, color, ac<
cesavries; finish, etc. Our textile pattern designers have inauf~
ficient contact with the market, and t)it expleims why they are
forever proposing pattern which have already gone out of style.
Mere are of course many plants which ahoy a great deal of
initiative in this respect. For example in the production of cosh
tunic jewelry at Jablonec they are milking every effort to keep up
with the coietitiola in replacing glees, metal, and other familiar
materials with plastics, and they are already producing goods made
of combinatione of meteriala . The developmental centers is this
field underataod their job as being not so much to keep up with
competitors but rather to keep bringing out new px'oluct8 1 thus
delmanetrete the maturity of our ao~aialist production. In the n8-
tionl enterprise 8oheeia the workers he on their own initiative
made new proposals for printing decorations on porcelain, and new,
testet'Il1 oombiD*t deco ions, and thus put t elves in a posi-
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Lion to offer new ark deslreble porcelain patterns on foreign u&az
kets F At Svit in aottwaldov they heave included in the domestic
8nd export collection -ae; patterns produced by the Gottwaldov
patternmakersAs an example of careful attention to quality we shail give
instances from the textile and food industries.
At Sui van in Xiatov~r "trubenis " are used to il1umanate the
collars of export shirts ire order to detewt the smallest faults,
so that goods for export pass througb quality control as though
under X-ray. Products of the Plait of International Women's Bay
its Bratislava ?_ thread and embroidery yarn ?.. cen stand up to coon'-
petition throughout the world beceuse they are produced with the
Meat care and their colors are permatient end vellwchosen.
It the Plzen brewery in 195 they extended the guarenteed
lager time on export beer In Hudver [the Budejovice brewery? .I
they also devote the greatest care to quality. In order to assure
the good taste and quality of beer even with the shaking which it
experiences in treve].ing and under tropic ten eratures saaples are
taken from each brew and subjected to remarkeble testa: first they
are placed in a special rocker and shaken, turned, and jolted for
150 days; then heated in the laboratory to 45 degrees for 3 wed;
end then cooled to the freezing point for one dsy. This surely
guareftees that the beer aen take adverse conditions. For this
reason we get from abroad not compleinte but nerve orders.
This ie 8 very good exenzple of how some export plants attend
to quality etad maintain the reputation of their trede?a $rk$ It
should apply to all plante producting for export, providing of
course that the quality of pro ucta for the c tia aez tet not be
overxooked- in tha effort to produce high -quality export gooda.
153a.
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Czechoalovak cor umera also have a right to goods of the highest
qualityA
Particular attention must be directed toward completeness
of line. In the case of textiles we sometimes see instances in
whlcth a producing enterprise does not supply all typesog or is lack-
lug the sizes deaired by the customer. Understsrkdsbly tipnts of
this type, partIcularly if the content .' packsges differs gars
the invoice, csuse the greatest disestisf eetiOra and justified
complaints i'rora the customer.
Coi+pleteness of product is particularly important irx furni~
Lure, which is shipped knocked down, and of mechanical equiprient
Otherwise assembly is disturbed or completely impossible, it takes
a longer time to make the product operable, and his dissatisfies
the customer and anuses economic loss on both sides
We export considerable numbers of "plymsalpresses but we
do not supply the necessary plymsol aids for uakiug rubber shoes.
We must supplement the variety of motorcycles produced by adding
scooters, and complete attachments must be' provided for the trsc~
tors we export
The problem of the quality of export goads roast receive
broader attentinnA For our goods to be considered really high
quality they must be on a high technical level.
The Importance of Pro eesive Techniques.
Neither competitive prices, short delivery times, nor ex-
cellent quality by theUMtelve8 will 8$$U1''e ue coatiaued eucceea in
exports if our export products, particulez'ly aacbin ry and equip a
eent, are not oa the h& beet teabniesl level. We avast Mait self-
criticaUy that in all fieldli, iDCluding ev*n ~chieebui74in8, we
heave grova accustooaed to the o ne.sided effort at gjantity produc?
l~4
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{
Lion: In a number of products, of course, we have placedburseivea
in the lesd in world technical progress, but n others we have
fallen behind.
Let us consider a typical example, the transition from steam
1ocon tives to Diesel-electric. The former manegement of the CKD
Sokolovo ignored the deve1~pmenta1 work on Diesel-electric lococro
tives, anal taus harmed not only progress in our own transportation
but our export opportunities as well.
The situation in the axle of machinebuilding products on the
world market absolutely requires us to concentrate on the quickest
possible introduction of prototypes into aerial production. ;ie
must not repeat the ease of the highly productive PS 31 lathe, the
prototype of which was developed as far bsck as 1951, but which was
not tested out until. 1955, so that many foreign producers have
paased us by in the meantime.
Inaemuch es we are unable to bring about rapid development
in all branches ourselves it is desirable for economic and techni-
cal reasons to concentrate on selected fields, master them in all,
aspects, and ecbieve and surpass the world level in thy. At the
came time we must strive toward a proper division of labor within
the denaacretic camp.
"In our relations with the countries of the socialist camp
we can see the development of their own modern, technically ad
vanced production. hia is retl.ected in the justifiably increased
duds of our democratic partners for technical quality and econ-
omic etficiency in the machines and equipmsnt they import," wrote
Deputy Minister of Foreign Trade Jerostav Kver in Kovk (Forge
Worker] on 5 October 1955. "This attitude will be a decisive fee.
tar in th scope of our future deliveries to the countries in the
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socialist camp, 8r4 will be baeica11 decisive in the queetion of
whether Czechoslovak industry will be able to occupy the position
of bringer of technical prowess in the democratic camp. Sigh
quality of our uachinery and equipment in not only a condition for
more simply meeting cffipitalist competition but is necessary for
the fulfilment of our econoi is and political r fission in the econ-
omically backward countries Technical quality is one of the -
sic indications according to which the world compares the produc-
tive capabilities of the capitalist and socialist economic systems
We have presented s nurziber of evidences of the continuing
progress of Czechoslovak technology and of the success which we
bave echieved in exports on this foundation. Not long ago the So-
viet journal Literaturna Gozeta enumerated all the tecimical ex-
penance that the Soviet Union had received from Czechoslovak in-
dustry which we extended, in freternal cooperation, in exchange for
extensive Soviet technical aid, Reinforced-concrete railroad ties,
which will be produced accox'di to dcumentation from Czechoslo-
vakia, will present Soviet transportation with. broad opportunities,
particularly in regions without forests. Engineer Holuba'a new
method of casting punches will reduce production time eight -fold
and will at the same tine double the lire of these punches . The
same Soviet journal also wrote about the Czechoslovak Z-4 330 co?-
bine with en air-cooled engine which will i'iald wide use particular.
ly is Central Asia. V. Svety'e shuttlelea~s loom, which will also
be producied in the t8 R, vii]. be enormously important for soviet
induetry,
On the o?casion of tb~ spring teir in Ipsig in 1956 Die
Wirt* 't f Ecottomias j, publish ri in the democratic pert of Hrer-
lin, motet "Csechoelavekis has ostur into a state which not only
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need not fear comparfson with world producers but from which, as
the : itish wachir butld1ng specialist William purge has said, the
older industrial countries can Learn a greet deal, Along with the
crchinebui1ding industries of the USSR and the Gern Democratic
Republic this itdu ry in Czechoslovakia is now able to solve any
technical probletu which arises and cart prate he econotnic deve1
op nt of the entire demoocretic camp 4 An i. portant role i prayed
by the specixal ze Mmarapower potential., which hss bees built up in
recent years in Cxechos1o kia.
This is how ;.ersuasive our success is. But at he sar a time
we nst become self-critical and learn to admit or shortcomings 3
?da have been able to admit the!, ot4 cure them. de have every op
portani ty to do ac . In our jubilation we must not underestitmate
our anorteowinga ?
perience iii 19 ~ showed that our insufficient tunics].
maturity coats us foreign orders worth several dozen mullion crowns
In sslee of equipment for electric-power pmts and auger factor-
ies This very fact ahows that in marhinebuilding we nave a.ich
progress to make in a number of areas before we reach the pinnacle
of technical quality.
As a typical example we may mention the case of a regila-
ting trap fora r, on whit i we sent a bid to Finland. Tests ahowed
that its power losses were eo rich greater than hose of the com-
petition that our equipment would have coat the customer ire of
ter 2 years of operation than the cost of the entire equipment.
One cauee of 1oaa on foreign , arketa is the greet weight of
our equipment. A 27-meg VOlta a turbogenerator manufactured ny
vei n 8 tone more thn a product of the H -Hoveri ft
with tbR same chareoteri$tia$. Zn thie cue, vith the esme over-
all price, the eoi etition is selling Aatertel for 10.50 Csecho-
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slovak crow. pe'r kiiogz i i h1 a we ~re s~e't 14 ng It for 7. ? crowns
ode are giving eway i8 tears of material. Similarly he Skade 1200
oar is 200 kilograms heavier th m competing care in the same cate-
gory?
Similar exau 1es of technical backwardness are of course to
be found in Light industry as well. For example he competitive
position Of Czeciaoslov;k texts 1es abroed is weekenerd by the fact
that insufficient attention is paid to their crash, shrink, a d
I
7ater-resint3nce qualities, In L ioernakfng we are also behind in
the use of art's ici81 ~tseraiS'*,, leather 1Cquer, a1id p1a6t~.c soles.
Here, too, the testing stage of certain products takes mach too
long, so that frequently products have ceased to be new ar4 have
lost wh itever price a tentage they might have had by the ti they
reach the market.
Open criticisci of our shortcominga and a l'ew -aafevorable corn-
parisons must not, of course, lead to discouraging conciuaion$; on
the contrary, these shortcomings must be an incentive for improve-
rent. This in~provernent can actually be ac:tieved in a relatively
short time by proper organization and the application of appropri-
ate measures. For this reason the development of new production
techniques and the achievement of high technical quality are ammang
the principal gads of the next Five-Year Plan. In raising our
technical stendards we have made outstanding progresa, and therefore
criticism of shorteom Inge and backwardness in a few sectors mkt
o e taken only as a challenge that maxim use be made of the gi -
,mantic opportunities of the socialist system for the general de-
velopment of teahuiQ81 progress on the broadest possible toL' etion.
ort8 to tii iqs
The problaa of preparing ahipm is for the tropics is close-
ly connected with the q stiou of technical perfection. With 8 'ow-
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ing exports to countries within the tropic zone we must devote in-
creed ettentian to protecting our prodw is ugaiiist the tropical.
climate, principally heat and humidity. This is true not only of
our machinery, perticulerly of insulation end 1acquera, but also
of tires, foods, and certain other products. Here we encounter
the problem of so-called tropicalization, meaning the har4ling of
products in a manner appropriate to the tropical climate, with tee
peratures reeching IL.u degreea Centigrade and relative hwnidities
of So to 90 percent, i.. e , , twice the water vapor in the etrnasphere
of Central Europe.
Many of our plenty working for export have already had con-
siderreble experi'nce In this respect A great deal has a1ao been
done by the Reseereh Institute fox Materials Protection in Prague-
nebus~.ce and severai other reaearch institutes, such as the Micro-
biologioal Institute, Caeabos1ovak Academy of Sciences The Rew
search Inatitute of Electric Power Engineering in Rechovice near
Pregue was aaeigned the problem of tropicalization as a special
progrem in 1953. This institute tests electrical-engineering ma-
terial.a ~.- lacquers, fiber, technical resins, ceramic and mica in-
sulatora, and other meteriale -- in e!rtificlal tropical atmosphere
in specia1 rooms .blia research is concerned with the effects of"
both high humidity and said. In this connection the eeteblishnient
of an electrical-engineering research station in southern China,
which is concerned specifically with problems of tropicalisation,
will be very important for us. This station was Bet up in 1955 by
Czeehoelovek experts, vbo trained 30 Chinese specialists here.
Electrical-engineering, pbysico-chemical, end microbtologica].
groups warn here, as veil as a g xip tar deve1OPing electricsl-em-
gineering equips nt sad the taabnics . eeasgaeent of poor stations.
In its exeainati?n of chengs in the properties of vari ly-trea
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ted sart~ies of Insulators and products under a tropical climate
this station work in close lielson with our Research Institute of
Electric Power Engirieering in Bechovice. A distance of several
thousand ki3.otaeters is z o b stele to the close scientific and
technical cooperation which has developed between Czechoslovak and
Chinese pioneers in new trends In tropicelizatioza. The Czechoa].o4
yak maritime ship Repubu.ka is also testing verious materials to
see hcna they are affected by ocean water and variow climatic zones .
Broad horizons open up for the use of glass i'it-er and cer-
tain plastics in aolving the problems of tropicallzation. Peints
acid lacquers must receive no leas attention than insulators , For
this reason, for exarple, in 19% the national enterprise Pragolak
in Prague was given the speciel task of providing for production
of special paints for export to tropical region.
Pena
One of the rat ileportant aspects of satisfying customers
Of machine products is providing spare parts. A well-working tuaT
chine or vehicle is useless if spare parts are not available when
original parts wear out, S?me plants satsfy this condition well
and remember to send sufficient supplies of spare parts. Such
plants include the factories producing Diesel engines, in Plotiste
U. LBut other plants have permitted our autolaobiles, motorcy-
cles, tractors, and engines to stop operating before their time
for lack of spare parts. It is no secret that in some countries
local entrepreneurs have begun producing spare parts for Czecho<
slovak vehicles when our plenta vere unable to supply the neces-
sarh spare parts in time.
A radical improvement is certainly necessary here, We have
undartekea to do this, and the results are beginning to be felt,
In exportipg those automobiles, for iastenae, wbiCh we ere now
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producing we also sent a sufficient number of apace parts. lu the
case of automobiles whose productiaa has been stopped, on the other
hand, proper aupp,ea of spare parts have not been provided
suring reservea of spare pares rema1na a problem in this field
We rwst send spare party abroad in sufficient gtaaritlty to keep our
vehiclea in proper ank uninterrupted operation. But we elso have
a primary interest in expos is of spare parte for ether reasons: exW
port of these parts is more ;arotitable for us than that of the ma
cihines themselves, end can play a very important role in our over
all ecport program. The experience of some countries with mature
rnachirLebuild ri industriea showE that the foreign-exehenge yield
of epere parts sori~etimee reaches ho percent of the total foreign-
excharuge yield lu eny given branch of uiachinebuilding. This fact
store than outweighs the disedvantagea which are pointed out by the
production enterprises when they are reed to supply larger quanta
titles of spare parts In eny cane the matter must be solved in
such a way that not only the exporting enterprise but the produc-
ing enterprise es well will be interested in production o? spare
parts, and not lose in the prvicees, particularly when we follow
the Soviet example ar4 set proportional norms for the production
of spare parts . With each delivery of vehicles, machinery, and
equipment we taast supply a number of spare parts proportional to
the total delivery. When pints are not supplied with the proper
equipment it will be necceesary to expand production by adding
shifta in comer that machi a cepecity be fully utilised and that
production of the necessary parts beguarend at all cost. At
the aame timer we iuat set up ree-t1y stocks of spare parts, These
maiiuree are a necessary acmditi for the euaceseful growth of our
macbit uilding exports.
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Associated with the prober of spare per'te is establishment
of technical service in the countrieo in which a large nwaber of
Czechoslov automobiles, motorcycles, and tractors are 1o opera
tion. Thi.~s is also one of the Est urgent problems facing us.
Some plants, such as the Miada Boleei av suto bile plent, Which
p duaes " splert ks'' "? the gkkods hO - is already making prepa-
rations to give languege courses for etn1oyee8 in order to build
up ced es for foreign service to custrmsers .
~oinin P~roductian to Fprei Advertisin
For Czechoslovak foreign-trade enterprises to be able to de-
velop proper advertising abroad they amt be provided with more
concrete technical material from the producing plants. For this
purgose the advertising departments in these plants must be stren..
gthened
'One of the most important ways of advertising 0zechoslovek
products abroad is our participation in itternaticxn&l exhibition$
and fairs. In 1955 we participated is more than 30 'sire and ex-
hibitions, 23 of ~ahieh were in capitalist countries. But these in~
cluded the traditionsl faire in Europe (Utrecht, Copenhagen, Milan,
Brus9 , Paris, Stockholm, Bolun (Solingent3, and Vie ), visited
by about B, 500,0x3 people, and the fairs overseas (Toronto, Mel
bourne, Reykjavi=k, Karechi, Casablanca, Djakarta, DamaSCus, New
Delhi, Addis Ababa, end Reza), in addition to the exhibition
et tent in Belgium, which wss, together with the ebibitiofI in
Helsinki, Cairo, aad Boa y, ett ded by abaft $,000,004 pecple.
These faire ez~d trduetriel ewhibitiOn$ hid great casasroisi end
political. inortenae for us eed, on the besis of expertAee gained
at the, the fair prvgr a for 1.956 was expeeded Experienced shared
eieult*n ou$ly, hewer, that in c r to iuareaee the effective-
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n a$ of our expositions it would be desirable for the production
plants th elves to talce a direct interest in preparation of ex-
hibits ar4 to be responsible for their quality and shipping.
A healthy decentralization of advertisitg activity std grey
ter participation of producing plants in advertising prograil
undoubtedly increase the effectiveness of our advertising program
cbd,
Pam ' w_ n I ortant Factor
Proper packaging is one of the cardinal conditions of suc-
cessful export tradel therefore the responsible workers in Czecho-
slovak production plants should learn what a shipment is subjected
to in its voyage to the foreign customer, particularly in the case
of deliveries going overseas to countries with poorly equipped
ports, or on journeys where they will be shaken greatly during the
voyage. Good packaging can save millions of crowns in foreign exw
charie .
A. good and reliable package is an ir4icatfon of the product
itself , A good product loses in value if sufficient care is not
devoted to its passaging and protection from accidental injury.
It is particularly important in the case of more valuable gooie for
the package not to offer opportunities for theft. One must reai-
iwe that certain types of packer which are satisfactory for
shipment to eezrtein oouatrieo are inappropriate for transit to
other places Decisive factors bare are the geography of the coua-
try of destinetion, its Climate, ar4 its port facilities. The
colonial ead d+e~ersient ar uatries are kept teebniaally akverd, end
therefore the handling of shims in the ports end later transpor
tetion is poorer in times cseuntriee than in the acdern ltaropesu
ports . Th.refore if a e sin type of peeksgthg is s*tiefaotc
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for modern port the package tint still be droners with particular
cure at1 fixed securely when other aus of tranaportatiof acre
chosen. It should, also be kept in mind that 1arge trans-oceanic
ships have large cargo holds, so that the goods Intended for core
distant ports are on the bottom and subjected to great pressure
from the goods above, destined for earlier Aorta .
This type of loading, fox example, has reei~it that when. a
ships ut of automobiles was sent to Bangkok only junk arrived; the
shipping eotspeny, in order to hake full use of shippir~ space, had
placed another hcsvy load on top of the crates . Under this load
the crates broke down axed the tops fell in on the roofs of the
automc.biles ? The loss totaled ,000. A similar loss resulted
from the shipment of enacteled tube, which are placed in special
carton for export- Trough the corners of the cartons, from bot-
tom to top, paa8ed long acreira, enddng at the top in hooks for the
cranes to catch. The surfaces of adjaceztt tubs were covered with
felt. tievertheleas the ships nt arrived In damaged ..cor4lticu.
as
Just ,the designers of the crates for theutotaobiles never ima-
git that the taps would be overloeded, the deaiguers of the tub
cartgas never thought that the tuba would be in any position but
upriht. But st the port why the cartons were unloaded there
were no cranes, and the crates were unloaded from the side of the
ship, being hauled from in front. The carton8 were unable to tale
this treat ctt, twisted, the O Lt packing fell out, and the tubs
were dam. In both cases it vas pravathat the da*sage waa the
result of i~rcper hantlind by a 3O S$ of the ahiping aoepani,
but onty after 'very' cco. UastiSd negottati$ by the s+ ]oYak
State In$1 fCe moiety. At the ease titre it is as esz tbst it is
in the interest both of cxur ate` and of ourselves to svoid ac~
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cid.ent like this, since &ei if the demage is made up by third
rty the econoriic loss remains It is still worse ~theri these los-
sea occur because of our awn negiigence or are directly caused by
us,
The workers who are esei ned the pack ir1 of goods for ex-
port in the production p]nts, particuiarly the designers of ex-
port peckag, Est rnake use of the experience made available to
them by the State IriEuranco Society, the Czeehos o 1 transporta-
tion enterpriacs, end the "oreign-trade eeite ri8es, to realize
the stress and the f'requenti' improper haudi1nwhich products un-
dergo during a transoceanie voyage, snd turn their atteritio~c in
this direction , It is a .greet error, ~thieh often costs us dear,
when people thIrIk that it does not matter if goods are demagedd,
since they are insured an the contrary such damage must be pre-
vented
Some plants have had a great deal of experience in export
packaging and are very inventive oa this subject This is true
particularly of plants in the food industry. The cereful packia
of Czechoslovak hops and malt for export shipt~ent deserves partic~
ular appreciation. In Zatec they are iow testing a new etho of
packaging hops for overeeas shipping. The pecking crata5 and cyl~
finders have been replaced by a pLestic container de of poly-
ethylene. A fine, translucent membrane protects the contents.
For better shipping the piaetic is wrapped in a jute container which
is tied up with knots with which the bUZI13e8 ere handled in lowi-
ing. With the aid of workers is the paper inaustry a very clever
e rt package has been developed for bottled beer frna the Plzen
brevery, Zcra in Que er4 or candy facts are si
east to the leer Eat In ape aially fo rg s boats ao that they cen
be curried of the beet o~ l$ in cersene ?
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Qth~r plants, h ever, often overlook the ortance of
pacckeging. This is the only p ible explanation of the beciward
method of paekinj which we still see in some oversees shipmrentc of
tnchinery, with arrives at its desti.aetion rusty.
Beta>ee o b
paging in boxes eome parts arrived demaged, Bch understand-
ably not only ceases dieaatisfoction on the part of the customer
but coats foreign exchae spent on the necessary repairra .
Severe coal elnts have been icdged against shortcomi. iu
packaging in the metallurgical industry. At the Bvern& Ironworks
in Podbrezova the problem of psckaging vas discussed with the work-
ers; they now use sheet iron inatead of wire and the corap leints
have stopped They ere also Improving their pork in marking by
using beer colors and correcting the "signum" ever while 1oad.ingSimilarly at the Vitkoviae Irouworts they have realized that
if they ere to meet the demand that goods be better prepared for
shipping this Cana greater eonsuwption of binding material end
greeter labor expense, but that this is nevertheleaa necessary end
desirable in the interest of he good international neme at r~au-
tation of the Cxechoalovak mete1lurgica1 industry an its products.
We tauat mace the rolls of knitted good? tighter for ship-
ment? because our former incorrect method increaaed maritime Ship-
ping costs, which are deter fined by cubic volume in these mete
riale This exemtple also n 1cee it clear that the ~aarkera must be
sy teutically and broadly instructed and trained in the hailing
end shipping of products for export
Packaging is moet immortant, of course, in the case of del-
icate products each ec glass and porcelain. In this cue poor pack-
aging may cease reel dam, es happened with a ship tt of porce-
lain dishes to British lest 1 icet out of two cretel only a few
plates wexe unbroken. It is s urely unnecessary to spoil our goad
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work in this wey ar,d ruin our reputation oa foreigc zkets, since
to ere able to solve much cadre serious productiau problems
Even :.iI we give the great car a to the secur ty of d.s
pec1u3gir4 we must sirnultaneouslY see to it that bulky psckagin ;
not incr a shipping coats. It one plant producing ueefu1 porce?
lain they orig uaUt pawkaged aoue ooda for Iraq, in 100 crates 'with
a volume of 56 5 cubic caters. preliwinery calculations showed the
sales referent that this peckagiiig would render the deal unprofit?
able from the foreign~excha a standpointA This 3s because in
ocean shipping one pays by volume, and the trsnsportation costa,
which go up as volume increeaes, frequently force us to stap doing
bu$inessP In this particular case the referent came to the plant
with the request that the goods be repacked ern the plant try to
keep the volume down As result the plant repacked the gooc1s,
and the same products wart' pocked in 60 crates instead of the ori~
goal 100 et4 the volume reduced by 30 cubic peters. Tia saved
shipping costs of ~,OOO crowns in Eng.ish pounds The deal cotU.d
be carried out and the economy was saved valuable foreign exchacle.
flow mai y similar aevit could be caede on other shipmenta if the
proper attention were paid to this problem! mach packer and shipr
per in the producing plants has the key to this problem, ar it is
their Job to keep in mind in packing each crete that the apace
saved repreeents foreign-exehange aevir.
In the oeser of some proriucta iechinery, vehicles ?~ the
deaigriex"a can keep in afro that uuneceeeery projections t engles
will unneceearily increeee the vol. a e aM therefore ehipping
coete of the product.
The Groh Institute for pate Technology can do vai>
feat service is soLving *iai]ar problear for our iegustrie~ .
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Considerr b1e attention taust be devoted to the climatic in-
fluences (tecperature and humidity) through ttich products un.t
pass on, their journey to the Custoraer, particularly in ping through
the tropic zone4 These influences are being ecentifiolly inves~
ti.get,ed by the P,esearcb Ittute for Materials Protection in
Prague41ebueice Our factorlea should be urged to cooperate
closely with this itastitute, which is making its investigations
even on Czechoslovak ships, and is checking the stabiiity o' in-
dividual products
For completeness it should be pointed out that in packagtug
smell piece goads great care rest be devoted to seeing that the
nutnber of pieces in the crate correspond to the number in the in-
voice. his is necessary because we are forever getting complaints
that packages contain a smaller number of pieces than the invoice
indicates. In some fields as many as one-fourth of all complaints
revolve about thin subject
Proper narking of packages is very important, The factor-
ies frequently atark ahipakenta differently frorn the way the for-
ejgn-trade enterprise marks them in the eccoaapanying documents and
invoices Careless narking causes difficulties in loading and unw
loading, the page are mixed up, and complaints result. The
foreign-trade enterprises natur+i11y require the ship- oting doc~
uriente to chow the same markings 88 the invoices end sccreditives,
and in such cases the port expediter must uauelly give the ships e
guerarstee for the difference in merkinga . Thia guarantee of course
shove that something about the shipment is out of ortez', which
disturbs its nol shipping.
One Hare ebaz'ectez'jetic sitter . Ia the case of one large
delivery to the met ion, ahicb sae sent in stages, a five-
figure amber had to be tinted on arch piece shipped. In the
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p1ent this f'Lgure wad aft'txed by hand, although it had to be writes
tm arre than 1,c times in all, and not until this eras pointed
out by the receiving cou daear Wes a stencil de, It should not
be nec.~ ssary or the foreign customer to do our thinking for us;
we rniist ourselves the of these thins in order to simplify our
~;ozt;
R ci. 8hipin Costs
As we aw eve seen, the problem of paekegi Lg and. shipping fees
sre closely allied . In the case of eome goods shipping costs may
eel the total price of the goods his takes it perfectly clear
how is rtant it is for us to save shipping costa, since in delivw
exing goods to oversees marketa we have to cover much greater disw
tang than the competition, which heee its own parts.
The importance oi" the weight of goods in shipment 18 shoran
by the maple of the shipment of wet lumber, raw ti+iber, end lath
for crating. The greater weit of wet wood increases the cwt of
tranaportation both within Czechoslovakia er4 abroad, 88 Wefl as
feea is transehipa~ent and trensloElling. At a certain period the
average weight of timber exported equaled 5EO kilograms per cubic
-
meter, although the average should vary between 5po and 550 kilo
a in S)j!!!!!' seal winter, respectively If we added up the cost
of this extra weight we would find that the extra ahipping coat
would total millioaa of crovns each year, not to. mention the fact
that unnecessary weight my Urdens cxar i'reigbtcar pool.
When we consider trsaaportetion in foreign trade i+e must
realise what a web of problem+r amt be eolved. All goods which
we expert in one year repreeeacct about 15o,Ooo ehipmente, i e., an
everege of 4QO export ebb daily. The teak of providing
trenspol't for all. these ship t$ ebroad is the job of M trena,
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the transportation and shipping foreign trade enterprise in Prague,
which also organizes the shipment of goods imported into Czecho-
slovakia. Another transportation enterprise, Ceehofracht, in close
cooperation vith Metrans, provides ocean transport, using among
others our own three ships -- the Julius Fueik, the Lidice, and
the Republike.
Metrans combines all export and import shipments so that
taaximum tariff and foreign-exchenge advantages can be taken. It
makes up small piece shipments into carload lots, so shat transport
media can be best utilized and shipping accelerated. At the seine
time it cooperates. with similar enterprises in the USSR, the peo-
pie's democracies, and with enterprises in the capitalist countries
in order to obtain for Czechoslovakia the best rates and conditio2.
To discharge all transportation tasks in time end at the
least cost requires much effort and many headaches, because in ad-
dition to normal shipping there is a large number of special prob-
lems every day. One might think the problem of shipping a locoano-
tive to Shanghai was quite simple: you just put it on the shortest
rail line. The trouble is that railroads do not have the same
gauge everywhere: Soviet railroads, for instance, have a wider
gauge than we do, and it is for this reason that we had to build
up the large transshipment point at Cierna ned Tisou for rail traf-
fic with the Soviet Union. Because of this obstacle the locomotive
had to be dismantled at the Soviet frontier, placed on five Soviet
freightcars, and transferred again to Chinese freighteara at the
Soviet-Chinese frontier. The trip to Shanghai took 5 veeke.
The shortest route is not elvays the ch pest, depending on
tariff differences. Water shipping fe eubetentlally cheaper than
rail shipping. Therefore ve prefer to ship ao~re goods by a combin-
lto
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atiou of rivers and canaala, or to go roundabout by sea, rather thari
to use direct rr11 canneetlore, For exattiple, Czechosiovak sugar
is sent to Switzerland froth the refinery by rail to the V.tava
transshipment paint where it is transferred. to river barges . It
travels dovn to Vitava and the Babe as far es Hamburg, thence it
goes by sea to Amsterdam or Rotterdam and again by river barge to
Bagel in Switzerlandy er1ey travels from southern Moravia to
gtraaburg this: by rail to Bratislava, then down the Danube to
Galati, through the Black Sea to the Bosphorus ate. the Dardanelles,
through the 14editerranean Sea to Gibraltar, up to Rotterdam, end
thence up the Rhine to Strasburg (Cf. Fr. Smrcek, Dopravni i
tens v xnhran ctitat obchgde (Pransportation Insurance in Foreign
Tradej, OrbI8, Prague, 1955.
We present these examples to show that the foreign trade
enterprises together vith Metrena mast often demand considerable
adaptability and underatand.ing of to producing enterprises vith
respect to packaging requirettnts. Cooperation can often lead to
very positive results , For exaa 1e this type of cooperation among
production workers and foreign-trade transportation spe-
cialista has led to a vary successful solution of the problem of
shipping automobiles to South America . When cars and trucks were
shipped together the passenger chassis were mounted on the truck
chassis without increasing the voluaae used to calculate shipping
fees . This saved 1,000 crowns on each pauenger basis shipped,
thus increasing the foreign-exchan?e yield of the transaction.
The production plants sometimes coa~lain that the foreiga-
trade enterprises often do not issue dispatching orders in tine aid
the goads produced theji wait too long in the plant end teke up too
rich storage space. In alau~tz'ous cases, hot , the delay is jus-
17].
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tified, since the enterprise u t aee to it th it it uses the crust
erivantageous trensportation facilities, which sometin es mew wait-
ing. The piants rnut therefore have storege space available for
ouch cases.
By way of example, if we celn send rolled. nu terie 1 to South
America in a F1cmiah a1 ip from a polish port tie is n ch prefer
able to shipping from Ramburg in a ship those fees would have to
be paid ror in foreign exchange which is difficult for us to ems,
It amt also be kept in mind that the journey through Poland IS
much more advantageous for ua than shipping tbraugh Hamburg. If
in choosing shipping routes ire therefore Strive for efficiency we
mint so times po$tpone shipping goods fora while. It is of
course desirable for the production enterprises to notify the for
eign-trade enterprise in tine that the goode are ready for ahip-
rtieut, so that the foreign-trade enterprise can provide ship space.
If goads come out of the production plants at Irregular my
tervals and unannounced this rn8see provisi wia for shipping ciuite
difficult
on the other hand production enterprises which announce he
shipment of goode in time and prepare than for ocean shipment make
it poi ible for Cechofracbt to proceed to rent space and to make
use of seasons when rates are mast advantageous mhia furthern re
makes it possible to amke better use of ports in the people's deni-
ocraaies, particularly on the Black Sea, because iwhen it is cer~
taro that the goots viii be delivered on tiles Ceahofraoht hae bet
ter ohage$ of making up abipmeZate in thoee ports. It is elso poe-
sible to rue foretgart exeben a by ueir* trs ship. inst.sd of
liners, sing men deliverie6 ire a on time it is possible to
eke up ers1 imsil shims to be seat by tramp ship ratha~r than
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weir more expeive liners to ad individual shipmenta, (A liner
is a ship plying regular lines acyox1ng to fixed, achedules. A
tra s~aip is one whose d.Irectaon and rates are feed by special
contract for each voyage.)
if shipments fro>a the Tctories are iste, the goods cannot
be loaded on a riaritiwe ship in tiYae at the port, snd the shipment
is delayed and roust wait until the alert ship leaves . =yert ship
pine connections are few poi e day's delay 'may result a 12 a t nth s
delay, with all the unpleasant consequences this Ieada to
Sevin pcsl,ble zn Also
We havo sttempted to give a brief survey of the main reas M
ons tthy production for e.port is not crowned with still greater
success L in conclusion it should be noted that probl,ema cif imports
deserve greater attention as well.
~e wish to expend international economic cooperation, aril
thus imports as cell. Therefce eny effort at autoarky is alien
to us a Our economic interests require us, however, to import only
necessary goods which viii help us to accelerate coaistruction, ir-
prove prodlictinn, and raise our living standards We do not wish
to import food unnecessarily, goods which we can produce ourw
selves more efficiently. We also want imported raw materials,
Dade, and products to be used economically, end therefore it is the
goal of our economic policy not to be dependent on imports of key
products, since we do not wish to expose ourselves to the posaabil-
ity of discrimination and economic pressure,
Frequently ms r of he goods vhiah ye art cold be pro-
duced relatively easily in Caetlovaka. files are certain
types of imported sheet iietal whose production could be errauged
by CZ+ ChO*]-ovek fevtoriee . In other asses our factories mist learn
to turn to life -t sources for ii rted rev arst is . In this
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respect we exerted enaruiaue efforts 'when, because of the discrita-
iaetioi we sut fered, we reoriented our imports of keys raw t4
rials prim riiy toward the Soviet Union and the people' a democra w
cieeb
All, of these end si ai1ar cases require close cooperation be-
tween the proiuetion plants and the foreiga -trade enterprises if the
opal 1s to be reached quickly.
A great deel depends on the proper uti1izationn of imported
raw materials . M example can be found in the textile industry,
showing how our competitors have solved this problem, In E lan
rew American cotton is used to spin yarn up to No -+O, long-staple
Egyptian cotton for yarn. up to No 60, and Karrik cotton for higher
numbers: 104, 120, and above ? Czechoslovak producers, on the other
he, often use high quality low-staple cotton where other types
would suffice, thus increasing the coat of the product, re Est
also see to it that the waste from imparted raw u terials, such ss
in cutting bides, be at a minim
Frequently en enterprise working for export requests the im-
portetion of some small. auxiliary rnaohine or equipment whiff will
help it to fulfill its goals 01' caurne the Ministry of foreign
Trade enld its agencies proceed in such cases with eyc thy. After
all, the foreign-exchange expenditure will ultimately err a much
greater foreign?e abange yield < It is of course regrettable when
the pleat loses interest once the equipment bae arrived end does
not even mn ke the neaeseery provisions for installing the i~orted
machinery. 3e have encouattered isoleted c eeee of this kind recent.
ly. This attitude does xx~t of aourae iedicate that nil our pro-
ductton plants are properly aequ intt.d rith our iaport prob.awsl
for t i$ resOoa their uierata.i of Licit aet be expanded ae
rte. ss their pcssp of export prabiess.
l~#
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evelo i etit~.one for`u'illlnt of ort Orders
We have discussed aectorc which we mint improve cooper-
ntion between production end the foreign-trade enterprisea in the
interest of better fu1f illrat of export goals . Fit cancluSions
can we drew from this artnlysis?
We must, above all, considerably strengthen the cafes pups
in the large export plarxts j partiru18r1y in enterprises workiu; on
deliveries of irweattaent units, so that they will be able to pro-
vide bids anti bases for operational designs in time, to control
export deliveries ae they are produced ark assembled, to devote
their time to compiling advertising material and tenhnical and com-
mercial documentation, to provide for excellent packaging srd skxip-
pingg of goods, and to cooperate with the foreign-trstie enterprises
in foxlowing technical development throughout the world end, on
the bases of the Information geined, apply the nst progressive
technology in their plants. We must end the incorrect failure to
appreciate the iwportance of the sales groups in export enterrrpri-
see; on the contrary we must recruit for them the east higly
skilled cedres with proper technical and currciai knowledge. At
the acme time we shall rake batter use of the experience of engin-
eers, technlciane, ieeigners, and reaeerch workers, both in prepar-
ing commercial, negotiations and in the fulfillment of export deliver-
lea.
Socialist competition for exemplary fulfillu nt of export
orders is very important for itaproving waxk in foreign tree to and
the liaieon between foreign-trade enterprisee en production. This
competition wee began in 1955, on the initiative of the Ministry
of Foreign Vie, ba ed in turn on a goverreeeat resolution of 28
June 1955. Fiction plants I Bich eeintsin the preser b ed qusl-
ity, b5Ve no Ante frog f ist cueto r, i-nteim the deUv'
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ery times specified is delivery orders, provide service to foreiz
customers, have proper ce&res of assembly an4 teahniesl workers,
and maintairn good liaison with the foreign.trade enterprises re-
a~,va iu t _ .1 % s~iwDL u i t ixutL FOUL W uODUZ y t'et og-[Ut Lou. Dy
rewarded accord ing to the principles applicable to the isausnce
of the Rat nr, and they can set4 some of their technical ape-
cialiats woad for study trips, with he travel eosts in part e-
iri? paid out of a special portion of the bonus which the plant ob-
tains for the exemplary fuU"111n nt of effort teaks.
In 1955 about 320 enterprises in all fields were i riciudet
in the competition for exemplary export plants end several dozen
of them were given incentive rewards in ac.ition to honorary rec-
ognition for fu1fil1ing the coalitions of the competition.
it is the job of the factory organizations of the K$C and
of all mass organizations, perticularly she ROIL and the CSM, in
the pleats working for export, to use all their facilities to de.
velop and aupport this type of competition. There are many re-
sources which can help in reaches this goal.
Thus the collective contract should, in its first chapter,
tike a precise statement of the pledge to aaintain delivery dead-
lines, ar4 further pledges should be given eliminating all ccxa-
pleinta by providipg for maximum quaUty of export goods.
We must ayatematicelly follow aril control the fulfillment
of working gosh aanociated with export orders. We carrot wait
for results; we rat in advance be sure that the baaic conditions
exist for timely fulti1Im nt. We at examine the caws of day
and or*e their elimination. Coapleints Pram ebzroed a t be
u3d to drew the noaeasary 3aon so that the errors will not be
repest.d in the future.
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.other n tbod of aseuring the cc Leti on of e~cport o s
i8 the o gani tion of d,iscusrioni- on the sig fi. a ice of 'ores
tre4e, connected also with prab:# of the international po1itic?1
situation. It i6 precise in foreign trade that the princip1e8
of cooperotion of the aloeia1ist con and the peaeefu]. coexistence
of all 18nds are carried out in practice
Anything lwhich promotes the introduction of progressive
te: bno1oy helps our exports also heref c; in tee of foreign
trade it is supremely important Zr othe part; and trsde~uuioa orw
anization in the production pmts to extend innovators and inven-
tors the essary support, for sufficient attention to be direc-
ted toward improvement suggestions, to arouse the initiative of
the workers, increase epecialied training, end make it posgiale
to exct&ane Czechoslovak working observations and Soviet experience
The effort to improve Cwechoalovak foreign trade must be led
by Commlanieta, trade-union meabers, and Jnion members in all sec-
tors of the national economy. Thie means still cxre emphatically
to explain to our workers the importance of regler fulfillment of
the plan for production of export goods, aad to uge special exam
plea to point out the opportunities of achieving high proth ct qua l-
ity . The iniortant thing i.e for the party organizations in the
production plents properly to exerciee their right to control the
management, and to encourage the reeponaible factory worker and
the Co & niats in the R?H ad cc tteee to organize sociai.iat
cocnpetition end exe~plarygwelity brigedCB for the honor of the
factory trade-mezt
Experience eonvtaaee ue that despite e1.1 he recent iucceae
OP Cs+ lovak axports ve are tar fon heving ntLISaed all the
opportinittee evsilable for costinutug is our good tradition east
M 1fl
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increaaing ealee of Czechoelov ak goody on foreign markets . Therew
fore we t > biize all the workers to increase their efforts
towerd better u1 il1ntent of export gc 1a, wbici are conataat),y on
the rise. If we f`u1fi1i these goels the resulta of our co con
work for the exemplary fulfillment of export deliveries W i.11 be
reflected in a better a richer life for our workers
118
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TAB OF CONW1S
Introductiou 1
CHJ\PT T. SIC FEATU F OF
czE
R'J1C FEIGN TRADE
Lhe t Is the F ova eign'- r&1er Monopoly? 5
Contemporary Coals of Czechoslov Foreign Trade 9
Foreign Trade A Tool of Peacea'u1 Collaboration with
the Entire World 18
C& P; r II. FDB t IGN TRADI i PRE-MU1ICH CZECHOSLOVAKIA
The Prewar ;keMUp of Exports 25
The Prewar Make-Up oiR iuortz 26
Developtm t of Czechoslovak Porei i a > ode before the
Secondrld War 26
Capitalist Trade -.. A Tool in the Race for Profits 29
The Role of Cartels 32
C&\PTI1 III. M/\,CRINE LDING w,. Th CORN TONE OF OUR
FOREIGN TRADE 36
cpendin; the Scope of Machinebuilding Production 36
The Q alitative Reconstruction o?' Machinebuilding 38
Technical, Progress Mhieved. in Machi:iebuildin 140
Technical. Aid frcn the Soviet Union 42
The Prospect for Further Development
MEtchinery - vo Percent of Czechoslovak Exports ?
Exportation of Investment Unite 50
HAPTE r!!. ?-EE ~rh[ 4~1SUCC8 E IOSWVAX
A4AC " 'aJIw AND MIALWBGICAL IN IE
ezecbool,Avakia 3U1148 ?actoriesi thZOIOUt he World
In the price of ectriticetion
Other export Succees of leevy ChLt*building 60
M9nery for Venous iabea of Ir u*try 63
AMotig the Greetet Exporte$ cif' amine Tools 65
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We Also Lead in Dieaei Einea and Pumps
Re, SuCOG$B in the Export of Vehicles
13xport Achieveunts in Electrode Rai
Precision Meci rLi s O t1c~ Also iac,r t I uen6
67
69
75
The Rxport or Metallurgical Products 80
CRAFT A 4LW FOUNDATION FOR L' 0WL'S OF LIt T-
mDURTRY PRODUC
83
Nev Jobs and Prospects for Epos of Light-Iz4uatry Prodhctc 87
CRA1R Vt QTR OF PRODUCTS OF LIGHT Inc 'RY, CBEt4IS-
, AND TH1; FOOD INDiETRY 9
Czech blase Unequaled 9tI
Czechoslovak Ceramics Widely Known 96
Czeclxoslovek Textiles Also Re ?xd 98
Shoes ar4 Glovea
Various marts from the wood Inthtry
Prsgoevrt s exporter of Small ousurnar Gaoda
102
102
106
Participation of Local Iuduetry and cooperatives in
Czechoslovak Rxports
109
MiU3oris of Czechoalovak Bcoks and Phonograph Records
Go Abroad
115
Export Success in the Chemical industry
117
Sugar, Malt, Bops
118
Other Foos and Beverages
119
cHAPT12 VII, %HE FORTS MUST I ~
125
More Underatendiog oi' Report Reguirta
130
The Fouation of Export Success
132
The ImDor~ence of Timelr bids
133
'the 1iaportanee of Prue
135
Delivery DeMii
13$
b
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A Word abet Asaembly
Greater Attention to Product uality
1)i8
The In ortance of Progressive Techniquea
Exports to the topics
Spate Parts
l5
l
160
Jotning Production to Foreign Advertisi
i
Pec ng .>.U 4n :ortint Factor
163
Reducirig $hippiug Cats
169
$avit Are Passible in l~porta Also
Developing Co r. titions for Exempla Pul il1ment of
173
Export Orders
175
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