CHINESE COMMUNIST PUBLICATIONS ON TRADE AND LABOR

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 395
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 8, 2010
• Sequence Number: 37
• Publication Date: September 20, 1956
• Content Type: REPORT

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PROCS1NG Copy
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
C -0-N -F W I -D -E -N -T - I'-A -L
NOFORPT
COUNTRY China
SUBJECT
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
Chinese Communist Publications
on Trade and Labor
REPORT
DATE DISTR. o September 1956
REFERENCES
SOURCE EVALUATIONS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
Chinese Communist English language publications
STATE EV
a. China National Import & Export Corporation
b The Trade Union Law of the People's Republic of China
c. Labour Insurance Regulations of the People's Republic of China
dSome Documents of Labour Legislation of the People's Republic of China
e. The Draft Programme for the Agricultural Development in the PRC
fm Decisions on Agricultural Co-operation
Appeal of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions to all the Workers
and Staff Members in the Country for the Fulfilment and Overfulfilrnent
of the First Five--Year Plan for Development of the National Economy
i. Trade Unions in People's China
j. P,TT Service Guide
k, Chinese Soyabeans
1.. Chinese Aniseed Oil and Cassia Oil
m, Chinese Groundnuts
n. Portable Measuring Instruments
o. Chinese Rice
p. Chinese Tung Oil
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by "#i ".)
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3010244
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C -O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
NOFORN
-2-
q. The Regulation and Development of the Yellow River
r, The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
When the publications are detached from this report they are unclassified.
C -O-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
NOFORN
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HOW TO USE THE DRAWING APPARATUS:
1. all Average Test Specimen Cotton into
Divide the Small
four equal parts.
Turn Screw ~ 17 to adjust the distance or space between
the two pairs of Rollers to obtain a space of about 3-5 m.m.
in excess of the Length Standard under test.
3. Set on Levers (7 to tighten the two pairs of Rollers.
4. Feed the said four equal parts one after another separately
into Cotton-feeding Rollers 1) (2 , ' turn Handle 8
counter-clockwise.
5. Take away the foreign matter and nePs from the Specimen
Cotton on Velvet Roller (12).
6. Take off Specimen from Velvet Roller (12) pass it through
the Drawing Apparatus for three to five times not less than
three times for cotton grade 3 and up-not less than five
times for cotton b vrade 4 and down) and make it into four
Slivers.
7. Part each of the four Slivers into two equal lengthe discard-
U one half of each and keeping the other four halves.
inb
Combine he remaining four halves into one
each two of t
and pass them again through the Drawing Apparatus for
a same number of times as aforesaid to produce two Slivers.
$. Cut each of the two Slivers into two equal halves, again
ng one half of each and keeping the other two
discards
halves. Combine the remaining two halves into one and
pass it again through the Drawing Apparatus for a same
number of times as aforesaid thus producing the Test
Specimen Sliver.
9. Select out lengthwise 0.1 to 0.12 gram from the Test
Sliver. Manipulate the fibres carefully by fingers
Specimen
and cast off the dust and other impurities. Again, pass it
through the Drawing Apparatus to }produce the Ultimate
Cotton Sliver.
Cotton Drawing Apparatus
13
14 16
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17
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Diagram showing the Process of making Test Specimen Sliver
Ultimate Sliver and Cotton Tuft.
Small Average Test
Specimen 4-5 Grams
Passed through Drawing Apparatus
Divided into four equal parts
Passed through Drawing Apparatus
Discarded
Passed through Drawing Apparatus
Test Specimen Sliver -~
Manipulated
by fingers
Passed through
Drawing Apparatus
y
self-contained with standard cell and dry battery. The
current-regulating unit for preliminary balance and the fine reading
adjuster are combined together to form a double turner. In order
to ensure the accuracy of readings, the fine reading adjuster is so
Y o
designed, that it is without turn-stopping device and is able to make
turns of 360 ? in succession.
A hinged cover may be locked shut to protect the working
parts. Wiring diagram and directions for operation are found
inside the hinged cover.
Plane
e- throw switch which is so designed
1 1114 .. represent the doubtt
~
that as soon as switch 2 is thrown either towards the STD. CELL or
towards the E,M.F., the switch 1 is simultaneously switched on,
allowing through the whole wiring to prevent
the current to flow the standard cell from by lack of a corresponding
m over-load caused compensating voltage.
Speci cations
0-71 millivolts.
Range of Measurement
room temperature 10?C to
milla.volt at Limit of error: . X0.1
30?C and relative humidity not over 80?
division.
Sensitivity of Galvanometer: About 0.1 millivolt per
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Wiring Diagram
B
:i+
1.5 V
ao 30
so to
Std Cell
- -
E,M.F -- Std.Cell
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IIEAI) OFFICE:
Er-1.i-1yuu, IIsi Chian, Prking, (:hin;;.
Cahlc Address: "I NS'1RINIPOR'1"'
511;1NG11AI: 27
1111N'1'SIN: 171
CANTON: 2>
(;huncsh;in ROa(l (1?1.I ),
Cablc Address: "INS'1R1NII ,
l~kn Shich Read.
Cablc Address: "INS'TRII1I
'Iai I'in!; R()ad, S.
Cable Address: ''INS'FRIvI I
BOOKLET 51001
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(1IIN:1 N.A TION.A1. INS'rRUNF.NTS IN4l1)R'1' (')RI'OR.A'I1ON
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IIEAI) OFFICE:
Er-1.i-1yuu, IIsi Chian, Prking, (:hin;;.
Cahlc Address: "I NS'1RINIPOR'1"'
511;1NG11AI: 27
1111N'1'SIN: 171
CANTON: 2>
(;huncsh;in ROa(l (1?1.I ),
Cablc Address: "INS'1R1NII ,
l~kn Shich Read.
Cablc Address: "INS'TRII1I
'Iai I'in!; R()ad, S.
Cable Address: ''INS'FRIvI I
BOOKLET 51001
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(1IIN:1 N.A TION.A1. INS'rRUNF.NTS IN4l1)R'1' (')RI'OR.A'I1ON
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IIEAI) OFFICE:
Er-1.i-1yuu, IIsi Chian, Prking, (:hin;;.
Cahlc Address: "I NS'1RINIPOR'1"'
511;1NG11AI: 27
1111N'1'SIN: 171
CANTON: 2>
(;huncsh;in ROa(l (1?1.I ),
Cablc Address: "INS'1R1NII ,
l~kn Shich Read.
Cablc Address: "INS'TRII1I
'Iai I'in!; R()ad, S.
Cable Address: ''INS'FRIvI I
BOOKLET 51001
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(1IIN:1 N.A TION.A1. INS'rRUNF.NTS IN4l1)R'1' (')RI'OR.A'I1ON
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OUR MAIN
EXPORTABLE PRODUCTS
CHEMICALS & PHARMACEUTICALS
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CONTENTS
SODA ASH (SODIUM CARBONATE)
CAUSTIC SODA (SODIUM HYDROXIDE)
SODIUM SULPHIDE
CALCIUM CARBIDE
HYDROCHLORIC ACID
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
ZINC OXIDE
RED PHOSPHORUS
AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
SULPHUR BLACK
SODIUM PHOSPHATE TRIBASIC
PHENOL
ETHYL ALCOHOL
MONOCHLOROBENZENE
NITROBENZENE
DINITROCHLOROBENZENE
NAPHTHALENE (REFINED)
ANILINE
SULFONATED COAL
RODINE
PAINTS
EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE
LIVER INJECTION CRUDE
PEPSIN
PANCREATW
SODA ASH (SODIUM CARBONATE)
(NaaCO3)
Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
Total alkalinity as Na2CO3 98% up.
.
Water soluble, white crystalline powder.
Raw materials for the manufacture of Caustic
Soda and Sodium Silicate;, metallu.rgical works;
petroleum industry; oils and fats
refinery; glass
industry and paper pulp industry.
In 80-kg. gunny bags lined with cloth bag.
Keep in dry store and away from dampness and
lime.
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 White solid, with slight bluish shade allowed,
easily soluble in water, hygroscopic, corrosive,
absorbs carbon dioxide when exposed to air.
Petroleum and oils refining; paper pulp, glass and
dye-stuffs industries; rayon yarns, toilet soaps,
soaps and cosmetics manufacturing.
 Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
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SODIUM SULPHIDE
(Na25)
Na2S content: 60-62?? or 62.5-63.5%, solid fused.
Pinkish or brick-red solid, hygroscopic, soluble
in water.
Raw material for the manufacture of sulphur
dyes; auxiliary ? for sulphur dyes; paper pulp manu-
facturing; dehairing hides; cotton fibre deter-
gent; denitrating agent in rayon industry.
In 100 or 160-kg. iron drums.
Keep in ventilated and dry Place to prevent the
drum from getting rusty; stow away from acids;
keep container tightly closed and intact to prevent
dampness.
CALCIUM CARBIDE
(CaCy)
Acetylene yield not less than 250 litres per kilo
of CaC2.
Greyish black, irregular solid lumps, hygroscopic,
reduced to powder after efflorescence, with
formation of acetylene gas when wetted by
water.
For illumination and welding purposes; organic
synthesis.
In 100/200-kg. drums.
Handle with care to prevent explosion caused by
collision, keep in dry store.
Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
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HYDROCHLORIC ACID
Specification: HCI content: 31? min.
~o
Characteristics:
Colorless or yellowish solution, with a strong
pungent odour and corrosive property.
Uses and applications: As reagents for synthetic rubber, dye-stuff and food
industries; also used in tanning, dyeing, metal stain
removing ; for manufacturing pharmaceuticals, per-
fumes and chlorides.
Packing: In 30-k8. acid proof jars.
Precautions: Keep in cool place and avoid collision.
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^
^
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ZINC OXIDE
ACTIVATED CHARCOAL
(zno)
Specification:
Zn0 content: 99.5% min.
Specification:
(I) Absorption power 35% up.
O 2 0.1 gm decolourizes not less than 15 c.c, of 0.1 %
Characteristics:
White powder, insoluble in water, soluble in acid.
Methylene Blue solution.
and absorbs carbon dioxide when exposed to air.
Characteristics:
'(I) Black granules:
Uses and applications:
For rubber Paint, pigments, pharmaceutical and
(2) Black powder.
match industries.
Uses and applications:
(I) Pharmaceutical purpose.
Packing:
In 25/50-kg. paper-lined canvas bags.
(2) Industrial decolourization.
Precautions:
Store in ventilated and dry place.
Packing:
In 20-kg, iron drums.
Precautions:
Keep in tightly closed containers to prevent
dampness.
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QED PHOSPHORUS
P)
Specification: On request.
Characteristics: Red or dark-red powder, explosive if heated.
Uses and applications: Safety match manufacturing.
Packing: In 10-kg, iron drums.
Precautions: Store in dry, cool and ventilated place, keep away
from fire.
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AMMONIUM CHLORIDE
(NHgCI)
Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications
NH4C I content: 99% up
White crystals, sublimes when heated, soluble in
water and glycerol.
Dry batteries manufacturing ; textile printing;
tanning industries; electric welding; electro
plating; nitrogen fertilizers.
Specification:
Characteristics:
Packing:
Precautions:
In 50-kg. 5 PIY kraft paper bags.
Store in dry ventilated place, keep away from
alkalies.
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
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SULPHUR BLACK
Strength (In comparison with the standard sample):
I00?5,
Shade: Reddish blue or blue.
Black powder, easily oxidized and absorbs
moisture when exposed to air. Dyed material
gets brilliant colour and high fastness.
For dyeing cotton and linen fabrics.
In 50-kg, iron drums.
Keep in tightly closed containers and away from
P i
fire and dampness. Handle with care.
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SODIUM PHOSPHATE TRIBASIC
Specification: Na3P04?12H20 content: 98% min.
Speu
Characteristics: Colorless. crystals or white powder.
Uses and applications: effective boiler detergent; water softening agent;
lications?
tanning and sugar refining industries.
Packing: In 25-kg, cloth bags.
Precautions: Keep under appropriate humidity.
PHENOL
(CBH6OH)
Congeals at 39?-41?C
Colourless to pinkish crystalline mass, soluble
in water with distinctive odour and corrosive
property.
Dye-intermediates; raw material for phenol-
formaldehyde synthetic resin; strong antiseptic
and germicide preparations.
In 210-kg. galvanized iron drums.
Do not expose to air or light, avoid contact with
skin.
Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
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 Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
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ETHYL ALCOHOL
(C2H5OH)
Purity: 96% min.
Colourless liquid, inflammable and easily volatile.
Industrial and pharmaceutical urPoses.
P
In iron drums.
Keep away from fire.
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MONOCHLOROBENZENE
(CBH5C
Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
Benzene content (dry base): 0.3% max.
Sp. Gr. D15 1.112-1.114
Specification:
Colourless, transparent liquid with pleasant odour,
inflammable, anaesthetic, insoluble in water, but
soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene.
For manufacturing phenol; picric acid; dichloro-
benzene; dinitrochlorobenzene; sulphur black;
sulphur brown etc.; raw material for manufacturing
insecticides, such as DDT and Benzene-Hexa-
chloride; as solvents.
In 220/240 kg. iron drums.
Keep away from open flame and electric spark.
Containers should be tightly closed, otherwise
an inflammable and explosive mixture may be
resulted from its volatile vapour and air. Sand
may be used in case of fire.
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
NITROBENZENE
(C6H8N02)
Solidifying point (dry base): 4.5?C min.
Yellowish oily liquid with bitter almond odour,
soluble in alcohol, ether and benzene; slightly
soluble in water, easily inflammable and poisonous.
Manufacture of aniline; benzidine-base; quinoline;
azobenzene; dye-stuffs and perfumes.
In 200-kg, iron drums.
Keep in cool place, away from inflammable goods,
avoid contact with skin, use air-mask and rubber
gloves when handling.
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DI N ITROC H LO RO BE N ZE N E
NAPHTHALENE (REFINED)
(C1oHa)
(CBHe (N02)gC I)
Specification:
Melting point not lower than 79?C.
Specification:
Purity (dry base): 97% up.
Solidifying point (dry base): 47?C up.
Characteristics:
White or slightly yellowish, with pungent odour
and easily volatile.
Characteristics:
Yellow or light orange crystal, with bitter almond
odour; irritative to the skin and poisonous.
Uses and applications:
Insecticides; dye intermediates.
Uses and applications:
Manufacture of sulphur dyes; Picric acid; saccharine
Packing:
In 25-30kg, five ply kraft paper bags.
and as dye intermediates.
Precautions:
Keep away from fire.
Packing:
In 300-kg. iron drums.
Precautions:
Keep in cool place and away from direct sunlight.
Avoid contact with skin.
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ANILINE
(CBH6NH$)
Aniline content (dry base : 99% up.
Specification:
Characteristics: Light yellow to brownish oily liquid, with pungent
. odour and poisonous.
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
Dye intermediates; dyeing and printing; raw
material for the manufacture of accelerator and
antioxidant in rubber industry; Perfume and
pharmaceutical industries.
Keep in cool dry ventilated place and away from
fire sun light or dampness; and avoid contact
with skin.
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 Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
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SULFONATED COAL
Softening value: Ton degree/cubic meter not less
than 900.
Black granules, size will be doubled when wetted
by water.
Water softener; especially used in boiler water or
water for bleaching and dyeing purposes.
In 50-kg, wooden cases, lined with 2 ply kraft paper.
Specification:
Characteristics:
Uses and applications:
Packing:
Precautions:
RODINE
Available ingredient not less than 25 /0
Light yellowish powder, poisonous.
For cleaning iron rods, discs, before enamelling
and electro-Plating; also used for cleaning machine
parts and boiler tubes. For preventing acid fog-
making in metal works.
In 20-kg. iron drums.
Keep away from dampness and heat.
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EPHEDRINE HYDROCHLORIDE (RED HORSE BRAND)
Specification: B. P. 1953
Characteristics: White crystals or 80 mesh powder. Odourless,
bitter taste.
Uses and applications: Pharmaceutical purpose.
In 5 kilo tins, 6 tins to a wooden case.
Packing:
In I kilo tins, 30 tins to a wooden case.
In I lb. bottles, 30 bottles to a wooden case.
In I oz. bottles, 200 bottles to a wooden
case.
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LIVER INJECTION CRUDE
Specification: U. S. P. 14
Description:
He matogenic tonic, Nutrient, Sanguinopoietic
substances derived from fresh cow's liver. Brown-
ish h water injection, standardized to containing
2 U.S.P. injectable units per ml.
Action and uses. For treatment and prophylaxis of pernicious
anemia, anemia due to hemorrhage or tuberculosis,
parasitic anem ia , ' dysfunction of reticulo-endothelial
system; intoxications by drugs or chemicals; severe
astrointestinal manifestations; and postoperative
g
restoration of liver functions.
Packing:
Storage:
Preserve the Injection preferably at a temperature
not above 20?C and protected from light.
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Specification:
Description:
Action and Uses:
Packing:
Storage:
PEPSIN
B. P. 1953
Proteolytic enzyme obtained from fresh mucous
membrane of cow's -stomach; colourless or light
buff-coloured, amorphous powder of faintly meaty
odour; slightly acid or saline taste; soluble in
water, yielding an opalescent solution; insoluble
in alcohol (95/o?) and ether; I gm of pepsin
of less than 2,500 gm of coagulated egg
digesting n
albumen.
i estant, converting native proteins into peptones
Dg
and Proteoses. For use in gastric achYlia and
gastric indigestion.
Bottles of 25 gm 50 gm, 100 gm and 500 gm.
Should be kept in a well-closed container and
stored in a cool place.
Specification:
Description:
Action and Uses:
Packing:
Storage:
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PANCREATI N
B. P. 1953
Powerfully digestive enzyme derived from fresh
cow's pancreatic tissue, containing pancreatic
enzymes amylase, trYPsin and lipase; buff coloured;
amorphous powder of meaty odour; soluble in
water, forming a slightly turbid solution; insoluble
in alcohol 95%) and ether.
In alkaline medium can digest starch, proteins
and fats; exerts no enzymatic activity at the acid
pH of the gastric juices, therefore it must be taken
with sodium bicarbonate.
For use in serious diarrhea due to disturbed external
secretion of the pancreas, achYlosis, amYzia, chronic
intestinal catarrh, and various types of dyspepsia.
Bottles of 25 gm, 50 gm, 100 gm and 500 gm.
Should be kept in a well-closed container and stored
in a cool place.
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CHINA NATIONAL IMPORT & EXPORT CORPORATION
Head Office:
6 Tou Tiao Hutung, Tai Chi Chang,
Tung Chiao Ming Hsiang; Peking.
Cable Address: CNIEC PEKING
BERLIN REPRESENTATIVE'S OFFICE
Leipzigerstrasse .112, Berlin W 8.
Cable Address: CNIEC BERLIN
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THE TRADE UNION LAW
PEOPLE'S R1q,'PUI"0I.JC OF CHINA
With Ow (un:-;f s( to ion or t he
aat9aabiiv n!' ('hin=a
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THE TRADE UNION LAW
OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
\yITII THE CONSTITUTION OF THE TRADE UNIONS OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
PEKING 1955
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First Edition . . . . . . . . . . .
1950
THE TRADE UNION LAW
Reprinted . . . . . . . . . . . .
1951
Revised Edition . . . . . . . . . .
1955
OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
The Trade Union Law is promulgated for the pur-
pose of defining in explicit terms the legal status, func-
tions and duties of trade union organizations in the New
Democratic State, thereby enabling the working class to
become better organized and thus play its proper part
in New Democratic construction.
SECTION ONE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Printed in the People's Republic of China
ARTICLE 1
Trade unions are mass organizations of the working
class formed on a voluntary basis. All manual and non-
manual wage workers in enterprises, institutions and
schools in Chinese territory whose wages constitute their
sole or main means of livelihood, and all wage workers
in irregular employment shall have the right to organize
trade unions.
Promulgated by the Central People's Government on June
29, 1950.
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ARTICLE 2
Trade unions shall be organized on the principle of
democratic centralism, in accordance with the Constitu-
tion of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions as
adopted by the All-China Labour Congress. tide
union committees at all levels shall be set up by election
at general membership meetings or representative con-
ferences.
Members of trade unions shall have the right, in
accordance with the constitution of their trade unions,
to dismiss and replace at any time any representative
v
or committee member whom they have elected.
union committees at all levels shall submit reports on
their work to the rank and file membership they repre-
sent or to their representative conferences and shall
observe the decisions and directives of their respective
higher trade radon organizations.
ARTICLE
Trade unions are mass organizations formed in ac-
cordance with the resolutions and Constitution adopted
by the All-China Labour Congress and various congress-
es of industrial unions (including the cultural and educa-
tional tional workers' unions and government employees'
unions). The trade unions have their own nation-wide
independent and uirified system of organization, with the
All-China Federation of Trade Unions as the highest
leading body. When trade unions are established, y
should submit reports thereon to the All-China Federa-
tion of Trade Unions or. its affiliated industrial unnd ns aor-
local unions, which, after proper examination a p
proval, shall undertake to refer the matter to the local
people's governments for registration.
ARTICLE d
All other bodies not organized in accordance with
Article 3 of this Law shall not be called trade unions,
and shall not be entitled to the rights laid down in this
Law.
SECTION TWO
THE RIGHTS AND DUTIES OF TRADE UNIONS
ARTICLE 5
Trade unions in enterprises operated by the state or
by cooperatives shall have the right to represent the
workers and staff members in taking part in administer-
ing production and in concluding collective agreements
with the managements.
ARTICLE 6
Trade unions in private enterprises shall have the
right to represent the workers and staff members in
conducting negotiations and talks with the owners of
these private enterprises, in taking part in the labour-
capital consultative councils and in concluding collective
agreements with the owners of these private enterprises.
ARTICLE 7
It is the duty of trade unions to protect the interests
of workers and staff members, to ensure that the manage-
ments, or the owners of private enterprises, effectively
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carry out labour protection, labour insurance, wage stand-
ards, factory sanitation and safety measures as stipu-
lated in the laws and decrees of the government and other
relevant regulations and directives, and to take measures
for improving the material and cultural life of the work-
ers and staff members.
ARTICLE 8
Trade union organizations at all levels in enterprises
operated by the state or by cooperatives shall have the
right to ask the managements at the corresponding levels
to submit reports on their work to the trade union com-
mittees, to the general membership meetings or to the
representative conferences. They also have the right
to represent the workers and staff members in taking
part in the administrative boards or administrative meet-
ings at the corresponding levels.
ARTICLE 9
In order to safeguard the fundamental interests of
the working class, trade unions shall carry out the fol-
lowing activities according to their respective constitu-
tions and decisions:
(a) Educate and organize the workers and staff
members to support the laws and decrees of the
People's Government; carry out the policies of
the People's Government in order to consolidate
the people's state power which is led by the
working class;
emulation drives and other production move-
ments in order to ensure the fulfilment of the
production plans;
(c) Protect public property, oppose corruption, waste
and bureaucracy, and fight against saboteurs in
enterprises operated by the state or by coopera-
tives and in institutions and schools;
(d) Promote in privately-owned enterprises the
policy of developing production and of benefiting
both labour and capital, and oppose acts in viola-
tion of government laws and decrees or acts
detrimental to production.
ARTICLE 10
The people's governments at all levels shall allocate
to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, industrial
unions and local trade unions the necessary buildings
and furnishings to enable them to carry out their office
work, meetings, educational, recreational and welfare
activities. The people's governments at all levels shall
also give the trade unions similar treatment in the use
of the post, telegraph, telephone, railway, highway and
navigation facilities as are enjoyed by government in-
stitutions at corresponding levels.
ARTICLE 1.1
When the managements of state-operated enterprises
or the owners of private enterprises want to transferor
discharge a trade union committee member elected by
the workers and staff members, they must obtain in
advance the consent of the trade union committee con-
cerned and such transfer of discharge cannot be carried
(b) Educate and: organize the workers and staff
members to adopt a new attitude towards labour,
to observe labour discipline, to organize labour
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carry out labour protection, labour insurance, wage stand-
ards, factory sanitation and safety measures as stipu-
lated in the laws and decrees of the government and other
relevant regulations and directives, and to take measures
for improving the material and cultural life of the work-
ers and staff members.
ARTICLE 8
Trade union organizations at all levels in enterprises
operated by the state or by cooperatives shall have the
right to ask the managements at the corresponding levels
to submit reports on their work to the trade union com-
mittees, to the general membership meetings or to the
representative conferences. They also have the right
to represent the workers and staff members in taking
part in the administrative boards or administrative meet-
ings at the corresponding levels.
ARTICLE 9
In order to safeguard the fundamental interests of
the working class, trade unions shall carry out the fol-
lowing activities according to their respective constitu-
tions and decisions:
(a) Educate and organize the workers and staff
members to support the laws and decrees of the
People's Government; carry out the policies of
the People's Government in order to consolidate
the people's state power which is led by the
working class:
(b) Educate and ; organize the workers and staff
members to adopt a new attitude towards labour,
to observe labour discipline, to organize labour
emulation drives and other production move-
ments in order to ensure the fulfilment of the
production plans;
(c) Protect public property, oppose corruption, waste
and bureaucracy, and fight against saboteurs in
enterprises operated by the state or by coopera-
tives and in institutions and schools;
(d) Promote in privately-owned enterprises the
policy of developing production and of benefiting
both labour and capital, and oppose acts in viola-
tion of government laws and decrees or acts
detrimental to production.
ARTICLE 10
The people's governments at all levels shall allocate
to the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, industrial
unions and local trade unions the necessary buildings
and furnishings to enable them to carry out their office
work, meetings, educational, recreational and welfare
activities. The people's governments at all levels shall
also give the trade unions similar treatment in the use
of the post, telegraph, telephone, railway, highway and
navigation facilities as are enjoyed by government in-
stitutions at corresponding levels.
ARTICLE 11
When the managements of state-operated enterprises
or the owners of private enterprises want to transferor
discharge a trade union committee member elected by
the workers and staff members, they must obtain in
advance the consent of the trade union committee con-
cerned and such transfer or discharge cannot be carried
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out until the said trade union committee has reported
the matter to a higher trade union committee and has
obtained its approval.
ARTICLE 12
Trade union committee members or any trade union
representatives, when provided with credentials issued
by their respective trade unions, may inspect the work-
shops and hostels of the enterprises, institutions or
schools, whose workers and staff members are affiliated
to the said trade unions. The managements, or the own-
ers of private enterprises, may not refuse such inspec-
tions, except in certain specially stipulated cases.
SECTION THREE
THE BASIC ORGANIZATION OF TRADE UNIONS
ARTICLE 13
In factories, mines, business establishments, farms,
institutions, schools and other productive or adminis-
trative units with twenty-five or more workers and staff
members, a basic trade union committee may be set up
(such - as factory, mine or institution committee). In
those employing less than twenty-five persons an organiz-
er may be elected, who shall have the same rights as a
basic trade union committee. The regulations govern-
ing the organization of basic trade union committees shall
be formulated by the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions or the national committees of the respective in-
dustrial unions.
ARTICLE 14
Apart from the basic trade union committees formed
in accordance with Articles 3 and 13 of this Law, and
approved by the industrial unions or the local unions, no
other organizations in factories, mines, business estab-
lishments, farms, institutions, schools and other produc-
tive or administrative units shall be entitled to the rights
enjoyed by the basic trade union committees.
ARTICLE 15
The number of members of a basic trade union com-
mittee who are full-time trade union functionaries and
who are freed from production, shall be determined in
accordance with the total number of workers and staff
members employed in each factory, mine, business estab-
lishment, farm, institution, school and other productive
or administrative unit. The ratio shall be as follows;
Number of workers and Number of full-time trade
staff members union functionaries
200-500 1
501-1000
1001-1500
1501-2500
2501-4000
A further full-time trade union functionary may
be added for every additional two thousand persons in
enterprises employing over four thousand workers and
staff members. Basic trade union committees in enter-
prises employing less than two hundred persons may
have one full-time trade union functionary if they obtain
the authorization of a higher trade union organization.
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ARTICLE 1l;
When a basic trade union committee has been elected
the management, or the owner of the private enterprise,
must be notified of the names of the committee mem-
bers. The management, or the owner of the private
enterprise, must, in accordance with the decisions of the
basic trade union committee, release from production
those members who are required.
ARTICLE 17
Full-time trade union functionaries who are freed
from production shall be paid by the trade unions and
the amount should not be less than the rate of wages
previously paid to them. They shall continue to share
in labour insurance and other welfare facilities paid for
by the management, or the owner of the private enter-
prise. After completing their term of office, the manage-
ment, or the owner of the private enterprise, shall en-
sure that they return to their original jobs or be given
other jobs at the same rate of wages.
ARTICLE 18
The managements or owners of factories, mines,
business establishments, farms, institutions, schools and
other productive or administrative units shall not obstruct
the activities of the basic trade union committees and
the general membership meetings or representative con-
ferences summoned by the basic trade union committees.
But meetings and conferences called by trade unions
should not be held during the prescribed working hours.
When such meetings have to be held during working
hours due to special circumstances, the consent of the
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managements or owners should be obtained. If members
of a basic trade union committee who are still engaged
in production have to conduct trade union activities dur-
ing working hours, the trade union must inform the
management or owner thereof. But the total working
hours thus occupied by any such member shall not exceed
two working days per month. In such cases, the wages
of such members shall be paid in full.
ARTICLE 19
Elections of trade union representatives to a people's
representative conference or people's congress, in ac-
cordance with the directives of the people's governments
at city (county) level or above, or elections of trade union
representatives to trade union congresses in accordance
with the directives of the trade union councils at city
or provincial levels or above may be held during working
hours, if necessary. In private enterprises, representa-
tives of workers and staff members to the above-men-
tioned and other conferences shall be paid for the period
of their attendance by the organizations which call such
conferences.
ARTICLE 20
The managements or the owners of factories, mines,
business establishments, farms, schools and other pro-
ductive or administrative units which employ one hun-
dred or more workers shall provide free of charge the
necessary buildings and other facilities (water, electricity
and furniture, etc.) for office use by the basic trade union
committees and shall provide, permanently or temporarily,
a suitable place for general membership meetings or rep-
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resentative conferences. Those employing less than one
hundred persons, if unable to provide separate offices for
the trade unions, shall provide special desks for the use
of trade unions in rooms which are in general use. Trade
unions may hold meetings in such rooms.
ARTICLE 21
When the managements or the owners of factories,
mines. business establishments, farms, institutions,
schools and other productive or administrative units en-
gage workers or staff members they shill inform the
basic trade union committees, which shall have the right
to protest, within three days, if they discover that such
engagements violate any law or decree of the People's
Government or run counter to collective agreements.
Disputes arising from the managements or owners dis-
agreeing with such protests shall be dealt with in accord-
ance with the Rules of Procedure for Settling Labour
Disputes.
ARTICLE 2:?
The managements or the owners of factories, mines,
business establishments, farms, institutions, schools and
other productive or administrative units shall inform the
basic trade union committees ten days in advance of the
name of any worker or staff member they want to dis-
charge, together with the reasons for discharge. The
basic trade union committees shall have the right to
protest, within seven days, if they discover that such dis-
charge violates any government decree or runs counter
to collective agreement. Disputes arising from the man-
agements or the owners disagreeing with such protests
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shall be dealt with in accordance with the Rules of Pro-
cedure for Settling Labour Disputes.
Articles 21 and 22 shall not apply in the case of
personnel appointed by the people's governments at all
levels.
SECTION FOUR
TRADE UNION FUNDS
ARTICLE 23
The trade unions must set up their own system of
budgeting, drawing up of balance sheets, accounting and
auditing on the principle of independent administration
of their funds.
ARTICLE 24
Trade union funds shall be drawn from the following
sources:
(a) Membership dues paid by trade union members
in accordance with the Constitution of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions;
(b) The managements or the owners of factories,
mines, business establishments, farms, institu-
tions, schools and other productive or adminis-
trative units shall each month allocate to their
respective trade union organizations, as trade
union funds, a sum equal to two per cent of the
total amount of the real wages (including those
paid in currency, in kind and in meals) of all
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workers and staff members employed (exclud-
ing agents of the owners of private enterprises).
Of this sum, an amount equal to 1.5 per cent
of the total amount of real wages shall be used
for the purpose of promoting cultural and edu-
cational activities for the workers and staff
members ;
(c) Income from cultural and sports activities spon-
sored by the trade unions;
(d) Subsidies from the people's governments at
various levels.
ARTICLE 25
Regulations governing the disposal of the funds of
the trade union committees at all levels shall be formu-
lated by the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
SECTION FIVE
BY-LAW
ARTICLE 26
This Law shall come into force after it is ratified
and promulgated by the Central People's Government
Council.
CONSTITUTION OF THE TRADE UNIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
PREAMBLE
The Chinese working class, under the leadership of
the Communist Party of China and its great leader Com-
rade Mao Tse-tung, has waged a protracted struggle in
which it established the closest alliance with the peasants,
formed a united front with all patriotic and democratic
forces to fight against imperialism, feudalism and bureau-
crat-capitalism, and consequently defeated the foreign
imperialists and the internal counter-revolutionaries,
thereby achieving great victory in the people's democratic
revolution.
It was after the birth of the Chinese Communist
Party-a party of the Chinese working class itself-and
under its direct leadership that the working-class move-
ment of present-day China progressed along the road to
victory.
The trade unions of China led by the Communist
Party have rallied the workers around the Party and
have thus become transmission belts between the Party
and the masses. After the establishment of the people's
democratic dictatorship, the trade unions under the
leadership of the Party have become a school of adminis-
Adopted by the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions,
May 10, 1953.
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tration, a school of management and a school of commu-
nism for the workers.
The trade unions of China are mass organizations of
all manual and non-manual workers living entirely or
mainly on their wages, formed on a voluntary basis with-
out distinction of nationality, sex or religious beliefs.
The People's Republic of China is a republic led by
the working class. Hence, the interests of the state and
the common interests of the entire people constitute the
fundamental interests of the working class. The trade
unions, on behalf of the workers, should therefore take
an active part in the enactment of laws and decrees of
the state concerning production and labour as well as
the material and cultural life of the workers, firmly sup-
port and carry out all the policies, laws and decrees of
the People's Government, and serve as firm social pillars
of the people's democratic dictatorship.
The most important tasks of the trade unions of
China during the period of national construction are to
strengthen the unity of the working class, to consolidate
the alliance of workers and peasants, to educate the work-
ers to observe consciously the laws and decrees of the
state and labour discipline, to strive for the development
of production, for the constant increase of labour produc-
tivity, for the fulfilment and over-fulfilment of the pro-
duction plans of the state, for the speedy industrializa-
tion of the country and for the steady advance towards
socialism. The trade unions should constantly show
concern for the improvement of living and working con-
ditions and, on the basis of developing production,
16
gradually but actively improve the material and cultural
life of the workers.
In state-owned enterprises, the workers are the mas-
ters, and it should be the sacred duty of the trade unions
to mobilize and organize the workers to ensure the fulfil-
ment and over-fulfilment of state production plans.
In enterprises jointly owned by state and private
capital and in the enterprises which regularly do process-
ing work for the state, it is the paramount duty of the
trade unions to raise production and to supervise the
implementation of contracts.
In privately-owned enterprises, although the work-
ers are still subjected to exploitation, their political rights
and legitimate economic interests are afforded effective
protection by the law of the state and by the trade union
organizations. Therefore it is also the duty of the trade
unions in the privately-owned enterprises to organize and
educate the workers to raise production and see to it
that the capitalists are observing the government laws
and decrees, thus enabling these enterprises to play an
active part in the national welfare and people's livelihood
under the leadership of the state-owned sector of the
national economy. This conforms with the fundamental
interests of the working class.
The trade unions of China are organized along in-
dustrial lines, based on democratic centralism. They
must take collective leadership, persuasion and educa-
tion as the main methods of their work. They must
show concern over the interests of the masses, gather
their views and promote criticism and self-criticism.
They must consistently pay attention to the fight against
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bureaucracy and commandism which separate them from
the masses, and at the same time, constantly improve
the organization and discipline of the workers.
The trade unions of China must constantly educate
the workers in internationalism and actively take part
in the international working-class movement. They
must strive for the unity and solidarity of the movement
and for the defence of lasting peace in the Far East and
throughout the world.
CHAPTER I
MEMBERSHIP
ARTICLE 1
Membership in the trade unions shall be open to all
manual and non-manual workers, whose wages constitute
their sole or main means of living, and who accept the
Constitution of the Trade Unions.
ARTICLE 2
Admission to trade union membership is accepted
only when a personal application is made on a voluntary
basis and when such application has been accepted by a
trade union group and approved by the basic committee
or the workshop committee of the trade union concerned.
ARTICLE 3
Trade union members have the right:
(a) To elect and to be elected;
(b) 'I1;o make proposals and suggestions to the trade
union organizations for the improvement of
trade union work;
(c) To criticize at trade union meetings or in the
trade union press any trade union functionaries;
(d) To enjoy priority in the various collective cul-
tural and welfare establishments conducted by
the trade unions.
ARTICLE l
Trade union members have the duty :
(a) To observe the laws and decrees of the state and
labour discipline;
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(b) To take good care of public property;
(c) To assiduously engage in political, technical and
cultural studies so as to raise their class con-
sciousness and working ability;
(d) To observe the trade union Constitution and
decisions and pay membership dues punctually.
ARTICLE 5
Any trade union member who breaches the Constitu-
tion of the Trade Unions, violates discipline or fails to
pay membership dues for more than three months with-
out reason, shall, according to each specific case, be ad-
vised, reprimanded or publicly warned, or expelled from
the trade union.
CHAPTER II
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
ARTICLE G
The trade unions of China are built along industrial
lines and on the basis of democratic centralism.
The basic system is as follows:
(a) The leading bodies of the trade unions of all
levels are to be elected democratically from the
bottom up by the membership, and should sub-
mit reports on their work at regular intervals
to the membership;
(b) The trade unions of all levels shall carry on
their work in accordance with the Constitution
and decisions of the trade unions;
20
(c) The trade unions shall make decisions only by a
majority vote of the members present at the
meeting;
(d) The lower trade union organizations shall obey
the higher trade union organizations.
ARTICLE 7
The organizational principle of industrial unions is
as follows: All trade union members in the same enter-
prise or institution are organized in one single basic or-
ganization; all trade union members in the same indus-
trial branch of the national economy are organized in
the same national industrial union.
ARTICLE S
The trade union councils of provincial, city, county
or town level are the joint leading bodies of the local
trade union organizations and the industrial unions in
the given province, city, county or town.
ARTICLE ci
The highest authority of the trade unions of differ-
ent levels is the general meeting of trade union members
or the meeting of their representatives (for basic organi-
zations), the congresses (for trade union organizations of
provincial, city, county or town level), and the All-China
Congress of Trade Unions (for the whole country).
The general membership meetings and congresses
shall elect the trade union committees of the various
levels-the workshop committee, basic committee,
county committee, city committee, provincial committee,
national committee and the Executive Committee of the
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All-China Federation of Trade Unions. The above com-
mittees are the executive bodies of the trade unions of
various levels and are held responsible for directing the
day-to-day work of the various trade unions concerned.
New elections of a trade union may be advanced on
the suggestion of more than one-third of its membership
and with the approval of a higher trade union body.
ARTICLE 10
The trade union committees of all levels in the in-
tervals between congresses may hold representative con-
ferences to sum up and exchange their experiences in
work.
ARTICLE 11
The trade union committees of all levels may set up
various departments or permanent working committees
according to the needs of the work.
People's Republic of China is the All-China Congress of
Trade Unions, which has the power:
(a) To hear and approve the reports made by the
Executive Committee and the Auditing Com-
mission of the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions;
(b) To define the policies and tasks of the trade
unions throughout the country and hear the
reports of the economic and cultural agencies
of the Central People's Government, so as to de-
vise measures to guarantee the fulfilment and
over-fulfilment of the economic plans of the
state;
(c) To amend and approve the Constitution of the
Trade Unions of the People's Republic of China;
(d) To define the tasks of the trade unions of China
(e)
CHAPTER III
THE HIGHEST LEADING BODY OF THE TRADE
UNIONS IN THE COUNTRY
in the international working-class movement;
To elect the Executive Committee and the
Auditing Commission of the All-China Federa-
tion of Trade Unions.
ARTICLE 1!
The All-China Congress of Trade Unions shall be.
convened every four years by the Executive Committee
of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
ARTICLE 12
The highest leading body of the trade unions in the
People's Republic of China is the All-China Feceration
of Trade Unions.
ARTICLE 13
The highest authority of the trade unions of the
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ARTICLE 15
The members and alternate members of the Execu-
tive Committee and the Auditing Commission of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions shall be elected in
accordance with the number of members determined by
the All-China Congress of Trade Unions.
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ARTICLE 16
In the intervals between All-China Congresses of
Trade Unions, the Executive Committee of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions is responsible for the
thorough implementation of the decisions of the Congress
and for the direction of the trade union work throughout
the country.
ARTICLE 17
The Executive Committee of the All-China Federa-
tion of Trade Unions shall at its plenary session elect a
Presidium and a Secretariat. When the Executive Com-
mittee is not in session, the Presidium is the highest lead-
ing body of the trade unions throughout the country,
and is responsible for carrying out the decisions of the
All-China Congress of Trade Unions and of the plenary
session of the Executive Committee, and directing all
trade union work throughout the country. The Secre-
tariat attends to the routine of trade unions throughout
the country undei' the guidance of the Presidium.
ARTICLE 18
The auditing commissions of different levels are
responsible for the examination of the finances of the
trade unions of the corresponding levels.
ARTICLE 1
The highest leading body of each industrial union is
its national committee. The highest authority of an
industrial union is its national congress, which shall be
convened every three years by the national committee
of the industrial union concerned.
24
Its functions are:
(a) To hear and approve the reports made by the
national committee and auditing commission of
the industrial union;
(b) To hear reports of the related authorities of
the Central People's Government, and define the
policies and tasks of the industrial union;
(c) To amend and approve the regulations of the
industrial union;
(d) To elect the national committee and the audit-
ing commission.
ARTICLE 20
In the intervals between the national congresses of
an industrial union, its national committee is responsible
for the carrying out of the decisions of its congress and
of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions and elects
a presidium or standing committee to direct the routine
work.
CHAPTER IV
LOCAL TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS
ARTICLE 21
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions may set
up blanch offices or working committees in the various
administrative areas. Their function is to direct, on
behalf of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, the
work of the provincial and city trade union , councils and
the local industrial unions.
25,
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The provincial and city trade union councils are the
joint leading bodies of the local trade union organizations
and industrial unions in their respective provinces and
cities.
The provincial and city councils may, according to
the needs of work, set up branch offices in the special
regions and urban districts to supervise and examine
local trade union work.
ARTICLE 22
The committees of the provincial and city trade
union councils shall be elected by their respective pro-
vincial and city trade union congresses.
The provincial, city and mining area committees of
industrial unions shall be elected by the provincial, city
and mining area congresses of the respective industries.
ARTICLE 2
The highest authority of the provincial and city
trade union councils as well as the provincial, city and
mining area committees of industrial unions rests with
their respective congresses which shall hear reports on
the activities of the trade union committees and auditing
commissions of their corresponding levels, define the im-
mediate tasks and elect the trade union committees and
the auditing commissions.
Congresses of the provincial trade union councils as
well as the trade union councils of cities under the direct
jurisdiction of the Central People's Government, and
provincial congresses of industrial unions, shall be con-
vened every two years by the trade union committees of
the corresponding levels.
26
Congresses of trade union councils of cities under
the jurisdiction of the province, and congresses of in-
dustrial unions in cities and mining areas, shall be con-
vened every year by the respective committees.
ARTICLE 24
In the intervals between the respective congresses,
the committees of provincial and city trade union coun-
cils and the provincial, city and mining area committees
of the industrial unions are responsible for the thorough
implementation of the decisions of the congresses and
for the direction of the activities of their subordinate
trade union organizations, in accordance with the deci-
sions and directives of the higher-level trade unions.
ARTICLE 05
The committees of provincial and city trade union
councils and the provincial, city and mining area com-
mittees of industrial unions may each elect one chair-
man, several vice-chairmen and members to form a stand-
ing committee to guide the routine work.
ARTICLE 26
Trade unions of county and town level shall be or-
ganized by the respective provincial trade union councils
on the basis of the organizational rules of the provincial
and city trade union councils, and in accordance with
concrete local conditions and needs.
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CHAPTER V
BASIC TRADE UNION ORGANIZATIONS
ARTICLE 27
The basic trade union organizations are the founda-
tion of trade unions. They are formed by trade union
members in the same enterprise or establishment. In an
enterprise or establishment with 25 trade union members
or more a committee may be set up. In the case of less
than 25 trade union members, a trade union group may
be set up and an organizer elected. In the case of less
than three trade union members, they may join the
nearest basic trade union organization of the related
industry or trade, or set up a joint group.
ARTICLE 22s
The general membership meeting or the meeting of
representatives in an enterprise or establishment is the
highest authority of a basic trade union organization.
The general membership meeting or the meeting of
representatives shall be convened every year or every six
months. Its functions are: to hear and approve reports
on the activities of the basic trade union committee and
auditing commission, to hear reports on the activities
of the administration of the enterprise or establishment,
to define the tasks and concrete programme of work of
the basic trade union committee, and to elect the basic
trade union committee and auditing commission.
ARTICLE 23
Each basic trade union committee shall elect a chair-
28
man and several vice-chairmen, and establish permanent
or temporary working committees according to the needs
of the work.
ARTICLE 30
The tasks of the basic trade union organizations are:
(a) To organize all the workers, technical personnel
and staff members in labour emulation drives,
to strengthen labour discipline, and to guarantee
the fulfilment and over-fulfilment of the produc-
tion plan of the state ;
(b) To show constant concern over the improvement
of the material and cultural life, and the work-
ing conditions of the entire body of workers,
technical personnel and staff members; to help
and supervise the managements, or the owners
of private enterprises, in the thorough carrying
out of the laws and decrees of the People's Gov-
ernment concerning labour protection and labour
insurance;
(c) To organize cultural, political and technical
studies, as well as cultural and sport activities
for all workers, technical personnel and staff
members;
(d) To admit new trade union members, collect trade
union dues and report regularly to higher trade
union organizations and the membership about
activities and financial conditions.
ARTICLE 31
The basic trade union committee may set up work-
shop (department) committees to lead trade union activ-
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ities in the workshops (departments). Each workshop
(department) committee shall elect a chairman (and
several vice-chairmen in case of big workshops) and may
establish such permanent or temporary working commit-
tees as required.
ARTICLE 32
Under the basic trade union or workshop (depart-
ment) committee, trade union groups may be formed ac-
cording to production units or office units. A trade union
group shall elect a group leader and, if necessary, also a
deputy leader, a labour protection inspector, a labour in-
surance steward, and cultural and educational function-
aries to assist the group leader.
CHAPTER vi
FUNDS
ARTICLE 33
Sources of trade union funds
(a) Admission fees of new members. A new mem-
ber is to pay an admission fee of 1 per cent of
his total wage of the month previous to his ad-
mission;
(b) Membership dues. Each member is to pay reg-
ularly 1 per cent of his monthly wage as mem-
bership dues;
(c) Proceeds from cultural and sport activities spon-
sored by the trade unions;
30
(d) Allocations by the managements, or the owners
of private enterprises, as trade union funds in
accordance with the Trade Union Law.
ARTICLE 34
The trade unions of all levels shall spend their funds
in accordance with estimates approved by their higher
trade union organizations and the financial and account-
ing systems set up by the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions. They should report at regular intervals to the
membership and to the higher trade union organizations
on their financial accounts. The report on financial ac-
counts is to be examined and signed by the chairman
of the auditing commission.
ARTICLE 35
The systems of finance, budget and accounts of the
trade unions shall be fixed separately by the All-China
Federation of Trade Unions.
CHAPTER VII
APPENDICES
ARTICLE 36
This Constitution shall come into effect after adop-
tion by the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions;
the right of interpretation of the Constitution rests with
the Executive Committee of the All-China Federation of
Trade Unions.
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ARTICLE 37
Should there be imperfections in the Constitution,
the right of revision rests with the All-China Congress
of Trade Unions.
ARTICLE 38
Industrial trade unions may formulate their own
rules according to the specific conditions of their indus-
tries, but such rules shall not contradict the present Con-
stitution.
ARTICLE 39
Regulations governing the organization of trade
union councils for handicraft workers will be formulated
separately.
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C
LABOUR INSURANCE
REGULATIONS
OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
Promulgated As Amended by the
Government Administration Council on
January 2, 1953
I
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LABOUR INSURANCE REGULATIONS
OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
First promulgated by the Government Administration Council on
February 26, 195!
Promulgated as amended by the Government Administration Council on
January 2, 1953
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
PEKING 1953
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First Edition . . . September 1952
Second Edition . . . . . . . February 1953
CONTENTS
Page
Decisions Concerning Certain Amendments to
the Labour Insurance Regulations of the
People's Republic of China (Adopted by the
Government Administration Council of the
Central People's Govern.nient of China) . . I
Labour Insurance Regulations of the People's
Republic of China . . . . . . . ? ? ? 5
A Comparison Between the Stipulations of the
Original Labour Insurance Regulations and
the Stipulations of the Amended Labour
Insurance Regulations . . . ? . ? ? ? 30
Printed in the People's Republic of Chino
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DECISIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT
ADMINISTRATION COUNCIL OF THE
CENTRAL PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT
CONCERNING CERTAIN AMEND-
MENTS TO THE LABOUR
INSURANCE REGULA-
TIONS OF THE PEOPLE'S
REPUBLIC OF CHINA
(Adopted at the 165th Administrative Session of the Government
Administration Council on Ianuar!/ 2. 1953)
Since the promulgation of the Labour Insurance
Regulations of the People's Republic of China by the
Government Administration Council in February, 1951,
certain achievements and experiences have been gained
in their practical application. These Regulations have
won the support of the masses of workers and staff
members and played an active part in improving their
life and in stimulating their enthusiasm for work. But
since these Regulations were drawn up at a time when
State finance and economy had not yet been completely
restored, some of their benefits were comparatively
small, and the scope of their application was limited by
the need for experimentation in certain enterprises. At
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present, our finance and economy are fundamentally
improved; economic construction will soon commence on
a large scale. Accordingly, the Labour Insurance
Regulations should be applied on a wider scale and the
standard of benefits accruing therefrom appropriately
raised. However, as the need to resist U.S. aggression
and aid Korea still continues and vast sums of money
are to be invested in economic construction, the State
should first and foremost finance those major enterprises
which serve the basic interests of the people of the whole
country. Moreover, the welfare of the working class
and the entire popular masses can only be gradually
improved in proportion to the development of produce
tion. Therefore, the Labour Insurance Regulations can-
not at present be applied on too wide a scope nor can
the standard of benefits accruing therefrom be raised
too high. In view of this situation, the Government
Administration Council hereby decides as follows:
1. Regarding a widened scope of application:
Apart from enterprises which have already carried
out the labour Insurance Regulations, e.g. railways,
post and tele-communications, water transport, factories,
and mines each employing 100 or more workers, the
scope of application is now extended to cover the fol-
lowing enterprises: (1) Capital construction units of
factories, mines, and transportation enterprises; (2)
State-owned building companies.
As of January 1, 1953, labour insurance funds shall
be paid by the management of all enterprises to which
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the newly-extended Regulations now apply. From
March 1, 1953, workers and staff members in these
enterprises shall enjoy the various labour insurance
benefits as stipulated by the Labour Insurance Regula-
tions.
The management of all enterprises now covered by
the newly-extended Regulations shall, together with the
primary trade union organisations, devise the methods
of application, which shall be submitted to the local
labour administration organs for examination before
they are put into effect. In case of particular difficulties
in the carrying out of the present Regulations, approval
for temporarily putting off such application must be
sought from the local labour administration organs.
2. Regarding higher standard of labour insurance
benefits:
The stipulation that a worker or staff member can
be absent from work in order to receive medical treat-
ment for a period not more than 6 months is to be
abolished. The standard of benefits accruing to workers
and staff members during the period of medical treat-
ment is to be suitably improved. Provisions are made
to grant allowances for expensive medicines according
to circumstance, to increase the rates of old-age pensions
and to allow more liberal conditions for old-age pen-
sions. Other benefits such as maternity benefits,
funeral benefits, allowances for funerals, and relief for
family dependents in the case of death not incurred
on the job, are also increased. The standard of the
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various kinds of benefits is specifically defined i
Amended Labour Insurance n the
prises that have already pRegulations. All enter-
Regulations into effect shall bethe Labour Insurance
labour insurance benefits to workers to pay the various
according to the new Regulations as of January 1, 1953.
Ministry of Labour of the Central Peo l
Government, together with the All-China F e P e s
Labour, shall immediately amend and Promulgate ulgate of
draft Detailed Rules for Carrying I the
surance Regulations and otheg~er Out the Labour -
In
accordance with the regulations, in
Amended Labour Insurance
Regulations of the People's Republic of China
.
LABOUR INSURANCE REGULAT
OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
OF CHINA
(First Promulgated by the Government Administration Council
on February 26, 1951
Promulgated as amended by the Government
Administration Council on January 2, 1953)
Chapter One
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
Article I
The present Regulations are specially formu
in accordance with the present economic condi
tlonsfater
the purpose of protecting the health of workers or
members and alleviating difficulties in their livelid staff
hood.
Article 2
In carrying out the present Regulations, the method
of gradual extension to include more enterprise shall
be adopted. At present, the scope within which he
Regulations are to be applied shall be tem orari the
fined to the following enterprises. P lY con-
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A. State, private, or cooperative-owned fac-
tories and mines as well as those jointly operated
by public and private capital, employing 100 or
more workers and staff members, and their sub-
sidiary organs.
B. Railways, water transport, post and tele-
communications and their subsidiary organs.
C. Capital construction units of factories,
mines, and transportation enterprises.
D. State-owned building companies.
Suggestions concerning further extension of
the scope of application should be submitted accord-
ing to circumstances by the Ministry of Labour
of the Central People's Government to the Govern-
ment Administration Council of the Central
People's Government for decision.
Article 4
The present Regulations apply to all workers and
staff members (including apprentices) who are em-
ployed in enterprises which observe labour insurance,
regardless of their race, nationality, age, or sex. Persons
deprived of civil rights, however, are excluded.
Article 5
Provisions governing labour insurance for tem-
porary workers, seasonal workers, and persons on pro-
bation working in enterprises which observe labour
insurance are separately made in Detailed Rules for
Carrying Out the Labour Insurance Regulations of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 6
Article 3
Matters relating to labour insurance in enterprises
which do not fail within the scope of the Labour
Insurance Regulations and in enterprises of a seasonal
character may be settled through the conclusion of
collective agreements by the managements (or owners)
and trade union organisations of such enterprises or
of the industries or trades to which such enterprises
belong by taking into consideration the principles as
laid down in the Regulations and the actual conditions
in such enterprises, industries, or trades.
Enterprises within the scope of the present Regula-
tions which, due to special financial stringencies, find
it difficult to continue operations or which have not yet
formally opened business operations, may temporarily
put off the carrying out of the present Regulations after
agreement has been reached through consultation be-
tween the management's or the owners of the enter-
prises and the primary trade union committees and
after approval of the labour administration organ of
the local people's government has been obtained.
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Chapter Two
COLLECTION AND CUSTODY OF LABOUR
INSURANCE FUNDS
Article 7
The cost of the various labour insurance benefits
as stipulated in the present Regulations shall be borne
in full by the managements or owners of enterprises
which observe labour insurance; a part of such cost
shall be disbursed directly by the managements or
owners of such enterprises, while the other part shall
be paid by the managements or owners of such enter
prises in the form of a labour insurance fund to be
managed by the trade union organisations.
Article 8
The managements or owners of enterprises which
observe labour insurance in accordance with the present
Regulations shall pay to the labour insurance fund each
month a sum equal to 3 per cent of the total pay-roll
of ail workers and staff members in the enterprises
concerned. The labour insurance fund shall not be
deducted from the wages of the workers and staff
members, nor shall it otherwise be collected from the
workers and staff members.
Article 9
The methods of collection and custody of labour
insurance funds shall be as follows:
A. The managements or owners of enter-
prises shall, within the period from the first to the
tenth day of each month, pay in a lump sum to
the State bank designated by the All-China Federa-
tion of Labour, the monthly amount due to the
labour insurance fund, calculated according to the
total pay-roll for the preceding month.
B. In the first two months of the enforcement
of labour insurance, the monthly sum to be paid
by the managements or owners of enterprises to
the labour insurance fund shall be deposited in full
to the account of the All-China Federation of
Labour to constitute the general labour insurance
fund to be used for the founding of communal
labour insurance establishments. Counting from
the third month, 30 per cent of the monthly sum
due to the labour insurance fund shall be deposited
into the account of the All-China Federation of
Labour as the general labour insurance fund; 70
per cent shall be deposited into the accounts of the
respective primary trade union committees of the
enterprises concerned as labour insurance funds
for paying pensions, allowances, and relief benefits
to workers and staff members in accordance with
the present Regulations.
Article 10
The managements or owners of enterprises which
fail to meet their payments to the labour insurance fund
when due, or which are in arrears of payment, shall
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for each day overdue pay an additional amount
equivalent to one per cent of such arrears.
In the case of State-owned, local government-
owned, cooperative-owned enterprises or enterprises
jointly operated by public and private capital, if the
payments are 20 days overdue, the primary trade union
committees shall notify the local branch of the State
bank to deduct the amount due from the account of the
enterprise concerned. In the case of private enter-
prises the primary trade union committees shall report
the matter to the labour administration organ of the
local people's government in order that they may take
the matter up with the owner of the enterprise con-
cerned.
Article 11.
The People's Bank of China shall be entrusted by
the All-China Federation of Labour to take custody of
labour insurance funds.
Chapter Three
PROVISIONS FOR VARIOUS LABOUR
INSURANCE BENEFITS
Article 12
The following provisions shall apply in the case
of injury or disablement sustained while at work:
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A. Workers and staff members injured while
at work shall be treated at the clinic or hosp
of the enterprise or at a hospital specially designat-
ed to serve the enterprise. If the clinic orspecially
pta
of the enterprise or the hospital unable to
designated to serve the enterprise
provide treatment, the management or owner shall
send the patient to another hospital for treatment.
The total cost of treatment, medicines, hos-
pitalisation, meals at the hospital, and travelling
expenses involved shall be borne by the manage-
ment or owner of the enterprise. Wages must b~
paid as usual throughout the period of treatment.
B. Workers and staff members who are e eat
abled as a result of injuries sustained while
work shall be paid monthly invalid pensions or
fund in
allowances from the labour insurance
accordance with the following conditions:
(1) A worker or staff member who is
unable to work due to complete disablement
and who needs other people to take care
him, shall receive an invalid pension for life
amounting to 75 per cent of his wages.
(2) A worker or staff member who is
unable to work due to complete disablement shall
but who is not in need of an attendant, shall
receive an invalid pension amounting to 60
per cent of his wages until such time as he
regains his ability to work or until his death.
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On recovery, he shall be given suitable work
by the management or owner of the enter-
prise.
(3) A worker or staff member who is
partially disabled but is still able to work,
shall be given suitable work by the manage-
ment or owner of the enterprise. He shall be
paid an invalid pension from the labour
insurance fund according to the degree of
disablement. The amount paid shall be be-
tween 10-30 per cent of his wages prior to
being disabled; but this sum, together with
his wages after resuming work, shall not
exceed the wages he drew prior to being
disabled. Provisions covering such cases are
made in the Detailed Rules for Carrying Out
the Labour Insurance Regulations of the
People's Republic of China.
C. The degree of disablement of workers and
staff members injured while at work can only be
assessed or altered by decision of a committee to
investigate disablement. Provisions covering such
cases are made in the Detailed Rules for Carrying
Out the Labour Insurance Regulations of the
People's Republic of China.
Article 13
The following provisions shall apply in the case
of sickness, injuries, and disablement not sustained at
work:
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A. Sickness or injuries not sustained at work
shall be treated at the clinic or hospital of the
enterprise, in a specially designated hospital, or
by specially designated doctors serving the enter-
prise. Consultation fees, the cost of treatment,
hospitalisation, and ordinary medicines shall be
paid by the management or owner of the enter
prise; the total cost of expensive medicines,
travelling expenses involved, and meals at the
hospital shall be borne by the patient. If he is
in financial stringencies, he may obtain an
allowance from the labour insurance fund accord
ing to his actual circumstances. In cases of sick-
ness and injuries not sustained at work, it is all
for the hospital to decide whether the patient should
be hospitalised, or sent to another hospital for
treatment and when he should be discharged from
the hospital.
B. A worker or staff member who is absent
from work to receive medical treatment for sick-
ness or injury not sustained at work shall, accord-
ing to the length of time he has been employed
in the enterprise, be paid 60-100 per cent of his
wages by the management or owner of the enter-
prise, provided the period of treatment does nol
exceed 6 consecutive months. When the period of
treatment exceeds 6 consecutive months he shall
receive a sickness or injury allowance which shall
be paid to him monthly from the labour insurance
fund. The amount shall be equivalent to 40-60
per cent of his wages until he resumes work, or
13
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14
his disablement is established or until his death.
Provisions dealing with such cases are set forth
in the Detailed Rules for Carrying Out the Labour
Insurance Regulations of the People's Republic of
China.
C. In the case of a worker or staff member
who is obliged to retire from work after his com-
plete disablement is established while receiving
treatment for sickness or injury not sustained at
work, the payment of sick leave wages or relief
benefits for injury not sustained at work shall be
suspended. He shall be paid relief benefits for
disablement not sustained at work from the labour
insurance fund. The amount shall be determined
according to the following rules: if he needs other
people to take care of him, he receives 50 per cent
of his wages; if he does not need such help, he
receives 40 per cent. This sum shall be paid until
he resumes work or until his death; but a partially
disabled worker or staff member who can still
work, is not entitled to this benefit. The degree
of disablement and changes in the invalid's con-
ditions shall be dealt with according to the pro-
visions as stipulated in Clause C of Article 12.
D. Workers or staff members whose sickness,
injury, or disablement was not sustained on the
job shall be given suitable work by the manage-
ment or owner of the enterprise when they have
recovered and are certified fit for work by the
medical institution concerned.
E. When a lineal dependent of a worker or
staff member falls ill, he or she may receive free
treatment at the clinic or hospital of the enterprise,
at a specially designated hospital, or from the
specially designated doctors serving the enterprise.
Half the cost of ordinary medicines and treatment
shall be paid by the management or owner of the
enterprise; expensive medicines, travelling ex-
penses involved, hospitalisation, meals at the
hospital and all other expenses shall be paid by
the patient.
Article 14
Death benefits for workers and staff members and
their lineal dependents:
A. A funeral benefit shall be paid by the
management or owner of an enterprise in the event
of death of a worker or staff member while at work.
The amount of such benefit shall be equivalent to
3 months' wages based upon the average wages
paid to workers and staff members in the enterprise.
In addition, from the labour insurance fund, the
lineal dependents of the deceased shall receive a
monthly pension which shall be based upon the
number of such dependents. The amount of such
a pension shall be 25-50 per cent of the wages of
the deceased and shall be paid until such a time
when the dependents no longer have the status of
dependents. Provisions dealing with such cases
are set forth in the Detailed Rules for Carrying
Ia
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16
Out the Labour lnsurarce Regulations of the Peo
pie's Republic of China.
B. A funeral benefit equivalent to 2 months'
wages based on the average wages of workers and
staff members in the enterprise, shall be paid from
the labour insurance fund in the case of the death
of a worker or staff member from sickness or injury
not sustained at work. In addition, a relief benefit
shall be paid from the labour insurance fund to the
worker's lineal dependents which shall be equiva-
lent to 6-12 months' wages of the deceased accord-
ing to the number of his dependents. Provisions
dealing with such cases are dealt with in the
Detailed Rules for Carrying Out the Labour Insur-
ance Regulations of the People's Republic of China.
C. A funeral benefit and a relief benefit for
lineal dependents shall be paid in accordance with
Clause A of this Article in the case of a worker or
staff member who dies after retirement because
of complete disablement resulting from injury
sustained while at work. A funeral benefit and a
relief benefit for lineal dependents as stipulated in
Clause B of this Article shall be paid in the case
of a worker or staff member who dies after his old-
age retirement or who dies after retirement in con-
sequence of complete disablement resulting from
injury not sustained at work.
D. A funeral benefit shall be paid from the
labour insurance fund in the case of the death of
a lineal dependent of a worker or staff member.
The amount shall be equivalent to one half of the
monthly average wages of workers and staff mem-
bers in the enterprise if the deceased is more than
10 years of age; one-third of the monthly average
wages, if the deceased is between 1 and 10 years
of age; no allowance shall be paid if the deceased
is under the age of one year.
Article 15
Provisions for old-age pensions:
A. Upon attaining the age of 60, a male
worker or staff member who has worked for 25
years, including 5 years in the enterprise concerned,
can retire from work. After retirement he shall
receive a monthly old-age pension from the labour
insurance fund until his death. The amount, to be
calculated on the basis of the number of years he
has worked in the enterprise, shall range from 50
to 70 per cent of his wages. If the interest of the
enterprise calls for his staying on the job, even
though he is qualified to retire, he shall receive, in
addition to his original wages, an old-age pension
from the labour insurance fund according to the
length of time he has worked in the enterprise
concerned. This pension shall be equivalent to
10-20 per cent of his wages. Provisions dealing
with such cases are set forth in the Detailed Rules
for Carrying Out the Labour Insurance Regulations
of the People's Republic of China.
, 17
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Is
B. A woman worker or staff member, upon
attaining the age of 50, who has worked for 20
years, including 5 years in the enterprise concerned
shall receive an old-age pension as stipulated in
Clause A of this Article.
C. Male workers and staff members, upon
attaining the age of 55, and women workers and
staff members upon attaining the age of 45, who
work iii the pits or in places which are constantly
at a temperature below 32?F or above 100?F, shall
receive old-age pensions as stipulated in Clause A
of this Article. However, in calculating the num-
ber of years of employment, including those in the
enterprise concerned, one year's work under such
conditions shall be counted as one year and three
montlas.
l). Male workers and staff members upon
at1aiiaiti the axe of 55 and women workers and
still I1 CIflhers upon attaining the age of 45 who
arcs directly cn~~a g~r, ~ '
ed in work detrimental to health
in indilslries extracting or manufacturing lead,
mhrcnry, arsenic, phosphorus, and acids or in other
chemical uric arntalnertt industries, shall receive
Old igo p-'tts!OI-s as stipulated in Clause A of this
Article. IIc-W&wer, in calculating the number of
ye4?u's of (,II11,Ic~~~ili~~nt, including those in the enter-
pulse coiacc~i one Vear's work in such places
shrill horounijt~d as one year and six months.
Article 16
Provisions for maternity benefits:
A. Women workers and staff members are
entitled to a total of 56 days' leave of absence from
work before and after confinement. Full wages
shall be paid as usual during maternity leave.
B. Women workers and staff members are
entitled up to 30 days' leave, as prescribed by the
doctor, in cases of miscarriage during the first 7
months of pregnancy. Full wages shall be paid
as usual during such leave.
C. In cases of difficult delivery or the birth of
twins, women workers and staff members are enti-
tled to 14 more days of leave besides their 56 days'
maternity leave. As usual, full wages shall be
paid during the leave.
D. Expenses for pre-natal examinations and
child delivery of pregnant women workers and staff
members at the enterprise's clinic or hospital, or at
a hospital specially designated by the enterprise
concerned, shall be paid by the management or
owner of the enterprise concerned. Other expenses
shall be paid in accordance with Clause A of Article
I3.
. E. In the case of a woman worker or staff
member medically certified, at the end of maternity
or miscarriage leave, as unfit to resume work, she
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is entitled to the benefits as stipulated in Article
13.
1=;. Tn the case of child-birth, a woman worker
or stall member or the wife of a male worker or
stall member shall receive a maternity benefit of
40,OO() vtian, from the labour insurance fund.
Article 17
1'rhvisiotts for communal labour insurance es-
tablishnients:
A. All workers and staff members working in
the enterprises at which labour insurance is in force
,tre entitled to the benefits from the communal
labour insurance establishments. Detailed mea-
stn'es are to be devised by the AlhChina Federation
of I..tthour.
1?. 'l'he primary trade union committee of an
t nterprise, together with the management or owner.
shall ttt 1ertake to found communal labour insur-
dttct~ est~tblisiitrternis such as sanatoria, overnight
sanatoria, and nurseries according to the financial
rtmtlitiOtts of the enterprise and the needs or the
vv"ot'kers ;tnd staff members. Detailed provisions
tre set forth in the Detailed Rules for Carrying
taut the l thous insurance Regulations.
?l'he A11-t ltina Federation of Labe ur sna;i
tttt~lertahr to loin id, or entrust various ii trade
ttniott t~rritlnisatiotts or industrial unions ~t"th the
task of l~nildltl, the toltl~l\'itla t`omrnunu'. tabour"
ittsut,ttt~rv~ rstahllshtneuts:
1) Sanatoria
2) Rest homes
3) Homes for the aged
4) Orphanages
5) Homes for the disabled
6) Miscellaneous
Article 18
Workers and staff members who are not trade union
members working in enterprises at which labour insur-
ance is in force, shall, according to the provisions of
the present Regulations, receive benefits in cases of
injury, disablement, or death sustained while at work,
as well as maternity leave, medical care for sickness
or injury not sustained at work and medical care for
their lineal dependents. They are entitled, however, to
only half the amount prescribed of wages and relief
benefit during sickness, medical care for injury not
sustained while at work, relief for disablement not
sustained while at work, relief for their lineal de-
pendents, old-age pensions, and funeral allowances.
Chapter Four
PROVISIONS FOR SPECIAL LABOUR
INSURANCE BENEFITS
Article 19
All workers or staff members who have. been
designated as model workers or model staff members
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on account of their outstanding contributions to the
enterprise concerned, and army combat heroes who have
taken up work in the enterprise concerned, are entitled
to the following special labour insurance benefits when
so recommended by the primary trade union committees
and approved by municipal or provincial trade union
organisations or national committees of industrial
unions:
A. The cost of expensive medicines, travelling
expenses involved, and meals at the hospital during
treatment for sickness or injury not sustained at
work shall be borne by the management or owner
of the enterprise concerned.
B. When undergoing medical treatment for
sickness or injury not sustained while at work,
wages are to be paid in full during the first six
months.
Relief benefit for sickness, for injury or dis-
ablement not sustained at work shall be at a rate
equivalent to 60 per cent of the wages of the person
concerned. Invalid pension for disablement sus-
tained at work shall be equivalent to the full
amount of the wages of the person concerned.
Allowances for disablement sustained while at
work shall be at a rate equivalent to the difference
between the wages received prior to the disable-
ment and the wages received after resuming work.
In the case of death being incurred while at work
the lineal dependents shall receive a relief benefit
22
equivalent to 30-60 per cent of the wages of the
person concerned. Old-age pensions upon retire-
ment shall be 60-80 per cent of the wages of the
person concerned. Old-age pensions for persons
continuing to work beyond the age limit shall be
20-30 per cent of the wages of the person concerned.
Provisions for dealing with such matters are set
forth in Detailed Rules for Carrying Out the Labour
Insurance Regulations of the People's Republic of
China.
C. The right to priority in receiving benefits
from the communal labour insurance establish-
ments.
Article 20
Invalid ex-servictnen working in enterprises shall
be paid full wages during the first six months of medical
treatment for sickness or injury not sustained at work,
regardless of the length of time they may have worked
in the enterprise concerned. After six months such
matters shall be dealt with according to the provision
of Article 13, Clause B.
Chapter Five
ALLOCATION OF LABOUR INSURANCE FUNDS
Article 21
Procedure for the allocation of labour insurance
funds shall be as follows:
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A. The general labour insurance fund shall
be used by the All-China Federation of Labour for
the purpose of providing communal labour insur-
ance establishments.
B. Labour insurance funds are to be used by
primary trade union committees for the payment
of various pensions, allowances and relief benefits,
and allowances for the communal labour insurance
establishments in the enterprise concerned. Balance
sheets are to be drawn up each month. Funds
left in hand shall be turned over in full to the
accounts of the municipal or provincial trade union
organisations or to the national committees of
industrial unions to serve as an adjustment fund
for labour insurance (hereafter referred to as
"adjustment fund").
C. The adjustment fund shall be used by the
municipal or provincial trade union organisations
or the national committees of industrial unions as
subsidies for their affiliated primary trade union
committees when such committees find that their
labour insurance funds are insufficient to meet the
required expenditure or for the purpose of setting
up communal labour insurance establishment.
National committees of industrial unions may
authorise their local organisations to manage the
allocation of the adjustment fund. The All-China
Federation of Labour has the right to overall manage-
ment and allocation of the adjustment funds of the vari-
ous municipal and provincial trade union organisations
24
25
and of the national committees of industrial unions, and
it may use such funds to set up communal labour in-
surance establishments. If their adjustment funds are
insufficient to meet the required expenses, the municipal
or provincial trade union organisations and the o the All-
China of industrial unions may apply
China Federation of Labour for subsidies.
Article 22
Labour insurance funds are not to be expended for
any purpose other than that of labour insurance.
Article 23
The accounting departments of all enterprises shall
open separate accounts for their labour insurance funds
and shall be held responsible for the receipt and
expenditure of the labour insurance fund. The account-
ing system for labour insurance funds shall be worked
out by the Ministry of Labour of the Central People's
Government in collaboration with the All-China Federa-
tion of Labour.
Article 24
In collecting and disbursing the adjustment fund
at
the finance departments of trade union organisations
various levels shall abide by the regulations issued by
the All-China Federation of Labour.
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Chapter Six
ADMINISTRATION AND SUPERVISION OF
LABOUR INSURANCE
Article 25
The basic units in the administration of labour
insurance shall be the primary trade union committees
whose chief tasks shall be: to supervise the collectio!i
of labour insurance funds; decide on payments from
labour insurance funds; supervise the various expenses
directly paid by the managements or owners of enter-
prises as stipulated in the present Regulations; urge the
enterprises to improve the work of the communal labour
insurance establishments and public health services;
carry out all detailed matters relating to labour in-
surance; compile monthly reports on labour insurance
funds, and annual labour insurance budgets, balance
sheets, plans of work, and reports on activities to
be submitted to the municipal or provincial trade union
organisations or the national committees of industrial
unions, as well as to the labour administration organs
of the local people's governments; and to report on their
work to the plenary meetings of trade union members
or to representative conferences.
Article 26
The auditing committees of the various primary
trade union committees shall each month audit and make
public the accounts of the labour insurance funds and
26
of the various expenses paid directly by the manage-
ments or owners of enterprises as stipulated in the
present Regulations.
Article 27
The municipal and provincial trade union organisa
tions and the national or regional committees of indus
trial unions shall be responsible for directing and
supervising their affiliated primary trade union or-
ganisations in relation to labour insurance. They shall
audit monthly financial reports, budgets, and balance
sheets of the labour insurance funds and determine
whether there are errors in the receipts and disburse-
ments of labour insurance funds, receive complaints
from workers and staff members on matters relating to
labour insurance, and draw up' monthly reports on the
state of the labour insurance fund and adjustment fund,
annual budgets, balance sheets, plans of work, and
reports on activities.
Reports shall be made according to the following
procedure:
A. The municipal and provincial trade union
organisations shall report to the labour administra-
tion organs of the local people's governments and
to the trade union organisations of the Greater
Administrative Areas.
B. The national committees of industrial
unions shall report to the All-China Federation of
Labour and to the Ministry of Labour of the Cen-
tral People's Government.
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Article 23
The trade union organisations in the Greater
Administrative Areas shall be responsible for directing
and supervising the labour insurance work of their
affiliated municipal and provincial trade union organisa-
tions and the industrial trade union organisations in their
respective Areas. They shall audit the monthly financial
reports, budgets, and balance sheets of the labour in-
surance funds and adjustment fund, plans of work, and
reports on related activities of the municipal and pro-
vincial trade union organisations. They shall draw up
quarterly financial reports on the collection and ex-
penditure of labour insurance funds, annual budgets,
balance sheets, plans of work, and reports on activities,
and submit such reports to the Departmens of Labour
of the Greater Administrative Areas concerned, to the
Ministry of Labour of the Central People's Government
and to the All-China Federation of Labour.
Article 29
The All-China Federation of Labour is the highest
leading organ for directing the labour insurance work
throughout the country. It shall administer the opera-
tion of labour insurance establishments throughout the
country, supervise the enforcement of labour insurance
schemes by the local trade union organisations and the
industrial union organisations. It shall audit and draw
up financial reports on labour insurance funds and
general labour insurance funds. It shall draw up
annual budgets, balance sheets, plans of work, and
28
reports on activities and send such reports to the Minis-
tries of Labour and of Finance of the Central People's
Government for reference.
Article 30
Labour administration organs of the people's
governments at all levels shall supervise the payment
of labour insurance funds, inspect the carrying out of
labour insurance and deal with complaints relating to
labour insurance.
Article 31
The Ministry of Labour of the Central People's
Government is the highest supervisory organ in the
country for labour insurance. It shall be responsible
for the thorough enforcement of the Labour Insurance
Regulations and shall inspect the fulfilment of labour
insurance work throughout the country. The rules
governing such inspection shall be drawn up separately.
Chapter Seven
APPENDIX
Article 32
The present Regulations shall be promulgated and
put into effect after approval by the Government
Administration Council of the Central People's Govern-
ment. In amending these Regulations the same pro-
cedure shall apply.
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A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STIPULATIONS
OF THE ORIGINAL LABOUR INSURANCE
REGULATIONS AND THE STIPULATIONS
OF THE AMENDED LABOUR IN-
SURANCE REGULATIONS
(Prepared by the Hsinhua News Agency)
Amendments to the Labour Insurance Regulations have been made
mainly in two respects: (1) widening. the scope of application and (2)
increasing labour insurance benefits.
The original and amended clauses are compared as follows:
Items
1. Scope of. application
2. Benefits
1) Provisions for sick-
ness or injury not
sustained at work:
Stipulations of the
Amended Regulations
Extended to:
i) capital construction units
of factories, mines, and
transportation enterprises
ii) State-owned building com-
panies
A. Period of medical Limited to six months Until a time when treatment
treatment is completed according to
the doctor's decision
I
E. Expensive medi- Paid for by the worker or staff
tines
Stipulations of the
Original Regulations
Limited to railways, post and
tele - communications a n d
water transport, and the fac-
tories and mines employing
100 or more workers
member himself
C. Wages during 50-100 per cent of his wages
sick leave when the period of treatment
does not exceed 3 months
D. Relief for sick- 30-50 per cent of his wages
ness or injury when the period of absence
from work for treatment is
3.6 months; 20-30 per cent
when the period exceeds 6
months
E. Fares to hospital
and meals at the
hospital
F. Return to work
after recovery
Paid by the worker or staff
member himself
Not stipulated
In principle, the invalid him-
self shall pay the expenses
but in case of difficulties he
may apply for an allowance
from the labour insurance
fund
60-100 per cent of his wages
when the period does not
exceed 6 months
40-60 per cent of his wages
when the period exceeds 6
months
Those in financial stringencies
may obtain an allowance
from the labour insurance
fund
Resume work in the enterprise
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2) Provisions for old
age:
A. Conditions for
old-age pensions
B. Old-age pensions
after retirement
3) Provisions for ma-
ternity benefits:
A. Maternity leave
Male workers or staff memberrs0
attaining the age o
(women workers or staff
members attaining the age
of 50), who have worked for
25 years (women workers or
staff members for 20 years),
j including 10 years in the
enterprise concerned
135.60 per cent of his or her
wages
StipUlations o[ the
Amended Regulations
Male workers or staff, members
attaining the age of 60
(women workers or staff
members attaining the age
of 50), who have worked for
25 years (women workers or
staff members for 20 years),
including'5 years in the en-
terprise concerned
50-70 per cent of his or her
wages
56 days for normal delivery,
15 days for miscarriage oc-
curring during the first 3
months of pregnancy, and
30 days for miscarriage oc-
curring during the fourth to
the seventh month. Wages
shall be paid in full during
maternity leave
5 feet of red cloth
B. Maternity
allowances
C. Fees for pre-natal
examination and
delivery
4) Provisions for death
benefits:
A. Funeral allow-
ances in the case
of death incurred
at work
B. Death incurred
during the period
of retirement, after
disablement re-
sulting from work
C. Funeral allow-
ances for death
not incurred at
work
D. Relief benefits for
lineal dependents
Not stipulated I Borne by the enterprise
2 months' wages based upon i 3 months' wanes based upon
the average wages paid to the average wages paid to
workers and staff members workers and staff members
in the enterprise in the enterprise
equiva-
allowance
funeral
A
ral allowance
A f
e
une
months'
to
lent
wages
s
lent to 1 mo ges
lent
based upon the average I based upon the average
anc
k
wages paid to workers and
staff members in the enter-
prise. Relief benefits for
lineal dependents equivalent
to 3-12 months' wages of
the deceased
Equivalent to 1 month's wages
based upon the average
wages paid to workers and
staff members in the enter-
prise
3.12 months' wages of the de-
ceased (paid according to
the length of time employ-
ed in the enterprise)
56 days for normal delivery,
30 days for miscarriage oc-
curring within 7 months of
pregnancy, 70 days for diffi-
cult delivery and for birth
of twins. Wanes to be paid
in full during maternity
leave
An allowance of 40,000 yuan
ers
wages paid to wor
staff members in the enter-
prise. Monthly relief benefits
for lineal dependents equiva
lent to 25-50 per cent of the
wages of the deceased
Equivalent to 2 months' wages
based upon the average
wages paid to workers and
staff members in the enter-
prise
6.12 months' wages of the de-
ceased (paid according to
the number. of lineal de-
pendents)
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A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE STIPULATIONS
OF THE ORIGINAL LABOUR INSURANCE
REGULATIONS AND THE STIPULATIONS
OF THE AMENDED LABOUR IN-
SURANCE REGULATIONS
(Prepared by the Hsinhua News Agency)
Amendments to the Labour Insurance Regulations have been made
mainly in two respects: (1) widening..the scope of application and (2)
increasing labour insurance benefits.
The original and amended clauses are compared as follows:
Items
1. Scope of. application
2. Benefits
1) Provisions for sick-
ness or injury not
sustained at work:
Stipulations of the
Original Regulations
Limited to railways, post and
tole - communications a n d
water transport, and the fac-
tories and mines employing
100 or more workers
A. Period of medical Limited to six months
treatment
B. Expensive medi- Paid for by the worker or staff
cines member himself
C. Wages during 50-100 per cent of his wages
sick leave when
1rliir, f1-,s
Period of treatment
_..
. vv u~.~i 111G ~JGI IVU
d 3
th
does n
t
excee
mon
s
o
D. Relief for sick- 30-50 per cent of his wages
ness or injury when the period of absence
from work for treatment is
3-6 months; 20-30 per cent
when the period exceeds 6
months
1. Fares to hospital
and meals at the
hospital
F. Return to work
after recovery
Paid by the worker or staff
member himself
Not stipulated
rfl
Stipulations of the
it mended Regulations
Extended to:
i) capital construction units
of factories, mines, and
transportation enterprises
ii) State-owned building com-
panies
Until a time when treatment
is completed according to
the doctor's decision
In principle, the invalid him-
self shall pay the expenses
but in case of difficulties he
may apply for an allowance
from the labour insurance
fund
j 60-100 per cent of his wages
_1_,_..
exceed 6 months
uues hot
40-60 per cent of his wages
when the period exceeds 6
months
Those in financial stringencies
may obtain an allowance
from the labour insurance
fund
Resume work in the enterprise
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2) Provisions for old-
age:
A. Conditions for
old-age pensions
B. Old-age pensions
after retirement
3) Provisions for ma-
ternity benefits:
A. Maternity leave
suiting from work
4) Provisions for death
benefits:
A. Funeral allow-
ances in the case
of death incurred
at work
B. Death incurred
during the period
of retirement, after
disablement re-
Male workers or staff members
attaining the age 60
(women workers or staff
members attaining the age
of 50), who have worked for
25 years (women workers or
staff members for 20 years),
including 10 years in the
enterprise concerned
35-60 per cent of his or her
wages
Male workers or staff, members I
attaining theage or f sta60
ff
(women
members attaining the age
of 50), who have worked for
25 years (women workers or
staff members for 20 years),
including 5 years in the en-
terprise concerned
50-70 per cent of his or her
wages
56 days for normal delivery,
15 days for miscarriage oc-
curring during the first
months of pregnanc , and
30 days for miscarriage oc-
curring during the fourth to
the seventh month. Wages
shall be paid in full during
maternity leave
5 feet of red cloth
C. Fees for pre-natal
examination and
delivery
C. Funeral allow-
ances for death
not incurred at
work
D. Relief benefits for
lineal dependents
56 days for normal delivery,
30 days for miscarriage oc-
curring within 7 months of
pregnancy, 70 days for diffi-
cult delivery and for birth
of twins. Wanes to be paid
in full during maternity
leave
2 months' wages based upon 3 months' wanes based upon
e wages paid to
a
, th
g
e aver
the average wages paid to
workers and staff members workers and staff members
in the enterprise in the enterprise
A funeral allowance equiva-
lent to 1 month's wages
based upon the average
wages paid to workers and i
staff members in the enter-
prise. Relief benefits for
lineal dependents equivalent
to 3-12 months' wages of
the deceased
Equivalent to 1 month's wages
based upon the average
wages paid to workers and
staff members in the enter-
prise
3-12 months' wages of the de-
ceased (paid according to
the length of time employ-
ed in the enterprise)
A funeral allowance equiva-
lent to 3 months' wages
based upon the average
wages paid to workers and
staff members in the enter-
prise. Monthly relief benefits
for lineal dependents equiva
lent to 25-50 per cent of the
wages of the deceased
Equivalent to 2 months' wages
based upon the average
wages paid to workers and
staff members in the enter-
rise
p
6-12 months' wages of the de-
ceased (paid according to
the number of lineal de-
pendents)
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SOME DOCUMENTS
OF CHINA
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OF LABOUR LEGISLATION
OF
THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC
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SOME DOCUMENTS OF LABOUR LEGISLATION
OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
ALL-CHINA FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS
Peking 1955
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 P1
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CONTENTS
Decision of the Govern ii icnI rldmiIlls IraIi orn Council on
lln'ards for Inventions, l'uchnicaI Iinprovcnlents and
Rationalization Proposals neerniH Production . l
Provisional Regulations on Alvards for Inventions, Tech-
, nical Improvements and Nationalization Proposals Con-
cerning Production . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Directive of the Alinistrv of Labour on the Establish-
ment of Labour and Capital Consullativc Committees in
Private Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Rules on the Organisation and the Work of the Muni-
cipal Labour Dispute Arl,iIration Committee . . . . 21
Renlations of the Ministry of Lab~eir on the Proceed-
ins for the Set IlenlenI >f Inbrn1r Disputes . . . . . 24
Provisional Draft Regulations on Factory SnIi itation . 24
a Fe v Measures Issued by the Ministry of Labour on
1'raitsportinti Dar]LerotIS !\rticles . . . . . . . . 41
Measures on tl' Report iii of Accidents Resulting in
liljurv or Death of Workers and Staff Members in In-
dustrial, Transport and Ruii din Enterprises . . . . .44
Decision of the Government Adnninislration Council on
I'n]l)lovmenl .. . . . . . . . 53
Directive of the (iveriuuent Adiniriistration Council on
Developing the Spare "Dine [(location of \I-orkers and
Stall \1clnhers . . . . .. . . . 67
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charge of a I I matters pertaining to IliVentiOUS, tectulicaI irn-
provemertts, ratlorlallzahon proposals concerning produc
tion, and shall carry out the following work:
a. To direct the various economic departments to study,
experiment and popularise inventions, technical
improvements and rationalization proposals con-
cerning production;
b. To examine and appraise all iIiveittions, technical
irnprovcmcnts and rationalization proposals concern-
ing production;
C. To eslablislh the rights of inventions or patents, and
issue certificates of inventions, patent letters, prizes,
certificates of award and other awards.
(2) all economic dci)artments shall assign specified
persons or set up proper administrative bodies in order to
direct enterprises under their jurisdiction to fully encourage
and help with inventions, technical improvements and
rationalization proposals concerning production and to take
the responsibility of organising research and experimental
work on important and practical proposals 1)111 forward, of
popularising 1)r0l;0sals which have been proved her experi-
ments to be successful and reporting them to higher authori-
ties.
(3) The head of lame state enterprise shall assign
a proper body in the enterprise to carry out the following
tasks:
a. To examine the plans of in vcrtl ions, technical irrt-
provements arid rationalization proposals put for-
ward by the workers, technical personnel and staff
members in the enterprise and help them to clra~v
Ill) plans for experiments, provide facilities for ex-
perimentation and personnel to assist and guide
the work; vvltere conditions for experiment are
lacking, relrortS should I' made to the higher au-
tltorities concerned;
b. The daily wages paid to those undertaking the
research wort; ort inventions, technical improvements
Or rationalization proposals shall, during the time
they are engaged in research and experimental
work, not be Tess than their average daily wages
oV'er [lire( Ill' )rrlIis 1)( )re they were I la nsferred to
this work;
c. To draw rip concrete measures of applying such in-
ventions, technical improvements and rationaliza-
tion prol.)osals as have been proved by experiment
to be successful, and report inventions, technical
improvements and rationalization proposals of im-
portant significance to higher authorities;
d. To decide on awards for each invention, technical
improvement and rationalization proposal adopted
and issue them upon the approval of the head of
the enterprise; awards for those already reported
to higher authorities shall be decided by the same.
(4) Managers or factory directors of big private enter-
prises shall take responsibility to direct workers, technical
personnel and star members in the enterprises to conduct
research work for inventions, technical improvements and
rationalization 1)rcrposalS and to provide facilities necessary
to research and eal)erintents. They shall ensure that timely
and appropriate awards he given to inventions, technical
improvements and rationalization proposals already adopted.
I11Velitior1S, teclulical improvements and rationalization pro-
posals of important significance shall be reported to the
central administration concerned for granting of awards.
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(5) In encouraging and helping the active develop-
ment of this work, care should be taken no to waste state
resources by blindly putting propositions into trial manu-
facturing without giving them full study and undertaking
necessary preliminary experiments.
(G) All researchI fees, experiment fees and prizes that
should be borne by the State for the implementation of this
decision may be included in the budget or in the provident
fund account.
(7) The Com111ittee of Financial and Fconomic Affairs
of the Government Administration Council shall draw tip
provisional regulations on awards for inventions, technical
improvements and raI onaIiralion proposals concerning prr~-
allctioll, and on t;iI II Fl teeiI1the 11ghts of inventions and
patents. These regulations shall be promillgaled and put
into effect upon approval of the Government Administration
Council.
(8) Measures and regulations concerning the protec-
tion of medical and scientific inventions and copyrights
which have no direct connection with production shall be
drafted separately by the Committee of Cultural and Educa-
tional Affairs of the Government Administration Council.
They shall be promulgated and put into effect upon approval
of the Government Administration Council.
PROVISIONAL REGULATIONS ON AWARDS FOR
INVENTIONS, TECHNICAL IMPROVEMENTS AND
RATIONALIZATION PROPOSALS CONCERNING
PRODUCTION
(ii doh/etl at the 2151/i At iiinistralive Session of tlic
Governaien.t Administration Council on May G, 1954)
CHAPTER ONE
General Principles
Article 1
For the purpose of encouraging all workers, technical
personnel, stall members in all state, joint state-private, co-
operative and private enterprises and all persons engaged
in scientific and technical research concerning production
to develop their initiative and creative ability so that they
may fully use their knowledge, experience and wisdom for
inventions, technical improvements and rationalization pro-
posals to prolllote the development of the national economy,
the present regulations are enacted in accordance with the
Decision of the Govel'iutleiit A(_lirunistrafion Council on
Awards for I11vClltions, Technical Improvements and Ra-
tionalization Proposals Concerning Production.
Article 2
Citizens of the People's Republic of China and foreign
residents whose inventions, technical improvements and
rationalization proposals are adopted shall be granted
awards as stipulated in the present Regulations.
Article 3
All who have received certificates of invention accord-
ing to the provisions of the Provisional Regulations on Gua-
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ranteeing the Right of Invention and Patent, shall be granted
monetary awards for irlVe1]tiol1S as stipulated in the present
Regulations.
Article 4
All suggestions which make important improvements in
the structure of the existing machinery installation or in the
technical processes of production shall, after they are adopted,
be granted monetary awards for technical improvements as
stipulated in the present Regtilatious.
Article 5
All technical suggestions in production which make it
possible to utilize the existing machinery, raw materials,
materials or labour force more efficiently, such as to
make more use of the existing machinery and tools or
to lengthen the duration of use, to save raw materials,
materials, fuel and electricity or to utilize waste, to improve
operating methods and the organisation of labour force, to
reduce the rate of rejects, shall, after they are adopted, be
granted monetary awards for rationalization proposals as
stipulated in the present Regulations.
Article G
In the budgets of all economic departments con-
cerned and of all enterprises, there should be items for the
awards of inventions, technical improvements and rationaliza-
tion proposals, for research and experimental fees.
CHAPTER TWO
The Standard and Time Limit of Awards
Article 7
The amount of the monetary awards for an invention,
technical improvement or rationalization proposal is conl-
p lied according to the Val tie S
le-
m Su
Supple-
-< Co
' U)
Supple-
pp
-
0) w m ments
u 40) ments i G) 0 0)
ments
less than
1,000,000
00~
-, _l
v
30%
none
0 cG
20 none
N
C) cq
a ,
10%
none
1
000-
000
2,000,000
15c3
150,000 ! 10% 100,000 !
5%n
50,000
,
,
000-
2
000
5,000,000
12',
210,000 7` c 163,000
3.5%
80,000
,
,
000,000-
5
10,000,000
10,.
310.000 4(; 310,000,
2
155,000
,
000-
000
10
50,000 300
6%
710,000 2.5%
460,000
125
230,000
,
,
000-
000
50
100,000,000
5% 1
1,210,000 2%
710,000
355,000
,
,
100,000,000-
500,000,000
4%
2,210,000 1.5%
1,210,000
0.75%
605,000
000
1
855
000,000,000
000-1
000
500
3%b
7,210,000 1% 3,710,000
0.5%ie
,
,
,
,
,
000,000,000
more than 1
2'
17,210,000 0.5% 8,710,000
0.25%
, 4,355,000
,
I
The maximum for any invention award is 500,000,000
yuan annually and the minimum is 200,000 yuan annually;
the maximum for any technical improvement award is
200,000,000 yuan and the minimum 100,000 yuan; the maxi-
mum for any rationalization proposal award is 100,000,000
yuan and the nlln(illum 50,000 yuan.
Article 8
The monetary awards for inventions shall be granted
for three to five years according to Article 7, and shall be
computed once a year. Both the technical improvement
awards an(l the rationalization proposal awards shall be
granted for one year only and shall be computed at a time,
0' 1i1 C1ll1'(11C' -- ((I.
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Article 9
h'or all inventions which settle important technical pro-
blems or open up new fields of production or the creation
of new substitlates for valuable materials, which make a spe-
cial contribution to the naiiorlal ecoraonay or national de-
fence, the amount of monetary awards shall not be subject
to the limitations set down in Article 7 and shall be reported
by the department concerned to the Government Adminis-
tration Council for their fixation.
Article 10
Any invention, no matter wltetlaer it has direct relation
tvitlt the inventor's own duty or not, shall, after its adoption,
be awarded in accordance tvitlt the present Regulations.
Article 11
AlI technical improvements and rationalization proposals
which are original in character or which arc technically
new, made by engineers, mechanics, foremen, workers, nr
scientific and technical research workers, and technicians,
though directly connected with their own duty, shall, after
they are adopted, be awarded in accordance yvith the pre-
sent Regulations.
Suggestions for technical improvement which are
original in character, made by directors of lalanls, chief
engineers, chief mechanics, heads of workshops or leading
personnel of offices, though directly connected with their own
duty, shall, after they are adopted, he awarded in accordance
with the present Regttlalions. The monetary awards given
to directors and deputy directors of plants shall he decided
by the higher authorities.
Article 12
An invention adopted before a certificate is given, shall
he awarded temporarily as a technical improvement and
awarded as an invention after a certificate has been given,
and the monetary award shall lhera be made tip. A technical
intproveratent which cariuot be alTirnied at once shall be
awarded temporarily as a rationalization proposal, and
awarded as a technical itatprovement after it has been eslab-
lished, and the monetary award shall then he made up.
Article 13
If, after the adoption of a suggestion, the technical
standard varies and the piece-rate wage unit has to be alter-
ed, the enlerprise shall work according to the new standard
an( new piece-rate frani the time of such adoption.
Article 14
Suggestions concerning the improvement of working
conditions, safety preca of an eight hour working day as
far as possible. The present system of one or two shifts per
day should be clanged to two or three shifts per day in all
58
enterprises where the position of raw materials, marketing
and technique permits. State shops and co-operatives
big and medium cities and in the factory and mining districts
should, as far as possible, also operate on an eight hour w, work-
ing day system. In cases where work is detriment
health, working hours should be less than eight hours per day.
Overtime work in all state and private enterprises should be
strictly restricted.
All unemployed workers should be registered and placed
individually or given training for re-employmet hen other
d
trades. Those unemployed workers who cannot placed
or given training right away, but who have real diffiicnlti s
in maintaining their living, should be helped in the
providing relief work, organising migration to other areas
for land reclamation, equipping them for self-employment or
by giving temporary or long-term relief.
Women who were workers before liberation and who
want to resume work should be organised to do processing
work for the factories or take part in handicraft production
as the position of raw riiaterials and marketing permits, or
be other work according to the needs and possibilities.
II. With regard to the problem of intellectuals, the basic
situation is that there are too few intellectuals to meet the
needs of large-scale national construction. Ilowever,therde
are at present a number of intellectuals who are unemployed,
mostly because they lack special knowledge or skill, a result
of the colonial economy and educational system of old China.
They are rather slow at changing their outlook, while some
are starting to make progress, others are sell falling behind;
and some have a complex political background. Most of
them are middle-aged and have family burdens, and in gen-
eral, they are unwilling to work in the countryside, and stile
less in the more remote areas and border districts. But som
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of them would have real family difficulties if they were to go
to work in other places. All these constitute reasons why
they have not yet obtained employment. Some of them, most-
ly educated housewives, have never worked in the past due to
various reasons. On the other hand, certain enterprises and
institutions have been only willing to accept young cadres of
student origin and were reluctant to accept these unemploy-
ed intellectuals. Such an attitude must now be done away
with; consideration should be given to the actual circum
stances and the over-all situation and the policy of recruiting,
educating, reforming and employing intellectuals on a wide
scale should be carried out, ;otherwise it will be impossible
to cope with the pressing needs of the large-scale national
construction which will soon commence. In particular, the
departments of education, health, trade and the co-operatives
should pay attention to recruiting these unemployed intellec-
tuals, to training, reforming and employing them, and to
continue to reform them while they are working. At the same
time, the unemployed intellectuals should see their own ideo-
logical shortcomings and make efforts to improve themselves.
For those intellectuals who had, in the past, taken part, to
a greater or lesser degree, in counter-revolutionary activities
or organisations but have now sincerely, honestly and com-
pletely told their stories, the policy of educating, reforming
and employing them should he adopted. The small number
of unemployed intellectuals who can continue their studies in
higher institutions or specialised intermediate schools should
be given help to enable them to enrol, with a view to meeting
the needs of the further development of national construction.
With regard to a section of the unemployed intellectuals
who are locally well-known and have a considerable educa-
tional level but cannot undertake heavy work due to olcl age
or had health, appropriate measures should he taken to give
them suitable work and care. Proper relief should also
be given to those aged unemployed intellectuals who are com-
pletely incapable of work and have genuine difficulties in
maintaining themselves.
With regard to housewives of intellectual origin who
now want to work, special consideration should be given in
view of the fact that most of them have household work. There-
fore, appropriate measures should he adopted to draw them
into worl; in a planned, organised and systematic way, as,
for example, giving them part-time work with pay which is a
means beneficial both to them and to the public.
III. The Kuomintang reactionary regime left behind a
large number of ex-army officers and government officials
who were generally supporters of the reactionary rule. Al-
though some of them still have hostile feelings towards the
People's Government, nevertheless, because of the inspiration
and influence of the great victory of the people achieved in the
last three years, the majority of them have now shown that
they are willing to come over to the side of the people and
are prepared to make amends by good service.
Most of the ex-Kuomintang army officers and govern-
ment officials have gone back to their own villages, received
their share of land during the land reform and have joined
in agricultural production. Some of tliem, after their return,
have been put tinder the control and supervision of the pea-
sants because of resentment toward their behaviour. This
is not only natural, but also correct and necessary. How-
ever, if they work properly in agricultural production or other
trades, observe the laws and decrees of the government, and do
not engage in any reactionary activities, then, after the place
where they live has been liberated for three `ears, their status
as the ex-Ict.uomintang army officers or government officials
may he changed on the recommendation of the Hsiang Peo-
ple's Congress and the sanction of the County People's Gov-
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ernment; their new status shall be decided accorcing to the
nature of their work or trade (those who are concurrently of
landlord origin shall be treated according to the regulations
in regard to changing the status of landlords) . Among the
ex-Kuomintang army officers and government officials scat-
tered in the cities, there are some who have means to live on,
some who have already found work, some who are engaging
in dishonest business and some who have real difTicttllies in
maintaining a living. The two latter shall be required to
register and the policy of educating, reforming and employing
them should be adopted. They should he provided seriatim
with systematic training in groups, and be helped to transfer
to other trades, being reformed through training and work.
However, ex-Kuomintang army officers and government offi-
cials should also endeavour to reform themselves and clarify
their past position. For those \vho have no serious questions
in their past political background and have now honestly told
their stories, the same policy of educating, reforming and em-
ploying them should be adopted. Proper consideration should
be given in dealing with the cases of those high-ranking ex-
Kuomintang army officers and government o(Ticials who can-
not be trained to do other work, but have real difficulties in
maintaining a living, provided they have nu specially bad
records and have not incurred the great hatred of the people.
There are some ex-Kuomintang army officers and gov-
ernment officials who took part in the 1911 Revolution, the
Northern Expedition or the War of Resistance to Japanese
Aggression, and who changed over to the side of the people
during the War of Liberation and were given money and sent
back to their native towns; if they have no particularly bad
records, special consideration should be given in dealing with
their cases.
JV. The problem of the large amount of suri)ltis labour
in the country-side is different from that of the unemployed
62
and under-employed in the cities. They have food to eat and
land to work. But the potentialities of their labour have not
been brottglat into full play. Posi live measures should be
taken to find ways and means of utilising these potentials
on production. At the same time, even with the present
farming techniques, there is not enough cultivated land
for the peasants to till, so that with the further develop-
ment of technique more surplus manpower will be created.
This is a basic problem. Consequently, a fundamental essential
should be the carrying out in a Manned and systematic way
of imigra[ion to the Northeast, Northwest and Southwest, so
that the area of cultivated land can be expanded through land
reclamation, on the condition that in so doing soil and water
conservation shall not be disrupted nor the pasturage of
hocks and herds interfered with. Small water conservancy
projects should be \videly developed and arid land turned
into irrigated fields, seed selection and farming techniques
should be improved and intensive cultivation advocated so
that the output per unit area will be raised. In densely popu-
lated areas, there are still large quantities of waste land such
as sandy, alkaline and laterite soil. Experiences have proved
that all these lands can be utilized, and surplus manpower
in the countrysiclc should be organized to reclaim them. The
work of clearing land, improving soil, utilizing some existing
lakes as detention basins and reclaiming others and of soil
and water conservation in mountainous areas should also be
carried out in a planned way.
Furthermore, a lot of surplus manpower can be utilized
through the planned development of subsidiary rural occupa-
tions whose products have a good market, handicrafts, pro-
cessing of agricultural and other subsidiary products, affores-
tation, fishery, river dredging, road construction and the
construction of large water conservancy projects. The com-
petent authorities should draw up plans for such develop-
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ment in accordance wish the actual circumstances, and see
that they are implemented systematically. In particular,
the All-China Federation of Co-operatives should, as far as
possible, organize handicraft producers' co-operatives to de-
velop the production of handicraft products which have a
good demand both in the domestic and foreign markets.
The mutual-aid and cooperative rnoveniciit should be
actively developed. And, upon the basis of such an organized
movement, it will be easier to organise the work of the imig-
rants on land reclamatiin, of clearing land and of small water
cunservancv projects.
While the growth of cities and industry and the develop-
ment of national construction require a large number of
labour force from the countryside, this must be organised in
a planned and systematic way, and it is impossible to draw
in a large amount of labour in a short space of time. There-
fore, the peasants must be persuaded not to mine into the
cities blindly, without an' job to go to.
V. With regard to the problem of unemployment of na-
tional minorities living in the cities, the main question is that
of unemployment and under-employment of Moslems. At-
tention must be given to help them to solve this problem.
Their scope of employment is limited because their customs
and habits are different from those of the Han people.. Ef-
forts must be made to give them wide opportunities of em-
ployment and of transferring to other trades, and it is better
to recruit them into factories and mines in a planned way on
a group basis in addition to helping them by individual
placing. Care and attention should be given, in all cases,
to respect their customs and habits.
VI. Proper arrangements must be provided fcr those
refugee and povert}--striken Chinese nationals who have re-
turned to the country from overseas. keen attention should
64
he given to this by the administrations in charge of afair~
concerning Chinese resident abroad and of civic affairs.
[very opportunity should be fully explored to help them to find
employment Or to settle down in production, and they must
not be left in an unsettled state to face unemployment or lack
of education facilities. Substantial relief should be provided
to those who are unable to work and cannot maintain a living.
VII. I-iomeless children and helpless, aged and dis-
abled persons who are incapable of work, should be provided
with homes and education or given individual relief. Those
who are able to engage in light work may be organized in
production. Loafers and beggars who are capable of work
should be compelled to work, and where feasible, it is prefer-
able to reform there collectively through labour.
VIII. All the unemployed in the cities should be system-
atically registered. These should include unemployed per-
sons wiio have no permanent job such as manual and non-
manual workers formerly employed in state and private indus-
trial and commercial enterprises, communication and trans-
l)ort cstablislunents, handicraft workshops, government insti-
tutions, public organizations and schools, as well as building
and transport workers without definite employment; seasonal
workers who cannot find work because of a decline in their
trades; unemployed intellectuals of not less than junior mid-
dle school education; such independent producers, itinerant
traders, stallkeepers and pedlars, managing agents and own-
ers of small enterprises whose businesses have closed down
and who Iiave no other income, have dificiiIties in maintain-
ing living and want to work as ~vage-earners; as well as
II employed ex-Kuomini~.ing army officers and government
officials who want to find work because of hardship.
After registration, all the cases shall be individually
dealt with according to their circumstances. As a general
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rule, they should be trained in groups seriatim in a planned
way, and thereafter, the problem of their employment shall
be solved gradually in accordance with the needs of the de-
velopment of national construction and their own qualifica-
tions. To cope with practical needs, the departments which
recruit them should be responsiblc for their l.)olitical and voca-
tional training and training for re-employment in other trades.
After registration, those unemployed who really have diffi-
culties in maintaining a living should be provided with pro-
per reliefs.
In order to achieve labour employment in a co-ordinated
way and to further realize the unified allocation of the labour
force, labour employment committees with offices and their
own full-time staff should be established by the central
authority, the greater administrative areas, the provincial
authorities and the large municipalities. These committees
shall direct the registration and placing of all unemployed
persons handled by departments in charge of labour and by
other departments concerned. In case of necessity, labour em-
ployment committees may also be set up by municipalities
under the provincial authorities, with the approval of the
provincial people's government concerned.
To sum up, in dealing with the problem of unemployment
and under-employment in the cities, as well as the problem of
the vast amount of surplus man-power in both urban and
rural areas, consideration must be given to the needs of na-
tional construction, to the over-all situation, to the actual
circumstances and to long-term interests, and any work which
is necessary and feasible at the present time should be started.
Only in this way can unemployment be gradually eliminated
and the potentialities of surplus urban and rural man-power
be fully and systematically tapped, thus creating more wealth
for the state and the society and promote the further develop-
ment of the national economic and other construction.
66
67
DIRECTIVE OF THE GOVERNMENT ADMINISTRATION
COUNCIL ON DEVELOPING THE SPARE TIME EDUCA-
TION OF WORKERS AND STAFF MEMBERS
(June 1st, 1950)
The development of spare time education is one of the
most important means of raising the political, educational and
technical levels of the broad masses of workers and staff
members. The appropriate government departments in
various parts of the country, the bureaus administrating the
enterprises and the trade union organisations shall under-
take joint studies aimed at the implementation of this work
in a planned, systematic and organised way. The following
rules are to be followed in carrying out the work in the
country.
(1) At present the students of spare time education
shall be mainly workers and stall members in factories and
enterprises, and literacy classes shall be the main content
of spare time education. Spare time education of workers
and staff members may be carried out in diverse forms which
can be maintained regularly.
a. In all factories and enterprises where elementary
political education has been carried out among the
workers and stall members for a certain period, a
planned literacy movement shall be now started to
open primary spare time education classes and en-
courage the illiterate workers and staff members to
join the classes on a voluntary basis, in order that
within three or five years all existing illiterate work-
ers and 'staff members will be able to recognise
about one thousand characters and to read simple
publications.
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b. Mobilise all literate staff members, workers and
members of their families in factories and enterprises
to become teachers of primary classes and all
literate people shall be enabled to understand that
teaching illiterates is their glorious task and a duty
they are bound not to refuse. As a matter of prin-
ciple, teaching primary classes shall be a non-
. remunerative or quasi-remunerative work, while
honours and material awards shall be given to dis-
tinguished teachers who have done good work.
C. The methods of teaching in primary classes should
be flexible; in places where there are no classrooms,
lessons may be given on the work site, in dining
rooms and living quarters or at the pitheads. The
number of students in each class may not be fixed,
but there should be a study plan, organization and
system and the students shall be graduated only
after finishing certain textbooks.
(1. Schools near factories and enterprises shall give
every assistance to the trade union organisations to
develop the literacy movement by opening primary
spare time education classes for workers and staff
members. Schools which have made an outstand-
ing contribution in this work shall be awarded.
(2) In order that workers and staff members who have
a certain degree of education may have a chance to raise
their educational level, all factories and enterprises should, in
accordance with circumstances, provide higher Sl)are time
education. This shall be carried out generally in the follow-
ing way:
a. Higher spare time education shall be of a more
formal type such as: intermediate classes (the edu-
cational level whereof shall be equal to that of [lie
68
fifth or sixth grade in primary schools, workers and
staff members who graduate from the primary class
or have a prin1i.~ry school educational standard are
qualified to join these classes) ; higher classes (the
educational level whereof shall be equal to that of
middle schools, workers and stall members who
graduate from the intermediate class or have an
educational standard of a graduate from the primary
school are qualified to join these classes) . The cur-
ricula shall be similar to the main courses in regular
primary and middle schools.
b. The term of study is provisionally fixed as two years
for the intermediate class and five years for the
higher class, but it may be prolonged or shortened
according to circumstances. The students who
have finished the major courses and passed the
examination may receive certificates from the gov-
ernment educational departments. These certificates
arc equivalent to those issued by corresponding
regular schools.
c. The intermediate and higher classes of spare time
education shall employ permanent teachers whose
remuneration shall be correspondent to [hose obtain-
ing in regular schools.
olitical education of workers and staff mem-
The
p
1)e1's may be carried out in such forms as reports on current
affairs and lectures on special topics. In large factories and
enterprises there may be established spare time political edu-
cation classes for those workers and staff members who have
a certain e(lucahonal level, in order to give them a systematic
education of political theory and to train them as functio~alries
shall
with a preliminary understanding of theory. This
carried out in the following way:
(3)
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b. Mobilise all literate star members, workers and
members of their families in factories and enterprises
to become teachers of primary classes and all
literate people shall be enabled to understand that
teaching illiterates is their glorious task and a duty
they arc bound not to refuse. As a matter of prin-
ciple, teaching primary classes shall be a non-
remunerative or quasi-remunerative work, while
honours and material awards shall be given to dis-
tinguished teachers who have done good work.
C. The methods of teaching in primary classes should
be flexible; in places where there are no classrooms,
lessons may be given on the work site, in dining
rooms and living quarters or at the pitheads. The
number of students in each class may not be fixed,
but there should be a study plan, organization and
system and the students shall be graduated only
after finishing certain textbooks.
d. Schools near factories and enterprises shall give
every assistance to the trade union organisations to
develop the literacy movement by opening primary
spare time education classes for workers and staff
members. Schools which have made an outstancl-
ing contribution in this work shall be awarded.
(2) In order that workers and staff members who have
a certain degree of education may have a chance to raise
their educational level, all factories and enterprises should, in
accordance with circumstances, provide higher spare time
education. This shall be carried out generally in the follow-
ing way:
a. Higher spare time education shall be of a more
formal type such as: intermediate classes (the edu-
cational level whereof shall be equal to that of the
68
fifth or sixth grade in prirriary schools, workers and
staff members who graduate from the primary class
or have a primary school educational standard are
qualified to join these classes) ; higher classes (the
educational level whereof shall be equal to that of
middle schools, workers and staff members who
graduate from the intermediate class or have an
educational standard of a graduate from the primary
school are qualified to join these classes). The cur-
ricula shall be similar to the main courses in regular
primary and middle schools.
b. The term of study is provisionally fixed as two years
for the intermediate class and five years for the
higher class, but it may be prolonged or shortened
according to circumstances. The students who
have finished the major courses and passed the
examination may receive certificates from the gov-
ernment educational departments. These certificates
are equivalent to those issued by corresponding
regular schools.
C. The intermediate and higher classes of spare time
education shall employ permanent teachers whose
remuneration shall be correspondent to those obtain-
ing in regular schools.
(3) The political education of workers and staff mem-
hers may be carried out in such forms as reports on current
affairs and lectures on special topics. In large factories and
enterprises there may be established spare time political edu-
cation classes for those workers and staff members who have
a certain educational level, in order to give them a systematic
education of political theory and to train them as functionaries
with a preliminary understanding of theory. This shall be
carried out in the following way:
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a. The subjects to be taught shall be the history of the
development of society, Chinese revolution and the
Chinese Cortiniunist Party, New Democracy and
the Common Programme of the Chinese People's
Political Consultative Conference, outline history of
the world revolution, Soviet construction, labour
policies and decrees. It is expected that these
courses will be completed within two years.
b. The teachers for the spare time political classes shall
be recruited from the leading comrades in the fac-
tories and enterprises or from the political teachers
ill the middle schools and colleges in the locality.
c. The students who have finished these courses and
passsed the examination may receive certificates
from the educational departments of the provincial
or municipal governments. The students receiving
good marks who wish to continue their studies may
be recommended for entrance examinations of high-
er political schools such as the People's University
and College of Marxism-Leninism.
(4) In order to further raise the technical level of work-
ers and staff members to meet the demand for technical work-
ers in the course of the industrial development, the factories
and enterprises shall now carry out planned technical educa-
tion according to their circumstances. In the implementation
of this work, attention should be given to the following:
a. All technicians and skilled workers in the factories
and enterprises shall be mobilized to help in the
glorious task of training technical workers for the
country by becoming voluntary technical teachers.
b. Different forms of education such as technical train-
ing classes, technical research classes or signing of
70
apprenticeship contracts may he adopted in accord-
ance with different demands and conditions.
C. Regular examinations shall be held and students
getting good marks shall he promoted in their tech-
nical grades and the teachers shall also receive a
prize or award (in the private enterprises, these may
be laid down in the collective contract or decided in
the labour-cal)ital consultative conference).
(5) As spare time education is so extensive, it should
be carried out under the leadership of the government educa-
tional departments, with the help of trade union organisations
as well as others concerned. Therefore, coordinated leading
organisations shall be established, and it is hereby decided:
a. The Ministry of Education of the Central People's
Government and the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions shall invite the Ministry of Labour and other
bodies concerned to set ul~ a Committee on Spare
Time Education of Workers and Staff Members which
shall discuss and decide (11 important matters such
as policy, planning, curricula, expenditure and
svstem rela1 l to the spare time education of work-
ers and sta(T members throughout the country.
b. The local educational departments or bureaus and
IJre corresponding local trade ttniOf COL1nCiIS shall
invite the Ial)Utrl' departlncnts or bureaus auul other
holies concerned in the area to set up a local Com-
mittee ol1 Spare Time Education of Workers and
Staff Members which shall discuss matters related to
spare time education in the area.
c. The representatives of the government educational
departments and the trade union organisations at
various levels shall he respectively the chairmen
,lnd vice-chairmen of the spare tune educatlotl corn-
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mittees. Appointment to such posts shall be made
by the appropriate government education depart-
ments.
d. The trade union organisations in factories and en-
terprises shall be responsible for the carrying out
of spare time education for workers and staff rnem-
bers there, under the direction of the local spare time
education committees. The management or owner
of the factory or enterprise shall provide all neces-
sary and available help.
(6) Sixty per cent of the cultural and educational fund
which the factory or enterprise contributes to the trade union
organisation shall be appropriated as expenditure for the
spare time education of workers and staff members. Any
deficit shall be made up by a subsidy from the educational
fund of the local government. The expenditure on spare
time education is limited to the payment of teachers' wages,
allowances, prizes, subsidy for the purchase of books and
small sundry purchases and should not he wasted.
(7) All factories and 'enterprises should try to provide
buildings and equipment necessary for the spare time educa-
tion.
(g) Studies shall be held out of working time. The
primary and technical classes shall meet at least twice a
week; the intermediate, higher, and political classes at least
three times a week, each lasting at least ninety minutes. On
study days the students may not have to work overtime or
take part in meetings.
(9) Tl1e Ministry of Education of the Central People's
Government and the All-China Federation of Trade Unions
together with NI iii istrv of Labour and the Ptthlicatinrts
Administraliott shall jointly set up an editorial committee
responsible for editing the teaching materials for the primary
and political classes. The intermediate and higher classes
may use similar teaching materials as used in regular
schools of the same level or in the short term middle schools
for workers and peasants, but the content should he con-
densed. Technical and supplementary materials may be
edited by the teachers and then sent to the local spare time
education committee for approval.
(10) The present Directive may be applied to spare time
education for workers and staff members with low educational
level in various institutions.
(11) All local educational departments and local trade
union organisations, upon receiving the present Directive,
shall call on all bodies concerned to set up oil an early date
a Committee on Spare Time Education of Workers and Staff
Members to plan and expedite the implementation of this
work.
Chou En-lai,
Premier of Gover/tnWrtf ;1c1/tt/itislruluut Cuuncl
73
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THE DRAFT PROGRAMME
FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
IN THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
1956.1967
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THE DRAFT PROGRAMME
FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
IN THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
1956.1967
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
PEKING 1956
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EDITOR'S NOTE
Printed in the People's Republic of China
On January 25, 1956 Mao Tse-tung, Chairman of
the People's Republic of China, called a meeting of
the Supreme State Conference to discuss the Draft
National Programme for Agricultural Development
(1956-1967) which had been submitted by the Polit-
ical Bureau of the Central Committee of the Com-
munist Party of China.
In his address at the meeting Chairman Mao said
that the country was at that moment witnessing the
flood tide of the great socialist revolution. With the
founding of the People's Republic of China, the
Chinese revolution had passed from the stage of
bourgeois-democratic revolution to that of socialist
revolution. In other words, it had started the period
of transition from capitalism to socialism. The work
of the first three of the past six years had been con-
centrated mainly on restoring the national economy
and carrying out various social reforms - first and
foremost land reform - left incomplete in the first
stage of the revolution. Since last summer socialist
transformation, that is, socialist revolution, had devel-
oped on a vast scale with far-reaching results. This
socialist revolution, he said, could be completed in the
main and on a national scale in about three more years.
The object of socialist revolution, said Chairman
Mao, was to set free the productive forces of society.
It was quite certain that the change-over from indi-
vidual to socialist, collective ownership in agriculture
and handicrafts, and from capitalist to socialist owner-
ship in private industry and commerce would lead to
an ever greater release of productive forces; this laid
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the social basis for an enormous expansion of industrial
and agricultural output.
Our method of carrying out the socialist revolu-
tion, continued Chairman Mao, was a peaceful one.
In the past many people, both inside and outside the
Communist Party, doubted if that was possible. But
since the great upsurge of the co-operative movement
in the countryside last summer, and the swelling tide
of socialist transformation in the towns and cities in
the past few months, there was no longer much room
for doubt.
Conditions in China were such that it was not
only possible, by using peaceful methods, methods of
persuasion and education, to turn individual into so-
cialist, collective ownership, but also to change capi-
talist into socialist ownership. The speed of socialist
transformation in the past few months had been far
more rapid than anyone expected. There were people
who had worried that it would not be easy to get
through the "difficult pass" to socialism. It now
lookc.l, said Chairman Mao, as if this "difficult pass"
would not be so difficult to get through after all.
A fundamental change had taken place in the
political situation in China, he went on. Up to last
sumnier there had been many diflleulties in agricul-
ture, but things were quite different now. Many
things that had seemed impracticable were now quite
feasible. It was possible to fulfil ahead of time and
overf ulfil the country's First Five-Year Plan. Now
this National Programme for Agricultural Develop-
ment for 1.956-1967, based on the realities of the great
upsurge in socialist transformation and socialist con-
struction, was intended to outline the prospects for
agricultural production and rural work and set a clear-
cut goal before China's peasants and all who work in
agriculture. A spurt must be made in other kinds
of work besides agriculture to keep in step with the
situation arising from this upsurge of socialist rev-
olution.
In conclusion, Chairman Mao said that the nation
must have a far-reaching, comprehensive plan of work
for the next few decades to wipe out its economic,
scientific and cultural backwardness anti get abreast
of the most advanced nations in the world. To reach
this great goal the decisive thing was trained per-
sonnel-to have plenty of capable scientists and tech-
nicians. At the same time they had to go on
strengthening and extending the people's democratic
united front, by uniting all forces that could be united.
The Chinese people would ally themselves with people
anywhere in the world to work for the preservation
of world peace.
Chairman Mao Tse-tung was followed by Liao
Lu-yen, Deputy Head of the Department of Rural
Work of the Chinese Communist Party's Central Com-
mittee, who made a speech explaining the Draft Na-
tional Programme for Agricultural Development
(1956-1967).
Then representatives of science, education, indus-
try and commerce and of the various democratic parties
made speeches, all expressing their warm support of
the Draft National Programme for Agricultural Devel-
opment. Included in this pamphlet are the full text
of the Draft National Programme for Agricultural
Development (1956-1967) and the explanations on the
programme given by Liao Lu-yen.
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CONTENTS
THE DRAFT NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR AGRI-
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT (1956-1967) submitted
by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China on January 23, 1956 . . 9
SOME EXPLANATIONS ON THE DRAFT NATIONAL
PROGRAMME FOR AGRICULTURAL DEVELOP-
MENT (1956-1967) By LIAO LU-YEN . . . . . 27
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THE DRAFT NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR
AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT
1956-1967
(Submitted by the Political Bureau of the Central Committee
of the Communist Party of China on January 23, 1956)
The great tide of agricultural co-operation that
has swept China is bringing forth an immense, nation-
wide growth of agricultural production, and this in
turn is stimulating the development of the whole
national economy and all branches of science, culture,
education and public health.
To give the leading Party and government bodies
at all levels and the people of China, particularly the
peasants, a long-term programme of agricultural
development, the Political Bureau of the Central
Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, after
consulting comrades holding responsible positions on
Party committees in the provinces, municipalities and
autonomous regions, has drawn up a draft national
programme outlining the scale of agricultural develop-
ment during the period 1956-1967 (the last year of
the third Five-Year Plan) , On a certain number of
related questions this draft programme also touches
upon work in the urban areas. It sets a number of
important targets for agricultural production. Others
will be specified in each of the five-year plans and in
the annual plans.
This draft is now distributed so that it can be
studied by the Party committees of all provinces
(municipalities or autonomous regions), administra-
tive regions (autonomous thou), counties (autonomous
counties), districts and hsiang (nationality hsiang),
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as well as by all departments concerned, all of whom
are asked to submit their views on it. At the same
time workers,. peasants, scientists and people from all
walks of life who love their country should also be
widely consulted. These views should be collected
before April 1, 1956, so that the programme can be
submitted for discussion and adoption by the seventh
plenary session (enlarged) of the seventh Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China which
will be held some time after that date. It will then be
presented to the state bodies and the people of the
whole country, first and foremost the peasants, as a
recommendation.
Except in some remote areas where democratic so-
cial reforms have not yet been introduced, every lead-
ing Party and government body of provinces (munici-
palities, autonomous regions), administrative regions
(autonomous chou), counties (autonomous counties),
districts and hsiang (nationality hsiang) should draw
up specific plans, based on the present draft national
programme and taking into account conditions peculiar
to each locality. These plans should specify the suc-
cessive stages of development of every aspect of their
local work. At the same time all state departments
concerned with economic affairs, with science, culture,
education, public health, civic affairs or the judiciary
should also review and revise their plans of work in
accordance with the present national programme.
(1) Seeing that in 1955 more than 60 per cent
of all peasant households were in agricultural pro-
ducers' co-operatives, all provinces, municipalities and
autonomous regions should, in the main, complete
agricultural co-operation in its elementary form and
set themselves the goal of getting about 85 per cent
of all peasant households into agricultural producers'
co-operatives in 1956.
10
(2) Areas where co-operation is on better
foundations and where a number of co-operatives of
advanced form are already functioning should, in the
main, complete the change-over to co-operation of
advanced form by 1957. Each district of the remain-
ing areas should, in 1956, set up and run one or more
large co-operatives of advanced form (each with a
hundred or more peasant households) to serve as ex-
amples; and by 1958 they too should practically com-
plete co-operation of advanced form.
In going forward to the advanced form of co-
operation certain conditions must be observed : the
change must be of the free will and choice of the
members; the co-operative must have people ca-
pable of giving proper leadership; and it must be
possible for over 90 per cent of the members to earn
more after the change. When all such conditions in
the elementary form of co-operatives are ripe, they
should at different times, group by group, go over to
the advanced form of co-operation, otherwise the
growth of their productive forces will be hampered.
(3) Every agricultural producers' co-operative
must make suitable arrangements to see that those of
its members who lack manpower, are widows or
widowers, who have no close relations to depend on,
or who are disabled ex-service men, are given pro-
ductive work and a livelihood, so that they have
enough food, clothing and fuel, can bring up their
children properly, arid see that the dead are decently
buried, so that they are assured of help during their
lifetime and decent burial thereafter.
(4) During 1956 attempts should be made to
settle the question of admitting to the co-operatives
former landlords and rich peasants who have given
up exploitation and who have asked to join. This can
be done on the following lines: (a) Those who have
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behaved well and worked well may be allowed to join
co-operatives as members and change their sta u
that of peasants. (b) Those who have conducted
themselves neither well nor badly, but have behave
fairly well, may be allowed to join as candidate mem-
bers, with their status for the time being unchanged.
(c) Those who have behaved badly the Hsiang the Peo-
ple's Council should allow them to work
operatives under supervision; those who have commit-
ted sabotage should be brought to trial as the law
directs. (d) . Whether they acquire the status of co-
operative member or not, former landlords or rich
peasants shall not, for a specified time after joining
a co-operative, be allowed to hold any important post
in it. (e) Co-operatives must work on the principle
of equal pay for equal work, and pay former land-
lords or rich peasants in the co-operative the proper
rate for the work they put in. (f) Sons and daugh-
ters of landlords or rich peasants who were under
eighteen at the time of the land reform, or who were
still at school, or who had taken part in work before
the land reform and had been under the thumb of
other members of the family, should not be treated
as landlords or rich peasants, but should be allowed
to join the co-operatives as members, be reckoned as
of peasant status, and given work suited to their
abilities.
(5) Counter-revolutionaries in the rural areas
should be dealt with as follows: (a) Those who have
committed sabotage or had committed other serious
crimes in the past, and against whom there is great
public feeling, should be put under arrest and dealt
with in accordance with law. (b) Those who com-
mitted crimes which were commonplace in the past,
but have not committed sabotage since liberation, and
against whom public feeling is not great, should be
12
13
allowed by the Hsiang People's Council to work in the
co-operative under supervision, to be reformed by
work. (c) Those who have committed minor crimes
and since made amends, those who have served their
sentence, been released and behaved well, and those
who committed crimes but did deserving work in the
campaign to suppress counter-revolutionaries, may be
allowed to join the co-operative-some as members, no
longer regarded as counter-revolutionaries but as
peasants, and others for the time being as candidate
members, not classified as peasants-depending on
what they have done to make amends and what merit
they have earned. In no case, however, whether they
are admitted as members or not, must they be allow-
ed to take on important posts in the co-operative for
a specified time after joining. (d) Such counter-
revolutionaries as have been allowed to work in the
co-operatives under supervision should be paid for their
work by the co-operative on the principle of equal pay
for equal work. (e) Other members of the families
of counter-revolutionaries should be allowed to join
co-operatives, and enjoy the same treatment as any-
one else without being discriminated against, provided
they took no part in crimes committed by the counter-
revolutionaries.
(6) In the twelve years starting with 1956, in
areas north of the Yellow River, the Tsinling Moun-
tains, the River Pailung, and the Yellow River in
Chinghai Province, the average annual yield of grain
should be raised from the 1955 figure of over 150
catties to the mou to 400 catties.' South of the Yel-
low River and north of the Huai the yield should be
raised from the 1955 figure of 208 catties to 500 cat-
ties. South of the Huai, the Tsinling Mountains and
'One catty-1.1023 lb. One mou=0.1647 acre.
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the River Pailung it should rise from the 1955 figure
of 400 catties to 800 catties per mou.
In the same twelve years the average annual
yield of ginned cotton should be raised from the 1955
figure of 35 catties to the mou (the average for the
whole of China) to 60, 80 or 100 catties depending on
local conditions.
Everywhere vigorous steps should be taken to see
that output targets set in state plans for grain, cot-
ton, soya, peanuts, rape, sesame, hemp, cured tobacco,
silk, tea, sugar-cane, sugar-beet, fruit, tea-oil and
Lung-oil trees, are reached. Besides this, all areas
must take more energetic measures to develop all other
marketable industrial crops. In large mountainous
areas vigorous efforts should be made to grow all pos-
sible marketable industrial crops, provided that they
not only produce enough food to make themselves self-
sufficient, but also to build up a surplus against times
of natural calamities. In those parts of South China
where conditions permit, vigorous efforts should be
made to develop tropical crops.
Agricultural producers' co-operatives should en-
courage their members to 'grow vegetables on their
own private plots by way of improving their standard
of living. Peasants who live on the outskirts of cities
or near industrial or mining districts should go in for
market gardening in a planned way so that the supply
of vegetables to these places can be ensured.
More medicinal herbs should be grown. Those
which grow wild should be protected and, wherever
possible, gradually brought under cultivation.
(7) All agricultural producers' co-operatives, be-
sides producing enough food for their own consump-
tion and to meet the requirements of the state, should,
within 12 years starting from 1956, store enough
14
grain for emergency use for a year, a year and a half
or two years, according to local conditions. All prov-
inces (municipalities or autonomous regions), adminis-
trative regions (autonomous thou), counties (autono-
mous counties), districts, hsiang (nationality hsiang)
and all agricultural producers' co-operatives, should
draw up detailed plans to meet this requirement.
During the same period, the state too should store
sufficient reserve grain for one to two years for use in
any emergency.
(8) Live-stock breeding should be encouraged.
Cattle, horses, donkeys, mules, camels, pigs, sheep and
all kinds of poultry should be protected and bred. Spe-
cial care should be taken to protect the females and
young and improve breeds. State live-stock farms
should be extended.
The prevention and cure of. animal diseases is an
important part of live-stock breeding. As far as pos-
sible, all areas should, within a period varying from
7 to 12 years, practically eliminate the most serious
animal diseases such as rinderpest, hog cholera, New-
castle disease, pork measles (cysticercosis), contagious
pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, foot and mouth disease,
lamb dysentery, sheep mange, and glanders. For this
purpose, within seven years starting from 1956,
veterinary stations should be set up in all counties in
agricultural areas and all districts in pasture areas.
Veterinary work should be improved and extended.
The co-operatives should have personnel with basic
training in the prevention and cure of animal diseases.
Care should be taken to protect pastures, improve
and grow grass for cattle fodder and encourage silage.
Agricultural producers' co-operatives and live-stock
breeding co-operatives should see that they have their
own supplies of fodder and grass.
(9) There are two main ways of increasing the
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yield of crops : taking steps to increase production, and
imparting better techniques.
(A) The chief steps to increase production are:
(a) water conservancy projects and water and soil
conservation; (b) use of improved farm tools, and
gradual introduction of mechanized farming; (c)
efforts to discover every possible source of manure and
improve methods of fertilizing ; (d) extension of the
use of the best and most suitable strains; (e) soil
improvement; (f) extension of multiple cropping areas;
(g) planting more high-yielding crops; (h) improv-
ing farming methods; (i) wiping out insect pests
and plant diseases; and (j) opening up virgin and
idle land and extending cultivated areas.
(B) The chief steps to impart better techniques
include the following : (a) provinces, municipalities
and autonomous regions should collect data on the
experience of the best co-operatives in their own areas
in increasing yields, compile and publish at least one
book a year, so as to spread this knowledge as widely
and rapidly as possible; (b) agricultural exhibitions;
(c) conferences of model peasants called at regular
intervals by provinces (municipalities or autonomous
regions), administrative regions (autonomous thou),
counties (autonomous counties), districts, hstiang
(nationality hsiang), with awards and citations to
peasants who distinguish themselves in increasing
production; (d) visits and emulation campaigns, the
exchange of experience; and (e) imparting technical
knowledge and encouraging peasants and cadres to
take an active part in learning better techniques.
(10) Water conservancy projects and water
and soil conservation. All small-scale water conserv-
ancy projects (for example, the digging of wells and
ponds and the building of irrigation canals and dams),
the harnessing of small rivers and water and soil
16
conservation work should be carried out by local
governments and agricultural producers' co-operatives
systematically and on a large scale. This work and
the large-scale water conservancy projects and the
harnessing of the larger rivers undertaken by the
state should virtually eliminate all ordinary floods and
droughts in 7 to 12 years, starting from 1956. The
engineering industry, commercial undertakings and
supply and marketing co-operatives should see that
pumps, water-wheels, steam engines and other de-
vices for raising water are made available.
Local governments and agricultural producers'
co-operatives, basing their work on the unified plan
for developing the economy of the mountainous areas,
should wherever possible carry out the water and soil
conservation work required by agricultural produc-
tion, live-stock breeding and forestry, so that within
12 years striking results are achieved and soil erosion
is, in the main, stopped.
Within twelve years starting from 1956 small
hydro-electric power stations should be built where
water power is available, each of them to serve one or
several hsiang. This, alongside the great water con-
servancy and power projects undertaken by the state,
will gradually bring electrification to the countryside.
(11) Promote new types of farm tools. Starting
from 1956, within three to five years 6 million more
ploughs with two wheels and two shares should be
in use, together with a considerable number of sowers,
cultivators, sprayers, dusters, harvesters, shellers and
silage cutters. Good repair services should be main-
tained. Agriculture will be gradually mechanized as
the industrial development of the country forges
ahead.
(12) Within twelve years, starting from 1956,
local governments and agricultural producers' co-
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operatives in most areas should have made them-
selves responsible for providing more than 90 per cent
of all manure and other fertilizers needed-and in
some places the whole of it. To work towards this
position, peasants everywhere should be encouraged
to do everything they possibly can to increase the
amount of fertilizer, paying special attention to pig-
breeding (and in some cases sheep-breeding), and
providing adequate green manure crops. Local gov-
ernments should take active steps to develop the
manufacture of phosphate and potassium fertilizers,
extend the use of bacterial fertilizer (including soya
bean and peanut root nodule bacteria), and collect and
utilize to the fullest extent urban waste and manure
from other miscellaneous sources. At the same time '
the state will vigorously promote the chemical fertilizer
industry.
(13) Energetic steps must be taken to breed
and extend the use of improved strains suitable to
local conditions and encourage work to improve seed.
Within two or three years starting from 1956 picked
seed should be in pretty general use for cotton grow-
ing, and within seven to twelve years the same should
be true of such important crops as rice, wheat, maize,
soya, millet, kaoliang, potatoes, rape, sesame, sugar-
cane, tobacco and hemp. All agricultural producers'
co-operatives should set aside land specially for grow-
ing seed as such. State farms should make them-
selves centres for increasing the amount of picked
seed.
(14) Agricultural producers' co-operatives should
take energetic steps to improve the soil and do every-
thing they can to turn poor into fertile land.
(15) Extend the area of multiple crops. In
twelve years starting with 1956 the average multiple
crop index set for various areas will be raised to the
18
19
following levels : (a) areas south of Wuling Moun-
tains, 230 per cent; (b) areas north of Wuling Moun-
tains and south of the Yangtse River, .200 per cent;
Paoi
(c) areas north of the Yangtse River and south
the Yellow River, Tsinling Mountains and River
Yello
lung, 160 per cent; (d) areas north of he vi
ooutt
River, .Tsinling Mountains and River Pailung and south
of the Great Wall, 120 per cent; and (e) in areas
of the Great Wall, multiple crop areas should also be
expanded as much as possible.
(16) More high-yield crops should be grown.
First, the area under rice should be extended, and all
available water resources used to grow more. In the
twelve years starting 1956 the area under rice should
be increased by 310 million mou, maize by 150 million
mou and potatoes by 100 million mou.
(17) Methods of cultivation should be improved.
Deep ploughing, careful cultivation, proper rotation
of crops, intercropping and close planting, sowing in
good time, thinning out and protecting young plants
and improving field work-these things must be clone
to bring about good yields and good harvests.
(18) In seven or twelve years starting 1956,
wherever possible, virtually wipe out insect pests and
plant diseases that do most harm to crops. These in-
clude locusts, armyworms, rice borers,' maize borers,
aphides, red spiders, pink boll-worms, wheat smut,
wheat nematode and black rot on sweet potato. Local
plans should include any other serious insect pests
and plant diseases that can be wiped out. Greater and
attention should be paid to plant protection a
quarantine measures to achieve this end.
(19) The state should reclaim waste land in a
planned way and extend the area under cultivation.
Wherever conditions permit, agricultural producers
co-operatives should be encouraged to organize branch
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co-operatives to carry out such reclamation. The work
should be linked with the general plan of water and
soil conservation so as to prevent any danger of water
loss and soil erosion.
(20) Expansion of state farms. The area culti-
vated by state farms should be increased in the twelve
years starting 1956 from the 1955 figure of 13,360,000
mou to 140 million mou. Vigorous work must b p
in to improve the running of state farms, to raise
acct
their output, practise the strictest economy
down cost of production, so that state farms are the
which
models of farming technique and management
they are expected to be.
(21) In the twelve years starting 1956 we must
clothe every possible bit of denuded waste land and
mountains with greenery. Wherever possible trees
should be planted in a systematic way near houses,
villages, along roads and rivers, as well as on waste
land and mountains. To achieve that end, agricul-
tural producers' co-operatives should set up decent-
sized nurseries of their own to grow saplings, in addi-
tion to the nurseries started by the state.
We should plant and tend not only forests (in-
cluding bamboo groves) ? for timber, but also other
trees of economic value such as mulberry and oak (for
feeding silkwo'rms), and tea-trees, trees for varnish
and fruit, and oil-yielding groves.
Afforestation plans should include the creation
of wind-breaks, sand-breaks and shelter belts to pro-
tect farmland, the head-waters of rivers, sea coasts
and cities.
Local agricultural producers' co-operatives should
plant and look after trees along railways, roads and
rivers, and the income derived from this source should
accrue to the co-operatives. Afforestation work along
railways and roads should tally with specifications
made by the government departments concerned with
railways and communications. prevent insect
Firm steps should be take is to
and to improve
pests and plant diseases s and combat forest fires.
measures to protect forest
(22) Energetic steps should be taken to raise
the output of marine products and develop fresh-water
fisheries. In the case of sea fishing, g' more
fishing
measures should be adopted and more
done. In the case of fresh-water fish farming fish
prevent
should be done to breed good stock and
diseases.
(23) If agriculture, forestry, live-stock breed-
ing, subsidiary rural production, and fisheries thare e in-
come to the full, if the national wealth atives must
come of the peasants are to grow, co op labour pro-
ductivity. fuller use of manpower a beginning d raise with 1956,
In the seven years
every able-bodied man in the countryside ought to be
able to put in at least 250 working days men3 into
Serious efforts should be made to draw
the work of agricultural and subsidiary production.
Within seven years, every able-bodied woman in the
countryside should, besides . the time she spends on
household work, be able to give at least 120 working
days a year to productive work. In addition, all those
in the countryside who can contribute only half man-
power" or who are fitted only for light work should
be encouraged to do well at whatever work they are
fit for and suited to. At the stechnical energetic
to
efforts should be made to improve
improve labour organization and managem1nt, and so
steadily raise the labour productivity of a
of co-operatives.
(24) Agricultural producers' co-operatives should
work on the maxim "industry and thrift in all they
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do. Industry means giving full encouragement to mein
bers to work conscientiously, to branch out into new
fields of production, to develop a many-sided economy
and to exercise minute care over everything. Thrift
means being strictly economical, lowering the cost
of production and opposing extravagance and waste.
In all capital construction plans co-operatives should
make the fullest use of their own manpower and the
material and capital at their disposal.
(25) Improve housing conditions. As produc-
tion by the co-operatives grows and the income of
their members increases, agricultural producers' co-
operatives should encourage and assist members to
repair or build houses for their families and thus im-
prove their housing conditions. This should be done
in a prepared, planned way, at different times and
group by group, taking needs and possibilities into
account, and on a voluntary and economical basis, for
it will help them with their work, their political and
cultural activity, and improve their health conditions.
(26) In seven or twelve years from 1956 deter-
mined efforts should be made to virtually wipe out
wherever possible all diseases from which the peo-
ple suffer most seriously, such as schistosomiasis,
filariasis, hookworm, kala-azar, encephalitis, bubonic
plague, malaria, smallpox and venereal diseases.
Energetic steps should be taken to prevent and cure
other diseases such as measles, dysentery, typhoid
fever, diphtheria, trachoma,. pulmonary tuberculosis,
leprosy, goitre and Kaschin-Beck's disease.
To this end every effort should be made to train
medical workers and gradually set up. health and
medical services in counties and districts, and clinics
in villages.
(27) Wipe out the "four evils." In five, seven
or twelve years beginning 1956 we should practically
22
wipe out the "four evils"-rats, sparrows, flies and
mosquitoes--wherever possible.
(28) We should improve our research in agri-
cultural science, provide better technical guidance for
agriculture and train in a planned way large numbers
of people to handle the technical side of agriculture.
A systematic effort is needed to start, improve and
extend bodies undertaking research in agricultural
science and those providing technical guidance. These
bodies include colleges of agricultural science, re-
gional and other specialized institutes of agricultural
science, provincial agricultural experimental stations,
model county breeding farms, and district agricul-
tural instruction centres. In this way agricultural
research and technical guidance will be of better ser-
vice to developing agriculture. In the twelve years
from 1956 agricultural departments at all levels
should, to meet the needs of co-operative economy,
between them be responsible for training five to six
million experts of primary and intermediate grades
for technical work in agriculture, forestry, water con-
servancy, live-stock breeding, veterinary work, farm
management and accounting for agricultural pro-
ducers' co-operatives.
(29) In five or seven years from 1956, depend-
ent on the situation locally, we must virtually wipe
out illiteracy. The minimum standard of literacy
must be 1,500 characters. In every hsiang we should
have spare-time schools to raise the educational
standard of our cadres and the peasants. In the
next seven or twelve years, again depending on the
local situation, we should extend to all rural areas
compulsory elementary education. Primary schools
in the countryside should mostly be run by agricul-
tural producers' co-operatives. In seven or twelve
years, too, we should establish in the rural areas a
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in-
wide network of film projection teams, clubs,
stitutes, libraries, amateur dramatic groups and other
bodies for education and recreation. In the next seven
to twelve years, every hsiang should have a
the
field and sport should be a common sight sports
countryside.
(30) Starting from 1956 we shall, in the next
seven to twelve years, depending on local circumstances,
extend the radio diffusion network to all rural areas.
All hsiang and all large producers' co-operative in
agriculture, forestry, fishery, live stock breeding, salt
producing and handicrafts are called on to install ei-
ther rediffusion loudspeakers or wireless sets proper.
(31) In seven to twelve years from 1956, vary-
ing with local circumstances, all hsiang and large co-
operatives should have a telephone service. Radio tele-
phone-telegraph equipment should be installed wherever
it is needed. Inside seven years all villages are to be
provided with a decent post and telegraphic service
and a proper distribution of newspapers and periodicals.
(32) In a matter of five, seven or twelve years,
starting from 1956, depending on differing local condi-
tions, the whole countryside must be provided with
networks of roads. All roads between one province
(municipality or autonomous region) and another, be-
tween administrative regions (autonomous chow), coun-
ties (autonomous counties), districts and hsiang (na-
tionality hsiang), must be built to specifications laid
down by government departments concerned with
communications. All roads must be constantly and
carefully kept up.
In places served by water-ways, navigable chan-
nels should be dredged and kept in good order under
whatever conditions are possible to improve com-
munications.
(33) In seven to twelve years from 1956, de-
24
pending on local circumstances, a network of hydro-
graphical and meteorological stations and posts should
be in the main completed so as to improve the work
of providing agriculture with reliable weather and
meteorological forecasts. All areas should pay atten-
tion to such forecasts so that they can ward off such
calamities as flood, drought, gale and frost.
(34) In the main, co-operation among handi-
craftsmen and salt producers, the fishing and water-
side population, should be complete in 1957. Plans
should be drawn up to extend co-operation in live-
stock farming in the light of local conditions.
(35) Commercial bodies and supply and market-
ing co-operatives in rural areas should complete the
reorganization of their buying and selling machinery
in 1957, improve planning for the circulation of goods
and ensure that all rural areas are given good service
in the supply of goods and the purchase of agricul-
tural produce.
(36) In 1957 there must be a rural credit co-
operative in practically every hsiang to provide credit
and encourage saving.
(37) Protection of women and children. The
principle of equal pay for equal work must be rigidly
adhered to wherever women do productive work. Dur-
ing busy times of the year on the farms agricultural
producers' co-operatives should run creches. When
work is given out the health and physique of women
members must be taken into consideration.
Organizations concerned with health should train
midwives for the rural areas, do all they can to see
that modern methods of delivering babies are used,
provide post-natal care and take steps to cut, down
the incidence of maternal diseases and the infant
mortality rate.
As co-operation in agriculture goes from strength
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to strength and as production rises and the peasants
begin to live better, suitable regulations and restric-
tions should be made. in regard to the employment of
children in auxiliary work, with consideration to their
age and strength.
(38) Young people in the country should be
given every encouragement to show initiative in their
work, to study and acquire scientific knowledge and
skill. The young people in the rural areas should be-
come the spearhead, the shock force in productive,
scientific and cultural work in the countryside.
(39) Starting from 1956, in the next five to
seven years steps should be taken in the light of local
conditions to wipe out unemployment in the cities and
provide work for all urban unemployed. The un-
employed can find work not only in the cities but also
on the outskirts of towns and cities, in the country-
side proper, in areas where land reclamation is going
on or in mountainous regions, in agriculture, forestry,
live-stock breeding, subsidiary occupations, fishing, or
in the fields of science, culture, education and health
in ? the rural areas.
. (40) ' Workers in the cities and peasants in the
co-operatives must give each other every support.
The workers must turn out more and better indus
trial goods which the peasants need, and the peasants
must grow more and better' grain and industrial raw
materials which industry and town-dwellers need.
Besides this, workers in the cities and peasants in
the co-operatives should arrange get-togethers, visit
one another, and write to each other. They should
keep in constant touch, give 'each other encourage-
ment and swap experience so as to promote the
development of industry and agriculture and help
consolidate the alliance between the workers and the
peasantry led, by the working class,
26
SOME EXPLANATIONS ON THE DRAFT
NATIONAL PROGRAMME FOR AGRI-'
CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT , (1956.1967)
LIA0 LU-YEN
Chairman, Comrades and Friends :
The Draft National Programme for Agricultural
Development in 1956-1967 put forward by the Polit-
ical Bureau of the Central Committee of the Com-
munist Party of China elaborates and carries forward
the earlier "seventeen-point" programme. On various
occasions in November 1955, Chairman Mao Tse-tung
exchanged views on the development of our agricul-
ture with the secretaries of 14 provincial Party com-
mittees and the secretary of the Party Committee of
the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Region. The "seven-
teen points" were decided on as a result of these con-
sultations. In January 1956, after further consulta-
tions with responsible comrades from various provinces,
municipalities and autonomous regions, Chairman Mao
Tse-tung expanded these 17 points into 40 to make the
first draft of this programme. In the past few days,
the Central Committee of the Party has invited 1,375
people gathered in Peking, including scientists working
in industry, agriculture, medicine, public health and
the social sciences, leading members of the democratic
parties and people's organizations; and workers in the
fields of education and culture, to group discussions of
this draft. Some good points raised in these discus-
sions were adopted and the necessary revisions made in
the draft. Other useful paints also emerged during the
discussions. They will not be ignored; they will be
taken up and dealt with later on in. our practical work,
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but they were not considered suitable for inclusion in
the programme.
The revised version of this draft programme,
adopted by the Political Bureau of the Central Com-
mittee of the Communist Party of China on January
23, is now being submitted to the Supreme State
Conference for discussion. As I am working in the
Ministry of Agriculture and am also in the Depart-
ment of Rural Work of the Central Committee of the
Party, the Central Committee of the Party has dele-
gated me to explain some points in this draft.
The following are a few points that I would like
to make.
First, the Draft National Programme for Agri-
cultural Development in 1956-1967 is put forward at
a time when the agricultural co-operative movement is
on the upsurge throughout the country.
The situation in our country has changed radi-
cally as a result of Chairman Mao Tse-tung's report,
"The Question of Agricultural Co-operation," delivered
last July, and the decisions adopted on the basis of
this report in the following October by the sixth ple-
nary session (enlarged) of the seventh Central Com-
mittee of the Communist Party of China. Let us re-
call how things were in the first half of 1955. At
that time, as a result of the influence, of rightist con-
servative ideas, particularly in agricultural co-opera-
tion, the socialist transformation of agriculture had
been brought to a standstill; in some cases the trend
was even reversed; the spirit of progress was being
suppressed in the countryside, the spirit of reaction
was in the ascendant; the socialist initiative shown
by the peasants was checked and capitalist ideas began
to gain ground; the planned purchase and supply of
grain, a` socialist measure of paramount importance,
came up against opposition from the forces of capital-
28
ism both in town and countryside. At that time, not
a few people were worried because the growth of agri-
culture lagged behind the needs of industry; some even
became sceptical of the policy of socialist industrializa-
tion of our country. At that time, although we never
lost faith, although we were quite convinced that the
disequilibrium between industrial and agricultural
development would certainly be corrected, we had not
yet mastered the most effective way to deal with this
problem ; we were not able to rid these people of their
worries.
But now things are different. Since the Central
Committee of the Party and Chairman Mao Tse-tung
grasped the key to the situation, that is, agricul-
tural co-operation, and correctly tackled this prob-
lem, the second half of 1955 saw a radical change
in the situation. There was an unprecedented up-
surge of socialist initiative among the overwhelming
majority of the peasants; a few well-off peasants, rich
peasants and former landlords were the only excep-
tions. The tide of socialist revolution rose through-
out the countryside. In a few brief months in the
second half of 1955, the number of peasant house-
holds which joined agricultural producers' co-opera-
tives increased from 16,900,000 to 70 million--that is,
from 14 per cent to over 60 per cent of all peasant
households. In some provinces and rural areas under
municipal authorities, practically all peasant house-
holds have taken up co-operative farming in its ele-
mentary form. At the present time, more and more
peasant households are joining co-operatives, and the
percentage is still rising. It is estimated that before
the spring ploughing this year, except for certain
provinces and autonomous regions, all provinces and
municipalities will have completed ahead of time the
task set in Point One of the Draft National Pro-
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gramme for Agricultural Development. In other words,
the plan for agricultural co-operation in its elementary
form will be completed ahead of time.
In areas where agricultural co-operation has a
fairly sound foundation, the growth of co-operatives
from the elementary to the advanced form (collec-
tive farms-Ed.), the transition from a semi-socialist
to a socialist stage, has taken on the character of a
mass movement. In other areas, actual steps are
being taken to set up collective farms. Liaoning Prov-
ince now has 4,655 collective farms with more o h
1,600,000 peasant households in them; this is per
cent of all peasant households in that province. In
the Sinsiang Special Administrative Region in Honan
Province, the switch to collective farms has been vir-
tually completed. And there are a great number of
whole counties, districts and hsiang where co-operative
farming has reached this higher stage. It is estimated
that before the spring ploughing this year, one-gird of
the total number of peasant households in the country
will be in collective farms. If all agricultural pro-
ducers' co-operatives raise their output this year, it is
very likely that the task set in Point Two of the Draft
National Programme for Agricultural Development will
be realized ahead of time, that is, the drive for advanced
co-operative farming will be completed in the main
by 1957 or 1958, depending on local conditions.
In the past six months, the number of agricultural
producers' co-operatives has been growing, and grow-
ing rapidly. Are they well founded? Judging from
the facts, most of them are. With this swift flowing
tide of socialist revolution, there is no longer any
question of cadres urging the masses to join co-ops;
quite the contrary : plans for promotion of co-opera-
tive farming made by leading bodies at every level
have been outstripped again and again by the eager-
30
ness of the masses to join co-ops. The bulk of co-op
members are in fact already turning their eyes to
socialism; they are concentrating their efforts on in-
creasing both agricultural output and subsidiary pro-
auction. There is a great deal less thinking about
narrow personal gains and losses. At the same time,
now that the co-operatives have gained experience
and the Model Draft Regulations for the Agricultural
Producers' Co-operative have been published, all the
many concrete problems which crop up and concern
the economic interests of co-operative members are
being handled more carefully and in a more reason-
able way. Generally speaking, relations between poor
and middle peasants in the co-operatives are now
normal and healthy. The essential thing-and the
most important of all-is that all the agricultural
producers' co-operatives have made or are making
plans to increase production, while the peasants are
showing the greatest keenness in their work. In 1955,
there was a record harvest; grain output was more
than 20 per cent higher than in the peak pre-libera-
tion year; cotton output was 70 per cent higher.
Ploughing and planting in the autumn and winter of
1955 have been done more satisfactorily than in any
previous year. In many places, a>>tumn and winter
drought has been mastered and the plan for sowing
winter wheat fulfilled and overf ulfilled. The peasants
are now busy with their winter tasks and preparing
for the spring ploughing. Many jobs which in the
past were left undone until the spring are now done
early in the winter.
I myself am a native of Nanking. I was down
there at the beginning of this month, and saw groups
of peasants on its outskirts busy at work: even in
cold weather like this, some were ploughing the land,
some were working on water conservancy projects,
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some were stocking up manure. This is something
that one rarely saw in the past. And now it is happen-
ing not only in the south but in the north as well,
according to what comrades from other places tell
me. This is something new, but it has become a corn
monplace throughout the country. During the past
few years, we kept on telling the peasants m at
ade in
saying : "The plan for the year must
the spring" was not true. We said:~~ "The plan for
the year must be made in the winter," that is, in the
winter of the previous year. Not very many listened
to us. But today this new slogan has actually
put into practice by the agricultural producers' co-
operatives and the peasant masses. There a wadrain
ter-
on supplies of bean-cake, chemical fertilizers,
double-wheeled and double-shared ploughs and
other new farm tools. This well illustrates ho
the peasants are at work and what initiative they are
putting into increasing production.
True enough, in the past six months, agricultural
producers' co-operatives have been set up in great
numbers, very swiftly, and they are working well..
This nation-wide upsurge in agricultural co-operation
is resulting in an upsurge of. agricultural production
throughout the country. This National Programme
for Agricultural Development is put forward precisely
because at this time agricultural co-operation and pro-
duction is rising to a new height. It is timely and fully
conforms with the needs of the present situation.
Secondly, the National Programme for Agri-
cultural Development (1956-1967) has been drawn up
mainly for the peasants and we must rely mainly on
the strength of the peasants for its realization. This
programme shows the peasants in detail how to carry
out the socialist transformation of agriculture and
what is the aim of this long-term struggle for the
32
development of agriculture. It also gives a picture
of the prosperous and happy future of the. Chinese
countryside.
The peasants who have gone in for co-operation-
the peasants who are working hard to build their own
happy socialist lif e_urgently need a well defined goal
for their long-term struggle. Without this it is dif-
ficult for the agricultural producers' co-operatives to
work out comprehensive plans.
The peasants not only need a goal for their long-
term struggle to develop production : they have also
put forward a list of demands concerning their ma-
terial and cultural life. After raising output, increas-
ing their incomes and being able to eat and dress well,
they want to repair their old houses and build new
ones, to improve their living conditions, learn to read
and write, to raise their general cultural level; wipe
out disease and improve sanitary conditions, so as to
"have healthy people and abundant wealth." Such a
list of things making for improvements in the ma-
terial and cultural life of the peasants in line with
the rising level of their production is just as it should
be. We should try to realize these hopes sooner.
As Stalin pointed out, the basic economic law of
socialist development is to continuously develop pro-
cluction so as to satisfy the growing needs of the peo-
ple as the level of their material and cultural life rises.
The National Programme for Agricultural Develop-
ment put forward by the Central Committee of the
Chinese Communist. Party, the core of which is the
development of agricultural co-operation and produc-
tion, outlines plans to satisfy the peasants' demands
for a better material and cultural life. For this rea-
son, publication of the draft will exert a powerful
influence on the peasants; it will call on and mobilize
them for action ; it will give fresh impetus to the
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upsurge of agricultural co-operation and production.
When the "17 points" drawn up in November 1955 by
Chairman Mao together with the responsible com-
rades of various local Party committees were spread
through the countryside, they played an important
part in rallying the peasants for action. Many peas-
ants in many places exclaimed: "Now we can see
what socialism is!" Judging from this we may safely
predict that the 40 points of this draft will play an
even greater part in encouraging the 500 million peas-
ants of China to march bravely forward along the
road of socialism.
Realization of this programme depends mainly
upon the peasants themselves, upon their manpower
and their material and financial resources. The tasks
set in this programme include : the promotion of agri-
cultural co-operation, an increase in agricultural out-
put and a number of measures to increase production,
extend afforestation and clothe barren lands with
greenery, the developing of animal husbandry, fish-
ing and handicrafts, the wiping out of illiteracy, estab-
lishment of primary schools, increasing the number
of broadcasting and receiving sets, the promotion of
cultural, recreational and athletic activities and of
health work in the countryside, the improvement of
housing, and provision of work for the urban unem-
ployed. Apart from a few of these things which will
be done by the state or by the peasants with the
assistance of the state, all the rest will be done by
the peasants themselves.
Are the peasants capable of handling these tasks?
Of course they are. They, have a huge amount of
manpower. And how about their material and finan-
cial resources? Suffice it to say that the value of the
grain and cotton they produced in 1955 over and above
their output in 1954 was double the amount the gov-
34
ernment budgeted in 1955 as expenditure on agri-
culture, forestry and water conservancy. Further-
more, their output is expected to increase every year
from now on. That ' is, their material and financial
resources will also increase steadily year by year. So
we can be quite positive in stating that the peasants
are quite capable of carrying out this programme.
Of course the state should give the peasants all
possible financial, economic and technical assistance.
But it cannot spend too much on these things, espe-
cially in the next few years. Too much dependence on
the state, the habit of looking to it for all kinds of
investments would place too great a strain on its
financial resources and would delay or indefinitely post-
pone the doing of these things. Furthermore, if the
state spent too much money in this way, it would have
to reduce its investment in industry, and that would
mean retarding the progress of our socialist indus-
trialization. The postponement or abandonment of
things which can be done mainly by the peasants
themselves, or retardation of industrialization of our
country, would neither serve the interests of our so-
cialist construction, nor of our people as a whole, nor
of the peasants.
As this programme is mainly for the peasants and
will be carried out mainly by the peasants themselves,
it should be a convincing document for mobilizing them
for action. It should, therefore, be written in a clear
and concise style easily understood by the peasants.
During the many discussions some comrades suggested
additional points for inclusion. Some concerned work
which would be carried out entirely by the state, some
had only a slight bearing on the development of the
countryside and of agriculture, or no direct connec-
tion at all, while others concerned only methods of
work or execution. We did try to incorporate these
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suggestions in the programme, but we found that in-
cluding them would have made it too long, too com-
plex, too loaded? with detail, and this would have
tended to weaken its power of getting the b e peasants included.
the move. That is why they have also made
In these many discussions proposals were
out-
to include the following items in the programme:s for
put targets for various agricultural crops; targ
stock breeding, fishing, forestry and irrigation; tar-
u h
gets for the number of tractors and the amount
chemical fertilizers to be produced and so forth. targets were actually incorporate in tite r better programme.
But they were later deleted bc part of the
set these targets after thorough study as
various five-year plans and annual plans of the state.
In this way it is possible to address the programme
to the broad mass of the peasants specifically, to give
them a clear idea of the aim of their long-term strug-
gle, and the various things they should do to realize
this aim. This makes it a more effective instrument
in mobilizing the broad mass of peasants for action.
This doesn't mean, of course, that realization of
this piogramme is an affair for the peasants alone.
On the contrary, many points in the programme must
be jointly carried out by town and country. Many
government bodies will have to work hard to com-
plete work set out in the programme and essential
to its realization. Every single department concerned
with agriculture must do its work well. But this is
not all. Machine-building departments, too, must ful-
fil the state plan, and produce and supply the peas-
ants with new-type farm implements such as double
wheeled and double-shared ploughs, pumps and
water raising equipment, and agricultural machinery
such as tractors. The chemical industry should fulfil,
and overfulfil, its task of producing chemical fertilizers.
36
Commercial enterprises and supply and marketing co-
operatives should do a good job in purchasing agri-
cultural and subsidiary products and supplying
peasants with the things they need, whether hose anare
d
capital or consumer goodCommunications
to build up
transport departments should
local road networks throughout the country, and tele
phone and postal services in the countryside. Scien
tific, cultural, educational and health t them in the
should all work hard to fulfil the
itself declares
programme. In short, as the programme
in its very first sentence: "The great tide of agri-
cultural co-operation that has swept Chi growth is bring-
ing forth an immense, nation-wideturn r~s stimulating
cultural production, and this s national economy and
the development of the whole
all branches of science, culture, education and public
health."
Leading Party organs and government bodies
all levels in the country "`should draw up specific plans,
and
based on the present draft National Programme
taking into account conditions peculiar to each locality.
These plans should specify the successive stages At
development of every aspect of their local work.
the same time all state departments concerned with
economic affairs, with science, culture, education,
public health, civic affairs or the judiciary should also
review and revise their plans of work in accordance
with the present ' National Programme." mobilized
Workers and intellectuals must also be
to give the peasants whatever assistance is needed in
carrying out this National programme for Agricultural
Development. Many things listed in the programme-
such as new farm implements, tractors, telephone sets,
broadcasting and receiving equipment, medicines Tand
he
medical apparatus--are made by the workers.
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peasants have to depend on help from intellectual
and scientists to carry out many of the tasks set out
in the programme-both measures connected with.
increasing production and cultural, educational and
health work. Unless the workers and intellectuals
are mobilized to give this aid this programme can-
not be realized.
So, although this programme is mainly for the
peasants and depends for realization upon their man-
power, material and financial resources, it is also for
the whole nation. Its realization also depends on
whole-hearted co-operation by the people of the en-
tire nation, upon mobilization of all the workers, peas-
ants, intellectuals, and patriotic people in every walk
of life.
This draft programme with its 40 points will re-
main in the form of a draft for the next few months.
Workers, peasants, intellectuals and patriotic people
in every sphere of work throughout the land are asked
to discuss it and give their opinions.
Thirdly, the tasks put forward in the National
Programme for Agricultural Development (1956-1967)
are forward-looking and feasible. The prerequisites
and conditions for 'their fulfilment exist ; they can be
completed ahead of time or overfulfilled.
The keynote of the programme is to raise agri-
cultural output swiftly, to produce things in large
quantities, to develop agriculture, forestry, cattle-
breeding, subsidiary occupations, fishing and other pro-
ductive activities on the basis of co-operation. Special
emphasis is put on raising within twelve years the
average yield of grain per mou in three different re-
gions from 150, 208 and 400 catties in 1955 to 400,
500, 800 catties respectively; on raising the average
yield of cotton per nou from the national average of
35 catties of ginned cotton in 1955 to .60, 80 and 100
38
catties respectively depending on local conditions.
These new standards will give China over two and a
half times as much grain? and three times as much
cotton in 1967 as in 1955. If these central targets
are reached, there is no doubt that, in keeping with
the development of production, we can bring about
the improvements in the peasants' material and cul-
tural life set forth in the National Programme for
Agricultural Development.
The responsible comrades in the localities are full
of confidence and working with great zeal to reach the
targets set for increased yields. Some provinces have
reported that they can reach these targets ahead of
time. When the original seventeen points were re-
layed to the countryside, the broad mass of peasants
were similarly filled with confidence and enthusiasm
in fulfilling the targets for increased production.
What are these prerequisites and conditions
which ensure these increased yields ? The most im-
portant is the fact that China has a huge population,
a vast amount of labour power, a pretty good climate,
and that there are vast potentialities in using labour
power and land to increase production. By the time
co-operative farming, especially socialist co-operative
farming, is the rule everywhere, a system of collec-
tive ownership and the principle of "to each accord-
ing to his work" will replace the system of private
ownership of means of production. This will free the
productive forces. This will foster an astonishing de-
velopment of the initiative and creativeness of the
broad mass of peasants in their work ; it will permit
us to use the available labour force more rationally and
more effectively, to greatly improve the utilization of
labour power and labour productivity in general, and
enable us to make fuller and more reasonable use of
land, draught animals and farm tools.
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Co-operative farming by pooling the land wipes
out borders and unnecessary paths between fields and
so brings more land under cultivation. (Statistics show
that this can bring 5 per cent more land under cultiva-
tion, that is to say, add another 80 million mou to the
country's arable land.)
Co-operative farming makes it possible to carry
out water conservancy projects, water and soil con-
servation, and land and soil improvement a large
scale. Co-operative farming makes it possible
transform arid land into irrigated fields, and barren
and waste land into fertile soil.
Co-operative farming makes it possible to use to
the full the abilities of all men and women-those who
are able-bodied, those who are not fully able-bodied,
and those who can do light tasks-enabling them all
to engage in many fields of work to help develop pro-
duction in agriculture, forestry, cattle-breeding, sub-
sidiary occupations and fishing.
Co-operative farming makes it possible to have a
single management for the farm, to cultivate crops
best suited to the various types of soil, to put more
labour power into improving the land, to improve
methods of cultivation by deep ploughing and careful
weeding, better techniques of sowing and planting; to
improve the organization of field work and increase
yields per mou.
In short, co-operative farming will develop po-
tentialities for increasing production as never before,
make it possible to do things on a bigger scale, and
have more strings to our bows in doing jobs and to
get more careful cultivation, all of which will greatly
increase agricultural output, the wealth of society and
the income of co-operative members. The reality of
all this has been proved in practice by numerous co-
operatives in various parts of the country. Today
40
there are already groups of co-operatives, some whole
hsiang, districts, and even a few counties where the
average grain and cotton yield per mou has reached
or even surpassed the targets which the National
Programme has set for the next twelve years. Since
these typically high-yield co-operatives, hsiang, dis-
tricts, and counties have reached, or even surpassed
these targets, we have every reason to believe that
other co-operatives and other hsiang, districts and
counties in the same areas under more or less similar
conditions can reach the targets too. Since these
typically high-yield co-operatives, hsiang, districts
and counties have reached or surpassed the targets
under the circumstances of today, we have still more
reason to believe , that with development of indus-
trialization in the next twelve years, and the gradual
increase in the number of tractors, water pumps,
amount of chemical fertilizers, insecticide and farming
machinery in general, and with more large-scale water
conservancy projects, it is quite possible for the
various regions of the country to reach and even sur-
pass the targets set out in the National Programme.
The demands for communications, posts and tele-
communications services, cultural, educational and
health facilities set out in the National Programme
are things that have already been realized in many
agricultural producers' co-operatives and villages.
New solutions have also been found for the problem
of resettling over a million city unemployed-a prob-
lem many people felt would be difficult to solve in a
short time. The Chiahsing Region of Chekiang Prov-
ince has asked for 100,000 people from Shanghai.
Kiangsi Province has also asked for half a million
urban unemployed capable of doing farm work. Need-
less to say sparsely populated remote regions have an
even greater need of manpower. The more than one
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million unemployed left over from pre-liberation days
will all get jobs in a few years as a result of arrange-
ments made both in the cities and countryside.
That is why we say the tasks and demands set
forth in the National Programme for Agricultural
Development are both forward-looking and feasible.
They are not conservative, nor adventurist. It is
quite possible to meet these targets ahead of time
or overfulfil them. This way of doing things has
its advantages; it stimulates the local government
initiative.
Fourthly, by putting forward the National Pro-
gramme for Agricultural Development (1956-1967)
immediately after correctly solving the problem of
agricultural co-operation, the Central Committee of
the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman Mao
Tse-tung firmly grasped the key link-agriculture;
this enables our socialist cause to forge ahead still
more swiftly.
The essential part of socialist construction is
socialist industrialization of the country and the core
of industrialization is development of heavy industry.
Industry leads agriculture, the city leads the country-
side and the workers lead the peasants-these are
unchangeable, fundamental principles of socialism that
are not to be doubted and cannot be brushed aside.
But ours is a big country. It has 600 million
people. There are more than 500 million peasants,
exceeding five-sixths of the population. Chairman Mao
Tse-tung in his article On Coalition Government
pointed out that "the peasants (are) the mainstay of
the market for China's industry. It is the peasants
who are, and alone can be, the largest suppliers of
foodstuffs and raw materials, and who consume the
largest amount of manufactured goods." No other
country in the world has as big a domestic market as
42
ours. The purchasing power of this market is still
very low (though slightly higher than in pre-libera-
tion days). But its potential power is enormous.
Once the National Programme for Agricultural
Development is realized, we shall have a domestic
market with a fantastically great purchasing power.
Can there be any other way to develop China's in-
dustry, save by relying on our own domestic market?
Of course we can manage to export some of our indus-
trial products, but we must rely chiefly on our own
domestic market. At the present time there are about
80 million people living in cities and industrial and
mining areas, and each year they need huge quanti-
ties of grain and other foodstuffs. Is there any other
source to which we can turn to satisfy this demand,
besides our own, our rural areas? The purchas-
ing power of our 600 million people is bound to rise
steadily, and they will present a formidable demand
for light industrial products. Should we try to get
raw materials for our light industry mainly from
foreign countries, instead of relying on the domestic
supply of raw materials? Our agriculture also needs
a huge quantity of means of production. If we are
to use tractors on all our farmlands that can be tilled
by machines, we, will need 1,200,000 to 1,500,000
standard 15 h.p. tractors. Between 120,000 and
150,000 worn-out tractors will have to be replaced by
new ones every year. If we make extensive use of
chemical fertilizers, we will need at least 20 million
tons of nitrate fertilizer, besides phosphate and po-
tassium fertilizer. This again means a huge domestic
market for heavy industry. Furthermore, the de-
velopment of agriculture means an important source
for the accumulation of funds for socialist construc-
tion. So we can see that unless we correctly solve
the agricultural problem, unless we bring about a
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tremendous development of agriculture, our socialist
industrialization will. run into serious difficulties.
China is a big. country with 600 million people
and over five-sixths of them are peasants-this is a
fundamental fact which in our work of building so-
cialism we ignore at our peril. Nevertheless, if any-
one thinks that socialist industrialization is not the
main thing, and refuses to recognize the leadership of
the working class, he is making a gross mistake. We
take serious note of the important role our five hun-
dred million peasants are playing in the socialist con-
struction of our country. We must take serious note
of the extremely important bearing agriculture has
on industrial development. By putting forward this
National Programme for Agricultural Development
(1956-1967) at this moment, during the great upsurge
in agricultural co-operation, the Political Bureau of
the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist
Party has systematically solved the most difficult and
complicated problem of our socialist revolution-the
problem of the peasantry and agriculture. As a result,
we shall be able to strengthen still further the worker-
peasant alliance on a new basis, accelerate the prog-
ress of socialist industrialization and fulfil the funda-
mental task of our country during the transition
period ahead of time.
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DECISIONS
ON
AGRICULTURAL
CO-OPERATION
Adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session (Enlarged)
of the. Seventh Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China
October 11, 1955
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DECISIONS
ON
AGRICULTURAL
CO-OPERATION
Adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session (Enlarged)
of the Seventh Central Committee of the
Communist. Party of China
October 11, 1955
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
PEKING 1956
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CONTENTS
Decisions on Agricultural Co-operation, Adopted
at the Sixth Plenary Session (Enlarged)
of the Seventh Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China, October 11,
1955 . . . . . . . . . . .
e
Explanatory Notes to the Draft Decisions on
Agricultural Co-operation by Chen Po-ta 35
Printed in the People's Republic of China
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DECISIONS ON AGRICULTURAL CO-OPERATION
Adopted at the Sixth Plenary Session (Enlarged)
of the Seventh Central Committee of the
Communist Party of China
(These decisions were adopted on October 11, 1955, in the light
of Comrade Mao Tse-tung's report "The Question of Agricul-
tural Co-operation" delivered at a meeting of secretaries of
provincial, municipal and autonomous region committees of the
Communist Party of China on July 31, 1955)
At the present moment, a profound movement of
socialist transformation is taking place in the rural
areas. Between the spring of 1954 and the summer
of 1955 the number of agricultural producers' co-
operatives rose from 100,000 to nearly 650,000. The
number of peasant households in the agricultural pro-
ducers' co-operatives rose from 1,800,000 to 16,900,000.
That is about 15 per cent of all peasant households in
China. The progress of the movement is, however,
uneven. In many parts of the old liberated areas it
has already assumed the form of a huge mass move-
ment. This is because the peasants there have a
richer experience of revolutionary struggle, and
mutual-aid teams (which serve as a foundation for
ca-operation) have existed there for many years. For
instance, in provinces in North China, like Shansi, 41
per cent of the peasant households have joined the
co-operatives while in Hopei, 35 per cent have joined.
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Thirty-four per cent of all peasant households in the
three northeastern provinces are in co-operatives. In
some hsiang,1 districts and even counties in these re-
gions, 60, 70 or even 80 per cent of all peasant house-
holds have joined co-operatives. In the provinces in
Southeast, Central-South, Southwest and Northwest
China that were liberated later on, most hsiang already
have their first groups of agricultural producers' co-
operatives. This has paved the way for a great
expansion of the agricultural co-operative movement.
The facts confirm the estimate of the Central
Committee of the Party that the tide of social reform
in the countryside-in the shape of co-operation-will
soon sweep the entire country. It has already reached
some places.
II
Faced with the daily growth of the agricultural
co-operative movement, the Party's task is to lead the
movement forward, boldly and according to plan, not
timidly. It must be understood that in leading the
peasants to overthrow imperialism and feudalism, our
Party carried out a bourgeois-democratic revolution.
But the aim of the working class is to continue the
advance and follow up that revolution by leading the
peasants to embark on a socialist revolution. In the
earlier stage of the revolution the class struggle in the
rural areas was chiefly a struggle between the peasants
and the landlord class. The peasant question which
had to be solved then was that of land. In this new
stage of the revolution, however, the class struggle in
the countryside is chiefly between the peasants on the
1 An administrative unit of one or several villages.-
Translator.
one hand and rich peasants and other capitalist ele-
ments on the other. It is essentially a struggle over
the choice between two roads-the development of
socialism or of capitalism. The question to be solved
is a new peasant question-the problem of agricultural
co-operation. New relationships within the worker-
peasant alliance and the leading role of the working
class in this alliance must be established and strength-
ened on the basis of concerting the development of
socialist industrialization and agricultural co-operation.
China's industry is growing rapidly. Facts show
that if the development of agricultural co-operation
fails to keep pace with it, if the increase in grain and
industrial crops lags behind, China's socialist in-
dustrialization will run into great difficulties. The
situation has already changed fundamentally, but the
attitude of some of our comrades to the peasant ques-
tion still remains at the old stage. They fail to see
the sharp struggle over the choice between the two
roads which is now taking place in the rural areas.
They fail to see the active desire of the majority of
the peasants to take the road to socialism. They are
satisfied .that the peasants have obtained land from
the landlords, and want to keep things as they are in
the villages, or contend that the speed at which agri-
cultural co-operation develops should be very slow.
They fail to understand that this means abandoning
the active leadership of the Party in the movement
for agricultural co-operation and allowing capitalism
to develop freely in the rural areas. This would result
in undermining the worker-peasant alliance, losing
working-class leadership of the peasantry and so head-
ing the cause of socialism for defeat. Comrades with
such misguided views are afraid to trust the masses.
They are pessimistic about the policy on co-operation
of the Central Committee of the Party and about the
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leadership . of.. the local. Party committees at various
levels. They assume that our Party can hardly con-
solidate the. several hundred thousand small co-opera-
tives that already exist, and that any large-scale
expansion is certainly inconceivable. They have put
forward a Right-opportunist policy ' of "drastic com-
pression," and in some places dissolved a large number
of co-operatives by compulsion and "orders from
above." Yet this pessimism is in practice shown to
be unfounded by the growing consolidation of the
several hundred thousand co-operatives which already
exist, the increased output of the great majority of
them, and the active desire of the peasant masses to
join them. The bankruptcy of this Right opportunism
is thus exposed and shown up for what it really is-a
reflection of the demand of the bourgeoisie and the
spontaneous growth of forces towards capitalism in
the rural areas. The Sixth Plenary Session holds
that the criticism made by the Political Bureau of
the Central Committee against Right opportunism is
absolutely correct and necessary. We can bring about
a fundamental change in the Party's rural work and
alter the situation in which leadership lags behind the
mass movement only when this Right opportunism is
thoroughly criticized and repudiated. This change is
vital if progress in the agricultural co-operative move-
ment is to continue till complete victory is. won.
III
It is possible to develop agricultural co-operation
primarily because we have established in our country
a people's democratic dictatorship headed by the work-
, ing class, and because this people's democratic
dictatorship is now engaged in organizing our socialist
construction. At the same time, it is possible because
'the majority of the peasants are willing to take the
socialist road in order to get rid of exploitation and
poverty.. The majority here referred to are mainly
the poor peasants who have not yet risen to a better
economic position, the lower middle peasants among
the new middle peasants who were formerly poor
peasants, and the lower middle peasants among the
old middle peasants.' Since the land reform the
economic condition of these sections of the peasantry
has improved to varying extents, but many peasant
households still have their difficulties or are still not
well-off, while some have again lost their share of land
because of exploitation by rich peasants or speculative
merchants, or because they were unable to withst o
natural calamities. Therefore, if the Party fails to
give the peasants active guidance along the socialist
road, capitalism will inevitably grow in the rural areas
and the separation of the rural population into two
extremes will become serious. Actual experience has
taught the peasants that they cannot go on living as
they used to-farming scattered, tiny plots on their
own-that the only way out is for a large number
people to come together, pool their labour and work
under collective management. The advantages of this
method were first shown by the numerous mutual-aid
teams and, even more, later, by the large number
of agricultural producers' co-operatives which were
established. Agricultural producers' co-operatives can
organize labour power rationally. so that productivity
can be raised more rapidly; they can systematicallY
and effectively use land and extend the area under
i Old middle peasants are those who were middle peasants
before the land reform. New middle peasants are those who
have risen to the status of middle peasants since the land
reform.-Translator. .
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cultivation; they can resist or reduce the ravages of
nature, and, with state help, gradually introduce
technical reforms in agriculture. For these and other
reasons, they are able to bring about a speedy develop-
ment of the productive forces in agriculture and
give the peasants substantial benefits. That is what
accounts for the growing popularity of agricultural
producers' co-operatives among the peasants.
As the past few years' experience shows, the fol-
lowing procedure will enable the co-operative move-
ment to develop on an even firmer foundation:
1. As the movement progresses, an acute strug-
gle will be waged against the rich peasants and
speculative merchants, and the peasants themselves
will be educated in the midst of the struggle. The
mass of the middle peasants in particular must be
educated and convinced so that they can stop vacil-
lating between the socialist and capitalist roads.
Therefore, the movement must be given a firm core
-a core formed of the active elements among the
poor peasants who have not yet been elevated to a bet-
ter economic position and those of the lower middle
peasants among the new middle peasants who were
formerly poor peasants. It should also include part
of the active elements of the lower middle peasants
among the old middle peasants. The first step to be
taken by the Party in the co-operative movement
should be to organize these people, so that they can
set an example and convince other peasants.
2. Although these sections of the peasantry-
the poor peasants and the lower middle peasants among
both new and old middle peasants, stand fairly close
to each other as far as their economic condition is
concerned, their active desire to join the co-operatives
will for a time differ in degree for various reasons.
Therefore, every year we should carry out work among
10
them so that they will, over the next few years, or-
ganize themselves group by group, according to the
degree of their understanding, into new co-operatives,
or be absorbed into existing ones. Patience must be
exercised towards those who, for the time being, do
not wish to join, even if they are poor or lower middle
peasants. The principle of voluntariness should never
be violated; they should not be dragged into co-opera-
tives against their will. A peasant may put forward
and withdraw his name for membership several times
before he finally makes his mind up. He should be
given plenty of time to consider the matter.
3. Well-to-do middle peasants (that is, the
upper middle peasants among both the old and new
middle peasants) have better farm tools and draught
animals, their land is more intensively cultivated, its
yield is higher, or they derive a bigger income from
subsidiary occupations. As long as they still do not
realize that the benefits derived from co-operative
farming are greater than-or at least, for the time
being, equal to-those obtained by working on their
own, they will not readily join a co-operative. If they
join reluctantly, frequent conflicts are bound to arise
among the members over the practical question of
benefits. That is why, when a co-operative is organized,
it is not advisable at the start to accept well-to-do
middle peasants unless they show a genuine willing-
ness to join, still less to drag them in against their
will. Efforts should be made to influence them by
showing them the advantages of co-operative farming,
letting them wait and see for a bit and not enrolling
them till their understanding grows.
4. The middle peasants are the permanent allies
of the working class and the poor peasants. Good
relations should be maintained with them both inside
and outside the co-operatives. Their interests should
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never be infringed nor their property taken from them.
The backward ideas of the middle peasants, particular-
ly the tendency towards capitalism of the well-to-do
middle peasants, should be properly countered by
convincing argument, not dealt with by arbitrary
administrative methods. The purpose of criticism
must be to achieve unity. It must never be used as a
pretext for attacking the middle peasants.
5. Before setting up co-operatives it is essential
that the masses should be mentally prepared and
that Rightist tendencies in the Party should be
censured and overcome. Our Party's principles, policy
and measures on agricultural co-operation must be
publicized, systematically and repeatedly, among the
mass of the peasants. And not only should the ad-
vantages of co-operation be made known to them; they
should also be made aware of the difficulties that may
arise in the course of co-operation and how such
difficulties can be overcome.
6. The masses should be prepared organiza-
tionally for the formation of co-operatives. Agricul-
tural producers' mutual-aid teams must be promoted
on a really widespread scale ; wherever possible they
should be combined into joint teams so as to lay the
groundwork for turning them into co-operatives. Joint
committees of mutual-aid teams and co-operatives may
be established in villages where there are mutual-aid
teams and co-operatives. These should hold regular
meetings, to which representatives of individual peas-
ants should be invited so that experience can be ex-
changed and arrangements made for whatever mutual
help is needed and possible. This will pave the way
for the future merging of co-operatives, the gradual
transformation of mutual-aid : teams into co-operatives
and the drawing of individual peasants step by step
into the co-operatives.
12
7. Short-term training of cadres for running
co-operatives is an important preparation for the
setting up of co-operatives. Those to be trained should
be carefully chosen.
IV
The growth of the co-operative movement should
go hand in hand with the consolidation of existing co-
operatives. It is one-sided and wrong to pay attention
only to consolidation and disregard expansion, to deny
that an increase in the number of co-operatives would
help raise their quality. It is equally one-sided and
wrong to pay attention only to expansion and to
disregard consolidation, attaching importance only to
the number of co-operatives and ignoring their quality.
Therefore, once they are established, co-operatives
should take steps to check over their work systematic-
ally. Checking over of the co-operatives should be
carried out not just once, but twice or three times a
year, so as to keep on improving their quality.
1.. Each co-operative, in the light of its own
special characteristics and current practical problems,
should draw up a policy and measures for checking.
2. The work of checking should be carried out
group by group, starting with those co-operatives
which have the most problems. The varied experience
gained in checking over different types of co-operatives
should be made known to help push forward the entire
movement.
3. Those carrying out the work of checking
should have a warm and helpful attitude and approach
this work with care. It should not be done in an over-
simplified and arbitrary manner. It is utterly wrong
to decide beforehand the number of co-operatives that
must be cut down and then forcibly dissolve them.
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It is also entirely wrong to be harsh towards
those co-operatives which have been "spontaneously
organized." They should be given warm help after
careful consideration of their cases.
4. In checking over co-operatives, attention
should be focussed on production, for that is the key
issue. In the course of organizing production various
problems should be unearthed and solved methodically;
ideological work among co-operative members should
be intensified; management improved; and the Party
policy on the co-operative movement of voluntariness
and mutual benefit thoroughly carried out.
5. During such checking, attention should also
be paid to improving the make-up of the co-operatives,
reshuffling their leading members as need arises, and
training of new key personnel from among the poor
peasants.
6. The hsiang Party and Youth League branches
must be relied on both for establishing co-operatives
and checking them over. The key to the successful
running of co-operatives lies in the strengthening
of the work of Party and Youth League branches.
Therefore, the work of building and checking over
co-operatives should be closely associated with the
building and strengthening of the Party and Youth
League branches in the countryside. In carrying out
all such work the local cadres in the rural areas should
be the mainstay, cadres sent from above should be an
auxiliary force.
V
At the present stage agricultural producers' co-
operatives in our country are generally of an elemen-
tary, semi-socialist type, characterized by the pooling
14
of land and a single management. This kind of
co-operative is a transitional form to the fully socialist
type. Private ownership of land and some other
important means of production is, in the main, or to
a considerable extent, retained, and privately-owned
means of production are not to be hastily turned into
common property. That is to say, both during the
period of establishing and of checking over co-
operatives, the private property of the members should
be dealt with in a reasonable way, in line with the
principle of mutual benefit, so as to make it easier to
expand the co-operatives and put them on a sound
footing. This means that co-operatives pay a certain
amount of compensation for the use of private land,
draught animals and large farm tools, and reasonable
prices for such private means of production as
draught animals and farm tools when transferred to
the co-operatives as common property.
The means of production owned by members of
co-operatives differ in number and quality. Moreover,
it is necessary for different co-operatives in different
areas to take varying circumstances into account
when they decide on how and when the means of pro-
duction owned by members are to be hired or trans-
ferred to the co-operatives as common property. In
view of this, suitable agreements must be reached
between co-operative members, and chiefly between the
poor and middle peasants, on all these questions, as
well as on the question of subsidiary occupations.
1. As regards the land belonging to members of
the co-operatives:
a. Methods of assessing the yield of land to be
pooled in the co-operatives should be based on the
quality of the land, giving due consideration to the
economic interests of those members the yield of whose
land is, owing to lack of means, relatively low but
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can be raised after being pooled in the co-operative.
Likewise, due consideration should be given to the
value of the labour and fertilizer previously applied to
the land by its owner on the basis of its actual yield
for a normal year. In this way, conflicts arising out
of differences in the actual yield as well as in the latent
productivity of the land can be solved amicably
between the poor and middle peasants, and this will
make for greater enthusiasm on the part of the mem-
bers to raise the productivity of the land and to invest
in it.
b. Different methods are used in different areas
to decide what dividends will be paid on land pooled
in co-operatives. Generally speaking, the method of
giving a filed dividend is good for encouraging the
members' enthusiasm for work. The method of giving
dividends on land and paying for labour according to
a fixed ratio is suitable, however, in newly organized
co-operatives or in areas where the yield tends to
fluctuate. In certain places some methods supple-
mentary to these have been adopted. Whatever method
is used, attention should be paid to the following
points:
The amount paid out in dividends on land should
generally be lower than the amount paid out for labour.
It is wrong to set the dividend on land too high. But
at the same time consideration should be given to those
co-operative member households which are short of
labour power but have more land, especially those of
the old, weak, orphaned or widowed, so that they can
get a suitable income. It is just as wrong to fix the
dividend on land too low.
The proportion of income decided on as dividend
for land should not be arbitrarily standardized. Con-
sideration should be given to the difference in condi-
tions between areas which have relatively less land
16
and more people, and those which have more land and
fewer people, as well as to the specific circumstances
of certain areas which grow industrial crops requiring
more field work.
In view of the peasants' predilection for the
private ownership of land, the amount of dividend
which the co-operatives decide to pay on land should
remain constant for a certain period, say two or three
years after a co-operative is founded, and should not
be lowered each year; still less should dividends on
land be discontinued prematurely,
C. Co-operative members should be allowed to
retain small plots of land of their own, amounting to
about two to five per cent of the average individual
land-holding in the village, for growing vegetables, or
for subsidiary agricultural products and occupations.
The produce of such plots may be kept for home use
or sold on the market. Some co-operatives have re-
fused to allow their members to retain any land for
their own use. That is wrong.
2. As regards draught animals and farm tools
belonging to members of the co-operatives:
a. Great care must be taken while deciding
whether draught animals belonging to me
b
m
ers shall
k1 be transferred to the co-operatives as common prop-
erty. During the first year or two after they are
formed, and while they are still economically weak or
lack administrative experience, the co-operatives may
retain the private ownership and rearing of draught
animals, and hire them on a temporary or long-term
basis so that the co-operatives may avoid incurring
too many debts or losing animals through improper
feeding. As productivity increases, the co-operatives
may purchase the animals in such ways as circum-
stances permit. Those co-operatives which bought
draught animals when they were established need not,
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however, reverse their decision, provided that lthey
fairly
organized on a sound basis and econom the animals
well off and that the original owners of
objection.
or other members of the co-operative raise no J
In some places, there is no difficulty in getting
fodder but the charge for the hire of draught animals
is rather high. In cases like this, if it is beneficial
to the production of the co-operatives to buysenthe
t
animals somewhat earlier and if the owners
conditions
the co-operatives can do so proviofd local production needs
permit. In other places, because pro
or the local custom among the peasants of feeding their
draught animals jointly, co-opervaadopt the
period before the animals are purchased, method of individual ownership of animals and co-
operative rearing (or co-operative rearing during busy
seasons and private rearing during slack seasons).
This is permissible if it is convenient for farm work
and the draught animals can be fed properly.
b. Contracts for the hire or purchase o animals should be signed after the co-operatives have
conducted thorough negotiations with members who
own the beasts. Reasonable fees should be fixed anfor
d
the hire of animals depending on their condition, be
reasonable prices and terms of payment should fixed for the purchase of animals by co-operatives.
When payment is made by instalments, a certain
amount of interest should be paid to owners before
final instalment is cleared. The length of time taken to
pay off the instalments may vary according to econom-
ic conditions in various areas and co-operatives. In
general, three years is reasonable; anyhow, it should
not be longer than five. There are some co-operatives
which set too low a price on draught animals and too
long a period for payment; there are even cases where
is
no definite date is set and no interest is paid at all.
This has led to members neglecting their animals. It
must be put right.
C. Co-operatives should make appropriate ar-
rangements frr the use of the big, medium and small
draught animals which are hired, bought by the co-
operatives or owned and used privately. In order to
breed more draught animals, special care should be
given to pedigree beasts and the protection of young
animals.
d. In dealing with large and fairly large farm
tools owned by members, too, co-operatives can, after
renting for a certain period, buy them over one by one.
Co-operatives should pay a reasonable sum for the
hire of such tools and pay by instalments if they are
bought. There are some co-operatives which use their
members' farm tools for prolonged periods but pay
nothing for their hire or upkeep, and no compensation
when they are damaged. This must be corrected.
3. As regards means of production for sub-
sidiary occupations such as groves of trees, fish-ponds,
etc. belonging to members of the co-operatives:
a. A distinction should be made between those
subsidiary occupations which are best run individually
and those which are best run collectively. It is un-
suitable to bring into the co-operatives means of pro-
duction used in subsidiary occupations which can be
made better use of under individual management, and
it is even more unsuitable to make them the property
of the co-operatives. Those which can be better used
under collective management, which will help improve
the economic status of all members to a greater ex-
tent, may be gradually brought under the management
of the co-operatives after negotiations with the owners,
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either by hiring them or buying them on the instal-
ment plan.
b. Members' small holdings of trees (including
fruit trees, bamboos and other trees used for industrial
purposes) may in general be left to the management
of members themselves. Where members own groves
or orchards and there is need for unified planning of
agricultural and forestry production, they may be
brought with the owners' consent under the single
management of the co-operative, but the private own-
ership of them remains. The method of distributing
income from such groves and orchards must be settled
through thorough negotiations among members.
The question of fish-ponds owned by members may
be dealt with according to circumstances in the same
way as that of groves and orchards.
VI
In. order to put their collective economy on a sound
basis, agricultural producers' co-operatives should
gradually build up common funds in two main forms,
namely, a shares fund and a reserve fund.
The shares fund is built up in the following way.
lverv member makes a contribution towards the costs
r,1'r,roducttof covering seed, fertilizer, fodder. etc., or
t*,warr(ls the cost of draught animals and tools bought
i'rorr, members. The amount of the contribution is
~rw~sed r,,1 ?;he amount of land pooled (or in some cases
(,n al, agreed ratio between the laTld and labour con-
'i buted, or iu others, whert, land is plentiful and
a 1ifs 1It f'ox it low, on labour only) . r1he share each
;i)(,uid L/ whou1d he ProPerly worked out, and should
~)G wither, the i~ow' of the majority of membt rs to
20
pay. Payments to the shares fund may be made in
cash or kind. If the amount paid in kind is more
than is needed, the balance should be credited to the
member concerned as investment. Poor peasants who
cannot afford to contribute to the shares fund may be
helped by state loans.
The amount to be set aside each year as a reserve
fund for increasing the co-operative's means of pro-
duction must be decided according to the actual cir-
cumstances. Generally speaking, it is better in the
first few years that it should not exceed five per cent
of the total annual income from agriculture and sub-
sidiary occupations (gross output less production
costs) . Later, as output grows, this proportion can
be suitably raised. The fund set aside for the wel-
fare of members should, in the first few years, gen-
erally speaking, not exceed one per cent of a co-
operative's total annual income. Depending on local
conditions, the relative amounts to be set aside for
the reserve and welfare funds may be slightly higher
in co-operatives in areas cultivating industrial crops.
When a member withdraws from a co-operative,
he may take with him his share contribution but not
any of the reserve fund or welfare fund. There must
be a revision of the regulations given in the "Decisions
on the Development of Mutual Aid and Co-operation
in Agricultural Production" issued by the Central
Committee of the Communist Party of China in March
1953, in as far as they specify "complete freedom for
members to withdraw both their invested capital and
their contributions to the reserve fund" when leaving
the co-operatives.
Apart from the shares fund and the reserve fund,
members should be encouraged to invest in the co-
operatives, which should repay capital so invested, with
interest, at regular intervals.
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VII
Agricultural producers' co-operatives must adopt
measures to ensure the growth of their productive
powers and prove in practice that co-operatives are
much superior to individual farming and mutual-aid
teams.
1. They should draw up their annual production
plans and long-term over-all production plans, make
full use of all favourable factors in the co-operatives
or. in the locality, unearth the key factors which make
for increased output, and develop the latent capacity
in agricultural production.
a. They should improve farming skills and
methods by such means as deep ploughing and inten-
sive cultivation, planting rationally in close rows, in-
creasing the number of crops harvested annually,
using good seed, popularizing new farm tools and
fighting plant diseases and pests.
They should pay attention to learning from
veteran farmers and absorbing all that is valuable in
their experience; they should take energetic measures
to teach the young men and women members to im-
prove their farming skills.
b. They should undertake capital construction
where necessary and possible, for example, building
small water conservancy projects, terracing fields,
improving the soil, work on conservation of soil and
water, buying draught animals and farm tools. They
should use locally-produced natural fertilizer and make
great efforts to accumulate and prepare fertilizer.
Appropriate payment should be made to members who
hand over their accumulated fertilizer to the co-
operatives for public use.
c. They should expand the area under cultivation
and plant high-yield crops. Wherever there are
22
water-ways or other water sources, the acreage of rice
should be extended as much as possible in order to
further increase grain output.
d. A diversified economy should be developed in
accordance with local conditions and with the plans
of the local state organs, to include agriculture, handi-
crafts, livestock breeding, forestry, fruit growing,
fishery and other subsidiary occupations.
To develop the economy of hilly, well-forested
areas where livestock breeding prevails, producers' co-
operatives may be organized to combine agriculture,
forestry and livestock breeding.
2. The valuable experience of those co-operatives
which have successfully built up a system of fixed
responsibility for a specified job should be publicized,
and labour power should be rationally organized.
Where such a system of responsibility cannot be
practised all the year round, it may be adopted on a
temporary or seasonal basis to prepare the ground
for a year-round system of responsibility.
a. Systems should be introduced to specify the
responsibilities of production brigades and groups and
their individual members as regards cultivation, live-
stock breeding and the care of farm tools. Labour
discipline should be tightened up.
b. A labour production quota (that is, a standard
work-day) system covering both quantity and quality
should be introduced on a piece-work basis, on the
principle that "he who works more is paid more and
he who works less gets less."
C. A regular inspection system should be in-
troduced whereby the work of the production brigades
and groups and their individual members can be ex-
amined at all levels and any work that falls below
standard improved in good time.
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3
d. A system of rewards for above-quotaprodu?c-
tion should be adopted, tied to a seasonal
year-round system of responsibility. Those who
overf ulfil their production plans should be rewarded
and those who fall behind because of slackness should
have deductions made from their pay. In the event
of natural calamities, production quotas should be
revised taking into account the resultant difficulties.
Those who work hard in combatting calamities and
exceed their revised production quotas should be re-
warded. . Those who do little or nothing to
revised
natural calamities and so fail to each
quotas should be penalized.
3. An industrious and thrifty attitude should
be encouraged in running co-operatives. Fina weal
management and book-keeping should be improved.
Financial work should be such as to supervise r n d
ensure a growth in production and a proper hou distribu-
should
tion of income. Slack financial management
tion b-
cut out and waste and extravagance checked. The
a. A limit should be set to all expenditure.
simple and convenient system of "fixing a maximum
expenditure for each item" should be widely adopted.
d
Those who economize should be rewarded, and
guilty of corruption or waste penalized.
b. Reliable book-keepers should be selected a
a mutual-help network set up among. book-keep i s of
co-operatives to exchange experience.
4. Political, cultural and educational work should
be improved to raise the level of socialist conscthe r
ness among co-operative members and develop
keenness and creativeness.
a. Our country's socialist cause and the momen-
tous significance of agriculture in the economic life of
the nation should be widely publicized among co-
operative members. The state plans for economic
24
construction, particularly the agricultural production
plan and the plan for the purchase of agricultural prod-
uce, should be publicized among co-operative members
and they should be shown how to properly implement
the policy of the state on rural work and the planned
purchase of grain and other farm produce.
b. The idea of collective concern for the co-
operative and for common property should be instilled
in members, and efforts should be made to gradually
overcome individualist tendencies. Behaviour detri-
mental to labour discipline should be checked.
C. Unity and mutual help should be promoted
among production brigades and groups and individual
members, and emulation in labour introduced. Un-
remitting research into and improvement of farming
technique should be fostered. Care should be taken
to bring the energies of the women and the younger
members of the co-operatives into full play.
d. Democracy should be promoted within the co-
operatives and members encouraged to put forward
rationalization proposals to improve the work.
e. Plans should be drawn up to eliminate illiter-
acy over a period of years and to raise the cultural
level of members, particularly of cadres.
f. Co-operative members should be educated to
raise their political vigilance so that they can wage
an unrelenting struggle against all forms of counter-
revolutionary sabotage.
VIII
Financial and economic departments concerned,
and especially agricultural administrative depart-
ments, must treat financial and technical aid for the
agricultural co-operative movement as one of their
most important tasks.
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1. Besides issuing loans to poor peasants to help
them take up shares in agricultural producers'
and thus facilitate co-oper ? Bank and
them and the middle peasants, t people's the Agricultural Bank should gradually
co- increase the
opera-
amounts loaned to agricultural producers'
for investment in capital construction, reduce
interest rates where appropriate, and extend
period of repayment of loans which can be set at three
to five years.
2. Departments concerned with agriculture
should set up agro-technical stations in a planned
way and make them centres for passing on technical
aid by the state to agricultural producers' co-operatives
(e.g., demonstrating the use of improv b ttypesee of
farm tools, the cultivation and use and e]iminating
methods of improving farming skills
insects and pests). improved so
The work of state farms should he cooperatives
that they give better assistance to t
and set an example to be followed. concerned with
3. Administrative departments
the engineering industry, and with trade and
handicraft production should make reasonable reduc-
tions in prices not only of farm tools bThe
insecticides and insecticide spraying equipment. lowered
quality of these products however must not be efforts
when prices are reduced; on the contrary,
should be made to improve their quality.
To keep pace with the growth of the agricultural
co-operative movement, all departments concerned
special with the engineering industry should pay at-
tention to research on the design, assembly and rrepair
aptor
of improved types of farm tools. The first
and
plant should be completed as quickly as possible
preparations begun at the earliest possible date for
26
the second and third. They should also produce more
machinery and equipment for water conservancy
undertakings. Departments concerned with the
chemical industry should increase the output of
fertilizer.
4. Departments concerned with agricultural
administration should pay attention to the training of
a large number of book-keepers and gradually send a
sufficient number of book-keeping instructors, who can
travel from place to place to give guidance to co-
operative farms in improving their book-keeping and
accounting methods. Book-keepers in district or
hsianq branches of the People's Bank, the Agricultural
Bank and the supply and marketing co-operatives
should do their best to help agricultural producers'
co-operatives with their book-keeping and accounting.
Ix
As the co-operative movement develops, many
former landlords, rich peasants and counter-revolu-
tionaries of various sorts will undoubtedly engage in
all kinds of sabotage. We must be alert to the serious
danger of such sabotage in the agricultural co-
operative movement. Quite a number of landlords,
rich peasants and counter-revolutionaries have already
wormed their way in various guises into co-operatives.
Some have even seized important positions in them,
pushing their way into the leadership in an effort to
turn them into their tools or destroy them by under-
hand means. They try to undermine the Party leader-
ship in co-operatives, attack and victimize the active
elements among the masses and the cadres of the co-
operatives, slaughter livestock, destroy farm crops and
even commit such crimes as arson and assassination.
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Some landlords, rich peasants and counter-revolution-
aries have even organized sham co-operatives. It
must therefore be laid down that:
1. In places where the great majority of peas-
ants have not yet joined co-operatives, for the next
few years landlords or rich peasants must be resolutely
debarred from joining co-operatives. Only in those
places where the great majority of peasants have
joined co-operatives and the co-operatives are on a
sound basis can former landlords or rich peasants be
permitted to join in different groups at different time,
and then only on condition that they are law-abiding
and have for a long time ceased to exploit others and
have themselves engaged in work. This may be done
in order that their reform can be continued through
collective work in production.
2. Landlords or rich peasants who have already
joined the co-operatives should be dealt with in-
dividually according to how they have behaved since
joining. Those who have engaged in sabotage must
be resolutely expelled. Cases of serious misdemeanour
should be handed over to the courts. Only those who
work and are law-abiding may be permitted to remain
and continue their reform in the co-operatives.
3. Measures appropriate to the circumstances
must be taken to clean up and reorganize those co-
operatives in which landlords, rich peasants or counter-
revolutionaries have gained control of posts.
4. Sham co-operatives organized by landlords,
rich peasants or counter-revolutionaries must be
dissolved. Educational work suited to each individual
case should be carried out among the poor and middle
peasants who joined such co-operatives; they should
be reorganized in a proper way.
In various provinces there are still backward
villages where the agrarian reform was not carried
28
out in a thorough-going way. Such villages total
approximately 5 per cent of all villages. Feudal land-
lords, rowdies, counter-revolutionaries and other bad
elements in these places are still exploiting and op-
pressing the peasants, either openly or in secret. In
such villages, it is also possible to organize the active
and reliable elements among the poverty-stricken peas-
ants to form co-operatives. At the same time, it is
essential to get the masses fully on the move as soon
as possible, resolutely wipe out the feudal and counter-
revolutionary forces, and so create the conditions
necessary for smooth development of agricultural
co-operation.
X
To give active, planned leadership to the move-
ment for agricultural co-operation, national, provincial
(or autonomous region), administrative region (or
autonomous chou), county (or autonomous county),
district, hsiang (or nationality hsiang) and village
plans should be drawn up for the co-operative move-
ment to be carried out in stages. In making such
plans, attention should be paid to specific differences
which the co-operative movement shows in different
places, as well as to similarities.
Because different conditions obtain in different
areas, the progress of agricultural co-operation may,
generally speaking, differ in the following ways :
1. In places where the mutual-aid and co-
operative movement is relatively well advanced, and
where, by the summer of 1955, between 30 and 40 per
cent of all peasant households had joined co-operatives,
the movement can, generally speaking, be expanded
by the spring of. 1957 to embrace 70 or 80 per cent of
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the peasant households. That is to say, in such areas,
the building of semi-socialist co-operatives can be
basically completed by that time. Provinces in North
and Northeast China and a larger or smaller area in
certain other provinces will fall into this b category.
sum-
2. Over a large part of thecountry,
per cent of all
mer of 1955 approximately 10 to p
peasant households had joined co-operatives. In such
areas the work of building semi-socialist 'cooperatiVeS
1958.
can be basically completed before the spring
3. More time is needed to build co-operatives in
move-
areas where the foundations of the mutual-aid
are still
ment are relatively weak and where the
only very few agricultural producers' co_operatives.
These are for the most part border areas. not he et been
some border areas where land reform s o-operatives
carried out and no mutual-aid teams or co
have been organized at all. In such areas, ita,l is
necessary to advance fairly slowly, or even wait
see for a long time.
In drawing up plans for agricultural co-operation,
the Communist Party committees in various urovseles,
municipalities and autonomous regions
establish-
the areas where conditions are ripe to try ou
ment of agricultural producers' co-operative) of an
advanced (that is, entirely socialist) type. In some
areas where the work of building semi-socialist
be
operatives has been basically completed, plans may
drawn up to transform co-operatives of an elementary
type into co-operatives of an advanced type, bearing
in mind the need for increased production, the degree
of the people's political consciousness
ashould be
nomic conditions. Such a transformation
carried out step by step-that is, by the trial establish-
ment of a few co-operatives of an advanced type and
a gradual, stage-by-stage increase in their number.
In areas where many nationalities live together
co-operatives may be formed either by people of a
single nationality or of several different nationalities.
In areas where livestock breeding is the only
occupation of the people, experimental livestock breed-
ing co-operatives may also be established if conditions
permit.
Plans for agricultural co-operation in the various
areas should include such branches of the economy as
forestry, livestock breeding, fishing, salt production
and other occupations. They should also include
plans for supply and marketing co-operatives, credit
co-operatives, handicraft producers' co-operatives,
transport co-operatives, and plans for cultural and
educational work and for the growth of the Party and
the people's organizations.
In drawing up plans for agricultural co-operation,
the Party committees at all levels, and first and fore-
most the hsiang Party branches and county Party
committees, should simultaneously work out all-
embracing, long-term production plans based on local
conditions, all with the development of agriculture as
their central aim.
XI
In planning agricultural co-operation, particular
attention should be paid to the plans for hsiang and
villages, because such plans are the foundation of the
whole plan of agricultural co-operation. Party com-
mittees at all levels should give the tarty organizations
of a number of selected hsiang or villages guidance in
the preparation of comprehensive plans for stage-by-
stage development in the light of local conditions. This
will build up experience that helps to guide the whole
31
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movement. Such plans should include the following
measures :
1. The making of a concrete analysis of class
relationships in the village and the way in which
the mutual-aid and co-operative movement is being
organized.
2. The making of arrangements for the
establishment or expansion of mutual-aid teams and
agricultural producers' co-operatives stage by stage
and group by group. This should be done on a
voluntary basis, taking into account the degree of un-
derstanding of various strata of the peasantry, their
social relations and where they live and work.
3. The making of suitable arrangements to train
and supply key personnel for the establishment of
mutual-aid teams and agricultural producers' co-
operatives, taking into account the interests of the
whole movement for agricultural co-operation in the
hsiang or village.
These plans should be carefully studied by the
cadres and active elements among the peasants; they
should be repeatedly discussed with the mass of the
people. Punning things by simply issuing orders must
be avoided and necessary revisions made from time
to time as the work goes ahead.
XII
The Party organizations of provinces (or autono-
mous regions), administrative regions (or autonomous
chou), counties (or autonomous counties), districts
and hsianq (or nationality hsiang) should pay close
attention to rural questions and energetically improve
the quality of their leadership in rural work. The
leading responsible comrades of local Party committees
at all levels should spare no pains in learning to be-
come experts in agricultural co-operation. In short,
what is needed is initiative, not passivity; active
leadership, not its relinquishment.
Those in the leadership should base their work
on the method of learning from the mass movement,
familiarizing themselves with the actual situation,
summing up experience and adopting a flexible
approach in guiding the movement. Ignorance coupled
with unwillingness to learn, the issuing of arbitrary
orders and an irregular tempo of work-these are
things which violate the principles on which the growth
of the movement must be founded in actual practice.
They represent subjectivism, not Marxism. There can
be no correct leadership unless such subjectivism is
opposed.
The leadership should respect and encourage
initiative and creative ability among the masses; it
should protect and foster these growing, developing
forces. To impede or discourage the growth of new
things emerging in society, instead of helping them
wholeheartedly, or to try and force their growth
artificially, in a rash and impetuous way, before con-
ditions are ripe, instead of taking appropriate measures
to foster their natural birth and development-are
both methods which injure the tender shoots of the
new. They are opportunist, not Marxist methods.
There can be no leadership unless such opportunism
is opposed.
The aim of the co-operative movement is to lead
about 110 million peasant household, from individual
farming to collective farming and then go on to bring
about technical reform in agriculture; it is to eliminate
the last vestiges of capitalist exploitation in the rural
areas and establish socialism. This is a tremendous
change affecting the livelihood of several hundred
32
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million people, and it is inconceivable that difficulties
should not crop up. Opportunists and subjectivists
lose the ability to exercise sober judgement and over-
come the difficulties with which they are confronted,
either because they do not realize that they need to
rely on the masses and the Party, or because they
have no confidence in them. However, ours is a well-
tempered, well-steeled Party, a Marxist-Leninist Party
closely linked with the people. Throughout the thirty
years and more of its existence, our Party has weath-
ered many storms in the revolution and faced many
serious difficulties. But its close unity with the
masses enabled it to overcome such difficulties one by
one and lead the people's revolution to victory. The
building of socialism is the cause of hundreds of
millions of people. In the industrialization of our
country, in the building up of agricultural co-opera-
tion and in every other aspect of our work, we should
give full play to the creativeness and initiative of the
masses, work in a realistic spirit and shun complacency
and impetuosity. It is the conviction of the Sixth
Plenary Session that if we do this we shall overcome
all difficulties and go on to new and greater victories.
EXPLANATORY NOTES TO THE DRAFT
DECISIONS ON AGRICULTURAL
CO-OPERATION
(A Speech Delivered on October 4, 1955 at the Sixth Plenary
Session of the Seventh Central Committee of
the Communist Party of China)
Chen Po-ta
Comrade Mao Tse-Lung's report on agricultural
co-operation, delivered on July 31, 1955 at the meet-
ing of secretaries of provincial, municipal and
autonomous region committees convened by the Cen-
tral Committee of the Communist Party of China,
summed up many years' experience of the agricultural
co-operative movement in our country. It pointedly
criticized the main ideological errors-Rightist errors
-now existing in our Party on the question of ex-
panding agricultural co-operation, and gave policy
directives on a series of questions, such as the neces-
sity and possibility of agricultural co-operation, the
practical way forward and the steps to be taken, and
the way to lead agricultural co-operation. These
directives of Comrade Mao Tse-tung have enabled all
our Party comrades to prepare themselves ideologically
and organizationally for the coming upsurge in the
socialist mass movement in the countryside, and to
avoid serious mistakes at this vital turning point in
history.
On the basis of Comrade Mao Tse-tung's report,
the Political Bureau of the Central Committee has
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prepared draft Decisions on Agricultural Co-operation
which are now submitted to this plenary session. As
I am in charge of part of the work in the Rural WTork
Department of the Central Committee, the Political
Bureau has appointed me to give explanations of the
draft Decisions.
I wish to draw attention to the following points:
THE POLICY OF EXPANDING AGRICULTURAL
CO-OPERATION
(1) The draft Decisions point out that the
nature of the peasant question is different in each
of the two stages of the revolution. Our Party must
adapt its policy in the rural areas to a new turn in
the revolution and to new changes in class relations
and in the forms of class struggle in the rural areas
since the land reform. Rightist mistakes made by
some comrades arise precisely from their failure to
see this new situation and the new changes.
As you all know, our Party's general line in the
period of transition has three parts : socialist in-
clustrialization, socialist transformation of agriculture
and handicrafts, and socialist transformation of
capitalist industry and commerce. These parts can-
not be separated one from the other, because the work
of socialist construction and socialist transformation
covers the whole national economy. A socialist
economy must include the two main branches of pro-
duction-industry and agriculture. As Comrade Mao
Tse-tung pointed out in his report, socialist industrial-
ization is not something that can be carried out in
isolation, separate from agricultural co-operation ; our
36
country must, therefore, adopt the policy of keeping
agricultural co-operation in step with socialist in-
dustrialization. We cannot stand with one foot planted
on socialist industry and the other on a small-peasant
economy. The victory of socialism is unthinkable un-
less we win over the five hundred million strong rural
population to take part in socialist construction. There
is a rising tide of socialist industrial construction; and
in view of this, it is highly significant that Comrade
Mao Tse-tung has in good time put the expansion of
agricultural co-operation as an important item on the
agenda of work for the whole Party.
(2) Our Party led the bourgeois-democratic
revolution for almost thirty long years. The work of
every comrade in the Party centred round the struggle
for victory in this revolution. It is quite natural,
therefore, that some comrades are not mentally pre-
pared for the transition from this stage of the
revolution to the stage of socialist revolution. But
our Party has Comrade Mao Tse-tung at its head and
is armed with Marxism-Leninism; even when it was
working to overthrow the system of land ownership by
feudal landlords, it was preparing to lead the peas-
ants on from the point where the land was returned
to the tillers to socialist co-operation. Comrade Mao
Tse-tung in his report recalled the history of the
agricultural co-operative movement in our country;
this is also the history of the gradual putting into
practice of the policy of our Party on agricultural co-
operation.
It would be as well for us to review Comrade Mao
Tse-tung's exposition of this Party policy in his works
written in various periods. As you all know, as early
as the time of the First Revolutionary Civil War
Comrade Mao Tse-tung, in his Report of an Investiga-
tion into the Peasant Movement in Hunan, described
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the co-operative movement as an important part of
the peasant movement, though, in view of t al
conditions at that time, mention was made only
supply and marketing co-operatives and credit co-
operatives.
During the Second Revolutionary Civil War,
Comrade Mao Tse-tung, drawing on the experience of
mutual-aid working groups and ploughing teams
created by the masses in the revolutionary bases,
pointed out the great role played in agricultural pro-
duction by this kind of mutual aid in labour (that is,
co-operative organizations for agricultural produc-
tion) . (See Comrade Mao Tse-tung's Survey of
Chaff gkang Hsiang.)
During the War of Resistance to Japanese
Aggression, Comrade Mao Tse-tung gave two famous
speeches, On Co-operation and Let Us Get Organized,
in which he called on the people in all the anti-
Japanese bases to organize this rudimentary form of
mutual-aid production group in large numbers on a
voluntary mass basis. Later, in other works (such
as On Coalition Government), Comrade Mao Tse-tung
continued to draw attention to this question. At the
Second Plenary Session of the Seventh Central Com-
mittee of the Party in 1949, speaking of economic
construction after the liberation of the country, Com-
rade Mao Tse-tung said:
If we have only a state sector in the national
economy and no co-operative sector, it is impos-
sible to lead the individual economy of the
labouring people gradually on to the road of col-
lectivization ; we cannot consolidate the pro-
letariat's leadership in the political power of the
state. Anyone who ignores or underestimates
this point will be making a grave mistake.
38
After the founding of the People's Republic of
China, the Central Committee of our Party, on the
basis of Comrade Mao Tse-tung's views, passed the
"Decisions on Mutual Aid and . Co-operation in
Agricultural Production" in December 1951, and the
"Decisions on the Development of Agricultural Pro-
ducers' Co-operatives" in December 1953. All this
shows that the Party has consistently adhered to the
policy of agricultural co-operation; this is not some-
thing put forward all of a sudden. Some of our com-
rades are somewhat taken aback by this policy because
they have not had time to study the question seriously.
The main reason for this is that many of our comrades
joined the Party during the bourgeois-democratic
revolution against imperialism and feudalism, and
are acquainted, in their day-today practical work,
only with the programme of that revolution (that is,
our Party's minimum programme) but are not yet
familiar with the Party's programme relating to
socialist revolution (that is, our Party's maximum
programme) . That is why, as with many other im-
portant new questions, we must take up the question
of agricultural co-operation again and devote serious
study to it; and in the course of our study we must
realize what our mistakes are and correct them, so
as to correctly grasp our Party's principles and policy,
and raise our knowledge of Marxism-Leninism to a
higher level. That is the task confronting all Party
comrades.
(3) The draft Decisions criticize the illusions
harboured by certain comrades who are quite content
with things as they are in the countryside, and with
the small-peasant economy. The Party must criticize
such mistaken ideas. At the Third Conference on
Mutual Aid and Co-operative Work called by the Cen-
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tral Committee in October 1953, Comrade Mao
Tse-tung had this to say :
If positions in the countryside are not held
by socialism, capitalism will assuredly occupy
them. How then can we say that we will take
neither the socialist nor the capitalist road?
It is an invariable law that, once the feudal land
system is overthrown, a struggle begins in rural areas
in which the choice lies between the capitalist and
the socialist roads. It is either the one or the other:
there is no middle course. Some comrades took quite
a radical stand in their attitude towards the
bourgeois-democratic revolution, but once they pass
through that stage of the revolution, they remain quite
content with the peasants' having got back their land.
So they loiter at the crossroads; between socialism and
capitalism, and are actually more interested in pre-
serving tl~e small-peasant economy than in giving a
lead in its transformation to a socialist agriculture.
Such comrades fail to realize that a small-peasant
economy is not a paradise for the peasantry, but a
garci .n in which capitalism grows. i , the China LocOnl~ Tnve
Athie,:ie A(iati()l. tlU tire, I1' t(1&' tuliOU 11at1 011a'
SD( )t ;1 iO1; . 'garllzed by tilt' 1'ali\'~v:Oyip
tl.l O1r
(1r' tti
er~. ~i l1 1 Sf~,4. after tl1v c nvlunt (it th Fu i -
(J"11'. SI )Yt.s ~.(IIf1~t!rel1CL', the1'iiva~ 1'Ul'kt'.il1~tve 1nlli{t'L t'Y
i,1R trli(I( 1(IllO11 111'!"111112 it1O11F (luring tl1(~ 1a~1 51:x: 'S
1;( ()t' :i('hli)i;. tr~iilllilr~;lid Othe1' s1)Oi'H ill
1)111I1 il;1'(` 1 ;..11
l`_ 11(lil~l(~lO,(!(!,1(. ()1 i'(~Hi)g, ;ihaugh~ii, ! 11i11.
;Vi ( , \i . Ill~i r( . 1 ;irl I ill ii11(i 1' USi1Uii,
32
classes were formed in the period between 1951 and
1954 which gave training to 18,847 workers for various
sports activities.
. As sports activities spread, more facilities and
grounds have been provided for the workers in fac-
tories and mines. The number of basket-ball and
volley-ball courts, football pitches, tracks and grounds
for athletic activities run by the primary trade union
organizations in the three municipalities (Shenyang,
Fushun, and Harbin) increased from 1,237 in 1954 to
2,054 in 1955, and the equipment provided, such as
horizontal bars, parallel bars, box horses and weights
for weight-lifting, increased from 2,571 pieces to 3,101.
It was decided at the First National Workers' Sports
Conference held in November 1954 that 10 to 15 per
cent of trade union funds should be appropriated for
the use of athletic activities.
In order to encourage the workers to go in for
sports and to improve athletic standards, many track
and field meetings and ball games have been held.
Partial data of five municipalities-Peking, Shanghai,
Harbin, Fushun and Taiyuan-and of the China
Locomotive Sports Association showed that 6,881
athletic meetings were held from 1951 to August 1955,
attended by more than 940,000 athletes. The First
National Workers' Sports Meeting which took place
in Peking in October 1955 enabled a review to be made
of the achievemeiit~ of the workers in the field of
physical culture. Over 1,700 men and women athletes
took part. In the forty-seven track and field events,
cycle races an(1 weight-lifting contest, eight national
records were broken by ten me11 and women workers,
33
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pie's Physique" the trade union organizations a various levels have, since liberation, done a lot t popularize physical culture among the workers an staff members. Remarkable results have been achieve in improving the health of workers, owhich has led
to a decrease in sickness, ensured a regular attendanc at work and raised labour productivity. During 1954
more than 838,000 workers in China regularly took
part in basket-ball, volley-ball and football matches an more than 82,700 teams were organized. The majorit of workers and staff in various industrial and minim
enterprises are enthusiasts for morning exercise,
directed by music from the radio and many sport teams and training groups have been formed to carry
on regular physical training.
The basic organization to lead sports activities i;
the sports association, which is a voluntary body of
amateur athletes, In 1951, the China Locomotivf
Athletic Association, the first trade union national
. sports association, was organized by the railway work
ers. In 1554, after the convening of the First Na
tional Workers' Sports Conference, there was a further
increase in the number of sports associations. At thi
end of 1955, there were 11 national, 61 provincial a municipal and 181 local athletic associations in addi
tion to many athletic committees and groups.
A great number of workers have been trained b~
the trade union organizations during the last six year
to take on coaching, training and other sports work i their spare time. According to partial figures for th
eight municipalities of Peking, Shanghai, Tientsi Canton, Wuhan, Shenyang, Harbin and Fushun, 5+
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
pie's Physique" the trade union organizations at
various levels have, since liberation, done a lot to
popularize physical culture among the workers and
staff members. Remarkable results have been achieved
in improving the health of workers, ,which has led
to a decrease in sickness, ensured a regular attendance
at work and raised labour productivity. During 1954,
more than 838,000 workers in China regularly took
part in basket-ball, volley-ball and football matches and
more than 82,700 teams were organized. The majority
of workers and staff in various industrial and mining
enterprises are enthusiasts for morning exercises
directed by music from the radio and many sports
teams and training groups have been formed to carry
on regular physical training.
The basic organization to lead sports activities is
the sports association, which is a voluntary body of
amateur athletes. In 1951, the China Locomotive
Athletic Association, the first trade union national
. sports association, was organized by the railway work-
ers. In 1/54, after the convening of the First Na-
tional Workers' Sports Cdnf erence, there was a further
increase in the number of sports associations. At the
end of 1955, there were 11 national, 61 provincial and
municipal and 181 local athletic associations in addi-
tion to many athletic committees and groups.
A great number of workers have been trained by
the trade union organizations during the last six years
to take on coaching, training and other sports work in
their spare time. According to partial figures for the
eight municipalities of Peking, Shanghai, Tientsin,
Canton, Wuhan, Shenyang, Harbin and Fushun, 53
32
classes were formed in the period between 1951 and
1954 which gave training to 18,847 workers for various
sports activities.
. As sports activities spread, more facilities and
grounds have been provided for the workers in fac-
tories and mines. The number of basket-ball and
volley-ball courts, football pitches, tracks and grounds
for athletic activities run by the primary trade union
organizations in the three municipalities (Shenyang,
Fushun, and Harbin) increased from 1,237 in 1954 to
2,054 in 1955, and the equipment provided, such as
horizontal bars, parallel bars, box horses and weights
for weight-lifting, increased from 2,571 pieces to 3,101.
It was decided at the First National Workers' Sports
Conference held in November 1954 that 10 to 15 per
cent of trade union funds should be appropriated for
the use of athletic activities.
In order to encourage the workers to go in for
sports and to improve athletic standards, many track
and field meetings and ball games have been held.
Partial data of five municipalities-Peking, Shanghai,
Harbin, Fushun and Taiyuan-and of the China
Locomotive Sports Association showed that 6,881
athletic meetings were held from 1951 to August 1955,
attended by more than 940,000 athletes. The First
National Workers' Sports Meeting which took place
in Peking in October 1955 enabled a review to be made
of the achievements of the workers in the field of
physical culture. Over 1,700 men and women athletes
took part. In the forty-seven track and field events,
cycle races and weight-lifting contest, eight national
records were broken by ten men and women workers,
33
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including the men's shot-putting which had stood for
nineteen years.
?
4. Production Work
In a people's democratic state led by the working
class and based on the worker-peasant alliance, the
ultimate aim of developing production is to satisfy the
ever-increasing material and cultural needs of the
people. Therefore, to develop production is in the
greatest interest of the liberated Chinese people. The
most important task of the trade union organizations
is to unite and lead all the workers to struggle con-
scientiously and enthusiastically for greater and great-
er output.
One of the main methods used by the trade union
organizations to improve production is to lead and
encourage the mass of the workers to take part in
socialist emulation campaigns. In 1950, 683,000
workers took part in these emulation campaigns; the
figure went up to 2,380,000 in 1951; from 1952 on-
wards, over 80 per cent of all workers and staff in the
country's factories and mines were taking part.
_i the socialist emulation drive, we put into prac-
('ice ie principle of constantly improving technique
auii learning and mastering new techniques; we give
full play to the collective wisdom of the workers, and
we rely on their enthusiasm to put forward rational-
ization proposals. The proposers are given material
reward. The workers are encouraged to learn seriously
Soviet advanced experiences as well as to popularize
their own successes.
34
From 1950 to 1953, 1,643,708 rationalization pro-
posals were put forward by workers and staff mem-
bers. In 1954, when the All-China Federation of
Trade Unions put forward the call to "Further De-
velop the Labour Emulation Drive" not only did the
number of proposals increase, but they were generally
much more valuable. In 1954, over 848,000 rational-
ization proposals were made and it was estimated that
the realization of 102,966 alone increased the wealth
of the country by 174,310,000 Yuan.
In August 1954 on the proposal of the All-China
Federation of Trade Unions, the Government Ad-
ministration Council promulgated the "Provisional
Regulations on Awards for Inventions, Technical Im-
provements and Rationalization Proposals Concerning
Production." This policy has greatly enhanced the
workers' enthusiasm.
The Soviet advanced experiences and the ad-
vanced experiences of our own workers have been
widely popularized in the industrial and mining en-
terprises throughout the country. According to
available data for 1952-1954, 102 important advanced
methods were adopted in heavy industry, and as a
result the output of steel was increased by 60 per cent
and the total value of output of iron was increased
by one third.
As the socialist emulation drive has extended and
deepened, a great number of model workers and dis-
tinguished workers have been brought forward on the
production front. From 1949 to 1953, more than 230,-
600 model workers were elected from the primary
trade union organizations throughout China. In 1954,
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15:1,9()0 iliodel workers and distinguished workers and
220,400 advanced workers were elected from the pri-
mary trade union organizations in the factories and
mines. In the first halt of 1955, among the highway
transport workers in 33 provinces and municipalities,
there was, on the average, one model worker or ad-
vanced worker out of every fifteen workers. Many of
the model workers and advanced workers were en-
gineering technicians. Among the eighty-seven model
workers elected from the power industry in 1955, en-
gineering technicians constituted more than 19 per
Becau_e of the enthusiasm and creative ability
i=;'yrd by the \vork&s in production, labour pro-
.
has been rising continuously. For instance,
?
b) 1r prc ductivity of the workers in large in-
:tr.
::ertrises. both state and joint state-private,
a 13 per cent rise in 1953 as compared with
-'
`_
1I5 ` registered a further 15 per cent
The First Five-Year Plan for Development
~ : i::a? Economy has set the target of raising
`t:-:r ;z- d ct_, t': in the state industries by 64 per
(::":' t r' rr 1953 41) 1!31.
T%', f'hri{;sf. working class has full confidence for
thy. ftur':, .~ r is {riving selflessly for building their
rUf~triflTj, a 'rat ;r,cialist state. The workers in
the facti,ri(~ and mines throughout the country have
pledgf>rl thrr,IV(M LO fulfil the I~'irst Five-Year Plan
ahead (i' ehr;rh.il(~. '1'ho workers of the Anshan Iron
and Str~PJ ('"rrl!):ui,y hstvc iinderlak('n to fulfil iii 1)56
the targ(tMi -(I. II P1)1 ('or I9r)7 tinder the First .Five-
Year Ilan. in Ihi, 1'n;unia1ie 't'ool Plant,
36
the workers are going about their jobs with great en-
thusiasm for the realization of their pledge to fulfil
the Five-Year Plan one year ahead of schedule. In
the Tientsin Bicycle Factory, after the workers had
taken a pledge to fulfil the Five-Year Plan ahead of
schedule they put forward over eighty technical pro-
posals. The workers and staff in the Harbin Flax
Mill, where the 1955 production targets were fulfilled
more than one month ahead, set themselves the task
of reaching the production levels of 1957 one year
and twenty-three work-days ahead of time.
5. Wages
As mentioned above, the aim of developing pro-
duction of our country is to satisfy the ever-increasing
material and cultural needs of the people. It is the
highest aim of the people's government and the Com-
munist Party of China to bring about a happy life
for the people. The wages system of our country also
serves this general aim.
Wages are the main income of workers and staff.
They have a direct bearing on their personal interests.
As the conditions of the wages system will also in-
fluence directly the development of production, trade
union organizations have always paid close attention
to the question of wages, treating it as an important
part of their work.
Socialist state-owned enterprises handle their
wages problems according to the following two prin-
ciples:
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First, to raise the material and cultural standaris
of workers and staff on the basis of developing pro-
duction, and at the same time the rate of increase in
labour productivity must exceed the rate of increase
in wages.
Second, the state pays wages in a planned way
according to the principle of "to each according to his
work." Hence, higher wages are paid to those en-
gaged in skilled or heavy work. Wages are higher
in the important departments and enterprises iii the
national economy. Workers who turn out the same
amount of products of the same quality in the same
length of time receive same wages irrespective of na-
tionality, race or sex.
The wages of workers in the old China were a
mere pittance. Equal work did not receive equal pay.
Auld usually the wages received did not bear relation
to their contributions. And, what's more, there was
ruthless feudal exploitation. Workers lived like pau-
pers without enough food and clothing all(1 were
always threatened by unemploynlent. For instance,
miners of the Kailan Mining Administration earned
only 20 cents (pre-liberation currency) a clay with
16 hours' work. And if they should die at work the
owner of the mine gave only 20 dollars to their families.
If a horse died, it was GO dollars' loss. So, before
liberation, the life of a worker was worse than that
of beasts.
Since the establishment of the People's Republic
of China, from 1950 onwards, trade union orgalliza-
tions have helped the government and the manage-
ments of enterprises in readjusting and reforming the
38
wages system. Trade union organizations at all levels
took part in drawing up schemes for adjusting the
wages of workers and staff, carried out propaganda
and explanation work among them, and organized them
to discuss and decide the wages scale, thus drawing
the broad masses of workers and staff into the work of
reforming the wages system. Owing to the correct
wages policy of the people's government and the Com-
munist Party of China and the active help of trade
union organizations, the wages reform gained the sup-
port of all workers and staff. The corrupt, chaotic,
irrational and multi-grade wages system left over from
the reactionary Kuomintang regime was completely
changed. A new wages system was introduced and
the principle of "to each according to his work" was
gradually put into practice. At present there are
eight grades of wages for workers of state-owned en-
terprises. A different standard of wages is provided
for each grade. There are also extra pay and allow-
ances.
In the last few years the trade union organiza-
tions have helped the managements of enterprises to
replace the old piece-work wage system with a new
one and enforce the merit system. The old piece-work
wage system was used by the capitalists before libera-
tion to raise the intensity of labour, to lengthen work-
ing time and to exploit the workers more. They made
use of this system to undermine the unity of the work-
ing class and force the workers to work like slaves
for wages which were hardly enough to keep them
alive.
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Our piece-work wage system has been set up by
taking into account the introduction of new technique
and the replacement of manual labour with machinery.
Besides, piece-work wages are fixed for various kinds
of products. Every piece of extra work is counted.
Therefore more work means more pay. Trade union
organizations also do what they can to help the man-
agements of enterprises to take measures to raise the
cultural and technical level of the workers and to help
the workers to fulfil or overf ulfil their quotas.
According to the statistics of the seven industrial
ministries for September 1955, wages paid on piece-
work rate already exceeded 40 per cent of the total
wages paid out in all enterprises under these minis-
tries.
Besides, all enterprises have set up various merit
systems : there is the system of rewards for saving
coal on the railways and there is the system of re-
wards for safety in operation in departments of power
industries. On the basis of the suggestions of the
trade unions, the Government Administration Council
promulgated the "Provisional Regulations on Awards
for Inventions, Technical Improvements and Ration-
alization Proposals Concerning Production" which
enabled some 135,600 workers and staff to receive
material rewards in 1954.
With the participation of the trade unions, the
government and managements of enterprises made pro-
visions of wages, allowances and subsidies for those
working under exceptional conditions : women work-
ers who have to take time off breast-feeding their
babies during working hours receive full pay; workers
40
who work in conditions harmful to the health get
health allowances ; workers who work in remote places
also receive special allowances; when the production
of enterprises is suspended either because of natural
conditions or because of management problems, work-
ers also get allowances. When a worker is transferred
he gets travelling expenses and allowances for moving
or making arrangements for the family.
With the development of production the real wages
of workers and staff have been steadily rising over
the years. According to the statistics of five industrial
ministries, the average money wages of workers and
staff in 1952 was 66.20 per cent higher than in 1950.
During the period of the First Five-Year Plan the
average money wages of workers and staff in the whole
country will increase by 33 per cent. According to
the plan, the average wages of the workers and staff
in 1955 would be 20.5 per cent higher as compared
with 1952.
With the development of the national economy,
4,220,000 more workers and staff are needed in the
period of the First Five-Year Plan. So more people
will be employed.
In addition to gradually raising the wages and
the number of employed persons, the state has made
vigorous efforts to stabilize commodity prices, or-
ganize various welfare facilities, extend the scope of
labour insurance, expand the health and medical ser-
vices, increase funds for cultural and educational
work, in order to constantly better the cultural and
material life of the workers and staff. Consequently
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the life of our workers and staff has improved a great
deal since liberation.
6. Labour Protection
In China, labour protection is a fundamental
policy of the state manifesting its concern to see that
the workers and staff members work under healthy
conditions and are provided with safety measures. As
mass organizations of the working class, China's trade
unions also pay full attention to this work. The Trade
Union Law of the People's Republic of China provides
that it is the duty of trade unions to ensure that the
managements or employers effectively carry out the
regulations and directives concerning labour protec-
tion and the standards and regulations concerning
safety devices and factory sanitation,
The All-China Federation of Trade Unions has
set up a Labour Protection Department which gives
directions to the trade union organizations at different
levels on how to improve labour protection ; it also
investigates and studies the safety and health condi-
tions in various enterprises, submits proposals for
labour laws and helps to popularize knowledge of
safety devices and industrial health. The principal in-
dustrial unions and the principal provincial and munic-
ipal trade union organizations have also set up sec-
tions concerned with labour protection work. Primary
trade union organizations have committees to look
after labour protection, and groups of workers elect
one of their number to act as labour protection in-
42
spector, By 1955, 1,630 primary trade union organ-
izations had set up labour protection committees and
50,303 groups had labour protection inspectors.
During the period of the rehabilitation of the
national economy immediately after the liberation, the
trade unions led the workers to make an extensive in-
vestigation of safety and sanitary conditions. A great
many defects and shortcomings were corrected in the
various establishments throughout the country, and
the extremely dangerous and bad working conditions
began to disappear.
Since 1953 the key problems concerned with im-
proving safety devices and health facilities, such as
ventilation, cooling, control of dust and poisonous
fumes, electricity safeguards, etc, are being tackled
in the various industrial enterprises. In many textile
mills, iron and steel works and machine-tool factories,
the previous high temperatures have been gradually
reduced and machinery has been installed to lighten
labour. In the state-owned collieries, over forty-five
per cent of coal is cut by combines, mechanical coal-
cutters or pneumatic picks and the rest by electric or
pneumatic drills or blasting with explosives; more
than 80 per cent of traction on the working face and
the underground haulage roadways is mechanized.
In 1954 the Ministry of Labour laid it down that
industrial enterprises, in drawing up their annual
financial plans, should work out industrial safety mea-
sures for labour protection and allocate a specific sum
for the improvement of working conditions in the
enterprises. The trade unions signed agreements with
the managements to enable them to supervise and en-
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sure the enforcement of these measures and to see that
the working conditions were systematically improved.
The trade unions co-operate with the manage-
ments in educating the workers on safety questions
and instructing them on the working of safety devices
and safe methods of work. In many industrial cities,
the government and the trade unions have jointly ar-
ranged lectures on industrial safety and health a to
held exhibitions of labour f rotection. With a view
studying and popularizing advanced experience
Trade
labour protection, the All-China Federation of T
Unions has opened permanent exhibitions.
In connection with the plans for improving work-
ing conditions, the trade unions pay particular atten-
tion to the training of specialized personnel fh labour
e
of
protection. The All-China Federation
Unions, as well as the industrial ministries, industrial
unions and the provincial and city governments, has
setup training classes on this subject. Up to the end
of 1954 about a thousand persons had received train-
ing. In 1955, 4,726 persons were trained in 26 classes
established by the provincial and city authorities and
industrial unions.
. Thanks to the effort made by the trade unions,
managements, governmental bodies and the workers
themselves, working conditions in the enterprises
. throughout the country have steadily improved.
Casualty figures in industry for 1953 were 5.8 per
cent lower than 1952 and for the period between
January and September 154, there was a further de-
crease of 1.7 per cent over the corresponding period of
1953.
44
Before liberation the Chinese workers generally
worked twelve hours a day and some as long as 16-18
hours, seven days a week. Since liberation the law
protects the working people's right to rest. Now vir-
tually all enterprises are operating an eight-hour day,
and in branches particularly injurious to the workers'
health, a six-hour day is enforced. Women workers
are given special consideration. "Equal pay for equal
work" is provided by law. Expectant mothers are
given light work. They are entitled to 56 days'
maternity leave with full pay. Larger enterprises
have set up creches, and in workshops where there are
many women workers, special hygiene rooms are set
aside for women. There is no longer any child labour
in state-owned factories and mines.
7. Labour Insurance
Labour insurance forms part of the government's
labour policy that expresses the state's concern for
the welfare of the working people. It is one of the
measures the state has adopted to improve the mate-
rial and cultural life of the workers and to develop
the productive forces.
In the old China, there was no such thing as labour
insurance for the workers, and they had to manage
as best they could in times of childbirth, old age,
sickness, death, injury and disability. Many women
workers dared not marry for fear they might have a
child and be dismissed.
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 Since liberation the government has paid great
attention to labour insurance work. But as early as
December 27, 1948, Northeast China, which already
had been liberated, had its Provisional War-time
Labour Insurance Regulations for State-owned Enter-
prises. After the nation-wide liberation, the people's
government promulgated in February 1951 the Labour
Insurance Regulations of the People's Republic of
China. Since then the labour insurance programme
has been put into effect on a national scale and en-
forced in such enterprises as railways, water transport,
posts and telecommunications and factories and mines
employing 100 or more workers. In enterprises with
less than 100 workers, labour insurance may be nego-
tiated between the management and the trade union
representing the workers. Amendments to the Labour
Insurance Regulations were made on January 2, 1953,
which extended its scope and increased the benefits.
September 20, 1954 witnessed the birth of the
Constitution of the People's Republic of China. This
Constitution reinforces the Labour Insurance Regula-
tions. Article 93 of the Constitution provides:
"Working people in the People's Republic of China
have the right to material assistance in old age, and
in case of illness or disability. To guarantee enjoy-
ment of this right, the state provides social insurance,
social assistance and public health services and
gradually expands these facilities."
The rise in the living standard of our workers is
not only shown by increases in their actual money
wages. For one thing, 12 per cent of the total pay-
46
roll of the enterprise is appropriated for labour in-
surance benefits.
Every year more and more people become eligible
for labour insurance benefits. From 600,000 in 1949
the number increased to 5,550,000 by the first half of
1955, an increase of 9 times in the space of 6 years.
Our Labour Insurance Regulations apply to all
workers and staff members without exception who are
employed in enterprises covered by these Regulations,
regardless of their race, nationality, age or sex. The
Regulations provide that all the labour insurance ex-
penses should be borne by the managements or own-
ers of the enterprises. The workers and staff mem-
bers do not pay any contributions whatsoever.
The whole administration of the labour insurance
programme is handled by the trade unions, which have
established organizations at all levels in which the
workers themselves are drawn into the administration.
The Labour Insurance Department and the Collective
Labour Insurance Administration Bureau of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions direct labour in-
surance work nationally and give guidance for the
operation of such communal labour insurance establish-
ments as sanatoria and rest homes throughout the
country. In the municipal and provincial trade union
organizations and industrial union organizations there
are special departments and personnel to take charge
of labour insurance work. Trade union committees in
factories and mines, as a rule, have set up committees
or appointed representatives to do the actual labour
insurance work-they pay out the labour insurance
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benefits and also organize mass campaigns for pre-
venting and reducing sickness and injury.
Our labour insurance benefits cover illness, injury,
death, maternity benefits and old-age pensions.
A worker who falls sick or is injured outside his
work can be treated free at the medical institutions
of the enterprise where he is employed. During treat-
ment, for a period of up to six months he receives a
sick benefit of between 60 to 100 per cent of his wages,
depending on the length of time he has been employed
in the enterprise. In the case of medical treatment
exceeding six months the allowancepaid is esganataria
to 40-60 per cent of his wages. Priority in
or rest homes is accorded to convalescents or those
who are constitutionally weak.
In the case of injury sustained at work, the total
cost of treatment, medicines, hospitalization, meals at
the hospital and travelling expenses involved is borne
by the management or owner of the enterprise. Wages
must be paid as usual throughout the period of treat-
ment. If the worker becomes disabled, he is paid
according to the degree of disablement, an invalid bene-
fit equivalent to 60-75 per cent of his wages until such
time as he regains his ability to work or until his
death. If he is partially disabled but is still able to
work, he gets, apart from his wages, a monthly invalid
allowance equivalent to 10-30 per cent of his previous
wages.
\Women workers are entitled to a total of 56 days'
maternity leave with full wages. In the case of a
difficult delivery or the birth of twins, the mother is
entitled to an extra 14 days also with full wages. Ex-
48
penses for pre-natal examinations and child delivery
are borne by the enterprise. In the case of childbirth,
a woman worker or the wife of a male worker receives
a small maternity benefit which is increased in the
event of twins, triplets, etc.
Male workers upon attaining the age of 60 who
have worked for 25 years, including 5 years in their
present post, and women workers on reaching the age
of 50 who have worked for 20 years, with 5 years in
their present post, may retire with a monthly old-age
pension of 50-70 per cent of their wages. Retired
workers are still entitled to medical treatment at the
clinic or hospital of the enterprise where they used to
work. Workers who are eligible to retire but continue
to work receive, in addition to their normal wages,
an allowance equal to 10-20 per cent of their wages
according to the length of time they have worked in
the enterprise. By the end of June 1955, there were
37,000 workers enjoying old-age pensions. The state
has also established homes for the aged workers who
have no family of their own. All the expenses for
such establishments are borne by the state. There
are at present 15 such homes in the country for the
aged and permanently disabled.
In the case of the death of a worker, his family
dependents receive considerable material assistance
from the state. When a worker or retired worker
dies from sickness or injury not sustained at work,
his immediate dependents receive a funeral benefit
equivalent to two months' average wages. In addi-
tion, they receive a relief benefit equivalent to 6-12
months' wages according to the number of his depen-
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dents. Greater material assistance is given to the
family dependents of a worker who dies while at work
or after retirement in consequence of disablement re-
sulting from injury sustained at work. To begin with,
the family dependents receive a funeral benefit equiv-
alent to 3 months' average wages. In addition, they
are allowed a monthly pension ranging from 25 to 50
per cent of the deceased's previous wages according to
the number of the dependents. The pension is paid
until such time as the dependents no longer have the
status of dependents. A funeral allowance of one-
third to one half of the average monthly wage is also
paid in the case of the death of a family dependent of
a worker.
The number of sanatoria and rest homes establish-
ed by trade unions with labour insurance funds has
been increasing from year to year. By the end of
June 1955, there were 126 such establishments in the
country with 15,930 beds. In addition, primary trade
unions in factories and mines have set up 1,500 sana-
toria (including sanatoria where the workers go in
their spare time) with 38,000 beds. A total of 335,-
000 workers had used these sanatoria and rest homes
by the end of June 1955.
8. Women Workers
The trade unions of China have always paid great
attention to the problems of women workers. In the
All-China Federation of Trade Unions as well as local
trade unions of all levels and the industrial unions,
50
women's departments have been set up. Where there
are women members, the primary trade union organi-
zations have formed committees or made a com-
mittee member responsible for dealing with the
special problems of women workers. The duties
of the committee or committee member are ; to
carry through, in co-ordination with the various de-
partments of the trade union concerned, the policies
and decrees of the Party and the government concern-
ing the protection of women and children ; to show
women that their emancipation can only be gained
through their own efforts; and to keep in close contact
with the women workers in order to know and reflect
their needs and to help them solve their personal dif-
ficulties.
Before liberation, Chinese women workers had no
rights whatsoever, politically, socially or in any other
respect. In many cases they did the same kind and
amount of work as men but were paid only half or
two-thirds as much. They also found it very difficult
to find a job, and were liable to be dismissed due to
pregnancy or childbirth.
Since the founding of the People's Republic of
China, the rapid rehabilitation and development of
the national economy has afforded tremendous oppor-
tunities to women to obtain employment. In the first
half of 1955 there were already two million women
workers in the country. "Equal pay for equal work"
is guaranteed by law. Many women workers have
been promoted to managerial positions. In 1953,
1,569 women workers were promoted to responsible
posts in various enterprises; and in 1954, 2,397 were
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 promoted to administrative or technical positions. By
the end of 1954, more than 32,400 women workers
had been promoted to leading or responsible jobs dur-
ing the five years since liberation.
Women workers of the new China are displaying
great enthusiasm for work and a new creative spirit
in the country's socialist construction. Many ad-
vanced workers have been developed. According to
a national survey in 1954, more than 11,600 women
workers were elected byoprimary trade union organiza-
tions as model workers and distinguished work-
ers, and over 20,200 as advanced workers.
Women workers have made an outstanding con-
tribution in the construction of our country, and have
brought about a change in the old scornful attitude
to women's work. Many women workers have been
elected as people's deputies, including eighteen as rep-
resentatives to the First National People's Congress.
Under the Labour Insurance Regulations, women
workers not only enjoy the same privileges as men,
they are also entitled to certain special welfare bene-
fits. Up to 1954, more than 2,200,000 women work-
ers and wives of workers throughout the country had
received maternity benefits.
To protect the health of mothers and their babies,
special canteens, rest rooms for expectant mothers
and baby-feeding rooms have been set up in factories
and enterprises and special buses provided to take
expectant mothers and mothers with young babies
to and from work. By the first half of 1955, 901
hygiene rooms had been set up in factories, mines
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and enterprises throughout the country for women
workers.
Before liberation, illiteracy among women work-
ers was very widespread, in some areas even reaching
a hundred per cent. Since liberation, women workers
have been taking an active part in spare-time literacy
classes in the factories. In the first quarter of 1955,
over 470,200 women workers were studying in spare-
time literacy classes throughout the country. In addi-
tion, a large number of women workers entered work-
er-peasant short-term secondary schools and colleges.
9. Workers' Family Dependents
Work among the workers' families is an important
branch of our trade union work. The organizing of
the wives and families and uniting them around the
trade union, and so helping to raise their political
consciousness, goes a long way towards helping the
workers in their work.
Before liberation, the Chinese workers were re-
garded as having no rights and the women members
of their families particularly had to put up with all
kinds of indignities. As the workers only received
very small wages while commodity prices rose several
times a day, the workers' families were continually in
great difficulties.
With the liberation, the working class became the
masters of the country, and with the growth in pro-
duction, the workers' life improved considerably.
Their real wages increased, and, in addition, the Labour
53
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Insurance Regulations promulgated in 1951 provided
material assistance to them in the case of birth, old
age, sickness, death, injury and disability. The Reg-
ulations also provide that members of workers'
families also enjoy free medical treatment, and have
to pay only a half of the cost of medicine.
While the living standards of the workers' families
improved, so their political status was raised and their
cultural life improved. The Constitution of the Peo-
ple's Republic of China provides that women enjoy
equal rights as men politically, economically, and in
cultural and family life. Three hundred and ninety
members of coal miners' families in various parts of
the country were elected as county, municipal and
provincial people's deputies. The wife of a lathe
turner in Shenyang was elected as deputy to the Na-
tional People's Congress. A large number of work-
ers' wives attended spare-time schools organized in
the areas in which they lived or in the enterprises
where their husbands were employed. The trade
unions also helped them organize self-study groups.
Up to the first half of 1955, 100,813 working-class
housewives had taken part in literacy classes.
The trade union clubs use various ways to at-
tract the workers' families to take part in cultural
activities. For example, they organize lectures on
political and current affairs and talks on the essentials
of maternity hygiene, hold exhibitions and dISCUSSio:~
meetings, form reading and literacy groups and put
on film-shows, etc. After completing their studies,
many housewives took up jobs. For example, 2,960
54
working-class housewives were found jobs in Tientsin
in 1951.
To enable housewives to study and take up work,
the trade union organizations have helped them to set
up creches and nurseries of their own where their
children can be looked after. According to a survey
made in 1954, there were 1,228 creches in various
parts of the country run by workers' families, where
more than 28,900 children were cared for.
? The housewives are not concerned only with im-
proving their own lives, they also take part in work
for the benefit of society. Many have formed or-
ganizations for improving, sanitary conditions. As
these improved, so the amount of sickness decreased
considerably. They also organize mutual-aid groups,
which look after workers' wives or other relatives who
are ill, so that the workers can go to work with an
easy mind. In the first half of 1955 there were 23,464
such mutual-aid groups in the country with over 231,-
400 members.
10. Finance Work
According to the Constitution of the Trade
Unions of the People's Republic of China trade union
funds are derived from the following sources: (1)
Admission fees of new members. A new member pays
an admission fee equal to one per cent of his total
wage of the month previous to his admission; (2)
Membership dues. Each member pays regularly one
per cent of his monthly wage as membership dues;
55
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(3) Proceeds from cultural and sports activities spon-
sorecl by the trade unions; (4) Allocations by the
managements or owners of enterprises in accordance
with the Trade Union Law, under which the manage-
ment or the owner of an enterprise must allocate to
the trade union two per cent of the total payroll every
month.
In the last few years, as a result of the develop-
ment of national construction, there has been a con-
tinuous expansion of the trade union membership and
a rise in the level of wages, which means that the
trade union funds have also increased.
The income of the trade unions is used to serve
the members and to improve production. It is mainl~'
used for the following purposes: (1) To pay for mass
cultural work. This includes expenses incurred in
running spare-time schools for the workers, training
trade union activists, sponsoring recreational and
spare-time artistic activities, buying books, showing
films and general propaganda work. (2) To pay for
sports activities. This includes expenses incurred in
the purchase of equipment and articles necessary for
the workers and their children to carry on sports
activities, in the holding of sports competitions, train-
ing of sportsmen and propaganda work, (3) As
material assistance given to the members. This in-
cludes '.lowances to members who are in difficulty,
subsidies allocated to the mutual-aid savings organiza-
tions, nurseries and young pioneers' summer camps.
(4) For trade union's administration, including 'ages
for trade union officials, administrative expenses and
expenses incurred in the organizational work of the
56
trade union (e.g. the holding of membership meet-
ing, etc.)
The administration costs take only a minimum of
the trade union funds, the major part of which is
used to enhance the cultural life of the members. In
1955 the administrative expenses of all trade unions
in the country amounted to 30.2 per cent of the com-
bined income and a continuous drive will be made to
reduce this proportion in the future.
11. Living Conditions
The Chinese workers' living conditions were ex-
tremely poor before liberation. Most of them lived in
squalid sheds. In working-class districts there was
no sanitation to speak of: the air was foul and there
was neither piped water nor a sewerage system.
Epidemics were frequent and the mortality rate was
high.
Since liberation the people's government has built
large numbers of workers' houses. In 1952 they built
houses enough to accommodate one million families.
In 1953 and 1954, houses with floor spaces of 12
million and 13 million square metres were constructed
respectively for the workers. According to the First
Five-rear Plan for. Development of the National.
Economy, in the five-year period (1953-57), the govern-
ment will build workers' houses with a total floor space
of 46 million square metres. Apart from the housing
construction financed by the government, a lot has
been done by trade union organizations to help im-
57
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prove the workers' living conditions. For instance,
they arranged for the workers to build their own
houses with government loans. In this way in 1955,
houses were built for 15,954 railway workers' families,
covering 417,984 square metres of floor space.
Rents are now much lower than they were before.
In pre-liberation days workers used to pay 30-50 per
cent of their income in rent. In addition, they had to
pay 3-12 months' rent on deposit. Nowadays rents for
government-financed houses take up only about 5 per
cent of their wages.
The people's government pays considerable atten-
tion to the workers' ever-increasing demand for con-
sumer goods. After liberation it applied itself first
of all to the stabilization of commodity prices. Since
1955, the government has carried out a planned supply
of grain, edible oil and cotton cloth, with the result
that speculation was rooted out, the stability of prices
fully established and the livelihood of the whole body
of working people safeguarded.
Meanwhile the government has expanded the pro-
duction of light industry and agriculture in due pro-
portion to the development of heavy industry, so as
to satisfy the workers' material needs which are
growing with the steady increase in their wages. In
addition, the government has extended the network of
department stores, retail shops or consumers' co-
operatives in factories and mines and the workers'
residential areas.
Before liberation there were hardly any canteens
in the factories. The workers had to take their meals
in the open air or by the side of the machines. Things
58
are quite different today. Every factory and mine
has its own canteen or dining hall built and equipped
at the expense of the management, who also subsidizes
them.
The wages of most workers before liberation were
so low that they were hardly sufficient to provide the
bare necessities of life. Since liberation, however,
their life has been improved enormously. With a
steady increase in production has come a steady rise
in the workers' wages. They not only live much bet-
ter than before but are able to save out of their earn-
ings. The savings of the workers and staff members
of the Shenhsin Textile Mill in Wusih, for example,
amounted to 193,900 yuan in 1952, increasing to 514,-
600 yuan in 1955.
A small number of workers with little skill, with
too many mouths to feed, or who have run into un-
expected troubles, however, still have financial diffi-
culties. Allowances are made to these workers
according to their actual circumstances, from relief
funds financed by 20 per cent of trade union member-
ship dues, part of the labour insurance funds and 5
per cent of the enterprise's premium funds.
There are mutual-aid savings associations under
the control of trade union organizations, from which
workers can get interest-free loans. By the end of
1954, 28,000 primary trade union organizations had
?stablished their own savings associations.
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^
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1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
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11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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2.441
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
1;`Li1l5ILY
12 %
11PF] ti i
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
o Vii' ` * ,i1 F i~~ ~' 4a
~' ? ~' ~+ r ? ~' ,~k f ~ ~ ~'fi'. SIB .~ n f!iU~; , U , *
/
.11 Y
- - o
:Q rT al ~} I~ xk uIao
s ~y s Bean Milk made from Chinese Green
5 *; ~k$+ Soyabeans is a very nourishing beverage.
3 Green Soyabeans
GREEN SOYABEANS
We supply the best grades of Green Soyabeans, such
as "Lanchi" and "Chitung", the large size, "Pengnu",
the medium size, and "Kaifeng", the small size. Being
well graded at origins, they have long gained popularity
on the international market for their uniform quality.
High in nutritive value, these Green Soyabeans
are largely utilized as food materials in diverse ways.
Generally speaking, "Lanchi", "Chitung and "Pengnu"
grades are all good for making soup, bean-curd and bean-
milk, whereas Kaifeng Green Soyabeans are particularly
suitable for producing bean sprouts.
V/e look forward to being favoured with your
specified orders, or enquiries and assure you of our best
service at all times.
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111
o PINOHU MELLOW SOYABEANS
a: a
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-F- ; N At Pinf,hu Yellow Soyabeans
A, spe_ a! ":u-i ty o Soyh ins, ndigeno!.is .o the
i n; Dist kr. of CChcking Pro' nc we t-known for their
_ r7
~.oHec yciO v cc our and big, sound, norm grains.
'.Ct(I(:~' t di' ( first e~rance on Hongkong and
pore e! bn re'3di"y 3. orbcd by {oc t
, n Q
in i.!'i';r nu n 'iaHya4:uptc:.i (1J [nC bust { a'd( an?nng
III ;'P. th+,
Vitt 3 1 n hU TCUO`/ Soyabca s
~lr(' c?9pH:I ~b n)" ft) .( 1' ioc d nreprat[on Ifl
Lf; i!d' ', for r-i 1n1 .'.'N, _1n CUrd, bcan'tifs;, bean..
i)O, :flour. i(cc
fir' +nc!nm 1 .i"dty for your cord p;ttron
-nd :r 01 \'?-/ tj1tCj OIL
c;EE ,^: s r r f "Y" p e"+, ,f. N
t': I ................................
ti.inH? r.'.^ ?.....
oil CC)!}CC ii. (E'' her i:t'1cti (4vCt basis) 5- I6,,
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. ;kiiV
Large White Peas
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a ~ri o lC 71r1}Lo i
-- iii :L
* -(2Z) ............................14.0%
* 1&t (Arj) .............................. 0.J%o
4 ~i V 'i) ........,... 1,0%
LARGE WHITE PEAS
Large White Peas of Szechuen origin are noted
for their glossy, neat appearance, uniform size
and pure quality. They are specially good for
canning purposes and often used for making soup.
Sometimes, they are roasted to make a side dish,
or mashed and flavoured to prepare sweeties as
desired.
Your esteemed orders and enquiries will be
carefully attended to with promptness to your
entire satisfaction.
GENERAL SPECIFICATION
Moisture (max.).............................. 14.O?4)
Admixture (max.).....?.?.....?.?......?.... 0.5)
Unsound grains, including weevilled
grains (max.)........................... 1.0%
)c_ iii {SZ
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Large White Peas
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CA Z4L ci
'4' *iA,zi
CHINA NATIONAL CEREALS, OILS & FATS
EXPORT CORPORATION
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k.
1IJt'CClL:P
SOYA BEANS
Yellow
Green
Black
SMALL RED BEANS
Tientsin Origin
Tangshan Origin
Shantung Origin
Tsungming Origin
Anhwei Origin
Kalgan Origin
SMALL GREEN BEANS
Kalgan Origin
Hankow Origin
Mingkwong Origin
Szechuan Origin
SMALL WHITE BEANS
J /\
1lt;fe.S
BROAD BEANS
Kashing origin, handpicked
Ningpo origin, handpicked
Kalgan origin
HORSE BEANS
Chinese Horse Beans
Hankow Origin
Shensi Origin
KIDNEY BEANS
LENTILS
Large, White
Small
PEAS
Large, White
Small, White
Mixed Coloured
STRING BEANS
BAMBOO BEANS
Green
Mixed Coloured
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GROUNDNUT IN SHELL
N.P.S. Graded & Ungraded
GROUNDNUT KERNELS
F.A.Q.
H.P.S. Graded & Ungraded
COTTONSEED
SESAMESEED
White, Yellow & Black
SUNFLOWERSEED
RAPESEED
MUSTARDSEED
HEMPSEED
PERILLASEED
LINSEED
CASTORSEED
COPRA
j
w
INDUSTRIAL OILS '
Tung Oil
Stillingia Oil
Hempseed Oil
Linseed Oil
Castor Oil
Rapeseed Oil
Perilla Oil
EDIBLE OILS
Soyabean Oil
Groundnut Oil
Cottonseed Oil
Sesame Oil
Teaseed Oil
Mustardseed Oil
Coconut Oil
ESSENTIAL OILS
Anlseeu OII
Cassia Oil
Yellow Sandal Wood Oil
e [at7
I=j
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OUR LINES:
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Wheat Flour, Wheat
Bran, Maize, Soyabeans, Kaoliang,
Barley, Oats, Rye, Buck Wheat, Millet.
Small Red Beans, Small Green Beans,
Small White Beans, Broad Beans,
Horse Beans, Kidney Beans, Lentils,
Peas, String Beans, Bamboo Beans.
Oilseeds Groundnuts, Cottonseed, Sesameseed,
Sunflowerseed, Rapeseed, Mustard-
seed, Hempseed, Perillaseed, Linseed,
Castorseed, Copra.
Oils Tung Oil, Stillingia Oil, Hempseed Oil,
Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Perilla Oil,
Rapeseed Oil.
Soyabean Oil, Groundnut Oil, Cotton-
seed Oil, Sesame Oil, Teaseed Oil,
Mustardseed Oil, Coconut Oil.
Aniseed Oil, Cassia Oil, Yellow Sandal-
wood Oil.
Others Salt, Selected Seeds of Cereals,
Beans, Oleaginous Plants.
OUR BRANCHES:
SHANGHAI BRANCH
83, Peking Road (E.), Shanghai, China
Cable Address: CHINAFAT SHANGHAI
TIENTSIN BRANCH
33, Pao Tin Road, Tientsin, China
Cable Address: NOIL TIEN'TSIN
CANTON BRANCH
I, Yung Han Road (N.), Canton, China
Cable Address: CNCOFC CANTON
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OUR LINES:
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Wheat Flour, Wheat
Bran, Maize, Soyabeans, Kaollang,
Barley, Oats, Rye, Buck Wheat, Millet.
Small Red Beans, Small Green Beans,
Small White Beans, Broad Beans,
Horse Beans, Kidney Beans, Lentils,
Peas, String Beans, Bamboo Beans.
Oilseeds Groundnuts, Cottonseed, Sesameseed,
Sunflowerseed, Rapeseed, Mustard-
seed, Hempseed, Perillaseed, Linseed,
Castorseed, Copra.
Oils Tung Oil, Stillingia Oil, Hempseed Oil,
Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Perilla Oil,
Rapeseed Oil.
Soyabean Oil, Groundnut Oil, Cotton-
seed Oil, Sesame Oil, Teaseed Oil,
Mustardseed Oil, Coconut Oil.
Aniseed Oil, Cassia Oil, Yellow Sandal-
wood Oil.
Others Salt, Selected Seeds of Cereals,
Beans, Oleaginous Plants.
OUR BRANCHES:
SHANGHAI BRANCH
83, Peking Road (E.), Shanghai, China
Cable Address: CHINAFAT SHANGHAI
TIENTSIN BRANCH
33, Pao Tin Road, Tientsin, China
Cable Address: NOIL TIENTSIN
CANTON BRANCH
I, Yung Han Road (N.), Canton, China
Cable Address: CNCOFC CANTON
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OUR LINES:
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Wheat Flour, Wheat
Bran, Maize, Soyabeans, Kaollang,
Barley, Oats, Rye, Buck Wheat, Millet.
Small Red Beans, Small Green Beans,
Small White Beans, Broad Beans,
Horse Beans, Kidney Beans, Lentils,
Peas, String Beans, Bamboo Beans.
Oilseeds Groundnuts, Cottonseed, Sesameseed,
Sunflowerseed, Rapeseed, Mustard-
seed, Hempseed, Perillaseed, Linseed,
Castorseed, Copra.
Oils Tung Oil, Stillingia Oil, Hempseed Oil,
Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Perilla Oil,
Rapeseed Oil.
Soyabean Oil, Groundnut Oil, Cotton-
seed Oil, Sesame Oil, Teaseed Oil,
Mustardseed Oil, Coconut Oil.
Aniseed Oil, Cassia Oil, Yellow Sandal-
wood Oil.
Others Salt, Selected Seeds of Cereals,
Beans, Oleaginous Plants.
OUR BRANCHES:
SHANGHAI BRANCH
83, Peking Road (E.), Shanghai, China
Cable Address: CHINAFAT SHANGHAI
TIENTSIN BRANCH
33, Pao Tin Road, Tientsin, China
Cable Address: NOIL TIENTSIN
CANTON BRANCH
I, Yung Han Road (N.), Canton, China
Cable Address: CNCOFC CANTON
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OUR LINES:
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Wheat Flour, Wheat
Bran, Maize, Soyabeans, Kaollang,
Barley, Oats, Rye, Buck Wheat, Millet.
Small Red Beans, Small Green Beans,
Small White Beans, Broad Beans,
Horse Beans, Kidney Beans, Lentils,
Peas, String Beans, Bamboo Beans.
Oilseeds Groundnuts, Cottonseed, Sesameseed,
Sunflowerseed, Rapeseed, Mustard-
seed, Hempseed, Perillaseed, Linseed,
Castorseed, Copra.
Oils Tung Oil, Stillingia Oil, Hempseed Oil,
Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Perilla Oil,
Rapeseed Oil.
Soyabean Oil, Groundnut Oil, Cotton-
seed Oil, Sesame Oil, Teaseed Oil,
Mustardseed Oil, Coconut Oil.
Aniseed Oil, Cassia Oil, Yellow Sandal-
wood Oil.
Others Salt, Selected Seeds of Cereals,
Beans, Oleaginous Plants.
OUR BRANCHES:
SHANGHAI BRANCH
83, Peking Road (E.), Shanghai, China
Cable Address: CHINAFAT SHANGHAI
TIENTSIN BRANCH
33, Pao Tin Road, Tientsin, China
Cable Address: NOIL TIENTSIN
CANTON BRANCH
I, Yung Han Road (N.), Canton, China
Cable Address: CNCOFC CANTON
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OUR LINES:
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Wheat Flour, Wheat
Bran, Maize, Soyabeans, Kaollang,
Barley, Oats, Rye, Buck Wheat, Millet.
Small Red Beans, Small Green Beans,
Small White Beans, Broad Beans,
Horse Beans, Kidney Beans, Lentils,
Peas, String Beans, Bamboo Beans.
Oilseeds Groundnuts, Cottonseed, Sesameseed,
Sunflowerseed, Rapeseed, Mustard-
seed, Hempseed, Perillaseed, Linseed,
Castorseed, Copra.
Oils Tung Oil, Stillingia Oil, Hempseed Oil,
Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Perilla Oil,
Rapeseed Oil.
Soyabean Oil, Groundnut Oil, Cotton-
seed Oil, Sesame Oil, Teaseed Oil,
Mustardseed Oil, Coconut Oil.
Aniseed Oil, Cassia Oil, Yellow Sandal-
wood Oil.
Others Salt, Selected Seeds of Cereals,
Beans, Oleaginous Plants.
OUR BRANCHES:
SHANGHAI BRANCH
83, Peking Road (E.), Shanghai, China
Cable Address: CHINAFAT SHANGHAI
TIENTSIN BRANCH
33, Pao Tin Road, Tientsin, China
Cable Address: NOIL TIENTSIN
CANTON BRANCH
I, Yung Han Road (N.), Canton, China
Cable Address: CNCOFC CANTON
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010104108: CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
OUR LINES:
Cereals Rice, Wheat, Wheat Flour, Wheat
Bran, Maize, Soyabeans, Kaollang,
Barley, Oats, Rye, Buck Wheat, Millet.
Small Red Beans, Small Green Beans,
Small White Beans, Broad Beans,
Horse Beans, Kidney Beans, Lentils,
Peas, String Beans, Bamboo Beans.
Oilseeds Groundnuts, Cottonseed, Sesameseed,
Sunflowerseed, Rapeseed, Mustard-
seed, Hempseed, Perillaseed, Linseed,
Castorseed, Copra.
Oils Tung Oil, Stillingia Oil, Hempseed Oil,
Linseed Oil, Castor Oil, Perilla Oil,
Rapeseed Oil.
Soyabean Oil, Groundnut Oil, Cotton-
seed Oil, Sesame Oil, Teaseed Oil,
Mustardseed Oil, Coconut Oil.
Aniseed Oil, Cassia Oil, Yellow Sandal-
wood Oil.
Others Salt, Selected Seeds of Cereals,
Beans, Oleaginous Plants.
OUR BRANCHES:
SHANGHAI BRANCH
83, Peking Road (E.), Shanghai, China
Cable Address: CHINAFAT SHANGHAI
TIENTSIN BRANCH
33, Pao Tin Road, Tientsin, China
Cable Address: NOIL TIENTSIN
CANTON BRANCH
I, Yung Han Road (N.), Canton, China
Cable Address: CNCOFC CANTON
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ICPTAI3Lf MEASUPIG
I NSTPUMENTS
precision ammeter anci voltmeter
T~~ree phase wattmeter
SO
inq~e p~ase power= ac or meter
C 4L counter
hicji resistar-ce tester
CHINA NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS IMPORT CORPORATION
FORTERS
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-O1043R000200100037-4
PORTABLE PRECISION TYPE
AC/DC AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS
Type TH-AVM
Type TH-AVM Ammeter and Voltmeter are electrodynamo
meter type instruments, for precision measurements of current and
voltage of AC/DC circuits. The main parts of the instruments
comprise of a pair of stationary coils a movable coil, an aluminium
shaft with its hardened steel pivots being supported by jewel bear-
s and air damping device.
ings, phospher-bronze spring b
The case is made of teak wood.
Features:
1 The knife-edged pointer and mirror scale ensure accurate
reading free from error due to parallax.
hos pher-
2 Being equipped with air damping device and p~
bronze springs the pointer is able to move smoothly and
steadily when the load changes suddenly.
3 The meters are effectively shielded to avoid the influence
of stray fields.
SPECIFICATIONS
Accuracy ............................................ Effective Range of Scale ............................ 20-100%
Length of Scale ..... 133 mm.
Net Weight ......................... .... 5 Kg.
Dimensions ............................264 X 216 X 158 mm.
AC/DC Ammeters:
Ranges
Scale
Divisions
Cat. No.
Ranges
Scale
Divisions
Cat. No.
0-0.5 A
100
STH 1001
0-0.5-1 A
100
STH 1008
0-1 A
100
STH 1002
0-2.5-5 A
100
STH 11009
0-2.5 A
100
STH 1003
0-5-10 A
100
STH 1010
0-5 A
100
STH 1004
0-10-20 A
100
STH 1011
0-10 A
100
ST H 1005
0-15 A
150
STH 1006
0-20 A
100
ST H 1007
ACIDC Voltmeters:
Ranges
Divisions
of Scale
Cat. No.
Ranges
Divisions
of Scale
Cat. No.
0-150 V.
150
STH 1101
0-300-600 V.
120
STH 1107
0-300 V.
150
STH 1102
0-150-300-450 V.
150
STH 1108
0- 75 -150 V.
150
STH 1103
0-125-250-500 V.
100
STH 1109
0-125-250 V.
125
STH 1104
0-150-300-660 V.
150
5TH 1110
0-150-300 V.
150
ST H 1105
0-250-500 V.
I________________
100
_______ j
STH 1106
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If'
THREE PHASE WATTMETER
Portable Type TH-WM
SPECIFICATIONS
Accuracy .................................... . ........
Effective Range of Scale .............. . ..............20-100~J
Length of Scale .................................. 133 r nl.
Net Weight ............... ... .. ....... 5 kg.
Dimensions ............................264 X 241 X 191 nlm.
I _ ! ! I
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General Descript on:
Three Phase Wattmeter is also an elec-
Type TH-WM
ti odYlla lnometer type illstrumellt. Two single phase wattmeters
a common shaft thus the deflection and reading
are mounted on
of this meter will be the total vector sum of two separate meters.
as two sets of stationary coils, two movable
This instrument h
on an aluminium shaft rotating inside the stationary
coils a highly and hardened steel pivot resting inside )jewel
polished
p
bearings, device and mirror scale with knife-edged air damping
pointer.
Features:
I Mica insulators are placed between the springs to prevent
short circuit.
The meter is also effectively shielded to . rotect the accuracy
from being affected by stray fields.
SINGLE PHASE POWER FACTOR METER
Portable Type TH-PFM
SPECIFICATIONS
' ccuracY ........................................... Cos. 1'
Effective Range of Scale ............................. n-100?
Length of Scale .................................... 133 mm.
Net Weight ..................... 4.5 kb.
Dimensions ...........................201 X 261 X 147 mm.
Rated
~
Current
Rated Voltage
Scale
Full Scale
I)1VIStUfS
Cat. No.
5
Amp.
110 V.
O.5
-1
-0.5
100
STH
1301
5
Amp,
150 V.
0.5
-1
-0.5
100
STH
1302
5
Amp,
300 V,
0.5
-1
-().5
100
STH
1303
-
2
._5
5 Am !
j).
-~ r
~ ,
100..00
.
05
-
1
-05
.
100
STH
1304
2.5 -
5 Amp.
125-250 V.
0.5
-1
-0.5
100
STH
1305
2.5 -
5 Amp.
1S0-300 V.
0.5
-1
-0.5
100
STH
1306
5 -
10 Amp.
100-200 V.
0-
1
100
STH
1307
5
Amp.
200 V.
0-
1
100
STH
1303
10
Amp.
100 V.
0-
1
100
STH
1309
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TEl
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Genercal Description:
Type TH-PFM Phase Power Factor Meter is also an
Single
electrodynamometer type instrument and the main parts of the
instrument comprise of:
1 A Pair of stationary current coils;
2 A movable voltage coil made c f fine wires mounted on an
aluminium shaft placed inside the stationary coils
3 and hardened steel pivot connected to
polished a
~ A highly po
the aluminium shaft ~ and resting inside jewel bearings;
4 Anti-parallax mirror scale with knife-edged pointer.
5) An air damping device.
It is used to determine the phase angle between the voltage and
the current whether the current is leading or lagging in single
phase 50 cycles AC circuit.
The case is made of teak wood.
Features:
1 The movable coils are made of very fine
springs
of the and soft material which render the restoring torques
negligible.
2 insulations are placed between the springs to prevent
Mica short circuit.
3 The instrument is also effectively shielded to avoid the
influence of stray fields.
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CYCLE COUNTER
Portable Type TH-CC
SPECIFICATIONS
Rated Voltage: 110-220 volts the instrument can maintain its accuracy at 65? o of rated voltage).
Used for 25 to 60 cycles.
Cat. No. STH 1401.
Net Weight: 2 kg.
Dimensions: 175 X 155 X 100 mm.
Application:
To measure the time limit of induction relays.
Description:
The vibration instrument. Its main parts
cycle counter is a
include a toothed wheel and a ratchet a horse shoe permanent
magnet, coils a spring and a resistor.
a pair of
The instrument is contained in a teak wood case with bakelite
front cover.
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HIGH RESISTANCE TESTER (MEGOHMMETER) Description:
Portable Type TH-MT
SPECIFICATIONS
Measuring Ranges ........................0-20-200 Megohm,
Voltage ............................................ 500 V.
Cat, No ............ .. . . , ... , .. . STH 1501
Net Weight .. ........... 6 kg.
Dimensions .............................255 X 210 X 205 mm.
- 9 -
Type TH-MT High Resistance Tester is equipped with a
vibrator connected to two large size 1.5 volt dry cells in series. The
purpose of the vibrator is to suPP1Y the source of high voltage for
operating the instrument.
Application.
This instrument is used to measure high resistance in electric
circuit and to determine the insulation of coils and other electric
installations.
Directions or Use:
1 Two connecting wires are furnished with the meter. Insert
these two wires into the two sockets on the surface of the
tester., Connect the free terminals of the two wires together.
Press down the Push Button marked "press and read"
and adjust the pointer until it sets on zero. Now release
the terminals and then connect them across the circuit
to be measured. The reading in me ohms is now directly
indicated in the scale.
2 The Push Button can be kept down at reading position by
P pressing it down and turning it over. After reading, turn
it back and it will spring up automatically.
3 The range selection switch has two positions-one for 0-20
megohms and the other one for 0-200 megohms.
4 The circuit should be cut-off while testing.
5 When changing the dry cells the terminals should be
connected same as before.
- 10 -
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
CHINA NATIONAL INSTRUMENTS IMPORT CORPORATION
HEAD OFFICE:
Er-Li-Kou, Hsi Chino, Peking, China,
Cable Address: 'INSTRIMPOR I' '
BR:NCI1 OFFICES:
SHANGHAI: 27
TIENTSIN: 171
CAIN I'ON: 2)
Chungshan Road (E.I ).
Cable Address: "INSTRIMP"
Kicn S1 ch R( )I(1.
Cable Address: "1 NSTRI VII"
Tai Ping Road, S.
Cable Address: "INS'CRIMI
BOOKLET S1005
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
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 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Many good varieties of Rice are being grown
in China everywhere.
`:7~1~Es1~5R~i~~hflJk 'i 45~t*?&,
1,4*ir)c-tI 4i4
0.5%~o~A79%o
A Bumper Harvest of Rice
A good man selected varieties of Rice are grown in
many China
on the vast areas of rich soils, from the cold North
to the warm
South. In recent ears, China's Rice production increasing im-
mensely and the hue annual output being more than enough for
domestic consumption, China has been in a
position to export
large quantities of Rice for world demand.
Chinese Rice, with its high starch content, is a very nutritive
food, easy for digestion. It usually contains 7.5/o ? of protein, o
0.5/o
of fat and 79% of carbohydrate.
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS
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THE
SEVENTH ALL-CHINA CONGRESS
OF TRADE UNIONS
 Comrade Liu Shao-chi, Secretary and representative of the
..enL1di l.uii1fllittee ~i >s nhh nincr irnrnensp help from the
, peasantry. At the same time it has established a revolution-
ary arY united front with other democratic classes to the country.
It has thus formed a mighty revo1
lutionarY force, which
defeated foreign imperialism and the counter-revolutionaries
within the country, and achieved victory in the great
t ,
revolution of the people. After the victory of the revolution,
it consolidated the people's democratic dictatorship, supported
-
the victorious struggle to resist U .S. aggression and aid
# Korea and completed the rehabilitation of the national
economy. All these are great historic successes. In these
eat struggles, the broad masses of the Chinese working
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Comrades! Our Motherland is now entering upon a new
historic epoch and has entrusted us with a new historic task,
the task of carrying out the industrialization of our country
and the gradual transition to socialism. Comrade Mao Tse-
tung "Without industry, it wcul.d not be possible
g has s
to have solid national defence welfare for the people and a
strong and prosperous . country."
The first and foremost need for the development of our
country under present conditions is the rapid development of
~
our industry and especially the building and development of
our heavy industry. The level of our present industrial out-
put must be raised from year to year both in quantity and
quality. Many factories will be renovated and expanded.
At the same time we will build many new factories and new
branches of industrial production. Other economic and cul-
tural enterprises must also be developed rapidly in conformity
with the development of industry.
Step by step we must turn our country into an industrial
country with a high technical level. This great enterprise has
already begun; work on several hundred construction projects
is already, or will soon be started, and they will be carried
on in the future on an ever expanding scale. The fulfilment
of this historic task will make our country and our people
immensely rich and prosperous. But such a task depends
especially on the Chinese working class, who must make their
efforts in a better organized way and on a higher level of
political consciousness.
For the purpose of carrying out this new historic task, we
must exert the greatest efforts toward developing to the full
the activity and creativeness of the broad masses of the work-
and over-fulfilling the
ing class, in the struggle for fulfilling c
economic plan of the country, and in the struggle for raising
labour productivity, improving the quality of products, prac-
tising strict economy and reducing cost of production.
10
In order to do this it is necessary to organize effectively
labour emulation drives of the workers in a practical way, to
bring to the fore and seriously study all new and advanced
experiences and rationalization proposals. We should
especially learn from the advanced experiences of the Soviet
Union> spread these advanced experiences and aPP1Y them in
a practical way. We must incessantly raise the technical and
cultural levels of the workers. We must intensify the training
of the ever-growing number of new workers, and help the old
a
workers treat the new workers in a proper and helpful
manner.
For this purpose we must strengthen communist educa-
tion among the workers and raise their political conscious-
ness, so that they may realize the identity of the interests
of all the PeoPle of the state and of their own. At the same
time we must adopt the method of criticism and self-criticism
to overcome the defects and correct the mistakes existing in
the various enterprises, oppose bureaucracy, oppose all kinds
of breach of labour discipline and greatly strengthen labour
discipline.
For this purpose too we must constantly - pay close atten-
tion to the living conditions of the masses of the workers.
On the basis of increased production, the material and cul
nd working conditions of the workers shall be
tural life a -
improved step by step wherever necessary and possible. To material and cultural well-being of the workin
raise the g
class and all the labouring PeoPle and to prevent our coun-
try invaded by imperialism constitutes the
Y from be
ultimate aims of the industrial development and all other
efforts of our country.
I believe that in the deliberations of this Congress you
will and should thoroughly discuss these problems. If these
,,i
problems are solved correttly?, we will further improve our
work in the trade unions.
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11
11
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he Communist Party of China
The Central Committee of t
union work in China has made
is convinced
that the trade positive
there are still many defects
achievements. However,
t you will seriously develop criti-
and mistakes. We
cism hope that
cism and self-criticism in order to make known the good
oints overcome the defects and correct the mistakes, in points,
trade unions under the leadership
of the Communist Party, will be further improved and that
our trade unions will actually become, as Lenin said, the
"builder of new life," the "educator of tens of millions."
Comrades. Aside from shouldering the above-mentioned
responsibilities
in the domestic field, the Chinese working class has to take upon itself grave responsibilities in the in-
ternational field. That is the Chinese working class must
struggle for the unity of the working class of the whole
.
world and under the leadership of the World Federation of
Trade Unions must strive for the unity of the international
working-class movement and work together with the working
class of all the countries and the progressive mankind as
a whole for the defence of world peace and security.
The Chinese working class which has already achieved
victory must whole-heartedlY render every Possible assistance
to the working class and labouring people in capitalist as
well as colonial and semi-colonial countries. This is a
glorious duty which we must not shirk. The Chinese trade
unions must in the future strengihen their work in this respect
so that it can be better carried out.
Comrades, the responsibilities in both domestic and in-
ternational fields of the working class as the leading class
in our country are enormous. In order to gradually carry
out national industrialization and the transition to a socialist
society and in order to best shoulder our international re-
sponsibilities, we must consolidate the unity in the ranks
of the working class further consolidate the alliance of the
12
intellectuals and strengthen
peasants and the workers and 1
the people's democratic front based on the alliance of the
workers peasants. Our comrades must take note that
Ars and the whole country is paying close attention to every piece of
work done b working class, and the labouring people and
by the progressive mankind throughout the world are following our
work with the same interest. The success or failure of our
work will have far-reaching effects. Therefore, our trade
to remember what Com-
unions must educate all the workers
rade Mao Tse-tung has taught -not to be satisfied with
bht us
our past achievements, never to show arrogance, and to
maintain every minute of the day a modest attitude of learn-
mg, to abandon all bad habit 1s and prejudices and make every
effort to improve ourselves-so that the working class can
do all its work in an ever better manner. Only in this way
shall we not disappoint the hope of all the Chinese people
and the labouring people of the whole world.
We are confident that under the brilliant leadership of
the Communist Party of China and of Comrade Mao Tse-
tuug, with the common efforts of the Chinese working class
and the entire population, and with the mighty help of the
Democracies and the working
Union the People's
Soviet
able to overcome all
people le world, world, we shall be
of the who
difficulties and succeed in making China a happy, socialist
industrialized and strong nation.
Marc banner of the great teachings
March forward under the b
of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin!
March forward under r the leadership of our leader, Com-
rade Mao Tse-tung!
Lon the unity of the whole Chinese working class!
Long live
Long live the unity of the work
world!
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13
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
SPEECH BY CHEN SHU-TUNG ON BEHALF OF
THE CHINESE PEOPLE'S POLITICAL
CONSULTATIVE CONFERENCE
Delegates and Comrades:
the National Committee of the Chinese
On behalf of
People's Political Coiisultative Conference I warmly greet the opening of the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions.
Under the leadership of Chairman Mao Tse-tung and the
Communist Party of China the Chinese working class,
1
displaying unmatched courage and firm will, has always stood in the forefront whether in the struggle for the libera-
tion of the Chinese people, in the construction of the country,
of in resisting U.S. aggression and aiding Korea. The
workers have shown inexhaustible wisdom and strength, and
have constantly overcome difficulties. Many heroes and
model workers both men and women have emerged from
the working class. Victories have been won. These victories
have brought about profound and basic changes in all aspects
of Chinese society.
In the three years since the liberation of the whole
country, the Chinese people have become united as never
before; state economy, disrupted by Protracted fighting, has
been completely restored; people's democratic dictatorshi
A P
has been firm; established; the ranks of the working class
have grown on an unprecedented scale its status as the
leading class has been strengthened. All this has created
advantageous conditions for our country's large-scale, long-
term and planned construction.
14
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The Seventh All -China Congress of Trade Unions is
being held at a time when our great Motherland and our
great people are confronted in 1953 with three great tasks:
(1 to continue to strengthen the Movement to Resist U.S.
Aggression
and Aid Korea, ~ 2 to start the Five-Year Plan of national construction; and 3 to convene the All-China
congresses congresses of all levels.
People's Congress and local people's
Seventh All China Congress of
The convening of the
Trade Unions, therefore, -r vital significance. I believe,
is of
that just like the congresses of the past, it will play an irn-
ortant role in mobilizing the working class of the whole
P
the fulfilment of
country the state's call for
to respond to
these three great tasks. W under the leadership of the Seventh
We firmly believe that A11 China Congress of
Trade Unions, the working class of
united under the
the whole country will become still more
banner of the great Mao Tse-tung, and that it will make every
effort to develop labour emulation drives, observe labour
advanced Soviet experiences, advanced
discipline; study
methods of work, develop potential productive forces, increase
quality of production, econo-
improve the P
tabour rode ctivit y,
reduce production costs, and struggle
mize raw materials, .
and over-fulfilment of national construc-
for the fulfilment
tion plans.
workers will take an active part in the
Moreover, the
b
elections of the people's congresses of all levels by voting
for those whom they think most nand most qualified
to serve in central government institutions and local gov-
strengthen the
ernment bodies, so as to Chinese people's
democratic dictatorship and national economic construction.
knows that the cause of national economic
Everyone
construction is inseparable from the defence of world peace.
I-Ience the working class of the whole country should unite
all the more closely with all the toiling people g eo le to continue to
IS
I
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strengthen the Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea, consolidate national defence, ensure state security
and peaceful construction and further strengthen the demo-
cratic peace camp headed by the Soviet Union, and defend
peace in the Far East and the whole world.
Comrades! The three tasks before us are as momentous
as they are glorious. But we are fully confident that we shall
successfully accomplish these great and urgent tasks. Past
experience has proved that under the leadership of Chairman
Mao Tse-tung and the Communist Party of China the Chinese
people have the strength a+ their command to achieve great
and brilliant successes.
Finally, I wish this Congress every success.
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SPEECH BY UN PO-CHU ON BEHALF OF THE
CENTRAL PEOPLE'S GOVERNMENT
Delegatcs and Comrades:
The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions was
inaugurated in Peking today. On behalf of the Central
~'
People's Government I extend warm greetings to the Con-
gress.
U11der the leadership of the Communist Party of China
and the great leader of the Chinese people, Chairman Mao
Tse-tung, the Chinese working class, together with the
Chinese PeoPle has finally achieved victory in the great rev-
olution and has founded the People's Republic of China
after more than thertYYears of heroic struggle. This is the
greatest victory the 'ninese worKLng cuss arm tiie iauuuf-
ins people of China have ever won in their history. It is
b
precisely because the state system of this country is that of
a people's democratic dictatorship, led by the working class
and based on the alliance of the workers and peasants that
the status of the working class and the labouring people has
b
undergone distinct, basic changes.
Ever since its establishment, the Central People's Gov-
ernment of the People's Republic of China, in order to
safeguard the fruits of the people's victory and to consolidate
the people's democratic dictatorship, has relied on the working
class and the people of the whole country to carry out the
great Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea,
the land reform suppression of counter-revolutionaries,
San Fan and Wu Fan movements, and the democratic reform
in the enterprises throughout the country. Through more
than three years of ceaseless struggle, the working class has
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/08 : CIA-RDP81-01043R000200100037-4
Our country
red brilliant victories on many fronts. 0 Y has
scored
~? the feudal system has bee
unprecedented unity,
achieved n
to its very foundation; ? the financial and economic
shattered Y fo
fundamental turn
conditions of our country have taken a
agricultural pro-
but industrial and has in certain cases sur-
duction for the has not only reached better; the country's
passed the highest e pre-liberation days.
levels in th country, and realizing
masters of the
Having become
thew responsibility, China's workers have, during these great
movements, fully developed their creativeness and initiative,
and have played a truly leading role among the people of the
In the labour emulation drives and in the
whole country.
dissemination of advanced experiences many model workers
and inspiring come to the fore. These move-
ments have in turn deeds have raised and tempered the political con-
sciousness of the Chinese working class which fully confident
fanned
victory, g glorious task of planned
of is advancing to fulfil the
construction struction of the country. This has fully proved that the
,,,,r.~-. ~~,.~..
social and state system of people's democracy, based on the
leadership working class and the alliance of the workers
of the and peasants, is immeasurably superior to the capitalist
system.
From the very first day, the Central People's Govern-
ment, headed by Chairman Mao Tse-tung, has paid special
attention to the status and role of the working class in the
state power of our country, and to the great significance of
strengthening the trade union work as a means of achieving
the industrialization of the country and its advancement
o
towards socialism.
The Trade Union Law Promulgated by the Central People's Government in June 1950, the Labour Insurance Reg-
ulations Promulgated by the Government Administration
Council of the Central People's Government in February 1951,
and other labour-protecting rotectina policies are all important
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measures to d..~ P Selop the active role of the working class in
the construction of the country.
Peoples Government
~
In January 1953, the Central ,
elections and to convene
thereafter adopted a d the All-China People's decision to bold general e 's Congress and local people's
na Peo le
u
congress Constitution.
es of all levels, and to draw up the This will further demonstrate the superiority of the social and state system of people's democracy. We are fully convinced
that the Chinese working class, under the leadership of the Communist Party of China, will further develop its own
strength, unite more closely with the peasants, and on the basis of the consolidation
of the worker-peasant alliance,
rally ties and people of all strata of the whole
all the nationals country to fulfil this historically significant task in the polit-
f country
ur
f
e o o
icai li
Comrades! This year
marks the beginninb of the First Five-Year n. Facing this great
.
Plan of national construc+~io
and glorious under task,
we are fully confident that, lead ership of the
Communist Party of China and the great
leader of the Chines people, Chairman Mao Tse-tung, the Chinese working ,~
wisdom,
its own labour and
class will, by
participate icipate with ever greater enthusiasm in national con-
struction. The trade unions of China will strengthen their
d uide the working class
further unite an g
activities and
Soviet advanced experiences,
throughout the country to study
unfold patriotic labour emulation drives, supervise the
thorough of government policies, laws and
implementation
decrees t +~ the fulfil-
ment and state and private enterprises, ensure
t of the state economic plan, march
d over fulfilmen
and socialism,
of the country
? dustrialization
towards the in
world working class, strive
and, uniting with the
people's democracy.
world peace and r
live the Chinese working class!
Long
l9
11
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Long live the solidarity of the working
world!
Lon Republic of China!
People's
g live the great Long live the great. glorious and
Communist Party of China! Lon
Chinese people, Chair-
man live the great leader of the
man Mao Tse-tung!
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
SPEECH BY LOUIS SAILLANT ON BEHALF OF THE
WORLD FEDERATION OF TRADE UNIONS
Dear Comrades.
On behalf of the 80 million workers united in the ranks
Unions, I fraternally and
the World Federation of Trade
of
warmly salute the delegates to the Seventh All-China Con-
gress Y T eat
of Trade Unions and all the workers of ) our gr
wonderful country.
and
i T warmly wish the greatest success to the Congress which
China as well
is an important event in the national life of
~"
as an important event in the site of our international working-
class movement.
I should like to extend my sincere
From this rostrum
thanks ~~ Federation of Trade Unions for its
to the All-China
of the World
valuable assistance to and constant support
o
Unions and its Trade Departments.
Federation of Trade
By actively participating in the international working-
class movement, in showing numerous proofs of its inter-
national solidarity, the All China Federation of Trade Unions
is holding internationalism in
high the banner of proletarian
countries of Asia and Australasia, a banner behind
the
which the workers in the capitalist and colonial countries in
the struggle against their exploiters stand shoulder to shoulder with their brothers and
sisters of the Soviet Union the Peo-
pfs Republic na, and all. the People's Democracies,
Ieof Chi
on
of the workers
thus forming the world front of struggle
road to socialism. The workers throughout the
the glorious
world follow with great sympathy the success of the Chinese
in the building p of a new state which protects the
u
people
people who from now on are masters of their own destiny.
^
 ^
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Your first successes in your creative work, dear
Chinese
comrades, have without any doubt put
y you on the road to
even greater successes.
You have taken this road under the guidance
of your
respected and beloved leader Chairman of your glorious
Communist Party, Comrade Mao Tse-tung.
We view with great joy th
the progressive transformation
of China. The Chinese workers have the right to be proud
of the achievements to
which they are devoting
Y al] their
efforts and all the
passion of a that loves its coun
people trY.
In their work of creating a new and 1?iaPPY life in your
country, which without any doubt is laying the foundations
of socialism the Chinese people are drawing inspiration
from the great historic lessons and the victorious experiences
of the Soviet people-
the first in the hi
people storY of mankind
to have shown that
capitalism was neither universal nor
eternal, and who with the October Revolution of 1917, showed
that the era of socialism had begun, ope
ninb new perspectives
before all mankind.
Comrades while
you men and women workers of New
China are winning d
b ay after day new successes on the road
to a better life the situation of the workers in the capitalist,
semi colonial and colonial countries is very different.
In point of fact misery is increasing in these countries
wreakin havoc amon '
g g families. Unemployment is rapidly
expanding. Wherever s
octal welfare exists
it is subjected
to attacks. Social legislation is
under constant attack. Re-
pression is striking the working class its
militants and its
organizations. Where the monopoly capitalists are accumulat-
in maximum gigantic profits the 1
wing conditions of millions
of working men g n and women are
becoming more and more
unbearable.
This is why the number of struggles for wage demands
has increased considerably recently. derablY recentl}. The workers
with ever-
22
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increasing unity of action, are switching more and more on
to the offensive in these struggles.
The recent strikes in Japan, the many strikes in India
and other countries of South-East Asia and the general in-
crease of struggles against unemployment, dismissals and
the lowering of real wages, are proofs of positive develop-
nients of this mass action.
Every case confirms the direct link that exists between
the workers' struggles for their demands and the action of
the people for national independence and the defence of peace.
How is one to characterize the conditions under which
the struggles of the workers and the activity of the World
Federation of Trade Unions are developing in the capitalist,
colonial and semi-colonial countries? We can answer this
question as follows:
1. The unceasing struggles of the labouring masses for
better living conditions, for pj eace and national independence
are resulting in the open violation by th~ ruling classes of
the capitalist countries of their own bourgeois laws. These
bourgeois laws no longer sufficiently Protect the ruling classes
against the legitimate demands of the working masses. The
ruling classes are resorting more and more to brutal, anti-
democratic and anti-working class repression. They are
changing their regimes into police regimes which will
absolutely Protect their class privileges.
Political and social discrimination of a fascist character
is one of the bases of the new laws which the ruling class
is attempting to establish and extend.
2. Contradictions of interests between the capitalist
countries are arising and growing more open than in pre-
vious years. Other conflicts are rapidly maturing which are
the direct consequence of the intolerable policy of the Amen-
can imperialists in trying to achieve world hegemony.
23
11
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In face of these contradictions of interests between
capitalists eager for maximum the working profits, class with
its vanguard organizations and its trade unions is developing
its struggles on the basis of
proletarian internationalism.
In each country, the working class i
is furthering the cause of
unit among workers, intellectuals unity peasants, and the pro-
gressive sections of the bourgeoisie.
Thus the ardent
struggle of the peoples for their democratic rights and vital
needs is linked with their no less ardent struggle for national
independence.
3. The conflicts between
the peoples of the colonial
and
semi-colonial countries and the governments of the colonial
powers are growing, and b&oming more intense. Within
the last few ears the
y have extended to new sections of the
world. The whole colonial system is shaken t
to all its tradi-
tional and vital foundations. The colonial and feudal systems
are seeing the rise of millions of human beings in
open
struggle against colonial oppression.
In these struggles, the estimations
we made here in
Pekin in December 1949 at the Trade Union Conference
of
the Asian and Australasian Countries concerning the role and
tasks of the trade unions have roved to
p be correct.
In the colonial and semi-colonial countries the trade
unions are a real force of a genuinely
national character from
the moment when they tale an active art in the
P people's re-
sistance against Colonialism and when they become impor-
tant basis for the development of mass action.
This makes the
colonialists want to subject the trade
unions completely to their
own policies. But they are meet-
iiig with increasing difficulties.
We certainly foresee the time when the trade unions
she tn
colonial and semi-colonial countries will surge forward
and develop fully.
This will be the moment when the Peo-
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pie, through a tremendous effort of patriotism, will have
shaken off the hold of imperialism and colonial '
slavery.
It is the honour and pride of the World Federation of
Trade Unions to support this great historic struggle of the
peoples for their national independence and national libera-
tion wherever it is necessary.
It is the honour and pride of the World Federation of
Trade Unions to have stimulated the great currents of in-
ternational solidarity on behalf of the complete liberation of
the colonial peoples.
It is the honour and pride of the World Federation of
Trade Unions to have stood since June 25, 1950, side by side
with the Korean PeoPle who rose united and solid as a rock
against the aggression of the United States imperialists.
In the last three years the World Federation of Trade
Unions has continuously affirmed its active solidarity with
the wonderful people of Korea. From this rostrum
you will
permit its representative to express his gratitude and pay
homage both to the fighting Korean people and to the heroic
Chinese Volunteers.
The move for peace from the governments of the People's
Republic of China and the Democratic People's Republic of
Korea, shows the possibility of a peaceful settlement of the
whole Korean question and was welcomed last month by all
the peoples of Asia and by those of the other conti:.~nts.
Today, the facts once more prove that there is no in-
ternational conflict that cannot be settled by discussion and
negotiation. We are now living in a period of major im
P -
ortance for the destiny of our generation and future genera-
tions. The World Federation of Trade Unions at the 22nd
meeting of its Executive Bureau which took place a week ago
in Vienna, Austria, called on the workers of all lands to
redouble their efforts and to use every means of pressure in
2s
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the an immediate ceasefire in Korea and a
it over to obtain
p
Korean question.
peaceful settle
settlement of the World Federa-
tion the will of these masses, the of Trade Unions considers that the recent debate at the
now makes it neces-
United Nations on the Korean question
sary to adopt truly effective measures
Y for that organization for the
establishment of peace in Korea.
does not take such measures it
If the United Nations
all its in the eyes of the people of
will lose for ever a prestige
our regret has
T
the world. The united Nations, which to ou
covered the imperialist people
operation against the Korean with its flag, can become an instrument of peace in the service
s for which it was
of the peoples. For this the obligation
created in 1945 must first of all be honoured.
cr
The United Nations organization must thereafter, and
without further delay, put
an end to its own weakness by Central People's Government of the People's Re-
the United Nations to which the
giving the of China the seat in
public o
great Chinese people is entitled. By taking the cause of peace
in their hands and defend-
their joint efforts, make
can, by
ing it to the end, the peoples
of friendly co-
operation 53 a noteworthy stage in the strengthening
establishment of peaceful rela-
oPeration between them, the
bons between all nations whatever their social
tions and
the starting point for the immediate building of peace.
special role
The trade unions have a le to play in the cause
of peaceful coexistence. They can be in their respective
countries, in the capitalist, 'al and colonial coun-
based on great
tries the driving force for an economic policy semi-colour
commercial tot he p resent discrimina-
tion interchange as oppose
and desired by the d imperialists.
inn fomented
t
This particular activity of the trade unions will buttress
in the
in a concrete and solid manner their participation
'oval independence and national liberation.
for pate
struggle
Comrades!
One of the reasons why we attach great importance to
the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions is that it
takes place five months before the convocation of the Third
World Trade Union Congress which will be held in Vienna
beginning on October 10 next. Organized by our Federa-
tion, the Third World Trade Union Congress will be effec-
tively the congress of all the workers of the whole world.
This Congress will be a congress of unity in which or-
ganizations ?anizations not affiliated to the WFTU but desirous of defend-
ing the workers' interests and peace, may Participate.
On April 22> the Executive Bureau of the World Federa-
tion of Trade Unions appealed to the workers of the world
to prepare for the Third World Trade Union Congress. What
language does the World Federation of Trade Unions use to
all the workers of the world to all the trade unions, whether
they be members of the Federation or not?
It is the language of comradeship, of fraternity and of
so]}darity.
The World Federation of Trade Unions said to them:
Dear Comrades and Friends,
We live in different countries. We represent all the
races, all the nationalities, and all the political and
religious convictions on earth. We speak different
languages but we have common interests for we are class
brothers. We are united in the conviction that the living
conditions of the workers are deteriorating in the capi-
talist and colonial countries and that we must struggle
for an improvement.
We are united in the conviction that, wherever it
exists, social legislation should be improved, and that
it should be instituted wherever there is none.
We are united in the conviction that. an end must
be put to super-exploitation, and that discrimination
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against race, colour, sex or age must be abolished. We
public health should
are united in the conviction that Pub
be improved, and education should be extended. We are united in the conviction that no one has the right to
forbid the legitimate activities of the trade unions, nor rob man of his rights and his basic and sacred democratic
liberties.
Finally,
we are, united in the conviction that peace can be safeguarded and that war is not inevitable.
We have, then,, abroad basis for unity. If we want
to win our struggles we must make this unity of common
aims and interests into a unity of action. Wherever the
workers are united success is assured.
The World Federation of Trade Unions has always
considered the struggle for international unity of action
anion greatest duty. It has always
rs as its g the workers
promoted the unity and action of workers.
BY preparing for it at all places of work, make the
Third World Trade Union Congress a great congress of
unity of all the workers of all countries.
Undoubtedly organization is in the position so
no other to speak to the workers of the world. The splitters in the
ranks of trade union movement are the advocates of im-
colonial and semi-colonial
perialist policies who support the
systems because they personally are closely linked with the
: ments. It is
interests and actions of the imperialist goven
not the speak this way to the workers of all cour,-
Y who can tries.
The World Federation of Trade Unions is conscious of
its responsibilities before the workers of the whole world. We do not feel responsible only before the 80 million mem-
bers of the Federation or the workers affiliated to the World
Federation of Trade Unions.
her the union to which they
Federation of Trade
are affiliated is a member of the World
Unions or not every time workers take action in a capitalist,
~
se t co~on.al or colonial country, the needs of their struggle,
m
its causes and the creation of the conditions for its success
invariably lead these workers to take the banner of the World
Federation of Trade Unions as their banner, and the essential
parts of the World Federation of Trade
Programme of the Unions as their programme, and to use the means of action
which are recommended by the Federation.
This means that the World Federation of Trade Unions
is responsible for its actions before the workers belonging to trade unions which are not affiliated to it.
W esponsibilities because they lade Y
responsibilities,
g Y P acce t such
testify t., development of united action among
,,,,,.., o t .he lncreasin
~ g
the workers to everY country, as well as to the develoPment
of international united action.
Once more we affirm t shat the question of united action
is the f oundation of all success in trade union activities and
in the activity of working men and women.
ery
To achieve united action e. __, ~where, such is the essential
and decisive c 1ask which confronts the trade union movement
today.
ction and of united trade
ur stand in favour of united a
0
union movement in all countries is a fundamental stand for
the World Federation of Trade Unions. The friends and Partisans o
f the World Federation of
this fundamental stand and
Trade Unions mast act from
always respect it. In this way, they will constantlY give
rese to new moves for unitY, in this way, they will create the
conditions for a broad railYing of the masses.
e unions and their leaders is never
The task of the trail
etached from the masses of
to allow themselves to become d
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consciousness through
workers, and to raise their class conscio everyday struggles and experiences.
The task of the trade unions and their leaders is to know
to learn from the masses and with the masses.
themselves how
the work of unity among the workers
We will forward
Trade Union Con-
in the re arations for the Third World
efforts in favour of unity and by
gress by
ess by developing new
ing class and anti-
exposing before the work
democratic policies workers of the diehard enemies of unity.
Lon the workers of the whole world and
Long live the unity of
their international solidarity!
Long live the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade
Unions!
Trade Unions, the
Lon World Federation of
Long live the peoples, for national
active fighter for peace among all independence, for democratic liberties and
the welfare of the workers of the world!
Lon Government of the Peo-
g live the Central
P People's
le s Republic of China and the leader of the Chinese people,
Comrade Mao Tse-tung!
Peking, May 2, 1953
SPEECH BY I. V. G04tOSHKIN ON BEHALF OF THE
SOVIET TRADE UNION DELEGATION
Dear Comrades.
We are entrusted by the All-Union Central Council of
Trade Un e delegates of
ions, U.S.S.R., to convey to you, th
the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions, and
through eat Chinese people, our hearty and
you to the great y
fraternal greetings.
Your Congress is convened at a time of immense victories
attained by the Chinese people he creation of their new
b in t
life.
The victory of the Chinese people's revolution has
removed and feudal yoke, and directed the
the imperialist life of the Chinese people along a new path, along the path
of creating free and happy life.
The working people of your country during a short
period have gained remarkable achievements in the field of
restoration and development of industry, transport and
agriculture. BY the end of 1952 industrial and agricultural
production has already reached the pre-war level and in many fields of production surpassed this level. On the basis of
achievements in economic construction the material and
cultural standard of the people is being steadily raised.
has created the
Successful restoration of the economy
foundation for transition towards planned ~~d development of
ndustrialization, and
the national economy on the basis of i
-
has allowed you from 1953 to proceed your work on a wide
Y
scale, which ensures the further development of industry,
transport, agriculture the growth 'e rowt~~ of culture and education, and the raising
of the material well-being of the population.
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working people of the Soviet Union watch your
The work with attention and and they rejoice over
sympathy,
in the construction of the mighty people's
our achievements
t
democratic state, the achievements gained under the leader-
their much tried
ship Communist Party and
P of the h~
leader Comrade Mao Tse-tung.
All freedom-loving peoples are inspired by your suc-
cesses. They see in the creation and strengthening of the
People's Republic of China the victory of the camp of peace,
democracy and socialism.
The Soviet PeoPle rallying closely around the Communist
Party and the Soviet Government, are working with the
greatest enthusiasm for the fulfilment of the Fifth Five-Year
a use all
Plan. They are filled with the lofty aspiration to us
their strength, and knowledge to struggle for the
complete triumph of the great cause of Lenin and Stalin.
In this creative work of the Soviet people, the trade
unions and honourable role. Socialist emulation, play a great
embracing nle of our enterprises and guided
the entire peon
b by the trade unions becomes more and more mighty.
Men and women workers are successfully carrying out
emulation for the fulfilment of the plans ahead of schedule,
for high quality production for the economizing in the use
of ,. --- raw materials, and for surpassing the plan of socialist
accumulation.
In fulfilling their socialist obligations the workers of
our country receive comradely,, help from our trade unions.
The network of the Stakhanovite schools schools of the
working youth, various courses and circles, night and cor-
respondence courses of the technical secondary schools and
colleges is widespread throughout the Soviet enterprises
32
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All these give fullest possibilities to the workers and
employees to take secondary and higher education without
ea in their industrial qualifications.
ceasing work and to heighten
The results of r socialist emulation are expressed in the
outstanding development of the national economy.
g level
The results of work during the first two years of the
Fifth Five-Year Plan clearly show that our people are
successfully carrying out the directions of the 19th Party
on the Fifth Five-Year Plan, and the wise and
Congress
instructions of our leader and teacher Comrade
brilliant
Stalin concerning the path of transition from socialism to
communism.
In 1952 our industry over-fulfilled the plan, the gross
that of 1951. Those industries
output was by 11 o more than
which produce the means of production are developing
especially rapidlyin 1952 the general output exceeded the
r pre-war level by approximately 170%.
Soviet machine-buildin
the previous year the g
During Y
industry produced machines and equipment amounting to
near( of the pre-war year of 1940.
Y 300 0 of these o
The industries producing consumer goods are steadily
growing. Socialist has attained important
agriculture
achievements. The grass harvest of grain in 1952 amounted
to eight milliard Poods. The growth of public production in the Soviet Union
is not an end in itself but a means to achieve maximum
satisfaction of the steadily growing material and cultural
needs of the whole society.
The Communist Party and the Soviet Government un-
ceasingly rment of the material well-bein
care for the betterment g
of the workers, collective farmers inteliigentzia and all
Soviet people.
The significant achievements reached by our people in the development of industrial and agricultural production,
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g u
have afforded the possibility of carryino out from the first
of state retail prices, of
of April of this year the sixth reduction
food and industrial goods since 1947.
The new reduction of retail prices will promote the
the living standards of all
further substantial raising of
PPtion of our country, raise the real wages
strata of the o ula
of the workers and employees and increase the income of
the farmers.
tealy rising of the living standards of the Soviet
The s
is convincing proof of the superiority of the socialist people
order oms the working
The latter do
over that of capitalism.
people to misery, unemployment and hardships
with militarization of the national economy and the
linked
preparation for a new war.
In our country arge scale work in building houses and large-scale
other buildings for cultural grid daily needs is being carried
out. With these aims the Fifth Five-Year Plan provides for
expenditure of tens of milliards of rubles. The Soviet people
have tens of millions of square metres of new and well-
arranged hundreds of new cTubs schools hospitals,
ged
sanatoria and rest homes.
A powerful factor in raising the material well-being
of the workers and employees in our country is the state
social insurance. The management of the entire system ol
social insurance is in the hands of the trade unions.
more than 22.5 milliard rubles
In 1953 the State allotted
for social insurance measures. Expenditure for old-age
pensions and continuous employment pensions for those who
in case of temporary disable-
continue working, for benefits ,
ment due to sickness oi~ accident and for maternity benefits,
will amount to more than 19.5 milliard rubles.
In 1953, about three million workers and office
employees will rest or take cures at the expense of social insurance funds
at the trade union health resorts. During
34
Soviet children
than five million
summer months more
the
will enJ in the pioneers' summer camps and
enjoy holidays
w
cottages. The working people of the Soviet Union receive
free medical aid in the medical establishments.
The steady raising of the material and cultural standards
of the working people of the Soviet Union speaks convincingly
on in the development of the Soviet
of the peaceful directi
economy.
the Soviet Union, being engaged
The working people of
in eacef ul and creative work, are interested in lasting peace. peaceful
The Soviet Government, expressing the will of the whole
of our people, does its utmost to prevent the unleashing of
a new war, to prevent the pcolor.ged bloodshed of millions
of and to secure peaceful creation of happy life.
people,
of the world have wen a very great victory
The peoples
in establishing for the first time in woad history the mighty
c This cam
amp of peace, democracy and socialism. camp of
peace-loving states includes now 800 million people.
Our sacred obligation is to secure and strengthen the
camp of peace, democracy and socialism, to reinforce the
unit le for peace, and to increase
in the struggle of the peoples
and rail ranks of the fighters for peace.
Y the The alliance and friendship between the great peoples
and the Soviet Union are
of the Chinese People's Republic
ruggle for world peace.
of outstanding significance in the st
J. V. Stalin, the standard-bearer of peace taught us that
et Union and the
"the grea the Soviet U
t friendship between
Chinese People's Republic is the reliable guarantee against
a threat of a new aggression and a powerful bulwark of
peace in the Far East and all over the world.
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their main task the
The Soviet trade unions see as
Possible was of the
developing and strengthening in all ways
friendship co-operation between the working people
and
of the Chin Republic and the Soviet Union.
Chinese People's
The fraternal friendship between our peoples will
henceforth contribute to the great cause of democracy and
Peace and securit
and to the cause of Y of the
progress,
PeoPles.
Dear comrades, allow me once more to greet you and
wish you further successes in the construction of a mighty
people's democratic state. Lon
everlasting friendship between the
Long live the Chinese and Soviet peoples!
Long live the Chinese workingclass!
o
Lon unity of the working people in the
Long live the great whole world who are fighting for peace and democracy!
ADDRESSES AND REPORTS
36
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OPENING ADDRESS BY LIU NING-I (May 2, 1953)
Guests and Comrades:
Delegates,
We now declare the the Seventh All-China
opening of
Congress of Trade Unions.
is the first All-China Congress of Trade
This Congress
Unions of the Chinese working class convened after the
victory of the people's democratic revolution in China and
the founding Republic of China. It is of
of the People's
anise in the historical development of the
immense slgnific
Chinese working-class movement.
Besides the trade union delegates from every Part of
he country this Congress representatives
t who are attending
o Government and various other
of the Central People's quarters are present to guide
our work. There are also
delegates from the railway workers in the Chinese People's
Volunteers.
We are especially happy and honoured to have with us
the tra rde union delegates of many other countries. We have
among headed by Comrade Louis Saillant,
us the delegation,
ion of Trade Unions the leading body
from the World Federat b
of the world trade union movement-an organization which
struggles for the unity and solidarity of the working class of the world and has striven unceasingly for and contributed
defence of world peace. We have among us
greatly to the the trade union delegation
from the Union of the Soviet
Socialist Republics, the closest and greatest ally of the
Chinese trade union delegates from the People's
people,
Democracies and the German Democratic Republic, and
from the various trade union organizations of
delegations
manY Asian and Australasian countries and France. Hence
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our Congress not only demonstrates the triumphant unity
of the Chinese working class; but also shows the great
friendship and unity between the Chinese working class and
the working class of the world. We whole-hearted)Y welcome
the presence and guidance of the guests from home and
abroad. We warmly hail the successful opening of this
united and impressive Congress!
The Sixth All-China Labour Congress was held in Harbin
in August 1948. The great historic task of mobilizing the
working class and rallying the people throughout the country
to support the revolutionary war for the liberation of China,
as set forth by that Congress has been successfully accom-
Y t
pushed.
Since the founding of the People's _Republic of China,
g
the great Chinese and the Chinese working class under
people
the leadership Communist Party of China and Comrade
of the Mao Tse-tung, with the fraternal and selfless help of our
g, w
great ally, the Soviet Government and people> and with the
_
trust sympathy of the People's Democracies and
support
and
the working and people of the world, have done much
class
in the sphere of gigantic economic restoration and achieved brilliant successes. At the same time there were launched
throughout the country the great Movement to Resist U.S. Aggression and Aid Korea the agrarian reform movement,
the movement to suppress counter-revolutionaries, the San
Fan. movement (the movement against corruption, waste
and bureaucracy in government establishments and social
organizations) , the Wu Fan movement (the movement against
the bribery of government emptoyees tax evasion, theft of
state property, cheating on government contracts and stealing
economic information for private speculation by - the
lawbreaking elements of the bourgeoisie and democratic
reforms in the enterprises. All these movements have
effectively safeguarded and consolidated the most precious
40
fruit of victory of the Chinese working class and the Chinese
-the eo_ le's democratic dictatorship. We have,
p eo P le PP
under difficult post-war conditions, not only
restored production but also succeeded through a series of
great efforts, in increasing labour productivity, raising the
rat promoting the extensive
e of utilization of equipment, p
activities of inventors and innovators, studying advanced
experiences, raising the quantity and quality of output and
reducing production costs, with the result that our industries
and transport enterprises have rapidly reached and surpassed
Pre liberation levels. We have created the
the highest
necessary conditions for the planned economic construction
of the country. Anew and great historical epoch of the
Chinese the P of planned national economic con-
s people, e och o
hail the convocation of
truction is now before us. We
,
this Congress. We welcome with boundless enthusiasm and
confidence the beginning of the period of national economic
instruction the new and great historic task of the Chinese
working class.
At this Congress, we shall sum up our experiences in
trade union work since the Sixth All-China Labour Congress
and especially during the period of national economic
restoration after the founding of the People's Republic of
and in accordance with the
China. Moreover, on this basis
directive of the Communist Party of China, we shall map
tasks of the Chinese trade
out the policy and define the
unions in the period of planned economic construction.
This he Constitution of the All-
T g
China ress will amend t
and will re-elect the
Federation of Trade Unions
China
trade unions of China, with
national leading body of the
the aim of strengthening the leadersnip of the trade unions
throughout the whole country, to develop further the working-
class movement, and to ensure the fulfilment and over-
fulfilment of the tasks of national economic construction.
41
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Comrades. The Chinese working-class movement, under
Comrades! T
the leadership Communist Party of China and
of the great
les,
Chairman Mao Tse-tung, after thirty years of bitter struggles,
together with the entire Chinese people, and with the support
of the great Soviet Union the working class and all the
forces o
progressive
f the world, has finally achieved great victory in the people's revolution.
class and the entire
The victory of the Chinese working
the victory in China of the teachings of Marx,
is
people
Lenin and Stalin. Without Marxism-Leninism,
Engels,
and Comrade Mao Tse-
without the leadership of the Party
tung, there would have been no victory for the working class
and the entire people of China.
The great, glorious and consistently correct Communist
Party of China is the guarantee of our victory. The great
Comrade Mao Tse-tung is the standard-bearer of victory of the Chinese working class and the entire people. This is a
profound and at the same time simple truth, which has been
well understood working class and the Chinese
by the Chinese people from their own experience in their protracted struggles.
that we have already
If we are to consolidate the victory
march from victory to victory, we
ranl~d and continue to must then rally even more closely around the Communist
I (
~-li?Y of China and Comrade Mao Tse-tung, and redoubl
t
our efforts to stud teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin
study the ;ind Stalin and the advanced experience of the Soviet Union
ill order to construct our country.
The interests ~ hinese working class and people
of the C
are ? uni-I with those of the working class and
t il(.tc.lY identical wi
people of the world.
The Federation of Trade Unions, as a member
Ill)-(,hi t.~l f
of lh( lV(nI(I Federation of Trade Unions and under its
-
art ill striving for the unity
Ict(ir.t Sh t1, has ~ 1ve(I an active p b
~ ~ ~la~
;in(l s(~Ifd~lt itY of ihi fnt(i Ilcltlona l workin,,g-class movement,
?
and in defence of peace in the Far Fast and all over the
world.
The Chinese workers led by the Communist Party of
China and Comrade Mao Tse-tung, are not only ' great patriots,
but at the same time great internationalists. In the struggle
to continually consolidate their already gained victory and
to strive for greater successes, the Chinese working class
will further display to the full the spirit of patriotism
combined with internationalism: unite with all the Chinese
people to engage intensively in production and in the con-
struction of our great Motherland. At the same time it will
strive with redoubled efforts for unity with the world working
class, play a more active part in the world working-class
movement and struggle in defence of peace in the Far East
and all over the world.
The Chinese working class firmly believes that under
the leadership of its own political party-the Communist
Party of China-and its eat leader Comrade Mao Tse-tung,
~'
with the close lasting and solid alliance of our peasant
brothers, with the unity of the people of all sections throughout
.
the country, with the lasting and 'unbreakable friendship and
co-operation with our great ally-the Soviet Union-and the
People's Democracies, and with the friendship and unity
between the Chinese people and all peace-loving peoples of
the world who are fighting for a just cause, we shall be ever
victorious.
Long live the great Chinese people!
Long live the eat People's Republic of China!
~'
Long live the eat Chinese working class!
~'
Long live the party of the Chinese working class, the
great Communist Party of China!
Long live the great leader of the Chinese working class
and the Chinese PeoPle Comrade Mao Tse-tung!
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Lai Jo-yu
Delegates and Guests:
Man great historic significance have taken
Y events of place in our country since the Sixth All-China Labour
Congress of August 1948.
class, together
For over thirty years the Chinese working a
heroic
with the Chinese people as a whole have waged
struggles under the leadership adership of the Communist Party of China and Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the (,great leader of the
Chinese and succeeded in overthrowing the
people,
e of imperialism> feudalism and bureaucratic
rule
reactionary
capitalism;
liberating the mainland of China> ; and establishing the People's Republic of China which is a people's democratic dictatorship, the working class and based on the
b
headed by
alliance of the workers and peasants.
As Comrade Mao Tse-tung stated in his opening address
at the First Plenary Session of the Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference: "Our nation from now on will
enter the great family of peace and freedom-loving nations
of the world. It will work bravely and industriously to
create its own civilization and happiness and will, at the
same time, promote world peace and freedom. Our nation
will never be an insulted nation. We have stood up."
again
The victory of the Chinese revolution dealt a heavy blow
to world imperialism, greatly inspired the labouring people
of the world, particularly the labouring people in the colonial
and dependent countries and added a mighty force to the
camp of peace democracy and socialism. This victory
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Long U\-e the great teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin REPORT ON THE TRADE UNION WORK IN CHINA
c.
~ the unity of the working class of the world!
Lary live
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the relative strength of the two camps in the present
changed
world situation.
launched their war of
When the American imperialists
threatened the
aggression against Korea and
sacred borders of our great Motherland, tog
the Chinese working class ether
w the
with the entire Chinese people immediately responded
enthusiastically joined
call of Comrade Mao Tse-tung and 7 to th
the struggle to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, so as
to safeguard peace in the Far East and the whole world.
of We stood for a peaceful settlement o, the Korean question.
~~
\Ve supported the statements of Premier Chou En-lai, Prime
Minister Kim Ii Sung and Foreign Minister Molotov, calling
fora peaceful settlement of the Korean question, and will
continue our persistent and determined peaceful
settlement and for the safeguarding of peace in the
Far East and the whole world.
People's
Since the founding of the Republic of China,
and the entire Chinese people
the Chinese working class
led by the Chinese Communist Party and Comrade Mao
b
Tse_tuna have eliminated the remnant forces of the Kuo-
mintang have carried out a series of social
g reactionaries
reforms.
With the completion of the agrarian reform, the economic
basis of feudalism has been thoroughly smashed, and the
.
productive forces in our vast country-side have been set free
1
The completion
of { democratic reform in state-owned factories, mines and other enterprises, has destroyed the old system
of management originally the reactionary rulers
employed by for exploiting the workers and established
oppressing and
instead a system of democratic management. The workers
real masters of the enterprises, and their
have become the
activttY and initiative have developed. The successes gained
the San Fan and Wu Fan movements have smashed the
in l
ruthless attack waged by the law-breaking elements of the
Sanitized Copy
bourgeoisie against the working class and state organs, and have consolidated the leading position of state economy over
private ontorprises and protected the legitimate rights of the
workers in private enterprises. Because of the development
of the campaign to increase production and practise economy, the struggle of the working class to raise labour productivity
and the quantity and quality of products, and to reduce
production costs has surged to a new high.
It is precisely because of these efforts that, within the
founding of the People's
of three ears since the
short period o y
Republic of China, our country has completed its economic
T.S.
restoration, in spite of the fact that the struggle to resist L
aggression and aid Korea is being carried on. Production
in a majority of our industries has surpassed the highest
levels of past years, prices throughout the country have been
stabilized, and the financial situation has undergone a change
The material and cultural well-being of the
for the better.
a whole has steadily -
working class and the people as
's democratic dictatorship is daily being
and the eo lc P P
consolidated thus creating the conditions for the nation's
large-scale planned construction.
Starting from this year, our great Motherland has
embarked on the First Five-Year Plan of national construc-
tion.
The ass must unite more closely, con-
solidate e working class
solidate the alliance of the workers and peasants and rally
~ the new and historic task
of all , strata to meet tl
people
the o
under the leadership of the Communist Party of China.
I. The Main Developments in Trade Union Work in the
Past Four Years
Comrades, allow me to recall the main developments in
trade unto our years before I touch upon
'n work in the past f
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the fundamental tasks of our trade union work during the
period of national construction.
At the time of the Sixth All-China Labour ~-~abo hina Lur Congress, the
' orct y after victory
victory
People's Liberation Army was winning
al
in its liberation march across the entire country. The tidal
wave of the people's revolution was sweeping throughout
K g clique
rule of the uomintan
the land and the reactionary
backed by American imperialism was then on the verge of
total collapse.
Chinese working
+ time, the cardinal task of the
At than
class was, first ofall to close its own ranks and then, by
,
courag to unite
eons struggle and in the spirit of self-sacrifice,
with the people of all strata to overthrow the reactionary
rule of American imp K erialism and its lackey, the uomintang
establish the Chinese People's Republic.
clique, and to
The message of greetings Central Committee
. from the of the Communist Party of China to the Sixth All-China
Labour Congress pointed out:
the workers and office employees in the
The task of
liberated areas is to restore and develop industry, to con-
solidate the liberated areas and to give support to the
.
Y
front in accordance with the noted economic polic of
~ "to develop Production
Comrade Mao Tse-tung, namely,
ao Tse tun
and bring about a prosperous economy through the poli-
cies of taking into account both public and private in-
terests, of benefiting both labour and capital." .. The task
K g-ruled
of the workers and other employees in uomintan
areas is to unite themselves as well as the entire people
to fight against U.S. imperialism and bureaucratic capi-
talism, to act to co-ordination, whenever necessary and
possible, with the victorious offensive of the People's
Liberation Army, and to assist the democratic govern-
of the liberated cities.
ment in the orderly taking-over
In order to accomplish these ends, it is necessary to
unite and educate
strengthen rapidly +~~,~~~~~ r~ r ,,,d.~, ~ trade union work, to
< ~ u .
and other o as to turn them
employees, s
the workers aii
into the leading force of the People's Democratic Re
public.
Labour Congress a mighty
After the Sixth All-China
battle was waged by the Chinese working
class in accordance with the line laid down by the Central Committee of the Corn-
monist Party of China and the resolutions adopted by the
Congress. extremely difficult conditions, the
In spite of
workers in the liberated areas gave their support to the War
of Liberation by working selflessly to increase production. . In
the uomintangcontrolled areas, especially in such cities as
K
Shanghai, Kunming, Chungking and so on, the workers suc-
ceeded ceeded in uniting the people of all strata, consolidated and
-
ion, persecution and extended the united front, and waged a figfit against aggres
hunger. In the liberation. of the various
s
to protect factories,
e battle heroicall gave
~ties the workers av Y
cr
thus safeguarding the people's property.
In the liberated erated cities, the trade unions helped the Peo-
ple's Government to take over the enterprises owned by
bureaucratic capital and then to carry out the necessary check-
ing and accounting. They helped to transform the property
the property of the people and
ratic ca italism into
of bureaucratic capitalism and
to than-re such enterprises into enterprises of a socialist
restored. At the same
nature. Production was thus rapidly
time political education was carried out among the workers
which strengthened their understanding of their position as
masters of the country and gradually established among them
a new attitude towards labour.
The workers in private enterprisev, in accordance with
the developing production and benefiting both
policy on the other hand it is also wrong to
think that only the working class is needed and it is unneces-
sary t
sayY to unite with all the oppressed labourers, particularly
the broad sections of peasantry, to achieve this atm.
Marx and Engels taught us that, in order to eliminate
classes and build a socialist society, the working class must
lead the peasants and other working masses to establish the
dictatorship proletariat. Marx and Engels also
of the ingeniously pointed out that to realize communist society it
is necessary through two stages. Socialist society
ass to pass
is the first stage of communism. Through socialism man-
kind will realize communism, the most beautiful and happiest
epoch in human history.
are their immortal
These discoveries of Marx and Engels
contributions to the cause of human progress.
science gave the sharpest revolu-
tionary birth of Marxist b
working class. The integration of
Y weapon to the Marxism with the working-class movement has brought
about its entry period of wholly y conscious organized,
into the P ert
purposeful struggle.
the Communist Party published by
The Manifesto o
Marx and Engels in 1848 gave the first complete and system-
atic atic exposition to the theory of scientific socialism which
the publication of the Manifesto o the
d. The Y had founded.
Communist Party announced the birth of scientific socialism.
As Comrade Stalin said "Marx and Engels opened a new
era with their Manifesto o the Communist Party."
In their later works, Marx and Engels further developed
and substantiated the viewpoints which they had expounded
in the Manifesto of Communist Party. Marx's Capital
is of articular significance in this regard. In this great
particular
masterpiece, Marx made a penetrating and thorough scientif-
ic analysis of the laws of development of capitalism. He thoroughly the substance of capitalist exploitation,
exposed
and brilliantly demonstrated the inevitable doom of the
capitalist system and its inevitable substitution by the socialist system.
Marx not only engaged in tremendous
During his life,
Duran
and founded scientific socialism, but also
scientific research
directly world working-class movement and carried
led the out important organizational activities among the workers. He was a staunch and indomitable revolutionary. He is
the greatest leader and teacher of world working-class
movement. He and Engels joined els joined the Communist League in
1847, and the Manifesto o the Communist Party was written
for this organization. t part Marx actively took art in the Ger
man Revolution of - 1848. For this, he was sent to court
trials by the counter-revolutionaries and later deported. In
b
founded the First International-the
1864, in London, Marx
107
cos
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International Working Men's Association. Under the leader-
ship of Marx the First International welded together the
working-class movement of various European countries, and
advanced the world working-class movement one great step
further.
The life of Marx was a life of struggle. He dedicated
everything to the working class to the great cause of com-
munism. Although frequently living in extreme poverty and
Marx Persisted in his theoretical
e in exile throughout his life,
research and practical work. He constantly gave warm
concern to the fate of the oppressed people throughout the
world. During not a single social event which was
his life,
of progressive significance escaped his attention, no matter
P a
in what art of the world it might have taken place. While
part
evaluating historical changes within every nation, Marx
the liberation of the world's
the started from the interests of
working gave brilliant instructions on principle
class. He ave brillt
in struggle in different historical
to the proletariat, on tactics
conditions. The close integration between scientific theories
and revolutionary Practice is exactly a characteristic of
Marxism.
Marx never compromised in struggle against all
er tom romised
enemies. He not only resolutely opposed all rulers in
Europe at that ~ ed uncompromising strug
gles ~a} time but also w.~ ~ waged
against all Portunist taV ~eories and schools in the work-
in r-claass movement. B~tn in theory and in practice, Marx
?tur~st theories and schools such as Prou-
smashed alt p
P
England Lassalleanism
d 0 oi ..ncc syndicalism in b
hi~nisin in 1"iri
inism in Russia. In
in C,~. ,?i maunii,m in Italy, Pakun
Y, M~azzin5
this way 1: ,G ~~ dc, ~mon,.strcited to the working class of the world
t , cad the working class and all that ~,.? ~i y Marxism can l b
n tco1ple to liberation.
>>r~ss~,t r
ll
t 14, 1~:g$3. In the
M,cii x cIlletl on h'Inrcl entire period of
70 ti immortal revolution-
, ,. the denth of this great,
rrtis since
IOR
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ar human history affords new proof
Y, every development in
of the correctness of the science of Marxism. Marxist
ideology is already universal. The truth of scientific social-
ism founded by Marx and Engels has been proved by facts
b
and communist ideology has now become a living reality.
The neat Lenin and Stalin, successors to the cause of
g
Marx and Engels, creatively developed and enriched Marxism
in accordance with new historical conditions and new experi-
ences in revolutionary struggles.
Lenin pointed out that imperialism is the highest stage
in the development of capitalism that is decaying and mori-
bund capitalism and that it is the eve of proletariat revolu-
the historical conditions in which
tion. tion. On the bases of
capitalism had already entered imperialism, Lenin laid down theories and tactics of the proletariat revolution. Therefore,
as accurately defined by Stalin, "Leninism is the Marxism
of the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution."
By applying Marxism, Lenin discovered the law of un-
even a levelly
Y PPopment of capitalism, and arrived at the con-
ciusion that socialism can first be victorious in a few coun-
tries or even in one country.
Lenin and Stalin concretely applied and developed
Marxism and led the great October Socialist Revolution to
victor first overthrew capitalism in a territory
Y. They
occupying -sixth of the globe, created the socialist state
one
and for the first time in the history of mankind the Soviet
Union eradicated all systems of exploitation of man by man,
- is a great victory of Marxism-Leninism.
This
Lenin and Stalin pointed out that during the period of
he victory of the October Revolu-
p
tion, the peoples imperialism and after t
11 colonial and dependent countries can
of a
obtain liberation one forming an alliance with the work-
of the working class.
ing Y b Y ~ he leadership b
class and following t
109
11
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Under the leader-
Men's Association.
ship Working
Marx, the First International welded together the
P of .Mar
countries, and
working-class movement of various European
advanced the world working-class movement one great step
further.
life of Marx was a life of struggle. He dedicated
The
everything to the working class, to the great cause of com-
mumsm. extreme poverty and
llvin Although frequently g in in exile throughout his theoretical
his life, Marx persisted in
research and practical work He constantly gave warm
throughout the
concern to
the fate of the oppressed people world. Duran is life not a single social event which was
g h
of rob aressive significance escaped his attention, no matter progressive
in what part of the world it might have taken place. While
evaluating the historical changes within every nation, Marx started from the interests of the liberation
of the worlds
working class. He gave
brilliant instructions on principle to the proletariat, on ~
different historical
tactics in struggle in
conditions. The close integration between scientific theories
characteristic of
and revolutionary practice is exactly a
Marxism.
Marx against all
never compromised in struggle enemies. He not only resolutely opposed all rulers in
Europe at that time, but also waged uncompromising strug-
theories and schools in the work-
gles against all
ing-class movement. Both in theory arid in practice, Marx
ing-class
smashed all opportunist theories and schools such as Prou
dhonism in France, syndicalism in England, Lassalleanism
inism in Russia. In
in Germany, Maxzini ism in Italy, Pakun
this way he demonstrated to the working class of the world that only Marxism can lead the working class and all
to libto liberation.
people he entire period of
Marx died on March 14, 1883. In t
the death of this great, immortal revolution-
70 years since
108
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ar human history affords new proof
Y, every development in
of the correctness of the science of Marxism. Marxist
ideolo universal. The truth of scientific social-
ism gY is founded by already
Marx and Engels has been proved by facts
and communist ideology has now become a living reality.
The rest Lenin and Stalin, successors to the cause of
g
Marx and Engels creatively developed and enriched Marxism
in accordance with new historical conditions and new experi
ences iii revolutionary struggles.
Lenin pointed out that imperialism is the highest stage
in the development of capitalism that is decaying and mori-
bund capitalism and that it is the eve of proletariat revolu-
tion. tion. On the basis of the historical conditions in which
capitalism had already entered imperialism, Lenin laid down theories and tactics of the proletariat revolution. Therefore,
as accurately defined by Stalin, "Leninism is the Marxism
or the era of imperialism and proletarian revolution.
BY applying Marxism Lenin discovered the law of un-
even development of capitalism, and arrived at the con-
clusion that socialism can first be victorious in a few coun-
tries or even in one country.
Lenin and Stalin concretely applied and developed
led the great October Socialist Revolution to
Marxism and e
victor They first overthrew capitalism in a territory
Y. T
occupying one-sixth of the globe, created the socialist state and for the first time in the history of mankind the Soviet
Union eradicated all systems of exploitation of man by man.
This is a great victory of Marxism-Leninism.
Lenin and Stalin pointed out that during the period of
imperialism e victory of the October Revolu-
tion, and of all after the
and dependent countries can
peoples
obtain liberation only forming an alliance with the work-
ing by
'n~ he leadership of the working class.
g class and follo~vi a t
109
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Stalin further advanced the theory of Marx-
Lenin and
Stalin further summed up the experience
ism on socialism.
of socialist construction to the Soviet. Union and concretely
.
developed t he theory of building communist society.
uilding communis Lenin, Stalin
further and comprehen_
After the death of
sa -
've, t~.~ advanced Marxism-Leninism to a new stage of de
velopment. velaPment. Stalin gave a comprehensive and complete
definition to Marxism:
science of the laws governing the
Marxism is the development of nature and society, the science of the
revolution c. he oppressed and exploited masses the
f t
in all countries,,
science of the victory of socialism
the science of building a communist society.
in his The Greatest Friend-
Comrade Mao Tse-tung
ship" stayed: Comrade Stalin, in a comprehensive and classical
manner, ? he opened
developed Ma-rxist-Leninist theory,
he development of Marxism. Corn-
up a new
ade Stalin stage creatively to t
'yely developed Lenin's theory of the
r
unev f capitalism and the theory of the
en development o
possibility of the victory of social
made a creative con-
taken singly;
tribution comrade Stalin ion to the theory of the general crisis of the
of the construction
capitalist system and to the theory
of communism in the U.S.S.R., r 'je discovered and sub-
stantiated the basic economic law of modern capitalism
? he contributed
and the basic economic law of socialism,
to the theory revolution to the colonies and semi-
colonies. Comrade Stalin also creatively developed the
Party. All this
Leninist theory of the building of the
world and all
further rallied the workers of the whole
oppressed classes and peoples in consequence of which the oppressed
struggle of the working class and all peoples for their liberation and happiness and the suc
110
esses achieved to this struggle, assumed unprecedented
c
proportions.
Led by the g great Stalin, the Soviet Union,
emus of the through several five-year plans, succeeded in building a
strong, powerful and industrialized socialist state with collec-
tive agriculture, and is now striding towards communism.
It is not only a happy land of freedom and liberty to the
Soviet working class, collective farmers and intelligentzia,
but also the saviour peoples in the world of all oppressed P
their struggle for liberation. It is a mighty bulwark of peace
for the whole world. The Soviet people, reared and led by
Lenin and Stalin, made selfless and noble sacrifices in the
Patriotic War which had a decisive effect in the destiny
Great
mankind, defeated the fascist imperialist powers of Ger-
of m
many, Italy and Japan. They not only defended the Soviet
Motherland but also assisted the peoples of the
Socialist
in Eastern Europe to obtain liberation from the
countries
up their own people's democra-
slavery of fascism and build
cies. This is still another great victory of Marxism-Leninism
of world historic significance after the victory of the October
Socialist Revolution.
Four years after the victorious conclusion of the Second
World War, victory was also achieved in the revolution of
is is a great victory of Marx-
the great Chinese people.
countries. Since
ism-Leninism in colonial and This
then, in the vast area spreading from Europe to Asia there
are already 800 million people who have been set free from
capitalist exploitation and oppression and have built the in-
democracy headed by the Soviet
vincible p of peace and
cam
Union. Stalin is the immortal standard-bearer of this camp
of mighty and invincible
force. Therefore as Comrade Malenkov said.
Comrade Stalin that great thinker of our era, crea-
tively teachings of Marxism-Leninism in
Y developed
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e
the new conditions of history. His name rightly ranks
with those of he greatest men in human history-Marx,
Engels, and Lenin.
The banner of Marx Engels, Lenin and Stalin is the
banner of victory of the working class and all progressive
the world.
mankind throughout
Marx had the warmest sympathy and concern for the
national liberation struggles of the Chinese people in history.
As early as a hundred years back Marx wrote many articles
on the Opium War and the Taiping Revolution. In his writ-
ings he bitterly condemned the criminal acts of the aggressors
and the unjust war they launched against the Chinese people.
Together with Engels he predicted that from the struggles
of the Chinese people one would see "the dawn of a new era
in the whole of Asia." Today, this prediction has already
come about. Without the guidance of Marxist ideology, it
would be impossible to imagine the victory of the Chinese
revolution. In his work On People's Democratic Dictator-
ship, Comrade Mao Tse-tung stated: "We are indebted to
Marx Engels, Lenin and Stalin for giving us our weapon.
This weapon is not a machine-gun, but Marxism-Leninism."
He further stated: "The Chinese people found Marxism-
Leninism, a universal truth which is applicable anywhere.
The face of China then began to change."
The Chinese people found the truth of Marxism-Leninism
through a process of groping and searching.
In the early Years of the twentieth century, and before
the bourgeois revolution in 1911, the name of Marx was men-
tioned in the publications of China and Marxist theory was
introduced in bits and pieces. But at that time the Chinese
working class had not yet become an independent political
force and the revolution at that time was led by the bour-
geois and petty-bourgeois elements, The bourgeois and
ii2
petty-bourgeois revolutionaries only mentioned Marx in pass-
ing, they could not understand the theory of Marx at all.
At that time the bourgeois and petty-bourgeois revolu-
tionaries attempted to reform their country on the model of
the western capitalist. countries; they ended in failure.
Doubts and distrust of the bourgeois ideology among Doubts Chinese people arose and increased; the First World Wthe
ar
proved that capitalist system could only bring disaster to
the people of the world. The victory of the October Socialist
Revolution which broke out during the First World War
brought new hopes to the Chinese people.
Comrade Mao Tse-tung said:
The salvoes of the October Revolution brought us
Marxism-Leninism. The October Revolution helped the
advanced people of China and of the whole world to
adopt a proletarian world outlook as an instrument for
looking into a nation's future or for reconsidering one's
own problems.
During the First World War, following the great de-
velopment of national capital in China, there was a great
development of the Chinese working class. Working-class
movement began to develop and Marxist ideology helped
the advanced people of China to see that the dependable force
in the reform of our country was no other but this developing
force of the working class.
Thus under the immense influence of the October
Socialist Revolution the Chinese started to really understand
Marxism. Moreover, as soon as Marxism came to China,
it was combined with the working-class movement through
the progressives among the intelligentzia of the time and
became a powerful material force.
On the basis of the combination of Marxism-Leninism
and the Chinese working-class movement> the Chinese Corn-
founded-this Part has after over thirty
Y
113
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years of trials in history proved to be the oniY revolutionary
political party that can lead the Chinese people to liberation.
And we are confident that it will continue to lead the Chinese
1;eupis to socialism and the final aim o communism.
The appearance of the modern working class in China
and the development of the working-class movement were the
class basis for the birth of the Communist Party of China.
But with this condition alone and without the dissemination
of Marxism-Leninism in China there could not have been the
birth of the Chinese Communist Party. For had the working
h
class relied only on their own force, it would have led them
to the ideas of syndicalism, and there would not have been
an awakening to communism. On the ideological basis of
a
syndicalism there would not have been the birth of the Corn- munist Party. Only by permeating the scientific theories of
Marxism within the Chinese working class was it possible
to change the Chinese working class from a class in itself
to a class for itself, and organize a real militant revolutionary
political party-the Communist Party of China.
The history of the Communist Party of China and of the
Chinese revolution led by the Party, i; the history of the
application and development of Marxism-Leninism in China.
It is also the history of the struggle of Marxist-Leninists in
China against various erroneous ideologies. This history
centred around the Chinese Bolsheviks headed by y Comrade
Mao Tse-tung. In guiding the Chinese revolution. . Comrade
Mao Tse-tung has combined the universal truth of Marxism-
Leninism with the concrete practice of the Chinese revolution.
Comrade Mao Tse-tung's theory and tactics on the Chinese
revolution based on i\Iarxism have applied and developed
the teachings of Marx Engels Lenin and Stalin in accord-
ance with the concrete conditions in' China.
Marxist's theory on class struggle and the idea of the
hegemony of the proletariat are clearly manifested in the
a
works of Comrade Mao Tse-tung. Basing himself on this
theory, Tse-tung routed the erroneous ideas
-
Comrade Mao
and actions of opportunism of all kinds. The opportunists
opposed and distorted Marxism on this very basic point.
The thesis of the Right-wing opportunists actually, was the denial or reconciliation of class struggle, the giving up or
of the proletariat. The "Left"
weakening of the hegemony
wing opportunists also did not understand how to conduct
class struggle, nor did they - understand how hegemony of the proletariat can be won over. Therefore they caused the
~i,
revolutionary struggles of the proletariat to end in failure.
Y gg stru 1
If we followed the direction of the opportunists, we would have lost hegemony of the proletariat.
Having mastered Marxism, Comradevlao Tse-tung
g mast
theory to the practice of the Chinese
applied the Marxist
revolution and routed the erroneous views of both types of
opportunism. He persistently opposed the non-Marxist
thesis of den' le, and at the same time, ably
denying class struggle,
analysed the concrete historical situation and starting from the ractica
1 conditions of the relative strength of all classes, practical
formulated the tactics of revolutionary struggles in opposing
blind adventurism.
The Marxist theory o b f the hegemony of the proletariat
which was further developed by Lenin and Stalin, found its
rther de
of China's revolution in Comrade
expression in the first stage
Mao Tse-tun's definition of the character of the Chinese
Tse-tung
revolution. Comrade Mao Tse-tung clearly pointed out that
the Chinese revolution is led by the working class and based
on the and peasants; it is a revolution of
alliance- of workers
the broad masses of people against imperialism, feudalism,
and bureaucratic capitalism. Under all circumstances,
whether before or aft +er the victory of the revolution, Com-
rade Mao Tse-tung has always insisted cn the idea of the
hegemony thereby defending Marxism on
of the proletariat,
115
114
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this basic pint. After the victory of China's revolution,
P
ideologies and actions of all kinds attempting to weaken the
hegemony were criticized and corrected.
of the proletariat
When analysing the causes of failure of the revolutions
other countries in 1848-1849, Marx
in Germany, France and
aid special attention to the role of the peasants in revolu-
tionary tionar struggles. This thought of Marx was later developed
Y Lenin and Stalin into the thought of alliance between
b
workers and peasants under the leadership of the proletariat.
This is the keyproblem of the achievement of revolutionary
victory by the proletariat.
Comrade Mao Tse-tung, basing himself on the theory
of Marx Engels Lenin and Stalin on peasant question, has
fully appraised the force and role of the peasantry in the
a
Y PP
Chinese revolution. China at present is still a country in
redominant position
which small farming economy is in a predominant position
quantitatively. Therefore the peasant question has its
special significance. The basic divergence of view between
Chinese Marxists and opportunists is sharply expressed in
the peasant question. During the First Chinese Revolution-
ary Civil War, the Right opportunists as represented h
~ Y
Chen Tu-hsiu, paid attention only to the co-operation with
the Kuornintang, and forgot about the peasantry. On the
other hand> the "Left" opportunists as represented by Chang
Kilo-tao, paid attention only to the working-class movement,
and also forgot about the peasantry. Both of these two
groups of opportunists did not know where to find allies.
Only y Comrade Mao Tse-tung who thoroughly understod the
teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin correctly solved
this problem. As early as 1926, he pointed out that the
broadest and most reliable ally of the proletariat was the
peasantry. Later on, in his work, On People's Democratic
Dictatorship, Comrade Mao Tse-tung again emphatically
Pointed out.
116
The foundation of the people's democratic dicta-
torship is the alliance of the working class, peasantry
and urban petty-bourgeoisie. It is mainly the alliance
of the workers and Peasants.... In over-throwing im-
perialism and the reactionary clique of the Kuomintang,
these two classes are the major force. The transition
from New Democracy to socialism also depends Pri-
marily upon the alliance of these two classes.
Therefore the Chinese workers who have acted under
the direction of Marxism should not, even for one minute,
detach from their own peasant brothers nor overlook the
alliance with the peasant class. They should know well how
to maintain and develop this alliance, to educate and reform
the peasantry through this alliance, so as to march with them
towards socialism.
Comrade Mao Tse-tung's theories on the united front,
on revolutionary wars on the construction of New Democ-
racy, etc. all are conclusions drawn from the practical ex-
periences of the Chinese revolutionary struggles, through the
application of the Marxist standpoint viewpoint and Marxist
method. Lenin said: "The Marxian doctrine is omnipotent
because it is true." The victory won by the Chinese revolu-
tion under the direction of the thought of Mao Tse-tung also
shows that the Marxian doctrine is true, and also omnipotent.
As in the past and present the working class and other
labouring people of China should rely, in the future, on
Marxism as their guide; they uide; the y should unite with the working
class an,. the working people of all nations and march on
victoriously under the g a lorious fghting banner of Marx,
Y and
Engels Lenin and Stalin.
Comrades, when commemorating the anniversary of the
birth of Marx, the great founder of scientific socialism, we
should carry out ideological education on Marxism more
.
widely hly - among our workers. Since the
J and more thoroughly
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-
founding of our Party, we have carried out much work and
achieved great results in the field of
popularizing Marxism
and in the carrying
out of ideological education in Marxism
among our working class and other labouring people.
,
Since 1949, when the Chinese revolution achieved nation-
wide victory, we have also persistently strengthened Polit-
ical and ideological education among
the working class.
During these four beside
g years, s the education in current
events and policies which has been carried out from time
to time, alongside of the development of
p the work of the
whole nation, ideological education in
Marxism, such as the
education in materialist world outlook
education in the laws
of social development education in class struggles and
e:iucation regarding the future of socialism and communism
has been carved out more or less systematically. Such
education has achieved the generally expected results. This
..
was manifested in the great raising of the
g level of class con-
sciousness of the workers and the continuous appearance of
inventions and creations among the
workers. Besides in
different enterprises education has s been carried out among
the workers on the development of
production. It is pointed
out that only by the development o
Y Y of production can the
strength of the working class be
increased.
g As instructed
by Lenin and Stalin the establishment of every new factor
Y y
is equal to the establishment of a
new fortress. It is pointed
out that only by the development of roduction can the
p liv-
ing standards of the working class and other working Peo-
pie be gradually raised. The
working masses are t
g aught
to understand the identity of the immediate and long-term
interests, the identity of the interests of the individual and of
the state, and the superiority
of socialist enterprises. As a
result the political level of the m
asses of workers has
been
raised. .
118
more widely and thoroughly Marxist
Evidently the
education is carried out the more rapidly will the conscious-
class be raised; and the more rapidly
ness of the working ,
the consciousness of the working class is raised, the more
will the road of our country to industrialization be secured.
This is an inevitable law.
But it must be pointed out that not all our comrades
can thoroughly and this law. That is to say, not all
understand
of our comrades thoroughly understand the great significance
of out Marxist education among the working class.
carrying Judging -wide scale the carrying out of educa-
tion in Marxism among nation working class is not yet balanced
the and penetrating. This is shown in the fact that in many
regions the tendencies of syndicalism and economism still
exist. Both these tendencies have a common feature, that
is both of them neglect the carrying out of the ideological education among the workers or dare not prop-
agate communism among the masses of workers. Both
these tendencies of syndicalism and economism are anti-
Marxist tendencies. Marx and Engels had endeavoured for
their whole life to arm the working-class movement with the
theory of scientific socialism so that the movement would
syndi-
calism detached froir. the control of bourgeois ideology of sy
calism or economism.
Lenin and Stalin have insisted on the thesis that the
movement of working class must be integrated with Marxist
They have
ideology-the ideology of scientific socialism. The~
to detach the work-
critically pointed out that all attempts
ing-class movement from Marxist ideology are, in practice,
leaden to accept the influence of bourgeois
n
g the working class t
Ideology.
Under the leadership of Comrade Mao Tse-tung, the
Communist Part following the directions of Marx,
Y of China, y armed our work-
Engels, Lenin and Stalin, has persistently
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CLOSING ADDRESS BY LIl1 CHANu-SHENG
mg class with the ever victorious Marxism and struggled
against all tendencies which neglect the carrying out of
political and ideological education among the working class.
~'
The . Chinese ~~orlcm~T class has shouldered and
great working
will shoulder the greatest historical tasks. We are armed
with the Marxist ideology and under the leadership of the
Communist Party; we are sure that our historical tasks will
be accomplished.
With the joint efforts and the close unity of the world's
working class headed by the working class of the Soviet
Union the sacred cause of Marxism will be victorious
throughout the world!
Long live the teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin!
Long live the unity of the working class and the labour-
ing people of the whole world, under the banner of Marxism!
Delegates Guests and Comrades:
The Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions is
now drawing to a victorious conclusion.
The Congress, held from May to 11, has heard reports
on trade union work in China, on the amendments to the
Constitution of the Trade Unions of the People's Republic
of China on the financial work of the trade unions of China
and on conditions in industry. After discussions at group
meetings and at plenary sessions, the Congress has adopted
resolutions of historical significance concerning the above-
mentioned reports. In these reports and resolutions, the
Congress has summed up the experience in the trade union
work in China during the past four years and has defined the
policy y and task of the trade unions of China during the period
of national planned economic construction. A new leading
organ of all the trade unions of China-the Seventh Execu-
tive Committee of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions-
has been elected at this Congress, which is a sign of the
unprecedented unity of the Chinese working class. vTe
believe that the Seventh Executive Committee of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions, under the leadership of
the Communist Party of China, will uphold and develop the
glorious traditions of China's trade unions, keep in close
contact with and whole-heartedlY serve the masses of work-
ers throughout the country, and correctly and thoroughly
Y~ Y carry out the resolutions of the Congress. We believe that
it will mobilize and organize the workers of the whole coun-
try for the successful accomplishment of the new historical
task of ensuring the fulfilment and over-fulfilment of the
121
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state economic construction plan of fighting for the indus-
trialization of our country and its gradual transition to
socialism. This is a great achievement of our Congress.
This eat achievement is inseparable from the intimate
concern and guidance of the great Communist Party of
China and Comrade Mao Tse-tung. The trade unions of
China will assured( further rally the broad masses of the
assuredly
ire around the Communist Part
workers of the entire country Y
of China and Comrade Mao Tse-tung, and march from vic-
tory under the banner of the great Mao Tse-tung.
Y to v
Our Congress has had the warm concern and support
of the Central People's Government and the people of the
are conscious of the fact that only
profoundly Y.
in a democracy led by the working class can the
people's
workin lass receive such great esteem from the state, and
g c
enjoy such a glorious and important position. At the same
time we are even more profoundly aware of our great re-
sponsibilities in the construction of our country. The trade
union organizations at different levels must hereafter further
strengthen education in patriotism among the workers of the
country. The trade unions must educate the workers to
observe state policies, laws and decrees and supervise their
implementation. The trade unions must in this way fulfil
their responsibilities in the period of national construction,
and play their role as the solid social pillar of the people's
democratic state power.
Our Congress has been honoured by the speeches of the
representatives of the Chinese People's Volunteers and the
peasants at the closing session and by messages of greet-
ings from people of various circles of the country. These
greetings represent the expectations and encouragement of
the people of the country towards the Chinese working class.
They manifest the firm unity between the workers, peasants
and people of various circles of the countrY. These greet-
122
have greatly inspired >~s and tremendously increased
ings
ou fulfilling the task of national
our courage and confidence: In
construction. The workers of China will forever maintain
and consolidate this, close alliance with the broad masses of
peasants, and unite more closely with the people of the coun
the People's Democratic Dicta-
try in order to consolidate -
torship. in ensuring the
P. This will be an invincible
and over-fulfilment of the tasks in the period of
fulfilment
national construction, and in consolidating and developing
the victor achieved by the Chinese people.
Y We feel because of the presence and
elated
especially
greetings of the delegation of the World Federation of Trade
of the delegations of the Soviet Trade Unions and
Unions,
the trade unions of the People's Democracies, as well as the
presence and greetings of the delegations of trade unions
from many other countries All these greetings manifest
the good wishes and support of the world working class for
the great peaceful construction undertaken by the Chinese
working Chinese people. They manifest the
class and the fervent desire of the world working class for peace and their
and
firm unity in the struggle for peace. These greetings
support class have further enhanced
from the world working
the confidence of the Chinese working class in the coristruc-
t'on of their Motherland and in the defence of world peace.
.i
The workers of China will develop to a high degree the spirit
of internationalism and patriotism. They will strive unceas
ingly the internal unity of the camp of peace,
to strengthen J
democracy socialism headed by the Soviet Union, streng-
then the close and unit peoples of the Soviet Union and
unity of the China and the unity of the world working class and all peace-
loving people; the Chinese workers will strive to defend the
unity of the international working-class movement and last-
ing ing peace in the Far East and in the world.
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11
Our Congress is a congress of unity, victory and' prog-
ress. Our forthcoming task is to translate the spirit and
resolutions of this Congress into practical action of thousands
upon thousands of workers in the different fields of work. We
believe that the Chinese working class, under the brilliant
leadership of the Communist Party of China and Comrade
Mao Tse-tung, working in common with the entire Chinese people and with the support and assistance of the labouring
people of the world, will certainly succeed in the great his-
torical task of fulfilling and over-fulfilling the national
economic elan, industrializing China and gradually advanc-
ing to socialism. Let us cheer the successful closing of the
Congress.
Long live the Chinese working class!
Long b live the great unity of the Chinese people!
Long live the great unity of the working class of the
~'
whole world!
Long live the Chinese Communist Party, the party of
the Chinese working class!
Long a live our great Comrade Mao Tse-tung!
APPENDIX
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^
CONSTITUTION OF THE TRADE UNIONS OF THE
PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA
Adopted by the Seventh All-China Congress of
Trade Unions, May 10, 1953
Preamble
The Chinese working s, under the leadership of the
class,
Communist Part and its great leader Comrade
Y of China a
Mao Tse-tung, protracted struggle in which it
has waged a established the closest alliance with the peasants, formed a
united front with all patriotic and democratic forces to fight
eut dalism and bureaucratic capitalism,
against imperialism, f
and consequently defeated the foreign imperialists and the
internal counter-revolutionaries thereby achieving great vie-
forY in the people's democratic revolution.
birth of the Chinese Communist Party-
It was after the
a working class itself-and under its
party of the Chinese direct leadership that the working-class movement of pres-
ent-day t
China progressed along the road to victory.
unions of China led b the Communist Part
The trade by Y
have rallied the broad masses of the workers around the Party
and have thus become transmission belts between the Party
and the masses. After the establishment of the people's
rshi the trade unions under the leadership
of the Party have become a school of administration, a schoo
of management and a school of communism for the workers.
The trade unions of China are mass organizations of all
manual and non-manual workers living entirely or mainly
127
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without distinc-
on their wages, formed on a voluntary basis
of nationality,
tion o
sex or religious beliefs. The People's Republic of China is a republic Y the
of the state and the com-
led b a the interests
mron interests working class. Hence,
tire people constitute the fundamental
interests of the working class. The trade Unions, on behalf of the worker
therefore take an active part in the
the state concerning pro-
s, should enactment of law decrees of
as the material and cultural life of the
duction, labour .s and ?~
out all the policies, law
as well firmly support and carry
workers,
and decrees of the People's Government, and serve as firm
social pillars of the people's
democratic dictatorship. The most important tasks of the trade
unions of China
during the period of national construction are to strengthen the unity o working class, to consolidate the alliance of
of the workers and peasants, to educate the workers to observe con.
state and labour dis-
trees of the
usl
cipline, y the laws and de ion for the con-
,
p
eiPline, to strive for the development of roduct
stant increase of labour p rod
uctivitY , for the fulfilment and ove on plans of the state, for speedy
of the roducti
r-fulfilment o production
indust}rialination of the country and for steady advancement
arils socialism. The trade Unions should constantly show
tow
and working con-
concern for the improvement of the living
ditions o pro-
duction, and, on the basis of developing pro
f the worker
material and
improve the
but actively
n, gradually i
cultural life of the workers.
In the state-owned enterprises, rkers are the mas?
ter the workers
should be the sacred duty of
s of the enterprises, and it 5 the A trade unions to
mobilize and organize the workers to
- ilfilment of the state produc-
tion the fulfilment and over it
plans.
to capital private
In enterprises jointly owned by state and riva an
d un the enterprises which regularly do processing work
de unions to
it duty of the trade
the state, it is the paramour
for
128
raise production and to supervise the implementation of con-
tracts.
tracts.
In although the workers are
privately-owned enterprises,
still subjected to exploitation, their political rights and legit-
imate economic interests are afforded effective protection by
law of the state and by the trade union organizations. There-
fore the trade unions in the privately-
owned re it is also the enterprises to duty of organs
th'ze and educate the workers to raise production and see to it that the capitalists are observ-
ing and decrees thus enabling these
g the government laws a
enterprises to play an active part in the national welfare and
livelihood under the leadership of the state-owned
people's
sector of national economy. This conforms with the funda-
mental interests of the working class.
The trade unions of China are organized along the in-
dustrial lines, based on democratic centralism. They must
take collective leadership, persuasion and education as main
methods of their work. They must show concern over the
interests of the masses, crystallize their views and promote
criticism and self-criticism. They must consistently pay at-
tention to the fight against bureaucracy and commandism
which se from the masses, and at the same time,
separate them f
constant) organization and discipline of the
Y improve the workers.
The trade unions of China must constantly educate the
workers in internationalism and actively l take part in the in-
ternational working-class movement. They must strive for
g-class
the unit of the movement and for the defence
unity and solidarity
of lasting Far East and throughout the world.
P peace in the
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Chapter I
Membership
Article 1
Membership in the trade unions shall be open to all
manual and non-manual workers, whose wages constitute
their sole or main means of living, and who accept the Con-
stitution of the Trade Unions.
Article 2
Admission to trade union membership is accepted only
when a personal application is made on a voluntary basis and
when such application has been accepted by a trade union
and approved b the basic committee or the worksho
group Y P
committee of the trade union concerned.
Article 3
Trade union members have the right:
a) To elect and to be elected;
(
b To make proposals and suggestions to the trade
union organizations for the improvement of trade
union work;
(c) To criticize at trade union meetings or in trade union
press any trade union functionaries;
,
(d) To enjoy priority in the various collective cultural
and welfare establishments conducted by the trade
unions.
Artick 4
Trade union members have the duty:
(a) To observe laws and decrees of the state and
() labour
discipline;
(b) To take good care of public property;
c) To assiduously engage themselves in political,
,
technical and cultural studies so as to
raise their
class consciousness and working ability;
130
d To observe. the trade union Constitution and
decisions and pay membership dues punctually.
Article 5
who breaches the Constitution
Any trade union member
of the Trade Unions, violates discipline or fails to pay mem-
bership dues for more than three months without reason, shall,
according to specific cases, be advised warned or publicly
warned, or expelled from the trade union.
Chapter II
Organizational Structure
Article 6
The trade unions of China are built along industrial lines
basis of democratic centralism.
and on the
The basic system is as follows:
a The leading bodies of the trade unions of all levels
are to be elected democratically from the bottom up
b and should submit reports on
by the membership, a
their work at regular intervals to the membership;
b The trade unions of all levels shall carry on their
with the Constitution and deci-
work in accordance
sions of the Trade Unions;
c The trade unions shall make decisions only by a
majority vote of the members present at the meeting;
d The lower trade union organizations shall obey the
higher trade union organizations.
Article 7
The organizational principle of industrial unions is as follows. All trade
union members in the same enterprise or
institution are organized in one single basic organization; all trade union members in the
same industrial branch of the
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national economy are organized in the same national indus-
trial union.
Article 8
The trade union councils of provincial city, county or
town level are the joint leading bodies of the local trade union
organizations and the industrial unions in the given province,
city, county or town.
Article 9
The supreme authority of the trade unions of different levels is the general meeting of trade union members or the
meeting their representatives (for basic organizations) , the
of heir re
o P
congresses (for trade union organizations of provincial, city, count or town level), and the All-China Congress of Trade
Unions (for the whole country).
The general membership meetings and congresses shall
elect the trade union committees of the various levels-the
workshop committee, basic committee, county committee, city
committee, provincial committee, national committee and the
Executive Committee of the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions. The above committees are the executive bodies of
the trade unions of various levels and are held responsible
for directing the day-to-day work of the various trade unions
concerned.
New elections of a trade union may be advanced on the
suggestion of more than one-third of its membership and
with the approval of a higher trade union body.
Article 10
The trade union committees of all levels in the intervals
between congresses may hold representative conferences to
sum up and exchange experiences in work.
Article 11
The trade union committees of all levels may set up
various departments or permanent working committees ac-
cording to the needs of work.
132
Chapter III
The Supreme Leading Body of the Trade Unions in the Country
Article 12
The supreme leading body of the trade unions in the People's Republic of China is the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
Article 13
The supreme authority f the trade unions of the People's
o
.
Republic of China is the All-China Congress of Trade Unions, which has the power:
(a) To hear and approve the reports made by the Execu-
tive Committee and the Auditing Commission of the
All-China Federation of Trade Unions;
b To define the policies and tasks of the trade unions
throughout the country and hear the reports of the economic and cultural agencies of the Central Peo-
ple's Government, so as to devise measures to
guarantee the fulfilment and over-fulfilment of the
economic plans of the state;
(c) To amend and approve the Constitution of the Trade
Unions of the People's Republic of China;
d To define the tasks of the trade unions of China in
the international working-class movement;
the Executive Committee and the Auditing
e To elect
Commission of the All-China Federation of Trade
Unions.
Article 14
The All-China Congress of Trade Unions shall be con-
vened every four years by the Executive Committee of the
All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
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Article 15
embers and alternate members of the Executive
The m
. of the All-China
Committee and the Auditing Commission
Federation of Trade Unions shall be elected in accordance
with the number of members determined by the All-China
Congress of Trade Unions.
Article 16
between All-China Congresses of Trade
In the intervals
Unions, the Executive Committee of the All-China Federation
of Trade Unions is responsible for the thorough implementa-
and for the direction of
tion of the decisions of the Congress
the trade union work throughout the country.
.
Article 17
The Executive Committee of the All-China Federation of
plenary
Trade Unions shall elect at its y session a Presidium
the Executive Committee is not in
and a Secretariat. When
session the Presidium is the supreme leading body of the
trade unions throughout the country, and is responsible for carrying out the decisions of the All-China Congress of Trade Unions and of the plenary session of the Executive Com-
mittee and directing all trade union work all over the coun-
try. The Secretariat attends to the routine trade union work
throughout the country h
under the guidance of the Presidium. Article 18
The auditing commissions of different levels are respon-
sible for the examination of the financial matters of the trade
unions of the corresponding levels.
Article 19
The highest leading body of each industrial union is its
national committee. The supreme authority of an industrial
union is its national congress, which shall be convened every
three. Years by the national committee of the industrial union
concerned. .
Article 21
The Ail-China Federation of Trade Unions may set up
branch offices or working committees in the various adminis-
trative areas. Their function is to direct on behalf of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions, the work of the provincial
and city trade union councils and the local industrial unions.
joint
The provincial and city trade union councils are the J
.
leading bodies of the local trade anion organizations and in-
dustrial unions in their respective provinces and cities.
The provincial and city councils may, according to the
reeds of work, set up branch offices in the special regions and
,
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134
its functions are:
a) To hear and approve reports made by the national
committee and auditing commission of the industrial
union;
b) To hear reports of the related authorities of the Cen-
tral People's Government, and define the policies
tasks of the industrial union;
and
c To amend and approve the regulations of the in-
dustrial union;
d To elect the national committee and the auditing
commission.
Article 20
national congresses of an
the intervals between the
In
tee is responsible for the
1 union, its national commit
industria
carrying out of the decisions of its congress and of the All-
China Federation of Trade Unions and elects a presidium or
standing committee to direct the routine work.
Chapter IV
Local Trade Union Organizations
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examine local trade union
urban districts to supervise and
work.
Article 22
The committees of the provincial and city trade union
councils shall be elected by their respective provincial and
city trade union congresses.
The provincial, city y and mining area committees cf in-
dustrial unions shall be elected by the provincial, city and
mining area congresses of the respective industries.
Article 23
The supreme authority of the provincial and city trade
union councils as well as the provincial, city and mining
area committees of industrial unions is their respective con-
gresses which shall hear reports on the activities of the trade
union committees and auditing commissions of their cor-
responding levels, define the immediate tasks and elect the
trade union committees and the auditing commissions.
Congresses of the provincial trade union councils as
well as the trade union councils of those cities under the direct
jurisdiction of the Central People's Government, and provin-
cial congresses of industrial unions shall be convened every
two years by the trade union committees of the corresponding
levels.
Congresses of trade union councils of those cities under
the jurisdiction of the province and congresses of industrial
unions in cities and mining areas shall be convened every
year by the respective committees.
Article 24
In the intervals between respective congresses, the corn-
.
mittees of provincial and city trade union councils and the
,
provincial, city and mining area committees of the industrial
unions are responsible for the thorough implementation of
the decisions of the congresses and for the direction of the
activities of their subordinate trade union organizations, in
with the decisions and directives of the higher
accordance
trade unions. .
Article 25
The committees of provincial and city trade union coun-
cils and the provincial, city and mining area committees of
.
industrial one chairman, several vice-
chairmen and members to forma standing committee for
guiding the routine work.
Article 26
Trade unions of county and town levels shall be organized
union councils on the basis
by the respective provincial trade
b
of the organizational rules of the provincial and city grade
union councils, and in accordance with the local concrete
conditions and needs.
Chapter V
Basic Trade Union Organizations
Article 27
The bash ? trade union organizations arc the foundation
or the trade unions. They are formed by the trade union
ablishment. In an
members in the same enterprise or est
enterprise or establishment with 25 trade union members or
more a committee may be set up. In the case of less than
25 trade union members, a trade union group may be set up
and anorganizer elected. In the case of less than three trade
union membets they may join the nearest basic trade union
, organization of the related industry or trade or set up a
joint group.
Article 28
membership 'ng or the meeting of rep-
resentatives The general meets
establishment is the supreme
resentatives man' enterprise or
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authority of a basic trade union organization. The general
membership meeting or the meeting of representatives shall
be convened every Year or half a year. Its functions are: to
hear and approve reports on the activities of the basic trade
union committee and auditing commission, to hear report on
the activities of the administration of the enterprise or estab-
lishment, to define the tasks and concrete programme of
work of the basic trade union committee and to elect the
basic trade union committee and auditing commission.
Article 29
Each basic trade union committee shall elect a chairman
and several vice-chairmen> and establish permanent or tem-
porary working committees according to the needs of work.
Article 30
The tasks of the basic trade union organizations are:
a To organize all the workers technical personnel and
staff members in labour emulation drives, to streng-
then labour discipline, and to guarantee the fulfil
ment and over-fulfilment of the production plan of
the state;
b To show constant concern over the improvement of
the material and cultural life, and the working con-
ditions of the entire body of workers, technical per-
sonnel and staff members; to help and supervise the
managements or the capitalists in the thorough
carrying out of the laws and decrees of the People's
Government concerning labour protection and
labour insurance;
(c To organize cultural, political and technical studies,
as well as cultural and sport activities for all work-
ers, technical personnel and staff members;
(d) To admit new trade union members, collect trade
union dues and report regularly to higher trade union
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organizations and the membership about its activi-
ties and financial conditions.
Article 31
The basic trade union committee may seta workshop
(dePartment committees to lead trade union activities in the
workshops (dePartments , Each workshop (department)
committee shall elect a chairman and several vice-chairmen
in case of big workshoPs and may establish such permanent
or temporary working committees if required.
Article 32
Under the basic trade union committee or workshop
(dePartment committee, trade union groups may be formed
according to production units or office units. A trade union
group shall elect a group leader and if necessary, also a
deputy leader, a labour protection inspector, a labour insur-
ance steward and cultural and educational functionaries to
assist the group leader.
Chapter VI
Funds
Article 33
Sources of trade union funds:
a Admission fees of new members. A new member
is to pay an admission fee 1 Per cent of his total
wage of the month previous to his admission;
b Membership dues. Each member is to pay reg-
ularly I Per cent of his monthly wage as member-
ship dues;
(c) Proceeds from cultural and sport activities spon-
sored by the trade unions;
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managements or capitalists of
b
d Allocations by the
union funds in accordance with
enterprises as trade
the Trade Union Law.
Article 34
their funds in
s of all levels
The trade union shall spend
higher trade
b y their
accordance with estimates approved
union organizations and the financial and accounting sys-
up by the All-China Federation of Trade Unions.
tems set
The report at regular intervals to the membership
Y should aril to the organizations on their financial
higher trade union accounts. The report on financial accounts is to be examined
chairman of the auditing commission.
and signed by the
Article 35
The systems of finance and budget and
accounts of the trade unions shall be fixed separately by the All-China
Federation n of Trade Unions.
Chapter VII
Appendices
Article 36
This Constitution shall come into effect after being
adopted by the Seventh All-China Congress of Trade Unions
and the right of interpretation of the Constitution rests with
the Executive Committee of the All-China Federation of
Trade Unions.
Article 37
Should there be any imperfection in the Constitution, the
right of revision rests with the All-China Congress of Trade
Unions.
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Article 38
The industrial trade unions may formulate their own
rules according to the specific conditions of their industries,
but such rules shall not contradict the present Constitution.
Article 39
Regulations erning the organization of trade union
governing
councils for handicraft workers will be formulated separately.
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