STANDARD LOGOGRAPHS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81-00770R000100040026-8
• Release Decision: RIFPUB
• Original Classification: U
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: December 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 26
• Content Type: REPORT

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STANDARD LOGOGRAPHS
Foreign Broadcast Information Service
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CONTENTS
A.
B.
GENERAL A-1 and. A-2
OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
1.
General
B-1
2.
Voicecasts for foreign audiences
B-2
3.
Vbicecasts for vaguely-defined foreign audiences
B-3
4.
Exceptional logographs for international voicecasts
B-4
5.
Telecasts for foreign audiences
B-5
6.
Telecasts on international networks
B-6
7.
Vbicecasts for domestic audiences
B-7
8.
Exceptional logographs for domestic services
B-8
9.
Press Agency voicecasts for domestic audiences
B-9
10.
Telecasts for domestic audiences
B-10
C.
SEMIOFFICIAL AND PRIVATE BROADCASTS
1.
General
C-1
2.
Directed voicecasts
C-2
3.
"Clandestine" voicecasts
C-3
4.
Exceptional logographs for semiofficial broadcasts
c-4
5.
Voicecasts and telecasts on private networks
C-5
D.
PRESSCASTS
1.
General
D-1
2.
Interagency transmissions
D-2
3.
Correspondent' Dispatches
D-3
4.
Clandestine presscaats
D-4
E.
BRIEF LOGOGRAMS
E -1
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A. GENERAL
a. Logographs identify the sources of monitored material. TO make
editorial copy more meaningful to readers, logographs should answer three
questions:
Who was responsible for the statements made in the broadcast
or presscast? (Logographs answer this implicitly, by naming
the city of origin, and/or explicitly, by naming the broad-
caster or press agency.)
For whom was the broadcast or presscast intended? (Logographs
answer this by stating which language was used and, often, by
indicating the target area or recipients.)
When was the material transmitted? (See paragraphs d and e.)
b. To assist the reader further, logographs distinguish telecasts from
voicecasts, presscasts from broadcasts, clandestine services from regular
ones, correspondents' dispatches from regular presscasts, and private net-
work broadcasts fromiptivate local broadcasts.
c. FBIS monitors the output of many broadcasters and press agencies,
each of which organizes its transmissions in a different way. The monitoring
operation itself is widespread. These diversities tend to cause differences
between logographs which should be similar.
To avoid such differences and to insure that each logograph contains
just those elements which enhance the understanding of the material by the
reader, FBIS has set up standardized procedures for logograph formulation.
These procedures are outlined in the pages which follow.
d. Each logograph includes a time, date, and bureau indicator in addition
to the elements shown herein. The example:
London General Overseas Service in English
is understood to stand for:
London General Overseas Service in English 0000 GMT 6 June 1964--E
or elsimilar logograph in actual copy.
e. The time shown for broadcasts is the nominal starting time of the
program containing the material. For presscasts the time shown is approx-
imately that at which the item was actually transmitted. Substitution of
10001 GMT" when "0000 GMT" is intended is not authorized.
It is essential that the date reflect Greenwich reckoning instead
of that of the monitoring bureau.
(continued) A-1
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A. GENERAL (continued)
f. The city at the beginning of logographs is the nominal regular
origination point of the broadcast or presscast. (For broadcasts this is
the studio location.) The origination point may be a long distance from the
site of the transmitter actually monitored.
When necessary for clarity, the name of the city may be followed by
the name of the country, colony, or region in which it is located. Examples:
TUmbes Peru Domestic Service in Spanish
Petropavlovsk Kazakhstan Domestic Service in Russian
Santiago Chile Radio Corporacion Network in Spanish
Jerusalem Israel Domestic Service in English
g. Each logograph has an alternate form for use in editorial briefs.
Brief forms are described in part E.
Ii. Logograph spelling, punctuation and capitalization rules derive from
Editorial Branch style.
i. Field editors are encouraged to include additional information about
the broadcast or presscast in stiblogographs when such explanations enhance
understanding of the monitored material.
j. Logograph formulation problems not covered in this pamphlet should
be brought to the attention of the Field Operations Staff.
A-2
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
1. General
a. Official broadcasts are those voice or television services which
have program production under the acknowledged control of one of the
following:
--the chief broadcasting component of a government;
--a quasigovernmental or semigovernmental corporation or institute;
--a governmental press agency.
(In all cases the ownership of the transmitters used is irrelevant.) Offi-
cial broadcasts may be presumed to be in harmony with the basic policies of
the government as a whole. Not all governmental broadcasts are official:
the exceptions are considered in part C.
b. Certain private stations (particularly in Latin America) devote part
of their broadcast time (regularly or in emergencies) to the transmission
of official programs. At such times the stations lose their private character
and the logographs are changed accordingly.
c. Logographs for official broadcasts distinguish between:
--services for domestic audiences and those for foreign audiences
(a program for both generally is considered to be a domestic service);
--services controlled by press agencies and those controlled by
other official broadcasters;
--radio programs and television programs.
On the other band, logographs make no distinction between frequency
modulation and amplitude modulation broadcasts.
B-1
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
2. Voicecasts for foreign audiences
a. Official broadcasts for listeners outside the country of origin as
a rule take logographs in the form:
in to
Studio Language Target
Examples:
Moscow in Swahili to East Africa
Peking in Burmese to Burma
Paris in French to Indochina
Hilversum in Dutch to the Netherlands West Indies
Tokyo in Japanese to Australia and New Zealand
Cairo in French to Europe
b. Targets should be chosen so as to reflect best the broadcaster's
probable intent. A distinction should be made between the physical beaming
of a transmission (determined by the availability of antennas) and the target
(where the intended listeners live). For many broadcasts these are not the
same. For example, a transmission for Europe in several languages may include
a period in Spanish. The logograph should read "...in Spanish to Spain" not
"...in Spanish to Europe". Similarly, a logograph should read "in Burmese to
Burma" not "in Burmese to Southeast Asia". Generally, when two interpretations
of the target area, one broad and one narrow, are available, the narrow one
will be used.
c. On the other hand, it is correct for logographs to read "... in French
to Europe", "...in English to Africa", "...in Cantonese to Southeast Asia",
"...in Armenian to Europe", etc., when a language is widely spoken, or when a
station is broadcasting to compatriots abroad.
d. Logographs for programs broadcast simultaneously to two separate
targets (e.g., the United Kingdom and North America) should reflect both of
them. When an enumeration of targets would make a logograph too complicated,
the targets may be abbreviated or recourse maybe made to the procedure
detailed in section 3 of this part.
e. The target may be either a political or a geographical area, which-
ever is appropriate.
f. The designation of a country, rather than one of its regions, as a
target for international broadcasts is preferable (e.g., "...in Slovak to
Czechoslovakia" instead of "...in Slovak to Slovakia".)
g. The beaming of aprogram may serve as a guide to the intended target
in the absence of other information.
B-2
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B.
OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
3. Vbicecasts for vaguely defined foreign audiences
a. Alternate logograph forms are available for instances in which it
is not practical or not desirable to designate a specific target area:
Studio
Studio
Studio
International Service in
Overseas Service in
language
language
General Overseas Service in
External Service in
Studio Language
Examples:
Language
London General Overseas Service in English
Melbourne Overseas Service in English
Bern Overseas Service in Portuguese
Cologne International Service in German
Lisbon Overseas Service in Portuguese
Ankara External Service in Turkish
b. These forms may be used When
a program is broadcast simultaneously
When a program is diffused vaguely to
when a broadcaster is known to repeat
to several target areas.
the specific target is not known, when
to several broadly separated areas,
any interested listeners abroad, or
programming in successive transmissions
c. The choice of International, Overseas, General Overseas, or External
Service designations will depend on the broadcaster's own usage. In the
absence of such an announcement, International Service will be used in the
logograph.
d. Use of European Service, Latin American Service, and similar area
designations in logographs is not authorized.
B-3
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
4. Exceptional logographs for international voicecasts
a. Programs which originate in one country but are broadcast only on
transmitters in a second country are given logographs in the form:
via
in to
Studio Retransmission studio Language Target
Examples:
Moscow via Bratislava in Slovak to Czechoslovakia
Peking via Moscow in Russian to the USSR
b. Logographs for official voicecasts controlled by press agencies and
intended for foreign audiences are in the forms:
Voicecast in to
Studio AGENCY Language Target
Dictation in to
Studio AGENCY Language Target
Example:
Peking CHINA PRESS AGENCY Dictation in Mandarin to Overseas Chinese
c. Dictation speed programs controlled by regular broadcasters and
intended for foreign audiences take logographs in the form:
Dictation in to
Studio Target
Example:
Karachi Dictation in English to the Near and Middle East
d. A special logograph is used for broadcasts from the Chinese People's
Liberation Army Fukien Front Broadcasting Station:
Palen Front Station in to Quemoy
language
B-4
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
5. Telecasts for foreign audiences
Official television broadcasts transmitted directly across an inter-
national boundary without relays in the target country are given logographs
in the form:
Television in to
Studio Language Target
Examples:
Tallinn Television in Finnish to Finland
Bratislava Television in German to Austria
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
6. Telecasts on international networks
Certain television programs in Europe and North America are transmitted
over international networks. In many cases the version given in a particular
country may comprise two separate broadcasts: a video component controlled
by one broadcaster and an audio component controlled by another. Whenever a
telecast originating in one country is monitored from a station in a second
country it is necessary that logographs specify the network from which coverage
was actually taken.
At this stage in the development of television it is not possible to lay
down a general rule for this situation, but the following will take care of
current coverage possibilities.
For international network telecasts originating in East Europe
Intervision via in
Studio See Examples Langtage
Examples:
Moscow Intervision via Czechoslovak Network in Czech and Slovak
Moscow Intervision via Slovak Network in Slovak
Warsaw Intervision via East German Network in German
Budapest Intervision via West German Network in German
Prague Intervision via BBC Network in English
East Berlin Intervision via ITA Network in English
Helsinki Intervision via Hungarian Network in Hungarian
For international network telecasts originating in West Europe
Eurovision via in
Studio See Examples Language
Examples:
Vatican City Eurovision via West German Network in German
Paris Eurovision via Austrian Network in German
Brussels Eurovision via BBC Network in English
Copenhagen Eurovision via ITA Network in English
Rome Eurovision via Czechoslovak Network in Czech
Monte Carlo Eurovision via East German Network in German
Helsinki Eurovision via French Network in French
B-6
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
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7. Voicecasts for domestic audiences
a. Domestic services are official broadcasts intended for audiences
within the country or colony in which they originate. As a rule, logographs
for domestic services are in the form:
Domestic Service in
Studio Language
Examples:
Paris Domestic Service in French
Shanghai Domestic Service in Mandarin
Sofia Domestic Service in Turkish
b. Frequency modulation services take the same logographs as equivalent
amplitude modulation services.
c. Domestic services which are transmitted also to audiences abroad will
as a rule take domestic service logographs.
d. Domestic services include:
--home services (official broadcasts originating in the chief broad-
casting city using a major national language and intended for an entire country
or colony);
--regional services (official broadcasts serving a part of a country);
--minority services (official broadcasts serving an ethnic minority
usually with a minority language), and
--miscellaneous services (such as national programs originating
elsewhere than the chief broadcasting city).
(The chief broadcasting city is usually the capital, but there are
exceptions such as New York, Montreal, Johannesburg, Hilversum, Cologne, and
Melbourne.)
B-7
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
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8. Exceptional logographs for domestic services
a. A special procedure is required to distinguish the Moscow ()blast
regional service from the Moscow home or Soviet Asian services. To the
regular logograph:
Moscow Domestic Service in Russian
add the sUblogograph:
(Oblast Service)
b. An exceptional logograph is used for "Deutschlandsender" broad-
casts:
East Berlin Deutschlandsender in German to Germany
B-8
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
9. Press agency voicecasts for domestic audiences
Logographs for voicecasts controlled by official press agencies and
intended for domestic audiences take logographs in the forms:
Domestic Service in
Studio AGENCY Language
Domestic Service Dictation in
Studio AGENCY Language
Examples:
? Moscow TABS Domestic Service Dictation in Russian
Peking BCNA Domestic Service Dictation in Mandarin
Warsaw PAP Domestic Service in Polish
Hanoi VNA Domestic Service Dictation in Vietnamese
Brasilia AGENCIA NACIONAL Domestic Service in Portuguese
B-9
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B. OFFICIAL BROADCASTS
10. Telecasts for domestic audiences
Official domestic television services take logographs in the form:
Domestic Television Service in
Studio
Examples:
Language
Hamburg Domestic Television Service in German
East Berlin Domestic Television Service in German
Tokyo Domestic Television Service in Japanese
Note that the studio city reflects the origination point of the program
instead of the location of the transmitter from which it was monitored.
B-10
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C. SEMIOFFICIAL AND PRIVATE BROADCASTS
1. General
a. This category embraces all those voice and television programs
controlled by organizations 'which cannot be said to represent openly the
policy of a government as a whole.
b. Semiofficial broadcasts include those controlled by governmental
factions or components not specializing in broadcasting or news dissemination
(army, police, Ministry of Education, etc.) and those the control of which
is not acknowledged by the government.
c. Private broadcasts are those ostensibly controlled by commercial,
religious, educational, or philanthropic organizations or by dissident or
rebellious groups.
d. Logographs for both semiofficial and private broadcasts are generally
in the form:
in
Studio Broadcaster Language
Examples:
Rio de Janeiro Ministerio da Educacao in Portuguese
Bangkok Military Intelligence Station in Thai
Taipei Voice of Air Force in Mandarin (for broadcasts to Taiwan)
Manila Voice of National Defense in English
Tokyo Asahi Radio in Japanese
Caracas Ondas Populares in Spanish
Iquique Chile Radio Esmeralda in Spanish
e. The name of the broadcaster may be abbreviated to its essential
elements if it is too long. It may be translated into English if it is not
easily recognizable by English-speaking readers. (Sluglines in Program
Schedules of Foreign Broadcasting Stations take these factors into account
and may be used in the absence of other authority.)
f. Broadcasters are the entities which (nominAlly or in reality) have
day-to-day responsibility for the implementation of program policy. Commonly
(but not necessarily) a broadcaster is associated with a particular group
of transmitters and is identified by the announced station name. Some trans-
mitters, however, are used for the programs of more than one broadcaster,
particularly when involved in relay or network operations. It is necessary
that logographs designate the broadcaster responsible for the program in
question.
g. A broadcasting organization may have studios in several cities.
Each is regarded as a separate broadcaster when it originates programs.
C-1
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C. SEMIOFFICIAL AND PRIVATE BROADCASTS
2. Directed voicecasts
a. Semiofficial and private broadcasters usually transmit to any
interested listeners within range and no target can or should be ascribed
to their regular programs. When they depart from this routine, however,
and address special programs to an area different from their normal service
area (in particular, a specific foreign target or a remote troublesome
province), it may be necessary to state the target in the logograph in order
to insure complete understanding of the item.
b. In some countries the official broadcaster sets up a special program
for foreign listeners which states properly its point of origin but announces
as if it were a separate broadcaster. Usually this is done to disclaim
responsibility for program material. For such programs, which are treated as
semiofficial broadcasts, logographs should state target areas.
c. Logographs for directed voicecasts from semiofficial and private
broadcasters are in the form:
in to
Studio Broadcaster Language Target
Examples:
New York World Wide Broadcasting System in Spanish to Cuba
Caracas Radio Rumbos in Spanish to Cuba
Quito Voz de los Andes in Russian to the USSR
Cairo Voice of the Arabs in Arabic to the Arab World
East Berlin Radio Peyk-e Iran in Persian to Iran
Taipei Voice of Air Force in Mandarin to China Mainland
Swan Island Radio Swan in Cantonese to Cuba
C-2
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C. SEMIOFFICIAL AND PRIVATE BROADCASTS
3. "Clandestine" voicecasts
a. Most of the so-called clandestine broadcasts are actually inter-
national services which do not announce their true operating locations. In
many cases their locations are obvious. Besides evading responsibility for
program content such a broadcaster is able to enhance the prestige of
sympathetic dissident or rebellious groups in the target country.
The true clandestine station--a fugitive operation in the territory
of a hostile government--is extremely rare and shortlived.
b. Logographs for clandestine stations are in the form:
(Clandestine) in to
Broadcaster Language Target
Examples:
Oggi in Italia (Clandestine) in Italian to Italy
Radio Espana Independiente (Clandestine) in Spanish to Spain
Our Radio (Clandestine) in Turkish to Turkey
Radio Pathet Lao (Clandestine) in Lao to Laos
Voz de la Libertad (Clandestine) in Spanish to the Dominican
Republic
c. The name of the broadcaster may be given in English or in the original
language, although the latter is preferable when practical. The name may be
abbreviated but should include some of the wording of the announcement or its
translation.
d. Newspapers sometimes print distorted versions of the names of clandes-
tine broadcasters. These versions may gain wide currency but should be avoided
in the formulation of logographs.
e. When it is not possible to give the name of the broadcaster, substitute
a description of the editorial line (Anti-Khrushchev, Pro-Tibetan, etc.)
C-3
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C. SEMIOFFICIAL AND PRIVATE BROADCASTS
4. Exceptional logographs for semiofficial broadcasts
a. A special logograph is used for broadcasts from "Radio Volga":
Radio Volga via East Berlin in to Soviet Forces
Language
b. Special logographs are used for broadcasts from the "Voice of the
Soviet Homeland":
Voice of the Soviet Homeland in to West Europe
Language
Voice of the Soviet Homeland in to North America
Language
C-4
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C. SEMIOFFICIAL AND PRIVATE BROADCASTS
5. Voicecasts and telecasts on private networks
t^P/Z/VATir
a. When two or morelvoice or television broadcasters join to transmit
a program simultaneously they lose their individual identities and assume
the identity of the network. The network is considered to be a separate
broadcaster even when its program Ole, personnel, and tephnical facilities
are indistinguishable from those of its key station.
b. When a station changes from local to network programming, that change
is shown in logographs by substituting the name of the network for that of the
local broadcaster. If the name of the network does not include the words "Net-
work", "Reseau", "Chaine", "Cadena", "Red", or "Circuito", then the word "Net-
work" is inserted after the network name.
c. Logographs for broadcasts from private networks are in the forms:
Network in
Studio Broadcaster Language
Television Network in
Studio Broadcaster Language
Examples:
Panama City Circuito RPC in Spanish
Bogota Caracol Network in Spanish
Havana Cadena Oriental in Spanish
Mexico City Telesistema Mexicana Television Network in Spanish
Havana Television Revolucion Network in Spanish
d. When the individual stations separate for local programming the
network is dissolved and logographs revert to the orAinary form.
e. Studios listed in logographs show the origination points of programs,
not the locations of transmitters on which they are monitored.
C-5
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.D. PRESSCASTS
1. General
? a. Material which press agencies transmit on morsel hellschreiber, or
radioteletype generally is given logographs in the form:
in to
City AGENCY language Destination
Examples:
Moscow TASS in English to Europe
Brasilia AGENCIA NACIONAL in Portuguese to Brazil
b. Recognized abbreviations maybe used for the names of agencies.
C. Names of press agencies are rendered in capital letters.
d. The term press agencies as used herein refers to news agencies,
information services, newspapersi and magazines which use radio circuits for
the transmission of editorial material.
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(?)
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D. PRESSCASTS
2. Interagency transmissions
a. Press transmissions fram one agency to another take logographs in
the form:
in to
City AGENCY Language AGENCY City
Example:
Hanoi VNA in Vietnamese to NCNA Peking
b. Interagency transmissions may be inserted among items in a regular
presscast or included with other traffic in a common-carrier circuit. In
each case each dispatch requires special attention to insure that its logo-
graph correctly reflects its origin and destination.
D-2
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D. PRESSCASTS
3. Correspondent' dispatches
a. Regular presscasts from a main or branch office of a press agency
reflect the policy of that agency. Dispatches from a correspondent to his
agency, however, may reflect his own attitudes or local pressures upon him.
A special logograph form is used to identify correspondents' dispatches:
Correspondent's Dispatch in to
Filing Point Language AGENCY City
Examples:
Peking Correspondent's Dispatch in Spanish to PRENSA LATINA
Havana
Montevideo Correspondent's Dispatch in Russian to TASS Moscow
Taipei Correspondent's Dispatch in Japanese to NIPPON TIMES Tokyo
b. Correspondents' dispatches may be inserted among items in a regular
presscast or included with other traffic in a common-carrier circuit. In
either ease each dispatch requires special attention to insure that its
logograph correctly reflects its origin and destination.
c. A dispatch may be relayed through several radio circuits and inter-
cepted on any one of them. The identity of the circuit itself, the location
of its transmitter, and the location of its contact station are of no concern
in the formulation of logographs. Logographs show the point at which the
dispatch is filed and the identity of its ultimate addressee.
d. The filing point of the dispatch need not correspond with the date-
line of the item. Press material transmitted from a branch office of a press
agency to a main office or to a regional office at a higher level is regarded
as a correspondent's dispatch since it is subject to editorial review at a
higher level.
D-3
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2013/12/12 : CIA-RDP81-00770R000100040026-8
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2013/12/12 : CIA-RDP,81-00770R000100040026-8
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
D. PRESSCASTS
4. Clandestine presscasts
Logographs for clandestine presscasts are in the form:
(Clandestine) in to
AGENCY
Example:
Language Destination
LIBERATION PRESS AGENCY (Clandestine) in Vietnamese to South
Vietnam
D-4
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2013/12/12 : CIA-RDP81-00770R000100040026-8
Of
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2013/12/12 : CIA-RDP81-00770R000100040026-8
E. BRIEF LOGOGRAPHS
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Each logograph has an alternate form which is used in editorial briefs.
The brief form, which is enclosed in parentheses, is the same as the regular
form except that prepositions and the word "Service" are struck out.
Examples:
Melbourne Overseas Service in English
BRIEF FORM: (Melbourne Overseas English)
Moscow in English to Eastern North America
BRIEF FORM: (Moscow English Eastern North America)
Brussels Domestic Service in French
BRitt FORM: (Brussels Damestic French)
Peking NCNA in English to Europe
BRIEF FORM: (Peking NCNA English Europe)
Havana Correspondent's Dispatch in English to TASS Moscow
BRIEF FORM: (Havana Correspondent's Dispatch English TABS
Moscow)
Caracas Ondas Populares in Spanish
BRIE' FORM: (Caracas Ondas Populares Spanish)
Oggi in Italia (Clandestine) in Italian to Italy
BRIEF FORM: (Oggi in Italia/Clandestine/Italian Italy)
E-1
OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Declassified and Approved For Release @50-Yr 2013/12/12 : CIA-RDP81-00770R000100040026-8