SHARING THE PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY IN THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T01137A000200030040-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 9
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 25, 2010
• Sequence Number: 40
• Publication Date: January 19, 1970
• Content Type: MISC

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`1IIE 01FF1C'1AL WE LIX RECORD OF UNITED STATES FOREIGiN POL CY
J:j
Vol. LXII, No. 1595
UNITED NATIONS CALLS FOR MEASURES AGAINST AIRCRAF'T' HIJACKING
Statement by 6'ongr?essman Fascell and Text of Resolution 69
For index see inside back cover
January 19, 1970
A CONVERSATION WITH WILLIAM ROGERS
Transcn?ipt of CBS Television Interview 53
SHARING THE PRACTICAL BENEFITS OF NEW TECHNOLOGY
IN THE PEACEFUL USES OF OUTER SPACE
U.S. Statements and Text of Resolution 63
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INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS AND CONFERENCES
Sharing the Practical Benefits of New Technology
in the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space
Following are statements made in Committee
I (Political and Security) of the U.N. General
Assembly on December 10 by U.S. Representa-
tive William B. Buffum and on December 11 by
Peter S. Thacher, Counselor, Disarmament,
Science, and Technology, U.S. Mission to the
United Nations, together with the text of a reso-
lution adopted by the General Assembly on
December 16.
STATEMENT BY AMBASSADOR BUFFUM,
DECEMBER 10
U.S./U.N. press release 198 dated December 10
- This has been a year of achievement in the
exploration of outer space. But such technical
accomplishments as the Apollo 11 and 12 lunar
landings and the televising of the surface of
Mars are not the only successes to which one
should look. There are other peaceful uses of
space which offer the promise of practical re-
turns for the development of our societies. I am
referring in particular, Mr. Chairman, to the
still-experimental earth resources satellite pro-
gram which the United States is currently
exploring. Indeed, President Nixon used this
program to illustrate his declaration to the Gen-
eral Assembly that the United States would
share the benefits as well as the adventures of
space.' The President, you may recall, pledged
that our earth resources satellite program, as it
proceeds and fulfills its promise, "will be dedi-
cated to produce information not only for
the United States but also for the world
community."
I For text of President Nixon's address on Sept. 18,
1969, see BULLETIN of Oct. 6, 1969, p. 297.
January 19, 1970
For a number of years we have been exploring
the potential of various remote sensing tech-
niques for such practical uses as aiding in identi-
fying areas of crop diseases, locating mineral
deposits, and surveying forests, rangelands,
vegetation, soils, river basins, and ground water.
We have analyzed the data obtained from our
meteorological and advanced technology satel-
lites for the information they provide on snow
cover, ice floes, and ocean currents. We have
studied the color photographs taken during the
Gemini and Apollo flights for the broad range
of data they contain, and we continue to publish
the results. We have undertaken basic research
in the development of sensors and data-handling
systems. In this connection we have conducted
an aircraft program to test sensors over care-
fully selected resources test sites to determine
the characteristic responses of significant sur-
face phenomena and to determine which ob-
servational techniques are most suitable for
space application and which are best adapted to
surveys by aircraft.
The purpose of the experimental earth re-
sources satellite program will be to determine
the desirability and configuration of an opera-
tional space-based earth resources survey system
and the problems associated with handling data
from such a system. We are now defining the
specific experimental objectives and character
of the first two earth resources technology satel-
lites, the first of which we hope to be able to
launch sometime in 1972.
Our earth resources technology satellite pro-
gram will mark the first attempt to obtain earth
resources data through telemetry. In testing the
capabilities of this first earth resources technol-
ogy satellite, we will concentrate primarily on
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test sites in the United States about which a
considerable body of ground truth- data and
knowledge is being acquired. We will make this
data available and the test sites open to the
world scientific community. This will help us
to consider together our common interests in
developing these survey techniques.
Cooperative Programs Already Initiated
At the same time that we are exploring the
extent of our program's future utility we are
endeavoring to provide other nations with am-
ple opportunity to judge for themselves the
practical applications of remote sensing of earth
resources.
The United States has initiated cooperative
programs with Mexico and Brazil concerning
the techniques and prospects for earth resources
surveys. Special attention should be paid to the
airborne phase of these programs. The study of
aircraft surveys is useful both intrinsically and
for training and experience necessary to the use
of similar data which we hope eventually to
make available from satellite systems. We in
the United States shall be happy to offer tech-
nical guidance, as well as training opportu-
nities, to member states who may wish to pursue
aircraft-based sensing programs on either a na-
tional or regional basis. We are already helping
India to set up its own experiment to identify
areas of coconut palm blight through airborne
remote sensing techniques.
On the satellite side, we have provided the
Secretary General with a detailed description of
the earth resources survey program of the Na-
tional Aeronautics and Space Administration
and have asked that copies be made available in
the Outer Space Affairs Division for study by
interested states. Other United States actions to
date include joint development with Canada of
an absorption spectrometer for earth resources
applications; the broad international circula-
tion of relevant studies and documents, together
with examples of Gemini and Apollo terrain
photography; our active participation in U.N.-
sponsored earth resources survey sessions at the
1968 United Nations Space Conference in
Vienna and more recently in earth resources
symposia held in Argentina, France, and the
United Kingdom; and our support for the in-
ternational biological program.
Last October, at the invitation of the United
States through the Secretary General, 41 ex-
perts from 12 countries took advantage of the
International Symposium on Remote Sensing
of Environment at the University of Michigan.
We shall continue to inform other nations of
such technical conferences as they are scheduled.
Proposals for Future Action
The foregoing represents some steps already
taken. What of the future? The President men-
tioned in September that we would be putting
before the United Nations several proposals
with regard to the use of earth resources satel-
lites for the world community. We plan in this
respect the following actions as immediate steps
parallel to the recommendations of the Scientific
and Technical Subcommittee endorsed by the
Outer Space Committee :
We shall convene an international workshop
on earth resources survey systems in the spring
of 1971 to provide interested agencies of other
nations with a substantive opportunity to ac-
quire a practical understanding of remote sens-
ing equipment, techniques, and applications
which will assist them in making their own na-
tional plans. This workshop will be based on the
very successful pattern of the 1961 international
meteorological satellite workshop in Washing-.
ton, D.C., and U.N. member states will be in-
vited to send technical and policy personnel.
We shall expand NASA's international fel-
lowship program (now underway) to include
courses at U.S. universities on the fundamentals
of remote sensing. Information concerning this
training opportunity will be widely circulated
internationally.
We shall provide briefings and exhibits on
earth resources surveying for U.N. members,
the Secretariat, and specialized agency repre
sentatives, as well as arrange for visits to the
data facility and the Manned Spacecraft Center
in Houston and other U.S. facilities where re-
mote sensing work is being conducted. In par-
ticular, we are inviting members of the Outer
Department of State Bulletin
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Space Committee and staff of the_ specialized
agencies dealing with resources information
and management to visit- the NASA Manned
Spacecraft Center for a briefing on the NASA
earth resources survey program and to inspect
the facilities and data bank there.
We plan not only to make available informa-
tion about earth resources surveying (through
such steps .as the foregoing) but also to invite
potential international users to work with us
as we explore, from the standpoint of their
needs and problems, the best ways of approach-
ing such technically difficult matters as data
processing, interpretation, and utilization. In
this way the international community will be
able to draw directly on our experience.
We support the Outer Space Committee rec-
ommendation that the Secretary General ap-
point a full-time expert to promote the practical
applications of space technology and the accom-
panying suggestion that member states desig-
nate a specific point of contact for communica-
tions about practical space applications. This
twofold mechanism, which we had the honor to
share in developing with the delegation of In-
dia, is directly relevant to earth resources sur-
veys, and we hope that interested members will
designate their contacts and take full advantage
of the opportunity it will afford.
Beyond the necessary work of understand-
ing and evaluating these new survey techniques,
it seems to us that all member states should give
thought to practical mechanisms which might
be considered in the future to facilitate further
international cooperation in this field. For ex-
ample, governments may wish to consider the
establishment of a central data facility or center
to serve the U.N. family already active in the
resources field, and they may wish to consider
regional arrangements for processing and dis-
tributing data.
In conclusion, remote sensing by satellite and
aircraft offers not only significant promise of
assisting in the acquisition of significant new
information about resources but opens the door
for the first time to a means by which a regular
inventory of resources might be taken, thus
permitting us to manage our resources to a de-
January 19, 1970
gree far beyond anything previously thought
attainable. The ultimate result, therefore, could
be a major contribution to the solution of a num-
ber of the earth's. food, water, and other re-
sources problems, including the improvement
of environmental quality. Thus, we reaffirm our
support for the recommendations of the Outer
Space Committee which relate closely to our
program and the practical application of space
technology.
Mr. Chairman, we are consulting various in-
terested members of the Outer Space Commit-
tee with a view to submitting a proposal which
would invite member states with experience in
this field to make such experience available to
other member states and which would be de-
signed to encourage the study of earth re-
sources survey satellite programs, including
programs relating to airborne sensing tech-
niques, as well as participation to the extent
feasible and practicable in their development.
We favor inviting states to join in exploring
all aspects of data analysis and the dissemina-
tion and application of data so as to maximize
the benefits obtained, taking into account the
particular interests and needs of the developing
countries. We would have to ask the Secretary
General to bring this subject to the attention, of
the United Nations family of agencies whose
objectives or programs might be furthered by
remote earth resources survey technology in-
cluding, for example, the Preparatory Commis-
sion for the Conference on Environment.
Finally, we would request the Outer Space Com-
mittee to continue its studies regarding the pos-
sibilities of further international cooperation.
This could constitute an important first step
toward an exploration together of the poten-
tial of remote earth resources surveying.
Mr. Chairman, these are preliminary sugges-
tions and comments. We look forward to learn-
ing the views of others, and we hope that our
mutual consideration of these views, as Presi-
dent Nixon stated in his address to the General
Assembly, will "be marked not by rivalry but
by the same spirit of fraternal cooperation that
has so long been the hallmark of the interne '
tional community of science."
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Outer Space Liability Convention
. Mr. Chairman, I turn now to the outer space
liability convention. The United States regrets
that the- repeated call of the General Assembly
for a liability convention has not yet been
heeded. The target date of 1968, which we had
thought reasonable, has long since passed, and
the Assembly is now obliged to content itself
with the hope that the convention will be com-
pleted during 1970 in time for the 25th anniver-
sary of the United Nations.
As the Chairman of the Outer Space Commit-
tee, Ambassador [Heinrich] Haymerle, has al-
ready noted, dissatisfaction at the September
session of the Outer Space Committee over the
failure of the Legal Subcommittee to complete
the convention was so grave that it was decided
to hold a resumed session of the Committee on
November 12 and to use the interim period for
intensive consultations.
I want to take this occasion to say that we
are grateful to Ambassador Haymerle for his
unstinting efforts to transform failure into suc-
cess. Considering the burden of his other duties
as Permanent Representative [of Austria] and
in the General Assembly, his devotion to the
cause of the convention and his energy in seek-
ing mutual accommodation have been outstand-
ing and a credit to the best traditions of the
United Nations.
Consultations among members of the Outer
Space Committee quickly revealed that three
problems stand in the way of the liability con-
vention. The first relates to applicable law; that
is, to the standard the convention will lay down
for determining what elements of a specific
claim for compensation may be compensated
under the regime of the convention. The second
concerns the need to provide an efficient and im-
partial means for settling claims that have not
been promptly resolved within a reasonable time
by bilateral negotiation. The third problem that
needs to be resolved is the question of a ceiling
on liability per incident.
The United States considers that the problem
of applicable law can best be resolved by agree-
ment to the formulation under which compensa-
bility will be determined in accordance with in-
ternational law, taking into account the law of
the place where the damage occurred.' This
formula will permit due-regard to be paid to the
practices of states in presenting and paying in-
ternational claims, and it will give special em-
phasis to the payment of compensation appro-
priate to the social setting in which the accident
took place. As we have pointed out, the pur-
pose of compensation is to restore-to the ex-
tent that money can do so-a person or family
that has been injured to the condition that ex-
isted before the injury. This purpose would be
accomplished by this formula. On the other
hand, justice would not be served by the Indian
suggestion which would permit a launching
state to claim that its law was relevant and
thereby defeat elements of a claim that a claim-
ant state might reasonably put forward.
A second problem that requires resolution is
that of arbitration. All members of the Outer
Space Committee now appear to agree that the
convention should provide an effective way of
securing an impartial opinion in case a dispute
over a claim remains unsolved after a year of
negotiations between claimant and launching
states and if a bilateral commission of inquiry
has not promptly provided a solution acceptable
to the states involved. There is general agree-
ment that the claimant state should be entitled
to invoke the arbitral process without seeking
the consent of the launching state, that the
procedure for constituting the three-man tri-
bunal should be automatic, and that the tribunal
should be empowered to reach its decision by
majority vote where unanimity is not possible.
Now, the great majority of the members of the
Outer Space Committee believe that the award
of the arbitral commission should be binding
on the parties, while a few members have said
the award should have only a recommendatory
character.
Mr. Chairman, considering that we do not
have before us a completed convention, the
addendum to the report of the Outer Space
Committee' does show a certain measure of
progress. We particularly note that the report
contains the text of a statement read into the
record of the Committee's proceedings on
'For U.S. statements made in the Outer Space Com-
mittee on Sept. 9 and Nov. 20,1969, see BuLLEITN of Oct.
20, 1969, p. 340, and Jan. 5, 1970, p. 18.
' U.N. doe. A/7621/Add. 1.
Department of State Bulletin
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December 5 by Ambassador IIaymerle, to
which, as the report notes, "the Committee
agreed." This agreed statement constitutes a
good basis for consideration by governments of
remaining problems. The United States hopes
that a meaningful and mutually acceptable con-
vention will be completed well before the begin-
ning of the 25th session of the General As-
sembly. We intend to bend every effort to that
end.
Finally, Mr. Chairman, I want to say a few
words about other aspects of the work of the
Outer Space Committee. The Scientific and
Technical Subcommittee accomplished much
useful work during 1969, concentrating on prac-
tical applications of space technology. The two
reports of the Working Group on Direct Broad-
cast Satellites likewise constitute a measure of
positive achievement.
The first report' produced realistic time-
tables and noted the indispensability of interna-
tional cooperation to the establishment of
satellite systems for direct broadcasting. I might
note, in this connection, that a first example of
cooperation may be seen in the project now
being pressed forward by the United States and
India for an experimental community broad-
casting service for use in education in India.'
The working group also noted the critical im-
portance of the International Telecommunica-
tion Union in accommodating direct broadcast-
ing on an operational basis and the significance
of the questions to be resolved at the 1971 World
Administrative Radio Conference for Space
Telecommunications at Geneva.
The second report of the working group 6 also
rightfully draws attention to the potential of
direct broadcast satellite technology for de-
veloping nations that may not have acquired an
extensive infrastructure of telecommunications
using conventional technologies. The working
group has asked for contributions by UNESCO
[United Nations Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization], the United Interna-
tional Bureaux for the Protection of Intellec-
tual Property (BIRPI), and regionally based
associations of broadcasting organizations, and
we hope that their contributions will enable the
work of the Committee to go forward in a timely
manner.
January 19, 1970
It is impossible to discuss outer space in the
year 1969 without noting that we have entered
a new era with the landing of man on the moon.
Of course, this marks not the end of an effort but
the opening of a new horizon whose contours
are promise, challenge, and excitement. The
United Nations has already marked out a role in
this great new venture through the contribu-
tions of the Outer Space Committee.
The foundation has been laid. It is now up to
us to continue to build together on this founda-
tion. The common lesson that American astro-
nauts and Soviet cosmonauts have told me they
have brought back from outer space is that the
earth is one single, small planet. It is our re-
sponsibility and our challenge as we enter the
space age to make it the best home for mankind
that human ingenuity and good will can
produce.
STATEMENT BY MR. THACHER,
DECEMBER 11
U.S./U.N. press release 207 dated December 11
I have the honor on behalf of the delegations
of Mexico, Sweden, and the United Kingdom to
introduce a draft resolution' which was fore-
cast in the statement to this committee yesterday
by Ambassador Buffum with regard to earth
resources survey satellites. If I may, I will de-
scribe the resolution briefly, in view of the short-
ness of time remaining before this committee.
will be asked to consider this draft resolution.
In the preambular context, we recall Resolu-
tion 2453 of last year, and we-recall particularly
the recommendations which arose during the
work of the Space Committee this past summer
with respect to the promotion of the applica-
tions of space technology. You will also recall
Resolution 1426 of ECOSOC [Economic and
Social Council], which stated that international
cooperation through the United Nations should
continue to play an important role in assisting the efforts of governments in the field of investi-
4 U.N. doc. A/AC. 105/S1.
' BuuzTIN of Jan. 12, 1969, p. 44.
' U.N. doc. A/AC. 105/66 and Corr. I and 2.
' The draft resolution (A/C.1/L.509); as orally
amended, was adopted by Committee I on Dec. 12 by a
vote of 94 (U.S.) to 8, with 8 abstentions.
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gation and utilization of agricultural and nat-
ural resources. We also recognize-the significant
contribution that this new technology can make
to a more complete understanding of man's en-
vironment, and we express the desire that these
programs be available to produce information
to the world community as a whole.
It will be recalled-and the distinguished
Representative of Italy was good enough to
remind us of this fact-that President Nixon on
the 18th of September spoke of this program
and said that it would be "dedicated to produce
information not only for the United States but
also for the world community," and that "These
are among the positive, concrete steps we intend
to take toward internationalizing man's epic
venture into space-an adventure that belongs
not to one nation but to all mankind...."
In the wish to encourage the. study of earth
resources survey programs, including those re-
lated to airborne sensing techniques, and to
encourage participation to the extent feasible
and practicable in their development, we present
our four operative paragraphs.
The first of these invites member states with
experience in the field of remote earth resources
surveying to make such experience available to
other member states which do not have such
experience and encourage them to become fa-
miliar with this field.
The United States is proud to be cooperative
on a very active basis with the Governments,
among others, of Mexico and Brazil in the
perfection of remote sensing techniques, princi-
pally from airborne platforms, and also with
Canada in the development of the sensors
themselves.
There are additional programs underway,
among others with India, which are more spe-
cialized in terms of detecting particular phe-
nomena on the face of the earth which deserve
constant measurement. In this connection I
would recall that in the early part of this ses-
sion of the General Assembly we called attention
to an International Symposium on Remote
Sensing of Environment which was held at the
University of Michigan in October. I am proud
to report that 41 experts from 12 countries were
able to attend and participate usefully in that
conference.
In our second operative paragraph we would
invite member states -to join in exploring the
various aspects involved in the analysis of data
obtained through this new technique, and its
dissemination and application, so as to maximize
the benefits to be obtained therefrom, taking into
account the particular interests and needs of
developing countries.
In this connection I should recall that at the
United Nations Conference in Vienna last year
it was pointed out that there is the danger of a
surplus of information being derived from this
system. It is with this in mind that we are par-
ticularly concerned to encourage international
study, with regard to the data handling, of the
information that comes out from the system. To
quote from this report, which was just pub-
lished by the United Nations, Practical Benefits
of Space Exploration, there is the observation
made that the drawback of the various kinds of
entries described is that they provide almost too
much information on patterns and not enough
decisive information on composition.
Our third operative paragraph would invite
the Secretary General to bring this resolution
to the attention of all organizations within the
United Nations family of agencies whose ob-
jectives or programs might be furthered by this
developing technology.
It would be a mistake to attempt to list all
of the various component parts of the Secre-
tariat and the specialized agencies whose work
stands to benefit as this technology. is achieved,
but among them we would have in mind, for
example, the Preparatory Commission for the
Conference on Environment. We would have
in mind various elements in the Department of
Economic and Social Affairs. We would have in
mind, of course, the Food and Agriculture Or-
ganization, whose work in monitoring crops
and in the early detection of pestilence, plagues,
and other phenomena that affect the food output
of the world would stand to benefit very greatly.
In the fourth paragraph of this resolution we
request the Outer Space Committee to continue
its studies with regard to the possibilities of
further international cooperation, in particular
in the framework of the United Nations sys-
tem, in connection with the development and
use of remote earth resources surveying tech-
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full support.
niques so as to assure that as the practical bene-
fits of this new technology are achieved, they
are made available to both developed and de-
veloping countries.
I think this concept reflects the principles
which have long been established by the Gen-
eral Assembly, and have been long embodied
in the Outer Space Treaty, that there shall be
no discrimination between developed and- de-
veloping countries, that it simply reflects the
recommendations arising from the work of the
Outer Space Committee in recent years more
actively to promote the application of space
techniques for the benefit of all countries, hav-
ing in_ mind. particularly the needs of the de-
veloping countries.
I thank you for the privilege of being able to
present this resolution, and I hope it will enjoy
International co-operation in the peaceful
uses of outer space
The General Assembly,
Recalling its resolution 2453 (XXIII) of 20 Decem-
ber 1968,
Bearinp in mind the report of the Committee on the
Peaceful. Uses of Outer Space,' especially the recom-
mendations of the Scientific and Technical Sub-Com-
mittee at its sixth session with respect to the promotion
of the applications of space technology,
Recalling Economic and Social Council resolution
1426 (XLVI) of 6 June 1969, in which the Council inter
alia stated that international co-operation through the
United Nations should continue to play an important
role in assisting the efforts of Governments in the fields
of investigation and utilization of non-agricultural nat-
ural resources,
Aware of the urgent need for more complete under-
standing of man's environment,
Recognizing that space technology may make a
significant contribution to this understanding,
Ea'pressing the desire that earth resources survey
satellite programmes be available to produce informa-
tion for the world community as a whole,
Wishing to encourage the study of earth resources
survey programmes, including those related to remote-
'U.N. doc. A/1 ES/2600 (XXIV) ; adopted by the
General Assembly on Dec. 16 by a vote of 105 (U.S.)
to 9, with 3 abstentions.
'U.N. doc. A/7021 and A/7621/Add. 1.
January 19, 1970
sensing techniques, and participation to the extent
feasible and practicable -in their development,
1. Invites Member States with experience in the
field of remote earth resources surveying to make such
experience available to other Member States which do
not have such experience and encourage them to be-
come familiar with this field ;
2. Invites Member States to join in exploring the
various aspects involved in the. analysis of data ob-
tained through earth resources surveying techniques
and their dissemination and application, so as to maxI-
mize the benefits to be obtained therefrom, taking Into
account the particular interests and needs of develop-
ing countries ;
3. Invites the Secretary-General to bring this res-
olution to the attention of all organizations within
the United Nations family of agencies whose objectives
or programmes might be furthered by this developing -
technology;
4. Requests the Committee on the Peaceful Uses of
Outer Space to continue its studies with regard to the
possibilities of further international co-operation, in
par#leular in the framework of the United Nations
system, in connexion with the development and use
of remote earth resources survey techniques so as to
assure that as the practical benefits of this new tech-
nology are achieved, they are made available to both
developed and developing countries.
United Nations Calls for Measures
Against Aircraft Hijacking
Following is a statement by Congressman
Dante B. Fascell, U.S. Representative to the
U.N. General Assembly, made in plenary ses-
sion on December 12, together with the text of a
resolution adopted by the Assembly that day.
STATEMENT BY CONGRESSMAN FASCELL
U.S./U.N. Press release 210 dated December 12
On the 18th of September last, President
Nixon spoke in this hall of five matters "of
great concern to everyone here with regard to
which there should be no national differences,
in which our interests are common, and on
which there should be unanimity." One of these
matters was securing the safety of international
air travel. On that occasion the President said:
1
1 BULLETIN Of Oct. 6, 1969, p. 297.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/03/25: CIA-RDP80TO1137A000200030040-2