TECHNICAL PROPOSAL FOR TECHNOLOGY FOR IMAGERY EXPLOITATION (TIE)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: NGA Records (Formerly NIMA)
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00703A000700010001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: T
• Document Page Count: 72
• Document Creation Date: December 28, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 21, 2003
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 27, 1972
• Content Type: REPORT

TP-69-8147/1
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Technical Proposal
for
TECHNOLOGY FOR IMAGERY EXPLOITATION (TIE)
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CLASSIFIED BY 368397
EXEMPT FROM GENERAL DECLASSIFICATION
SCHEDULE OF E.O. 11652, EXEMPTION CATEGORY:
?5B(1), (2), (3) or (4) (circle one or more)
AUTOMATICALLY DECLASSIFIED ON
Impossible to Determine
(unless impossible, insert date or event)
Declass Review by
NIMA/DOD
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with the necessary personnel and facilities to accomplish assigned tasks
concerning the exploitation of all-source, remote sensor imagery and data.
Included in the proposal are sections on representative tasks, a sample
ipation in this country's space photography programs and
Statements of Qualifications (separate volume).
work statement for the overall program, a history of
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Title
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1. INTRODUCTION .....
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1.1 Background .......
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1.2 Proposal .........
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2. I
QUALI
FICATIONS ........
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2.1 General. ..........
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2.2 Personnel ........
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2.3 Facilities .......
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3. REPRESENTATIVE TAS
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3.1 Geoscience Studies
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3.1.1 Regional Resources
Surveys .........
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3.1.2 Civil Engineering
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3.1.3 Urban Analyses ...
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3.1.4 Ice and Snow Studi
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3.2 Positioning and Di
mensioning .......
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3.2.1 Accuracy of Dimens
ioning from Satell
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Records ..........
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3.2.2 Computer Programs
for Dimensioning a
nd Positioning
with Satellite Pho
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3.3 Data Base ........
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4. SAMPLE WORK STATE
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5. PROGRAM MANAGEMEN
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5.1 Program Organizat
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5.2 Schedule ........
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5.3 Manpower Requirem
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (cont'd)
Title
APPENDIX A -- EXPERIENCE IN SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY
STATEMENTS OF QUALIFICATIONS (Volume II)
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The United States is continually adding new satellite photography
to its already impressive library of earth photography from space. The
primary users of this photography are the Intelligence and the Mapping
communities. These two groups have supported both the acquisition and
the development of the utilization of this photography. Their interest
have, understandably, been in the general areas of military intelligence
and mapping. Through their efforts, great strides have been made in
developing techniques and equipment for extracting, from this unique
photography, information of interest to them on the identification, size
and location of ground objects. Scientific personnel from these groups
have examined this photography in detail searching for better ways to get
more and more information from it. Their accomplishments are impressive,
but because their interests were confined largely to the military intelli-
gence and mapping fields there remains the certainty that much of this
same photography can be utilized for other purposes. Studies made during
the ARGO program uncovered potential uses in several areas. Many additional
uses have been suggested by others. Some of the problems associated with
the exploitation of this photography have been identified, and many more
will be encountered. Progress in problem solving and in testing and veri-
fying new uses has been slow. believes that it can provide
the necessary attention, personnel and experience to help solve these
problems, and consequently this proposal is being offered.
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1.2 Proposal
proposes to provide all personnel, facilities, and
technical services required to accomplish specific tasks, designated by
the customer, in the general area of exploitation of all-source remote
sensor imagery and data. Tasks will be directed to the solution of
engineering and scientific problems, and to the transfer of technology
to the ARGO member agencies. Technical reports will. be prepared for
each task and training sessions will be conducted for agency personnel,
as required. It is contemplated that the assigned tasks will require
both theoretical studies and scientific experiments in the search for
problem solutions. Direct assistance to agencies on special problem
areas will be undertaken, as directed, but the intent will be to help
the agency personnel develop new technologies and not to perform tasks
within their capabilities.
It is proposed that a task type, cost plus fixed fee,
level-of-effort contract be procured through the National Photographic
Interpretation Center's contracting offices. A suggested work statement,
including terms and conditions of the contract, is shown in Section 4.
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2. UALIFICATIONS
2.1 General
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Department of Defense and Intelligence Agencies in the search for better
ways of extracting metrical and intelligence information from satellite
photography. It was obvious from the first that more was required than
simple extrapolation of old ideas and methods. The scales of the pre-
cision frame photography decreased by factors from 20 to 40,yet the coverage
provided by each frame opened new avenues of research. Coverage with long
focal length panoramic and strip photography became available in many geo-
graphical areas of great interest, but methods of effectively extracting
information from the photographs were slow, cumbersome and the results
marginal. It was obvious that there were many problems to solve and many
avenues of research and development to pursue; but it also was obvious
that a special technical staff and special facilities would be required.
organization around the exploitation of this unique photography. An ac-
count of these activities is shown in Apj,eud ices A and B.
of this proposal thati interests, capabilities and image go
During the past ten years has worked with both the
management elected to orient the major activities of the
It becomes apparent to one examining the unclassified nortion
beyond the exploitation of satellite photography. Our history of extracting
meaningful data,f.rom airborne multi-sensor records goes back over ten years.
Even though the primary satellite image sensors have been cameras, it is
certain that future sensors will include multi-spectral cameras, radars,
radiometers and others in use today plus others'now in development or as
yet unknown.
is keeping abreast of these new sensors and is
learning how to use their records in extracting both interpretative and
metrical information.
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2.2 Personnel
The acquiring and training of personnel to develop the new
technologies required for exploiting this special photography has been
very difficult due to the acute shortage of personnel in the required
disciplines. For the past nine years has searched through
colleges and industry for scientific personnel trained in mathematics,
photogranunetry, geodesy, orbital mechanics, automatic image correlation,
astronomy, photo geology, geophysics, plant ecology and other areas. It
has taken as long as two years of waiting before some of the ones needed
to add to the strength of our senior technical staff could be hired. An
outstanding team has now been assembled that is capable of deriving
many kinds of data from a variety of remote sensor records. These team
members have gone through the long periods of waiting for security in-
vestigations and are now cleared to the required level of clearance.
has probably the highest percentage of personnel with special
clearances (needed for access to satellite camera records) of any in-
dustrial organization. Many of the members of
staff are recognized as experts by their colleagues within their respec-
tive technical societies. Many of them are well known throughout the
free world, holding positions of leadership in national and international
technical organizations.
A partial list of the disciplines represented by our personnel
is shown below. Some of the personnel have education and experience in
more than one technical area. With the many skills available,
is able to put together special teams capable of addressing almost any
problem concerning the exploitation of multi-sensor records. A total of
thirty (30) of these administrative, technical and service personnel
have security clearances of the required level.
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Administration
Management
Contract Administration
Security
Controller
Secretary
Scientific and Technical
Electronic Engineering
Civil Engineering
Physics
Industrial Design
Engineering Sciences
Forestry
Wild Life Management
Geography (cultural.-physical-social)
Geology (general-exploration-engineering)
Geophysics (seismology, magnetics, gravity)
Photointerpretation
Intelligence Analysis
International Relations
Psychology
Economics
History
Geodetic Science
Mathematics
Photogrammetry
Astronomy
Computer Programming/Analysis
Orbital Mechanics
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Technical Support
Surveying
Cartography
Fine Arts
Drafting
Electronics Technician
Mensuration
Photographic Processing
Photography
Printing
Technical Typing
Resumes of experience for key personnel are contained in the attached
Statements of Qualifications.
2.3 Facilities
The facilities of
are ideally located for service to
the many government agencies in and near Washington, D.C.
location is convenient to NPIC, Fort Belvoir, Langley,
Department of Agriculture, Geological Survey, Bureau of Standards, Army
Topographic Command, The Pentagon, The White House, The Capitol, etc.
The facility contains an image interpretation and analysis laboratory.
The facilities are cleared and controlled for special security programs.
The facility's laboratory is arranged in such a manner that
programs at various levels of security can be isolated. Facility work
has been, and will be, coordinated with personnel working in government
spaces (NPIC, DMA, etc.). This type of coordination and convenience
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will allow for optimal communication and task control at the same time
providing use of compatible hardware and software which is currently in
use by the Intelligence Community.
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3. REPRESENTATIVE TASKS
It is recognized that varied (and, in some cases overlapping)
scientific and technological interests are represented in the ARGO Com-
mittee. In addition, certain of the member agencies involved are further
advanced in the use of satellite materials than others. Thus, it makes
it rather difficult, at this time, to pontificate and render precise
definitions for the tasks to he undertaken in this proposed program.
Therefore, the task elements described below serve to suggest what
feel might be representative of the types of tasks that could be
included under this contract. These should in no way be construed as
binding upon the customer or the contractor, but merely as examples of
the activities that can be entered into.
It is most important that the initial task for this program be
designated as "Preliminary Organization". This will include necessary
meetings and briefings--collective and individual--with the customer and
its members to define, in a reasonable and flexible way, the work to be
accomplished. This task should result in an operating plan and schedule
designed to guide the program efforts in a manner that will allow the
best possible use of the funds, manpower and materials available.
The following includes three representative major task areas:
geoscience, positioning and dimensioning and data base. These
task areas are cited along with certain "task elements" that might be
undertaken. In all cases, it is the intent to rigorously examine existing
techniques used in the extraction and synthesis of qualitative and quanti-
tative information inherent in imagery derived from all sources; to devise
and innovate in all areas; and to provide a training vehicle for the trans-
fer of the techniques to appropriately cleared and qualified government
personnel.
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3.1 Geoscience Studies
There are many possibilities for useful tasks in this area of
interest. Generally, tasks are required and should be directed to the
determination of sensor utility or value for specific applications, the
development of procedures and cost comparison information for various
alternative methods of exploiting overhead reconnaissance, and quick
reaction tests or technical support for the direct application of the
imagery to priority problems. A typical progression of tasks for geo-
science studies is as follows:
a. Itemize functional research areas of interest.
b. Wherever possible, group similar or analogous functional
or sub-functional areas which would or could be satisfied
by common imagery/data sources, geographic or otherwise.
c. Prioritize the functional area groupings into tasks.
d. Select the key process or processes by which R & D will
be conducted or for which the particular study, analysis,
or other implementation, is appropriate. This could
include theoretical investigations, empirical-subjective
research by an individual or individuals, controlled human
factor testing; training programs, or equipment-aided or
automated support of research effort.
e. Design study, research, or other approach and establish
sub-task breakdown and level of effort required.
f. Conduct study, survey, evaluation or experiments.
Present results (reports, briefing, training sessions, etc.).
h. Implement results.
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3.1.1 ReLional Resources Surveys
Experience has shown that certain basic types of geoscience data
are extractable from satellite imagery (as well as non-photographic sensors).
These data are listed below. In the past, they have been successfully
synthesized, in various combinations, into Military Geographic Intelligence
products. It is believed, but as yet untested, that these same data can
be synthesized into non-military products for rapid regional surveys.
Surface Hydrology
Geology (litho-stratigraphic units and structural features)
Geomorphology
Surface Configuration
Vegetational Types and Distributions
Wetlands & Ecological Delineations
Land Use
Transportation Nets
Planimetry
Engineering Soils
These basic data, which are extractable from all-source materials, may be
amenable to later translation into documents and maps useful in determining
(for example):
Hydrocarbon Potential
Mineral Potential
Forestry Potential
Grazing Potential
Crop Forecasts
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3.1.2 Civil Engineering
Experience has shown,in a preliminary manner, that it is possible
to use rectified panoramic photography in both the making of low-order
measurements and in the determination of the environmental conditions af-
fecting the location and design of major civil works. Included among the
areas in which prototype work indicates that the satellite materials partic-
ularly applicable are:
Water/Lake Surveys and Pollution Effects
Dam Site Selection and Inventory
Route and Site Selection (roads, canals, major structural
complexes, etc.)
Location of Sand and Gravel Deposits
Flood Plain Delineation
3.1.3 Urban Analyses
Utilizing higher resolution satellite strip photography for inter-
pretation, and rectified panoramic photography for the preparation of base
mosaics, studies of housing quality, urban land use, and demography may be
feasible on a rapid basis heretofore not possible. In this manner, estimates
of conditions in previously unstudied urban areas, or in those in which the
available data are outmoded owing to the dynamics of the urban flux, may be
affected.
3.1.4 Ice and Snow Studies
The broad regional overview afforded by satellite coverage on a
repetitive basis, suggests that it may be uniquely useful in the study of
sea ice phenomena (including surface characteristics, transient features
and flow patterns). Accelerating interest in high latitude regions further
suggests the importance of a better understanding of sea ice and its move-
ments as it affects surface and submarine shipping.
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Satellite photography can be further exploited in terms of the
hydrologic importance of massive snow accumulations in mountain systems,
and the impact of the accumulations on the design of flood control systems
and watershed management programs. The translation of estimated snow depth
measurements and areal distribution into available water volume; further
examined in terms of historical melt rates and available channel capacities,
can provide data of major economic significance.
3.2 Position-(n and Dimensioning
3.2.1 Accuracy of Dimensionin4 from Satellite Camera Records
Purpose
The purpose of this task is to analyze the photographic- records
from past and current satellite cameras to determine the accuracy with which
dimensions of ground objects can be computed from measurements on the photo-
graphs. It has been reported previously that certain dimensions such as
tree heights and river widths can be determined from satellite imagery but
no comprehensive analysis has been made on all available record types cover-
ing ground objects of many sizes and shapes.
Approach
A theoretical analysis will first be made in which errors will be
propagated through the mathematical model. Realistic values for measuring
errors, attitude errors, ephemeris errors, etc. as determined from past ex-
perience will be used as inputs to this theoretical analysis. This portion
of the task is extremely important even though it represents a relatively
minor part of the entire effort. The results from these theoretical analyses
will be confirmed by sample measurements on real photographs of areas where
there is ground truth.
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Product
The product of this task will be a final report containing a de-
scription of the theoretical analysis and the analysis using real photography,
all mathematics and the results of the analyses. The report also will con-
tain a matrix showing all satellite records examined (in the column) and a
variety of ground objects (in the rows) with an accuracy figure for each
intersection. A partial matrix is shown below:
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ALTITUDE-500,000 ft.
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KH-5
KH-
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OBJECT HEIGHTS
(over 75')
OBJECT HEIGHTS
(under 75')
AREA
(over 100 acres)
AREA
(under 100 acres)
3.2.2 Computer Programs for Dimensioning and Positioning with Satellite
Photo raphy
Purpose
The purpose of this task is to identify, obtain and modify computer
programs concerned with dimensioning and positioning.
Background
During the past ten years dozens of computer programs have been pre-
pared for classified geodetic, mapping, targeting, and dimensioning purposes.
Most of these programs have high security classifications and therefore are
known to very few people. The security classification on many could be re-
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to a larger circle of users. Some of the programs were written for side
studies and have not become a part of any production uses. These so-called
"one--shot" programs can perform useful computations and should be made
available. Many of these, and even production, programs have been lost and
others will be lost unless a concentrated effort is made to preserve them.
Personnel who have been involved with the analysis, writing or
using of these programs over the past 5 to 10 years will be assigned to
determine the status of all programs that can be located in the-various
classified government agencies. The programs will be examined for purpose,
currency, operating condition, available documentation, etc. Those programs
which are considered worthy of keeping will be code-checked more thoroughly,
provided with operating instructions, described in detail, listed and ade-
quately documented. A catalog of these programs will be prepared and a
master set of cards and/or tapes will be assembled.
Products
Final report describing the work performed
A catalog of all programs and subroutines
Adequate documentation
A master file of cards and tapes
3.3 Data Base
The purpose of this task is to define, design, and begin to create
a research data base which would result in a common, unified, and systematic
means by which all of the various ARGO participants could utilize overhead
recon imagery and collateral data. The development of such a base would
include consideration of such factors as:
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? Imagery Collection/Mission Planning
? Geographic and functional areas of interest (classification
system)
? Mosaicking and imagery/data formatting
Data./Imagery indexing, search, storage and retrieval
? Integration of recon-derived information with other
collateral data inputs (truth, auxiliary data, other sources)
? Interrelation with photogralpmetric/mensuration software
? Facility, personnel, and training requirements
Future "operational" functional implementation for all
agency participants
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It is anticipated that considerable use of NPIC's facilities,
equipment, and software would be made during the development of the data
base. imagery data base inputs would also be considered.
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4. SA1 iPLE WORK STATEMENT
The following is a sample work statement which includes a defi-
nition of the scope of the proposed work, a description of how the tasks
will be defined, sets staffing and funding limitations, and defines re-
porting procedures.
STATEMENT OF WORK
Title: Technol for Imagery Exploitation (TIE)
A. GENERAL
The contractor will provide the personnel, facilities, and best
efforts consistent with the established level of funding, for the solving
of scientific and engineering problems and for the transferring to the
customer the technology concerning the exploitation of remote sensor imagery
and data.
B. SCOPE
The contractor will perform specific tasks concerning both the
quantitative and qualitative aspects of remote sensor imagery and data.
These tasks will include, but not necessarily be limited to, consideration
of the following factors:
1. type. of sensors--spectral region, scales, distortions,
format and resolution.
2. acquisition factors--altitude, attitude, weather, time
and frequency.
4. problems--detection, identification, location, size,
status, condition, and forecasting.
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3. subjects of interest--as defined by ARGO, other member agencies.
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In regard to the above factors, the contractor will be required
to perform a variety of tasks including, but not necessarily limited to,
the following:
1. basic and applied research
2. development of exploitation techniques, procedures
and hardware performance specifications
3. technical and economic trade-off analyses
4. concept development, testing and verification
5. exploitation system design
6. training
7. system implementation and support
The contractor will provide scientific expertice to include, but
not necessarily be limited to, the following disciplines:
Electronic Engineering
Civil Engineering
Physics
Industrial Design
Engineering Sciences
Forestry
Wild Life Management
Geography (cultural-physical-social)
Geology (general-exploration-engineering)
Geophysics
Photointerpretation
Geodetic Science
Mathematics
Photogrammetry
Astronomy
Computer Programming/Analysis
Orbital Mechanics
Photographic Processing
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In performing approved tasks, the contractor shall maintain close
liaison with the customer so as to assure that those specific technical areas
of particular concern to the customer are adequately covered. The tasks will
be undertaken on the basis of guidelines jointly developed by the customer
and the contractor. These guidelines will include the priorities that are
to he applied to certain tasks, and the problems that will be most critical
in future customer activities. In satisfying task requests, emphasis will
be on technical quality as well as on timnlinFess of response.
C. TASKS
Specific tasks will be defined and mutually agreed to by the custo-
mer and the contractor at the beginning of the contract. Expected technical
results, work schedule, and the level of effort will be specified and agreed
to prior to commencement of work, and a task order(s) will be issued by the
contracting officer. A separate technical task will be established for the
purpose of providing the contractor with engineering man-hours to be used
during task definition meetings, for providing special briefings, and for
participation in discussions appropriate to the technical areas specified
herein.
In addition to the above tasks, the contractor shall develop
and maintain the capability of providing scientific information on a quick
response basis to be known as a Quick Reaction Response (QRR). The QRR is
defined as a response estimated to require not more than 80 hours of a
scientist's or engineer's time plus necessary support. The customer will
assign a priority relative to other work assigned under this contract.
The form and level of detatil in responding to inquiries shall be as mutually
agreed.
In performing the foregoing work, the contractor will utilize, in
addition to the information already available to it, such classified and un-
classified information as made available by or pursuant to a request by the
customer.
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D. STAFFING AND FUNDING
The staffing and funding will be for a period of performance of
twelve (12) months. The level of funding may vary from year to year. The
funding will cover technical and support manpower and the necessary computer
services and support materials to accomplish the anticipated work load.
The contractor will submit a staffing plan for each approved
task. It is understood and agreed that the contractor shall: 1) except
for reasons beyond its control or because of the needs of the tasks as they
develop, utilize in the performance of the work, the services of persons
identified in the staffing plans or other persons equally qualified for
the specific task; 2) provide the Agency with notification of any circum-
stances which necessitate a significant deviation from the staffing plan;
3) follow generally the approach toward the conduct of the work outlined in
the task order(s); 4) obtain the specific approval of the customer before
undertaking any foreign travel under this contract; and 5)- devote to the
work the approximate level of effort by contractor personnel as specified
in the staffing plan, or their dollar value equivalent.
will serve as the Contracting Officer's
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Representative and will assign Government technical monitors for special tasks
as required. The contractor will assign an over-all program manager to act
as a focal point for the communication between the customer and the contractor.
E. REPORTS
Throughout the performance of this program, the contractor will
maintain close liaison with the customer.
Beginning thirty (30) days from the effective date of this contract,
the contractor will provide the customer with written monthly status reports,
in ten (10) copies each. In addition, it is anticipated that from time to
time the customer may request oral briefings on those findings which warrant
attention. The time and format of the oral briefing(s) will be arranged by
the customer in consultation with the contractor.
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In addition to the foregoing reports, the contractor will, upon
completion of each task order, submit to the customer the following reports:
1. A draft task report for customer technical and editorial
review, in ten (10) copies.
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2. Following the receipt of the customer's approval and/or
modifications of the draft task reports, the contractor
will submit ten (10) copies of the task report.
3. A final oral briefing on the task will be presented if
requested by the customer. The time and place of the
briefing will be arranged by the customer in consultation
with the contractor. The requirement for a final oral
briefing may be waived by the contracting officer, if it
is determined-that the oral briefing is not appropriate
to a specific task.
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5. PROGRLM MANAGEMENT
This program will be administered at staff level of the
The position
of
to department level, are shown in the Statements of Quali-
5.1 Pram Organization
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The program manager for this effort will be Manager
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Special Projects Office. He will have complete responsibility and ac-
countability for the management of the work, including planning, technical
performance, and cost and schedule control for all program functions. He
will be the primary point of contact to the customer. He will be assisted
by the technical personnel at from which he will form special. 25X1A
teams to address assigned tasks. Individual names of these technical
personnel are included in the Statements of Qualifications.
5.2 Schedule
Separate work scheduled will be prepared for each assigned task
and submitted to the COR for approval.
5.3 Manpower Requirements
The estimated level of effort for a twelve (12) month period
will be submitted under separate cover upon request.
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3.1 History
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EXPERIENCE IN SATELLITE PHOTOGRAPHY EXPLOITATION
In this section and the next is a short history of the work
performed by
in the general area of satellite photography
The first part is a narrative telling how and why certain
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avenues of research were undertaken and the results achieved. It at-
tempts to show the chronological development of the work, first in the
general area of mapping and geodesy and then in the general area of
surface environmental and geoscience analysis.
exploitation.
The second section contains resumes of representative tasks.
It is the classified portion of the Statements of Qualifications.
O
of that system I was given the responsibility
for the design, implementation, and testing of the complete ground data
reduction system. Equipment such as the Coordinate Readout Matcher or
CRN (for determining the I hoto coordinates of UTM grid intersections
on 1:250,000 scale maps), the Stellar Coordinate Reader or SCR (for measuring,
semi-automatically, the coordinates of stellar imagery), a storage and
of ground point positions on a world-wide basis. - Upon the
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was instrumental in generating a proposal for the construction
of a camera system, orbiting the earth in a satellite, for the determination
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photo chips, and others were designed and built.
Some 46 computer programs, ranging from coordinate transformation and
correction programs up to the OIU.AXE (for determining camera attitude from
stellar measurements) and Differential Orbit Improvement or DOI Programs
(for the determination of an orbit ephemeris from photo coordinates and
corresponding ground control data), were prepared. Upon successful orbiting
of the initial[ =iissions, the entire data reduction system--procedures,
equipment, and computer programs--was tested and then turned over to the
Army Map Service for production use.
The initial testing of the = system indicated that the potential
accuracy of that system had not been attained. Therefore,
took studies which led to large improvements in the accuracy of the
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system. These studies indicated two major routes to follow: (1) the incor-
poration of improved observations in quality, quantity, and variety; and
(2) the improvement of the data reduction programs. It was found, for
example, that by including observations in the Southern Hemisphere (not
originally done) a threefold improvement of the orbit in the Southern
Hemisphere would be obtained. In addition, it was suggested that pass points
and partial control (sea shore points) and ground tracking observations (radar,
cameras, doppler, etc.) be employed. The principal
program, the DOI itself represented a considerable improvement
version prepared by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
data reduction
of the original
However, a
series of studies indicated that it could be still further improved by (1) in-
corporating the above new types of observations, (2) including datum shifts,
(3) expanding the air drag and gravity models, and (4) providing for simul-
taneous adjustment of all five successful missions. As a result of
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those studies a new program, the RECAP program, was prepared and a continuing
effort to improve, update, and provide for more ease and sophistication in
the operation of that program was undertaken. Finally, to aid in the testing
of the RECAP program, a fictitious data generator program, FIDAGE, was pre-
pared. The most recent studies by
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Studies, showed that, with the additional observations and the new RECAP pro-
gram, the full potential of the
system could be achieved.
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As a result of its successful. implementation of the data
reduction system, was given a task to design a data reduction
system capable of handling, photography from any satellite camera system.
Thus, the Universal Phot:ogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping System,
the UPDRAN System, evolved. I prepared a complete outline of the
UPDRAM System, including flow charts (and narrative) depicting operational
procedures, equipment functions, material flows, storage and retrieval
operations, and software (computer programs). Specifications for all equip-
ment were prepared. An exhaustive study of storage and retrieval systems,
both existing and under development, was carried out and experiments were
completed in order to validate the efficacy of the adopted storage and
retrieval system. Also, numerous point transfer studies were undertaken in
support of the UPDRAM System design. A task was carried out to determine
the expected production rates of the various equipments of the UPDRAM System
in order to establish the most effective equipment mixes for various types
of satellite photography. Finally, a series of Operational Procedures
Manuals was prepared, the purpose of the manuals being to provide production
personnel with complete instructions for the operation of the UPDRAM System.
Although did not construct any of the equipment for the UPPRAM
System, it did prepare a number of the key computer programs. These included
programs in support of the photo inventory and geodetic control inventory
(storage and retrieval programs) and a Mission Reduction Program. The Mission
Reduction Program would apply all necessary corrections and transformations
to photo coordinate measurements, extract from the geodetic control inventory
all necessary ground control information, format the resulting data for the
RECAP Program, and then take the resulting data from the RECAP Program to
update the geodetic control inventory.
Although the ultimate objective of the UPDRAM System was to be able
to handle future camera systems designed specifically for mapping, several
existing camera systems employed for reconnaissance offered mapping possi-
bilities. Therefore, Autometric began a series of tasks whose aim it was to
provide a means for production mapping with reconnaissance type photography.
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This photography is, generally, of two types: (1) the prime intelligence
photography, mainly panoramic but some strip, of very long focal length;
and (2) the terrain index photography, frame photography of very short
focal length 1 1. The tasks were directed towards both
types of photography. A series of studies was carried out with the
terrain index photography to determine its accuracy--in particular, to
determine if it had sufficient accuracy for the production of 1:250,000
scale maps--and, then, to develop production mapping procedures for that
photography. Because of its high resolution, a major effort was under-
taken to develop production mapping procedures for the K11--4 panoramic
photography. Panoramic photography, because of the dynamic manner in which
it is exposed, has generally been considered to have very poor accuracy.
However, was able to develop post flight calibration procedures
which made possible accurate mapping with panoramic photography with vir-
tually no ground control. In addition,
designed, and evaluated
the results of, the Engineering Tests for panoramic photography on the
Universal Automatic Map Compilation Equipment or UNAMACE (the principal
item of equipment in the UPDRAM System). Finally,
prepared the
Absolute Orientation and UDAP programs (to generate panoramic photography
input parameters for the UNAMACE) and the PASOUT program (for the post
flight calibration of panoramic photography).
studies and experiments which led to the development
cedures for the strip camera systems.
With the exception of the
of post flight pro-
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System, all satellite camera systems25X1A
now flying were designed for reconnaissance. Thus, though major errorts have
been undertaken for the employment of photography from such systems for mapping,
such photography is not as suitable as would be photography designed for
mapping. Therefore, very shortly after the program was underway,
D
Optimum Cartographic Collection System, contained equations, graphs, tables,
began studies directed towards the design of a camera system
specifically for mapping. These studies, culminated in the report, An
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and so on, which could be employed for designing an optimum mapping camera
system. In addition, a number of support studies were carried out to deter-
mine the optimum design, and the attainable accuracy, of stellar attitude
camera systems. The studies resulted in the recommendation of design
parameters for several mapping systems. One of those recommended systems
has since been adopted for the terrain index camera for a new reconnaissance
maps from New Search photography. investigated equipment, 25X1A
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Because of its experience in the design of the UPDRAM System, and 25X1A
its intimate knowledge of the as just recently25X1 D
completed the task of designing a new data reduction system, the Advanced
Map Data Reduction'System, for the production of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 scale
computer programs, and operational procedures--both existing and under develop-
ment--in order to design a number of alternative data reduction systems. Then,
based on error propagation and cost/effectiveness studies, a system design
was selected and complete description of that system, along with equipment
specifications, was prepared.
has been active in widening the state-of-the-art
in satellite image interpretation for the geosciences since early 1964.
The company's first program in determining the information content of
satellite imagery was initiated as a result of the experiments performed
during the research and development of the mapping system. The
purpose of the program was to determine the environmental data content
of the imagery of the K11-5~= and KH-4~Systems. The study
involved the interpretation and mensuration of natural and man-made
phenomena and detail. The general areas of interest included geology,
vegetation and land-use, show and ice cover, cloud cover and urban features.
The study indicated that satellite imagery contained useful data
although an exact measurement of the interpretability was not ascertained.
It was recommended that additional work be accomplished in order to determine
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the ability of photo interpreters to produce accurate and complete terrain
and cultural products.
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The program Evaluation of Experimental Strategic Military Ceo-
gra~hic lntelli~ence Pram Short Focal Length Satellite ILi ry was initiated
in late 1964 as a result of the first program. The study had three basic
objectives: (1) the construction of an uncontrolled mosaic of a continent;
(2) the derivation and compilation through photo-interpretation of basic
geoscience data of the entire continent without the aid of collateral materials;
and (3) the synthesis of the basic data into military geographic intelligence
overlays.
The continent of Africa was selected as the study area. The conti-
nent was divided into 12 sections each covered by a mosaic and 8 overlays.
The mosaic sheets were produced from 6 KH-5~missions. The imagery was 25X1A
selected in such a manner as to minimize cloud cover. The mosaic was con-
structed at a scale of 1:4,000,000 and then enlarged for presentation to a
scale of 1:2,000,000. The geoscience overlays were compiled through stereo-
scopic interpretation of the enlarged KH-5 frames. The military geographic
intelligence overlays were then synthesized from the interpreted data.
The conclusions of the study were that valuable and highly useful
geoscience data and military geographic intelligence could be obtained from
satellite imagery. It was recommended that the imagery of the KH-5 system
and all other satellite systems be utilized to expand the interpretation
state-of-the-art and that an experiment be performed with the imagery of
the KH-4 system to obtain data for military and civil engineering.
The program Use of Satellite Photography for Military and Civil
Engineering Purposes was initiated in 1966. The objectives of the study were
to ascertain the amounts and type of civil and military data, required for
major works, that can be extracted from KH-4 satellite imagery.
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The first phase of the program required the systematic interpre-
tation of satellite imagery covering a broad distribution of geographic,
climatic and physiographic regions.
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The second phase required the construction of a semi-controlled
mosaic of a 10,000 square mile area in 1I From the mosaic and imagery 25X1A
interpretation an effort was made to acquire reliable engineering design
information. These data were used to select alternate military highway
routes between two points and five hasty-type airfields.
The third phase required the interpretation and mensuration of
engineering data along a major proposed highway route. This data was then
evaluated and compared with engineering data prepared for development of
the route.
The expertise acquired during the program was then directed to
the detailed definition of an organization that will make pragmatic every-
day use of satellite photography for preliminary engineering design purposes
in support of field army requirements.
The development of the state-of-the-art was brought to the attention
of the President's Scientific Advisor Committee in 1967. This office ini-
tiated Project ARGO which brought together scientists from government
agencies to study the potential of satellite imagery for earth resource
development. I I supplied its facilities, managerial talents and
general satellite interpretation knowledge to the group. The personnel of
conducted an orientation course for the scientists at the ini-
tiation of the project. Following that phase the company supplied the
logistical support necessary for successful completion of the program.
During the same period that ARGO was being performed personnel
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were involved in a project to select a series of routes of
communication in the Sudan for the U. S. Strike Command. The effort involved
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the construction of a 1:1,000,000 mosaic and several 1:250,000 mosaics of
the country. The objective of the study was to determine the best supply
routes between Port Sudan, on the Red Sea, and Khartoum. A series of
gooscience overlays was prepared and the best: routes were selected. These
routes were then studied in detail and a series of military geographic
intelligence overlays was prepared. In addition, a study of the rail, port
and airfield facilities was made. Plans were constructed showing what im-
provements would be required for use in the event the STRICO11?1 had the
need to operate in the theater.
In 19681 undertook a program for the development of a
Terrain Study Prototype for the U. S. Army Engineer Topographic Laboratory.
This program was designed to illustrate, through an operational test, the
effectiveness of using a combination of satellite imagery and collateral
materials for the solution of regional military problems relating to ter-
rain and the natural environment. The study was addressed specifically
to problems concerning military geographic intelligence and irregular force
operations.
The program required the production of basic geoscience overlays
at scales of 1:250,000 and 1:50,000. This data was then synthesized into
military geographic intelligence overlays suited for tactical and strategic
planning. The study illustrated that KH-4 can be enlarged to a scale of
1:50,000, yet retain sufficient ground resolution allow stereoscopic
interpretation.
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Also in 1968, work on the Classified Automated Military Geographic
Intelligence System (CANGIS) was initiated and completed. This ground data
handling system configuration is based upon the aforementioned exploitation
work with classified satellite systems over the past eight years and describes
a complete classification, indexing, accession, storage, and retrieval system
which the Army can implement to produce military geographic intelligence on
a world-wide basis.
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This system spells out a two year and five year development cycle
including the use of frame camera system and includes facility
equipment, personnel, and cost estimates for the establishment of such an
Army satellite intelligence exploitation capability.
conducted the Terrain Study Prototype of North
Korea for the Engineer Topographic Laboratory. The principal objective
of that program was to develop a terrain study prototype covering
North Korea. The end products of the program were a set of briefing
aids and graphics designed to demonstrate the feasibility of utilizing
satellite photography for the production of terrain data at small,
medium and large scales.
The effort included the construction of three mosaics with
basic terrain data interpretation. The study also included the
production of a 1:12,500 city plan and a 1:3,500 scale port plan from
0
In 1967 entered into a time and materials contract
with the Advanced Research Projects Agency to provide photo-interpreters
for the Terrain Atlas Nuclear Test Detection Program. One phase of the
program provided two photo geologists to interpret satellite imagery over
potential test sites in the Soviet Union. The mission of the geologists
was to interpret satellite imagery and correct the geology, soils, vege-
tation and geomorphology overlays that were to be presented as atlases of
potential test areas. A total of 13 atlases were revised during the two
year term of the contract.
The second phase of the contract required the services of a third
geologist. . The objectives of the study were to determine the quantitative
aspects and the physical configuration of geologic formations through the
use of a projection stereoplotter. In addition, the task was to determine
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the feasibility of utilizing the stereoplotter as a tool for photo geology.
The project explored the feasibility of using the projector to record dip
and strike, measure strategraphic sections and delineate formational
contacts of geologic structures. The final task of the program involved
an evaluation of the data gained from the experiments for this scientific
value and accuracy, as well as to ascertain the utility of the data in the
ARPA Terrain Atlas Program.
Because of an increased interest in additional sensors to be
employed in satellite operations, embarked upon a series 25X1A
of studies designed to evaluate and validate the techniques used throughout
the intelligence community for exploitation of conventional and unconventional
imagery. The purpose of these studies was to insure that future systems
carried the optimum sensor package for the maximum information content.
These studies involved exploitation systems analyses, an evaluation of
screening and targeting techniques and a design of human factor testing
procedures to validate conclusion of the studies.
The first of this type of study was a basic human factors test
experiment with image interpreters utilizing both infrared and optical
photography, collected during both daylight and night hours, in order to
produce an interpretation manual of typical imagery targets. This general
work was followed by an investigation of specific areas of intelligence
value, training implications, mensuration and exploitation techniques and
equipment for unconventional sensor use against specific NPIC Essential
Elements of Information. Sensor outputs studied included color, camou-
flage detection, laser line scan and passive radiometry.
Following these studies,
engaged in a compre- 25X1A
hensive study of the intelligence value of satellite imagery (both line scan
and photographic) against one particular set of targets--Mobile Ground Radars.
This study analyzed the relationships of interpreter performance, target
ground resolution and intelligence analyst estimation.
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A number of human factors problems occurred in the previous efforts,
resulting in several Photo Interpreter Performance analyses conducted by
personnel for NPIC. The first involved a determination
of the resolution/performance relationship using as stimulants various com-
binations of stereo/non-stereo/color/black and white imagery. Tasks included
test design, test administration, analysis of test results and overall coor-
dination of efforts of other contributing contractors and NPIC personnel..
An investigation of training and training requirements was indicated by the
results of the study described above. This was accomplished with the aid
of NPIC interpreters throughout the experimental phase. Following this, a
complete analysis of the imagery exploitation and collateral data support
process of NPIC was conducted.
Because of the growing concern for the knowledge of the
resolutions required to identify certain targets and the relationship of
resolution to interpreter peeformance, I lundertook an
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additional series of studies designed to determine this relationship
and define the resolution required to identify certain ground targets, based
on increased sensor capabilities. Various targets such as mobile radars and
missile sites,and ground sites of both the targets were used in these studies.
Controlled test programs were designed and administered to experienced photo
interpreters. Based on the performance of the interpreters, certain ground
resolutions were established providing the answers to the current Essential
Elements of Information required for each target type.
The need for the development of a practical means for implementing
inspections which could contribute to the verification of arms control agree-
involvement in a program to compare satellite
imagery with conventional aircraft imagery. This comparison was accomplished
to see if the conventional aircraft imagery (specially flown to simulate the
satellite photography) could compare with the aircraft imagery in the infor-
mation content. In this program analyzed and compared 25X1A
satellite imagery using qualitative and quantitative measures including
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standard photo interpretation techniques, modulation transfer functions,
granularity and density measures. The results of this program indicated
that large scale satellite imagery and large scale aircraft imagery were
compatible in information content whereas the small scale imagery from
both sources did not compare.
In addition to the specialized types of R & D conducted for NPIC,
a complete systems analysis of the NPIC exploitation capability and data
flow was also conducted. Recommendations (some of which have since been
implemented) included those concerning personnel organization/teaming
relationships, equipment utilization, software utilization, data base
mechanisms (access, storage, and retrieval), geographic vs. functional
targeting intelligence inputs/outputs, and training.
Since 1970 has performed varied R & D
tasks for a continuing NPIC program "Basic Research in Precise Measure-
ment". The objective is to determine the precision of mensuration and
to assist in improving the accuracy of mensuration through a variety
of techniques. Areas investigated to date include:
1. Reticle Design
.2. Viewing Illumination
3. Film Stability on Measuring Devices
4. Human Engineering Instrumentation Design
5. Design and Development of Semi-Automatic Pointing
Devices
Continued services have been supplied to various members of
the intelligence and mapping community. Much work is performed on a
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stand-by consultant basis. Rather than detail each and every task--
let it suffice to state that the skills of personnel have
been in continued demand and continue to satisfactorily meet the
requirements of varied R & D programs. Of particular note is the nature
of these task--by and large work performed is in support of real needs--
only infrequently are "study" contracts obtained; rather immediate and
practical problems are signed on, and thus very little "blue-sky"
performance is tolerated or permitted.
Such problem solving R & D activities are currently being
undertaken in the following areas:
? Coherent Side Looking Radar Exploitation (ocean and
land surveillance).
? Underwater Camera System Analysis
? Radar Target Location
? Orbital Computer Programming
? Human Factors Testing for Near-Real-Time Sensor
Exploitation
? Training Package and Photo-Interpretation Key Design
and Production
? Photogrammetric/Computer Systems Analysis
This rather comprehensive account of Iexperience
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in satellite imagery exploitation was given to show the depth of our
involvement in many facets of this work in the classified area. In a
separate volume, Statements of Qualifications, is shown
experience in lesser classified and unclassified programs.
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In this section will be found resumes of representative classified
tasks. They are presented here to show in limited detail the kinds of prob-
lems associated with satellite photography that have been addressed by
during the past 15 years, Each of these tasks has been fully docu-
mented for the original customer.
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Title: The Differential Orbit Improvement Program, DOI II
Objectives: To prepare an improved version of the DOI Program.
Approach: The Differential Orbit Improvement Program, DOI, had
been prepared by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Obser-
vatory in computer machine language, which severely
limited its use. As a first step, the program was
rewritten in FORTRAN II language for the IBM 7090 com-
puter at the Army Map Service, incorporating linking
so that the entire program could be run at one time.
Sophisticated gravity and air drag models were added
to the program which, originally, included only
empirical parameters.
Results: The improved version of the DOI Program, the DOI II,
with complete documentation, were delivered.
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 ApproverjRel"'F/
Title: Universal Photogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping
Sys tem (UPDRAMS)
Objectives: To present a detailed description of the UPDRAM system,
including the flow of materials through the system.
Approach: The UPDRAM System was first divided into five phases;
(1) materials preparation and storage, (2) evaluation,
(3) mensuration, (4) map compilation, and (5) compu-
tation. Each of the five phases was further subdivided
into individual functions. Detailed descriptions of
each of the functions within each phase were then pre-
pared, each function description being accompanied by
a detailed function flow chart. Finally, detailed
Technical Requirements for each piece of equipment
in the system, with the exception of the off-the-shelf
items, were prepared.
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 Approved f r11-e& 4 1''/I20 : CIA-RDP80T007034000700010001-4
Title: Storage and Retrieval System Study
Job No.: 106-6
Objectives: To determine an effective storage and retrieval system
for multi--volume photographic materials and geodetic
data supplied to and generated by the. Universal Photo-
grammetric Data Reduction and Mapping System (UPDRAMS).
Approach: Storage and retrieval systems, both operational and
those under development by governmental agencies and
commercial firms, were evaluated using the following
criteria: (1) type, quantity, and form of material
used in the system; (2) characteristics of the master
file; (3) system performance; and (4) utilization of
present system components to devise a suitable storage
and retrieval system for the UPDRAM System.
Results: A Photographic Record Storage and Retrieval System and
a Geodetic Data Storage and Retrieval System were
recommended, the former based on bin storage of the
original negatives, the latter on scroll storage on
Kalvar employing the Command Retrieval Information
System (CRIS).
25X1A
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
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 25X1A
Approved JRel feQ"12t : CIA-RDP8OT00703A~
25X1A
Title: The Universal Photogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping
System, Production Analysis
Objectives: To provide a complete production analysis of the Universal
Photogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping System (UPDRAMS)
including the production scheduling of material, data, and
personnel as a continuous flow between and within each
piece of equipment in terms of quantities or rates of pro-
duction.
Approach: The production rate of each piece of equipment in the
UPDRAN System on a unit basis was first determined.
These production rates were then expanded to 1.000 photo-
graphs for the triangulation and orbit adjustment function
and to such production rates for each piece of equipment
as would keep the Universal Automatic Map Compilation
Equipment busy full time in the mapping function. The
production scheduling for the triangulation and orbit
adjustment of a single complete mission was then deter-
mined. Finally, production rates and scheduling for the
production of 1,000,000 square miles of mapping at scales
of 1:50,000 and 1:250,000 were computed.
Results: The production analysis was presented in the form of
tables and charts, providing criteria (1) for deter-
mining the relative numbers of balance of equipment
and personnel for optimum operation with designated
input materials, and (2) for the selection of input
material configurations for optimum production.
25X1
25X1A
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 25X1A
Approvei F;fkeQ/
Title: System Mathematical Analyses and Computer Programming
Job No.: 1.26-13
Objectives: To prepare the computer programs necessary to implement
the Computer Support function of the Universal Photo-
grammetric Data Reduction and Mapping System.
Approach: Four programs were completed. They were (1) an Abso-
lute. Orientation Program, (2) a Photo Inventory Storage
and Retrieval Program, (3) a Control Point Inventory
Storage and Retrieval Program, and (4) a Mission Re-
duction Program. The purpose of the Absolute Orientation
Program, whose analysis was developed under Job No.
126-22, is to perform a relative orientation, absolute
orientation, and non-conformal adjustment of a stereo
pair of frame or panoramic photographs to ground control.
The photo inventory programs store new photo records
(data) on the photo inventory tapes, update the photo
records already on the photo inventory tapes, and
retrieve photo records from the photo inventory tapes.
Similarly, the control point inventory programs store
new point records on the control point inventory tapes,
update the point records already on the control inventory
tapes, and retrieve point records from the control point
inventory tapes. The Mission Reduction Program accepts
photographic measurements, ground control data, camera
position and attitude data, camera calibration data,
evaluation data, and so on; performs a least squares ad-
justment of that data constrained to an orbit; and pro-
duces a final Mission Photo Inventory Tape for merging
into the Master Photo Inventory Tape.
Results: The computer programs, in FORTRAN IV, and complete
program documentation were delivered.
Approved For Release 20L3/06121 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
Approved N16604,94/t0 : CIA-RDP80T00703A0~
Title: Investigation of Photographic Recording of Geodetic
Control.
Objectives: To establish and evaluate procedures for the acquisition,
identification, marking, and formatting of photo-
identifiable geodetic control to be placed in the Geo-
detic Control File of the Universal Photogrammetric
Data Reduction and Mapping System (UPDRAMS).
Approach: Studies were conducted and tests performed to:
(1) determine storage scale and format for photo
imagery of geodetic control,
(2) determine techniques and equipment for pre-
paring photographic records,
(3) determine selection criteria for terrain
points,
(4) establish control density requirements, and
(5) investigate storage and retrieval practices.
An area within the continental United States of suit-
able size for test purposes was selected, and geodetic
control information within that area suitable for use
in establishing the Geodetic Control File was collected.
A sample Geodetic Control File was then prepared.
Results: Suitable procedures for the preparation of a Geodetic
Control File were developed.
Approved For Release 2 03/06/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
Approve~~lkel& p / 0 : CIA-RDP80T00703 000700010001-4 25X1A
Title: Information. Content of Certain Reconnaissance Satellite
Imagery.
Objectives: The purpose of the program was to determine the environ-
mental data content of the imagery of the K11-5 and KH-4
satellite systems. The program's interpretation and
mensuration efforts involved a sampling of the spectrum
of natural and man-made phenomena and detail. The general
areas of interest included:
Geology
Land Use
Snow and Ice Cover
Clouds
Urban Features
Approach: In order to determine the value of satellite photography
and its possible application to the disciplines of geology,
and resources exploration, an initial review of all perti-
nent geologic and geomorphologic criteria was conducted.
Those essential elements that were considered to be inter-
pretable from satellite photography were isolated. The
terrain elements were then compiled into target lists to
serve as interpretation guides.
Imagery was selected and interpreted. These interpretations
were then compared with collateral data for accuracy and
data content.
Results: The study indicated the satellite imagery contained much
useful data although an exact measurement of the accuracy
and completeness of the study results could not be ascer-
tained without further research.
It was recommended that additional research be carried out
in order to determine the system's utility to produce an
accurate and complete product.
Approved For Release 203/O6120 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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25X1
25X1A
 Approve-f ?e@sCpJ/L/ 0 : CIA-RDP80TOO703AO
Title: Systems and Combinations Adapted to the Acquisition
of Control Geometrically Distributed over the Land
Masses of the World
Job No.: 126-17
Objectives: To investigate methods for improving the results
obtainable with the 0 satellite photography.
25X1A
Approach: The initial data reduction and testing of the 25X1A
photography indicated that the potential accuracy o4
that system had not been attained. Therefore, studies
were undertaken to determine ways of improving the
observations (in quality, quantity, and variety) and
of improving the data reduction programs, in particular
the DOI program. Tests were undertaken in which obser-
vations in the Southern hemisphere and ground tracking
observations E__ I were incorporated,
and the value of datum shifts in the DOI program was
investigated.
Results: It was recommended that ground control be as well dis-
tributed as possible in making orbit adjustments, that
ground tracking observations be incorporated whenever
possible, and that pass points and partial control
points (sea shore points) be employed. It was further
recommended that the DOI program be expanded to include
datum shifts. (This latter recommendation was implemented
under Job No. 126-23, which resulted in the RECAP Program.)
25X1
25X1A
Approved For Release 20 3/06/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
ApproveZIl a iP,el&oegoQ: /~0 : CIA-RDP80T007034000700010001-4
Title: An Optimum Cartographic Collection System
Objectives: To determine the parameters of an optimum cartographic
collection system operating in a satellite orbiting
the earth and capable of acquiring photography suit-
able for topographic mapping and point location.
Approach: The requirements, both in content and in accuracy, for
topographic maps at large and medium scales (1:50,000
and 1:250,000) meeting military needs, and the require-
ments for point location, were first established. The
parameters of cartographic collection systems were
then developed. The functional relationships between
these parameters and the accuracy, content, and ground
coverage of a cartographic collection was developed
and presented both in the form of equations and in
graphical form (using the graphs, trade-offs between
the various parameters can be determined). The para-
meters of a number of existing and proposed systems
were evaluated with respect to their ability to meet
the requirements of content and accuracy for large and
medium scale mapping and for point location. The
costs--including development, equipment, booster, launch
and recovery, data reduction, and map production--of
each of the existing and proposed systems were considered.
Results: An optimum cartographic collection system was selected.
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
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 25X1A
Approve -Fkel Qd U$/t0 : CIA-RDP8OT007031
Title: The Universal Photogrammetric Data Reduction and
Mapping System, Optimum Operating Procedures
Job No.: 126-19
Objectives: To determine optimum operating procedures to he employed
in the various operational segments of the Universal
Phot:ogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping System
(UPDI,%MS) for each of several specified categories of
input photography.
Approach: A detailed analysis of the UPDRAM System, as defined
in Job No. 106-3 and employing the production analyses
developed under Job No. 126-8, was developed. The
resulting optimum operating procedures were then pre-
sented in three volumes, the first presenting a
narrative of those procedures, the second containing
detailed operational flow diagrams, and the third
showing time, manpower, equipment, and material require-
ments.
Results: Optimum operating procedures for the UPDRAM System
were produced.
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
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Approved For Release 2L /06/20: CIA-RDP8OT00703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
Approve'' CppRe ?zpppig6/
Title: Preparation of Operational Programs for the Universal
Automatic Map Compilation Equipment
Job No.: 126-22
Objectives: To develop procedures for the determination of input
parameters for the compilation of panoramic photography
on the Universal Automatic Map Compilation Equipment
(UNAMACE) , and to determine the adequacy of the UNAMACE
operational programs with panoramic photography.
Approach: The analyses employed in the UNAMACE operational pro-
grams were investigated. Procedures for the deter-
mination of panoramic photo input parameters--based
on the transformation of the panoramic photographs to
equivalent frame photographs, the relative and absolute
orientation of the stereo model formed by that
photography, and the non-conformal adjustment of that
model to ground control--were developed and tested.
Results: The analyses employed in the UNAMACE operational pro-
grams were found to be adequate. The procedures for
determining input parameters for the compilation of
panoramic photography on the UNAMACE were found to be
satisfactory and it was recommended that they be pro-
grammed for production use (such a program was later
completed under Job No. 126-13).
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Approved For Release 003/06/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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25X1A
25X1
25X1A
 25X1A
Approved PQ ReI&4i ?i bbL0k
Title: Refined Consolidated Adjustment Program, RECAP
Job No.: 126-23
Objectives; To produce a computer program capable of adjusting two
or more orbital missions simultaneously.
Approach: Analyses, program design, and program preparation were
undertaken to produce a computer program having the
following features:
(1) Adjust up to 20 missions simultaneously,
but not exceeding a total of 120 adjustable
orbital parameters;
(2) handle up to 3725 solution parameters;
(3) employ a gravity model with the capability
of using spherical harmonic coefficients of
order 18 and degree 18;
(4) accept as input data: radar observations,
range-rate (Doppler) observations, ground
based camera observations, and orbiting
camera observations including complete and
partial (sea shore points) ground control
and conjugate imagery from separate missions;
and
(5) provide as output: orbital parameters for
each mission, ephemerides for each mission,
coordinates of unknown ground points,
corrections to ground tracker coordinates,
time bias correction between ground tracker
clocks and vehicle clocks, datum shift infor-
mation, and two residual presentations,
sensor and orbital.
In addition, the FIDAGE program, capable of producing
fictitious data suitable for testing the RECAP program,
was prepared. .
Results: The RECAP and FIDAGE programs, in FORTRAN IV for the
IBM 7094, and complete program documentation were
delivered.
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
Approved For Release 2
TOP SCCtiET
 25X1A
Approve''D(0Re@ - P80T00703#000700010001-4
Title: The Evaluation of the Hipernas IIB Inertial Navigation
System, The evaluation of a Mapping Satellite for
Controlling a Rapid Combat Mapping System USQ-28, and
Rectificat:ion of Side-Looking Radar by means of High
Altitude Photography.
Objectives: To determine the quality of a map compilation for a
specified block of terrain in which little or no
previous ground control is available.
Approach: In the first study errors were generated in a sample
ground control network with the aid of a simulation
model made for the Hipernas IIB inertial navigation
system. These errors were then used to perturb a real
set of control points associated with real photography.
An orthophoto produced in this manner with the use
of the B8-Stereomat was then compared with the un-
perturbed orthophoto to determine and quantitatively
analyze the magnitude of the errors introduced by the
inertial navigation system. In the second study, per-
taining to the geodetic mapping satellite, a similar
approach was used insofar as an orthophotograph was
the final product of this phase. However, in this
situation, the errors were propagated indirectly from
a physical. model consisting of a pair of overlapping
satellite photographs to the ground control through
the intermediate media of conventional altitude photog-
raphy. In the final study the high altitude photograph,
or a small sector thereof, was enlarged to the scale
of the photographic presentation of the side-looking
radar. The SLR was oriented in the plane of'the
horizon and rectified by comparison with the high
altitude enlargement by a manual process which seeks
to match detail, one small area at a time. Finally,
a best visual match was made between the two film
transparencies, the SLR copy superimposed on the
enlarged KFI-5 photography.
Results: The studies indicated that the qualify of map compila-
tion could be improved by the use of inertial navi-
gation equipment and/or satellite altitude photography.
25X1
25X1A
Approved For Release 2 03/06/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
25X1A
Approve Forel8are~
Title: Evaluation of Experimental Strategic Military Geographic
Intelligence from Short Focal Length Satellite Imagery
Objectives: 1) The construction of a mosaic covering the Continent
of Africa;
2) The derivation and compilation, through photo-
interpretation, of basic geoscience data covering the
continent
3) The synthesis and compilation of military geo-
graphic intelligence overlays from the basic geoscience
data.
Approach: This program was conducted without the aid of collateral
materials. The area studied was divided into 12 sections,
each covered by a mosaic sheet and 8 overlays. The
mosaic sheets were produced from six missions and the
imagery was selected in such a manner as to minimize
cloud cover. The mosaic was constructed at a scale of
1:4,000,000 and then reduced, for presentation purposes,
to 1:2,000,000.
The geoscience overlays were compiled through stereo-
scopic interpretation of the enlarged satellite frames.
The military geographic intelligence overlays were then
synthesized from the data compiled above.
Results: It was conzluded in this study that geoscience and military
geographic intelligence could be derived from satellite
imagery and it was recommended that other systems be
used to obtain preliminary data for military and civil
engineering.
25X1A
Approved For Release 20 321001,40 : - DP80TOO703A00070001000
T SEC
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
 25X1A
Approve- Re,JaL3 2 1l/e6f20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A
Title: An Analysis of Stellar Attitude Determination by
Physical Simulation
Objectives: To perform studies concerning the precision of attitude
determination by means of a metrical camera photograph-
ing stars as a function of the number of stars and the
distribution of stars.
25X1A
Approach: Stellar photographs were first taken with the 25X1A
Zenith Ca?,era. Some fifty star images on the resulting
plates were then identified and measured. The attitude,
and the precision of that attitude, were then determined
for four subsets of well distributed stellar images-and
for ten subsets of the fifty stars arranged in other
patterns.
Results: Graphs, depicting the precision of camera attitude as
a function of the number and distribution of measured
stellar images, were presented.
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25X1A
25X1
25X1A
 25X1A
Approved' Rel 34E&iR3FO 0 : CIA-RDP80T00703A0 0700010001-4
25X1A
Title: UNAMe1CE Engineering Test Addendum
Job No.: 126-31
Objectives: To determine the capabilities of the Universal Auto-
matic Compilation Equipment (UNAMACE) when employing
panoramic photography taken from satellite altitudes.
Approach: Orthophotographs and drop line contour plots were pro-
duced by the UNAMACE at scales of 1:250,000 (with
contour intervals of 100 feet and 200 feet) and
1:100,000 (with a contour interval of 50 feet), from
contact diapositives and 3.3X enlarged diapositives
respectively, of selected stereo pairs of panoramic
photographs taken with the KH-4 camera system. The
production rates and number of stops during UNAMACE
operation were noted and the accuracy and quality of
the orthophotographs and drop line contours were
determined.
Results: Orthophotographs produced by the UNAMACE at a scale
of 1:250,000 will meet National Map Accuracy Stan-
dards, and the UNANACE is capable of producing drop
line contours at a contour interval of either 200 feet
or 100 meters meeting National Map Accuracy Standards,
when adequate ground control is available. Further,
when 3.3X enlarged KH-4 panoramic photography is
employed, orthophotographs produced by the UNAMACE
at a scale of 1:100,000 will meet National. Map Accuracy
Standards and the UNA.NACE is capable of producing
drop line contours at a contour interval of either
100 feet or 30 meters.
25X1
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Approved For Release 2003/06/20: CIA-RDP8OT00703A000700010001-4
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 25X1D Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000700010001-4
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000700010001-4
 2;(1A
Approved Fo"Ps.-,2 1
25X1A
Title: Studies of Photo Interpreter. Performance as a Function of
Resolution, Stereo, and Color
Job No.: 165, 2241
Objectives: To determine the relationships between interpreter per-
formance and photographic ground resolution.
Approach: Human factors studies were performed to determine the
resolution performance relationships. assisted
in the ground truth data collection phases of the studies.
I I administered the tests to NPIC photointerpreters,
assiste on the test design and analysis and served as
overall coordinator between the other contributing con-
tractors and NPIC personnel.
Results: Two studies were published: The Analysis of Missile Sites
as a Function of Photographic Ground Resolution (S) and
The Measurement of Photo crap hic Images by Human Operators (U).
In the missile study a specific range of ground resolution
was determined as providing the answers to the Essential
Elements of Information that were asked of the subjects.
A missile key was also published on the sites used in the
study.
In the measurement study, errors were demonstrated by sub-
ject and total subjects for different geometric shapes as
a function of edge spread and contrast.
Approved For Release 200 3/06/20 : CIA-RDP8
.MW
TO SEC
T00703A00g3ff Q10001-
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
 Approved Fo,. asg:9e'
Title: Positional. and Dimensional Error Analysis of Objects
Calculated from Panoramic and Strip Photography
Objectives: To prepare an analysis directed towards calculating
the effects of interior and exterior orientation errors
in panoramic and strip camera systems upon the length
or height of a ground object.
Approach: The panoramic and strip camera observations are first
reduced to equivalent frame observations so that the
theory or central projection can be applied. Both an
accuracy study and a precision study were then performed.
In the accuracy study, parameters of interior or exter-
ior orientation are perturbed and the affects of those
perturbations on ground dimensions are noted. In the
precision study, errors in interior or exterior orien-
tation parameters are propagated through the appropriate
transformations.
Results: The analyses are presented.
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
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Approved For Release 200 r I - U01 - LU : - T00703A000700010001-1
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25X1
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Approved For Release 2003/06/20
Title: Universal Photogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping
System (UPDRAMS) Operational Procedures Manual
Objectives: To present procedures for the operation of the Univer-
sal Photogrammetric Data Reduction and Mapping System.
Approach: A complete operational procedures manual for mapping
from the following satellite photography was prepared:
25X1A
25X1A
25X1 D
The procedures were prepared in separate volumes, each
volume describing operating procedures for a major
operational segment of AMS (e.g., planning, photo
preparation, control, stereo compilation, planimetric
compilation). Each major work operation description
begins at the top of a page with a descriptive title.
Associated with this title is the name of the opera-
tional segment that will be responsible for performing
the work described. The operation is then described
in narrative fashion supported by complete flow charts.
Results: The UPDRAMS Operational Procedures Manual was completed
and delivered.
25X1
25X1A
Approved ForORell~eas 220003 E~, ? CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
 I 25X1A
25X1A
No -
TOP SEC ET'
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 . 0010001-4
Title: Use of Satellite Photography for Military and Civil
Engineering
Objectives: The objective of this program was to ascertain the amounts
and type of civil and military engineering data, required
for major works, that can be extracted from satellite
imagery.
Approach: The first phase of the program required the systematic
interpretation of satellite imagery covering a broad
distribution of geographic, climatic and physiographic
regions.
The second phase required the construction of a semi-
controlled mosaic of a 10,000 square mile area in
From the mosaic and imagery interpretation
an effort was made to acquire reliable engineering
design information. These data were used to select
alternate military highway routes between two points
and five "hasty" airfields.
The third phase required the interpretation and men-
suration of engineering data along a major proposed
highway route. This data was then evaluated and
compared with engineering data prepared for develop-
ment of the route.
Results: The data acquired during the course of the program was
then applied to the formation of an organization that
will make pragmatic everyday use of satellite photography
for preliminary engineering design purposes in support
of field army requirements.
25X1A
25X1
25X1A
Approved For Release 200 06/20: CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 Approved Fo410(psGQq/Wf CIA-RDP80TOO703A000
Title: Investigation of Systematic Panoramic Distortions
Job No.: 1221
Objectives: To continue the work begun under. Task 126-10-5 in order
to determine if, in fact, a calibration procedure could
be devised which would remove the systematic errors from
K1I-4 panoramic photography and, if so, to determine the
effectiveness of that procedure.
Approach: Seven consecutive frames each of forward and aft KH-4
panoramic photography (and the corresponding terrain
index photography) exposed over an adequately controlled
and mapped area I Iwere employed to
determine the calibration constants for the two cameras
involved. Then, two additional photographs each of
forward and aft photography taken witl-i the same cameras
but exposed several days later over another adequately
mapped area were employed to determine if the calibration
constants determined for the two cameras were, indeed,
valid. As a first step the image coordinates of ground
control points, the format edge, fiducial marks, and time
marks were measured on all photographs. Those measurements
were preprocessed by fitting to the format edge and
scaling to the fiducial marks. A relative orientation
between the panoramic and terrain index photographs was
performed and the panoramic photo coordinates were trans-
formed to equivalent frame photo coordinates. Then,
resections of the equivalent frame photo coordinates to
highly weighted ground control were performed. Photo
residuals of the resection runs were fit to polynomials,
the coefficients of those polynomials forming the basis
of the camera calibration. That calibration was then
applied to the additional photographs and the precision
of the additional photographs was determined.
Results: The procedures developed for the calibration of KH-4
panoramic photography were, indeed, effective in re-
moving a significant amount of distortion from that
photography.
25X1A
25X1A
25X1A
25X1
Approved For Release 2003 06/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
Approved Fo I as 0I 19(Y CIA-RDP80T00703A000 00010001-4 25X1A
Title: Weighted Least Squares Adjustment of Pan, Strip and
Frame Camera Data Collected over Short Arcs by an
Orbiting Vehicle.
Objectives: To prepare computer programs suitable for the perfor-
mance of error analyses of mapping systems in orbit.
Approach: Studies were performed to determine an optimum orbit
constraint over a distance of 600 miles. It was
found that third degree polynomials gave an error of
less than one meter when fit to fully perturbed
Keplerian orbits. The PHANTOM Program, a least-squares
adjustment program capable of handling panoramic and
strip photography as well as frame photography, was
then prepared employing polynomial constraints for
camera position and attitude. Finally, the PIDGEN
program, which generates fictitious data for input
to PHANTOM as a function of Keplerian orbit parameters,
was prepared.
Results: The PHANTOM and PIDGEN programs, along with complete
documentation, were delivered.
25X1
25X1A
Approved For Release 2003 06/20 : CIA-RDP80T00703A000700010001-4
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 25X1A
TO P S E C Fb ET 25X1A
Approved For Release 2003/06/20 : I. A RRPBOT-_~~ ~_
00010001-4
25X1A
Title: PG Analysis
Job No.: 1227
Objectives: To develop the preprocessing techniques required for
the reduction of PG panoramic photography (a modified
KH-4 panoramic camera system), to determine the effec-
tiveness of the calibration of that photography, and
to determine the accuracy of that photography.
Approach: Computer programs required for, the reduction of the
PG panoramic photography were prepared. One forward
and one aft photograph, exposed over a well controlled
area were selected and measured.
The panoramic photo coordinates were preprocessed and
then transformed to equivalent frame photo coordinate;
resections with highly weighted ground control were
performed, and the photo residuals from those resections
were analyzed to determine the magnitude of the remaining
distortions and the accuracy of the photographs.
Results: The calibration of the IMC traces was found to be invalid
(i.e., the calibration was not repeatable). However,
by employing measurements of the reseau holes and the
IMC traces, a major portion of the systematic error was
removed from the PG photography and its accuracy was
found to be somewhat better than conventional KH-4
panoramic photography.
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Approved Ff ea e 0 CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 Approved FoTIVas92(G/ &0T bIA-RDP80T00703A00070 010001-4
Title:
Job No.
Objectives:
25X1 Approach:
2W(1 D
Human Factors Support Services
25X1A
25X1A
To provide services to to accomplish 25X1A
three specific tasks; Photo Interpreter. Performance Mission,
Stereo Evaluation and Factors Study, and The Relative
Accuracy of Mensuration.
personnel were responsible for gathering the
test stimulus material (satellite photography, KH-4,
annotating and locating the targets,
training and administering the tests. There were over
a thousand targets analyzed for use on the tests. All the
work was accomplished.
25X1A Results: IIprovided inputs to all the final reports. 25X1A
pu is e two Task Analysis reports on the flow of. satellite
file and data handling of the imagery by the photointerpreters
to produce the OAK, OAK supplement and detailed reports and
mensuration film handling procedures of the Photogrammetric
Branch within NPIC.
25X1
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Approved For Release 2003/ 6/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 Approved FTpWe6cM,
~W
Title: Imagery Experimentation Support
Job No.: 2272, 2319
Objectives: To determine the intelligence value of satellite imagery
(both line-scan and photographic) for military targets,
from the relationship of interpreter performance, target
ground resolution, and intelligence analyst estimates.
Approach: The techniques used were the same as in 165 and 2241.
Results: Published Study, The Analysis of Radar. Sites as a Function
of Photographic Ground Resolution (S).
This study was similar to the missile study in that ground
resolutions for the requirements were demonstrated. The
latter job 2319, is currently in process with the analysis
of Ground Order of Battle Targets as a function of photo-
graphic ground resolution and various line-scan parameters.
Approved For Release 2003/0 /20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 Approved FJr9elease 6 370 2 J CIA-RDP8OT00703AOOD700010001-4
Title: Terrain Study Prototype
Job No.: 1278
Objectives: The principle objective of this program was to develop
a prototype terrain study. The program was designed to
illustrate, through an operational test, the effective-
ness of using a combination of satellite imagery and
collateral materials for the solution of regional military
problems concerning terrain studies. The study was addressed
specifically to problems concerning military geographic
intelligence and irregular force operations.
Approach: The program was conducted in three tasks:
(1) The first task required the construction of
a mosaic using KH-4 panoramic imagery. A series
of geoscience overlays was then compiled covering
the mosaic, through the stereoscopic interpretation
of the satellite panoramic imagery. Upon completion
of the basic overlays the data was synthesized into
five military geographic overlays.
(2) The second task required the production of basic
geoscience overlays at an enlarged scale of 1:50,000.
(3) The third task encompassed the checking of
data developed in Tasks I and II using collateral
materials in the form of National Intelligence
Survey reports.
Results: The conclusions of the study were:
(1) The KH-4 panoramic photography'affords wide
areal coverage and contains adequate ground reso-
lution characteristics so as to allow an inter-
preter to extract a sufficient level of continuous
terrain detail to meet the requirements of the DIA
Guide to the Production of Terrain Studies.
(2) KH-4 panoramic imagery can be enlarged to a
scale of 1:50,000. At this scale sufficient ground
resolution is maintained to allow stereoscopic
interpretation of a geoscience "data base", from
which military geographic intelligence overlays
for guerrilla operations can be produced.
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25X1A
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Approved For Retea a 0/J66d :
(3) It was shown that K11-4 panoramic photography
can be enlarged approximately 8X. to a scale of
1:20,000. At this scale considerable ground
resolution is lost, however, the imagery can be
used to formulate preliminary or contingency
defense plans in conjunction with previously
compiled, smaller scale, military geographic
intelligence.
25X1A
25X1A
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Approved For Release 2003/,16/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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Approved For elease 2~0 / Qhh0 : ka_PnPRnTnn7nnannn;
Title: The Analysis and Data Reduction of Strip Photography
Job No.: 1283
Objectives: To develop, program, and test data reduction techniques
for strip photography; to analyze the results of those
tests; and to prepare a production program for the
determination of strip photography input parameters
for the analytical plotters.
Approach: The PASOUT pro rata, a computer program capable of
transforming, trip photography measure-
ments to an equivalent frame photograph and then per-
forming a relative orientation between that photograph
and the terrain index photograph, was prepared. Several
sets of strip photographs and their corresponditg
terrain index photographs were selected, measured,
and run through the PASOUT program and the Single Camera
Resection Program. The data from those runs, plus a
large amount of data from another task, were analyzed
to determine the validity of the data reduction tech-
niques.
Results: The techniques described above were validated. How-
ever, the ground control was not of sufficient accuracy
to determine the quality of the strip photography. In
addition, some of the strip photography included large
timing errors. A production program for mapping from
strip photography was described in detail.
25X1A
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Approved FoF asTe ~6IA-RDP80T00703A000I700010001-4
Title: Extension and Application of Multiple Orbit Short Arc
Error Analysis Program (PHANTOM)
Job No.: 1288
Objectives: To develop the analysis and necessary computer programs
that would enable the user to determine the relative
accuracy with which a network of control over a region
500 miles on a side could be established from a set of
photographic records collected by a specific camera
system in orbit and then to apply the derived tech-
niques to a variety of mapping systems defined by the
Army.
Approach: The PHANTOM program and its associated data generator,
PIDGEN (both prepared under Job No. 1226), were modi-
fied as required and several supplementary programs were
prepared. Photograph and ground data were then generated
for some eleven different camera systems and configurations
using the PIDGEN program. The data for each system, each
covering an area 500 miles square, were then adjusted and
the errors propagated employing the PHANTOM program.
Results: The results of the adjustments of the eleven mapping
systems were tabulated and presented graphically in
order that a comparison of the relative accuracies of
the various systems could be made.
25 RV
Approved For Release 20 /06/20: CIA-RDP80TOO703A000700010001-4
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 Approved For elea a 0 /b iA
Title: FT-15 -- A Comparative Analysis of Photographic Quality
Objectives: To provide a valid and precise expression of the amount
of information available in satellite and aircraft imagery.
To compare the information available in each type of
imagery and provide an indication of the amount of Arms
Control information which can be expected from large and
small scale presentations.
Approach: To satisfy these objectives, Autometric performed a quali-
tative and quantitative analysis of KH-4 l and aircraft
imagery. This analysis consisted of:
1. Image interpretation
2. Modulation Transfer Functions
3. Granularity Measurements
4. Density Measurements
The small scale KH-4 and aircraft imagery were not comparable.
25X1A
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 Approved FIeage"2R/10 : CIA-RDP80T00703A00 700010001-4
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Title: Data Analysis and Interpretation
Job No.: 3229-1/1301-1
Objectives: This project was a service program for the ARPA
Terrain Atlas for. Nuclear Test Detection Program.
Approach: The program required two photo-geologists to inter-
pret satellite imagery over potential nuclear test
sites in the Soviet Union. The two geologists
interpreted the imagery and corrected the collateral
data where discrepancies were detected.
The program disciplines were geology, soils, vege-
tation and landforms. A total of 13 atlases were
revised over the two-year term of the contract. '
Approved For Release 2003/ 6/20: CIA-RDP80T00703A000700010001-4
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Title: Data Analysis and Interpretation
Job No.: 3329-2/1301-2
Objectives: The objectives of the study were odeterfine tteon
quantitative aspects and the physical
of geologic formations through the use of satellite
imagery with a projection stereoplotter. In addition,
the task was designed to determine the ability of a
stereoplotter to fulfill the requirements of a geo-
logic study and to determine the ability of a geol-
ogist, untrained in the operation of a stereoplotter,
to operate a stereoplotter and produce an accurate
geologic interpretation.
Approach: The initial phases of the study were directed totion-
the feasibility of using the imagery with proje
n
type stereoplotters to record dip and strike, measure
strategraphic sections and delineate formational
contacts of geologic structures. This was followed by
a series of tests to determine time requirements and
the problems involved in recording the structural
attitude of key geologic formations in four test
areas.
The final phase of the program was designed to eval-
uate the information gained from the tests for scientific
value and accuracy and to ascertain if the data could
be utilized in the ARPA Terrain Atlas Program.
Approved For Release 2003/0W _Z9_:
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