INTERNATIONAL ENERGY BIWEEKLY REVIEW

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00702A001100010011-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 76
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 17, 2002
• Sequence Number: 11
• Publication Date: July 12, 1978
• Content Type: REPORT

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aE3
On file, DOI releaseinstructi.oaply--
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I nternational Energy
weekly Review
u
12 .lulu 1978
78- (11 14
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SECRET
NOFORN-NOCONTRACT
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY BIWEEKLY REVIEW
12 July 1978
Overview .............................................................................................. 1
France and Italy have had the best energy savings record since the
1973/74 oil crisis; the percentage rate of US savings is better than that of
the other major developed countries.
OPEC Countries: Official Foreign Investment Quickens in 1977 ................
Foreign asset holdings of the 13 member countries were $7 billion higher
In 1977 than In each of the previous two years.
USSR: World Leader in Energy Efficiency of Freight and Passenger Transport . 32
Heavy emphasis on railroads and limited use of road vehicles results in
high energy efficiency in the transport sector and limits the potential for
future conservation in this sector.
China: Oil Industry Needs Foreign Help .................................................. 38
Peking may drop opposition to direct foreign participation in offshore oil
development in light of growing domestic demand for oil and uncertainty
over the adequacy of Investment funds and technology.
Abu Dhabi: Development Plans for the Upper Zakum ............................. 41
The current 50,000-b/d productive capacity of the Upper Zakum oilfield is
targeted to reach 500,000 b/d by 1986 and ultimately 1.3 million b/d;
development plans are examined as a case study in the complexities
involved in large additions to productive capacity.
i
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SECRET
NOFORN-NOCONTRACT
INTERNATIONAL ENERGY BIWEEKLY REVIEW
We estimate that in 1976* energy savings in the Big Seven nations amounted to
4.3 million b/d of oil equivalent. * * In consequence, energy consumption was about 6
percent less than what it would have been if it had continued to increase in the same
proportion to the level of economic activity as in the period before the 1973/74 oil
crisis. Although many factors were involved, price increases appear to have been the
most important determinant of successful conservation. In quantity terms, savings
have been largest in the United States. In terms of savings as a percentage of total
consumption, however, the US record falls short of that of France and Italy but is
superior to that of the other major developed countries.
The Overall Record
Big Seven energy consumption in 1976-63 million b/d-was approximately the
same as in 1973. Had precrisis trends in both energy use efficiency and economic
growth been maintained, the seven countries would have consumed 74 million b/d of
oil equivalent in 1976. According to our calculations, one-third of the savings is due to
more efficient use of energy and the remaining two-thirds to the slowdown in
economic growth.*** (Big Seven GNP in 1976,was only 4.6 percent above 1973; if
past trends had continued, it would have been 18 percent higher.)
As expected, oil savings were greater than energy savings as a whole. Oil
consumption in the seven countries in 1976 was only 32 million b/d--3 percent below
* The latest year for which data were sufficiently complete for this analysis.
** This essay is based on a series of energy conservation articles, five of which anneared in nrevions issues of the
*** Our estimates of energy conservation are derived by examining energy consumption in each of four economic
sectors: transportation, industry, energy production, and other (home, commerce, public services, and agriculture). To
determine the amount of savings in each sector, we compared actual energy consumption in 1976 with sectoral
estimates of what consumption would have been if the 1968-73 trends in the relationship of energy consumption and
the level of economic activity in the sectors had continued to 1976
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Note: Comments and queries regarding this publication are welcome. They may be
directed to of the Office of Economic Research,
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Major Foreign Countries: Energy Consumption and Savings, by Sector, 1976
Thousand b/d oil equivalent
West Germany
Total
Industry
Transportation
Residential
Commercial
Public
Services
Agriculture
Energy
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
6,335
1,895
805
1,880
1,755
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
5,575
1,600
740
1,685
1,550
50
Actual consumption
5,250
1,475
685
1,540
1,5
0
Implied savings
325
125
55
145
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
5.8%
7.8%
7.4%
8.6%
0%
Italy
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
3,400
1,100
465
865
970 '
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
3,050
1,015
410
780
845 '
1
Actual consumption
2,830
990
365
730
745
Implied savings
220
25
45
50
100
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
7.2%
United Kingdom
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
4,875
1,220
700
1,105
1,850
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
4,400
1,050
660
1,095
1,595
30
Actual consumption
4,210
1,020
610
1,050
1,5
Implied savings
190
30
50
45
65
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
4.3%
France
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
4,325
1,370
810
1,475
670
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
3,855
1,180
720
1,395
560
530
Actual consumption
3,550
1,160
670
1,190
30
Implied savings
305
20
50
205
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
7.9%
1.7%
6.9%
14.7%
5.4%
Western Europe Total
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
18,935
5,585
2,780
5,325
5,245
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
16,880
4,845
2,530
4,955
4,550
55
Actual consumption
15,840
4,645
2,330
4,510
4,3
195
Implied savings
1,040
200
200
445
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
6.2%
4.1%
7.9%
9.0%
4.3%
Japan
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
9,885
6,080'
1,200
2,130
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Major Foreign Countries: Energy Consumption and Savings, by Sector, 1976 (Continued)
Thousand b/d oil equivalent
Total
Industry
Transportation
Residential
Commercial
Public
Services
Agriculture
Energy
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
7,480
4,385
1,035
1,750
310
Actual consumption
7,160
4,215
1,035
1,600
310
Implied savings
320
170
0
150
0
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
4.3%
3.9%
0%
8.6%
0%
Canada
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
4,695
885
825
1,035
1,950
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
4,300
875
810
1,140
1,475
Actual consumption
4,035
820
755
985
1,475
Implied savings
265
55
55
155
0
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
6.2%
6.3%
6.8%
1.3.6%
0%
Total Big Six
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
Actual consumption
Implied savings
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
33,515
28,660
27,035
1,625
5.7%
12,550
101,05
9,680
425
4.2%
4,805
4,375
4,120
255
5.8%
8,490
7,845
7,095
750
9.6%
7,670
6,335
6,140
195
3.1%
United States
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
40,770
12,565
10,500
9,540
8,165
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
38,850
11,700
9,940
10,125
7,085
Actual consumption
36,165
10,710
9,450
9,000
7,005
Implied savings
2,685
990
490
1,125
80
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
6.9%
8.5%
4.9%
11.1%
1.1%
Total Big Seven
1968-73 consumption trend
extrapolated
74,285
25,115
15,305
18,030
15,835
Growth adjusted consump-
tion
67,510
21,805
14,315
17,970
13,420
Actual consumption
63,200
20,390
13,570
16,095
13,145
Implied savings
4,310
1,415
745
1,875
275
Savings as a share of growth
adjusted consumption
6.4%
6.5%
5.2%
10.4%
2.0%
I Including bunkers and statistical difference.
2 Including energy transformation sector.
8 Bunkers, miscellaneous, and errors and omissions.
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the 1973 level. Had the 1969-73 GNP growth rate continued and the role of oil in total
energy consumption remained unchanged, oil consumption would have reached 40
million b/d in 1976.
With regard to the four main energy-consuming sectors-transportation, indus-
try, energy production, and other (home, commerce, public services, and agricul-
ture)-it is in the "other" sector that the most striking savings were made. Of the 4.3
million b/d of savings attributable to conservation (that is, excluding savings
attributable to slower economic growth), savings in the sector amounted to 1.9 million
b/d. The industrial sector took second place with 1.4 million b/d of savings, followed
by transportation (745,000 b/d) and energy production (275,000 b/d).
The Record by Country
France is the leading energy saver, with 1976 consumption estimated at 8 percent
below the precrisis trend. Savings amounted to 305,000 b/d oil equivalent. The impact
of higher prices has been reinforced by French government action, including the
rationing of heating oil, the granting of financial incentives for increased use of
insulation, and the establishment of temperature limits-backed by fines-in homes,
offices, and public buildings. Two-thirds of France's savings, however, have been in
the residential/commercial sector; the record in industry and transportation has been
disappointing.
Italy is in the second place, with consumption 7 percent below the precrisis trend;
savings amounted to 220,000 b/d. As in France, government action was largely
responsible for the good showing. Rome allowed gasoline prices to rise 170 percent to
$2.23 per US gallon,* reduced speed limits, banned private automobiles in some areas,
spurred public transportation, and established progressive automobile taxes based on
engine size to be paid both at the time of purchase and annually thereafter.
Interestingly, automobile registrations continued to increase even though gasoline
consumption fell. Savings in the Italian transportation sector were 11 percent, well
ahead of all other countries. Italy also made impressive savings in the energy
production sector, notably oil refining. These savings occurred despite a sharp drop in
capacity utilization as Italian refining for reexport to other West European countries
was curtailed in the face of shrinking markets.
The United States is very close behind Italy in energy savings. Indeed, both
countries' savings round to 7 percent compared with the precrisis trend. The actual US
savings are estimated at 2.7 million b/d of oil equivalent in 1976. Eighty percent of
the US conservation took place in the residential/commercial and industrial sectors.
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The United States (like Canada) uses a greater proportion of its total energy for
heating than is the case in most other countries; it thus has greater opportunities to cut
back in this area through relatively low-cost measures such as increased insulation and
reduced thermostat settings. Notable US achievements in the industrial sector were
-primarily the result of low-cost investments and better maintenance. The United
States may also have benefited from a structural shift in industrial output away from
energy-intensive products such as steel.
Canada follows the United States closely, with savings of slightly over 6 percent.
The bulk of Canadian savings of 265,000 b/d of oil equivalent were in the
residential/commercial sector, where Canada has advantages similar to those of the
United States.
West Germany, with savings of 6 percent, or 325,000 b/d, is in fifth place. Nearly
40 percent of German conservation was in the industrial sector, where Bonn's success
is second only to that of Japan. The German government has allowed a full pass-
through of increased costs but has taken few other steps to spur conservation.
Savings in Japan and the United Kingdom were well below those in the rest of the
Big Seven. The percentage rate of implied savings in both countries was only about
half the French level. Although the United Kingdom has made some gains in the
transportation sector and in electricity-generating efficiency, London has put most of
its emphasis on increased energy production rather than conservation. Tokyo, despite
its heavy dependence on imported energy, has taken no strong conservation measures,
preferring to rely on persuasion, guidelines, and public cooperation.
The Role of Government Policy
Government action with regard to energy prices appears to be the most important
factor in successful conservation. With the exception of Canada and the United States,
governments have generally allowed the full rise in world energy prices to be passed
on to energy users. In some cases, governments have acted to push fuel prices even
higher, through taxation.
Since 1973 the weighted average price of energy paid by end users has jumped 70
percent. Price increases range from a low of 40 percent in Canada to a high of 100
percent in Italy. In Canada, as in the United States, the price of domestically produced
oil has not been allowed to rise to world levels. Under a 1974 federal-provincial
agreement, east coast refineries receive large subsidies that keep them competitive
with refineries in western Canada that have access to lower-cost domestic crude oil.
Canada has allowed the price of natural gas to rise somewhat faster than the interstate
price in the United States. The increase in Italy, on the other hand, has far outstripped
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the rise in world energy prices, partly reflecting a 160-percent increase in taxes for
transportation fuels.
Aside from pricing policy, government conservation programs have tended to be
long on exhortation and short on authority. In France, tough restrictions on energy use
in the residential/commercial sector are strictly enforced. Elsewhere, little has been
done beyond establishing guidelines, expanding energy instruction, and occasionally
legislating speed limits for automobiles or subsidies for insulation.
Unlike many countries that lifted energy-saving measures after oil became more
plentiful, France has continued to strengthen its program. Paris recently allocated
$200 million for investment incentives and other measures to reduce energy use in the
industrial sector, introduced a tax on industrial energy users, and abolished the
incentives to consumption offered by electric and gas utilities. The strong French
presidential system has enabled Paris to take measures that would be politically
impossible in other countries.
Major Foreign Countries. Economic Growth and Energy Consumption
Average Annual Rate of Growth (Percent)
1969-73 1974-76
United Kingdom
GNP ............................................................................
Total energy consumption ........................................
Oil consumption ......................................................
France
GNP ........................................................
....
Total energy consumption ...... ............ ._..............
.................................... .
Oil consumption .....
West Germany
GNP ..... _ ....................................................................
Total energy consumption ........................................
Oil consumption ................................... _....... ...........
Italy
GNP ...........................................................................
Total energy consumption ........................................
Oil consumption ........................................................
Canada
GNP ............................................................................
Total energy consumption ........................................
Oil consumption ....................................................... .
Japan
GNP ..... ...... .......... .......... ...._.......... ................. ._........
Total energy consumption ........................................
Oil consumption ........................................................
3.0 0.1
2.1 -4.2
4.7 -6.5
5.9 2.5
6.6 - 1.1
13.1 -2.9
5.1 1.1
5.6 -0.8
7.7 -2.4
4.4 1.9
6.7 0.5
8.9 -2.0
5.7 3.2
6.5 0.7
5.0 0.1
9.0 3.0
11.5 0.7
14.0 1.1
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Despite Japan's poor energy endowment, Tokyo's conservation program relies
almost entirely on persuasion, instruction, and guidelines. At a recent Cabinet meeting
the Japanese Government approved an energy bill, which is expected to be passed
either at this or the next session of the Diet. The bill emphasizes upgrading building
insulation and increasing efficiency in fuel and power use through taxation relief and
dissemination of pertinent technology and information.
Because of their rich energy endowment, Canada and the United Kingdom have
given expansion of energy supplies a higher priority than conservation. Moreover, in
Canada federal government efforts to develop a comprehensive conservation program
are constrained by a division of authority on energy policy that leaves energy
resources largely in the hands of the provinces. Similarly, the delicate political balance
in Britain has limited the government's ability to legislate a stiff conservation program.
Nevertheless, both countries have taken steps to beef up their conservation efforts.
Last year Ottawa allocated $1.4 billion over a 7-year period for the newly created
Canadian Home Insulation Program in hopes of saving 140,000 b/d of oil equivalent.
The program provides grants of two-thirds the cost of home insulation materials to
retrofit existing residential units. Late last year Britain allocated $560 million during
1978-81 to spur conservation in the residential and commercial sector.
The outlook for future energy savings is mixed. On the plus side, there is an
increasing realization on the part of both governments and their publics that the
energy problem is real and must be dealt with sometime. Moreover, the relatively
mild programs now in effect in most countries allow plenty of opportunity for further
tightening. Not all of the easy gains have been made. Stronger energy conservation
programs have either been passed or are under consideration in all of the Big Seven
countries.
On the minus side, the current weak oil market and the decline in real oil prices
have made rapid movement on the issue seem less urgent, and there is some indication
the energy users are losing some of their conservation habits. Even after the hard
decisions have been made and programs established, years will be required to make
the large savings that are possible. The present stock of buildings, capital equipment,
and means of transportation can only be replaced over time. (Confidential Noforn)
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OPEC COUNTRIES: OFFICIAL FOREIGN INVESTMENT QUICKENS IN 1977 *
OPEC countries increased their official foreign assets by $34.4 billion in 1977,
bringing total holdings to $164.7 billion at yearend. Official foreign investment by the
13 member countries was thus $7 billion higher in 1977 than in each of the previous
two years. Heavy borrowing (mainly in the Eurocurrency market) and decreased oil
company indebtedness boosted the investable surplus of members, permitting rapid
accumulation of foreign assets.
OPEC: Quarterly Foreign Official Investment Flows
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Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iran, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE) continue to be
OPEC's major foreign investors, together accounting for three-fourths of OPEC asset
holdings at yearend 1977 and more than 80 percent of the increase during the year.
Gabon, Nigeria, and Venezuela, three of the five cartel members running current
account deficits in 1977, were net sellers of foreign assets during the year.
OPEC Countries: Foreign Official Assets, Yearend
1974
1975
1976
1977
Total ................................................................................................
75,175
103,165
130,260
164,690
Algeria ..........................................................................................
2,490
1,915
2,520
2,620
Ecuador ........................................................................................
410
330
560
720
Gabon .............................................................................................
0
150
120
20
Indonesia ......................................................................................
1,540
630
1,550
2,570
Iran ................................................................................................
9,880
12,560
14,410
18,770
Iraq
3,875
3,175
5,130
7,870
Kuwait ..........................................................................................
9,695
14,790
18,890
25,440
Libya ............................................................................................
4,015
2,540
3,990
6,050
Nigeria ..........................................................................................
5,730
5,880
5,280
4,340
Qatar ............................................................................................
1,300
2,155
3,510
3,980
Saudi Arabia ................................................................................
21,705
39,220
50,230
63,580
UAE ..............................................................................................
5,980
9,340
13,680
18,440
Venezuela
8,555
10,480
10,390
10,290
OPEC Countries: Foreign Official Investment, Yearend 1977
Gold SDRs,
and IMF
Position'
Bank
Deposits
Government
Securities
Nonreserve
Assets
Total ................................
34,440
830
13,000
20,610
United States ............
6,610
United Kingdom
US dollars ............
1,760
0
1,480
0
280
Sterling ....................
-1,600
0
-1,130
-470
Other currencies ....
110
0
50
0
60
Continental Europe,
Japan, and Canada
US dollars ..............
2,590
0
1,130
120
1,340
Other currencies ..
4,530
0
1,040
420
3,070
IMF ............................
240
180
0
60
0
World Bank .............
60
0
0
80
- 20
Other ..........................
8,220
0
2,350
190
5,680
Unlocated ....................
11,920
380
' Gold holdings valued at yearend market prices.
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Investment in Nonreserve Assets Accelerates
The distribution of OPEC 1977 foreign official investment reflects the increasing
financial sophistication of the four major investors. Although reluctant to invest in
high-risk or speculative instruments, these Persian Gulf states are investing almost all
their surplus funds in long-term assets. Accompanying the move into less liquid assets
is a shift into nonreserve assets, such as corporate securities and loans to other
governments. In 1977, 60 percent of OPEC placements went into nonreserve assets,
compared with 35 percent in 1976.
Currency Diversification Efforts Expanded
A second indication of OPEC's increasing financial sophistication is the currency
diversification of OPEC portfolios that occurred in 1977. Efforts by OPEC countries
to decrease the concentration of their holdings in US dollar assets were spurred by the
dollar's weakness in second half 1977. OPEC members placed 50 percent of their
surplus funds in dollar-denominated financial instruments in 1977, compared with 70
percent in 1975 and 80 percent in 1976. Investment in dollar assets was lowest in the
third quarter just before the dollar's plunge against most other major currencies.
Although dollar asset accumulation slowed noticeably in 1977, only Nigeria, Qatar,
and Venezuela actually reduced their dollar holdings during the year.
While dollar-denominated investment slackened, purchases of gold and assets
denominated in European currencies and the yen picked up. Among the European
currencies, deutsche marks, French francs, Swiss francs, and British pounds were the
most attractive outlets for surplus oil earnings. Presumably anticipating further
appreciation in the price of gold and further depreciation of the US dollar, Indonesia,
Iran, Iraq, and Nigeria purchased gold in 1977. Meanwhile, Kuwait and the UAE-
the only OPEC members to have purchased gold in 1975 and 1976-realized a profit
by selling some of their gold hoard, after gold prices had jumped nearly $20 an ounce.
Fewer Funds Flow Into US and UK Capital Markets
OPEC placements in US and UK capital markets in 1977 were affected by the
dollar's woes. The US share of new OPEC investment fell to 20 percent, compared
with 25 percent in 1975 and 30 percent in 1976. Kuwait and Saudi Arabia invested
$5.8 billion of the $6.6 billion total OPEC investment in the United States last year;
these petrodollars flowed primarily into long-term government and corporate
securities.
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The UK share of OPEC investment dropped from 15 percent in 1976 to less than
1 percent in 1977. Light OPEC investment in the London Eurodollar market, coupled
with a decrease in OPEC sterling deposits, kept OPEC investment in the United
Kingdom low. In 1977 new dollar investment in the United Kingdom amounted to
$1.8 billion, down from $5.9 billion in 1976.
While OPEC investment in continental European countries and. Japan remained
at past levels (one-fifth of total placements), cartel members forged ahead with
investment in developing nations. One-quarter of the funds placed by OPEC members
in 1977 went into LDCs. As in the previous two years, OPEC investment in LDCs
primarily took the form of concessionary and nonconcessionary bilateral loans.
OPEC Portfolio Remains Relatively Liquid at Yearend
Despite the shift away from short-term instruments and assets denominated in US
dollars that occurred last year, the bulk of OPEC official asset holdings remained in
relatively liquid, dollar-denominated assets in industrialized nations at yearend 1977.
Holdings of reserve assets-gold, bank deposits, and government securities-account-
ed for $108.4 billion of the yearend total OPEC portfolio of $164.7 billion.
International reserves of the cartel members amounted to only $5 billion less than the
combined reserves of the five major non-Communist industrial nations-the United
OPEC Countries: Foreign Official Assets, Yearend 1977
Million US $
Gold, SDR,
and IMF Bank Government Nonreserve
Total Position' Deposits Securities Assets
Total .............................. 164,690 7,030 101,320 56,340
United States ..... .....:... 35,070 1,450 5,560 18,110 9,950
United Kingdom
US dollars 27,320 0 24,080 30 3,210
Sterling .............. ..... 2,390 0 490 1,360 540
Other currencies ,... 1,090 0 1,010 10 70
Continental Europe,
Japan, and Canada
US dollars ........ 15,840 0 9,430 310 6,100
Other currencies ... 14,170 0 5,050 1,870 7,250
IMF ......... 6,900 1,300 0 5,600 0
World Bank .............. 3,790 0 0 3,580 210
Other 19,970 0 4,780 510 14,680
Unlocated ..... ......... 38,150 4,280 19,540 14,330
' Gold holdings valued at yearend market prices.
12 July 1978
SECRET 31
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States, Japan, West Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. The proportion of the
OPEC portfolio held in US dollars increased from 60 percent at yearend 1974 to 65
percent at yearend 1977.
Investment Expected To Slow in 1978
Diminished oil revenues and rising import expenditures are expected to retard
OPEC official foreign investment in 1978. These two factors probably will slash more
than half from the 1977 OPEC current account surplus of $35 billion. Even if
borrowing by cartel members continues to grow, the 13 countries almost certainly will
not accumulate foreign assets at the previous rate. As in the previous two years,
differences in interest and exchange rates among types of financial instruments and
countries will determine the disposition of the bulk of OPEC official investment funds
in 1978. (Secret Noforn)
USSR: WORLD LEADER IN ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF FREIGHT
AND PASSENGER TRANSPORT
This article is the first in a series evaluating the energy efficiency of the Soviet
economy by sector.
So far as energy use is concerned, the USSR almost certainly has the most
efficient transportation system among major industrial powers. Structurally, the Soviet
transport system is markedly different from major Western systems, relying very
heavily on railroads and making only limited use of passenger cars and trucks. As a
result, energy consumption per freight ton-kilometers and passenger-kilometers is
much lower than in Western Europe or the United States. For example, the USSR uses
only one-fourth as much energy per passenger-kilometer as the United States and only
about two-thirds as much per ton-kilometer of freight. As a result, we see little
opportunity for additional energy savings in Soviet transport.
Transportation in the USSR
The high energy efficiency of the Soviet transportation system stems from a
structure that reflects geographic, climatic, and economic factors. To span the
continent-sized land mass while minimizing investment costs, the USSR developed rail
transport to move its enormous freight loads. The severe weather conditions character-
istic of the USSR make building and maintaining an extensive road system year-round
difficult and costly. Therefore, in 1950-76, while track length declined dramatically in
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the West, it increased in the USSR 19 percent-from 116,500 to 138,500 kilometers.
Ongoing development of resources in Siberia, far from manufacturing centers in
European Russia, points to continuation of this trend. For example, haul lengths of
coal shipment-the largest Soviet freight category-rose from 627 to 734 kilometers in
1971-76, as mining shifted from depleted European fields to Siberia.
The stress on expanding the rail system was accompanied by a. move from steam
to diesel power and electrification that has permitted intensfication of traffic on
existing lines. Electrification has permitted higher speeds and a doubling of traffic
volume on existing track. As result, Soviet track-only 11 percent of the world
total-carries 53 percent of total world rail freight. Electrified mainlines carry nearly
10 times as much freight as the world average-29 percent of world volume on 3
percent of world track. With electrified rail, about 20 percent more efficient than
diesel traction in the USSR, concentrations of traffic on electrified lines leads to
significant energy savings. Moreover, rail electrification means that about one-third of
Soviet transport is powered by coal and hydropower rather than by oil.
Soviet management stresses quick results with minimum investment cost. In
transportation, this has meant emphasis on railroads and pipelines, rather than
highway construction. Motor vehicles and aircraft are deployed only for special
applications. This holds down costs. The overall economy, however, might benefit
from more short-haul truck traffic, at some expense to theoretical energy efficiency.
The Soviet press frequently airs complaints of rotten fruits and vegetables that have
fallen afoul of railroad bottlenecks.
The Soviet leadership clearly recognizes the crucial role of rail in the economy. In
June 1976, the Council of Ministers exempted railroads (agriculture was the only other
exemption) from a 3-percent nationwide cut in fuel allocations. As a result, rail freight
and passenger traffic continued to grow in 1977, while air and river passenger traffic
dropped, apparently as a result of fuel shortages.
Comparison with the United States
Transport occupies a much smaller role in the Soviet energy budget than the
American. Transportation accounts for about 25 percent of US primary energy use;
gasoline for automobiles makes up one-half of the transport total. By contrast,
transportation accounted for only about 10 percent to 11 percent of total Soviet energy
use in 1975, and this share has been decreasing in recent years.
In terms of transportation requirements, the United States and the USSR have
more in common than other industrialized countries. In both, long distances and high
volumes characterize transportation movements. In Western Europe and Japan, on the
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Electrification of Soviet Rail Lines
Percent
60 --------_
Electrified, as Share of
Total System Distance
other hand, medium and short hauls are the rule. Economics favor rail freight on long
hauls and truck shipment on most hauls less than 200 kilometers. Length of haul, still
increasing in the USSR, is closely correlated with the percentage of freight carried by
rail, as shown in the following tabulation.
In contrast, US and European transportation systems use a high percentage of
trucks, and trucks use two to five times more fuel per ton-kilometers than rail
transport. For this reason, energy consumption per ton-kilometer is nearly twice as
high in Europe as in the United States and about 50 percent higher in the United
States than in the USSR. In addition, the traditional dominance of the automobile in
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Rail Share' of Domestic
Freight, 1975
Average Length of
Percent
Rail Freight Haul
in Kilometers
United Kingdom ..........................................................
19
121
Italy ................................................................................
20
303
West Germany ..............................................................
30
185
France ............................................................................
33
275
United States ................................................................
39
863
USSR ..............................................................................
76
950
US passenger transport has in the last 20 years been extended to Europe, while the
USSR has only recently made automobiles available for nonofficial use.
Because of this different development pattern, the USSR uses only one-fourth as
much energy per passenger-kilometer as the United States and about two-thirds as
much per ton-kilometer of freight. Most of this difference is explained by the different
energy-efficiency rating of the dominant means of transport in each country: rail in
the USSR; motor transport in the United States. Consequently, opportunities for
further substantial energy savings by the Soviets appear to be quite limited.
Methodology
US and Soviet freight energy efficiencies were compared by taking 1970-72 US
operational figures as a base. Differences in efficiency of US and Soviet equipment
were allowed:
? Soviet rail was given a 10-percent bonus, based on the fact that the 52
percent of the Soviet rail system electrified is 20 percent more energy-
efficient than conventional Soviet diesel traction, even allowing for transmis-
sion losses.
? Soviet trucks were assessed at 2,450 Btus per ton-kilometer versus 2,140
American, as the United States achieves higher efficiencies through longer
average truck hauls.
? Soviet aircraft were penalized 20 percent overall, based on official
estimates that their jet engines are 20 percent less efficient than US
counterparts.
? Waterway and pipeline energy efficiencies were estimated to be equiva-
lent.
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Growth of Soviet Freight
7,000-,-
6,000----,
5,000
4,000 ----
3,000 -=-
2,000
1,000 --
~?-- Pipeline
Truck
Inland
. Water
0
1970 1975 1980 Air
(Plan)
Mode of
Transport
Rail ..................................................
Truck ..............................................
Water ..............................................
Pipeline ............................................
Air ....................................................
Weighted average of BTUs per
ton-kilometer ..............................
Percent
BTUs per
Ton-
Kilometer
Weight
Percent
BTUs per
Ton-
Kilometer
Weight
39.3
410
161
70.6
370
261
22.2
2,140
475
7.6
2,450
186
16.0
430
69
4.7
430
20
22.3
260
58
17.0
260
44
0.2
24,460
49
0.06
29,350
18
812
529
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The weighted average of one ton "shipped" one kilometer through both freight
systems in accordance with reported 1976 shares indicates that the Soviet freight
system uses about 65 percent of the energy used by the US system to ship an
equivalent ton-kilometer of freight.
The discrepancy between energy efficiency of passenger moving systems is even
more dramatic, chiefly because one-half the US transportation energy budget is
expended by cars, which have a low occupancy of 1.3 people per vehicle:
? We estimated 3,060 Btus per kilometer for US cars versus 1,830 Btus for
smaller-engined Soviet vehicles.
? US busses, which achieved 760 Btus per passenger-kilometer in 1972
operation, were adjusted to 730 Btu per passenger-kilometer for improved
performance. Soviet busses were estimated to consume 370 Btus, because
they are operated at close to full occupancy.
? Soviet rail was given a 10-percent bonus because of the superior efficiency
of the electrified portion of Soviet rail.
? Starting with a base of 5,690 Btus per passenger-kilometer for US airlines
in 1970, we assumed 5,200 under current conditions, allowing for more
efficient equipment and higher load factors. Soviet air was penalized 20
percent for less efficient engines, but assigned an overall 90-percent load
factor versus 55 percent for the United States.
For a given volume of passenger traffic, the USSR uses about: one-fourth of the
energy used by the United States.
Energy Requirements To Transport One Person One Kilometer
Mode of
Transport
Car ..................................................
Bus ....................................................
Rail ..................................................
Air
....................................................
Weighted average of BTUs per
passenger-kilometer ..................
Percent
BTUs per
Passenger
Kilometer
Weight
Percent
BTUs per
Passenger
Kilometer
Weight
85.6
3,060
2,619
9.3
1,830
170
1.8
730
13
40.8
370
151
0.8
370
3
31.5
330
104
11.8
5,200
614
13.1
3,120
409
3,249
880,
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In the American case, all transportation movements are powered by petroleum.
In the USSR, 37 percent of freight and an estimated 26 percent of passenger
movement is powered by electricity generated from nonpetroleum sources. (Secret
Noforn)
For the first time in Communist China's history, there is now a realistic chance
Peking may seek direct foreign participation in the development of its oil industry.
Some conversations have already occurred with foreign oilmen that appear to have
been tests of their reactions.
Policy Considerations
Numerous ranking members of the post-Mao Chinese leadership apparently
believe that without increased foreign help their oil industry will be hard pressed to
meet foreign commitments and domestic demand over the medium term. They are
leaning toward enlisting foreign investment, technology, and personnel to accelerate
growth of production, especially offshore. Peking may, therefore, finally soften its
policy of self-reliance enough to experiment with a few projects beyond the heretofore
permissible limits for foreign help-equipment imports and ad hoc recruiting of
lecturers and troubleshooters. However, any contractual arrangement with a foreign
firm probably would be preceded by negotiations that are usually long, even for
China, because it would be a precedent-breaking move.
Oil Industry Developments
Anxiety over oil supplies arises from the disappointing performance of the major
oilfields since 1975 and the growing Chinese appreciation of how slowly offshore
exploration will progress if China rigidly clings to its traditional policy of self-reliance.
Annual increases in oil output, which typically exceeded 20 percent before 1975,
declined to 13 percent in 1975 and 1976 and to only 8 percent last year. Although a
Chinese version of a recession has restrained growth of oil consumption during the past
two years, supplies have tightened so much that new regulations are going into effect
to ration oil and to compel switchovers to coal wherever possible.
Ta-ch'ing oilfield, which accounts for about 55 percent of all China's oil output, is
producing at depths of 3,000 meters or less. Experiments with stimulating output by
using underground combustion and steam injection have not reversed this trend.
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Ordinary water injection, in use since production from the field started in 1959-60, has
now raised the oil/water cut to unacceptable levels. As of April 1978, foreign visitors
to Ta-ch'ing were told that attempts to prepare deeper strata for production had not
yet succeeded.
China: Selected Oilfields
? LARGE EXISTING OILFIELD
I NEW OILFIELD
The development of Ta-kang, China's third largest field with a 1977 output of
100,000 b/d, has been declared a failure by a high-ranking Chinese oil official who
toured the United States last year. He also downplayed prospects for the Gulf of Pohai,
where China has made its maiden efforts at offshore exploitation, saying China could
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not produce enough oil from the Gulf to pay for offshore platforms because reserves
there are not large enough. Moreover, a Chinese inquiry about
technology for injecting reservoirs with seawater indicates that natural reservoir
pressures in the Gulf oil deposits are not self-sustaining.
In the ocean proper, as opposed to the shallow Pohai Gulf, China has drilled a
small number of test wells along the southern coast and in the Yellow Sea. The Chinese
have had the better part of a year to operate without help the four imported offshore
platforms delivered to them during 1977. Their experience seems to have induced
pessimism about the rate of progress in the continued absence of foreign help.
The investment expense of offshore work also worries Peking.
I _J
requests for imported industrial plants submitted by the various
industries and ministries total more than 10 times what China will be able to afford
during the next five years. Thus the oil industry can no longer be given the priority in
investment funds that made possible its rapid growth during the 1950s and 1960s. The
arguments for letting foreign oil firms bear the enormous costs of offshore exploration
must be becoming increasingly persuasive.
Foreign Participation
For many years, foreign oil firms have been proposing participation schemes to
Peking. Chinese officials listened politely, but whatever the inclinations of the more
pragmatic officials, the Chinese political atmosphere made acceptance of foreign
participation in the oil industry impossible.
The present leadership, although noted for its relatively nonideological approach
to economic planning, obviously feels that even imports of foreign technology, let
alone active foreign participation in a strategic resource industry such as oil, demand
explanation. In its official pronouncements, it has provided broad justification for any
help it may choose to seek from abroad. It has now officially declared that science and
technology not have class natures and that importing advanced technology is
"normal. "
25X1 C
25X1X
25X1X
25X1 C
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25X1 C
If barriers against foreign participation in the oil industry are lowered, however
slightly or hesitatingly, it will probably first occur in offshore work. The investment
outlays and technological problems for the Chinese are greatest there, and a foreign
presence would be easiest to hide from the populace. Peking also needs help in onshore
exploration and drilling; it will be a long time, however, before Peking acquiesces to
large numbers of foreigners working in its industry. The leadership may adopt a more
liberal attitude about temporarily admitting foreign technicians to install and break in
new imported equipment, but that would probably be the limit of Peking's tolerance
for some time. (Secret Noforn-Nocontract)
ABU DHABI: DEVELOPMENT PLANS FOR THE UPPER ZAKUM
This article examines the multibillion-dollar development program at one major
offshore oilfield in order to familiarize readers with the scale of operations involved in
bringing large additions to productive capacity onstream. This modern computerized
production facility aims at an ultimate capacity of 1.3 million b/d. Completion of the
first stage, bringing capacity up to 500,000 b/d, is expected to take almost a decade.
The development program discussed in this article should not be regarded as
inflexible. While planning is in an advanced stage, the reservoir engineering has not
been completed and many details remain to be worked out. Tenders now being issued
based on the current project design enable the developer to queue up on equipment
supply production lines for items required months or years from now. The developer
then has the option to modify specifications any time until these items are
manufactured.
Management
The Upper Zakum is being developed by three of the four participants in Abu
Dhabi Marine Areas, LTD. (ADMA)-the consortium operating the offshore conces-
sions that now account for more than 50 percent of oil production in Abu Dhabi.
Equity in the consortium is divided among:
? The Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), which holds 60 percent.
? British Petroleum (BP), with a 14.7-percent share.
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Production 250,000 b/d
Wells 140
Well platforms 35
Gathering lines (6"-12') 235 KM
Injection lines (8"-12") 120 KM
Production 350,000 b/d
Wells 112
Well platforms 30
Gathering lines (6'-12') 135 KM
Injection lines (6"-12") 60 KM
Production 350,000 b/d
Wells 132
Well platforms 31
Gathering lines (6"-12") 160 KM
Injection lines (6"-12') 80 KM
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Separation for 1,300,000 b/d
Desalting
Condensates stabilization 21,000 b/d
Storage 8,000,000 bbl
Power gnnersiinn 30,000 KW
Gas compression 26,000 BHP
Oil pumping 56,000 KW
Living accomodations up to 500
General services
Harbor
Airport
Water injection plant 1,950,000 b/d
Power generation 50,000 KW
Living quarters 220
Ulf pumping 23,600 BHP
Gas compression 30,000 BHP
Central Separation Platform
Production 350,000 b/d
Wells 116
Well platforms 28
Gathering lines (6"-12") 185 KM
Injection lines (6"-12") 75 KM
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Abu Dhabi: Upper Zakum Complex
Zekum oil
complex
Ai-
ZIRKU
eft ~
Abu Dhab j q "ZO \
C,
~>D~abel Ss e G +~~
anna
I
UNITED ARP
SAUDI ARABIA
? Compagnie Francaise des Petroles (CFP), with 13.3 percent.
? The Japanese Overseas Development Company (JODCO), with 12
percent.
Although the Upper Zakum was originally part of the ADMA concession, the
members of the consortium could not agree on terms set by Abu Dhabi for the large
investment requirements. In early March 1978, after more than a year of negotiations,
ADNOC signed a separate joint venture agreement with JODCO. A joint management
committee of the owners will oversee the development work. JODCO will have a 12-
percent equity interest in the project. The remaining 88 percent is currently being
retained by ADNOC, although BP and CFP have until the end of 1978 to exercise an
option to take equity shares.
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Dubai
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CFP already has a nonequity interest in Upper Zakum as a service contractor.
CFP and ADNOC formed a joint venture-the Zakum Development Company
(ZADCO)-to operate the project as of 1 June 1978. CFP will be reimbursed for the
costs of its services and will receive a management/operating fee once production
begins. Perhaps more important, CFP will have the right to buy up to 20 percent of
production at official prices.
General Field Characteristics
ADMA discovered the Zakum oilfield in 1963. The field-the largest in the
United Arab Emirates-lies entirely within Lower Cretaceous Thamama limestones.
Zakum is divided into six major zones. The top three zones as a group are referred to
as Upper Zakum. The remaining three zones are designated Lower Zakum.
Upper Zakum has a maximum length of approximately 50 kilometers and a
maximum width of about 30 kilometers. United Arab Emirates Oil Minister Utayba
has estimated that oil in place may be between 40 billion and 60 billion barrels;
however, the recovery factor is likely to be low. Upper Zakum will require gas
injection to facilitate production and water injection to maintain reservoir pressures.
Only 10 billion barrels of oil may be recoverable with current techniques, even with
the massive pressure maintenance program included in the developm-nt plan.
ADMA is currently producing a small volume of crude from Upper Zakum from
the two lowest of the three zones that comprise the reservoir. The allowable
production level set by the petroleum ministry is 50,000 b/d, compared with 200,000
b/d from Lower Zakum. Typical of most reservoirs in Abu Dhabi, Zakum contains
light crude. Crude produced from the Upper Zakum hasan average API gravity of 36
degrees, while crude from the Lower Zakum averages 40 degrees. Each has sulfur
content of about 1.2 percent by weight.
Design requirements for the Zakum field will take account of typical climatic
conditions. During the cool "winter" season (December-March), offshore Abu Dhabi is
subjected to shamals-strong northwesterly winds with speeds frequently more than
50 knots, gusting at times to 93 knots. These gale-force winds are often preceded by
thunderstorms and accompanied by rough seas and widespread dust storms that
reduce visability to about a kilometer. During the season, shamals occur on the
average up to three times a month and usually last three to five days.
Development Schedule
The development program for Upper Zakum is in two broad stages. In the first
stage, productive capacity will be expanded to 150,000 b/d in 1980, 350,000 b/d in
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1982, and 500,000 b/d in 1986. First-stage development work will proceed on the
assumption that the ultimate capacity target of 1.3 million b/d will be reached.
However, a final decision on implementation of stage two will not be made until stage
one has been completed, and no timetable has been set.
Offshore Facilities
The heart of the Upper Zakum development will consist of an offshore gathering
system of 124 production platforms tied in to a central processing complex through
four separator platforms.
Upper Zakum: Distribution of New Wellhead Platforms
At Completion of
At Completion of
First Stage (1986)
Second Stage
6-Well 4-Well
6-Well
4-Well
Separation Platform
Platform
Platform
Total
Platform
Platform
Total
Number 1
..... ...................
8
9
17
8
:16
24
Number 2
........................
9
9
18
9
23
32
Number 3
........................
8
8
16
8
14
22
Number 4
........................
10
9
19
10
17
27
Total ................................ 35
35
70
35
70
105
Wellhead Platforms
In the first stage of development, 70 wellhead platforms will be installed. Thirty-
five of the platforms will consist of six double-string production wells * and six gas-
injection wells for artificial lift. The other 35 platforms will consist of four double-
string production wells and four gas-injector wells. In addition to the 70 platforms to
be installed, 19 single-well platforms currently in the ADMA system will be tied into
the development. Fourteen of these existing wells will be completely integrated into
the new Upper Zakum system, while five of the platforms, which produce from both
Upper and Lower Zakum, will be shared with ADMA. These 369 production wells on
89 platforms will result in productive capacity of 500,000 b/d. Delivery of the 70 new
platform decks for the first stage of the project is scheduled to begin in second half
1978 and be completed in early 1982.
According to the plan, 35 additional platforms would be installed during the
second stage of the project. Each platform would have four double-string production
wells and four gas-injector wells. At this point, the Upper Zakum development would
* A double-string well has two separate "strings" or pipes leading to two different producing horizons. Separate pipes
are required when pressure differentials of the producing zones are too great to be handled by a single pipe.
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have a total of 509 production wells on 124 platforms. Not all 509 wells would
necessarily continue as production wells during the life of the project. ZADCO has
made provisions in the development program for changing any well during its lifetime
from a producer to an injector.
Each individual wellhead platform will electronically relay all pertinent data on
its condition and crude-flow rates to an operator in the central complex. While each
platform can be locally operated, human intervention on the wellhead platform will
normally be limited to:
? Bringing a well onstream.
? Drilling or work-over activity.
? Weekly or biweekly spot checks of equipment.
? Wireline work, consisting of bottom-hole pressure and temperature checks.
? Testing of a production well's performance.
Separation Platforms
The first-stage development program calls for the installation of four separator
platforms, three as satellite platforms and one as part of the central complex. These
platforms will separate gas, oil, and water and will have facilities for oily water
disposal. Treated crude will be pumped to the central complex. A collection and
compression unit will send separated gas to the central complex for further treatment.
The satellite platforms will not normally be inhabited. All necessary data will be
relayed to the central complex control room. However, an accommodation block with
control facilities for start-up and maintenance work will be provided on the satellite
platforms. The separator platform associated with the central complex will be
physically connected to the main accommodation block and control room.
Central Complex
The central complex will consist of four individual platforms in addition to the
separator platform:
? A gas-treatment and oil-expedition platform will receive first-stage
treated gas and oil from the four separator platforms. A series of pumps will
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Satellite
Platform
Upper Zakum
Oil flowline
Water flowline
Gas flowline
^ ADMA platform*
^ Well platform
? Separation platform
(? Central complex
Satellite
Platform
12 July 1978
Satellite
Platform
Helideck
Boat landing
Riser reservation
Well-head
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Upper Zakum: Production Flow Pattern
t 4,
Flowlines- i leiiheads Wellheads
Gas Treatment -I C. C. Manifold Platform
~ Utilitiesm
Water
Injection
Final Processing
ei~es Gas.une
Shaping Pumps
Metering
Single Point Mooring Buoy
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SECRET
expedite the flow of crude through the main oil line to onshore facilities for
final treatment. A gas-treatment plant will provide condensate removal and
drying facilities. At this point the gas will follow one of three alternative
paths. It will either be pumped back to the wellhead platforms for injection,
prepared for use as a fuel in the offshore power station and water-treatment
plant, or compressed and piped to Zirku Island for final treatment.
? A power/utility platform will be equipped with gas turbine generators to
supply power for the central complex.
? The accommodation platform will consist of living quarters for up to 220
people, a workshop, and the main control center for the entire offshore
development.
? A water injection platform will, in the second stage, consist of two plants
for processing and expediting injection water for the pressure maintenance
program. These plants will filter, chemically treat, and remove dissolved air
from nearly 2 million b/d of water before pumping it to the injection wells.
Zirku Island
Sixty kilometers east of the Zakum oilfield is Zirku Island, where final processing
of crude and gas will take place. Final-stage gas-oil separators and desalters for salt
water removal will treat the crude before it is pumped into storage. Facilities for the
storage of 6 million barrels of crude will be available on Zirku. Sea lines will connect
the tank farm to the offshore loading facilities. Four single-point mooring buoys will
be installed approximately 20 to 25 kilometers north of Zirku. Gas will also undergo
final treatment for use on Zirku as fuel. Surplus gas will be compressed and exported.
All pertinent data on operations will be relayed from the offshore Zakum
complex to Zirku. This data will be combined with the information available on final-
stage treatment and export operations to create a complete production profile, which
will be transmitted to the Abu Dhabi office on a daily basis. The larger computer
facilities in Abu Dhabi will determine desired rates of production, taking into account
tanker scheduling, weather, and maintenance requirements.
Living accommodations will be constructed on Zirku for up to 500 people. The
island will also contain a harbor, storage and workshop areas, and an airport.
Support Facilities
Support for the production and export facilities will come primarily from the
head office in Abu Dhabi and from Sadiyat Island. The Abu Dhabi head office will be
12 July 1978 SECRET
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
responsible for final-job documentation and records management; it will also house the
main computer facilities and the purchasing, accounts, and cost-control departments.
Total employment of 400 to 500 people is envisioned. As in many areas of the Middle
East, it will be necessary to construct a housing complex for the employees and their
families. In addition to 300 apartments and 300 houses, the plan calls for the
construction of a mosque, medical center, restaurant, schools, store, and recreational
facilities. Sadiyat, a small coastal island, will serve primarily as a workshop and storage
base with no permanent residences.
Financing
The total cost for developing Upper Zakum capacity to 500,000 b/d has been
estimated at $2 billion to $3 billion. * Capital expenditures are estimated at more than
$1.8 billion for the period 1978-84. This would bring capital costs for the development
Upper Zakum: Capital Expenditures
Million US $
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1993
1984
Total
Budget ......
50
485
530
280
110
ISO
180
1,815
ADNOC....
45
425
465
245
95
160
160
1,595
JODCO ....
5
60
65
35
.15
20
20
220
of a daily barrel of capacity for Upper Zakum to about $5,000-substantially higher
than costs in other Persian Gulf offshore fields and more than 50 percent higher than
at the Forties field in the British North Sea. These high expenditures are caused by (1)
relatively low average flow rates of 2,500 to 3,000 b/d per well, in contrast, for
example, to average rates of more than 7,000 b/d at offshore Saudi oilfields, and (2)
the incorporation of a complete gas and water treatment and injection package in the
initial design. Operating costs for Upper Zakum are expected to reach $90 million per
year by 1984 as capacity continues to come onstream.
Upper Zakum: Operating Costs
Million US $
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
Budget
40
60
80
90
90
ADNOC ..............
35
55
70
80
80
JODCO
5
5
10
10
10
* This excludes any expenditures for distribution of surplus associated gas.
SECRET 12 July 1978
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Extrapolating these expenditures through the second stage of development
(probably into the early 1990s, assuming no major project slippages), the 1.3 million
b/d of capacity would cost in the neighborhood of $5 billion. Many support facilities
completed in the first stage will not have to be duplicated, which ordinarily would
reduce the marginal cost per daily barrel of capacity in the second stage. Nevertheless,
experience in offshore oil development in the last decade has shown that inflation in
equipment supply and service costs will likely make the $5 billion projection very
conservative. (Confidential)
12 July 1978 SECRET
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
 r 3UW or Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702A001100010011-6
oreign
Assessment
Center
International Energy
Statistical Review
12 July 1978
ER IESR 78-010
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
This publication is prepared for the use of U.S. Government
officials. The format, coverage and contents of the publication are
designed to meet the specific requirements of those users. U.S.
Government officials may obtain additional copies of this document
directly or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Non-U.S. Government users may obtain this along with similar
CIA publications on a subscription basis by addressing inquiries to:
Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project
Exchange and Gift Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
Non-U.S. Government users not interested in the DOCEX
Project subscription service may purchase reproductions of specific
publications on an individual basis from:
Photoduplication Service
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Total Free World Oil Production (Chart)
OAPEC Oil Production (Chart)
Non-Arab OPEC Oil Production (Chart)
Free World and USSR Oil Production (Chart)
Inland Oil Consumption (Chart)
Net Oil Imports (Chart)
World Crude Oil Production, Excluding Natural Gas Liquids .............................. 1
Free World Crude Oil Production, Including Natural Gas Liquids ...................... 2
World Natural Gas Liquid (NGL) Production ........................................................ 2
OAPEC and OPEC Countries: Crude Oil Production ............................................ 3
OPEC: Crude Oil Productive Capacity .................................................................... 3
Estimated Proved and Probable Petroleum Reserves .............................................. 4
Estimated Imports of Crude Oil and Refined Products, 1977 .................................. 5
Selected Developed Countries: Crude Oil Imports, by Source ................................ 6
Selected Developed Countries: Trends in Oil Trade ................................................ 10
Developed Countries: Exports to OPEC ................................................................. 13
Developed Countries: Imports from OPEC ........................................................... 15
Selected OECD Countries: Trends in Inland Oil Consumption .............................. 17
Selected OECD Countries: Oil Stocks ..................................................................... 21
Estimated OECD Oil Consumption ......................................................................... 22
Western Europe: Oil Spot Market Prices ................................................................. 22
Selected Developed Countries: Retail Petroleum Product Prices ......................... 23
OPEC Countries: Crude Oil Prices .......................................................................... 24
USSR: Crude Oil Production .................................................................................... 25
USSR: Regional Production of Crude Oil ................................................................ 25
USSR: Imports of Oil .................................................................................................. 25
USSR: Exports of Oil .................................................................................................. 26
USSR: Oil Consumption ................ ......................................................................... 26
USSR: Natural Gas Production .................................................................................. 27
USSR: Regional Production of Natural Gas .............................................................. 27
USSR: Natural Gas Trade .......................................................................................... 27
USSR: Consumption of Natural Gas .......................................................................... 28
Eastern Europe: Oil Production and Consumption ................................................ 28
Eastern Europe: Oil Trade ........................................................................................ 29
Eastern Europe: Natural Gas Production and Consumption .................................... 29
Eastern Europe: Natural Gas Trade .......................................................................... 30
PRC: Oil Production, Consumption, and Exports .................................................... 30
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 0001 FREL L Vj re p Q ewJI& OOMILLION B/D 0011-6
Semilogarithmic Scale
TOTAL
55
50
OAPEC
Including Bahrain, Egypt, and Syria which are not members of OPEC.
Non-OPEC
19
18
16
Non-Arab OPEC
13.3 -
JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT
1 Data include natural gas liquids.
1976 1977 1978
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 OA PECv?FLor RROOU M NA-RIDRB.QTG0B D 1100010011-6
Saudi Arabia
Including about one-half of Neutral Zone production.
T S.0 7.7 -t
6.0
Kuwait
1.0
0.9
APR JUL OCT
974 1975 1976 1977 1978
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 Alge,proved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT JAN APR JUL OCT
1974 1975
1Major producers. Data include natural gas liquids.
NON-ARAB OPEC OIL PRODUCTION 1 MILLION B/D
Semilogarithmic Scale
1974 1975
1Major producers. Data include natural gas liquids.
OCT
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
FREE WORLD AND
USSR OIL PRODUCTION1 MILLION BID
United States/ USSR
11.0
8.6 -
1Data include natural gas liquids.
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
INLAND OIL CONSUMPTION' MILLION B/D
40 IEA Total 26 United States
United Kingdom
36.0 22
West Germany
1978
1977
1975
1973
3 France
3Italy
1
JAN
3 Canada
1
JAN APR JUL OCT
576576 7-78
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NET OIL IMPORTS MILLION B/D
Big Seven
United States
12
Bureau of the Mines data
through Jun 1977, thereafter
DOE and API.
Japan
4 West Germany 4 France
3 United Kingdom
0
JAN APR JUL OCT
Canada
1
1978
1977
1975
1973
-1
JAN APR JUL OCT
576577 7-78
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
1973
1975
1976
1977
World
55,740
52,990
57,300
59,520
Free World
45,835
41,470
45,060
46,610
Western hemisphere
16,130
14,135
13,780
14,040
United States
9,210
8,375
8,130
8,210
Venezuela
3,365
2,345
2,295
2,240
Canada
1,800
1,460
1,300
1,320
Mexico
450
715
800
980
Argentina
420
390
390
430
Ecuador
210
160
185
180
Other
675
690
680
680
Eastern hemisphere
29,705
27,335
31,280
32,570
Western Europe
370
550
855
1,370
Norway
30
190
280
280
United Kingdom
Negl.
20
245
770
Other
340
340
330
320
Middle East
21,215
19,590
22,145
22,240
Saudi Arabia'
7,595
7,075
8,575
9,200
Iran
5,860
5,350
5,885
5,660
Kuwait
3,020
2,085
2,145
1,970
Iraq
2,020
2,260
2,415
2,330
United Arab Emirates
1,535
1,665
1,935
2,010
Abu Dhabi
1,305
1,370
1,585
1,660
Dubai
230
255
310
320
Sharjah
...
40
40
30
Qatar
570
440
495
430
Oman
295
340
365
340
Syria
100
185
200
190
Other
220
190
130
110
Africa
5,900
4,980
5,800
6,190
Nigeria
2,055
1,785
2,070
2,100
Libya
2,175
1,480
1,935
2,080
Algeria
1,070
960
990
1,040
Gabon
150
225
225
230
Egypt
165
250
330
420
Angola/Cabinda
160
140
110
170
Other
125
140
140
150
Asia-Pacific
2,220
2,215
2,480
2,770
Australia
370
410
425
430
Indonesia
1,340
1,305
1,505
1,690
Malaysia-Brunei
320
300
330
400
Other
190
200
220
250
Communist Countries
9,905
11,520
12,240
12,910
USSR
8,420
9,630
10,170
10,700
China
1,090
1,490
1,670
1,810
Romania
285
290
290
290
Other
110
110
110
110
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
56,520
57,950
58,340
59,260
43,230
44,560
44,880
45,770
13,790
13,750
14,580
14,980
8,340
8,380
8,720
9,010
8,840
1,780
1,620
2,060
2,230
1,240
1,310
1,320
1,150
1,110
1,120
1,100
1,140
430
430
440
450
180
170
190
230
710
720
750
770
29,440
30,810
30,300
30,790
1,580
1,640
1,540
1,660
390
380
360
370
880
950
870
980
310
310
310
310
19,570
20,910
20,420
20,690
7,740
8,350
7,670
8,060
5,290
5,530
5,600
5,430
1,720
1,730
2,140
2,030
1,810
2,000
2,30()
2,100
2,300
1,740
1,880
1,850
1,730
1,370
1,500
1,460
1,350
340
350
360
360
30
30
30
20
450
480
420
510
380
320
330
330
320
200
200
200
200
110
110
110
110
5,460
5,420
5,470
5,610
1,640
1,570
1,520
1,690
1,790
1,810
1,880
1,860
1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000
220
220
220
_220
440
450
480
480
200
200
200
190
170
170
170
170
2,830
2,840
2,870
2,830
450
450
450
420
1,700
1,700
1,710
1,690
1,700
420
420
430
440
260
270
280
280
13,290
13,390
13,460
13,490
10,900
11,000
11,070
11,100
1,990
1,990
1,990
1,990
290
290
290
290
110
110
110
110
' Including the share of Neutral Zone crude oil production which amounted to about 220,000 b/d for Saudi Arabia and 250,000 b/d
for Kuwait in April 1978.
1
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
Thousand b/d
1978
Preliminary
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Free World
48,460
44,075
47,735
49,405
46,230
47,560
47,880
48,770
Non-OPEC Producers
17,150
16,535
16,580
17,680
18,230
18,450
18,770
19,040
United States
10,950
10,010
9,735
9,830
9,920
9,960
10,300
10,590
10,420
Canada
2,120
1,770
1,585
1,610
1,530
1,600
1,610
1,440
United Kingdom
5
30
260
800
920
990
910
1,020
Norway
30
195
300
300
425
415
395
405
Mexico
525
805
895
1,085
1,245
1,255
1,235
1,275
Other
3,520
3,725
3,805
4,055
4,190
4,230
4,320
4,310
OPEC
31,310
27,540
31,155
31,725
28,000
29,110
29,110
29,730
Saudi Arabia
7,685
7,215
8,760
9,415
8,040
8,650
7,970
8,360
Kuwait
3,080
2,135
2,195
2,025
1,820
1,830
2,240
2,130
1,910
Libya
2,210
1,505
1,975
2,120
1,830
1,850
1,920
1,900
Iraq
2,020
2,260
2,415
2,335
2,005
2,305
2,105
2,305
United Arab Emirates
1,535
1,665
1,935
2,025
1,770
1,910
1,880
1,760
Abu Dhabi
1,305
1,370
1,585
1,675
1,390
1,520
1,480
1,370
Dubai
230
255
310
320
350
360
370
370
Sharjah
...
40
40
30
30
30
30
20
Algeria
1,100
1,020
1,075
1,140
1,115
1,115
1,115
1,115
Qatar
570
450
505
435
455
485
425
515
385
Iran
5,900
5,395
5,930
5,700
5,335
5,575
5,645
5,475
Venezuela
3,455
2,420
2,370
2,320
1,860
1,700
2,140
2,310
Nigeria
2,055
1,785
2,070
2,100
1,640
1,570
1,520
1,690
Indonesia
1,340
1,305
1,515
1,700
1,730
1,730
1,740
1,720
1,730
Gabon
150
225
225
230
220
220
220
220
Ecuador
210
160
185
180
180
170
190
230
Thousand b/d
1973
1975
1976
1977
1978
World
2,795
2,810
2,890
3,030
Middle East
190
245
290
335
485
Free World
2,625
2,605
2,675
2,795
3,000
Saudi Arabia
90
140
185
215
300
OPEC
345
405
500
565
750
Iran
40
45
45
40
45
Non-OPEC
2,280
2,200
2,175
2,230
2,250
Kuwait
60
50
50
55
100
Western Hemisphere
2,270
2,155
2,105
2,140
2,130
Qatar
...
10
10
5
5
United States
1,740
1,635
1,605
1,620
1,580
Abu Dhabi
...
...
...
15
20
Venezuela
90
75
75
80
80
Dubai
...
...
...
10
Canada
320
310
285
290
290
Iraq
...
...
5
5
Mexico
75
90
95
105
135
Africa
65
85
125
140
155
Other
45
45
45
45
45
Libya
35
25
40
40
40
Eastern Hemisphere
355
450
570
655
870
Algeria
30
60
85
100
115
Western Europe
40
50
70
85
110
Asia-Pacific
60
70
85
95
120
Norway
...
5
20
20
35
Australia
50
50
50
55
60
United Kingdom
5
10
15
30
40
Indonesia
...
...
10
10
30
Other
35
35
35
35
35
Other
10
20
25
30
30
Communist Countries
170
205
215
235
USSR
160
190
200
220
China
Other
N.A.
10
N.A.
15
N.A.
15
N.A.
15
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
OAPEC' and OPEC 9 Countries: Crude Oil Production, Excluding Natural Gas Liquids
Thousand b/d
Total OAPEC (thousand b/d)
% change from Sep 1973 ?
change from Dec 1976 ?
Total OPEC (thousand b/d)
% change from Sep 1973?
% change from Dec 1976'
18,090
16,165
18,730
19,380
16,770
17,880
17,400
17,840
-19
-7
-3
-16
-11
-13
-11
-8
-20
-15
-17
-15
30,965
27,135
30,655
31,160
27,250
213,360
28,360
28,980
-18
-7
-5
-17
-14
-14
-12
-9
-20
-17
-17
-15
' The members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries are Abu Dhabi, Algeria, Bahrain,
Egypt, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, and Syria.
2 The membership of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries consists of OAPEC members (excluding
Bahrain, Egypt, and Syria), plus Dubai, Ecuador, Gabon, Indonesia, Iran, Nigeria, Sharjah, and Venezuela.
? In Sep 1973, the pre-crisis level of output, OAPEC countries produced 20,038 b/d and OPEC countries 32,956
b/d.
' In Dec 1976, the post-crisis peak of output, OAPEC countries produced 21,060 b/d and OPEC countries 34,070
b/d.
Installed '
Maximum
Sustainable 8 Available ?
Latest
Post-Embargo
Peak
Current
Total
40,815
36,605
33,200
Algeria
1,200
1,080
1,080
1,080 (Jan 77)
1,000 (Apr 78)
Ecuador
250
225
225
260 (May 74)
230 (Apr 78)
Gabon
250
225
225
230 (Dec 77)
225 (Apr 78)
Indonesia
1,800
1,700
1,700
1,740 (Mar 77)
1,690 (Apr 78)
Iran
7,000
6,500
6,500
6,680 (Nov 76)
5,430 (Apr 78)
Iraq
3,150
3,000
3,000
2,900 (Dec 77)
2,300 (Apr 78)
Kuwait
3,200
3,000
2,000
2,990 (Dec 76)
1,650 (May 78)
Libya
2,500
2,300
2,300
2,210 (Mar 77)
1,860 (Apr 78)
Neutral Zone'
680
600
600
670 (Dec 76)
470 (Apr 78)
Nigeria
2,400
2,300
2,300
2,330 (Oct 74)
1,690 (Apr 78)
Qatar
650
600
600
610 (Dec 75)
380 (May 78)
Saudi Arabia'
12,5000
10,100
8,500'
9,990 (Apr 77)
7,840 (Apr 78)
United Arab Emirates
2,535
2,375
1,870
Abu Dhabi
2,100
1,965
1,460
1,830 (Jul 75)
1,350 (Apr 78)
Dubai
380
360
360
360 (Apr 78)
360 (Apr 78)
Sharjah
55
50
50
60 (Dec 74)
20 (Apr 78)
Venezuela
2,700
2,600
2,300
2,950 (Jun 74)
2,230 (Apr 78)
' Installed capacity, also called nameplate or design capacity, includes all aspects of crude oil production,
processing, transportation, and storage. Installed capacity is generally the highest capacity estimate.
8 Maximum sustainable or operational capacity is the maximum production rate that can be sustained for
several months; it considers the experience of operating the total system and is generally some 90-95 percent
of installed capacity. This capacity concept does not necessarily reflect the maximum production rate
sustainable without damage to the fields.
? Available or allowable capacity reflects production ceilings applied by Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, Saudi
Arabia, and Venezuela. These ceilings usually represent a constraint only on annual average output, and
thus production may exceed the ceilings in a given month.
4 Excluding share of capacity in the Neutral Zone, shown separately.
? Capacity and production is shared about equally between Kuwait and Saudi Arabia.
? In Saudi Arabia, the concept of "facility," rather than "installed" capacity, is used. Facility capacity
refers to the total installed capacity of gas-oil separating plants, main trunk pipelines, and oil-load terminals;
it does not include the capacity of salt water-oil separators or flow lines.
' Recent statements by the Saudi Oil Minister are ambiguous about whether the production ceiling is 8.5
million b/d or 8.0 million b/d.
3
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Any estimate of oil and natural gas reserves must be treated as a rough
approximation. Few countries publish official reserve estimates, and there is no
consistent rigorous definition of reserves. Moreover, the volume of oil and/or gas in
place, even in a well-delineated field, can never be precisely accurate; estimates of
commercially recoverable oil and natural gas are usually made not by reference to
existing technology but by reference to the production system currently in use, and
even this can provide only an approximation. Assessments of proved reserves therefore
do not mean absolute world availability; they are only an indication of the quantity of
oil that is technically and economically feasible to extract with current techniques at
current prices.
CIA's reserve figures are for proved and probable reserves and are based on the
best available published information; where there are conflicting data, we use our own
judgmental analysis. CIA uses the restrictive definition of probable reserves (as
differentiated from possible reserves) common in the industry. Our proved and
probable figure does not differ greatly from the proved figure in many cases, such as
Venezuela, Iran, and Libya. In these countries, extensive exploration has taken place
and extensions of known fields are considered unlikely. In other cases-such as Saudi
Arabia, Mexico, and the United Kingdom-differences between proved and proved
and probable reserves are considerably larger.
Area and Country
Crude Oil
Billion
Barrels
Natural Gas
Trillion
Cubic
Feet
Area and Country
Crude Oil
Billion
Barrels
Natural Gas
Trillion
Cubic
Feet
World
657
2,626
Africa
59
211
Free World
592
1,764
Libya
25
25
Western Hemisphere
96
426
Nigeria
19
46
United States
39
219
Algeria
7
127
Mexico
25
43
Egypt
4
3
Venezuela.
14
43
Gabon
1
Negl.
Canada 2
8
71
Angola-Cabinda
1
Negl.
Ecuador
2
11
Tunisia
1
7
Argentina
2
11
Other
1
3
Brazil
1
7
Western Europe
31
177
Colombia
1
7
United Kingdom
20
46
Peru
2
7
Norway
8
25
Trinidad and Tobago
2
7
Netherlands
Negl.
71
Eastern Hemisphere
496
1,338
Spain
1
Negl.
Middle East
384
845
Other
2
35
Saudi Arabia
150
106
Asia-Pacific
22
105
Kuwait
71
35
Indonesia
14
21
Iran'
60
600
Brunei
2
11
Iraq
36
35
Malaysia
2
14
United Arab Emirates
34
35
Australia
2
35
Neutral Zone
17
India
2
3
Qatar
7
Pakistan
Negl.
21
Oman
6
Communist Countries
65
862
Syria
2
USSR
40
812
Other
1
China
20
25
Other
5
25
' Equivalent to 470 billion barrels of oil.
2 Including Arctic gas deposits and natural gas liquids.
3 Including recent discoveries.
Approved For Release 2002/05/204 CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Estimated Imports of Crude Oil and Refined Products
1977
US'
Japan
Canada
Western
Europe
West
Ger-
many
France
UK
Italy
Nether-
lands Spain
Other
Western
Europe
Algeria
556
3
...
407
199
98
7
30
6
23
44
Bahrain
8
38
...
2
...
2
...
...
...
..
Egypt
28
...
...
25
2
. 5
18
...
...
.
Iraq
94
151
18
1,221
22
365
110
274
69
...
111
...
270
Kuwait
54
518
4
656
29
72
184
152
123
24
72
Libya
849
20
...
1,039
394
55
44
296
23
83
144
Qatar
97
38
...
160
19
63
33
17
11
17
Saudi Arabia
1,513
1,772
156
3,299
402
870
369
629
345
...
317
367
Syria
2
?..
...
70
26
44
United Arab Emirates
424
546
6
798
171
234
84
56
82
83
88
OAPEC
3,625
3,086
184
7,677
1,264
1,806
851
1,454
659
641
1,002
Ecuador
59
...
...
Gabon
57
...
...
59
8
38
2
5
6
Indonesia
566
721
...
20
14
...
...
2
4
Iran
799
'870
118
1,885
315
189
259
293
273
...
245
311
Nigeria
1,237
...
4
619
180
157
27
7
183
65
Venezuela
891
7
287
153
20
17
21
29
4
.. .
20
42
OPEC=
7,196
4,646
593
10,316
1,773
2,158
1,138
1,785
1,121
911
1,430
Canada
454
...
...
2
...
2
Mexico
181
...
...
...
...
Other 8
834
770
120
2,693
967
307
533
505
240
103
2
313
Total
8,703
5,454
713
13,108
2,768
2,514
1,691
2,290
1,361
1,014
,
3,745
' Products traced to source of crude.
s OAPEC members excluding Bahrain, Egypt, and Syria plus other countries shown.
Includes unknown.
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Selected Developed Countries: Crude oil imports, by Source
Thousand b/d
1973
S
1978
Percent of Total
ep
(Pre-
Crisis
Level)
1975
1976
1977
Jan
Feb
Mar
Sep
1973
Mar
1978
United States
Algeria
124
264
408
538
667
617
663
3.6
11.2
Egypt
? ..
5
17
36
8
0
5
0
3
Iran
17
2
26
76
69
44
1
.
1
3
.
6
0
Kuwait
44
4
1
42
18
...
38
.
4
4
.
1
9
Libya
153
223
444
696
532
559
538
.
1
2
.
1
6
Qatar
41
18
24
67
45
68
93
.
17
3
.
8
18
Saudi Arabia
599
701
1,222
1,369
1,198
970
1,109
.
2
5
.
0
5
United Arab Emirates'
88
117
254
331
2
349
486
296
..
.
...
.
...
Other 2
' .
30
7
7
46
Total OAPEC
1,066
1,334
2,386
3,157
2,878
2,744
2,755
.
0
9
.
7
0
Ecuador
33
57
51
54
55
66
41
.
.
0
5
27
26
35
21
60
29
...
.
Gabon
Indonesia
249
379
537
502
401
366
466
7.2
5
9
7.9
9
3
Iran
205
278
298
525
649
526
547
.
8
11
.
15
7
Nigeria
409
746
1,014
1,123
815
747
927
.
11
7
.
2
2
Venezuela
405
395
241
249
152
107
130
.
2
68
.
83
0
Total OPEC'
2,367
3,211
4,546
5,607
4,97 1
4,616
4,895
.
28
8
.
4
3
Canada
998
600
371
278
243
260
252
.
0
2
.
9
3
8
70
87
177
236
204
231
.
.
Mexico
Negl
13
96
UK
Norway
...
.
12
35
48
.?.
...
8
2
...
9
8
other'
98
207
218
324
635
561
523
.
0
100
.
100
0
Total
3,471
4,105
5,287
6,568
6,085
5,641
5,901
.
.
Thousand b/d
1973
Se
1978
Percent of Total
p
(Pre-
Se
Feb
Crisis
p
1978
Level)
1975
1976
1977
Jan
Feb
1973
Canada
Algeria
Egypt
19
45
31
2.4
4.4
Iraq
23
31
29
29
2
4
Kuwait
6.0
...
Libya
56
9
20
...
...
2
Qatar
57
106
147
8.7
21.0
Saudi Arabia
82
165
109
1
5.2
...
United Arab Emirates'
49
46
57
6
...
Other'
86
151
178
22.3
25.5
l OAPEC
t
T
210
282
217
1
o
a
Ecuador
13
1
...
...
...
1.4
...
3
...
...
Gabon
Indonesia
97
245
15
9
35.1
n
I
149
202
157
121
.
ra
ria
Ni
39
17
28
5
?
...
4.1
...
2
23
ge
l
V
485
265
269
258
236
162
51.6
.
7
a
enezue
l OPEC'
T
t
896
770
871
570
484
585
95.3
83.
6
3
o
a
Other '
44
54
49
99 .
113
114
4.7
1
.
100
0
Total
940
824
720
669
597
699
100.0
.
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 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Selected Developed Countries: Crude Oil Imports, by Source
(Continued)
Sep 1973
1978
Percent of Total
(Pre-
Crisis
Sep
Mar
Level)
1975
1978
1977
Jan
Feb
Mar
1973
1978
Japan
Algeria
6
...
3
...
17
9
...
0.2
Egypt
...
...
Negl.
Iraq
92
127
151
172
268
82
... '
1.7
Kuwait
488
416
342
398
542
387
420
10.0
8.6
Libya
31
59
41
20
...
..
14
0.6
0.3
Qatar
3
2
36
128
67
139
...
2.9
Saudi Arabia
1,148
1,355
1,572
1,622
1,629
1,799
1,528
23.5
31.4
United Arab Emirates'
511
408
530
545
454
544
498
10.5
10.2
Other 2
...
...
...
...
...
...
Total OAPEC
2,181
2,339
2,614
2,775
2,925
3,082
2,690
44.7
55.2
Ecuador
Gabon
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Indonesia
638
518
553
651
612
792
638
13.1
13.1
Iran
1,554
1,147
928
812
803
793
957
31.9
19.6
Nigeria
101
71
17
...
...
...
...
2.1
...
Venezuela
7
5
6
6
13
8
...
0.1
...
Total OPEC '
4,481
4,080
4,118
4,244
4,353
4,675
4,285
91.9
88.0
Other'
397
459
483
547
601
455
586
8.1
12.0
Total
4,878
4,539
4,601
4,791
4,954
5,130
4,871
100.0
100.0
Sep 1973
1978
Percent of Total
(Pre-
Crisis
1st
Sep
Apr
Level)
1975
1978
1977
Qtr
Apr
1973
1978
United Kingdom
Abu Dhabi
28
47
29
43
54
23
1.5
2.3
Algeria
46
29
18
7
...
...
2.4
...
Egypt
16
3
14
10
33
...
3.2
Iraq
67
52
105
110
153
98
3.5
9.6
Kuwait
293
218
229
184
277
185
15.3
18.2
Libya
98
53
45
40
38
81
5.1
8.0
Qatar
73
77
94
33
8
...
3.8
...
Saudi Arabia
530
444
370
369
354
93
27.6
9.1
Other 2
...
16
3
...
Total OAPEC
1,135
952
896
800
894
513
59.2
50.4
Dubai
48
30
45
41
42
86
2.5
8.4
Ecuador
Gabon
Indonesia
Iran
317
351
398
259
244
77
16.5
7.6
Nigeria
188
117
76
27
17
72
9.8
7.1
Sharjah
Venezuela
66
64
29
21
20
29
3.4
2.8
Total OPEC '
1,754
1,482
1,438
1,134
1,207
744
91.5
73.1
Other'
163
261
326
257
248
241
8.5
23.7
Total
1,917
1,775
1,770
1,405
1,485
1,018
100.0
100.0
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
(Continued)
Thousand b/d
...._.....
Sep 1973
1978
Percent of Total
(Pre-
Crisis
Level)
1975
1976
1977
Jan
Feb
Mar
Sep
1973
Mar
1978
West Germany
4
10
11
8
Algeria
239
204
210
197
170
245
216
.
.
Egypt
...
4
...
...
...
8
0.4
Iraq
43
28
35
22
96
...
...
1.9
? .
Kuwait
102
54
25
15
19
5
12
4.4
0.7
Libya
418
296
421
383
336
329
318
18.2
17.3
Qatar
18
25
24
19
16
45
27
0.8
1.5
Saudi Arabia
710
371
378
401
189
223
302
30.9
16.4
United Arab Emirates'
162
158
125
171
162
102
209
7.1
11.4
Other'
26
16
25
26
23
7
11
1.1
0.6
Total OAPEC
1,718
1,156
1,243
1,234
1,011
956
1,103
74.8
60.0
Ecuador
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Gabon
32
21
11
7
6
8
11
1.4
0.6
Indonesia
...
...
4
14
10
5
17
...
0.9
Iran
248
284
380
315
353
338
333
10.8
18.1
Nigeria
168
202
181
180
193
118
136
7.3
7.4
Venezuela
42
43
28
19
9
21
6
1.8
0.3
Total OPEC'
2,182
1,686
1,822
1,743
1,559
1,439
1,587
95.0
86.4
UK
...
14
70
99
87
121
...
6.6
Norway
Negi.
12
23
32
16
83
53
...
2.9
Other'
89
89
95
81
111
89
57
3.9
3.1
Total
2,297
1,807
1,979
1,952
1,808
1,705
1,837
100.0
100.0
Thousand b/d
Sep 1973
1978
Percent of Total
(Pre-
Crisis
Sep
Mar
Level)
1975
1976
1977
Jan
Feb
Mar
1973
1978
France
Abu Dhabi
249
210
202
193
70
131
43
9.0
8
2
1.8
4
6
Algeria
227
118
95
98
93
83
107
.
.
Egypt
1
4
13
5
13
13
13
Negi.
0.6
7
Iraq
375
240
335
365
255
579
484
13.6
20.
Kuwait
316
134
86
72
25
68
27
11.4
1.2
Libya
131
44
62
55
37
90
73
4.7
3.1
Qatar
69
47
58
63
67
53
47
2.5
2.0
Saudi Arabia
623
669
870
870
848
906
937
22.5
40.1
Other 2
12
41
60
44
54
59
78
0.4 .
3.3
Total OAPEC
2,003
1,507
1,781
1,765
1,462
1,982
1,809
72.5
77.5
Dubai
.27
43
33
41
20
90
49
1.0
2.1
Ecuador
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Gabon
33
27
29
38
29
16
13
1.2
0.6
Indonesia
? . ?
...
...
...
...
...
Iran
216
266
294
189
307
194
122
7.8
5.2
Nigeria
253
175
150
157
120
189
193
9.2
8.3
Sharjah
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
Venezuela
36
15
16
17
9
14
22
1.3
0.9
Total OPEC'
2,555
1,988
2,230
2,158
1,880
2,413
2,117
92.4
90.7
UK
...
7
33
...
49
53
...
2.3
Norway
...
18
46
26
29
16
40
...
1.7
Other'
196
69
61
84
123
82
34
7.1
1.5
Total
2,764'
2,120
2,417
2,350
2,099
2,632
2,335
100.0
100.0
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 :8CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
Selected Developed Countries: Crude Oil Imports, by Source
(Continued)
4th Qtr
1977
Percent of Total
1973 (Pre-
Crisis
1st
3d
4th
4th Qtr
4th Qtr
Level)
1975
1976
Half
Qtr
Qtr
1973
1977
Italy
Algeria
61
77
51
21
39
32
2.4
1.5
Egypt
...
...
...
...
...
...
Iraq
383
374
312
331
174
252
15.2
11.7
Kuwait
212
82
47
143
142
166
8.4
7.7
Libya
597
260
340
301
241
329
23.7
15.3
Qatar
21
26
26
23
15
6
0.8
0.3
Saudi Arabia
692
527
545
653
601
585
27.5
27.2
United Arab Emirates
...
33
50
66
37
52
...
2.4
Other2
...
Total OAPEC
1,966
1,379
1,371
1,538
1,249
1,422
78.2
66.0
Ecuador
...
Gabon
3
6
1
5
...
...
0.1
...
Indonesia
...
.. .
Iran
277
258
292
272
266
330
11.0
15.3
Nigeria
9
7
7
14
...
0.4
Venezuela
18
20
16
11
19
13
0.7
0.6
Total OPEC'
2,273
1,670
1,687
1,840
1,534
1,765
90.4
81.9
UK
...
...
13
2
...
...
...
Norway
...
...
...
...
4
...
...
Other ?
241
271
371
344
373
389
9.6
18.1
Total
2,514
1,941
2,071
2,186
1,911
2,154
100.0
100.0
Including oil imports from Abu Dhabi and possibly from Dubai and Sharjah, which are not members of OAPEC.
2 Including, when applicable, Bahrain and Syria.
'Consisting of OAPEC members (excluding Bahrain, Egypt, and Syria) plus the other countries shown.
*Including data that cannot be distributed by area of origin.
9
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Thousand b/d
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Annual
Dec Average
United States'
1973
Crude imports
2,732
2,873
3,162
3,049
3,215
3,220
3,501
3,593
3,471
3,740
3,452
2,891
3,244
Product imports
3,079
3,501
3,413
2,551
2,603
2,659
2,671
2,913
2,903
2,785
3,412
3,055
3,012
Total imports
5,811
6,374
6,575
5,600
5,818
5,879
6,172
6,506
6,374
6,525
6,864
5,946
6,256
Exports
210
260
224
275
237
215
240
217
242
221
202
227
231
Net imports
5,601
6,114
6,351
5,325
5,581
5,664
5,932
6,289
6,132
6,304
6,662
5,719
6,025
1975
Crude imports
4,029
3,828
3,656
3,378
3,486
3,905
4,192
4,581
4,689
4,389
4,623
4,476
4,105
Product imports
2,832
2,348
2,074
1,662
1,728
1,502
1,767
1,717
2,115
1,940
1,796
1,949
1,951
Total imports
6,861
6,176
5,730
5,040
5,214
5,407
5,959
6,298
6,804
6,329
6,419
6,425
6,056
Exports
228
248
213
190
202
224
186
203
205
187
166
262
209
Net imports
6,633
5,928
5,517
4,850
5,012
5,183
5,773
6,095
6,599
6,142
6,253
6,163
5,847
1976
Crude imports
4,594
4,208
4,738
4,790
4,669
5,621
5,792
5,556
5,875
5,689
5,946
5,925
5,287
Product imports
2,016
2,423
1,946
1,805
1,654
1,858
2,099
1,826
2,049
1,847
2,114
2,353
2,008
Total imports
6,610
6,631
6,684
6,595
6,323
7,479
7,891
7,382
7,924
7,536
8,060
8,278
7,295
Exports
156
241
185
222
180
213
242
220
196
198
348
309
223
Net imports
6,454
6,390
6,499
6,373
6,143
7,266
7,649
7,162
7,728
7,338
7,712
7,969
7,072
1977
Crude imports
6,288
6,652
6,633
6,785
6,821
6,997
7,021
6,416
6,429
6,363
6,303
6,128
6,557
Product imports
2,594
3,278
2,610
1,886
1,753
1,872
2,021
2,175
2,136
1,862
1,814
2,183
2,146
Total imports
8,882
9,930
9,243
8,671
8,574
8,869
9,042
8,591
8,565
8,225
8,117
8,311
8,703
Exports
192
234
207
223
288
225
253
230
.294
208
235
274
239
Net imports
8,690
9,696
9,036
8,448
8,286
8,644
8,789
8,361
8,271
8,017
7,882
8,037
8,464
United States
1978
Crude imports
6,085
5,641
5,901
5,360
5,800
Product imports
2,039
2,047
2,285
2,197
1,799
Total imports
8,124
7,688
8,186
7,557
7,599
Exports
232
234
219
219
244
Net Imports
7,892
7,454
7,967
7,338
7,355
Canada
1973
Crude imports
945
975
932
772
930
741
1,058
937
940
799
934
802
897
Product imports
163
93
55
37
119
121
122
153
105
132
140
149
130
Total imports
1,108
1,068
987
809
1,049
862`
1,180
1,090
1,045
931
1,074
951
1,027
Exports
1,357
1,500
1,364
1,472
1,495
1,446
1,162
1,298
1,300
1,363
1,357
1,237
1,364
Net imports
-249
-432
-377
-663
-446
-584
18
-208
-255
-432
-283
-322
-337
1975
Crude imports
1,052
915
849
804
1,067
850
678
946
716
516
562
929
824
Product imports
48
68
27
46
56
56
48
50
40
57
26
27
41
Total imports
1,100
983
876
850
1,123
906
726
996
756
573
588
956
865
Exports
1,122
1,068
834
815
745
702
893
903
936
921
1,017
848
899
Net imports
- 22
-S5
42
35
378
204
-167
93
-180
-348
-429
108
- 34
1976
Crude imports
738
783
870
802
793
832
825
728
409
565
690
596
720
Product imports
21
26
30
16
45
45
43
54
23
60
50
20
36
Total imports
759
809
900
818
838
877
868
782
432
625
740
616
756
Exports
1,029
669
569
636
650
676
815
571
603
605
625
612
646
Net imports
-270
140
331
182
188
201
53
211
-171
20
115
4
110
1977
Crude imports
729
645
752
585
679
802
614
767
515
590
584
743
669
Product imports
28
25
27
19
49
60
37
57
91
47
57
49
45
Total imports
757
670
779
604
728
862
651
824
606
637
641
792
714
Exports
611
568
522
526
515
506
523
487
500
517
517
517
526
Net imports
146
102
257
78
213
356
128
337
106
120
124
275
188
Canada
1978
Crude Imports
597
699
Product Imports
50
32
Total Imports
647
731
Exports
554
Net Imports
93
Japan
1973
Crude imports
4,662
4,775
4,830
4,864
4,918
5,043
4,697
5,550
4,878
5,483
5,029
5,139
4,992
Product imports
640
803
650
542
664
640
523
507
443
592
533
486
584
Total imports
5,302
5,578
5,480
5,406
5,582
5,683
5,220
6,057
5,321
6,075
5,562
5,625
5,576
Exports
11
33
23
28
19
13
39
31
21
25
13
25
24
Net imports
5,291
5,545
5,457
5,378
5,563
5,670
5,181
6,026
5,300
6,050
5,549
5,600
5,552
Approved For ~e1ee eD20ppeg gtrie~I 7 tP,P~ Oji P97,9~A001100010011-6
Approved For Release 2002/05/2019 CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
 Selected Developed Countries: Trends in Oil Trade
Approved For Release 2002/05/0)gt01>RDP80T00702A001100010011-6
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Annual
Dec Average
Japan (Continued)
1975
Crude imports
4,581
4,502
4,773
4,304
4,765
3,956
4,401
4,120
4,637
4,928
4,611
'4,880
4,539
Product imports
471
367
466
445
439
361
487
489
461
518
545
574
469
Total imports
5,052
4,869
5,239
4,749
5,204
4,317
4,888
4,609
5,098
5,446
5,156
5,454
5,008
Exports
80
52
40
38
61
40
42
17
5
7
5
6
32
Net imports
4,972
4,817
5,199
4,711
5,143
4,277
4,846
4,592
5,093
5,439
5,151
5,448
4,976
1976
Crude imports
3,901
4,683
4,586
4,989
4,217
4,469
4,690
4,391
4,492
4,642
5,165
5,019
4,601
Product imports
699
649
704
563
593
637
669
651
747
504
615
634
634
Total imports
4,600
5,332
5,290
5,552
4,810
5,106
5,359
5,042
5,239
5,146
5,780
5,653
5,235
Exports
3
5
9
4
4
5
5
6
9
4
9
6
6
Net imports
4,597
5,327
5,281
5,548
4,806
5,101
5,354
5,036
5,230
5,142
5,771
5,647
5,229
1977
Crude imports
5,023
4,857
5,671
4,210
4,955
4,234
4,398
4,940
4,450
4,528
5,041
5,152
4,791
Product imports
584
686
665
632
682
729
561
644
705
739
630
705
663
Total imports
5,607
5,543
6,336
4,842
5,637
4,963
4,959
5,584
5,155
5,267
5,671
5,857
5,454
Exports
7
8
8
6
4
11
8
5
7
13
9
12
8
Net imports
5,600
5,535
6,328
4,836
5,633
4,952
4,951
5,579
5,148
5,254
5,662
5,845
5,446
1978
Crude imports
4,954
5,130
4,871
Product imports
624
655
709
Total imports
5,578
5,785
5,580
Exports
7
27
38
Net imports
5,571
5,758
5,542
France
1973
Crude imports
2,897
2,699
2,955
2,728
2,540
2,676
2,288
2,791
2,764
2,797
3,053
2,549
2,728
Product imports
137
174
148
142
176
128
138
169
139
171
126
117
147
Total imports
3,034
2,873
3,103
2,870
2,716
2,804
2,426
2,960
2,903
2,968
3,179
2,666
2,875
Exports
255
260
232
226
317
290
246
307
307
261
253
279
269
Net imports
2,779
2,613
2,871
2,644
2,399
2,514
2,180
2,653
2,596
2,707
2,926
2,387
2,606
1975
Crude imports
2,234
2,056
2,095
2,047
1,952
1,989
2,130
2,201
2,136
2,199
2,203
2,462
2,120
Product imports
213
266
203
165
127
,162
180
100
118
113
131
131
158
Total imports
2,447
2,322
2,298
2,212
2,079
2,151
2,310
2,301
2,254
2,312
2,334
2,593
2,278
Exports
209
221
175
217
190
230
182
302
264
214
267
259
227
Net imports
2,238
2,101
2,123
1,995
1,889
1,921
2,128
1,999
1,990
2,098
2,067
2,334
2,051
1976
Crude imports
2,175
2,447
2,600
2,500
2,188
2,039
2,456
2,370
2,517
2,180
2,767
2,704
2,417
Product imports
134
143
158
158
128
233
266
218
199
223
170
151
181
Total imports
2,309
2,590
2,758
2,658
2,316
2,272
2,722
2,588
2,716
2,403
2,937
2,855
2,598
Exports
276
325
395
316
272
324
244
288
274
207
268
288
249
Net imports
2,033
2,265
2,363
2,342
2,044
1,948
2,478
2,300
2,442
2,196
2,669
2,567
2,349
1977
Crude imports
2,711
2,508
2,198
2,537
1,944
2,079
2,289
2,360
1,810
2,646
2,592
2,523
2,350
Product imports
123
117
169
166
145
183
171
216
147
179
211
138
164
Total imports
2,834
2,625
2,367
2,703
2,089
2,262
2,460
2,576
1,957
2,825
2,803
2,661
2,514
Exports
277
266
286
356
366
276
278
351
279
260
251
295
295
Net imports
2,557
2,359
2,081
2,347
1,723
1,986
2,182
2,225
1,678
2,565
2,552
2,366
2,219
1978
Crude imports
2,099
2,632
2,335
Product imports
207
186
196
Total imports
2,306
2,818
2,531
Exports
268
297
302
Net imports
2,038
2,521
2,229
Italy
1973
Crude imports
2,308
2,448
2,600
2,598
2,498
2,996
2,779
2,784
2,606
2,548
1,844
N. A.
2,567
Product imports
76
133
97
98
154
98
109
137
232
29
65
N. A.
102
Total imports
2,384
2,581
2,697
2,696
2,652
3,094
2,888
2,921
2,838
2,577
1,909
N. A.
2,669
Exports
604
628
513
595
678
671
775
725
586
630
515
N. A.
579
Net imports
1,780
1,953
2,184
2,101
1,974
2,423
2,113
2,196
2,252
1,947
1,394
N.A.
2,090
1975
Crude imports
1,858
1,688
1,724
1,841
1,659
1,949
1,706
1,918
2,236
2,117
1,752
1,990
1,941
Product imports
172
229
246
246
319
181
219
142
138
202
191
229
180
Total imports
2,030
1,917
1,970
2,087
1,978
2,130
1,925
2,060
2,374
2,319
1,943
2,219
2,121
Exports
240
264
212
240
246
308
285
413
394
324
252
236
291
Net imports
1,790
1,653
1,758
1,847
1,732
1,822
1,640
1,647
1,980
1,995
1,691
1,983
1,830
Approved For Release 2002/05/201 CIA-RDP8OTOO7O2AOO11000 100 11-6
 Approved For R4 dta%LV( onhnuee'dl~'rRbP86Y0b?b2A001100010011-6
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Annual
Dec Average
Italy (Continued)
1976
Crude imports
2,024
2,024
2,024
2,014
2,014
2,014
2,115
2,115
2,115
2,131
2,131
2,131
2,071
Product imports
160
160
160
216
216
216
219
21.9
219
194
194
194
197
Total imports
2,184
2,184
2,184
2,230
2,230
2,230
2,334
2,334
2,334
2,325
2,325
2,325
2,268
Exports
271
271
271
337
337
337
322
322
322
289
289
289
305
Net imports
1,913
1,913
1,913
1,893
1,893
1,893
2,012
2,012
2,012
2,036
2,036
2,036
1,963
1977
Crude imports
2,185
2,185
2,185
2,189
2,189
2,189
1,957
1,957
1,911
2,154
2,154
2,154
2,109
Product imports
229
229
229
209
209
209
143
143
151
135
135
135
181
Total imports
2,414
2,414
2,414
2,398
2,398
2,398
2,100
2,100
2,062
2,289
2,289
2,289
2,290
Exports
374
374
374
380
380
380
364
364
358
393
393
393
316
Net imports
2,040
2,040
2,040
2,018
2,018
2,018
1,736
1,736
1,704
1,896
1,896
1,896
1,914
United Kingdom
1973
Crude imports
2,276
2,090
2,273
2,248
2,402
2,535
2,175
2,818
1,917
2,892
2,415
2,004
2,329
Product imports
615
533
457
359
488
439
323
417
361
416
326
208
409
Total imports
2,891
2,623
2,730
2,607
2,890
2,974
2,498
3,235
2,278
3,308
2,741
2,212
2,738
Exports
464
311
323
329
332
257
430
555
496
464
488
293
396
Net imports
2,427
2,312
2,407
2,278
2,558
2,717
2,068
2,680
1,782
2,844
2,253
1,919
2,342
1975
Crude imports
2,216
2,030
1,491
1,849
1,802
1,926
1,748
1,776
1,687
2,032
1,429
1,599
1,775
Product imports
442
329
267
290
231
257
262
247
240
303
348
344
292
Total imports
2,658
2,359
1,758
2,139
2,033
2,183
2,010
2,023
1,927
2,335
1,777
1,943
2,067
Exports
310
343
224
226
262
303
317
308
357
423
299
261
300
Net imports
2,348
2,016
1,534
1,913
1,771
1,880
1,693
1,715
1,570
1,912
1,478
1,683
1,767
1976
Crude imports
1,888
1,986
1,762
1,938
1,698
1,814
1,688
1,615
1,779
1,474
2,112
1,724
1,770
Product imports
302
314
421
301
318
267
297
220
221
200
251
283
282
Total imports
2,190
2,300
2,183
2,239
2,016
2,081
1,985
1,835
2,000
1,674
2,363
2,007
2,052
Exports
333
264
384
332
349
328
407
399
488
464
522
447
392
Net imports
1,857
2,036
1,799
1,907
1,667
1,753
1,578
1,436
1,512
1,210
1,841
1,560
1,660
1977
Crude imports
1,756
1,511
1,672
1,347
1,701
1,449
1,147
1,263
1,358
1,311
932
1,420
1,405
Product imports
253
238
261
272
312
286
261
313
249
257
317
343
286
Total imports
2,009
1,749
1,933
1,619
2,013
1,735
1,408
1,576
1,607
1,568
1,249
1,763
1,691
Exports
546
575
589
538
539
732
597
747
752
528
537
487
598
Net imports
1,463
1,174
1,344
1,081
1,474
1,003
811
829
855
1,040
712
1,276
1,093
1978
Crude imports
1,597
1,489
1,312
1,018
Product imports
326
319
377
227
Total imports
1,923
1,808
1,689
1,245
Exports
579
645
624
587
Net imports
1,344
1,163
1,065
658
West Germany
1973
Crude import:
2,177
2,217
2,226
2,201
2,173
2,306
2,091
2,140
2,297
2,359
2,274
2,067
2,210
Product imports
776
788
690
831
870
748
789
710
828
904
859
709
836
Total imports
2,953
3,005
2,916
3,032
3,043
3,054
2,889
2,850
3,125
3,263
3,133
2,776
3,046
Exports
153
177
164
135
184
174
177
185
155
239
235
141
177
Net imports
2,800
2,828
2,752
2,897
2,859
2,880
2,712
2,665
2,970
3,024
2,898
2,635
2,869
1975
Crude imports
1,684
1,614
1,453
1,798
1,754
1,911
1,676
1,839
1,810
2,051
2,075
1,935
1,807
Product imports
583
766
606
824
575
920
794
767
873
789
667
718
709
Total imports
2,267
2,380
2,059
2,622
2,329
2,831
2,470
2,606
2,683
2,840
2,742
2,653
2,509
Exports
158
120
113
132
100
121
137
120
133
125
161
126
129
Net imports
2,109
2,260
1,946
2,490
2,229
2,710
2,333
2,486
2,550
2,715
2,581
2,527
2,380
1976
Crude imports
1,669
1,836
1,717
1,823
1,830
1,847
2,050
2,168
2,220
2,068
2,233
2,273
1,979
Product imports
761
978
792
808
833
871
850
991
811
645
690
899
830
Total imports
2,430
2,814
2,509
2,631
2,663
2,718
2,900
3,159
3,031
2,713
2,923
3,172
2,809
Exports
113
115
148
115
131
101
176
128
168
116
132
160
134
Net imports
2,317
2,699
2,361
2,516
2,532
2,617
2,724
3,031
2,863
2,597
2,791
3,012
2,675
1977
Crude imports
2,140
2,020
1,894
1,774
1,871
1,920
2,042
2,097
1,897
1,849
1,927
1,983
1,951
Product imports
705
615
680
813
751
921
969
835
730
812
959
1,000
817
Total imports
2,845
2,635
2,574
2,587
2,622
2,841
3,011
2,932
2,627
2,661
2,886
2,983
2,768
Exports
78
155
128
113
152
147
117
129
129
145
128
130
129
Net imports
2,767
2,480
2,446
2,474
2,470
2,694
2,894
2,803
2,498
2,516
2,758
2,853
2,639
1978
Crude imports
1,808
1,705
1,837
Product imports
882
972
895
Total imports
2,690
2,677
2,732
Exports
102
128
132
Net imports
2,588
2,549
2,600
Approved For Release 2002/05/20~i CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
Developed Countries: Exports to OPEC'
Algeria
dor Gabon
nesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait
Libya Nigeria Qatar Arabia
UAE
zuela
Total2
United States
1975
632
414
59
810
3,242
310
366
232
536
50
1,502
372
2,243
10,768
1976
487
416
46
1,036
2,776
382
472
277
770
79
2,774
425
2,628
12
588
1977
527
565
30
764
2,731
211
548
313
959
113
3,575
515
3,171
,
14,022
1st Qtr
116
99
9
189
626
54
152
69
204
25
777
147
669
3
136
2d Qtr
146
134
10
199
809
49
157
90
240
19
929
134
771
,
3,687
3d Qtr
117
175
6
171
609
65
102
88
279
41
900
125
902
3
580
4th Qtr
148
157
5
205
687
43
137
66
236
28
969
109
829
,
3,619
Japan
1975
261
178
14
1,848
1,853
819
367
240
585
123
1,350
421
360
8
416
1976
205
134
17
1,642
1,709
626
720
327
575
230
1,892
637
564
,
9
274
1977
473
246
19
1,813
1,941
878
942
280
1,018
278
2,364
852
923
,
12,027
1st Qtr
52
38
6
390
427
131
239
68
211
73
425
224
174
2
459
2d Qtr
145
60
5
404
417
233
242
68
225
80
567
222
240
,
2
906
3d Qtr
110
73
5
460
433
217
260
67
262
58
642
196
267
,
3
049
4th Qtr
166
75
3
559
664
297
201
77
320
67
730
210
242
,
3
613
1978
,
r.
47
12
1
126
167
36
35
18
6.
12
67
60
54
22
1
189
245
77
63
30
101
...
263
67
1975
611
77
23
394
2,107
1,048
203
537
652
47
566
146
372
6
783
1976
741
94
27
479
2,295
886
304
522
867
68
1,192
234
540
,
8,249
1977
1,079
176
34
501
2,741
778
371
650
1,293
90
1,713
367
985
10,778
1st Qtr
313
35
9
98
609
205
79
136
260
25
298
81
158
2
306
2d Qtr
235
20
13
104
672
206
83
,211
293
18
472
103
257
,
2
687
3d Qtr
204
45
7
123
775
174
108
135
361
29
420
92
242
,
2,715
4th Qtr
327
76
5
176
685
193
101
168
379
18
523
91
328
3
069
France
1975
1,889
18
336
122
633
412
98
405
464
15
200
135
176
,
4,897
1976
1,478
18
393
219
655
474
227
349
534
32
340
192
171
5,080
1977
1,799
22
411
189
682
444
160
399
749
62
619
184
248
5,968
1st Qtr
364
6
121
56
154
128
36
99
185
21
114
52
56
1,392
2d Qtr
498
4
135
48
171
106
42
91
195
11
164
50
55
1
569
3d Qtr
392
4
85
46
157
94
34
92
144
14
159
39
61
,
1
321
4th Qtr
545
6
70
39
200
116
48
117
225
16
182
43
76
,
1
681
1978
,
Jan
129
2
19
15
109
26
14
34
70
6
59
10
24
516
Feb
118
2
20
16
77
25
11
39
68
4
59
10
19
467
United Kingdom
1975
175
39
7
134
1,102
303
218
237
1,128
122
442
442
201
4,546
1976
184
41
8
144
922
273
258
242
1,388
155
710
578
230
5,130
1977
173
104
10
152
1,144
292
425
304
1,868
204
1,010
793
306
6,784
1st Qtr
39
22
2
43
274
67
79
62
407
43
210
209
60
1,516
2d Qtr
34
26
3
30
283
70
114
78
483
57
251
195
64
1,688
3d Qtr
46
29
3
31
278
74
127
76
466
50
264
206
98
1,748
4th Qtr
54
27
2
48
309
81
105
88
512
54
285
183
84
1
832
1978
,
Jan
21
3
3
11
119
27
71
35
176
14
110
62
28
679
Feb
25
6
1
18
88
26
50
33
186
13
104
62
33
645
Italy
1975
555
31
14
86
565
261
118
1,038
299
23
320
87
321
3,717
1976
429
25
19
56
768
246
180
996
329
27
658
138
365
4,233
1977
1st Qtr
128
7
7
12
202
54
54
277
123
9
218
46
126
1,263
2d Qtr
159
9
9
10
221
52
70
345
165
10
259
58
140
1,506
3d Qtr
164
11
4
17
221
58
63
286
142
8
257
40
137
1,408
4th Qtr
203
13
4
16
261
64
73
307
162
15
342
52
153
1,665
13
Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP8OTOO7O2AOO110001OO11-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
Developed Countries: Exports to OPEC'
(Continued)
Algeria
Ecua-
dor Gabon
Indo-
nesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait Libya Nigeria
Saudi
Qatar Arabia
UAE
Vene-
zuela Total'
Canada
1975
99
21
...
66
144
66
16
22
38
1
35
5
198
712
1976
96
28
2
78
153
36
23
10
33
5
108
13
230
813
1977
165
19
1
63
138
55
35
18
31
4
101
19
291
940
1st
Qtr
30
3
1
25
35
22
13
2
10
1
29
3
58
232
2d
Qtr
31
5
...
11
32
12
9
6
7
1
23
5
99
240
3d
Qtr
32
7
...
16
34
10
7
6
7
1
26
5
58
229
4th
Qtr
32
4
...
11
37
11
6
4
7
1
23
6
76
238
25X1X
Y Because of rounding, components may not add to totals shown.
Approved For Release 2002/05/16: CIA-RDP8OTOO7O2AOO110001OO11-6
 Approved For Release 2002/05/20 : CIA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
United States
1975
1,448
515
215
2,447
1,579
23
126
1,120
3,525
64
2,987
781
3,869
18,699
1976
2,344
595
206
3,277
1,631
123
41
2,406
5,251
133
5,847
1,532
3,782
27,168
1977
3,228
661
240
3,756
3,032
420
239
4,021
6,440
315
7,012
1,810
4,273
35,447
1st Qtr
736
169
62
984
712
50
74
885
1,746
45
1,783
453
1,274
8,973
2d Qtr
783
185
67
996
762
138
81
1,139
1,688
81
1,896
485
1,006
9,307
3d Qtr
830
172
71
979
890
94
38
952
1,525
98
1,768
402
1,103
8,922
4th Qtr
879
135
40
797
668
138
46
1,045
1,481
91
1,565
470
890
8,245
Japan
1975
36
14
12
3,430
4,979
396
2,010
280
279
28
6,132
1,774
34
19,402
1976
11
22
18
4,095
4,454
580
2,017
206
109
30
7,835
2,472
34
21,885
1977
25
30
7
5,033
4,270
740
2,502
112
21
200
8,570
2,769
50
24,329
1st Qtr
2
5
3
1,251
1,180
187
514
14
4
45
2,326
698
11
6,240
2d Qtr
7
9
...
1,256
1,040
199
648
28
9
46
1,880
607
12
5,741
3d Qtr
7
7
2
1,271
988
213
623
30
5
28
2,021
673
15
5,882
4th Qtr
9
9
2
1,255
1,062
141
717
40
3
81
2,343
791
12
6,462
1978
Jan
2
1
425
353
72
272
...
...
56
744
212
7
2,144
Feb
7
2
452
313
105
180
...
1
26
771
236
4
2
095
West Germany
,
1975
1,025
63
107
154
1,469
127
226
1,391
961
125
1,623
735
230
8,236
1976
1,146
69
70
214
1,988
155
182
2,103
974
125
1,799
693
209
9,727
1977
1,175
78
61
328
1,868
126
159
2,162
1,103
103
1,924
913
119
10,119
1st Qtr
329
21
17
98
497
39
45
624
232
17
436
197
30
2,582
2d Qtr
246
17
18
68
468
31
40
502
284
34
492
205
28
2,433
3d Qtr
303
16
6
77
420
32
21
541
267
31
542
252
28
2,536
4th Qtr
297
24
20
85
483
24
53
495
320
21
454
259
33
2,568
France
1975
741
15
245
55
1,265
1,082
619
189
849
207
2,986
1,096
85
9,435
1976
694
14
294
97
1,440
1,595
410
321
751
326
4,087
1,238
95
11,360
1977
789
48
370
157
1,099
1,831
353
309
945
318
4,315
1,191
98
11,821
1st Qtr
197
6
88
31
449
471
126
66
209
100
1,034
264
20
3,057
2d Qtr
204
14
102
40
299
349
75
51
249
63
907
276
19
2,648
3d Qtr
200
17
105
41
132
470
75
86
208
58
1,146
304
31
2,872
4th Qtr
188
11
75
45
219
541
77
106
279
95
1,228
347
28
3
237
1978
,
Jan
73
4
40
23
143
146
19
24
74
51
366
30
5
997
Feb
72
3
20
13
85
222
20
30
89
35
320
76
5
989
United Kingdom
1975
190
5
10
33
1,553
225
936
289
687
347
1,917
358
366
6,914
1976
147
4
16
41
1,880
492
1,043
296
575
459
1,762
363
216
7,290
1977
87
8
5
50
1,360
581
944
246
382
174
1,903
454
117
6,311
1st Qtr
27
1
2
9
482
139
224
30
159
99
499
92
20
1,783
2d Qtr
21
2
1
11
359
146
283
81
69
33
559
102
35
1,701
3d Qtr
24
3
1
16
256
141
211
86
75
25
424
142
31
1,436
4th Qtr
15
2
1
14
263
155
226
49
79
17
421
118
31
1,391
1978
Jan
5
1
3
6
78
112
147
3
24
13
187
56
11
644
Feb
2
1
...
4
153
45
83
26
47
...
189
32
7
589
Italy
1975
403
34
44
54
1,140
1,664
361
1,240
68
129
2,351
201
161
7,846
1976
308
26
16
119
1,270
1,354
208
1,645
58
145
2,512
248
211
8,120
1977
1st
Qtr 41
8
13
34
343
373
169
357
31
26
649
97
38
2,177
2d
Qtr 45
13
7
35
365
452
174
409
37
34
837
43
48
2,498
3d
Qtr 51
9
5
25
392
224
128
337
15
11
794
59
55
2,105
4th
Qtr 59
8
2
43
392
343
232
404
22
31
628
52
34
2,250
Approved For Release 2002/05/2015IA-RDP80T00702AO01100010011-6
 Approved For Releesej2002/05/20: CIA-R~P8~T2P702A001100010011-6
eve ope oun ryes: Imports rom
(Continued)
Million US $ (c.i.f.)
Algeria
Ecua-
dor Gabon
Indo-
nesia
Iran
Iraq
Kuwait Libya
Nigeria
Saudi
Qatar Arabia
UAE
Vene-
zuela Total
Canada
1975
2
22 28
15
819
144
120 39
84
7 809
153
1,189
3,430
1976
73
35 67
21
745
149
25 117
175
... 569
69
1,445
3,485
1977
49
68 19
25
552
114
20 ...
39
... 721
14
1,426
3,047
1st
Qtr
10
24 16
4
140
25
... ...
15
... 210
...
373
816
2d
Qtr
12
17 ...
7
145
...
... ...
...
... 184
...
374
739
3d
Qtr
22
11 3
9
148
41
... ...
18
... 194
7
365
818
4th
Qtr
5
16 ...
5
119
48
20 ...
6
... 133
7
314
673
25X1X I 2 Because of rounding, components may not add to totals shown.
Approved For Release 2002/05/2016 CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved F6rlftNease12@:02/tM120rer ArF OQiO@d,,Q9;,1100010011-6
Thousand b/d
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977 1978
Annual
United States
Average
16,367
17,308
16,653
16,322
17,461
18,418
Jan
16,735
18,713
17,286
18,004
18,598
20,481
(est) 19,605
Feb
M
17,861
19,094
17,366
17,084
17,429
20,427
(est) 20,768
ar
16,870
17,216
16,104
16,315
17,299
18,056
(est) 19,844
Apr
15,529
15,921
15,929
16,048
16,671
17,570
(est) 18,220
May
14,801
16,626
15,726
15,155
15,977
16,960
(est) 18,028
Jun
15,615
16,481
16,117
15,610
16,836
18,048
Jul
14,821
16,372
16,349
15,740
16,613
17,549
Aug
15,936
17,499
16,550
15,806
16,642
18,009
Sep
15,489
16,656
16,024
15,768
16,825
17,733
Oct
16,455
17,202
17,050
16,377
17,052
17,831
Nov
17,610
18,492
17,351
15,777
18,847
18,440
Dec
18,738
17,538
18,013
18,185
20,560
20
046
Canada
Annual
Average
1,511
1,597
1,630
1,595
1,658
,
1,664
Jan
1,536
1,667
1,823
1,691
1,785
1,797
1,815
Feb
1,793
1,747
1,863
1,872
1,754
1,919
1,976
Mar
1,612
1,584
1,659
1,558
1,747
1,664
(est) 1,697
Apr
1,367
1,431
1,560
1,592
1,518
1,523
May
1,374
1,486
1,577
1,471
1,509
1,520
Jun
1,334
1,474
1,455
1,550
1,560
1,631
Jul
1,294
1,490
1,534
1,493
1,531
1,499
Aug
1,394
1,557
1,463
1,449
1,585
1,689
Sep
1,402
1,427
1,415
1
469
1
514
1
539
Oct
1,577
1,680
1,680
,
1,555
,
1,560
,
1,631
Nov
1,685
1,801
1,714
1,577
1,822
1,683
Dec
1,782
1,828
1,831
1,880
2,008
1
896
Japan
Annual
Average
4,311
5,000
4,872
4,588
4,786
,
5,015
Jan
N.A.
5,036
5,103
4,729
4,941
5,433
5,271
Feb
N.A.
5,352
5,664
5,191
5,246
6,025
5,979
Mar
N.A.
5,306
5,407
4,918
5,165
5,539
(est) 5,657
Apr
N.A.
4,737
4,706
4,202
4,526
4,714
May
N.A.
4,597
4,568
4,041
4,218
4,314
Jun
N. A.
4,776
4,520
4,135
4,429
4,484
Jul
N. A.
4,586
4,385
4,265
4,416
4,716
Aug
N.A.
4,684
4,576
4,234
4,461
4,709
Sep
N.A.
4,778
4,720
4
543
4
517
4
742
Oct
N.A.
5,093
4,614
,
4,409
,
4,523
,
4,664
Nov
N. A.
5,559
4,925
4,747
5,160
5,093
Dec
N. A.
5,526
5,330
5,447
5,846
5,800
Austria
Annual
Average
203
227
203
199
215
206
Jan
189
220
236
183
207
200
216
Feb
221
225
220
190
208
208
235
Mar
212
224
160
172
209
182
Apr
183
204
169
184
156
197
May
174
210
172
156
169
166
Jun
181
200
169
186
189
208
Jul
179
221
214
210
219
192
Aug
187
222
218
223
229
213
Sep
213
227
222
232
246
221
Oct
227
253
243
226
233
202
Nov
246
276
215
201
252
236
Dec
230
234
203
229
261
245
Belgium/Luxembourg
Annual
Average
485
505
440
416
449
442
Jan
535
543
512
550
498
552
Feb
591
589
528
558
547
507
Mar
546
570
392
410
469
517
Apr
470
565
383
465
460
483
Approved For Release 2002/05/2: CIA-RDP80TOO702AO01100010011-6
 Approved FJe l 2O/ /2QehCCI;