LETTER TO CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY FROM S. HOUSTON LAY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: K
• Document Page Count: 29
• Document Creation Date: December 12, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 23, 2002
• Sequence Number: 12
• Publication Date: August 1, 1979
• Content Type: LETTER

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S. Houston Lay,
Director & Professor of International Law
STAT
Central Intelligence Agency
as ington, 0520
August 1, 1979
It is my understanding that CIA has prepared Research
Aid People's Republic of China International Trade Handbook,
1977, 1978, and 1979. The 1979 may not yet be available.
It is my understanding that these papers are itz the public
domain and are not classified. If my understanding is
correct, I would greatly appreciate having cop:tes of this
document for use in connection with articles bE~ing prepared
for the International Law Journal here at California TnTestern
School of Law on the subject of trade with China.
SHL:akp
n
Sincerely yours,
Approve~af (l~~c~IS~,@t?~~~~~ : LE~jF~~80T~7~2~8~~Q010012-1
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S. Houston Lay
INSTITUTE FOR THE STUDY OF INTERNATIONAL LAW
California Western School of Law
350 Cedar Street, San Diego, CA, 92101 [phone]
as ington, D, C. 20520
STAT
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 Na ' al
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Assessment
Center
China:
International Trade
1977-78
ER 78-10721
December 1978
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This publication is prepared for the use of U.S. Government
officials. The format, coverage and contents of the publication are
designed to meet the specific requirements of those users. U.S.
Government officials may obtain additional copies of this document
directly or through liaison channels from the Central Intelligence
Agency.
Non-U.S. Government users may obtain this along with similar
CIA publications on a subscription basis by addressing inquiries to:
Document Expediting (DOCEX) Project
Exchange and Gift Division
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
Non-U.S. Government users not interested in the DOCEX
Proiect subscription service may purchase reproductions of specific
publications on an individual basis from:
Photoduplication Service
Library of Congress
Washington, D.C. 20540
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This research paper updates ER 77-10674, China: International Trade,
1976-77, November 1977. It contains the following information: a short text,
assessing Chinese trade during 1977 and giving a preliminary estimate of the
likely level of trade during 1978, and an appendix, comprising tables A-1
through A-13, which cover trade trends, trading partners,_commodity compo-
sition, and financial -activity.
The statistical data are based on the official statistics of China's trading
partners, where available. Statistics for Chinese trade with the non-Commu-
nist developed countries are essentially complete, but statistics for trade with
the less developed countries are fragmentary. Statistics on China's trade with
the USSR and most East European countries are available from Soviet and
East European sources. Statistics are not available for Chinese trade with
other Communist countries, and estimates for these countries are based on
trade agreements and other trade indicators. Non-Communist trade statistics
have been adjusted to place Chinese exports on a free on board (f.o.b.) basis
and Chinese imports on a cost, insurance, and freight (c.i.f.) basis.* As of the
1977 edition, data for trade with Hong Kong include both reexports of
Chinese goods to third countries and reexports of third country goods to
China. Separate tables show Hong Kong reexports of Chinese goods by
destination and commodity composition. Trade aggregates for previous years
have been revised to reflect this change. Because of rounding, components in
the statistical tables may not add to the totals shown.
The grouping of non-Communist countries is as follows:
? Developed countries-including Australia, Japan, and New Zea-
land in East Asia and the Pacific; all countries in Western Europe
and Canada and the United States in North America.
? Less developed countries-including all Southeast Asian coun-
tries except Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos; all South Asian and
Middle Eastern countries; all countries in Africa except South
Africa; all countries in Latin America except Cuba.
? Hong Kong and Macao.
Except where noted, major commodity groupings are as follows:
? Foodstuffs, including food, live animals, beverages, and tobacco
(Standard International Trade Classification [SITC;] sections 0
and 1).
? The value of imports is the value of goods delivered to Chinese docks, including insurance and
freight charges. The value of exports is the value of goods loaded on board ship in Chinese ports.
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? Crude materials, including inedible crude materials, mineral fuels,
and animal and vegetable oils and fats (SITC sections 2, 3, and 4).
? Chemicals (SITC section 5).
? Manufactures, including products classified chiefly by material,
machinery and transport equipment, and miscellaneous articles
(SITC sections 6, 7, and 8).
? Other (SITC section 9), including unspecified commodities and
transactions.
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China: International Trade, 1977-78
Central Intelligence Agency
National Foreign Assessment Center
Overview of Trade in 1977
With stability returning after the political and
economic turmoil of 1976, the foreign trade of
the People's Republic of China in 1977 regained
the upward path. Overall, two-way trade grew by
13.4 percent over 1976 to $15.1 billion. Much of
the increase in both exports and imports came in
the second half of the year. The balance was
smaller than in 1976, but still positive by about
$850 million. These figures are in rough agree-
ment with the official Chinese claim that trade
increased more than 12 percent over the 1976
total, reaching the highest level in PRC history,
and showing a favorable balance.
Imports rebounded, on the strength of large
agricultural purchases, to $7.1 billion, but still
fell short of the peak level of $7.4 billion in 1974.
Deliveries of machinery and equipment fell
again, reflecting the steady decline in new con-
tracts for complete plants since 1973. In contrast
with the 1973-74 period, low world prices for
many of China's agricultural purchases moder-
ated the growth in the value of imports last year.
Price trends for other major commodities were
mixed, but overall the real growth in China's
imports probably was slightly greater than the
18-percent growth in value terms.
After two years of stagnation, Chinese exports
grew by about $700 million in 1977 to $8.0
billion. The implementation of Peking's more
flexible approach to foreign trade, as well as the
return of calm to domestic production and trans-
portation, improved the export climate. All the
major export categories posted gains, with deliv-
eries of petroleum, textiles, and clothing showing
the largest increases.
Patterns of Trade
The non-Communist countries increased their
share of China's trade to about 83 percent in
1977, accounting for more than 80 percent of the
rise in total exports a.nd virtually all of the gain
in imports. The sharp jump in Chinese imports of
agricultural products shuffled the order of
Peking's major trading partners. Japan, the pe-
rennial number one trading partner, regained
lost ground from 1976 although trade levels were
still below the 1975 peak. Australia and Canada
moved up to the number four and six slots,
respectively, with the upturn in grain deliveries.
With a drop in imports offsetting a small gain in
exports, trade with Western Europe fell for the
second year. West Germany, despite a decline in
trade, retained its number three ranking. France
dropped from the top 10 list while the United
Kingdom edged back on. Table 2 compares the
ranking of China's major trading partners in
1976 and 1977.
Sino-US trade received a boost in the latter
half of the year with the renewal of US deliveries
of cotton, soybeans, and soybean oil (see figure
2). China posted its second consecutive surplus
with the United States despite only marginal
gains in exports. Besides the $70 million worth of
agricultural products, China also imported $61
million in machinery and equipment, $21 million
in synthetic fibers, and $9 million in fertilizer
from the United States. Sales of US aluminum
dropped from $29 million in 1976 to $6 million
last year.
China maintained its special trade relationship
with Hong Kong in 1977. Deliveries to Peking's
largest export market and second-ranked trading
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1970 .................. 2.1
1971 .................. 2.5
1972 .................. 3.2
1973 .................. 5.1
1974 .................. 6.7
1975 .................. 7.2
1976 .................. 7.3
1977 .................. 8.0
2.2 -0.2
2.3 0.2
2.8 0.3
5.2 -0.2
7.4 -0.8
7.4 -0.2
6.0 1.3
7.1 0.9
China: Top 10 Trading Partners
Total Trade
(Million US $) Rank
1976 1977 1976 1977
Japan .............................. 3,052 3,509
Hong Kong .................... 1,620 1,779 2 2
West Germany .............. 952 826 3 3
Australia .......................... 380 631 7 4
Romania .......................... 451 600 5 5
Canada ............................ 309 459 9 6
United States .................. 351 391 8 7
USSR .............................. 417 338 6 8
Singavore ........................ 295 324 10 9
United Kingdom ............ 277 284 12 10
partner grew by $159 million last year to $1.7
billion. China provides the bulk of Hong Kong's
foodstuff needs, increasing amounts of petroleum
products, and large quantities of consumer goods
and industrial products. In contrast, China's
traditional trade surplus with the less developed
countries shrank by $455 million last year. Chi-
nese purchases of agricultural products pushed
its imports from the Third World up sharply,
while exports to these countries posted more
modest gains.
Trade with the Communist countries dipped to
17 percent of China's total trade-down 1 per-
centage point from the previous year-despite a
$175 million increase in two-way trade. Sino-
Soviet trade fell by almost 20 percent, reflecting
a decline in PRC imports of Soviet aircraft and
generating equipment. Trade with Eastern
Europe grew largely on the strength of a one-
third increase in Sino-Romanian trade. Ex-
changes with Romania--China's largest Com-
munist- trade partner-have been bolstered for
the past two years by an exchange of PRC crude
oil for Romanian fertilizer.
Exports Back on Track
The increase of nearly 10 percent in Chinese
exports in 1977 was spread across the major
commodity groups and geographic areas. The
distribution of exports among the sectors of
origin was unchanged from 1976 and few
changes occurred in the individual categories. A
rise in world rice prices apparently offset the
decline in the volume of rice exports; total sales
of grain and grain products increased by a small
amount.
Crude oil as a share of exports edged up to 10
percent of the total. Deliveries to Japan increased
to 6.7 million tons (134,000 barrels per day-
b/d) worth about $635 million, compared with
6.1 million tons (123,000 b/d) worth $545 mil-
lion in 1976. Crude -oil and petroleum product
deliveries to the Phili~-pines and Hong Kong rose,
while those to Romania and Thailand were
roughly the same. Priices for China's oil exports
increased only modestly in 1977, reflecting the
relative stability of ?PEC prices.
Agricultural Deliveries Hike Imports
Sharp jumps in Chinese imports of grain,
sugar, soybeans, and cotton accounted for most
of the increase in total PRC imports last year.
Total agricultural imports grew from $920 mil-
lion in 1976 to $1.9 billion in 1977. Peking
reacted to its stagnant grain production and
boosted wheat imports from 1.9 million tons
worth $325 million in 1976 to 6.9 million tons
worth $745 million last year. Argentina rejoined
Canada and Australia. in supplying grain while
the United States was passed over. China took
advantage of low world sugar prices to increase
its sugar purchases to 1.6 million tons worth
$320 million compared with 600,000 tons worth
$200 million in 1976. As a result, the share of
foodstuffs in China's import bill almost doubled
to 17 percent. Imports of natural textile fibers
jumped from $190 million in 1976 to $350
million in 1977. Purchases of synthetic fibers
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Highlights of'US-China Trade'
Million US $
350'
'300
.Grain Shipments
.Export Con#rols lif#ed
I II III IV I II
1971 1972
Begin r Boeing Aircraft
IV I
1973
IV I II
1974
Wheat Deliveries End
Fertilizer Plant Deliveries
Cotton Del
Figure 2
IV I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV I II
1975 1976 1977 19782
1. Data are from US Department of Commerce and show both exports and imports on an f.o.b. basis.
also increased. Soybean imports shot up to
400,000 tons pushing oilseed imports to $115
million-$110 million higher than in 1976-
while vegetable oil imports hit $105 million-
more than 10 times the 1976 level.
Imports of industrial supplies, the largest com-
ponent of total imports at 63 percent, also rose
last year. Chinese imports of iron and steel
totaled 5.8 million tons worth $1.6 billion, up 1
million tons and $200 million from the previous
year. Imports of nonferrous metals increased by
only $5 million, reflecting lower copper pur-
chases and slackening aluminum deliveries. Pur-
chases of chemicals were up, led by a sharp
increase in fertilizer deliveries; imports of rubber
were also higher.
Although policy statements during the year
were roundly in favor of increasing imports of
foreign technology, deliveries of capital goods fell
by $635 million. T-his, of course, reflects the drop
in major contracts for plant and equipment after
1973. Imports of machinery were down by more
than one-half from 1976. Transport equipment
imports rose because of Peking's large purchases
of used ships to expand its merchant fleet during
a period of depressed prices for vessels.
During 1977 China was engaged in revising its
economic plan and setting priorities for capital
imports. As a result new contracts for complete
plants dropped to a total of only $59 million for
three petrochemical facilities. This was one-third
the total in 1976 and the lowest total since 1972.
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China: Commodity Composition of Trade'
1977
Million
US $
Percent
of Total
Exports (f.o.b.) ............................................
7,955
100
Agricultural ..............................................
2,840
36
Animals, meat, and fish ....................
650
8
Grain ....................................................
455
6
Fruits and vegetables ..........................
490
6
Oilseeds ................................................
90
1
Textile fibers ........................................
290
4
Crude animal materials ......................
330
4
Other ....................................................
535
7
Extractive ................................................
1,000
13
Crude minerals and metals ................
120
2
Crude oil ..............................................
785
10
Coal ......................................................
95
1
Manufacturing ..........................................
4,115
51
Petroleum products ............................
230
3
Chemicals ............................................
380
5
Metals and metal products ................
355
4
Machinery and equipment ................
270
3
Textile yarn and fabric ......................
1,300
16
Clothing and footwear ........................
625
8
Other light manufactures ..................
955
12
Imports (c.i.f.) ............................................
7,100
100
Foodstuffs ................................................
1,230
17
Grain ....................................................
745
10
Sugar ....................................................
320
5
Other ....................................................
165
2
Industrial supplies ....................................
4,545
65
Rubber ..................................................
225
3
Textile fibers ........................................
500
7
Chemicals ............................................
885
12
Iron and steel ......................................
1,570
22
Nonferrous metals ..............................
265
4
Metal products ....................................
55
1
Other ....................................................
1,045
15
Capital goods ..........................................
1,290
18
Nonelectric machinery ........................
455
6
Electric machinery ..............................
105
1
Transport equipment ..........................
640
9
Other ....................................................
90
1
Consumer goods ......................................
35
Negl
' The sectors of origin and end use categories in this table differ
somewhat from the categories found in the appendix. For example,
the foodstuffs series includes oilseeds but excludes tobacco; capital
goods cover hand tools and precision instruments in addition to
machinery and transport equipment. The manufacturing sector
includes chemicals, petroleum products, synthetic textile fibers, and
other processed goods not included under SITC sections 6, 7, and 8.
For a detailed description of procedures see ER 77-10477, China:
Real Trends in Trade Wtth Non-Commun4st Countries Stnce 1970,
October 1977.
Financial Situation Healthy
With its second consecutive large trade sur-
plus, China emerged from 1977 in good financial
condition. The estimated current account bal-
ance was a plus $1.5 billion; new credit drawings
almost matched debt service. Increased grain
imports led to higher drawings of short-term
credits while the drop in short-term repayments
reflected the lull in grain purchases the previous
year. Drawings on medium-term credits for com-
plete plants were minimal as deliveries under
most of these contracts have been completed.
Repayments on these credits began in earnest
last year and should peak in 1978-79. China's
outstanding debt increased slightly to an esti-
mated $1.3 billion. With a ratio of debt service to
hard currency exports of only 8 percent for 1977,
this debt does not constitute a heavy burden for
the Chinese economyo
Outlook for 1978
In the midst of a rapid shift toward more
flexible trade and financial policies, China's for-
eign trade in 1978 will post some major gains.
Expanding on its claim for the increase in total
trade in 1977, the New China News Agency has
been citing growth of exports and imports during
1978 over comparable periods in 1977. For the
first eight months of this year China has claimed
that exports grew by 29.8 percent and imports by
59.2 percent over the same period in 1977. These
growth rates will moderate over the last four
months, particularly for imports. For the year,
imports and exports combined will likely total
around $19.5 billion-an increase of some 30
percent over 1977. With imports rising much
faster than exports, the trade balance will prob-
ably show a small deficit. Even with a trade
deficit and higher repayments on short- and
medium-term credits, however, China can still
look forward to abalance-of-payments surplus
- though a smaller one than in 1977.
Trade Policy Flexibility With a Vengeance
Although official pronouncements in favor of
expanding foreign trade and making greater use
of foreign technology to speed economic modern-
ization began soon after the fall of the Gang of
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Four, foreign trade policy has been liberalized in
some surprising ways in 1978. Using "flexibility"
as the key word to reconcile the modifications of
trade policy with self-reliance, Peking is now
willing to engage in direct borrowing for longer
terms, barter agreements, product payback
schemes for imports, importing goods to be re-
processed for export, and even some forms of
joint venture with foreign firms. The only things
explicitly prohibited are direct government-to-
government loans and direct foreign investment
in China. Yet, even on these two points China
appears to be willing to fudge its definitions in
certain cases. For example, Peking has report-
edly agreed to accept a substantial resource
development loan from the Japan Export-Import
Bank to the Bank of China.
Formal commercial links are also being ex-
panded to promote trade and the acquisition of
foreign technology. In February 1978 an eight-
year long-term trade agreement was signed
with Japan calling for an exchange of $10 billion
worth of Chinese oil and coal for an equal
amount of Japanese plant and equipment.
Peking and Tokyo recently agreed to extend the
agreement for an additional five years, although
the increase in trade levels is still under negotia-
tion. At midyear, a trade agreement was signed
with the European Community setting up a
framework for expanded trade. In addition, sev-
eral technical cooperation agreements have been
signed with foreign countries and organizations,
and Peking has decided to send increasing num-
bers of students for study in Western countries,
including the United States.
Aside from the favorable climate set for for-
eign trade, this new flexibility probably did not
have much effect on trade levels in 1978. Many
of the arrangements still in the negotiating stage
could, however, substantially influence trade
flows in the future. Depending on how far Peking
is willing and able to push these liberalized
policies, foreign trade could show some major
gains in the years to come.
Exports Up Across the Board
Exports for 1978 will increase around 25
percent from the 1977 total, with the gains
spread over the range of export commodities as
in 1977. Sales of Chinese crude oil and petro-
leum products will account for about the same
share of total exports as the year before. Japan
remains the principal market-for PRC crude and
is scheduled to take 6.8 million tons (136,000
b/d) in 1978 under the long-term trade agree-
ment (LTTA), an increase of 100,000 tons
(2,000 b/d) over 1977. The major jump in oil
exports under the long-term agreement will not
take place until 1982. The Philippines, which
also signed along-term oil agreement with China
this year, has contracted for 1.2 million tons
(24,000 b/d) in 1978. China's other regular
customers for oil-Thailand, Romania, Hang
Kong, and North Korea-will also take larger
amounts of oil, but Peking's search for other
buyers for its expensive and heavy crude has not
yielded good results.
China's efforts to increase exports of nonoil
products this year have centered not only on
boosting supplies but also on improving quality,
packaging, and delivery times. With a new flexi-
bility toward foreign buyers that first appeared
at the spring Canton Fair, China is proving more
receptive to buyer specifications for export goods
and showing itself willing to use customer-sup-
plied labels, patterns, packaging, raw materials,
and machinery to produce acceptable quality
goods. Peking has also reorganized its trading
corporations to improve export efficiency. The
China National Packaging Corporation, China
National Arts and Crafts Corporation, and, most
recently, the China National Machinery Export
Corporation have been set up under the Ministry
of Foreign Trade to deal with specialized product
lines.
Imports Take OfF
Imports will jump sharply this year as increas-
ing purchases of industrial supplies and capital
goods are added to continued large-scale imports
of agricultural products. Total imports for 1978
will probably show an increase of about 40
percent over 1977, with the pace of import
growth easing from the 59-percent rate claimed
for the first eight months.
Agricultural imports will rise to over $2 billion
this year, but will decline as a share of total
imports. Grain deliveries are expected to reach
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about 8.7 million tons worth about $1 billion and
cotton imports may hit $500 million for the year.
Sugar imports will decline slightly, edible oil
imports will be about the same, and oilseed
purchases will fall from the 1977 level.
Purchases of industrial supplies will increase
to keep pace with rising demand from domestic
economic growth. Steel and nonferrous metal
imports will be up, and China is also buying
larger amounts of iron ore. Higher prices will
boost rubber imports, and fertilizer purchases
will increase.
Imports of machinery and equipment will re-
verse their two-year slide, with China's major
new round of foreign technology purchases under
way. Machinery and equipment imports may
increase to over $2 billion as deliveries on major
contracts for machinery (particularly onshore
oilfield equipment) signed in 1977 to take place
and transport equipment imports (largely ships
and trucks) continue strong. Aircraft imports
will decline as most of the contracts from earlier
years are complete. Imports of complete plant
equipment will continue to lag, although delivery
on the three contracts signed in 1977 should
begin this year.
Signings of new plant contracts began in ear-
nest in mid-1978 and by yearend should well
outstrip the peak of $1.2 billion signed in 1973.
Through September 1978 contracts totaling al-
most $900 million had been signed for such items
as petrochemical plants, a steel mill, a color
television plant, and mining facilities. Negotia-
tions are continuing on some $2 billion in equip-
ment for the Shanghai steel mill; an agreement
has been reached on a $4 billion coal-mining deal
with West Germany, although contracts for the
specific projects have not yet been signed. In
addition to complete plant deals, purchases of
major equipment this year already total more
than $200 million, but delivery will not take
place until 1979-80.
Major Trading Partners in 1978
The non-Communist countries will continue to
dominate China's trade in 1978 and may even
increase their share of the total. Figure 3 shows
the trends in trade with the leading non-Commu-
nist trading partners. Sino-Japanese trade is
expected to reach $5 billion this year. Oil and
coal deliveries under the long-term trade agree-
ment-worth almost $700 million-will account
for much of the increase in exports to Japan,
while larger purchases of steel at higher prices
and a turnaround in machinery and equipment
deliveries will push up the import totals. Japan
continues to garner the lion's share of complete
plant contracts; with negotiations under way for
a number of resource development projects, par-
ticularly offshore oil which reportedly could run
over $10 billion, this trend will continue.
Sino-US trade is bouncing back sharply this
year and will hit over $1 billion by yearend. The
resumption of purchases of US grain will drive
imports to around $750 million. Total imports of
US agricultural products will approach $500
million for the year and machinery and equip-
ment imports will edge higher. Chinese exports
will be about $325 million, putting Peking back
into deficit with the United States. The US share
of PRC plant contracts has been small thus far,
although, as in the past, US firms are participat-
ing in third-country sales by providing technol-
ogy. If negotiations with US oil companies for
offshore oil development bear fruit, the US share
of Chinese capital goods purchases could in-
crease markedly.
Trade with Western Europe is picking up this
year after a decline in 1977. Chinese purchases
of industrial supplies and machinery are on the
rise and the large-scale contracts being nego-
tiated for West European plant and equipment,
especially for mining, will mean larger increases
in the future. Canada. and Australia continue to
be major suppliers of agricultural products and
metals. Hong Kong and the less developed coun-
tries will provide larger markets for Chinese
foodstuffs and manufactures while PRC imports
of Third World agricultural products and raw
materials will increase.
Chinese trade with the Communist countries
in 1978 will show some gains but probably not
grow as fast as trade with the non-Communist
countries. Increased trade with Romania will
keep it China's largest Communist trading
partner.
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China: Trade With Leading Non-Communist Trade Partners'
800
'200
i u ni iv i u m iv i u m Iv i u m w i u m rv i u rn Iv i u m Iv i u m Iv l u m Iv
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 19782
i u m iv l u m iv i u m iv l u m Iv i u m Iv l u ui iv i u m Iv i n m iv i u m iv
1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 19782
1. The Big Seven countries plus the Netherlands, Hong Kong, and Singapore.
These countries normally account for nearly 70 percent of both exports to and
imports from non-Communist countries.
2. Second, third, and fourth quarter 1978 are projected.
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Comments and queries on this paper are wel-
come and may be directed to the Director for
Public Affairs, Central Intelligence Agency,
Washington, D. G, 20505; area code 703-351-
7676. For information on obtaining additional
copies, see the inside of the front cover.
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
APPENDIX
STATISTICAL TABLES
Table A-1
China: Balance of Trade'
1950 ......
1951 ......
1952 ......
1953 ......
1954 ......
1955 ......
1956 ......
1957 ......
1958 ......
1959 ......
1960 ......
1961 ......
1962 ......
1963 ......
1964 ......
1965 ......
1966 ......
1967 ......
1968 ......
1969 ......
1970 ......
1971 ......
1972 ......
1973 ......
1974 ......
1975 ......
1976 ......
1977 ......
Total
Exports
Imports
Balance
Total
Exports
Imports
Balance
Total
Exports
Imports
Balance
1,210
620
590
30
350
210
140
70
SfiO
410
950
-40
1,900
780
1,120
-340
975
465
515
-50
920
315
605
-290
1,890
875
1,015
-190
1,315
605
710
-105
575
270
305
- 35
2,295
1,040
1,255
-215
1,555
670
885
-215
7~l0
370
370
0
2,350
1,060
1,290
-230
1,735
765
970
-205
615
295
320
-25
3,035
1,375
1,660
-285
2,250
950
1,300
-350
7f15
425
360
65
3,120
1,635
1,485
150
2,055
1,045
1,010
35
1,Ofi5
590
475
115
3,055
1,615
1,440
175
1,965
1,085
880
205
1,090
530
560
-30
3,765
1,940
1,825
115
2,380
1,280
1,100
180
1,385
660
725
-65
4,290
2,230
2,060
170
2,980
1,615
1,365
250
1,310
615
695
-80
3,990
1,960
2,030
-70
2,620
1,335
1,285
50
1,370
625
745
-120
3,015
1,525
1,490
35
1,685
965
715
250
1,335
560
775
-215
2,670
1,520
1,150
370
1,410
915
490
425
1,265
605
660
-55
2,775
1,575
1,200
375
1,250
820
430
390
1,525
755
770
-15
3,220
1,750
1,470
280
1,100
710
390
320
2,120
1,040
1,080
-40
3,880
2,035
1,845
190
1,165
650
515
135
2,715
1,385
1,330
55
4,245
2,210
2,035
175
1,090
585
505
80
3,155
1,625
1,530
95
3,915
1,960
1,955
5
830
485
345
140
3,085
1,475
1,610
-135
3,785
1,960
1,825
135
840
500
340
160
2,945
1,460
1,485
-25
3,895
2,060
1,835
225
785
490
295
195
3,110
1,570
1,540
30
4,340
2,095
2,245
-150
860
480
380
100
3,480
1,615
1,865
-250
4,810
2,500
2,310
190
1,085
585
500
85
3,725
1,915
1,810
105
6,000
3,150
2,850
300
1,275
740
535
205
4,725
2,410
2,315
95
10,300
5,075
5,225
-150
1,710
1,000
710
290
8,590
4,075
4,515
-440
14,080
6,660
7,420
-760
2,435
1,430
1,010
420
11,645
5,230
6,415
-1,185
14,575
7,180
7,395
-215
2,390
1,380
1,010
370
12,1#15
5,800
6,385
-585
13,275
7,265
6,010
1,255
2,345
1,240
1,105
135
10,930
6,025
4,905
1,120
15,055
7,955
7,100
855
2,520
1,370
1,150
225
12,530
6,580
5,950
630
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-2
China: Trade, by Area and Country '
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-2 (Continued)
China: Trade, by Area and Country'
Middle East (continued)
Syria .................................. 79 31 48 -17 106 43 63 - 20
North Africa ............................ 175 110 65 45 225 130 90 40
Of which:
Egypt ................................ 98 39 59 - 20 90 45 45 0
Morocco ............................ 21 18 . 3 15 9:2 23 19 4
Sub-Saharan Africa ................ 515 415 100 315 555 385 170 215
Of which:
Nigeria .............................. 129 128 1 127 135 130 5 125
Sudan ................................ 53 26 27 -1 89 27 62 - 35
Tanzania .......................... 53 38 15 23 36 17 18 -1
Latin America ........................ 200 60 140 - 80 495 45 450 - 410
Of which:
Argentina ........................ 3 Negl 3 - 3 117 1 117 -116
Brazil .............................. 10 Negl 10 -10 179 Negl 179 -179
Chile ................................ 66 16 50 - 34 60 5 20 - 20
Peru ................................ 70 15 55 - 40 62 17 45 - 28
Hong Kong and Macao' .......... 1,860 1,830 30 1,600 1,89:0 1,795 45 1,750
Communist countries .................. 2,345 1,240 1,105 135 2,520 1,370 1,150 225
USSR ............................................ 417 179 238 -59 338 177 161 16
Eastern Europe .......................... 985 435 550 -115 1,220 600 625 - 25
Of which:
Czechoslovakia .............. 126 56 70 -14 138 66 72 - 6
East Germany .................. 200 96 104 - 8 225 110 115 - 5
Hungary .......................... 71 31 90 - 9 73 41 32 9
Poland ............................ 106 40 66 - 26 116 56 60 - 4
Romania .......................... 451 202 249 -47 600 300 300 0
Far East' .................................... 620 460 160 300 630 420 210 210
Other 6 .......................................... 320 165 155 10 330 175 155 25
' Data for individual countries are rounded to the nearest $1 million, All other data are rounded to the nearest $5 million. Because of
rounding, components may not add to the totals shown.
Including Spain, Portugal, Greece, and Malta.
' Including entrepot trade with third countries; Hong Kong reexports to third countries of $493 million in 1976 and $534 million in 1977;
reexports to China of $25 million in 1976 and $38 million in 1977.
' Including North Korea, Mongolia, Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos.
"Including Yugoslavia, Cuba, and Albania.
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-3
China: Commodity Composition of Exports, by Area'
197s 1977
Less Hong Kong' Less Hong Kong E
Total Developed Developed and Macao Communist Total Developed Developed and Macao Communist
Total ........................................................... 7,285
2,095
1,700
1,830
1,240
7,955
2,925
1,885
1,795
1,370
Foodstuffs ._..........._ ......................... 1,945
485
450
715
300
2,025
475
470
700
320
Of which:
Live animals .................. _._...._..........
230
230
250
...
...
250
...
Meat and fish_ .............._._...............
430
180
60
170
20
40U
140
60
170
30
Eggs and dairy products ...............
65
10
10
50
...
6U
5
5
50
Grains ............................._................
450
25
160
85
180
455
20
190
80
165
Fruits and vegetables ....._........... .
385
170
65
115
35
490
195
80
140
75
Teas and spices ........................._.._.
140
45
65
15
10
15(1
55
60
15
20
Tobacco ......._ ....._ ......................... .
35
15
15
5
..
30
20
5
5
1,135
145
215
310
2,045
1,280
170
245
350
Of which:
Hides and skins, undressed ............
30
30
..
3t1
30
...
..
Oilseeds _ ..................... .................
85
65
5
10
5
90
55
10
10
15
Textile fibers _........._ ....................
285
195
10
50
30
280
255
10
15
10
Crude minerals ..._ .............._.........
65
45
5
10
10
75
50
10
15
Metalliferous ores ..................._.....
95
40
..
5
45
35
..
10
Crude animal materials ..................
260
150
25
65
20
33U
170
35
90
35
Coal ............._................................
95
10
5
80
95
30
5
60
Crude oil ....................................... .
665
590
60
60
785
625
75
85
Petroleum products ............._......_
175
15
25
65
75
230
10
25
110
85
Fixed vegetable oils ..........................
40
15
5
15
5
25
10
5
10
...
Chemicals ....................._...........,....
330
150
80
80
40
380
180
85
70
65
Of which:
Medicinal products ..................._.._ .
10
15
20
..
50
10
10
25
5
Essential ails and soap ...._.
25
10
5
5
fiU
25
15
10
10
890
015
1
875
535
3
415
1
000
135
1
705
575
,
,
,
,
Of which:
Leather and dressed skins .............
65
50
..
10
...
65
50
15
Paper ............................................
65
5
20
30
5
60
5
25
25
5
Textile yarn and fabrics ................
1,155
340
325
265
225
1,300
400
380
280
240
Nonmetallic mineral products _...
150
30
60
60
..
170
35
55
65
15
Iron and steel .................................
105
10
55
15
25
110
5
75
15
15
Nonferrous metals .........................
90
40
10
5
35
65
25
5
5
30
Metal Products ..........................._..
105
10
70
25
5
180
15
100
25
40
Nonelectric machinery ............._.....
140
10
55
25
50
140
5
70
20
45
Electric machinery .. _ ..............._..
75
5
90
20
10
75
5
40
20
10
Transport equipment ....................
70
5
50
..
15
55
35
..
20
Clothing ................._........................
420
170
l05
70
80
560
210
150
105
95
Footwear ......................................_.
65
20
20
10
15
65
25
25
15
Handicrafts and manufactures ......
320
155
80
55
25
370
170
115
65
Other ......................................................
110
30
10
10
55
95
15
5
15
Data are rounded to the nearest $5 million. Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals shown. Ellipsis marks indicate that exports, if any,
amounted to less than US $2.5 million. Estimates are based on data reported by trading partners. Where data are incomplete, as far the less developed and
Communist countries, estimates are based on fragmentary information from trade agreements and press reports and on commodity breakdowns for earlier years.
Including HOPS Kong reexports of PRC-origin goods to third countries.
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-4
China: Commodity Composition of Imports, by Area'
Less Hong Kong' Less Hong Kong x
Total Developed Developed and Macao Communist Tota] Developed Developed and Macao Communist
Total ............................................................8,010 4,110 785 30 1,105 7,100 4,525 1,385 45 1,150
Foodstuffs ....................................._. 580 350 115 ... 90 1,115 095 350 ... 70
Of which:
Grains ......................................... 325 290 35 ... ... 745 630 110 .. .
Fruits and vegetables ................... 5 ... 5 ... 10 10
Sugar ......................................_. 200 60 55 ... 85 320 60 205 ... 55
Crude materials ................................ 895 245 435 15 200 1,445 415 810 20 200
Of which:
Oilseeds ....................................... 5 .. 5 ... 115 15 100 ..
Crude rubber, natural ................. 150 .. 135 ... 15 215 ... 200 .. 15
...
Crude rubber, synthetic ............... 5 5 ... ... 10 10
Wood pulp ......_._ ........................... 60 60 ... ... 55 55 ...
..
Textile fibers, natural ..._._.......... 190 15 175 350 50 300
Textile fibers, synthetic _ .............. 115 115 .. .. 150 150 ... .. ...
Crude fertilizers, minerals ....._.... 90 30 5 60 10 40 10
Metalliferous ores and scrap ......... 125 25 15 85 110 20 35 55
Crude animal and vegetable mate-
rials ................................................ 20 5 10 5 90 10 15 15
Petroleum and products ................ 95 45 ... 30 30 . .
Animal fats and oil .....:.................. 15 15 ... 35 35 . .
Fixed vegetable oils .......................... 10 5 5 .. 105 50 55
Chemicals ......................._..............._. 800 455 35 ... 110 885 710 80 5 110
Of which:
Elements and compounds ................ 210 210 5 295 290 ... 5
Dyeing materials ... ................_... 20 15 45 90 5
Fertilizers, manufactured' .......... 230 100 30 ... 95 345 215 55 ... 75
...
Plastic materials .......................... 90 85 .. 100 100
Manufactures ..................................3,900 3,045 165 15 670 3,555 2,G70 145 15 725
Of which:
...
Paper and paperboard ................ 45 40 ... 60 60
Textile yarn and fabric ................ 125 115 5 ... ... 175 155 5 5 10
Nonmetallic mineral products ...... 15 10 ... 5 15 5 ... .. 10
Iron and steel ............................... 1,445 1,335 5 ... 100 1,570 1,470 10 ... 90
Nonferrous metals ..................... 260 110 130 .. 20 265 120 105 40
Metal products, industrial ............. 90 80 .. 10 55 55 ... .. .
Nonelectric machinery.._............ 1,090 905 .. .. 185 455 280 15 160
Electric machinery ........................ 210 185 ... .. 25 105 65 40
Transport equipment ..._......_.._._ 970 190 15 265 640 365 275
Precision instruments .........._...... 60 40 5 15 25 10 15
..
Watches and clocks ..,.,....._..,........, 15 15 .. ... 10 10
Other ......................................_........... 55 10 10 ... 35 100 35 20 ... 45
'Data are rounded to the nearest $5 million. Because of rounding, components may not add to the totals shown. Ellipsis marks indicate that imports, if any,
amounted to less than US $2.5 million. Estimates are based on data reported by trading partners. Where data are incomplete, as for the less developed and
Communist countries, estimates are based on fragmentary information from trade agreements and press reports and on commodity breakdowns for earlier years.
Including Hong Kong reexports of third country goods to China.
s Excluding phosphate rock, ammonium chloride, sodium nitrate, and potassium nitrate.
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 a
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Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
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Approved For Release 2002/08/~~ :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
China: Destination of Reexports
Through Hong Kong
1976 1977
Total ....................................... 493 534
Indonesia .............................. 82 86
United States ...................... 50 61
Singapore .............................. 52 59
Japan .................................. 46 52
Taiwan ................................ 39 31
Vietnam ................................ 10 16
Switzerland ........................ 20 15
Australia .............................. 18 14
Thailand .............................. 19 13
West Germany .................. 10 13
Nigeria .................................. 9 12
Canada ................................ 12 10
Other .................................. 126 152
China: Commodity Composition of
Reexports Through Hong Kong
Mi]]ion US $
Total ..... _....__......_ ............. 493 534
Foodstuffs . __ ..........._..... 46 40
Fish .. _....____ .........._..... 22 13
Fruits and
vegetables . _ ......... .... 24 27
Crude vegetable
materials __ ............... 57 53
Textiles _..... ____............_.. 96 120
Clothin8 ... _ _ ................. 38 43
Other manufactures ........... 41 43
Other ........ _ ............._ ...... 215 235
China: Imports of Grain and
Grain
Million
Metric Million
Tons US $
Chemical Fertilizer
Fertilizer'
Million
Metric Million
Tons 2 US $
1966.......... 5.6 400
1967.......... 4.1 295
1968.......... 4.4 305
1969.......... 3.9 260
1970.......... 4.6 280
1971.......... 3.0 205
1972.......... 4.8 345
1973.......... 7.7 840
1974.......... 7.0 1,180
1975.......... 3.3 675
1976.......... 1.9 325
1977.......... 6.9 745
' Excluding phosphate rock.
Z In product weight.
2.5 1.55
4.3 200
4.0 200
4.1 205
9.3 230
4.2 200
4.2 190
4.1 220
3.0 230
2.9 455
2.5 230
3.9 345
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-10
China: Partial Trade Returns'
Million US $
Percent Percent
Period 1977 1978 Change 1977 1978 Change
Total ....................................... 2,312 2,921
United States ..................... Jan-Aug 151 220
Switzerland ........................ Jan-Jul 22 28
Japan .................................. Jan-Jun 713 916
Denmark ............................ Jan-Jun 14 15
Finland ................................ Jan-Jun 6 6
France ................._............. Jan-Jun 94 110
Germany ............................ Jan-Jun 129 174
Norway ............................... Jan-Jun 5 6
Spain .................................... Jan-7un 19 32
United Kingdom ................ Jan-Jun 86 98
USSR ................................... Jan-Jun 66 99
Australia .............................. Jan-May 55 63
Canada ............................... Jan-May 35 36
Austria .................................. Jan-Mav 7 13
Belgium-Luxembourg ........ Jan-May 15 19
Italy ....................:.............. Jan-Mav 66 68
Netherlands .......................... Ian-Mav 36 49
Sweden ................................ Tan-Mav 25 22
Hong Kong ........................ Jan-May 652 810
Malaysia .............................. Jan-Apr 40 53
New Zealand ...................... Jan-Mar 5 5
Singapore .............................. Jan-Mar 71 79
26 1,630 3,120 91
46 82 357 335
27 29 49 69
28 797 1,252 57
7 3 3 0
0 8 12 50
17 97 77 64
35 210 478 128
20 20 36 80
68 7 28 300
14 50 76 52
50 59 73 24
15 74 237 220
3 128 167 30
86 5 24 380
27 8 69 700
3 16 68 325
36 9 29 222
-12 8 21 162
24 16 29 50
32 34 27 - 21
0 13 9 -31
11 7 9 29
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-11
China: Contracts for Whole Plant Imports
Value
(Million Contract Comple-
US $) Signed tion
1975 contracts ..................... 36q
Japan ................................... 38
Nippon Seiko ..................Spherical bearings 3 Apr 1975 1976 Progress payments
Koyo Seiko ......................Cylindrical bearings 8 Apr 1975 1.976 Progress payments
Ibigawa ...........................Laminated board 1 Jul 1975 NA'
Atoka ..............................Air separation 11 Nov 1975 1977 Progress payments; capacity of
West Germany ............ ..... yp
Linde ......................-.....Benzene 20
Krupp ............................Dimethyltherephthalate 50
35,000 cubic meters per hour
Jul 1975 NA
Dec 1975 NA Progress payments; capacity of
90,000 metric tons per year
20 Dec 1975 NA Capacity of 100,000 metric tons per
year
United Kingdom .............. 200
Rolls Royce ......................Jet engine plant 200 Dec 1975
Italy ..................................... 38
Mechaniche Moderne ....Detergent 1 Sep 1975
Eurotechnica ....................Detergent alkalation 35 Oct 1975
1976 contracts .................. _. 185
Japan .. ............. _............... 146
Japan Gasoline ................Aromatics complex 36 Jan 1976
Japan Synthetic
Rubber ..........................Styrene-butadiene rubber
Kyokuto Bceki Kaisha ....Hot scarfer 2 Mar 1976
Teiiin ..............................Polyester/polymer 40 Mar 1976
1980 50 iet engines plus manufacturing
facility and testing equipment
NA Progress payments
NA Deferred payments
NA 5-year Japan Ex-Im Bank financing;
capacity of 240,000 metric tans per
year
NA Progress payments
NA 5-year Japan Ex-Im Bank financing;
Nakaiima Seiki ..............Wallpaper plant 1 Apr 1976 NA
Nippon Steel.........._........Desulfurization plant 26 Jun 1976 NA
14 Aug 1976 NA
capacity of 80,000 metric tons per
year
West Germany ................. 31
BASF .. _........._._.........Diethylhexonol 24 Mar 1976 NA Capacity of 50,000 metric tons per
year
Kraus Maffei ..................High reactive lime 7 Aug 1976 NA
Italy ................................ ._. g
Nuovo Pignone ................Centrifugal compressors technology 8 Jun 1976 NA
Finland ....................
NA
Tamglass ..........................Automobile glass plant NA Jun 1976 NA
1977 contracts ... _............ _ . 59
Japan ................................... 20
Chiyoda ...........................Natural gas refining 20 Nov 1977 1980 5-year Japan Ex-Im Bank financing
West Germany _ ............... 39
Zimmer .._ ......................Polyester fiber and film 12 Jun 1977 1980
Lurgi _. .._ ...................._Terephthalic acid 27 Jun 1977 1980 US technology from AMOCO
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Table A-11 (Continued)
China: Contracts for Whole Plant Imports
1978 contracts ......................
Type
Value
(Million
US $)
887 =
Contract
Signed
Comple-
lion
Comments
Japan ....................................
576
Kuraray ..........................
Synthetic leather
32
May 1978
1982
Nippon Steel ....................
Steel mill technology
78
May 1978
1980
First contract under the long-term
Mitsubishi ........................
Ethylene plant
10
Jun 1978
NA
trade agreement (LTTA)
Dainippon Tokyo ............
Phosphors plant
10
Jun 1978
1981
For color television tube plarit
Dainippon Screen ............
Shadow mask plant
11
Jun 1978
1981
For color television tube plant
Asahi Glass ......................
Braun glass plant
68
Jun 1978
1981
For color television tube plant
Marubeni and Japan
Gasoline ........................
Ethylene plant
200
Jul 1978
1981
Hitachi ............................
Color television tube plant
75
Jul 1978
1981
Toshiba and Hitachi ......
Integrated circuit plant
53
Aug 1978
1981
For color television tube plant
Tokyo electric power
services ........................
Nikki Engineering and
Nippon
Polyurethane ................
..................
West Germany
Thermal power plant
Synthetic leather base materials
2
37
105
Aug 1978
Sep 1978
1980
1981
Design and construction contract
Uhde ................................
Petrochemical plants (5)
105
Apr 1978
NA
United Kingdom ..............
201
Davy Powergas ................
Oxoalcohol plants (2)
68
Aug 1978
1981
Dowty ..............................
Coalface equipment
133
Sep 1978
United States ......................
5
Kaiser ................................
Iron ore mines
5
Sep 1978
NA
Developmental contract
Not available.
t As of September 1978.
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 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Short-term credits x
Drawn ................................
275
240
240
530
840
920
225
470
Repaid ................................
325
305.
175
230
655
830
935
230
Net ....................................
- 50
- 65
65
300
185
90
- 710
240
Interest' ..............................
Outstanding ........................
Medium-term credits
30
325
30
260
15
325
20
625
50
810
65
900
95
190
25
430
Drawn ................................
0
0
0
0
215
560
285
60
Repaid ................................
0
0
0
0
0
0
20
215
Net ....................................
0
0
0
0
215
560
265
-155
Interest ................................
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
65
Outstanding ........................
Totals
0
0
0
0
215
775
1,090
885
Drawn ................................
275
240
240
530
1,055
1,480
510
530
Repaid ................................
325
305
175
230
655
830
955
445
Net ....................................
- 50
- 65
65
300
400
650
- 445
85
Interest ................................
30
30
15
20
50
65
100
90
Outstanding ........................
325
260
325
625
1,025
1,675
1,230
1,315
All data are estimates based on contract terms, delivery schedules, and trade statistics and are rounded to the
nearest $5 million.
: Six- to 18-month credits for grain, for Japanese fertilizer in 1970, and for Japanese steel in 1975.
s Estimated at 8 percent per year for 1970-74, 10 percent for 1975-76.
* Five-year credits for complete plant purchases.
Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Table A-13
China: Financial Balance With Non-Communist Countries
Net total of estimated transport costs, overseas remittances, downpayments for plants, and foreign aid
2 From table A-12, principal and interest.
s From table A-12, includes short-term and medium-term supplier credits.
Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
 Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1
Approved For Release 2002/08/12 :CIA-RDP80T00702A000600010012-1