(SANITIZED)ENGLISH-LANGUAGE BROCHURE ENTITLED, "INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCES "BORIS KIDRIC," BELGRADE, YUGOSLAVIA (SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A075700120001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 35
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 28, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 29, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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THE INSTITUTE OF NUCLEAR SCIENCES
?BORIS KIDRI"
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Air-photo of the Institute
made in July 1961
Belgrade, P.O.B. 522
Teleph. 40-871 and 44-961
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Yugoslavia ranks among those countries where the development of
nuclear science and technology was initiated in the years imme-
diately following the Second World War.
The activities in the field of nuclear energy in Yugoslavia are con-
centrated mainly in the nuclear institutes of Belgrade, Zagreb and
Ljubljana which are actually centres of fundamental and technical
research carried out on an up-to-date level. Over 800 scientists and
technicians with highest qualifications are employed in these insti-
tutes.
The Institute of Nuclear Sciences ?Boris KidriC" was founded in
1947. The Institute ,was given its name in memory of Boris.Kidri'd,
the great revolutionary and politidal leader, who took active part in
creating the conditions for the development of scientific and re-
search work in Yugoslavia.
The ?Boris Kidd '6" Institute is the largest and the most comprehen-
sive research institution in Yugoslavia with over 1300 workers and
employees, about 300 of whom are research associates.
The Institute is situated 13 kilometers eastward of Belgrade and
covers an area of about 48 hectares. The Institute is directed by a
Council which has a Scientific Committee as its advisory body for
scientific problems.
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THE PROGRAMME OF WORK OF THE INSTITUTE covers
FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH in nuclear physics, radiochemistry
and radiobiology
ENGINEERING RESEARCH in the fields of nuclear reactors,
nuclear fuels, nuclear electronics, production and application of
radioactive isotopes and protection against ionizing radiations.
The research work in the Institute is directly connected with the
implementation of the Nuclear Energy Development Programme in
Yugoslavia.
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The 1.5 MeV Cockcroft-Walton accelerator
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RESEARCH IN PHYSICS
Research in physics covers nuclear physics, solid state physics and
ion physics.
Investigations in the field of nuclear physics have a ten year old
tradition. They are devoted mainly to the exploration of the atomic
nucleus by measuring the beta and gamma spectra of radioactive iso-
topes. As the result of this research work, many new lines have been
discovered in the nuclear spectra of osmium,platinum, disprosium and
other elements. Entirely new schemes of radioactive decay for cer-
tain isotopes have been worked out, Mechanisms of nuclear reactions
are another field of study. By means of deuterons produced in the
accelerator, the atomic nuclei of light elements are being explored.
The effect of polarisation was found in the reaction of deuterons
with the carbon nuclei. The study of nuclear reaction with fast neu-
trons has yielded valuable results.
The activities of the group engaged in theoretical nuclear physics
cover the study of models of nuclear structures and nuclear reac-
tions. In interpreting the nuclear reactions with low energy deuterons,
valuable conclusions have been drawn and a new interpretation of de-
tails of the mechanism of these reactions was suggested.
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Research in?the solid state of matter is carried out by using neut-
rons
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articularly when crystals are involved, is obtained by observing
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in the nuclear reactor. Information on the structure of solids,
the interaction of neutrons with solids. More comprehensive research
in this field is of recent date. The research in solid state physics n ."? ;p11111
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has been successful thanks to the good experimental facilities of
the reactor and to the construction of the double-crystal neutron spec-
trometer.
In the field of ion physics the activities are restricted to the ioniz-
ing medium of comparatively by temperatures. Interesting results
have been obtained in the study of ion interactions of heavy ele-
ments with various monocrystal targets.
The Laboratory of Physics which is the centre of this research, is
equipped with several nuclear machines and instruments. The most
important of these are the 1.5 MeV and the 0.2 MeV accelerators,
beta and gamma spectrometers, Wilson cloud and diffusion chambers,
neutron spectrometers, electromagnetic isotope separators and the
mass spectrometer. Further equipment is available for absolute and
relative measurements of all types of radiodctive rays.
The electromagnetic isotope
separator built in the Insti-
tute in 1957
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The double-crystal neutron spectrometer
constructed in the Institute in 1960 and
installed on the horizontal experimental
channel of the research reactor. The mo-
nocrystals of the instrument were also
produced in the Institute
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Research in the solid state of matter is carried out by using neut-
rons in the nuclear reactor. Information on the structure of solids,
particularly when crystals are involved, is obtained by observing
the interaction of neutrons with solids. More comprehensive research
in this field is of recent date. The research in solid state physics
has been successful thanks to the good experimental facilities of
the reactor and to the construction of the double-crystal neutron spec-
trometer.
In the field of ion physics the activities are restricted to the ioniz-
ing medium of comparatively by temperatures. Interesting results
have been obtained in the study of ion interactions of heavy ele-
ments with various monocrystal targets.
The Laboratory of Physics which is the centre of this research, is
equipped with several nuclear machines and instruments. The most
important of these are the 1.5 MeV and the 0.2 MeV accelerators,
beta and gamma spectrometers, Wilson cloud and diffusion chambers,
neutron spectrometers, electromagnetic isotope separators and the
mass spectrometer. Further equipment is available for absolute and
relative measurements of all types of radimictive rays.
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The electromagnetic isotope
separator built in the Insti-
tute in 1957
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The double-crystal neutron spectrometer
constructed in the Institute in 1960 and
installed on the horizontal experimental
channel of the research reactor. The mo-
nocrystals of the instrument were also
produced in the Institute
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Equipment for the study of nuclear reactions
with the 0,2 111eV accelerator
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RESEARCH IN RADIOCHEMISTRY
The Hot Laboratory was set up in 1958 for the production of radio-
active isotopes and for work on transuranic elements. The chara-
cteristic of the Laboratory is the shift from ?work with the test
tube"to work with ?hot"materials. To this effect facilities are un-
der construction or have been constructed and are already used in
the production of radioisotopes. They will be particularly useful in
the new laboratory which is nearing completion.
In addition to the production of radioactive isotopes, the program-
me of the Laboratory includes the reprocessing of irradiated nuc-
lear fuel on a laboratory scale. This work is closely connected
with the chemistry of transuranic elements, primarily plutonium,
and the chemistry of fission products.
Along with these activities, methods of analytical control under
conditions of high activity are being developed.
RADIATION CHEMISTRY
Particular attention is devoted to the study of radiation effects on
chemical reactions, the possibility of industrial application of ra-
diation chemical reactions and the measurement of high doses of
radiation.
In addition to the large nuclear machines, the facilites available
for this work comprise a cobalt source of 2.000 curies.
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Part of the equipment for the re-
processing of irradiated uranium
on a laboratory scale
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ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
A group of research workers in the Institute is concerned with the
investigation of reactor materials by physico -chemical methods.
Conditions are being studied for the separation of uranium from
other elements such as rare earths, zirconium, niobium, etc. Proce-
dures are being developed and new methods of analysis of reactor
materials introduced.
In the field of spectrochemistry, the arc and spark processes are
investigated, and methods of high temperature measurements deve-
loped. Considerable activity is c,9ncentrated around the process of
spectrochemical analysis of refractory oxides.
In view of the wide application of stable isotopes in nuclear te-
chnology, chemistry, biology and physics, particular attention is
devoted to the problems of separation of stable isotopes: For the
time being activities are directed towards the study of 'conditions
for the chemical separation of light elements. Methods have been
developed for the separation of boron, lithium and hydrogen iso-
topes. Highly accurate methods of isotope analysis have been de-
veloped with mask spectrometers.
The activities concerned with structural analysis are directed to-
wards the application of X-ray and neutron diffraction phenomena'
in crystals.
A special service is available for chemical analyses, applying the
latest physico-chemical methods Of analysis, such as spectrogra-
phic, X-ray-spectrographic, Mass spectrographic,polarographic, etc
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RESEARCH IN RADIOBIOLOGY
The activities in this field are mainly concerned with the study of
radiation sickness, its diagnosis and treatment.
Significant results have been achieved in the study of the haemor-
rhagic syndrome in acute radiation sickness and its biological
treatment. Valuable information on the immunological reactions of
the irradiated organism has also been obtained. This work is partly
financed by the International Atomic Energy Agency.
Among the highly satisfactory results in the field of experimental
embryology, particular mention should be made of successful at-
tempts of auto-, homo- and hetero-transplantation of the fore-brain
regions of birds in early embryogeny.
Further extensive research is being pursued in the genetic effect
of ionizing radiation, .the physiological functions of the irradiated
organism and the effect of radiation on isolated organs, the endo-
crine system of mammals, etc.
Interesting somatic changes have been observed on the progeny of
birds when studying the effects of the highly polymeric (biologi-
cally active) desoxyribonucleic acid on the gene.
A large farm with several species of experimental animals is avai-
lable for biological studies.
Descendents of irradiated (above)
and non-irradiated (below) rats.
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The accelerator target used for
the investigation of the effects
of neutron irradiation on the eye
NUCLEAR ELECTRONICS
An important part is assigned to nuclear electronics in almost all
the investigations in the field of nuclear energy. Every experimen-
tal work requires the use of special electronic equipment. Nuclear
power plants'and nuclear machines are provided with a variety of
electronic instruments and measuring and automatic controldevices.
Radiation control and the industrial application of radioactive iso-
topes also depend on electronic instrumentation.
The activities in the field of nuclear electronics are directed to-
wards the development of electronic circuits, the construction of
equipment and the study and analysis of systems whose dynamic
behaviour is controlled by electronic circuits.
The basic research and development problems embrace
- conversion of direct current signals into alternating current
signals using various types of converters, and the improve-
ment of highly stable direct current amplifiers for the measure-
ment of very small currents;
- development of counting instruments based on the use of
cold cathode tubes and transistors;
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The analogue computer for
solving systems of linear
algebraic equations and the
repetitive differential ana-
lyzer
prototype production of radiation monitoring instruments for
personal and local control, and the control of radioactive
aerosols and gases;
work on multi-channel analysers for amplitude and time-of-
flight analysis, and on the data processing equipment;
development and improvement of new electronic circuits.
Further research work is devoted to
- the dynamic analysis of reactor systems by electronic compu-
ters and the development of simulation methods and circuits;
the study of optimum control programmes for nuclear power-
plants and the design of control systems;
the development of special instrumentation for the control and
measurement of reactor parameters;
- the study of reactor safety systems and circuits.
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REACTOR PHYSICS
The main fields of activity in reactor physics are concerned with
- the theory, calculation and analysis of dynamic characteristics
of nuclear reactors;
- the determination of reactor parameters by critical and subcri-
tical experiments;
- the measurement of performance characteristics of the reactor;
- the determination of nuclear characteristics of reactor mate-
rials.
Highly accurate methods of determination of reactor parameters are
applied in making standard calculations of the reactor cores. These
methods are applied in the calculations of reactors both in operation
and under design by making use of digital and analogue computers,
some of which have been constructed in the Institute.
The first fission chain reaction in Yugoslavia was effected in April
1958 on the RB reactor of the Institute. The RB reactor is a zero-
power heterogeneous reactor with natural uranium and heavy water.
It is a typical ?bare system", without reflector and shielding, very
suitable for the study of lattice parameters and reactor behaviour
under different working conditions. The design of equipment for the
measurement of parameters of uranium-graphite lattices is now in pro-
gress.
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REACTOR HEAT TRANSFER
The basic activities of the Heat Transfer Laboratory are directed
towards the investigation of the thermal behaviour of fuel elements.
In addition, other problems concerning the thermal properties of re-
actors are studied.
These activities include the following:
fundamental research in boiling heat transfer and fuel burn-out;
heat transfer from gas cooled fuel elements including investi-
gation of a new concept of pebble bed fuel elements;
development of a new concept of steam superheating channel;
inpile and out-of-pile loops for testing the fuel elements and
reactor materials in the reactor RA.
The available nominal power for rheoelectric heating,is 300 kW ob-
tained from a rectifier (30 V, 10 000 A) which can be smoothly va-
ried from zero to maximum power.
There are now two low pressure out loops in operation. One
is gas cooled for high flow resistances and the other is water cool-
ed for testing heat transfer and flow conditions of t,he RA reactor
elements (in order to increase the reactor nominal power). There is
also a high pressure loop under construction for steam superheat-
ing.
The manipulator and the lathe
in the hot cell
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METALLURGY OF REACTOR MATERIALS
The activities in the field of metallurgy are concentrated on the
production of metal and ceramic fuels and the investigation of
their properties, particularly the effect of low concentrations of
foreign elements on the stability of fuel. Study of certain binary
alloys of uranium is in progress. The technology of sintered UO2
pellets production has been introduced, while other methods are
under development.
Comprehensive studies and tests concerned with the production
of fuel elements for the existing reactors in the Institute are al-
so being made.
Up-to-date equipment is available for the laboratory production
of both metal and ceramic fuels and for the study of their pro-
perties under static and dynamic stresses, and of their micro-
structure. Further activities are concerned with the metallogra-
phic investigation of reactor materials, primarily of nuclear fuel
and aluminium, as well as with the study of the corrosion effects
on aluminium.
Irradiated reactor materials are investigated in the hot metal-
lurgical cells of the RA reactor. In addition to the study of me-
chanical properties of materials, other more comprehensive tests
willbe undertaken in these cells. A new large building for the
Metallurgical Laboratory is now under construction.
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The .control room of the RA reactor
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THE RESEARCH REACTOR RA
At a certain stage of development of the Institute there arose the
need for a nuclear machine of great potentialities and multiple
use. Thus, on the basis of an agreement on cooperation between
Yugoslavia and the USSR, the designs and the basic equipment
for the RA research reactor were bought in the USSR in 1956. In
the same year, with the technical assistance of the USSR, the
construction of the reactor started and was completed in 1959
since when it has been in regular operation.
The reactor RA is a heterogeneous heavy water reactor, using 2%
enriched natural uranium as fuel. Heavy water serves both as mo-
derator and coolant, while the reflector is of graphite.
The nominal power of the reactor is 6.5 MW with a mean thermal
neutron flux of 3.1013neutrons/sq.cm.sec. The maximum power of
the reactor is 10 MW.
There are nine vertical experimental channels inside the reactor
tank and thirty-four in the reflector. Six horizontal channels and
one thermal column run through the biological shield. The reactor
becomes critical with about 30 out of the 84 fuel channels, which
points to the great irradiation potentialities of the reactor. The
reactor is a highly automatic machine provided with all necessary
equipment for irradiation and measurements.
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The model shows a cross-section of the ?reactor. On
the upper part of the model one can see the reactor
core, graphite reflector and the concrete and water
shields. On the lefthand side is the horizontal expe-
rimental channel and on the right side the room for
withdrawal of irradiated fuel. The bottom part of the
model shows the heavy water pumps on the left side
and the heat exchangers on the right side.
The research reactor RA is a machine with versatile
experimental facilities. illost of the reactor equipment
is located beneath the reactor hall.
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The reactor which is, a powerful source of radiation is intended for
fundamental and technological research directly connected with the
application of nuclear energy, and for production of radioactive iso-
topes.
Extensive experiments are being carried out on the RA research re-
actor to establish the characteristics of radiation and the operating
parameters of the reactor. These experiments are based on activa-
tion methods, while a chopper of the energy order of 10-4 to 1 eV
was constructed for the analysis of the neutron beam. The chopper
is provided with a rotor of straight paths and with a 10-channel time-
of-fl i ght analyser.
The reactor is suitable for ?loop"experiments with reactor materials,
particularly with fuel elements used in various types of nuclear re-
actors..The first loops are now under construction. The four hot cells
equipped for work with activities up to 10.000 curies make possible
further investigation of reactor materials.
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The research reactor RA: a top
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PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
The new laboratory for the production of radioactive isotopes and
radioactive compounds is now under construction.
Temporarily the radiochemistry building has been adapted and
equipped for the production of the following isotopes: carrier-free
sulphur 35, carrier-free iodine 131, phosphorus 32,, radiographic
cobalt 60 sources ranging up to 1 curie and iridium 192 sources
up to 20 curies? the standard sources of certain important alpha,
beta and gamma emitters, etc. The production of colloidal gold
198 and of other medical compounds is in progress as well as the
production of carrier-free phosphorus 32 and of Ba" CO,.
Sulphur 35 is produced after the method developed at the Insti-
tute by using the small aluminium-trioxide column for the sepa-
ration of sulphur 35 from phosphorus 32 and chlorine 36, while the
small column with the Dowex-50 ion-exchange resin is used for
the final purification of 3550:-. The production proceeds in a spe-
cial box made of plexi-glass equipped for safe work. For the pro-
duction of iodine 131, phosphorus 32 and of colloidal gold 198,
cells with 50 mm thick lead shields have been constructed. Cells
with thicker lead shielding are used for the production and packing
of cobalt 60 and iridium 192.
Since the production of radioisotopes may proceed only along
with their consumption, a group of research workers at the Insti-
tute is responsible for instructing the potential consumers as to
the methods of applying radioactive isotopes in various fields.
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1
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The, equipment for se-
paration of radioactive
sulphur 35
For several years now a school has been run for the
training of staff in handling radioactive isotopes.
There, students acquire basic knowledge innuc-
lear physics and chemistry and receive training in
the handling of radioactive isotopes, the measur-
ement of radioactivity and the protection against ra-
diations.
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RADIOLOGICAL PROTECTION
The Radiological Protection Service is responsible for the intro-
duction and maintenance of appropriate protective measures in
the work with the reactors, accelerators and radioactive materiels
as well as for the control against possible environment contami-
nation in the Institute. The service is also responsible for syste-
matic medical examination of the staff and for decontamination in
the case of accidents. A special team within the service is deal-
ing with the problems of radiation monitoring, treatment of radio-
active wastes and radiation medicine.
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r
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TRAINING
Nuclear sciences and nuclear energy require highly trained speci-
alists for various branches of activity. In the early development
stage of the Institute the staff was trained mainly in research cen-
tres and schools abroad. Now this training assumes the aspect of
a wide and fruitful international cooperation and exchange of re-
search workers, particularly with corresponding institutions of the
countries with which Yugoslavia has international agreements on
cooperation in the field of nuclear energy. Efforts have also been
made to set up chairs in the various faculties of the Belgrade Uni-
versity where the fundamental training of the staff in nuclear sci-
ences and nuclear engineering could be provided. This coopera-
tion between the Institute and the University proved to be valuable
to both parties. One of the results of this cooperation are also
special courses and postgraduate studies that have been intro-
duced at the University. The laboratories, research machines and
equipment of the Institute are at the disposal of the trainees.
A great deal of complex equipment and components for large
nuclear machines, reactors, accelerators and isotope sepa-
rators as well as numerous mechanisms for experimental
work have been constructed in the workshops of the Insti-
tute, which are equipped with modern machines. About 300
skilled workers work in these workhops
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