(SANITIZED)UNCLASSIFIED DOCUMENTS ON SOVIET DRILLING AND BLASTING METHODS(SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A075500180001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 17
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: February 7, 2014
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: June 9, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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1600
1400
1200
Lk!
N 1000
800
600
400
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50 100 150 200
BOREHOLE DIAMETER
250
300
fig DEPENDENCE OF MAXIMUM LUMP SIZE
ON BOREHOLE DIAMETER.
1-- HARD-TO-CRUSH 2- MEDIUAl CRUSHABLE,
- EAS/LY CRUSHABLE.
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Ol 125
?100
.4t:1 75
50
25
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0
STAT
50 100 150 200
BOREHOLE DIAMETER
Fig. 2. DEPENDENCE OF ROCK YIELD
PER 1,41. OF HOLE ON HOLE
DIAMETER FOR MEDIUM
CRUSHABLE ROCKS.
250
300
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commus mum AND BLASTING
By S..Y.Shekhaeister and A.P. Bogaohov,
lining. Nngineers, Leningrad
STAT
In the 1U.8.S.R. line production methods.are now being
introduced .for. quarry mining of rock. These methods mike it
necessary to crushtbe rock to a site that will permit the
use of continuous action equipment.
. modern quarries rock of average strength and crushibi-
lity ,is generally broken to a maximum lump size of 1,200-'
1,300 with the yield or oversize* being up to 7 per cent.
This makes for normal operation of excavators with 3-4 ?a.m.'
buckets and crushers with a receiving opening sized 1,500 x
1,200 .ma, both widely used in the U.S.S.R.. .
Calculations show that for rock to be handled by
conveyors and other continuous action equipment its maximum
lump size should not be over 500 mm; in thii case normal
Operation of the aggregate equipment used for loading and
sidontbary crushing is possible only if the. content of
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oversizes is below 1.2 pet cent. Bence, to use continuous ? t-,*
ikuipmemt for rock it becomes necessary to decrease the lump
site of blasted roOk.by 5040 per cent.
*The'seximum lump sits of the .loosened rook depends to a
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:
great extent on its crushability,:which in turn depends on
the strength of the rock and. also on the degree of disloca-
tion of the massif. As reiArdz?its.cruthsbilityi .13, rocks ws
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conditionally be divided into three groups, which oorrespond-s
ingly yield grades over 1,200 um in size to the extent or 1-2,,
up to 7 and over 7 per cent.
Practical experience has shown that boreholes or a
diatoter or 200i250 ma and corresponding patterns now used
in drilling and blasting smanot yield rock of a lump size
of 500 on, even if the power of the explosive is deed to
maximum efficiency.
The required result may be obtained by providing 'a
greater umber of destruction centres in the rook massif.
This will require a narrower pattern of smaller diameter
holes. The correctness or this premise has been proved by
the theoretical research or a number of Soviet scientists
(G.I.Pokrovsky, A.F.Sukhanov, A.F.Belayenko, A.N.Khandkayev,
and others) and by experimental work in several Soviet mines
and quarries.
Since the degree to which rock is broken depends on the
spread of the explosive in the massif to be blasted, while
the sizes of the hole' pattern in turn are a factor or thi'
?
Vorehole diameter, the extent to which the rock is broken Up
may be Considered a function of the borehole diameter.
? A summary or the data on the parameters used and
methods applied in drilling and blasting and an analysis
Of the practical results obtained have permitted a graPh
to be built shoving the dependence of the maximum lump size
or the blasted material on the diameter of the borehole for
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easily crushable, medium crushable and hard-to-crush rocks.
? As will -be seen in Pig.1, a borehole diameter of 150 am
yields a maximum lump use of 1,000 mm for medium crushable.
rock, While that. from 200 am wide boreholes is 1,200 to
1,500 mm in sise. .
.An analysis of experimental data for small diameter .
boreholes suggests that for medium crushable rocks lumps of
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a maximum else of 300.m will be obtained when 'the borehole.
have a diameter of 80-100 ma.
. As an approximation we may assume that for eleil7
crushable rock a maximum lump else of 900 am will. be obtained
twat borehole' 125-150 mm in diameter, and respectively 5040
ma for hard-to-crash rock.
.Considering how difficult it is to drill deep holes .
of a diameter of .50-70 ma, crushing of rock to a ia#mum lump
else of 500 ma.by the drilling and blasting method to
introduce line production methods should first be. attempted
with easily and medium crushable rock.' .
?
Drilling speeds increase with a decreaim in the disaster
? of the borehole.. The drilling speed, however, increases less.
intensively than the yield of the rock material per 1 i of
ha* (Fig.?) decrease.;, the total .capacity of the equipment,.
expressed by the voltam, of rock material yielded, therefore,
decreases when the borehole diameter becomes smaller. Ibis
means an increase in the drilling costs per 1 cu.m, of.the
rock material as the borehole diameter 4eoreases. A decrease
in the bole diameter leads to higher eptcific consUpmti.on
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of the axploiive and also to an increase in the cost of the
labour of blasting operations. As regards changes in tho
specific consumption of explosives for holes of decreased
diameter opinions are Gontroversial. The problem has yet not
bOon studied sufficiently, therefore, to avoid underestimation
of the cost of drilling and blasting holes of small diamotor,
it may be assumed that the specific consumption of explostvos
for holes haviig a diameter over 100 as remains constant.,
while that in those having a diameter less than 100 a* rises
with the 'decrease in the diameter. It folio** that the
decrease of the borehole diameter to obtain rook material
crushed to required else boosts tho total cost of drilling andi
blasting.
To make the transition to continuous quarrying methods
of rock oconomically expodiont, the following prposiple must
be observods tho cost per 1 cu.a. of rbck material (drilling
and blasting, loading and conveying) with the now tochnology
moat not axemod Um total cost of cutting, transport and the
first stage of coarse crushing of rock quarried with the now
Travailing periodic methods.
To make it possible to determine the cost of the crush-
of rock by drilling and blasting to a maximum lump silt*
.of 500 mn, we must establish the dependence of the cost of
drilling operations on the extent to which the rook is
crushed, i.e. on the maximum lump slim of the blasted
material. Such computations should take into moo. ..t new
drilling oqUipmont now being, taken into production and the
STAT
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latest blasting methods (split-second blasting 'of multiplo-t
row charges, divided by air gaps). With this purpose in
view, the Giproruda Institut, has calculated the cost Of
drilling different borehole diameter. (50, 100, 150,?200
and. 250 mm) for rock of average drillability of .a strength
? of 10 according to Protodyakonov. The drilltng and .blasting
*cost per unit volume of rock material comprises drilling
costs, blasting Materials, explosives, crushing of oversises,
work on charging and tamping of holes.
From.the cost of crushing per 1 cu.* of rock material
and the graph shoving the dependence of the idaximum lump
Size on the hole diameter (sw. Fig.1) we see that crunhing
of rock by the drilling and blasting method to maximum lump
size or 500 ma is expedient only if the cost of drilling and
blasting is cut. ?
Analyses made 'haw that the cost of breaking 1 Cu. a of
? rock. material by the drilling and blasting method in holes
of 80-100 an diameter consists of: drilling 56 per Cent,
blasting materials --1.8 per cent, explosives l6 per cent,
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Ober expense. 46. 10 per cent. This shows that tO lower the _
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cost of operations :we should !trot and foremost
loWer the Cost of drilling ante. blasting materials. .
Alhe cost of drilling depend. to a great extent on the
Capacity of the drilling rig and the cost .per lochine-ahift.
The drilling capacity can-be.increased by using More effective
.methods of rock fragmentation. Another important trend in
the increase of the capacity or drilling rig and the lowering:
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. of cost per sic:bine-shift is the creation of mechanised and..
automated multiple-spindle drilling sets, which considerably
raise the productions ot labour. Considering that medium
and easily crushable, rock can be broken to the required
..sise'by exploding charges of different diameters; it is
expedient to consider drilling equipment separately for 80.400ke,
r ,
and 125-150 as holes.
For a single rotary gathering are loader of a capaolty of
6,000 cue per shift.. with two drilling machines, the tOtal
capacity of the drilling sit should be 375 a per Shift for
holes up to 100 me.in diameter and 110 to 160 a per shift
for holes 125-150 ma in diameter. The capacity per hoer ot
each drilling machine should be not less than 25-30 st.for
holes of a dismeter of 80-100 mm and 10-15 a for those of a
diameter of 125-150 la. At this capacity it is enough to ?
have 2-4 drilling machines on one eultiple-spindle drilling
set.
. The cost per madhine?ahift of- modern "drilling equipment
comprises sainlys for rotary bit drilliie--experures for
? driXling tools (30 to 40 per contend up); for rotary.
?
poroussion drilling-egpenses for compressed air. and
dikllini tools (over 50 per cant).. Vhis:iskes it very
? jmportant"to make drilling tools stronger ind a:beeper.'
Since, the cost of compressed air is considerable, -it is
importabt.to :change to electricity-powered drilling rig. .
*To lower the cost Of-blasting operations, cheep explosives '
of mediae and high power theeld be developed,'hole charging
? ,rit
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p.
should be sedhanised and the labour used for charging be Made
more effective, Free-flowing explosive materials, made of
trotyl and a solution of ionium nitrate with a thickener
added may bum** important, because they allow dense place-
ment of the charge and hole. charging is easily.medhanised.
Charging sets to be constructed should"aset the follow.
jag requirementss 1) 'should charge simultaneously liotleas
? than holed; 2) have
a capacity of not less
?
than 16-20 t/h;
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3) be serviced by i single operator; 4) ensure complete
mechanisation or all work connected with ths'oharging ot
isle., creating air gaps, ensuring reliable spread or the
detonation along all parts of tho charge.
Wilcgiving the technico-economic indices of the
proposed blast drilling methods
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Rook
mMedium easily
crushable ? cruthable
Nfe
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Capacity of multiple-spindle
drilling set, m/shift
1Mmaberoof drilling machines per Met
Service personnel per set .
Height otbench, a ?
Sole ,diameter, ma
!Ole pattora, a
Anglo of Ono liallaation from Tertio-
a1, dig. .
Sole depth, a
Yield of rock per metre of hole,cuas
Yield of grades larger than 500 ma,%.
Width of rock massif_fragMIntition,m,
37Y
3-4
1-2
30
.80-100
323
110
2-3
1.2
30
? 125-150
4m6 ?
70 70
34 34
8-12. ? 10.47
14 .1m4.
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To increase the nuMber of borehole charges that aro ?
fired simultaneously (up to 1,000), the nethods and. *eine
for firing suit be vastly inproved? During recent.tosis
explosions have ban set eff with radio waves.. This method
permits one to fire t46 ()Urges with short delays according
to preliminarily worked out patterns.
Conclusions
1. The introduction of continuous methods in quarrying
rock will lead to a re-distribution .of the isost of various
processes Making up the total cost of quarrying. /t
unavoidably leads to an increase in the cost of drilling'.
sad blasting uhichShould be compensated forty a lowering
of .the cost of loading, conveying and coarse crushing of
the.rock at the factory.
.2. A maximum ltmp gimp of the bleated material of 500
um (with oversises within 1-eiper.cent) my be obtained by
.using a denser pattern of small diameter boreholes? (80400 mm
.for medium crushable and 125-150 mm for easily erushablo iteck)
6. 3. To improve the teehnico-economic indices of' drilling.
SM blasting automated nultiple-spindlo drilling mottahoild
'be set in. These sits should have a capacity of 110 .
a/Shift for holes 125-150 mt ii diameter and 375w/shift for
80-100 mm diameter holes. .
11. I
. Cheap explosives of iodine' and increes power, .
permitting mechanisation of hole charging musts.deiolop4:
5. Required is a sailor hole charging thatwila ensure
...... ,.s. ?
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complete mechanisation of the placement of charges Of. -
required construction and the spreading of the detonation
so all parts of the divided charge..
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COMPREHENSIVE AUTOMATION OF DEGTYARSK
COPPER MFNE (URALS)
By A, Shinn, Chairman of the Sverdlovsk
Administration of the Nonferrous Metal
Scientific and Sngineering Society
The development and investigation of new automation
schemes, instruments and other facilities for the Degtyarak
. Copper Mine (Urals) were started in 1956 in collaboration with
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? the Nonferrous Metal Automation Designing Department, the Non-
ferrous Metal Designing Institute, the Central Exploration
STAT
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Institute, the Mining Machinery Research and Designing Institute'
in Moscow and the Urals Copper Research and Designing Institute.
'A designing department was set up at the mine in 1957 and
an automation workshop in 1960 for designing, building and assem-
bling new mechanisms and automation setups. In 1957 the electric-
instrument laboratory at the mine expazIded into an automation
instrument laboratory in which new automation setups and schemes
were adjusted and improved when in service, trouble-free per-
'formance of automatic equipmeftt maintained and Instrumentation
and equipment repaired.
By 1962 the over-all mechanization, automation and die--
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patching control of the mine had been Completed.
The following equipment has been developed, constructed
and introduced to put truck-exchange to automatic and remote con-
trol: an electromagnetic upper- and lower-action rope pusher,
an air-operated pusher, a batching stopper air motor, air-
operated cage landing cams, etc. Altogether 116 u41ts of truck-
, 4
exchange equipment hav4e been ConstrL41ted and Installed at the
surfaend.at the levels of three'ihafts. -
f
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? Air-operated hatch locks and truck-discharging vibrators
have been introduced, and an automatic coupler for VG-5 trucks
developed. The electric locomotives have been modified to
introduce remote control at the loading and discharging places.
Double-truck ring-type dampers and 100-m3 compressor plants have
also been modified. New types of output controllers have been
developed in collaboration with the Thermal Power Department of
the Urals Polytechnic Institute.
Portable., air-operated saws, timber handling monorails and :
drill carriages have been developed, constructed and 'introduced
for the mine.
Many surface processes have been mechanized': the surface
transport has been electrified, timber fixing mechanized, etc.
?The underground electric transport has been equipped with
signalling, interlocking and blocking systems. The equipment in
hand includes 10 newly developed units (motor-driven switches,
rail transducers, dispatcher's indicator panels, etc.). A switch
remote-control circuit (by locomotive drivers) has been introduc-
ed. At present there are in operation 46 remotely controlled
switches (including 33 driver-controlled ones). A two-way high-
frequency communication between locomotive drivers has been put
in servtce. All electric locomotives (35 in all) now in servie.
are equipped with H.F. communication unite. On one level Loaoso-,:
tives at the loading and unloading places were transfer*, to
remote control.
.bliaft skip lifts of 2,800 kW.total 'capacity have been
. automated. Nothing but automatic lifts are employed for raising
ore. In the hoisting &lie afts the cage landing cams are automati-
cally 464r:coiled, automatic cage' baSzflEirs are fitted ind the
.?,
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hoisting cages are all remote-control1a4kType ACK-1130 high-
frequency equipment is used for communication and signalling
from within the cages when running. Truck exchange at the surface
is automated it all shafts.
Automatic rock hoist installation is in-operation, and
automatic rope defect detectors fitted. More than 400 motors are
provided with built-in ttiermal trip circuit-breakers. All main
?
and sump drainaps (14 units in all with a total capacity of
- 4,900 kW) are automated. All general shaft ventilating units are
remote-controlled. In addition, all ventilating doors in the air
headings, air-stream heating plants, shaft boiler units water- ?
pumping stations and others are automated.
Over-all dispatching control has been introduced .in all
mine shafts, which has led to sweeping changes in the nature and
level of production control. The equipment which the dispatcher
has at his disposal, including industrial television, has enabl- ?
ed him to handle twiny and adequately a .large volume of informa-
tion, thereby managing and organizing the shaft production as an
integral process.
Automation Economics .
Higher labour efficiency, and lower production costs are
a major indicator of the effects that comprehensive automation
has produced'.
Owing to the comprehensive automation, 672 operators have
? been released at the mine from 1956 to September, 1962, while the .
total amount of ore raised registered a considerable increase.
The efficiency of a face worker has risen 70 per cent, of a shaft .
worker.93 percent, a41 ofa mine worker 95 per cent (as compared
with
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in 1962 by 18,000,000 kW-hr (including 9,000,000 kW-hr saved as
a result of automation). Depreciation showed a 160,000 rouble
increase annually, and an entire saving in running'costs amount-
ed to 1,503,000 roubles annually. This figure does not take into
account savings in conventiopal permanent costs, repair costs
and trouble-prevention and stand-4)y costs, although all these
savings have'been accounted for when measuring;the lowest
*possible total production costs. When estimating savings, acomnt
has also been taken of higher efficiency of face workers owing
to better ventilation, more stable compressed air pressure,
better lamp and saturator maintenance, etc. as a result of
automation.
?
.Moreover, the highly efficient mining systems in. use has
had a great impact on ore production costs.
Comprehensive Automation Costs
Between 1956 and September, 1962, 1,996,000. roubles were
spent on mechanization and automation. Pb this figure we must
add 67,000 roubles spent on the depreciation of the equipment
-scrapped as a result of the comprehensive automation in the mine.
Thus, the total amount will make 2,o63,060 roubles. The capital
invested into mechanization and automation will be recouped'
within 2063:1503=1.4 years.
The introduction of comprehensive automation has had a
great impact on the Improvement of. labour conditions. For
example, the signalling and interlocking of the underground
haulage and locomotire remote, control has reduced industrial
accidents at the loading places by more than 60 perecent as
compared iith1956. i
t-
ifeAutomation of the truck efedhange or theilmlis n4.
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standings as well as the shaft *machinery control, the over-all
interlocking of the sage landing cams, shaft doors and hoists
and the loud-ipeaking communication have completely eliminated
the hazards of large trouble and accidents. There have been 30
per cent fewer case of dieease and 85 per cent fewer accidents
STAT
over this period. Also, the have been fewer case of catarrhal
Aiseases in the shafts as a result of the automation of the ?
heading ventilation, shaft ilmay doors, as well as the automatic`'
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heat control of all local ventilator motors, and calorifer units
(Used for keeping a preset constant temperature in the shaft).
. Further Advances in Comprehensive Automation
Auxiliary processes have largely been zechaniged apl'a b3
mated in recent months.
Whin the automation of the surface 'haft equipment and
auxiliarvprocessesumderground has been completed, further
efforts Fill be lade to introduce automatic and remote control
into the work faces in order to go without human element, speed
up the efficiency and make the work of operators, easier. (
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