ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF HERALD OF ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE, NO. 9, 1963

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A072300440001-0
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• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 65
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 12, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 27, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY ,
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title 50X1
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by lams
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:NO FOREIGN. DISSEM
COUNTRY USSR
REPORT
SUBJECT English Translation of Herald of DATE MM. ?,f7 March 1964
Antiaircraft Defense, No. 9, 1963
Myytuied exAtt q";?a?b." 'MC/Wag PAGES
b/Atk REFERENCES
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
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MIS IS llNI-VAI IIAIFD INFORMATICIN %cm iorF f?Denikirc AD: nctimirive ??? ? I 1.1r, O.
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1. An English translktion of Issue No, 9, September 1963, of the
Soviet Publication Vestnik Protivovozdushnoy Oborony gerald of
Antiaircraft Defense/, published by the Military Pufilishing
House of the Ministry of Defense. Moscow
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2. In some cases, the articles were translated in their entirAt.v.
in other-cases. they were.snmmarized_
Distribution of Attachments for Retention:
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GROUP I
Racluded Pon, aoternaric ' .2 -
downgrading and
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STATE/ 1DM 1AMW HNMN 1AM I NSA, 1 MX NIC I OCR 1 SAC?
Ai r/FTD Army/FSTC -Navy/STIC ,00/FDD
(Note: Field distribution indicated by "#".)
INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
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. Herald of Antiaircraft Defense
No 9, September 1963
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Vestnik ftotivovozdushnoy Moronity, No 9, September 1963
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. I. PODOLISKIY -- Against Compromises and Oversimplifications
in Combat. Training
.Party4Political Work and. Military Education
D. G. VISHNYAKOV Preparing for and. Carrying Out Launches
G. Ye. Guleykov -?- Officer Candidates Acquire Skills in
Political Education
V. M. KOTOV If a Job Is Approached Wholeheartedly
Combat Training
A. V. LEBEDEV High Organization for Plightsin Adverse
Weather Conditions
N. V. Nr6milyi -- Flight Safety
I. G. ZHILIN
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Rocketeers Increase Their Mastery 19
V. I. KIREYCHENKOV -- How We Study Line Diagrams .24 ,
A. K. INTSE -- Combat Readiness Is in the Center of
Attention 24
A. A. NABOYKIN -- Work Daily With Young Instructors 24
G. G. SULEYMANYAN -- Careful Training ? 28
Yu: V. ANOSOV Training Long-Distance Communications
Specialists for Rating Examinations 28
Equipment and Its Use
.V. V. YERMOLAYEV -- Raising the:Quality of Military Equipment
" Maintenance
F. V. YUKHNIN -- Activate Innovational and Inventive Work
.Yu. M. FOKIN Recording' EquipMent Operation .
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Lvit
V. N.FILIM0f0V -- Indirect Indications of Aviation Equipment
MalfUnctions 40
N. L. KHAVIN
4001.
The Platinotron 146
V. A. VASILENKO --Automatically Adjusting Autopilots
Cybernetics and Automation
A. M. MIKHAYLOV and. -1/Connecting the Ural-1 Electronic Computer
V. A.-TARASOV ? I to Telegraph.Communications Channels
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In Chasti and Podrazdeleniya of Our Forces
In Honor of Our Party (page 2)
Abstract:
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Describes proceedings of a thastl meeting devoted to accomplishments
of the Communist Party. Mai Gen (Res) F. K. BEWCHENKOV was a speaker at
the meeting.
A, Day for Outstanding Personnel (Page 4
Summary:
Komsomol members of a chastl suggested that a day honoring outstanding
personnel be held each month to publicize training achievements. The chastt_
commander and party committee approved the suggestion and aided in the prep-
arations. The day was begun by outstanding personnel addressing members of
their podrazdeleniya. They related how they had achieved successes in train-
ing and combat operations. A, banquet was held in the evening honoring Sr Sgt
GOROSHKO,Sgts DA RM and. KOTOVSKIY, and Pfds SHERINBEKOV and ZAVGORODNYY who
are outstanding personnel.
They Kept Their Word (Page 2)
Summary:
During the summer training period, personnel of a podrazdeleniye pledged
to raise their specialty qualifications. These personnel kept their word.
PVts KUZNETSOV, KONDRATOVICH, AKSENOV, and others are now rated specialists;
Sgts GISHCHAK, and. YELISEYEV, Pfc IVANSKIY, and others are now specialists
second class; and Sgt PARKIN, Jr Sgt SEFERGV, and Pfc PETRENKO have earned
first class specialist ratings.
Skillful Soldiers (page 2)
Abstract:
Reports achievements in innovation work by personnel of Officer L1TV1NOVIs
podrazdeleniye.
,(A captioned photograph by F. KONSTANTINOV on page 2 shows Tech-Sr Lt
P..KALYUMNYY, specialist first class,:inspecting an aircraft.)
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Against Compromises and Oversimplifications in Combat Training -- by 50X1 Col,
Gen Avn A. I. PODOWSKIY /pp 3-7)
Text:
Commanders, political workers, party and Komsomol organizations, and
all personnel of PVO Strany Troops correctly understand their assignments
to defend the aerial borders of the motherland from any encroachment by ?
imperialist aggressors and to develop favorable conditions for the peaceful'
creative labor of our people. They devote all of their strength to maintain
constant and high combat readiness, to increase vigilance, and to perfect
the training of every soldier, officer, crew, podrazdeleniye, and chast'.
Intense, Creative labor of military personnel has brought about timely and
high-quality solutions for many combat training problems in the first train-
ing period and during the ensuing months of the second training period.
Much has been accomplished in searching for methods to shorten the time nec-
essary to prepare equipment for combat, for neyrnethods for combat operation
of equipment, and for maintaining equipment in readiness for combat use.
Our glorious rocketeers are successfully learning how to use the power-
1111 weapons which are entrusted to them and how to launch them accurately
in the most complex conditions. Ahigh level of launch training wis achieved
by the podrazdeleniye, commanded. by Officer KAPLYA. The podrazdeleniye com-
manded by Officer LIVENKO and, many other podrazdeleniya execute training and
combat launches excellently.
Personnel of fighter aviation are persistently perfecting their combat
mastery. Our pilots are mastering modern interceptor aircraft and are ac-
quiring practical skills in their combat employment in adverse weather con-
ditions during day and night. Examples of this are the podrazdeleniya com-
manded by Majs VOLCHENKOV, MANZHURA, and SOKOL. Flight training plans are
executed excellently in these podrazdeleniya and problems involved in intro-
ducing young officers into the ranks are successfully resolved.
Personnel of radiotechnical chastiand podrazdeleniya have achieved
notable successes in detecting and tracking large numbers of targets which
are simultaneously maneuvering at all altitutdes and speeds of flight and
in supporting the combat operations of rocket troops and fighter aviation.
The podrazdeleniya commanded by Capts VORONOV and MIKHAYLOV are producing
true models of combat operations. They constantly maintain combat equipment
in outstanding condition, achieve a high percentage in the training of rated
specialists, and Successfully solve problems involved in mastering additional
specialties. Many communications podrazdeleniya and other special arms are
successfully resolving combat training assignments.
The examples indicated here show that combatiraining among our troops
is on the-rise.. A firm and, reliable basis for.the subsequent perfection
of combat mastery by the personnel of the air-defense troops has been de-
veloped in the first training period. Using experience gained in the first
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training period, chasti and podrazdeleniya are carrying out plans for the
second training period with better organization and are intensifying the
tempo of combat trsining to fulfill annual plans for combat and political
training caMpletely and well. r, .
These achievements have been obtained because of accurate fulfillment
of plans and programs, because of resolute battle against compormises and
oversimplification, and because of personnel training in conditions which
require personnel to learn what is necessary in actual combat.
Questions of further development of cooperation between rocketeers
and pilots presently have a significant place in the training of air defense
rocket podrazdeleniya and fighter aviation chasti. Senior, staffs should be
a great help to personnel in this. They should organize combat training in
such a way that it is of high quality and fully answers problems of tthe.--1
training period and of the whole training year.. It is also necessary to
battle pertittently against inertness and conservatism, the negligent regard
of certain Military personnel toward execution of their military obligations,
and the armchair style of leadership.
For the rest 'of the training year, special attention should be paid to
tactical training. Instructive situations are not everywhere developed in
tactical training. This retards the growth of the tactical though processes
of commanders and does not allow these officers to be prepared to conduct
combat independently. Sometimes, questions of an operational scale predomi-
nate and questions of combat tactics with a defined aerial "enemy" are lost
from view in working out tactical goals. Formalism has entered into study-
ing the "enemy". The technical capabilities and tactical maneuvers of de-
finedLtypes of aircraft or pilotless vehicles and their weak and strong ?
points are still not studied thoroughly enough.
In studying tactical disciplines, especially in conducting training
on various tactical levels, it is necessary to mare persistently introduce
automated systems for vectoring fighter aircraft to targets and for direct-
ing podrazdeleniya by instruments. We must henceforth perfect means of
early warning using all radlotechnical aids and the whole radar spectrum. -
FUrther improvement of commander training is needed. We still have
occasions when plans for independent officer training are based not on the
basis of problems and training goals, but upon a principle of only filling
up time. In many cases, the achieved knowledge level of officers is not
considered and therefore the matter sometimes comes down to working out
elementary, well-known problems. Also, little attention is paid at times
to the study of theory although it is impossible to learn to use modern
combat equipment or to prepare to learn to use prospective equipment with-
out it.
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It is completely intolerable to allow elements of oversimplification
when resolving complex assignments of combat training in air defense rocket
chasti and podrazdeleniya. Training launches, especially those conducted
for record, /should. be executed only against actual targets at extreme flight
ispeeds, and within a large range of variables. It is very strange that some
commailders use obsolete types of aircraft for designated targets which pro-
ducesfthe simplest conditions for training air defense rocket podrazdeleniya.
Elements of oversimplification and overstatements of launch evaluations by ,
podrazdeleniyt and chest' commanders have not yet been done away with. For .
this reason, podrazdeleniya having high launch training evaluations do not
maintain them when executing combat launches for record. .All of this indi7
cates a low level of exactingness on' the part of commanders and staffs to--
wards subordinates and deviations from known documented requirements for
training and launch execution. What this can lead to can be shown by the
example of the podrazdeleniya in which Officers MOZGOVOY and BAKHTIN serve.
A poor launch coordination has been noted in these podrazdeleniya. Launch
and radio technical crews are still trained separately in certain rocket
podrazdeleniya. The principle of rocketeer coordination is disrupted by
this. The capabilities of complexes are not fully utilized and the speed
of launch execution is decreased.
Fighter pilots flying modern types of aircraft for the first time
should concentrate all of their strength toward working out maneuvers in
day or night in minimum weather conditions to 'intercept high-speed aircraft
at any altitude. It is important to make maximum use of favorable climatic
conditions in the autumn training months, to fly as often as possible, to
studiously plan every flying day, and to execute methodical and purposeful
flights correctly.
Fulfillment of these assignments is unthinkable without striving to
get rid of conceit and self-satisfaction. The loss of flight skills by
pilots in training, which happens in certain podrazdeleniya, is intolerable..
Special attention must be paid to increasing the quality of aerial target
interception by fighter aircraft. Interceptions must be executed without
oversimplification, in complex aerial and tactical conditions, at calculated
boundaries, and with maximum ranges of flight.
Shortcomings in flight training in certain podrazdeleniya are often
due to poorly executed flight training methods. ,Moreover, methods councils
do not do very much in many chasti. Check flights with commanders often
take on a formal character. Certain senior commanders do not develop new
and complex aspects of training in such flights. As a result, they some-
times fall behind their subordinates in training and this means that they
are no longer qualified to command. Ground training is sometimes organized
and carried out without consideration of assigned flight training problems. .
Pilots arc poorly prepared in problems of tactical fighter operations, prac-
tical aerOdynamics, navigation, and the'use of aviation equipment. Al]. of.
these questions. mast be in the center of attention Of podrazdeleniye and
chastt commanders and flight controllers.
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The personnel of radiotechnical troops must also cape with important
problems. One problem is to master the methods and approaches of using
equipment when working with a large number. of simultaneously maneuvering
targets and friendly aircraft under conditions of strong radio interference.
Officer personnel must learn to quickly analyze an aerial situation, to
examine "enemy" formations, and to make competent decisions concerning the
employment of radar. ?
The pace of combat training in podrazdeleniya and chasti of radiotech-
nical troops indicates that somewhere sufficient attention is not yet paid
to uniform and complete development among operators of the practical skills
of working with targets at high altitudes. Often in the same podrazdeleniye,
some operators are credited with several more target trackings than are re-
quired by combat training plans and others have not carried out the minimum
number of such trackings. This has a negative effect on crew coordination
and consequently on the combat readiness of the podrazdeleniye and prevents
all soldiers and sergeants from being trained to be highly rated specialists.
Such questions as how to determine the type of aircraft from blips recorded
on a scope and how to measure speed, course, and altitude of aircraft are
neglected in certain podrazdeleniya.
''Examinations for qualification ratings for soldiers, sergeants) and
officers are given at the conclusion of the training year. There is no
? doublt that the results will show that many specialists worked well during
the year and increased their skills. It is the duty of every commander and
? supervisor to give all possible aid to their subordinates in training now)
to raise their qualifications.
This does not exhaust the responsiblities of commanders and supervisors.
They must be examples for their subordinates and possess bight rating qual-
? ifications. Life convincingly shows that a commander without a high rating
qualification cannot train or lead his subordinates well. Therefore, chast*
and podrazdeleniye commanders should strive throughout the training year to
become qualified first-class specialists.
Not even the smallest compromise should be allowed in training for and
taking examinations. Testing requirements should be punctually fulfilled.
It is time that it be understood that a supervisor introduces irreparable
harm to combat readiness when he allows deviations from regulation require-
ments, programs, and courses) or oversimplification in the training of per,4
sonnel.
Interchangeability was persistently developed in crews, sections, and
? teams and officers mastered additional specialtiesoduring the last annual
? training period in chasti of all arms. As is known, this is a necessary
condition for high combat readiness of podrazdeleniya. There are many pod-
razdeleniya sand. chest among our troops where full interchangeability has been
developed in crews and some personnel have been cross-trained in the special-
ties of other crews. Experienced sergeants have acquired the operational '
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skills of officers and technicians. A. majority of officers have success- 50X1
fully mastered additional specialties. However, some commanders do not
present themselves as personal examples and master secondary specialties
instead of' those important specialties on which the success of podrazdel-
eniya in combat operations depends.
The experience of some commanders is wotthy of approval and pUblica-
tion. They allow officers to undergo practical training in additional spe-,
cialties and duties including the fulfillment of all responsibilities for
checking training or monitoring combat launches before allowing them to
individually fulfill responsibilities in additional specialties.
Combined training should play a significant role in resolving complex .
problems of combat training. It allows training plans to be executed more
completely and with better, more instructive results. It requires less ex-
penditurer,of materials for tactical and other forms of training and streng-
thens achieved training sources of chast' and podrazdeleniye combat crews.
Special attention should be paid to methods work for the rest of this
year. It is the duty of every commander to study methods work seriously and
bring methods and forma of training into conformance with modern troop train-
ing requirements. Various types of trainers, imitators, visual aids, and
programmed training methods should constantly be introduced into the train-
ing of personnel. Such training methods aid trainees to strengthen knowledge
and qcquire skill in independent, logical thought. They enliven the train-
ing process and allow the individual abilities of each trainee to be devel-
oped.
New personnel will be arriving in chast.throughout the training year..
To maintain the high combat readiness of troops, every measure should be
taken so that young soldiers are trained quickly to fulfill the responsibil-
ities of cremrmembers and successfully carry on combat work before senior ?
personnel are discharged from these posts. It is necessary to use the knowl-
edge and especially the skill of senior service personnel to train young sol-
diers. Every sergeant and soldier should help train a qualified replacement
for his job.
Comprehensive checks are made at the conclusion of the training year.
They are a true examination for all personnel. Each soldier, sergeant, and
officer should therefore show thorough individual training and skill in per-
forming well coordinated work with crew and podrazdeleniye personnel and ex-
hibit a constant combat readiness to destroy any aerial enemy. Officer per-
sonnel have in prospect an examination session which they should already be
preparing for. Each minute of time not devoted to command training aad indi-
vidual study should be used for this preparation... Those officers who use all
pssibilities, in free time and. when on duty, to perfect their political, tech- -
nical, and special training are perfectly correct.
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The mistakes of last year should be avoided in carrying out examina-
tion sessions. Last year, certain supervisors conducted these sessions
formally and all officers and generals were not completely tested. Indi-
vidual suprvisors, themselves poorly trained, did not show high exacting-
ness toward subordinates and conducted tests with questions which had. been
prepared for earlier. An examination session must have the character of
an enlivened, creative discussion of a well prepared chief with his subordi-
nates. Officers should be asked those questions which enter into their
training programs. Every officer should execute his service responsibili-
ties well. It is not correct to require identical knowledge from compay
commanders and chest' commanders, or from technicians and engineers. A
different approach is needed for each responsibility.
In fulfilling combat and political training assipments, the person-
nel of all arms know that the Communist Party and Soviet Government have
given PVO Stray Troops great and important assignments in protecting the
peaceful labor of our people who are the builders of Communism. A success-
ful conclusion of the training year should raise the combat readiness of
troops to a still higher level. It will be an important contribution in
further strengthening the defensive capabilities of our native land.
(A captioned photograph by I. SEREGIN on page 7 shows Capt N.INAKOVKIN
and subordinates working at a transparent plotting board).
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PARTY-POLITICAL WORK AND MILITARY EDUCATION
PreparingLior and Carrying Out Launches -- by Lt Col D. G. V/SHVYAKOV
.(Pages 8-11)
Summary:
Combat launches are an important aid in enabling rocketeers to master
complex roCket equipment and to train for the defense of the motherland.
The results of combat launches, however, depend very much on the level and ?
quality of party-political work. The more interesting this work is, the
more successfully will launches be executed. An example of this can be
seen in one of our podrazdeleniya where comprehensive party-political work./
preceded firings.
/-
This work and its results are the subject of this article. First,
however, it 'must be said that there is no single formula for carrying out
party-political work in preparing for launches. Everything depends on a
creative approach to the job and on the initiative of political workers
and Party and Komsomol workers. There is no doubt that party-political
work' must possess signleness of purpose, must be unceaeing, and must
embrace all personnel.
When it was known that the podrazdeleniye would be assigned to execute
a launch, the commander and deputy commander for political affairs met with
party and komsomol activists to discuss methods for mobilizing personnel
for a model preparation and execution of the launch. A plan for party-
political work resulted from the discussion.
Measures for the political and military training of the personnel, for
military-technical propaganda, and for the dissemination of leading experience
in combat training were provided in the plan. Party and Komsomol meetings,
evenings of questions and answers on equipment, etc. were held. Then, a
party meeting was held in which the podrazdeleniye commander spoke on the
tasks of communists in the preparation for and the carrying out of launches.
The report was discussed and valuable suggestions for training personnel
for the launches were advanced. A similar meeting of Komsomol members was
held.
After everything had been discussed, planned, and decided, the deputy
commander for political affairs and leaders and activists of party and
Komsomol organizations set about fulfilling their assigned tasks. Thus,
soon after the meeting, 'Communist GUSTOKASHIN spoke before personnel on
the theme, "Good organization, strong discipline, and accurate execution
are the most important conditions for successfully carrying out combat'
launches." 'Conversations on the aggressive intrigues of US imperialists
and on the tasks of.PV0 personnel in increasing vigilance and combat
readiness were led by'Communist MEWNIKOV. Other lectures on the missions
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assigned the Armed Forces by the 22d Party Congress and on the duty of
personnel to vigilantly guard the air borders of the motherland were read.
Party-political work and military technical propaganda were not carried /
out abstractly, but were coordinated with the training of personnel in the
concrete missions which they had to execute. On the initiative of the /
party organization for example, A competition was established to find the
crew which could best and most Ngickly ready material for travel. All crews
participated. During off-duty hours, training and contilnts were held
between individuals and crews.
To ensure the correction of shortcomings in technical training
before going to the firing range, Communists CHERNYAVSKIY, LITVINOV,
and OSHNYANSKIY conducted supplementary lessons and consultations on
electronic and radio equipment and on the basic theory and practice of
executing a launch. Several helpful technical conferences. were held on
the preparation of equipment for a launch.
The technical training of officers received particular attention from
the podrazdeleniye commander, his deputy commander for political affairs,
and the secretary of the party organization. Considering that this was
to be the first launch executed by the podrazdeleniye and that the officers
had no previous experience in carrying one out, the party organization on
its own initiative, but with the commander's permission, organized a series
of lectures for the personnel. The lectures had such themes as: "The basic
principles for the rules for executing a launch," "Functional communication
between systems," "The sequence for adjusting and tuning stations during
maintenance," and others.
Let us review the results of the military technical work. At the
beginning period of training for the launches, there were some soldiers,
sergeants, and even officers who had not met prescribed requirements. Now
all personnel successfully fulfilled their obligations. No one received
a rating lower than good for technical training.
Because of their importance, socialist competitions were designed for
all enlisted and officer personnel, both on an individual and a crew basis,
to master equipment better and to shorten the time necessary for the execu-
tion of the combat mission. Results were posted daily on the accomplishments
of crews and weekly on those of the podrazdeleniye. Every success was high-
lighted in combat news letters and in special editions of wall newspapers,
Thus, when Sr Sgt ALEKSBYENKO and Sgts SAGAYCHIK and BALOGUR acquired skills
as technicians, their achievements werepublished in the newspaper. .Many
servicemen strived to learn the duties of their officers in the event it
became necessary to replace them.
?
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Socialist competitions were publicized by raising panels enscribed "How
We Are Achieving Interchangeability and Increasing Ratings," on which
were placed the names of those crews which were progressing well toward
- mastering Complex specialties and toward completion of preparations for
examinations for ratings. The competitions were successful. The crews
headed by Sgts KOLESNIKOV and KAYGORODOV were the first to achieve full
interchangeability. Other crews followed suit and when it was time to
leave, for the firing range approximately half of the soldiers and ser-
geants possessed first-or second-class specialty ratings. Almost all
rated specialists increased their ratings one step; those previously un-
rated earned third-class ratings. .
The podrazdeleniye commander warmly encouraged the initiative of communists
and Komsomol members which was directed at increasing skills. He often
participated actively or offered advice. He suggested, for example, that
the sergeants who had been in the service for a long time sponsor soldiers
in their first year. Each sergeant took one soldier under his guidance and
helped him prepare for his rating examination. As a result, all the young
soldiers on the eve of the launchings had received a third-class rating
and acted with as much skill as their senior comrades during the launches.
The long period of preparation for the launches was finished; the
podrazdeleniye went to the launch range. Before the launches, it was
necessary to conduct adjustment work on the egpipment and review the crew
members' duties. During adjustment operations, which were completed
successfully, political workers and party and Komsomol activists were
particularly active. They constantly reminded each rocketeer of his
obligations.
Now for the last stage, the completion of the launches. In the final
.days preceding the launches, podrazdeleniye personnel met with rocketeers
who had already completed their launches from whom they gleaned much useful
advice. On the day of the launches, after a meeting, the soldiers took
their places and prepared to execute their missions. Some time passed
before the command was heard, but then the rockets were launched into the
sky. Soon it was reported to the command post that the rating for the launch
was excellent. The podrazdeleniye was congratulated for its high skill
and discipline.
Although party-political work deserves praise for its role in the success.
of the launch, there were shortcomings in its organization Emphasis on
mass measures was often at the expense of individual work with the soldier.
The difference in the approach to several categories of servicemen sometimes
lowered work in general. These shortcomings, however, were corrected as
they appeared. The main thing is that party-political work had a clarity
of purpose and that is the key to its success.'
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? Officer Candidates Acquire Skills in Political Education -- by Lt Co].
? G. Ye. GULEYKOV (Pages 12-i4)
Abstract:
The author notes that graduates Of his school have received technical,.
training, but have not succeeded in mastering the skills required for
educational work or for organizing party-political work in their podraz-
deleniya. This is explained by too much emphasis having been placed on
the technical side of. training officer candidates at the school while too
little attention was paid to educating them in methods for working with
people. The article describes how the officer candidates themselves
instigated the improvement of educational work through special courses and
lectures.
? (A photograph by N. PETROV of Maj BALASHOV, pilot first class,
analyzing a "flight" of Capt 114 BAZANOV in a trainer appears on page 14.)
If a Job Is Approached Wholeheartedly -- by Maj V. M. Kotov pages 15-18)
Abstract:
The article describes the ability of Sr Lt Viktor UGNENKO, platoon
commander, to work with his subordinates.- .Because of this ability he was
made commander of.a podrazdeleniye platoon for. training young specialists'.
A sketch of UGNENKO accompanies the article. 1
Merited Authority -- (Pages 16-17)
Summary:
The name KOSORUNOV is already well known in our journal. In issue seven,
it was reported how Maj KOSORUKOV, flight commander, helped Capt GRISHCHENKO
land a supersonic aircraft with the left landing gear not fully extended.
On 23 February 1963, KOSORUKOT was awarded the Order of the Red Star. This
award is the result of the skill which Vasiliy Ivanovich KOSORUKOV has
imparted to the pilots of the squadron which he commands.
Maj KOSORUKOV, as a pilot 1St class, has evoked the admiration of his .
commanders as well as his subordinates for hitvability.to successfully attack
an aerial target under any conditions day or night and at-any altitude or
Speed. pimp, striveato-transMit his skills to his subordinates. Be:
analyzes each pilot's flight, noting all theiitterceptors positionsi.points
out shortcomings and how to avoid them.
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The squadron commander takes an active interest in the undertakings of
his pilots. When they decided to become rated technicians KOSORUKOV was
among the/first to qualify as technician first class: As an outstanding
pilot and experienced commander he was instrumental'in his squadron achieving
the rating of excellent. He is also a member of the chast' party committee
and takes an active part in the activities of the party organization. These
worthy characteristics of Maj KOSORUKOV enable him to year the award of his
government with honor.
A sketch Of KOSORUKOV accompanies the article.)
Deserved Award Page 17)
Summary:
For several years the radar site crew commanded by Sr Lt MAZUROV has '
held the rating of excellent. All officers and enlisted men have thoroughly
mastered their equipment, achieved full job interchangeability, and can
detect air targets in the shortest possible time.. By broadening the pro-
files of its specialists the crew was able to carry out field repair work
without enlisting the services of factory specialists. Much credit for the
training of subordinates belongs to Sr Lt MAZUROV who mastered the complex
equipment of the site within a short time and received the rating of
specialist first class. For his successes in training the station crew,
the commander of the military district awarded Sr Lt Anatoliy Fedorovich
MAZUROV an engraved watch and the Soviet government awarded him the Medal
or Combat Services.
(A sketch of MAZUROV accompanies the article.)
COMBAT TRAINING
High Or,ganization for Flights in Adverse Conditions -- by Col A. V.
LEBEDEV, Pilot 1st Class (Pages 19-23)
Excerpts:
Flights in adverse weather conditions are one of the most important
and difficult elements of combat training for aviators. Their peculiarities
lie in.the fact that the pilot cannot see the ground, the natural horizon,
and in general is cut off visually, from all surroundings. Therefore)
mission fulfillment and flight safety depend wholly on the pilot's ability
to act efficiently, capably, and consistently. The smallest. deviation from
a flight regime or failure to maintain altitude, course, or time can have
serious consequences.
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Experience in training personnel in adverse weather conditions accu-
mulated in our podrazdeleniya convincingly shows that successful flights
in these conditions depend'a'great deal on the organization, discipline,
and diligence of personnel.
Those podrazdeleniya where combat training is conducted in a purpose-
ful and organized manner are in the majority. However, facts bear witness
that in some chasti and podrazdeleniya proper attention 'is not given to
the training'of personnel in adverse weather conditions. This affects
the quality of mission fulfillment and the imprOvement of personnel
skills.
In order that flights in adverse weather conditions are done efficiently
and have the greatest effect on personnel training, it is first of all
necessary to observe an established sequence of. pilot training. We cannot
tolerate the fact that some commanding officers, in accelerating the
training of subordinates, violate documented regulations and begin working
out new kinds of training when pilots have not yet mastered previous
exercises properly....
One of the indispensible conditions for successful mastery of flights
in adverse weather conditions is high-quality personnel training. In
preliminary training, commanders must systematically instill a sense of
responsibility for fulfillment of the flight mission in subordinates and
demand that each pilot, when preparing for flight in adverse weather con-
ditions, study his assignment and the order of its execution, know behind
whom and at what interval of time he will take off, who is flying behind
him -- by pilotage or by instrument, and how many aircraft are located
in the air simultaneously so that he will be able to proceed in special
flight conditions, and so forth.... Training sessions in aircraft cockpits
and training devices must occupy an important place in preparation for
flights. During training, commanders must require of pilots that they are.
perfectly ffmiliarized with cabin instruments, have a firmly. developed
procedure equence for instrument flying in clouds, know the prodedure for
approachingan airfield by using homing aids, have learned to fly con-
fidently by auxiliary instruments, and make proper decisions upon failure
of one or more instruments. This preparation on the ground will make the
pilot's job in the air far easier.
Control of readiness for operations in the air has a paramount importance
in preparing for flights in adverse weather conditions. The commander is
obliged to check how well a pilot understands the content, order, and '
technique of mission fulfillment, weather conditions, the rules for using
radiotechnical facilities; to what degree he has studied neighboring '
airfields, the peculiarities of using the aircraft, 'the engine, and all
equipment; whether he knows how to act in special flight situations;
etc.... . :As the experience of outstanding chastl'and podrazdeleniya
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indicates, one of the moot effective mothodo for ?booking the flight
readiness of pilots is a checkout in the aircraft cockpit and on a training
device..
Without efficient flight leadership, success in adverse weather con-
ditions is. inconceivable. This is why it is necessary to permit only
comprehensively trained; strong willed, and exacting officers who possess
outstanding piloting techniques and sufficient organizational experience
to control flights. The flight controller is obliged to prepare for
flights as are flight personnel. He does not have the right to begin
fulfillment of his duties if he does not know the training level of the
pilots who are participating in flights in adverse weather conditions,
their physical fitness or cannot detect lapses in instrument flying. He
must know positively when and in what operational conditions a pilot last
flew. The primary attention of the flight controller should be paid to
the pilots who are flying in adverse weather conditions for the first
? time. He should learn from their instructors before hand the quality of
their training flights in order to be confident of the successful fulfill-
ment of exercises assigned to them. The flight controller must become
acquainted with the preparation of aviation equipment and the facilities
for controlling flights. He should personally inspect the landing strip
and the runways and check telephone and radio communications equipment.
Special responsibility lies with the flight controller when conducting
flights. He must at all times know the aerial and meteorological situation,
efficiently use the means of aircraft control at his disposal, give precise'
commands to pilots located in the air and, if necessary give them aid....
Unfortunately, some flight controllers do not display the necessary "
competence in evaluating aerial and meteorological situations and in making
decisions. They allow compromises when controlling aircraft in the air,
do not skillfully use the entire complex of radio technical facilities for
.aiding a pilot who finds himself in a difficult position, and sometimes
simply display negligence while controlling flights....
The difficulty in fulfilling flight missions in adverse weather'conditions
places increased demands on meteorological services. It is known that
weather conditions in the fall and winter period are seldom constant for
the entire starting period. In several regions they change very sharply.
Unfortunately, some officers of meteorological services do not always
inform flight controllers about this in time: Instances occur when the
weather deteriorates unexpectedly not only for the flight controllers but
also for the meteorologists on duty. That is why flight controllers and
officers of meteorological services must constantly watch over all changes
in the weather and take timely measures to provide a successful outcome
for each flight in the event the weather worsens...,
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Even with good organization,of meteorological services, it is difficult
to forsee all the complications which can be confronted in the air. There-
fore, the ilot himself must be able to recognize forewarnings of sharp
changes in the weather and know how to evaluate weather conditions which
are becoming more complex and to come to an intelligent decision. All
this will make it possible for him to overcome difficulties caused by
changes in the weather.
High exactingness from commanders, accurate and faultless observance
of the order and rules governing flight service by personnel plays an
Important role in organizing and conducting flights in adverse weather
conditions...,
Political organs and party and Komsomol organizations are called upon
to render daily help to commanders to insure high quality training of, -
personnel in adverse weather conditions....
Training personnel for flights in combat in adverse weather con-
ditions is an important national task. Strong discipline, high organiza-
tion, and efficiency in the work of our pilots and aviation specialists
is a guarantee of successful fulfillment of this task.
(A captioned photograph by Mgt P. V. YEGORKIN on page 21 shows
Capt V. KOSTENICH discussing aerial interceptions in the stratosphere
with two other pilots.)
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Flipt Safety-by Lt Col N. V. NIKONOV (Pages 24-26) 50X1
Text:
Accurately organized landing aid support systems are important
prerequisites for exemplary execution of flight training tasks.
Understanding this well, our soldiers are doing everything necessary''
to provide reliable combat training support for pilots.
In the podrazdeleniya commanded by Officers ARISTAKHOV, ZIGMANT,
and RAPOPORT, personnel exemplarily solve tasks connected with landing
aid support systems, efficiently use and service equipment, and maintain
it in excellent condition. Many crews of these podrazdeleniya have
earned the title outstanding and are highly thought of by the pilots. ?
One of these crews has been led for four years by M/Sgt SHEVCHENKO.
It invariably wins first place in the chast, every year. The crew
members work efficiently on equipment and tirelessly improve their
combat skill. Officers KHOKHLOV and BELANAS, both GCA controllers,
- enjoy great respect among the pilots.' They accurately guide aircraft
onto the glide path in any air and weather conditions and persistently
improve the methods of their work.
Good reputations are held by Sgts PILYUGIN and MENYAYLOV and Pvts
YEMEWYANOV and KLEMENKO who are all junior specialists trained to the
level of technicians in problems of materiel exploitation. Pvts
KUZNETSOV and BONDIKOV who irreproachable fulfill their duties in
supporting aircraft landings also enjoy good reputations.
The experience of outstanding podrazdeleniya testifies that a
landing aid support system achieves its purpose when it is based on
high skill, industriousness, personnel discipline, the correct use of
equipment, and maintenance of equipment in constant combat readiness.
How are these problems solved in practice? What forms and methods of
work do podrazdeleniye commanders use to fulfill best the tasks of
confronting them?
As is known, combat training is one of the decisive conditions for.
successful work by personnel. This is why active steps are being taken
in our podrazdeleniye to make all soldiers experienced specialists who
know equipment excellently and can successfully use it. Special
attention is given to raising the quality of special training and to
making maximum use of facilities for practical training.
In this respect, the experience of teaching specialists in the
podrazdeleniye commanded by Officer ARISTAEHOV deserves attention.
Classes are conducted regularly here On a high level with wide use of
such visual aids as placards, diagrams, models, operational displays,
and installations. Specialists are given weekly assignments which are
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closely connected with the tasks being solved by personnel and with 50X1
specific problems On the use and maintenance of materiel. Special
attention is given by the soldiers to checking the improvement of their
knowledge. Checking is conducted systematically and is of an individual
nature.
Training sessions, usually conducted for two hours during the day .
when there are no flights, occupy an important place in the training of
specialists. At the sessions, operators train in enunciation and the
ability to evaluate aerial situations and make correct decisions.
Specially prepared plotting boards, diagrams, and also station indicators
and radio communications are used. The method of conducting the
training sessions follows. The leader sets up a specific aerial
situation, assigns problems, and transfers control of the aircraft to .
the operator. The latter guides the aircraft into the coverage zone of
the landing station with commands for changes of course and rate of
descent. Special attention is given to the control of an aircraft
coning in for a landing from an estimated point and to procedures when.
airborne navigational, equipment fails. It is characteristic that these
elements are developed not only during the course of the training
sessions, but also during night flights by simulating airborne
instrument failures. ?
However, in the training of personnel in some podrazdeleniye, elements
of formalism and simplification and gaps between theory and practice are
sometimes observed. This shortcoming is manifested first of all because
some commanders underestimate training sessions and simulated air situations.
As a result, specialists do not gain the proper practice in directing
aircraft onto the glide path. To confirm this, consider the following
case.
In N podrazdeleniye, while checking a landing system crew, Officer
SINGUR posed a simulated compass failure problem. The shift GCA
controller, Officer KORNEVI and the operator, Sgt UGLOV, could not guide
the aircraft onto the calculated glide path. Commands to change course
were given too late and were incorrect and heading corrections were
determined inaccurately. 'One reason for the inefficient actions of the
crew was that insufficieaLattention was given to training sessions with
simulated failures of one or another instruments in the podrazdeleniye.
In order for the GCA landing system to work accurately, the GCA
controllers and operators must train continuously, study the pecularities
of flight in various types of aircraft, and know the nature of pilotts -
actions and individual peculiarities in piloting and reacting to commands.
It is also important that the GCA crew maintain close cooperation with
control posts, especially with the flight controllers. They must be
certain of air and weather conditions, the sequence of aircraft takeoffs
and landings, and the nature of the exercises being executed by the
aircrews.
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Maintenance of equipment in constant readiness and in excellent 50X1
condition is an important condition for successful solution of the
tasks confronting personnel. A leading role in this is played by
timely and high-quality fulfillment of maintenance and repair work.
In our podrazdeleniye, this is given primary importance. Take for an
example the podrazdeleniye where Officer BABICH is the commander.
Maintenance work is planned ahead of time here. The times and duration
of the work are agreed upon by the commander of the aviation chast'.
It is characteristic that prior to conducting quarterly and semiannual
maintenance work in the podrazdeleniye, technical conferences, special
classes on the study of radio and electronic instruments, and special
classes on operational methods are held. Necessary expenditures are
made and materiel, spare parts, and instruments are procured ahead of
time.
When conducting maintenance work in which all personnel participate,
primary attention is given to an instrument check of the station,
assemblies, and units, observing an established sequence and rules of .
equipment safety. Following semiannual maintenance work, the equipment .
is checked out the next flying day, i.e., the effective range, tuning
accuracy, clarity of call sign sending, and operation reliability are
checked. 'Monthly and weekly maintenance which makes it possible to
forestall equipment failures is no less important. .
The smallest underestimation of maintenance work or the formal
condition of it negatively affects the operation of equipment and
subsequently the quality of flight support. Take the incident which
took place in N podrazdeleniye. During reception of overflying
aircraft, the radio direction finder failed because of a malfunction
of one of theladio tubes and the potentiometer. Was this by chance?
No. A check showed that while conducting maintenance work, Officer
KRUPSKIY and the radio direction finder crew disregarded an equipment
check and as a result did not discover the loss of radio tube emissions
and a diaruption of the potentiometer regime. However, the malfunction
did not affect aircraft landing safety since pilots utilized other
means, but in other conditions, this situation could lead to tragic
consequences.
As is known, certain difficulties, especially in fall and spring,
require the use of mobile lighting equipment. The great expansion of
cable nets and the presence of many cable connections and lights demands
especially careful upkeep of equipment to eliminate short circuits)
breaks, lamp burnouts, and malfunctions of electrical energy sources.
Recognizing this, specialists punctually fulfill 'requirements of manuals
and instructions and expose and eliminate breakdowns before they happen.
They periodically check the power cable for insulator resistance and
note measured data in a special logbook. Cables are repaired solely by
means of soldering or vulcanizing with a rubber coating. Cable connec-
tions are checked by external inspection and measuring. In damp
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weather, the cable and its connections are placed on supports. 50X1
Lighting equipment is checked daily by external inspection and before
ftight flights. When necessary, it is checked with a megohmmeter.
Innovators have done much to improve the work of lighting facilities.
The adoption of a proposal worked out by Officer SUMIN and Sgt ROMASIKO
for remote control of lights was of great benefit. It makes it possible
to provide a more effective switching on and off of lights from the
flight controller's desk. Good resalts were also achieved by the use
of portable impulse beacons in the podrazdeleniye commanded by Officer
BABICH. Flights during the day in adverse weather conditions proved
that these beacons are distinctly visible through thick fog and haze :
making it possible for aircrews to make calculations and aircraft. The
use of impulse beacons eliminates the need for landing flood lights
during day flights in adverse weather conditions!
In conclusion, it should be noted that there are still many possi-
bilities for further improvement of landing aid systems. Personnel
of our podrazdeleniye well understand this and do everything possible
to promote organized flight.training and solve tasks without accidents
or dangerous situations.
(A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV on page 25 shows Capt. V.
MIGACNEV, commander of the best flight in his chast'. -Pilots in
MIGACHEV's flight are capable of intercepting air targets in any weather
conditions, day or night.)
Rocketeers Increase Their Mastery by Nhj Gen Arty I.G. ZEMIN
1pp 27-30)
Text:
Striving exemplarily to fulfil assignments and to maintain constant
combat readiness, military rocketeers are searching for new methods to
perfect combat skills and increase the level of their technical knowledge:
A convincing example of this are many patriotic campaigns such as
those using the mottoes: "The knowledge of a technician -for every oper.,
ator," "Execute every combat assingment in an outstanding manner,"
"Achieve full interchangeability in crews," etc. The soldiers of the
outstanding launch crew commanded by Sgt SOBOLEV a short while ago urged
all rocketeers to expand the struggle for outstanding results for every
day of training. They pledged to carry out combat duties faultlessly,
to execute training launches with the highest evaluations, to perform
equipment maintenance faultlessly, to show outstanding knowledge in
activity, and Sacredly to observe the ethical principles of the moral
code of the builders of communism.
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It is fully understood that those patriotic campaigns are direct(50X1r
toward fulfilling combat training assignments with high quality,
strengthening military discipline, bringing about an increase in the
number of pdrsonnel who are outstanding in combat and political training
and rated specialities, and perfecting the skills of every soldier.
Striving for fulfillment of assigned tasks, rocketeers have achieved
great successes. In particular, there are already many podrazdeleniya
where operators have knowledge equivalent to that of techniqians. Equip-
ment is maintained in constant combat readiness, all aspects of main-
tenance are carried out with high quality, and equipment is readied for
launches in an outstanding manner in such podrazdeleniya.
How are operators trained to acquire the knowledge of technicians?
Take the example of the podrazdeleniye, in which Officer POPOV serves..
Operators start to train to acquire the knowledge of technicians
after they have earned first or secone class specialist ratings, i.e.*
when they have learned to use equipment and to execute functional
responsibilities faultlessly. Independent training of operators with
the guidance of officers and well trained sergeants is carried out in
the podrazdeleniye.so that operators can acquire a deeper mastery of
the bases of electronic and radio technology and study block and system
circuitry. A technical circle has been started under the leadership of
? Capt RMHIKR. Training in this circle is ofter conducted by the
pcdrazdeleniye commander. Then soldiers understand the physical reasons
for circuit operations, they immediately transfer to actual study of
? equipment.
The training of operators to work with equipment ie usually begun
by training them in the skills of maintenance work and preparing combat
equipment for firing. As soon as these skills are learned, the officers?
allow the operators to work independently on equipment, but carefully .
check their work after all operations. If an operator makes a mistake
or is inexact in establishing a variable, his error is pointed out and
its possible consequences are explaines to him.
This method of training is continued until the operators have
learned to execute all maintenance checks with certainty. The Operators
are then allowed independently to ready station equipment for combat
firing. Since they are certain that the operators can complete all
maintenance on a given system correctly and precisely, the officers
complicate the training and introduce various malfunctions into the
circuits and working parts of equipment mock-ups.
The final step in training operators to acquire the knowledge of .
technicians if for'the operators to work to fulfilL'standard require-
ments.
?
!i
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Other questions of combat and political training concerning the 50X1
perfection of combat readiness and strengthening military discipline are
successfully/coped with in this podrazdeleniye.' The rating classifica-
tions of ofeicer personnel have been noticeably increased, interchange-
ability between crews has been achieved, and norms for combat operations
and executing training and combat launches have been shortened. All
officers held ratings at the end of the last training year and two
podrazdeleniye commanders, Maj POPOV and St Lt. SAVKIN, had successfully
passed examinations for the honary title Of master. While fulfilling
assignments for combat training in the 1963 training year, the officers
are diligently training ,to increase their personal rating qualifications.
The question of the pace of preparations for examinations for higher
ratings was specifically discussed at a podrazdeleniye party meeting.
Criticism and self-criticism brought about more successful and higher
quality officer training. At the end of the first training period,
more than half of the officers were trained sufficiently well to increase
their ratings and several were able to pass examin ations to receive
ratings of master.
The question of cross-training and mastery of two or three additional
specialties is in the center of attention of podrazdeleniye commanders.
As mentioned earlier, operators are trained here to acquire the knowledge
of technicians, to.be able to perform any maintenance work, to correct
any equipment malfunction, and to fulfill combat operations independently.
The operators of certain cabins have achieved full interchangeability.
Many soldiers have mastered one or two additional specialties.
Special attention is paid to the working out of norms and to the
quality and precision of the work of crew members on equipment in the
podrazdeleniye. Thanks to this attention, launch crews have on the aver-
age surpassed norms by 20 percent in readying launchers for launches in
the first training period. While these norms were surpassed, the quality
and precisions of all operations were evaluated as outstanding. These
results especially relate to the crew commanded by Sgt SOBOLM The
struggle between crews for surpassing norms in executing operations with ,
outstanding quality is still being continued. '
? Party and Komsomol organizations knowledgeably influence the quality:
of rocketeer training, systematically compile training results,
publicize:leading or outstanding achievements, and btrive to introduce
better methods into training.1
'A movement for accomplishing outstanding results in daily training
received very wide publication. Launch crews taking part in this move-
ment entered into a competition to find the best crew and pledged to '
increase their skills. -
A special standard was developed to determine the winner of this
,
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chaSt, competition. The knowledge and work of crews was evaluated
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according to a five-point system. An evaluation of excellent was wortl.
100 points, good 80 points, and satisfactory 60 points. Each second of
overfulfillihg a norm was worth 0.2 points. Every insignificant error
in combat work lost two points. Achieving full interchangeability in
a combat crew was worth 20 points. When a soldier was able to perform
the duties of a sergeant, his crew received an additional 25 points.
The competition was conducted in two parts: the first was within the
launch podrazdeleniye and the second was on the chast' level among
the best crews.
Crews worked persistently and hard during preparations for the com-
petition. Crew coordination was systematically checked and the amount
of interchangeability in all operations and the fulfillment of time
norms was determined.
A special committee of officers with much operational experience
and high individual ratings was set up in the chastt.to check combat
readiness achievements according to the competition program. The
committee was headed by the chast'? deputy commander.
The crew commanded by Sgt MASHINSKIY was declared a winner during
this interesting and useful competition. They received the highest
marks and overfulfilled norms to receive an evaluation of excellent for
their work in rocket operations.
The next step of the competition was made more difficult in that
rapid firing operations, the knowledge of each crew member in addional ,
specialties, the execution of maintenance work, and economical practices
in equipment operation were all checked.
When combat launches were carried out on a firing range, the podraz.
deleniya commanded by Maj POPOV and Sr Lt SAVKIN showed that they were
well trained and organized and that they had good discipline.
The personnel of this podrazdeleniye and the whold chast, are pres-
ently working diligently to fulfill all assignments of combat training
successfully.
(Two captioned photographs by I. TIKHONOV on pages 28 and 29 show .-
Capt S. SIDOROV explaining to Pvt V. KUTUZ0V. how to put on protective
gear and Sr Lt Yu. SHCHUKIN checking to see if Pvt N. SHALUKHIN had
properly put on his gas mask and other combat gear.)
Tubes With Additional Indices (Page 30),
Text:
Officer D. G. RATINSKIY asked the&itors to explain the meaning: of
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the additional index (for example 6N3P-I? 6N2P-V, 6N1P-Ye) in the
designations of receiving tubes, including low-power ?amplifiers, and 50X1
if there is a possibility of substituting ordinary tubes in place of
these special tubes.
The rapid development and increasing requirements of radar have
necessitated the production of high-reliability vacuum-tube and semi-
conductor devices. A special requirement has been created for special
tubes that operate in pulsed regimes. By comparison with standard
tubes that operate on continuous current, these pulsed tubes must with
stand higher electrical loads since the high energy in the pulse pro-
duces an electrical shock on their electrode system. In the case of a
simultaneous fast sequence of pulses, the minimum parasitic interelec-
trode capacitances of the tube also distory the trailing edge of the
pulse.
In addition, a need developed for special tubes of increased
reliability which could guarantee normal operation of equipment that is
subjected to rapid, short-lived, or continuous vibrations as well as
acceleration overloads. Such tubes must be able to withstand accelera-
tions up to 10 g, and have extremely high vibration stability.
The limited service life of receiver-amplifier tubes has led to the
production of tubes with increased longevity of more thah 10 times that
of ordinary tubes.
This is the reason for the addition of the fifth index (written
after a dash following the fourth) in the system of temporary designa-
tions of vacuum-tube and semiconductor devices. ?The meanings of these
indices are as follows:
4
index I indicates pulsed operation (6N3P-I = pulsed double triode);
index V indicates increased reliability (6N2P-V = double triode with
high vibrational stability);
index Ye indicates increased service life (6N1P-Ye = long-lived
double triode); and ' ?
index K indicates extremely high vibrational stability.
All tubes carrying these additional indices can be substituted for
by ordinary tubes of the same type which do not carry the additional
indices. The electrical characteristics and parameters are the same
for both types. For this reason, such substitutions are permitted, but
must also take into account the necessity and advisability of such a
substitution since the cost of such tubes is considerably higher than
that of ordinary tubes. When a whole set of tubes is being exchanged,
the type with the additional index Ye should not be replaced automati.a
cally as when using tubes without the designation. They must be
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checked with a tube tester. If their parameters are normal, they shot 6X1
be returned to the same apparatus.
How We Study Line Diagrams -- by Lt V. I. KIREYCHENKOV (Pages 31-32)
Abstract:
Discusses the training of electronic equipment operators as carried
out in the author's unit. A strict sequence of training is maintained,
mock-ups of equipment and trainers are used, practical training using
actual equipment is done only after extensive classroom preparation,
and careful attention is paid to the problem of retention of learned
material. The article also stresses the importance of operators being
cross-trained in'additional specialties.
Combat Readiness Is in the Center of Attention -- by Col A. K. INTSE
(Pages 33 - 35)
Abstract:
Discusses combat training as conducted in the radiotechnical company
commanded by Capt CHEKUNOV. Successes achieved in combat training by
the company are attributed to the organizational and technical skills
of Capt CHEKUNOV and his deputy commander for political affairs, Sr
Lt LAPIN. Operators 1st Class, Sets MANOKOV and BELOBAYEV and Pvts
KURYSHEV and PETROV are identified as members of the company.
(A captioned photograph by I. SEREGIN on page 35 shows Sr Lt B.
STECH and Sgt V. MOKRENKO using tape!and a blowtorch to repair a cable.)
Work Daily with Young Instructors -- by Ma .Gen Arty (Res) A. A.
NABOYKIN (Pages 36-38)
Text:
The profession of instructor is a complex and captivating one. It
requires strenuous work, constant perfection of his idealogical and
theoretical knowledge, and special and methodological skills from the
man who devotes himself to this profession. Every man who decides to
become an instructor, particularly in a military training institution,
must remember the great responsibility which he is taking upon himself
in the job of training command, military-political, and engineer personnel
for the Soviet Armed Forces.
? In our military training institutions there are many genuine masters
of teaching and training officer candidates and students. Of course,
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they didn't get that way instantly. Each of them, examining the path 50X1
he has taken, can say that his achievement is the result of a strenuous
attempt to possess the Leninist style of work and to perfect special
and methods knowledge.
Methods training is particularly important for the instructor.
Sometimes, even good specialists who have a deep knowledge in the field
of technology, cannot transmit it to their subordinates and teach them
what they themselves well know. Such a case comes to mind. In one of
the higher educational institutions, the teaching of an important
assembly of a combat system was not going well. To make the job easier
the head of the institution invited the assembly designer and requested
that he conduct the lesson. The designer came, the lesson was held,
but the students' knowledge did not increase and the difficulty was
still not overcome. This occurred because, although knowing his
creation excellently, the designer could not talk about it methodically
to his listeners in a popular manner or with clarity. He did not have
enough of the methods skills which an instructor must posses.
Sometimes officers coming from chasti to military training institu-
tions as instructors do not have enough of these skills. In an
overwhelming majority they are experienced commanders, political workers,
and engineers. They know well how to serve in the troops and in their
specialties, but they have no pedagogical skills, so necessary for
teaching and training officer candidate d and students.
What kind of work should be carried out with young instructors
so that they may quickly come into "line"? First of all, a condensed
version of the lecture course on pedagogy and psychology should be
read to them. In these lectures, particular attention should be paid
to principals of Soviet dialectics which are necessary for conducting
any lesson. Moreover, literature on pedagogy and psychology should be
recommended for independent work by young instructors.
The growth of a beginning instructor is dependent to a large degree
upon his working with experienced instructdrs in the selection and
preparation of lesson materials. Here, the good methodist must help his
comrade select the necessary material and show him how to work with it,
plan the forthcoming lesson, and determine what training aids are
necessary.
Often, young instructors are permitted to attend lessons conducted
by experienced .methodologists. These visits must not be accidental.
They must have been planned earlier. Of course, before the class session
is visited, the experienced methodologist must tell the young instructor
the content of the forthcoming lecture and acquaint him with the lesson
plan and method by which it will be conducted. Such visits enrich the
knowledge and methods skills of young instructors.
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Work should also be practiced in such a form that the preparing 50X1
and carrying out of a lesson plan by young instructors is done with a
group of instructors of a chair or according to a lesson plan already
in use. At *61e end of such a lesson the bead of the chair should conduct
an analysis and thos present should make their observations both on
the form as well as on the content of the lesson.
Attendance by experienced methodologists at open lessons conducted
by young instructors.is of great use to young instructors. However,
conducting such lessons must not be practiced with a young instructor's
first steps of independent activity. ,He must be given a chance to look
around, become well informed, become acquainted with the group, and
learn about his students; At this time, periodic attendance by the most
experienced methodologists at'lessons conducted by the young instructor
is useful. Such visits should not be frequent since it will seem to a
young instructor that he is under some sort of tutelage.
After some time has expired, the young instructor can be entrusted
to conduct lessons with officer candidates of a platoon in the form of
open exercises. This lesson should last four hours. Of these, one
hour is utilized by the instructor who is conducting the lesson with
officer candidates to state to the group his method, plan, and lesson
purpose; the use of visual trainirg aids and materials; and so forth.
To understand some principals visiting instructors may ask questions,
but an open discussion should not ensue.
The second and third hours are devoted to conducting the lesson
itself, and the fourth to an analysis of it. In the analysis, it is
very important not only to point out the positive side of the lesson
but also to examine shortcomings and discuss how the lesson should be
conducted. Here the senior commandershould give conclusions and
instructions on all questions raised by those attending the lesson.
Young instructors should always strive to make the lessons conducted
by them interesting. This is achieved not only by a deep knowledge of
the theme, but also by being able to illustrate it with facts and
examples to present material vividly and with clarity. Some instructors
still do not do enough of this. For lively and substantive accounts they
substitute dictated materials, which is the worst method of conducting
a lesson. Those being taught fix everything the instructor reports to
them by writing material down mechanically and do not try to delve deeply
into the content of the material. It is necessary to protect the young
instructor from such a method of work in every way possible.
As is known, an instructor conducts theoretical and practical lessons.
From the point of view of organization, lessons on theoretical questions
are simpler. They require only a deep knowledge of the material and the
ability to present it. It is a quite different case with practical
lessons. It is quite a bit more complex to organize and conduct them.
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Preparing for them, the instructor must remember that according to the 50X1
plan a certain numbers of hours are alloted for an officer candidate
or student to study one theme or another. In that time, he must not
only master the studied problems, but gain certain skills for work on
equipment or apparatus. This can be achieved only through skillfully
organized instruction. In order that practical lessons be active and
useful to the officer candidate or student, the study group must be
divided into sub-groups for each of which an instructor must have been
earlier trained.
When a young instructor is working for the first time, the organiza-
tion of a lesson plan according to form and content and skill in using
it during lessons is very complex. The lesson plan should be concise
and serve as an aid for presenting material in strict sequence. To
teach young instructors to compose a lesson plan and use it calls for
experienced methodologists, chiefs of lectures series and chairs.
The skill of the instructor in the use of visual aids and the
blackboard to depict sketches and other illustrations is very important
in conducting lessons. The instructor must know how to go from the
sketches to materials and back during a lesson. This is a guarantee
of deep mastery of the material being taught. Therefore, it is necessary
to thoroughly prepare and check lesson materials the night before.
The instructor must know how to use the autitorium, to survey it,
to see and feel how the students are grasping the material. It is
necessary to teach young instructors this skill with thefirst steps of
independent work. They must be aided in establishing a business-like,
but friendly relationship with students. Tack, attention to people,
observance of party principles, implacability toward shortcomings, and
responsiveness should be indispensabI6 qualities of every instructor.
Much can and should be accomplished ^by party committees and party
organizations in instilling these qualities in instructors. Young
instructors must be more skillfully and actively drawn into the social
life of the training institution and into party and Komsomol work. They
must be helped to more quickly and better know the officer candidates
or students which they will teach. ,
We have touched only several aspects of working with young instructors.
But solving these questions also plays an important role in the develop-
ment of instructors for our military training institutions and therefore
in' improving the qualities of the training Of officer personnel for our
troops.
Improving the Work of Technical Crcles by.Col S. S. GORBENKO (Pages 38)
Abstract:
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Discusses the work done in technical circles in conjunction with 50X1
formal classroom work done by officer candidates and advantages of such
activity. Engr-Maj KAMENSKIY and Sr Lt KRUGLOV are identified in the
article.
Careful Training -- By Engr-Maj G. G. SUIEYMANYAN (Pages 39 - 42)
Abstract:
Presents advice on haw to conduct training classes and deliver
lectures to trainees. Lt BIBIK, training platoon commander; Capt
VORONIN: and Maj SAL'NIKOV are identified possibly as members of the
same podrazdeleniye.
(A captioned photograph by M/Sgt I. YEGORKIN on page 41 shows Sr
Lt V. BIRYUKOV, navigator-bombardier second class and GCI controller,
working at a radar scope.)
Training Long-Distance Communications Specialists for Rating Examinations
by zngr-Capt Yu. V. ANOSOV Pages k3 - 7
Text:
The training of rated specialists is now a matter of particular
responsibility for commanders, party and Komsolom organizations, and
the entire personnel staff of communications chasti and podrazdeleniya.
In this article we will discuss the skill of preparing long-distance
communications specialists for rating' examinations.
In the solution of this problem, considerable attention should be
paid on the one hand to technical preparation, i.e., to the study of
materials and the physical processes that occur in sections of apparatus,
principal circuit diagrams, and wiring diagrams, and on the other hand
to special preparation which involves learning how to operate a
particular piece of equipment and to work on'it.
The most important part of the preparation of rated specialists is,
as is well known, the mastering of established standard requirements.
One such /4equirement for long-distance communications specialists is
the ability correctly to conduct measurements on long-distance cable
communications lines, to determine the types of faults occuring in
them, and to locate and compute the distance to ouch a fault. As both
practice and the preparation for rating tests have shown, this subject
is the most complex and the most difficult to letArn. A complexity here
is related to the fact that actual faults in cable lines are encountered
infrequently and personnel in actual practice have very little opportunity
for such training. In order to avoid2o this situation, some supervisors
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practice solving the cited problems from a neighboring communications 50X1
station. Naturally this practice to a certain degree affords the
possibility Of taking measurements on cable lines, but essentially it
is only a msAer of convenience since the trainees quickly realize that
the fault can be located only in the neighboring station. Also, it is
understandably difficult to release circuits and channels in actually
operating communications systems for training purposes.
In order to avoid this difficulty and to guarantee a systematic
and consistent training plan for the determination of the nature and
location of faults in cable lines, it is, in our Opinion, useful to
employ special training equipment and attachments.
The standardized problem is that of determining the nature and
distance to the location of a fault in a cable which has a capacity
of more than three quads. It should be solved with a regulation mea-
suring device, the most frequently used being the KP-50 cable device.
Of course, it is difficult to provide in a training device all the
various faults encountered in a cable line, but to a certain degree
even comparatively simple circuits afford trainees the possibility of
learning to use equipment for detecting several different types of
faults. Below are given several tested and recommended attachment
circuits for training which are equivalent to the more frequently
encountered cables TZB, SMKB, MB, etc, with ti 0.9 mm conductor. By
correspondingly varying the electrical values of resistance and
capacitance, it is possible to obtain an attachment which is equivalent
to other communications cables.
Whereas the determination of the location of a severed conductor is
relatively easy, such faults as a contact of conductors with a ground
or with one another, in the presence ti* absence of sound conductors, are
more complex. When they occur, it is more difficult to determine the
nature of the fault, to conduct the appropriate measurements, and compute
the distance to the fault location. For this reason, in the described
attachments, primary attention is given to these very faults. Although
the attachments disregard capacitance to ground and between pairs, these
values are not essential to training objectives.
In the first stage of instruction when the trainees have mastered
the methods of measuring the go-and-return resistance of a line,
insulation resistance, and capacitance with the use of appropriate
devices, it is possible to train specialists in determining the location
of a fault in a cable with a simple attachment in case a conductor makes
contact with a ground or another conductor. Knowing how to conduct
measurements and computations in these cases provides confidence for
working under more complicated circumstances. The circuit of such a
training attacnment and its switching are given in Figure 1.
Let us consider the precise order in which it is used.
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Operating Position
No 1 (KP-50)
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Operating Position
No 2
Training Attachment .
rfpeNupdavNeo npucmatral
I - - - Lite..
-4411' Connection
Cog Atonal
Coed. nuNun
Line Connection 1
I 2
Fig. 1.
.......? + ...Viz 1\
1
The trainee takes operating position No 1 which has a two-conductor
connection from the attachment handled by the instructor. In the drawing,
the broken line shows the connection of the line of operating position
No 2 which may or may not be used. If it is not used, then all the
required manipulations are made by the instructor. The trainee and
instructor can either be right next to one another or separated by a
service line which can also run to operating position No 2.
Theinstructor closes the connecting line at position 1 and at the
same time grounds conductor a through resistance R1. By varying the
resistance, the instructor establishe the corresponding insulation
resistance of a faulty conductor with respect to ground. By changing
the position of the sliding contact of thepotentiometer R2, he changes
the distance to the location of the fault. Example distances to the
location of the fault can be inscribed on the scale of R2' It is
recommended that the resistance values of R and H2 be kept initially
with in the range of 1-5 megohms and 1 kilo1rnwhic corresponds to a
cable pair 17.5 kilometers long.
The length of the line is told. to the trainee who tests the
insulation resistance of conductors a and b with respect to ground,
reports on the reduction of insulation on one or the other conductor up
to certain lemits, and asks the instructor to provide a short. Then,
using a well-known method for determining the location of a fault, he
balances the bridge and makes his computation according to the formula:
2R
lx a 3.? 990 111
where 1 - length of cable;
R - resistance of the box.
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The formula given above is valid only for the KP-50 instrument.
50X1
By repeated measurements and computations at various values of
resistances Of R1 and R2, the trainee learns to conduct these operations
in minimum time with. high accuracy.
With this same attachment, it is possible to train trainees to
determine faults whether conductors in good working order are connected
or not. Here, the instructor closes the connecting line at position 2
and by varying resistances Ri and R2 establishes the resistance value
of the reduced insulation ana the distance to the location of the
fault. When he is convinced that there is contact between conductors
a and b, the trainee selects the method of measurement: for example,
the method of no-load operation and short-circuiting or the method of
two-way measurement. These methods can be used successfully only if
the resistance value of R1 does not exceed 10 kilohms.
In the no-load and short-circuit method, the trainee measures the
go-and-return resistance for the insulation conditions at the far end,
that is, at the instructor's position and then under the shorted
condition. These measurements can be used to obtain two values Rx.x.
and Rk.z.. Here the distance to the fault is determined by the formula
.4.1C_ 'IL(R Riv,)
k .
where 1 - length of cable;
R - resistance of the conductor pair (lbop) of a sound cable over
its entire length.
The two-way method of reasurementis used when there is a possibility
of taking measurements at two different points. The trainee measures
the loop resistance (at no-load - "insulation") from both ends, that is,
both from position No 1 and the instructor, and from position No 2.
When the measurement is taken at No 11 the resistance of R1 is obtained.
and when the measurement is taken at No 2, the resistance of R2 is
obtained. The distance to the location of ,the fault is computed accord-
ing to the formula
lx? z 1 ?R +R1 - R2
. 2R
where lx = the length of cable;
R - loop resistance of a sound cable.
The attachment described above does not satisfy established
requirements for further training and preparation for rating examinations.
It is therefore necessary that more complex circuitry be used. Two such
circuits will suffice as an example here. The main difficulty in design-
ing such circuits is the great nunber fj. combinations. In the circuit
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shown in fig. 2, this problem is solved by the use of jacks.
Both circuits shown (Figs 2 and 3) are computed for an equivalent
cable line with 0.9-mm conductors and a length of 17.5 kilometers,
They may be operated as a trainee-to-instructor system where the latter
introduces the fault' and by using the service line carries out the
instructions of the trainee (provides a short or insulation, etc.) or
they may, be operated as a trainee-to-instructor-to-trainee system where
the instructor introduces the fault and checks the actions of the trainee
(measurements, giving of instructions, etc.) Let us consider the '
operation of these circuits in sane detail.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 2 is designed for six lines
(Jai - J16), which lead to a cable box or plug board at operating
positions No 1 and No 2 ( .11.1 - (416). Line 7 (7') is the service line.
As already mentioned above, the second operating position does not have
to be instrumented. In this case three sets of jacks on each line will
suffice.
50X1
The first line is designed for introducing a fault of the "servered
conductors" type, which is done by setting witch III. in the appropriate
position. This switch should be a double-contact type, so that the
capacitance can be changed at both ends of the line simultaneously which
makes it possible to maintain a constant over-all capacitance. The
second and fourth lines are identical and are used to bring the measure-
ments up to standard. The fifth and sixth lines, through a 2-megohm
variable resistor, provide a ground on one orthe conductors whereas when
the connecting line is at position 2-3 (shown on Fig 2 as a broken line),
a contact is made between lines ..116 and 46. Settings of switches 112
and 113 provide a change of the digtance to the: location of the fault
-
in thesteps 0 - 3.5 - 7 20.5 - 14 - and 17.5 kilometers.
Each jack set requires up to 10 two-wire cords with jacks terminated
normally and with crossover. They are needed to switch-over the faulty
lines and to transfer the faults from conductor a to conductor b. The
cords with cross over terminals should be marked differently from the
others. Short-circuiting jacks are also needed to provide a short with
the training attachment. This can be done 'o., conductors of different
pairs by means of cords.
Before the attachment is switched on and adjusted, all the circuits
must be tested and the numeration of the pairs and conductors at operating
positions and attachment must be checked to make sure that they match.
During the operation, the instructor established a fault by throwing over,
for example, switches 112 and II 1 to the second position. This will
correspond to a distance to the location of the fault of 3.5 kilometers.
The instructor uses the cords for various switching operations in
order to make sure that the faulty lines are not always on the fifth
and sixth pair. For example, I H5 with I H4 line and I 116 with I 112
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line. In this case, the second and fourth pairs will have faults whicl,
the trainee should determine first of all in accordance with norms. 50X1
By using the cords with crossover, it is also possible to change the
faulty condu(ctors. If two operating positions are used, the jacks on
the right side of t4e circuit must be hooked up in order to match up
the pairs with analogous switching.
By changing the value of the 2-megohm variable resistor, the
instructor can at the same time change the value of the intermediate
resistance at the location of the fault. If necessary, at jacks 1-2
and 3-4, the desired resistance rather than the connecting line can be
connected in order to bring the transient resistance up to normal. Jack
7 is used as a service line: a telephone is hooked up to it by means
of a cord and jack.
If five 100-ohm resistors are not inserted in lines 16 and 17, but
some others (for example: 50 - 100 - 100 - 150 - 200) are inserted
instead, it is possible to change the entire circuit as well as the
location of the fault. Furthermore, a 500-ohm potentiometer can be
inserted in place of the resistors and switches 112 and II I as shown
in Fig. 1. In this case, the design of the training attachment is
simplified and the possibility of changing the distance to the location
of the fault is increased considerably. However, if this is done, the
instructor is no longer able to determine accurately the distance to
the location of the fault.
Another variation of the attachment (Fig. 3) is based on the
conventional 14 x 6 switchboard. In the illustration, the distribution
of the jacks has been changed somewhat for the purpose of better.
visualization. The connections at an operating position are made here
just as in the circuit shown in Fig.2. Lines are selected by using
double connecting lines with parallel 'jacks. If either connecting line
is removed, a severed conductor is simuiated. In FU. 3 this is shown
for .J12 at the 7th kilometer, and for ,J13.,at the 14th kilometer.
Connecting a single-conductor plug to the attachment by means of a
cord and connecting to ground through a resistance or with each other
affords the possibility for inserting a corresponding fault on any
conductor of any pair. Figure 3 shows a connection of the 4th and 5th
lines at the 11th kilometer and a connection of the 6th line to ground
at the 7th, through a 2-megohm resistor.
Lines 17 and 117 are used as service lines. The instructor connects
his telephone inparallel with the attachment. If one operating position
is instrumented, all the commands are executed by the instructor with
the attachment and single-conductor cords. With these circuits it is
also necessary to see that the number of lines and conductors coincides
before the attachment is hooked up.
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?
5
6
A
n, _
:4-51 7 7 1 . ,? 3 6 500 1 .11 , /111 11
1
110,1 111.1_ 0.4
17
2. 2. .T.. 2. G. 2 2 I Llii 2..... c 7). .... .1.." .4......,,
0.502 azo3 )00
500
1-.4;
H.,r.
0,5
wr
r.
501
N;3
5.13,
!CO
, ?CD
n, T-1.0.r, 5 fi
rirs
/91 If 0 120 1V
503' n
5;0
503
v?r----13 5
473
170 1:7 100 19.1
sr..;
r...
s .
01
Figure 2.
ri;
4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 II. 12 13 14
Too 100 MO 100 330
177 /77.
0.1 -Lin -Lai P, 54:1 114
50X1
tia....st700 cLt..472.2?
100 100 300 730
100 300 ? 100 309 100
MO 100 100 WO 10 0
/001041
0 .
100 110 100 100 IVO
100 100 100 100
? 2 2 I
-TOM- Ida too
Pim. 3.
Figure 3.
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At the operating positions, the measurements are conducted just
as in the case of real communications lines: first, the nature of the50X1 .
fault is determined and the method of measurement is selected; then,
all measurements are conducted and the calculation is made. From the
very beginning, the trainee is obliged to make regular records in
established form. '
The testing of insulation resistance must be done with all
conductors grounded except the one being measured. If this is not done,
a fault such as the contacting of conductors with one another may be
overlooked. Appropriate adjustments must be made at the operating
positions in order to ground all the conductors.
In all cases of training practice the instructor can, indeed is
obligated to, insert additional inputs. For instance, he can hook
up as if there are no sound conductors at all in the cable. In this
case, the trainee should know how to choose the method of measurement
correctly: either the method of short-circuiting and no-load or the
measurement of the loop from both ends.
The insulation resistance of the tested conductors in the circuits
is 300-1,000 megohms which corresponds to the actual values of cable
insulation: This is attained at the expense of the insulation
resistance of the capacitors. In the training attachment circuit,
PILT or wire-wound (0.25 - 0.50 watt) resistors and KBG paper-wound
capacitors are used. The resistance and capacitance values given are
rough values. If a training attachment is desired that is designed for
other lengths and conductor diameters, their values must be changed
accordingly.
The lines can be connected to the,training attachment by means of
standard knife-plug and socket units or plug-and-jack assemblies.
The design configuration of the attachment may vary considerably. The
simplest would be a flat panel with a protective cover.
Experience has shown that the attachmetit can be used successfully
to prepare qualified long-range communications specialists. The time
required for determination of the nature of 'a fault and the distance to
it and for completing calculations is never more than 10-15 minutes
for a specialist trained on the attachment.
- .In conclusion, we note that the described attachments can be used
successfully for training personnel to measure insulation and loop
resistances, capacitance, and asymmetry. Of course, before any such
attachment is used in training, the instructor or training supervisor
should carefully study the attachment itself, its operation and care,
and its training possibilities.
(A captioned photograph by I. SEREGIN on page 47 shows Sr Sgt
B. POPOV, radiotelegraph operator first class, operating a field
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transmitter during a tactical assignment.)
EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
Raisin the Qualit of Milita E ui ment Maintenance -- by Engr-Col
V. V. YERMOLAYEV Pages 51
Abstract:
50X1
Discusses means of executing equipment maintenance in military units,
emphasizing that modern 'equipment is constantly becoming more complex
and that the bulk of maintenance operations has been transferred from
maintenance organs to the units where the equipment is used.
Podrazdeleniye commanders, Maj Tech Serv PRESMAN and Tech Sr-Lt REMIZOV
are identified in the article.
(A captioned photograph by I. RYBIN on page 51 shows Sgt A. LUVYANOV,
specialist second class, inspecting the armament of an aircraft.)
?
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Activate innovational and Inventive Work -- by Col. F. V. YUKIWN
(Pages 52-54)
Text:
50X1
The number of 'innovators and inventors in the PVC Strany Troops has
grown from year to year. It is sufficient to say that in 1962 there were
20 percent more than in 1961. The quantity and quality of innovational
suggestions have improved. Last year more than 38,000 suggestions were
offered. Eighty percent of them were put into practice. This made it
possible to improve methods for preparation of rateriel for combat opera-
tion, raise the quality of the materiel maintenance and repair, and
increase the effectiveness of combat employment. In other words, putting
inventions and innovational suggestions into practice contributed to an
improvement of the combat readiness of chasti and podrazdeleniya.
The fruitfulness of innovational work can be illustrated by an
example from one of the aviation chasti. Servicemen her made portable
stands which make it possible to service aircraft successfully in the man-
euvering area of any airfield and during rapid redeployment. A device was
developed by innovators for checking an airborne apparatus which shortened
all operations to one fifth the time formerly needed. This device also
makes it possible for pilots to train in the aircraft cockpit during the
preliminary preparation.
Innovators devote a great deal of attention to improvement of the
ways and methods for atitomation of troop control processes:. Much has been
done in this direction by innovators of one soyedineniye. An apparatus
designed by them rade it possible to decrease drastically the number of
personnel needed in command posts, to decrease the time for transmittal of
information, and also to-increase thair'authenticity. A suggestion for
automatic remote control of a radar apparatus and power supply units which
undoubtedly increases the combat readiness of radar podrazdeleniye is ?
widely used.
In air defense rocket chasti, innovators are diligently searching for
a way to improve methods of readying materiel, to improve the equipment
-itself and the means of transporting and Storing it.
Innovators of chasti and podrazdeloniyahave made a series of trainers
and simulators which make it possible to train personnel in-conditions
approximating combat conditions. One of the simulators facilitates the
training of radar crews for working in conditions of interference. A
trainer for complex training of flight controllers, GOA controllers,
pilots, and operators permits training sessions to be conducted without
expenditure of fuel and wear and tear of expensive materiel.
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Many other proposals have been put into practice. They all?teetl'?
to the growing technical knowledge of servicement and their skill in 50X1 ?
employing the latest achievements of science and technology.
Success in innovational work is explained first of all by the import-
ant work conducted by commanders, political organs, party and Komsomol
organizations, and also commissions for inventions. They have done a great
deal to draw personnel into creative activities to render aid to the inno-
vator serviceman, and to publicize active innovators.
Nevertheless, we cannot rest on our achievements. Essential short-
comings still remain in organizing and formulating innovational and inven-
tive work. Instances of formal attitudes toward the innovator servicemen
have not yet been overcome. It.takes too long for many valuable proposals'
to be examined and take root, thus lowering their effectiveness. Several
proposals remain the property of only that chast' in which their authors
work even though they are of intezest to others, This in particular hap-
pened with an instrument for the automatic composing of training radiograms
of letters and numbers text, the PNR-2. This small attachment to 2BDA-43
telegraph apparatus makes it possible compose in six hours the number of
training radiograms which formerly took six men a whole day to compose.
However, no one knew about this instrument for a long time. Other pro-
posals, such as a sensitivity chart for radio receivers, an instrument
for checking telegraph channels, and. others also remained relatively
unknown.
The initiative of the Baku PVO District in the creation of a general
design bureau and workshops did not receive widespread dissemination.
Their work experience was not publicized and consequently did not become
available to all chasti and higher educational institutions.
It is known that publication of outstanding experience is not an
automatic affair. It is the duty of each leader. Thus,lcommanders,
leaders, and members of commissions for inventions must constantly take
an interest in the state of inventive work, "bringvaluable proposals to
light, and take measures to put them into practice. Unfortunately, there
are facts which testify that some commander's and chiefs poorly lead inno-
vational work, do not delve deeply into the activitiesof commissions for
inventions, and do not display a proper concei.n for attracting more and
more servicemen into the ranks of innovators. Negligence in the work of
the commidaion for inventions headed by Officer SRLEPANOV can be explained
precisely by this. Here innovational work is not planned and thematic
assignments are not developed for the innovators. It is no accident that
during the past year not one proposal was suggested by the servicemen.
It also appears abnormal that in some chasti and higher educational
institutions innovational and inventive work is conducted somewhat one-
sidedly. In higher educational institutions, for example, this work is
almost exclusively devoted to the creation of educational materials while
in aviation chast, it is basically directed toward the creation of different
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.checking stands. In related chasti parallelism can st.i. e oe Lrvea
inventive work, which leads to a superfluous expenditure of time, energy.
and facilities. This is explained by a weak arrangement for publication50X1
technicaltinformation.
However, it should be noted that even a well adjusted output of leaf-
lets, compilations, and. bulletins of technical information will not yield
proper results if materials set forth in them are not studied by the com-
missions for inventions or if innovators do not become familiar with them.
Each published proposal must be studied and a concrete decision reached
on it.
Concerning shortcomings in the work of the commissions for inventions,
it must be noted that they do not properly publicize inventions and do not
worry about the official registration of claims for them. The fact that
in 1962 only 34 certificates of authorship were received among all our troops
testifies to this, for example. Cases are encountered where the principal
of material incentive was ignored. It is known that the author or an inno-
vational suggestion or invention put into practice must be given an inceW,
tive award. But in the Artillery Radiotechnical Academy imeni Mar SU. L.
A. GOVOROV, in the Kiev Higher RadiotechniCal Engineering School, and in
some chasti, some authors of proposals did not receive awards. Here and
there, smaller awards are given than the Minimum established by .instruc-
tions. Thus, the size of the award alloted by the, commission headed by
Officer TYCHKOV is almost 50 percent lower than the established mimimum.
? These and other facts testify that there are not a few shortcomings
in the organization and leadership of inventive work. The review competi;,
tion which began on the first of April for the best organization for inven-
tive and innovation-1 work in chasti, military educational institutions,
and scientific research establishments of PITO Stray Troops should help
eliminate these shortcomings and rurthekdevelop the creativity of personnel.
The contest is pursuing the propose of attracting great numbers of
personnel into active innovational and inventive work; improving the exam-
ination, introduction, and dissemination Of proposals contributing to an
increase of the combat readiness and combat skill of personnel; and bring-
ing to light the best groups of inventors and innovators, leaders, and
organizers of innovational work.
? A peculiarity of the present contest is that it is being conducted
among the fighting arms and services PVC Stray Troops.
The results of the contest will be announced by 31 December. For the
incentive of chasti and higher educational institutions occupying the best
places and receiving a favorable evaluation on combat training and combat
readiness, 15 prizes have been established, ranging from 100 to 300 rubles
each. This money will be used by the commanders of cited chasti, higher
educational institutions, and scientific establishments to reward the most
outstanding inventors, innovators) and organizers of inventive work.
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In judging the contest, the qualitiative and quantitative showings
of creative work, the organizaticn and direction of inventive and inno- 50X1
vational work, the popularization of innovators and publicity for their
achievements ; etc., will be considered.
There is not much time left until the end of the contest. This time
should be used to eliminate present shortcomings by activating innovational
and inventive work.
(A captioned photograph by I. SAVIN on page 53 shows:, Sgt M. BESIEHOV
operating an electrical device. Many of NESTEROV's suggestions for improv-
ing aircraft electrical systems have been adopted and put into practice.)
(A captioned photograph by-F. GORDIYENKO on page 54 shows, Sgt. V. TRUNOV
who invented a device for the disassembly of aircraft wheels.)
Recording Equipment Operation -- by Engx-Capt Yu. 11. FOKIN (Pages 55 - 57) .
Abstract:
Explains a method for recording the results of preventive maintenance
inspections on electronic equipment entailing filling out a log of equipment
inspection results and a record of equipment failures including all perti-
nent data such as time, cause location, etc.
( A captioned photograph by I. PETROV on page 57 shows Capt Tech Serv
I. SOLDATOV checking work done by Specialists 1st Class Sgt MIRONOV and Jr
Sgt TAMEN. The caption to the photograph states that these personnel work
on aviation equipment.)
Indirect Indications of Aviation Equipment Manunctions -- by Engr-Maj V. N.
FILIM0NOVT7aFi--58762)
The practice of using and servicing aircraft testifies that causes of
equipment failures accumulate gradually and are manifested, first by what
seem minor deviations from established Standards. Eventually, these devia-
tions build up and lead to a break down of a.\system, unit, or instrument.
For example, a deterioration or cessation of communications when an air-
craft is far from an airfield is preceded by a loss of emissions of the
radio output tube, failure of the flowmeter system in preceded by inaccu-
rate measuring of fuel consumption, and so forth. All these are indirect
symptoms by which it is possible to predict the possibility of a system
failure in flight and consequently to forestall it.
We will take several examples of malfunctions in basic aircraft and
engine systems and examine possibilities for forestalling failures of the
systems in flight by analyzing their indirect symptoms.
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Once when a pilot raeased his landing flaps, hi b uircralu oan.Lea
sharply to the right. The aircraft straightened up in two seconds and
did not again show a tendency to repeat the involuntary bank. Upon study-
ing this incident on the ground, it was established that the reason for
the =intentions/ aircraft bank was a difference in the operational speed
of the flaps following their release. The left flap moved quickly. The
right one moved sloWly at first, then moved quickly two or three seconds
after release. To eliminate this defect, the reversing valve, in which it
was supposed the plunger was binding in one of the extreme positions, was
replaced. Then, the operation of the flap system was checked on theground
with the engines running. Both flaps moved with identical speed. However,
the failure was repeated in flight. A careful check showed that the reason
for the unequal release of flaps was an air lock formed in the hydraulic
system because of a leak, in the slide valve of the emergency flap system.
After removing the air from the hydraulic system, the failure did not occur
again.
50X1
The formation of air locks in the lines of hydraulic systems can haPpen,
as is known, for widely varied reasons: because of leaks in slide valves
of pneumatic emergency systems, from checking the systems on the ground when
the hoses are not filled with hydraulic fluid, because of overheating of the
hydraulic fluid and evaporation of light factions from it in the lines which
pass near hot parts, as a result of a small amount of pressure in the hydrau-
lic tanks, etc.
As a rule, air locks in the hydraulic system lead to temporary and. some-
times to complete failure in flight of either individual assemblies or entire
systems as a whole. Therefore) aviation specialists must know how to detect
air locks in proper time and eliminate them.
Air locks in the hydraulic system can be detected by one or more in-
direct symptoms. One of the sympton*id pressure fluctuation in the system
with the engines running due to periodic failure of the plunger-type pres-
sure pump. 1Fluctuation is detected by,ohaotic movement of the cabin pres-
sure gauge indicator. These waverings of the indicator may be between plus
or minus two or more graduations on the scale. If the system does not have
a plunger pump but a spur-gear punp, then instead of pressure fluctuation),
it will drop 20-40 percent in comparison with the maximum) then rise to the
maximum after each three to five minute period) then it will again drop ?
sharply to the previous amount.
It is also possible to detect air locks by an increase of the fluid
level in hydraulic tanks after checking engine operations. This increase
is caused by heating of the fluid and also air in the line. , After cool-
,ing off, the fluid in the tank decreases again.
.It is possible to determine the presence of air locks by an increase
of pressure in the hydraulic tank after checking the engine and the hydrau-
? lic system on the ground. Pressure in the hydraulic system in this case
will be the same as during a landing following a flight. It happens as-
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follows. Upon checking operation of flaps for air breaks on the ground,50X1
they do not emerge simultaneously. This indicates a fall of air under the
plunger of the reversing valve, causing a displacement of the plunger to
one of the extreme positions. "
Finally, a sign of the presence of an air lock is a pressure drop in
the emergency pneumatic landing-gear and flap systems which are connected
with the aircraft hydraulic system through the emergency valve.
The failure of a stabilizer or aileron control system because of mai.,
function in the slide valve pair of the hydraulic booster can cause serious
consequences. It was noted that this failure occurs most often in the air
and it is not detected when pre-flighting the aircraft. It happens in our
opinion) because in the first place all pilots and aviation specialists do
not yet possess firm skill in detecting minor deviations in the operation
of hydraulic boosters while checking them on the ground or, if they have
this ability, they do not attach much importance to it. In the second place,
demands of the manual on operation and regulation of aircraft equipment serv-
icing as regards pre-flight checks for hydraulic booster service ability are
essentially concentrated on qualitative assessment of a complete failure)
but instructions are not given on how to make quantitative analysis of a
particular disorder.
To what consequences this sometimes leads can be illustrated in the
following example. During an aerial intercept flight, the elevator booster
became jammed on the aircraft piloted by Capt GAR'KAVYY. After disconnect-
ing the booster, the pilot landed at his airfield. In conversation with him,
it was explained that while checking the booster prior to take off, he
detected a slight increase in force when pulling the control toward himself
but he supposed that the flight charging mechanism had switched on automat-
ically. However, a check did not confirm this since, with the three posi-'.
tioned switch in the "heavy" position, -the force required to pull the conf,
trol forward increased. Having come to a completely incorrect conclusion
on the malfunction in the elevator control system, Capt GAWKAVYY decided
to complete his flight mission.
It should be kept in mind that quantitative symptoms of a malfunction
of any aircraft or engine system can be calculated.. Thus, a malfunction of
a hydraulic booster slide valve pair can be determined by an unusual amount
of aileron control deviation in the extreme position) by unusual speed of
control stick return from the extreme positions, and finally by an auto-
matic pressure drop in the hydraulic system when the aircraft control stick
is at the same time unmovable. Each of these deviations from the normal
testifies that malfunctions appear in the hydraulic system which can lead
to a complete failure of a system.
Air as the operating force for power drives is being used to a lesser
degree but pneumatic systems, nevertheless, often serve as sources of
failures. The braking system fail; most often because of moisture freez-
ing in reducer BV-50 when the. aircraft is employed in low temperatures.
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Placing reducer RV-50 under the surface fairing instead of placing it in 4
the cockpit as. previously, done, lowered the frequency Of this failure 1150X1
dry climates. Even in regions with wet climates or with frequent.alterna-
tions of frclt and thaws, this recurrence was lowered significantly.
At first glances it might seem that it is impossible to forestall a
. failure of the braking system due to freezing to moisture In the air reducer.
However, use of indirect systems does help.. The problem is that when mois-
ture freezes in the reducer, air flows slowly through it. Because of air ?
accumulated in section RV-50--va3.ve PU-7 while the aircraft is parked,
deviation in the operation of the breaking system is not successfully
detected when the brake control lever is pressed once or twice. Reading
the two-handed brake pressure gauge will in this case satisfy the techni-
cal conditions.. But with each subsequent braking, maximum pressure in the
breaks will decrease by .2 to 3 kg/cm2 until it equals 0. After one or two
minutes the given section will again be filled with compressed air. If .
the brake is activated again after this, the picture of a progressive drop
from maximum pressure will be repeated.
The possibility of a failure in the systen for filling the pressurizing
hose of the movable part of the cockpit canopy in the event of moisture
freezing in reducer PV-3 can also. be detected in this manner.
In operational practice, cases of malfunctions through the fault of
aviation specialists are encountered even now, especially those due to
incorrect repair of parts and asemblies and inobservance of manuals when
executing maintenance work, etc. Thus, on one aircraft the front landing-
gear indicator light did not come on after take off. The pilot raised and .
lowered the landing gear twice. Since the light did not come on, he assumed,
that the signal light system had failed and he continued the flight. But,
as it turned out, the signal lights had nothingto do with it. The light
did not come on because the front strut did not lock in the retracted posi-
tion and, after placing the control valve in a neutral position, the front
strut fell from the housing due to the effect of gravity and the air current. ?
After landing the aircraft, it was established that the aircraft tech-
nician had stretched the locked spring excessively while repairing it. This,
resulted in a downward displacement of the 'lack opening lever and the lock= -
ing catch. In flight, when powerful suction forces affected the strut in
its flap, the lock opened.
Both the technician and the pilot were at fault.. Neither of them anti-
Cipated the failure 'in time although it would have been possible. If, ,f or,
example, the strut lock .doors were opened, then when the landing gear was
retracted on the ground, it would have been possible' to detect the insecurity
of the lock closing as soon as the front strut was raised into the 'housing.
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After releasing the landing gear,' an increase of more than 120 de e5-0-X1
in the angle between the locked cylinder pin and the lever bearing servic.?
is evidence of an excessively stretched locked spring.
It is also possible to determine failure according to hourly fuel
consumption in Melt. If it is great and a correctly functioning front
landing gear warning light does? not burn, then this signifies that the
strut is not retracted.
Indirect symptoms of a partial failure of a system make it .possible to
forestall an increase of compressor pumpage in flight, the consequence of
which is stalling of one or both engines.
It is known that the cause of pumpage of an engine with a high pres-
sure axial-flow compressor is often broken or damaged vanes. An inspection
to 'detect damage with the engine mounted in the aircraft will not be success+
ful because of the lack of access. Therefore,. Indirect symptoms serve as
the solitary source of information on the condition of the engine air cir-
cuit, i.e., for instance such symptoms as a deposit of metal fused (the
Schoppe process) onto the turbine vane and on the inner walls of the reac+
tion and extension pipes and an increase of gas temperature.for the turbine_
at all established engine operating regimes within the range of automatic
regulation of revolutions. This increase of gas temperature is brOught
about by the fact that when the compressor vanes are aamsged, the losses
in it are increased.. With steady turbine power this would have lead to a.
decrease of engine revolution, but the regulator pump restores the amount
of. revolutionsdue to an increase of fuel supply into the combustion chamber.
The more the vanes are damaged, the more the gas temperature rises.
It is also Possible to recognize the condition of the air circuit ,
by an increase of engine pick. up time iii a range from normal revolutions
(NAR) .to maximum. Since gas pressure 'in front of the turbine increases
with an increase. of gas temperature, air, consumption through the com-
pressor decreases, leading to a decrease bf\power.generated by the turbine.
Signs of abnormal operation of the engine air circuit are a change of
engine operating. noise (in a compressor mitha broken vane) a howling
sound is audible), a characteristic ruMblingc,in the compressor, and some-
times a knocking which can be caused by inobservance of some of the rules
of preflight engine check out..
.. To shorten the usual time spent on preflight preparation of air-
craft and engines, checking of the aircraft systems should be conducted .
simultaneously with an engine marnup at 500 to 700 RPM, exceeding the
revolutions for the air by-pass bleed to open from the compressor. After
engine varmup, the throttle control is shifted to the idling position.
The smitftness of this shifting is not stipulated in the instructions on
engine use or, the regulation on equipment servicing. Thereforel-a techni-
cian or pilot usually executes the shift in one and a half seconds. In
this case, revo ions are increased a a slower rate than the throttle
S--C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
?
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246A072300440001-0
S-E-C-RE4
No Foreign bissei
control moves since air consumption through the engine is decreased at cr,
a slower rate than fuel consumption through the nozzle. Some specialiw
i"
shift the throttle control to 200 or 300 rmps fewer than the revo4Aions
for the air 16y-pass bleed to open from the compressor for approximately
10--15 seconds. In this event, engine operating characteristics to the
maximum possible degree approach the limits of reliable compressor opera-
tion. If the vanes of the compressor are damaged, the limits of reliable
operation are changed so that there is a greater consumption of air and
nearly equals or even overlaps engine operating characteristics. Pumpage
arises in the compressor accompanied by the rumbling or even knocking.
A no less serious failure is engine stalling in the air, which leads
to scorching of turbine vanes or to switching off of the turbine or some-
times to both. Violations in adjusting the engine fuel apparatus are a
basic cause of this failure. A precise instrument check of these adjust-.
ments requires a great expenditure of time; therefore, it is not done as
a rule, between overhaul periods. However, experience shows that the
possibility of engine stalling can be foretold with a sufficient degree of
accuracy by using a ,single fuel pressure gauge attached beneath the lines
of the auxiliary nozzle duct. This is done in the following manner. After
warmup, the engine is idled. Then as soon as temperature and idling are
? established, fuel pressure is measured on a guage. These revolutions and
the pressure must have an identical deviational percentage from one of the
extreme permissible readings, for example, froM the lower one. If this
condition is not satisfied when the throttle is sharply shifted in the
? air, stalling is possible. If idling is regulated according to the lower
limit and fule pressure according to the upperaimit, then when flying at.
a high altitude, a hot stall will occur as a result of a small gravitational
consumption of air through the engine accompanied by a rapid rise of gas
temperatures behind the turbine. If idling is regulated according to the
upper limit and fuel pressure accordiheto the lower limit, a cold stall
will occur. The consequences of such%a stall are very dangerous when
exiting on the second circle, or upon correction of a gliding prior:..to
landing since it is not possible to quickly increase engine revolutions.
The possibility of engine stalling can also be determined by.other
signs, for example, by the increase of pickup time in the range from idl-
ing to normal revolutions and alsoby the nature of gas temperature tempera-
ture rise exceeds the rise of revolutions then hot stalling is possible and
vice versa. Rumbling in the range from idling to normal revolutions indi-
cates the possibility of hot stalling.
' The ability to forestall equipment failure by indirect symptoms must
be taught to all pilots and aviation specialists. A definite sequence of
training can be developed for thisprpose. First, it is necessary to learn
to determine correctly 'which failure of an aircraft or engine system could
have dangerous consequences. Whether these malfunctions occurred in the
operational processor not, they are regarded as weak spots in the system.
For example, weak-spots, for the stabilizer control system will be sticking
45
No Foreign Diesem'.!
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246A072300440001-0
No Foreign Dissern
of the regulating or duplicating slide valve of the booster, sticking 5(5)0
rocker DR-51 breakage or disconnection of rod. ARU-2, etc. Specialists
must have a clear idea of the effect exerted on the operation of the
entire systeM by each of these malfunctions and to what consequences they
can lead. After this, the study of symptoms making it possible to deter-
mine partial failure or those generating complete failure can be approached.
To master methods for detecting failures and malfunctions successfully,
it is necessary at all classes on equipment preparation to dissiminate a
list of failures and malfunctions compiled on the basis of work experience.
Notebooks in which the names and symptoms of complete or partial failure
of a system are indicated are a great help to students. These lists should
be hung in the working quarters of the podrazdeleniye.
It is necessary to determine indirect symptons df failures simultan-
eously with the conduction of preliminary and preflight preparation, that
is, without additional expenditure of work time. This method has proven
itself valuable when applied to systems of which not only final, but also
intermediate parameters can be checked, when they are checked only once
(pressure, temperature, revolutions), or during the entire period of opera-
tion (wear and tear, clearances increases, etc.). In these cases, a devia-
tion of parameter sizes for the established technical conditions or an
inclination toward permissible limits is a symptom of a forthcoming failure.
An excellent knowledge of indirect symptoms of aviation equipment mal-
functions will provide high quality preparation of aircraft for flight and
execution of flights without accidents or preconditions for accidents.
t,
(A captioned photograph by F. XDBSTANTINOV on page 6o shows Tech Sr Lt
N. T. ARCHAKOV, Technician 1st Class, checking an aircraft control assembly.)
GCA Operator Training Device -- by Pvt A. P. DOMINICH (Page 63)
Text:
Training GCA operators, as is ,known, is associated with no few
difficulties and requires much time. In order to accelerate their train-
ing by means of training sessions, particularly on non-flying days, inno-
vators have developed a special training device. It fully simulates the
movement of an aircraft on the glide path and graphically delineates it
?according to the operatot's commands.
The training device is constructed in the following manner (see draw-
ing): All parts and an electric motor are assembled inside a box.
?. 45a
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
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'
No Foreigti bissem
441A*44*....44.14 06 41 444. ...4444.44 4... 0104 44.. ? .4.4-
..14.104%.
111.16,1
15
tO 20
?7-A1d
MOO
9000
8000
7000
0'1_1= mo
woo
lg:
70 8o sr..)
...offfrode
50X1
Its dimensions are determined by the dimensions of screws 1 and 6 which
in turn depend on the selectedaM:path scale and the materials available
for construction. On the outside of the box, control handle 18 with
graduated scale 16, screw 5 with nut 7, and pencil 17 are located. A
- sheet of drawing paper with a outline of the standard glide path, range,
and altitude markings is placed beneath the pencil.
The training device mode of operation follows:. Screw 1 is turned by
the electric motor through a reducer at a constant speed. Nut 2 can move
only forward along this screw since it is prevented from rotating by yoke
3. The forward motion of the nut is transmitted to yoke 3) and bevel gears
4 and 5 and screw 6 which are fastened to yoke 3. Pencil 17, which is fast-
ened to nut 7) delineates a horizontal line. The pencil is moved vertically,
due to rotation of screw 1 through sheave 8 and belt 9 on cone 10. By
changing the position of intermediate,troller 11 along scale i6, it is poss-
ible to set any speed of descent from'S) to 4o meters a second. Controlled
cone 12 through belt 13 and sheave 14 turns four-sided shaft 15 at the set
speed. Bevel gear 4, which can move freely,along shaft 15 lengthwise,
transmits lk:otation to bevel gear 5 and screw 6 which is attached to bevel
gear 5. Nut 7 and pencil 17 are secured from rotating and move forward
only.
Two operators train on the device simultaneously. One is located
directly at the device and simulates the actions of the pilot and also
gives the aircraft's running coordinates i.e.) altitude and range, to the
other operator. The other operator located at same distance from the
training device assigns the proper descent attitude to the first operator,
whom he is supporting) according to the coordinates received.
The Platinotron -- by Engr-Col M. L. KHAVIN, Candidate of Technical Sciences
(Pages 64-69)
? Abstract:
46
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
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S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign bistteni
?
Based on the foreign press, discusses construction, operation, and
use of plationtron microwave tubes. The article includes the followin50X1
table of US produced platinotron tube characteristics:
Type
.
Designation
Frequency
Rangei,
mc/sec
Power
114
Gain,
db. .
Anode....
Voltage,
' kv
Anode
Current,
_? amp
Pulse
Durati
see
1QX -434
,
Amplitron
Stabilotron
1250-1350
to 3
5-20
to 70
to 70
to 5'
IQK -520
i
Amplitron
1220-1350
1.3
-- -
45
40
5 ?
IQK -622
Amplitron
2900-3100
' 3
10
55
60
24'
I
1QK -629
Stabilotron.
1270-1350
--
--
--
--
-- .
1
V4K -630
Stabilotron
1270-1350
0.5
--.
35
--
__
!QK -642
Amplitron
--
lo
8
80
180
5
QK -653
Amplitron
1280-1350
5
lo
96
--
__
QK -654
Amplitron
12504350
0.8
9 .
40
U.
__
-680
mplitron .
AK
3 cm
to 8 kw
8-16
--
constant
QQK
-783
Amplitron:
2700-2900
? 3'
12
55 ? .
65 '
lo
Ar
Automatically Adjusting Autopilots by Engr-Maj V. A. VASILENED, Candidate
of Technical Sciences (Pages 70-7)
Abstract:
Based on the foreign press, diecusses,t#e operation and cDnstruction -
of advancedautOmatic guidance systems such as:that of the Lockheed F-940.
.47
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foieign Dissem
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S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Liss=
. CYBERNETICS AND AUTOMATION
?
Connecting the Ural-1 Electronic Computer to Telegraph Communications50X1
Channels -- by Engr-Col A. N. NIEBAYLOV and Env-Capt V. A. TARASOV (Pages .
Text:
A vide application of electronic computing machines (ECM) characterizes
our modern age. In addition to special electronic computers used directly
with various equipment, universal computers which may be located at a con-
siderable distance from the equipment are also of great interest. In the
latter case, the input of information to the computer and the transmission'
of the output results must be carried out over a considerable distance,
i.e., over lines of communication.
Letts examine a device (fig. 1) whiCh ensures a remote input of infor-
mation and output of Ural-1 computer results over telegraph communication
channels with the aid of regular telegraph equipment.
Input. ST-35 telegraph equipment sends into the line a binary code
consisting of seven bits, five of which carry useful information (fig. 2).
To convey a number it is sufficient to utilize only the first four bits
which ensure 24 16 various combinations sufficient for the telegraph
code to represent all digits from 0 to 9. Investigations have shown that.
for the same number of bits it is possible to transmit with the aid of
numbers more information than by the letters grouped into words. A sequence
telegraph code from the line is unfolded-with the aid of STmktelegrapk-
equipment which has a special attachment, into a 36-place number which is
stored ona.relay register (RR). The electronic computer reads the informa-
tion from the register only after it ba_s been completely filled. The access
time to the relay register and the tansfer time of the number into the NMB
cell represents a single operating cycle of the computer, i.e., 10 microsec.
A special command, "Interrogation of, RR," with coding "33a" is used in
referring to the relay register. At this%command the contents of the relay
register are transferred to the cell "a" of the MD. The command "33e can
be formed only in presence of the "signal.of relay-register readiness" ?
(SRRR). After completion of this, signal 1441 is formed.
To convert the sequence telegraph code into a parallel one, which
forms a 36-place number) ST-A or ST-35 telegraph equipment and the relay
register are used (fig..3).
On the vertical lever of the ST-A perforator are mounted insulating
cams, andon a special bracket oppositethemare mounted four groups of
normally 'Opened contacts (fig. 4). After the selector bars have occupied
positionein aCcordande with the code arriving from the line, the horizontal
perforator levers begin to move and close the contacts on the bracket in
48
No Foreign Dissem
?
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S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign pissem
f
accordance with the incoming code. The parallel code from these contacts
is admitted to the brushes of the RR step-by-step switch. The +100-50X1
voltage is fed through the contacts of the telegraph equipment and the
contacts of the step-by-step switch to the windings RSM-1 of the relay
register (fit. 4). Now, the contacts close and the relay automatically
blocks the following circuit: 4100 vl contacts RSM-1, contacts of relay
1121 K-bell and ground. As p. result, the sequence telgraph code is con-
verted into a parallel code and is stored on four relays (tetrad) of the
relay register.
Subsequent connection of the tetrads of the following numbers ensures'
the operation of step-by-step switch Shi-ll. A contact group, mounted over
the perforator punch, is used to supply a.signal to actuate the rotor of
the switch. The 4-100-v voltage is fed through this group K1 (fig. 4) in
the first place to the four normally open contacts mounted on ST-A. The
incoming information is registered on the tetrad, the punch drops and the
normally open contact in group Ki closes the power supply circuit of R.
Through relay R1 contacts and contacts of 113, power is supplied to the
winding of the step-by-step switch (SS), its rotor turns one step and moves
its arms to the contacts (field) of a next tetrad. Having maed up, the
pundh will set the contact group into normal position and the i'110-v volt-
age will be conneeted to the contacts of ST-A, Thus the circuit will be:
ready to Aceive a next digit. '
1:
,Computer Center
Start
Batqucaumeimmetii itemnp`i
Cocmatl umoopmaltua
"in a
_ .3mONO_ ? _n" epe_amtuuti
Ilpu.veam ©?. CT-3 a)
'Ma wow max
WIC/10 K011144
Illpuemotti
? CT -,75
Fig. 1
49
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
06beKM
r
111MIND
i? ?
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ii
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/12: CIA-RDP80T00246A072300440001-0
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreigi ties=
1.
2.
Receiving ST-11
Computer Ural-1
10.
Campcpsition of Information
50X1
3.
Transmitting ST-35
Contro1/signals
- " , 9 digits,
Start Informa-
"0"
End
4.
"Interrogation"
Sign tion
1
Sign
;Control Unit .
, number
5.
Relay Register
11.?
Code busbars
6.
"Interrogation of RR"
12.
"Call"
7.
Object
13.
To Step-by-step switch
8.
Receiving ST-35
14.
SERB-signal of readiness of RR
9.
Transmitting ST-35
Start
signal
roproks
mammy 1 2
r .7*
4
Cronida,
noc6uuto
....=????????mimm.M.Milamill.Nyin?10?11MOMWMMEMIN=IIMINIIMIO .%?
17oc?insu. Hecrque empopaiaoupo
" Signals CarryinglInformation
Fig. 2
Start .
signal
WNW
Fig. 3
? The operating cycle of the step-by-step switch and the cycle of
transmission of full information from nine digits (36 binary bits) is
carried out in the following manner: the information consists of the sign
"-" which indicates the beginning of the information number, of 9 digits
which comprise the information number proper, and of the signal "Ott-which
indicates the end of the information number. For example:- -5349817260, -
-3756312050, -7519633210, -1,11111110. The beginning of information sign
50
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
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No Foreign Lissom
is transmitted by the "-" key. It has a code (fig. 5). Here 1 and 2 are
currentless transmissions and 31 4, and 5 are current transmissions. Or5oxi
with such a combination will the contacts of relays R051 R06, 1107, and
1108 contact the 4-110.=v source and ready the supply circuit of the step-by-
step switchj the rotor of which will move a single step apd connect the
first tetrad of the number consisting of relays R321, R33, R14, and. R35.
After the sign "-",. the 9 information digits are transmittea.
? The last transmission after the information number is the sign "0"
which is transmitted by four current signals with the aid of relays R04,
R031 02 and R01. Thus,
the +110-v voltage is fed to the relay R3 wind-
ing11, through the normally opened contact Ka. and the in-sequence closed
.contacts of relays R041 R031 R02, and Rol. The relay R now blocks out
and disconnects the winding of the step-by-step switch rrom the power
supply on the side of the relay 111 contacts (fig. 4). The relay-register
readiness signal it fed through the contacts of relay R3 to the control
unit (potential +140,v) and the step-by-step zwitch stops in the eleventh'
position. The relay register remains in such a position until the arrival
of command "33a" at the relay R. which then operates and supplies 1-110'v
voltage to relay R2. Simultaneously this voltage is applied on the wind-
ing of the step-by-step switch.
qt
51
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
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Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved forRelease2013/11/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246A072300440001-0
ir
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