ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF HERALD OF ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE, ISSUE NO . 8, 1963

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 63
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 7, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 28, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPO. T
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of titer splonage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Sees. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is brohibited by law.
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COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
English Translation of Herald of
Antiaircraft Defense, Issue No. 8,
1963
REPORT
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DATE DISTR. GI I February 1964
NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
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Trua upievALuAl u IrlrvuvvAluuN. zUUKt.t taltAUINGS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVF
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1. An English translation of Issue No. 8, August 1963, of the Soviet5OX1 -HUM
publication Vestnik Protivovozdushnoy Oborony TEerald of Antiaircraft
Defense]; published by the Military Puh1iRhinr, TThu nf t.11P
Defense Moscow
2. In some cases, the articles were translated in their entirety; in
other cases they were summarized.
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(Note: Field distribution indicated by "#".)
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INFORMATION REPORT INFORMATION REPORT
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Herald of Antiaircraft Defense
No 8, August 1963
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Vestnik Protivovozdushnoy Oborony, No 8, August 1963
Ye. Ya. SAVITSKIY
P. K. DEMIDOV
DODO
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Mighty Soviet Aviation
Military Educational Institutions on the
Eve of the New Academic Year
Party-Political Work and Military Education
B. N. GOROICHOVSKIY
and. K. V. TIKIIONOV
IP, M. S. ;!CESICHE:INFOO
M. S. LEONOV
?????
4?114
4WD.
The Strength of the Komsomol Depends on
Party Supervision
When Flights Are Held At Night
The Commander's Example Leads
CoMbatTrainine.
Carefully Train Operators With High Qualifications'
V. V. STULOVSKIY
A. I. MOTYLIKOV
B. Ya. PERELYGIN and
P. F. ZVERYAYEV
V. I. IGNAT'YEV
L. I. GAVR1LENKO .
Yu. P. GALKIN and
0. A. TOROPOV
I. P. LYSYY
.4D
MOON
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8
11
32
16
17
Mastery and Confidence 17
Stilulate Officer-Candidate Training in
Eve:7y Way Possible 18
Orinitation of Podrazdeleniye Installations 18
-- The Influence of the Earth on 'the Formation
of a Radar Radiation Pattern 23
Equiment and Its Use
-- Maintaining Communications Facilities in 30
Constant Combat Readiness
-- The Support Team for Maintenance in the
Podrazdeleniye 32
-- Men of High Duty 33
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Page
I. M. TSEBRO -- Methods for Executing Radar Maintenance 33
Teaching Machines and Their Use
Rocket Defense
Yet. I. PETROV -- The Interception of Ballistic Rockets 49
From the History of PV0 Troops
N. A. KOBYASHOV -- Victory Belongs to the Brave and Skillful 59
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In Chasti and POdrazdeleniya of Our Forces
TO New Boundaries (Page 2)
Abstract:
Reports a meeting held in a chest' to discuss training results
and goals.
'Interesting and. Useful (Page 2)
Abstract:
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Describes a visit to a collective farm taken by a group of mili-
tary personnel involved in political work.
With an( Evaluation of Outstanding (Page 2)
Abstract:
Reports ttoining achievements of a radar podrazdeleniya commanded
by Capt BARANOV. Officer KOPYLOV, thief of a radar station crew, was iden-
tified as BARANOVIs subordinate.
Assignment Completed -- Communications Established (Page 2)
Text:
Inclement climatic conditions in the Far North and. within the
Arctic Circle have an adverse influence on radio communications, especially
on teleprinting operation, but military signalmen are finding ways of over-
coming these difficulties.
A commander gave an assignment one day that communications be es-
tablished with a remote post and that their continuity be ensured. Sr Lt
GONCHAROV was selected to carry out the assignment.
For two days and nights, the officer did not leave the operations
building, but the assignment given by the chastI commander was successfully
executed. The causes of the teleprinter ccomunications interference were
found and corrected and the communications were established.
(A captioned photograph by I. RYBIN on page 2 shows Maj V. ROYEV,
holder of the Medal for Combat Services, with several of his subordinates.)
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Mighty Soviet Aviation -- by Mar Awn Ye. Ya. SAVITSKIY, Nice HSU (pages 3-8)
Text:
It has become a tradition in our country to observe Air Force Day yearly.
On this national holiday, our country honors its glorious aviators who vigi-
lantly guard the aerial boundaries of the Soviet Fatherland and the design-
ers, technicians, scientists, and workers of aviation industry by whose ef-
forts first-class aircraft are produced.
We will attempt to trace the growth, development, and strengthening of
the mighty steel wings of our native land. We recall 1933 when Aviation Day
was first celebrated by resolution of the Soviet government. At that time,
the first Five-Year Plan was completed ahead of time and a great victory was
gained on the industrialization front. It was precisely on that industrial
foundation that the .pow'erfUl aviation industry made its appearance. Many
aircraft and motor manufacturing plants and enterprises producing aviation
instruments, equipmentl and armament, were built and put into operation.
The Soviet country came to have the most perfect aircraft of that day, su-
perior by far in performance characteristics to foreigpaircraft.
While paying a great deal of attention to equipping aviation technically,
the Communist Party was also educating aviation cadres enthusiastically. It
assigned a significant number of Communists to aviation. Thousands of Kom-
somol members enrolled in schools, flying chasti, air clubs, and plants of
the aviation industry. All this contributed to the development of aviation
at a quick tempo and to the solution of a great and responsible task -- to
fly farther, faster, and higher than all others.
In the chronicles of pre-war history) the feats of the pilots who saved
the aircrew and members of the scientific expeditions from the steamship
Chelynskin (1934), the non-stop flight from Moscow to Udd Island (1936), the
landing of the Arctic scientific expedition on the North Pole, and the non-
stop flight from Moscow to the United States of America via the North Pole
by the aircrews of V. P. CHKALOV and M. M. GROMOV (1937), are written down
on golden pages.
In this period, military pilots, together with soldiers of the other
service arms, presented an example of skilled and courageous defense of the
Socialist Fatherland from the aggressive actions of its enemies. In skirm-
ishes with the Japanese in the Hasan Lake region and the Halhin Gal River
and in struggles against the White Finns, the winged warriors were true to
their military duty to the end.
The might of Soviet Aviation, the heroism, the selflessness, and the
military ability of our pilots were especially strong in the Great Patriotic
War. In first-class coast aircraft, the glorious eagles of our Fatherland
valiantly fought against the hated enemy, and accomplished many heroic feats
far-victory over Hitler's aggressors. The Fatherland highly valued the
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military exploits of her winged sons. Over 2,000 aviators were awarded the
title Hero of the Soviet Union, 70 pilots and navigators received the title
twice, and the famous pilots A. I. POKRYSHKIN and I. N. KOZHEDUB, today air
force generals, became Thrice Heroes of the Soviet Union.
In the post-war years, the party directed the efforts of schools, avia-
tion designers, engineers, and workers towards the creation of new, improved
aviation equipment. As a result of their selfless labor, our industry mas-
tered the series production of jet fighters and bombers which permitted arm-
ing the Air Forces and Fighter Aviation of PVO Stray Troops with absolutely
perfect aircraft. Air Force personnel have persistently mastered the equip-
ment had have employed it in combat training. Soviet pilots were the first
in the world to accomplish individual and group piloting in jet fighters,
the first to break the sound barrier, and the first to complete large numbers
of long distance non-stop flights.
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At the present time, our famous Soviet Aviation, including military avi-
ation, is developing at an even faster rate. Speeds, altitudes, and distances
are increasing, armament is being improved, and new control systems are evolv-
ing. It suffices to say that the speed of up-to-date aircraft now amounts
to thousands of kilometers per hour and the ceiling exceeds 30 kilometers.
The Soviet people have achieved enormous success in mastering space.
It seems not long ago at all that Yuriy GAGARMIN broke the first trail through
cosmic space; behind him, German TITOV completed a 24-hour flight -- 17 orbits
around the earth. Later, the first multiple flight lasting more than a day
was performed by the two cosmic ships of Andriyan NIKOLAYEV and Pavel POPOVICH.
Then the world became a witness to a new triumph of the intelligence and genius
of Soviet man. On June 14, the cosmic ship Vostok-5, piloted by Valeriy BYKOV-
SKIY, was launched into orbit; and on June 162 the courageous daughter of the
Soviet country, Valentina TERESHKOVA, was launched into space on the ship Vos-
tok-6.
The flights of BYKOVSKIY and TERESHKOVA once again demonstrated to the
entire world what great heights Soviet science and technology has achieved
in its development. The hearts of the Soviet peoples were filled with a feel-
ing of great joy and happiness for their Communist Party and for the achieve-
ments of their country's science and technology which won a brilliant new
victory. Aviators in PV0 Strany Troops, together with all Soviet people, were
delighted with the courage and valor of their compatriots, Pilot-Cosmonauts
Co]. V. BTKOVSKIY and V. TERESHKOVA, whose feats will serve as a noble example
of heroism and selflessness.
The Soviet nation has entrusted PVO aviators with first-class aviation
equipment, powerful armament, the most complex radiotechnical equipment, and
diversified navigational equipment for carrying out the honored task of de-
fending the aerial boundaries of our native land. Our aviators appreciate
this confidence and will spare no efforts to master the combat equipment and
to perfect their skills.
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Personnel of Fighter Aviation of PIM Strany Troops are greeting Air
Force Day with new successes in combat and political training. Inspired
by the historical resolution of the 22d Congress of the CPSU and the Pro-
gram of the Communist Party, soldiers in the chasti and podrazdeleniya
have achieved excellent results in combat training and in strengthening
discipline, organization, and order as a result of widespread socialist
competition. In an overwhelming majority of podrazdeleniya, flights are
conducted strictly according to plan, accurately and instructively, and
in complete accordance with the specifications of documents regulating
flight service. The number of podrazdeleniya and chasti in which there
have been no flight incidents or conditions leading to accidents for long
periods of time has significantly increased.
The steadfast growth of the number of rated specialists and those
outstanding in training is a vivid example of the patriotic aspirations
of personnel of Fighter Aviation, their conscientiousness and aggressive-
ness. Today we have more and more podrazdeleniya in which all the pilots
are capable of executing the most complex missions in any weather condi-
tions, day or night. Is this not an indication of the combat maturity of
our aviators and their readiness to inflict a destructive blow on an ag-
gressor if he dares to invade the bright sky of our native land!
Pilots Maj NIKULIN, Capt ANDRIYETI, Capt SAMODUROV, Capt TOMASHIN,
Capt ROSSOV, Capt SHISH', and others are highly thought of, for example.
They have mastered combat aircraft to perfection, have learned to employ
their performance characteristics to the fullest, and intercept aerial
targets in complex weather conditions, day or night.
Successes in flight training are not possible without the efficient
well-coordinated work of the specialists in aviation engineering services.
The use of advanced methods in servicing complicated aviation equipment
has ensured the execution of intensive work in chasti and podrazdeleniya
and has provided long service for each aircraft. Capt Tech Serv ANDRIANOV,
Tech-Sr Lt MOROZ, Tech-Sr Lt SAYENKO, Tech-Sr Lt NOSKOV, Tech-Sr Lt YAN-
KAUSNAS, Tech-Sr Lt SMIRNOV, and others have become experts of aviation
equipment and masters of maintenance.
Navigators and command post guidance officers, on whom success of
flights in pursuit of an air target depends so much, are real aids to pi-
lots. Capt.RAZUMOV, Capt KUP2S0V, and Sr IA FILIPPOV have mastered their
specialties to perfection. A high feeling of responsibility for the as-
signed mission and competent, accurate work distinguishes them. When cal-
culating fighter maneuvers, they not only lead the pilot to the point of
departure but also try to create favorable conditions for his actions.
Excellent results in training and service were also achieved by the
soldiers of aviation rear services. Capt SMABODNIKOV, Capt LEVCHENKO,
Capt PILIN, Wsgt SH1MAN and many other soldiers of technical podrazdele-
niya, for example, serve honorably and are models at discharging military
duties. 4
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While noting the successes achieved by personnel of Fighter Aviat50X1?,
while honoring our outstanding aviation commanders, pilots, engineers, tech-
nicians, and mechanics, we do not at the same time have the right to ignore
shortcomings. We still have them. In several podrazdeleniya, there are
cases of violations of the rules for organizing flights. Here and there,
oversimplifications and indulgences are committed in conducting flights on
combat employment. Some commanders respond weakly to the minor infractions
of their subordinates, forgetting that in the organization and conduction
of flight work there are not trifles and that what seems an insignificant
negligence can be the cause of a serious flight accident. The task is to
eliminate these and other shortcomings more quickly.
Today intensive work is being conducted at our airfields. Aviators
are solving great and complex tasks and are raising the combat readiness
level of chasti and podrazdeleniya and their skills to new levels and achiev-
ing outstanding mastery of contemporary aviation equipment. All this demands
much organizational work from commanders, staffs, and party and Komsomol or-
ganizations. First of all, care must be shown to conduct combat training
sytematically, without slowdowns or speedups. In order to do this, combat
training must be carefully planned and the course of its fulfillment strictly
controlled. Everything must be directed towards ensuring timely and high
quality fulfillment of combat training missions without flight accidents or
conditions leading to them.
Special attention should be given to flight methods training of command-
ing personnel, for the higher the level of their professional skill, the
more sound their practical skills, the more successful will be the mastery
of complex aviation equipment and the means of its combat employment. With
that end in view, it is very important to conduct training demonstrations
and flights with commanders regularly and to publicize outstanding work ex-
periencemore widely.
Being direct leaders of combat training and mentors of pilots, aviation
commanders are obliged to improve the style of their work. In order to suc-
cessfully cope with their obligations, they must not only know their specialty
thoroughly, be politically mature, and methodically competent, but they must
also display constructive initiative in work and have a sense of the new.
While worrying about a further increase in the combat skills of aviators,
it is also necessary to continue strengthening one-man command, to instill
in commanders daily a sense of high responsibility for the assigned mission,
to maintain authority, and to strengthen their influence on subordinates.
It is known that nothing increases the authority of a commander as much as
his exactingness and the precise, prompt execution of flight rules. Command-
ers on all levels, political organs, and party and Komsomol organizations
shoUrd persistently educate personnel in the spirit of high efficiency, and
exact and faultless observation of the order and rules governing flight duty.
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Careful preliminary preparation for flight has great significance 50X1
accomplishing combat training missions and executing flights without con-
ditions which may lead to flight accidents. The nature and peculiatities A/
of executing the impending flight mission should be examined during the
preliminary preparation.
It is necessary to raise the quality of the execution of training, to
bring it as close as possible to flying conditions, to avoid laxity and
stereotypes. At ttaining, each pilot must be required to explain all in-
flight procedures and the causes of this or that mistake and the method: of
correcting them. The flight readiness of pilots must be checked more care-
fully. The check should. be conducted not only after completion of the pre-
liminary preparation, but also during preparation. This makes it possible
to detect and eliminate shortcomings in personnel before the beginning of
a flight.
Much remains to be done in improving the tactical skills of flight per-
sonnel. When improving elements of tactics, commanders and IdlOts are
obliged to show personal initiative in searching for new tactical methods.
Elements of tactics should be mastered with flight personnel not only in
the process of tactical flight exercises and air force training, but, also,
when executing routine flights.
Training pilots in conditions as close as possible to real combat sit-
uations is a method of further increasing their tactical training. There-
fore, those commanders are correct who use each flight for mastering tactical
missions and for teaching subordinates that which is necessary in a real air
battle. The interests of training demand that commanders instruct pilots in
conditions when the target takes evasive maneuvers. It is important that
the pilot taking off to intercept an enemy does not know on what course the
enemy is flying, what his flight altitude will be, etc. At the same time,
the ground controller's actions, and especially his commands, must be such
that they do not contain the pilot so that the pilot shows initiative in
selecting tactical maneuvers for the interception. In other words, pilot
training must be organized in such a manner that in each flight the pilot
has the possibility of developing his tactical mastery and acquiring the
practical skills of conducting a modern air battle, and learns to accurately
destroy air and ground targets on the first attack.
High-quality preparation of aviation equipment for flight is an indis-
pensable condition for successful AUlfillment of the missions confronting
Fighter Aviation. It is a matter of honor for engineers, technicians, and
mechanics to maintain aircraft in readiness at any time of the day or night
to take off on a combat mission. High organization in work on equipment,
skillful execution of their duties by all specialists, careful inspections,
and, irreproachable fulfillment of repair with extensive usage of checking and
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measuring instruments and various kinds of devices, are necessary for t50X1
Such preparation of aviation equipment for flight will prevent instances
of aircraft with defects taking off and at the same time ensure the safety
of their work in the sky.
The summer training period places increased demands on command posts.
In this period, navigational provisions for the flights, the cooperation
of pilots, navigators, and guidance officers during target interceptions
should be especially efficient and reliable. Considering the great inten-
siveness of summer flights, it is necessary to raise the responsibility of
staffs for precise planning of interceptions for each flying day.
The success of fighter pilot training and accident-free flight service
depends to a significant degree on accuracy and coordination in the actions
of soldiers of all services and specialties. It is, therefore, necessary
to show constant concern for increasing the combat skills of personnel of
rear and radiotechnical podrazdeleniya and for publicizing and introducing
their advanced methods of work.
A powerful means of mobilizing personnel to successful fulfillment of
the tasks confronting Fighter Aviation is socialist competition. When pro-
moting it between pilots, technicians, mechanics, flights, and squadrons,
it is necessary to achieve absolute fulfillment of commitments undertaken .
and on that basis, a steady growth of the number of outstanding airmen, rated
specialists, and advanced podrazdeleniya and chasti.
In resolving all these tlsks, further, improvement of party political
work in air force chasti and podrazdeleniya, and especially ideological
work, which is a powerful meals of increasing the political ccons?iausness
of soldiers and strengthening the combat readiness of chasti and podrazde-
leniyal acquires an importam: significance. While implementing party in-
structions and executing deci3ions of the June Plenum of the Communist Party,
commanders, political organs, and party and Komsomol organizations are urged
to educate aviators unceasingly in the spirit of Marxist-Leninist ideals,
unshakable devotion to military duty, conscious discipline, high vigilance,
and constant combat readiness.
It is necessary to improve the organization of party political work
with personnel in the period of flight preparation and execution. This
should not be limited merely to aviation podrazdeleniya. In modern condi-
tions, successful fulfillment of flight training plans is absolutely impos-
sible without the coordinated work of the soldiers of aviation technical pod-
razdeleniya, radar station crews, and crews of ground navigational aid sta-
tions, command posts and weather service specialists. The matter must be
organized so that each serviceman participating in the preparation and exe-
cution of flights is embraced by the party's influence. At the same time
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there must be constant concern for the soldiers' health, their daily reg:50X1
men, nourishment, and physical conditioning. With this end in view, it is
necessary to increase the exactingness toward administrative and medical
personnel.
To develop the constructive activity of aviators in every way possible,
to increase the outstanding role of Communists and Komsomol members in train-
ing and in service, and to mobilize all personnel to successful fulfil lmcnt
of combat missions and political training -- these are the demands laid on
all commanders, political organs, party and Komsomol organizations, these
demands being dictated in the interests of high combat readiness for Fighter
Aviation of PV0 Stray Troops.
(A captioned photograph of Capt Ye. SHIYKO? Pilot 1st Class, by Z. SOR-
KIN appeared on page 6.)
(A captioned photograph of Capt E. KASATKIN, Pilot 1st Class, by K. FE-
DULOV was pUblished on page 7. Capt KASATKIN is regarded as the best inter-
ceptor pilot in his podrazdeleniye. He has excellent knowledge of aviation
equipment and the means of its combat employment.)
Military Educational Institutions On the Eve of the New Academic Year -- by
Col Gen Avn P. K. DEMIDOV (pages 9-12)
Excerpts:
Has everything been done in our vuzes (higher educational institutions)
to equip young officers with a thorough knowledge of the laws of social de-
velopment and a scientific Marxist-Leninist outlook which lights the way in
the struggle for the triumph of Communism? Unfortunately, no. The organiza-
tion of the study of Marxist-Leninist theory still contains essential short-
comings. Several chairs and departments have still not overcome elements of
dogmatism and formalism. In a number of cases, the study of social disci?.
plines is out of touch with the specific problems confronting the troops.
In the new academic year, much must be done for a more thorough study of
Marxist-Leninist theory and for improving the ideological educational work
in vuzes. In this connection, we must constantly remember the instructions
of the party given at the June Plenum of the Central Committee of the CPSU
that a Soviet specialist must have not only the knowledge of an engineer or
an agronomist, but, also, the heart of a patriot, a citizen of the Soviet
Union....
Student and officer-candidate ideological training must proceed in in-
dissoluble correlation with operational-tactical and technical training.
Graduates of vuzes mast have a sound knowledge of the means of air attack
of the imperialist governments and the possible tactics of its employment.
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They must know the tactics of all branches of air defense in the event the
aggressor employs nuclear rocket weapons. Only such knowledge will an
officer be able to make a tactically competent decision and utilize the arm-
ament at his disposal to the fullest. It should be noted that the level of
operational tactical training or the graduates of our vuzes does not always
meet the requirements of modern combat. This makes it necessary to search
for new forms of teaching the mastery of organizing antiaircraft defense of
a target and repelling raids of modern means of air attack which are widely
varied in tactical and technical capabilities and means of employment.
In fulfilling the requirements of the Minister of Defense for improving
the instruction of physics and mathematics to students and officer-candidates,
vuzes have done some work in this direction. The general technical level of
graduates has increased significantly. However, we cannot rest on these
achievements. In the forthcoming academic year, it is necessary to improve
instruction of physics and mathematics to students and officer-candidates.
Unfortunately, some instructors of mathematics, physics, and other technical
disciplines think that, within a course, it is necessary to give the students
a maximum amount of mathematical learning. Hence, they force the students
and officer-candidates to learn many formulas and theorems by heart, even
those which are sometrives not directly connected with combat equipment or
with a practical use of such knowledge by the troops....
In the forthcoming academic year, vuzes are confronted with the task
of training high-quality cadres in a wide number of subjects. This means
that future engineers must know how to utilize the entire system of a modern
rocket, aviation, or radar complex and the future technician must know how
to utilize one system of a given complex. This is a great and responsible
task. Much effort from the faculty, the students, and the offider-candidates
is required for its successful execution. That is why it is necessary to
revise and make more exact the educational programs of general technical and
special disciplines and connect them closely with the practical work of of- .
ficers in units in the time remaining before the beginning of the new aca-
demic year....
A. mere revision of the programs and an improvement of their individual
sections is insufficient for the training of excellent officer dadres. It
is also necessary to think about and find the most effective means of teach-
ing. Particularly, programmed teaching using various cybernetic devices and
machines is such a means. Some experience in their use is already known in
our higher engineering educational institutions) where the teaching of some
training groups was conducted in special classrooms in the past year by means
of examiners, prompters, and other teaching machines. This experience must
be generalized, thoroughly studied) and gradually introduced into the educa-
tional process, transforming entire courses and classrooms to programmed
teaching.
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Due to a number of reasons, we will not succeed in changing over to5oxi
programmed teaching in all vuzes in the new academic year. Training de-
vices, mockups, and other visual training aids,now available or in prep-
aration, will have to be used for some period of time in the educational
process.
Temporary duty assignments in units plays an important role in the
practical training of students and officer-candidates. Unfortunately, there
are some shortcomings in the program. The tasks assigned to the students
on temporary duty assignments are not always specific. Chasti and podraz-
deleniya commanders poorly check the work of the students and do not help
them acquire command skills in organizing and conducting training and educa-
tional work with personnel.
Irworder to increase the amount of time allotted to independent study
by students, it is necessary to shorten planned lessons intelligently and
strictly regulate the work week. In this respect) there are already posi-
tive examples in our vuzes. Thus) in the Artillery Radiotechnical Academy,
a 30;hour work week has been established for the senior courses and a 36-
hour work week has been established for the first and second courses....
Our vuzes have everything needed for the successful training of young
specialists to meet modern requirements. They have qualified faculty per-
sonnel and well-equipped laboratories. Abundant military experience in
training and educating personnel is at their disposal. These capabilities
must be used to the fullest so that the academies and schools graduate of-
ficers in the future who are worthy of the honored mission placed on the
armed defenders of the Fatherland.
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PARTY-POLITICAL WORK AND MILITARY EDUCATION
The Strength of the Komsomol Depends on Party Supervision -- by Lt Col
B. N. GOROKHOVSKIY and Maj K. V. TIKHONOV (pages 13-16)
Summary:
50X1
The 45th anniversary of the Komsomol is approaching. The party has
always given concentrated attention to supervision of the Komsomol. This
fully applies to party organizations of the Armed Forces.
The party committee of a chest' criticized some of its officers who
had given insufficient attention to the education of youth. Seminars were
held for commanders and deputy commanders to train them in forms of educa-
tion and supervision. As a r?.sult of these and other measures, many party
members maintain regular contact with Komsomol organizations and guide their
activities in carrying out taJks assigned to podrazdeleniya.
The principal form of supervision by a party organization consists of
direct participation of party members in the work of Komsomol organizations.
Therefore, the party committee should be constantly concerned with recruit-
ing Komsomol activists into t:Ie ranks of the party. The percentage of party
members in the Komsomol is coistantly increasing.
A special school for Kam;omol activists has been operating in a chest'
for over two years. This school is attended by Komsomol committee members,
secretaries and members of bureaus of primary Komsomol organizatitions, Kom-
somol group organizermy, agitators, and editors of wall newspapers and pam-
phlets. Once a month they attend lectures, take part in discussions on party
matters, study forms of working with young people, exchange experiences, and
arrange excursions. However, the training of activitts is not restricted to
the school, or to seminars and conferences. Particular attention is given
to immediate daily contact with party members who give practical advice and
help in solving specific problems.
The party organization is greatly interested in the ideological and
political education of youth. The party committee prepared a plan for read-
ings from Lenin's works and gave advice on how to conduct them.
Officers of the chest' regularly give lectures in podrazdeleniya and
hold discussions on military and political subjects.
Ideological work produced positive results when it is combined with
daily practical efforts to acquire complete mastery of combat equipment and
to maintain firm military discipline. Party members consider it their duty
to give practical help to Komsomol members in their training and their per-
formance of service duties, inspiring them to strive for perfection.
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The success of Komsomol work depends to a great extent on the ability
of the commander and the party organization to recognize and support youth-
ful initiative and create the proper conditions for carrying out useful
undertakings.
For the purpose of improving party supervision of Komsomol organiza-
tions, it is very important to create in each party organization an atmos-
phere of general interest in Komsomol affairs, so that each party member
would contribute to the education of youth not only from a sense of duty
but because it is a matter of personal interest to him.
When Flights Are Held at Night -- by Lt Col M. S. KlBICHENKO (pages 17-21)
Summary:
Night flying is one of the most important and complex forms of combat
training for aviators. No pilot can consider himself completely prepared
to solve combat missions unlPss he has learned to intercept and destroy air
targets at night.
In this article, the organization of party political work during the
preparation and conduct: of night flights in the chastl where Lt Col NOGAL'
is a deputy commander for political affairs will be discussed.
On the Day Before the Flights
The most opportune time for conducting party political work with per-
sonnel is in the period. of preflight preparation of aircrews and combat
equipment for night flying.
The basic concern of the commander, his deputy for political affairs,
and the party committee during preflight preparation is to see that the pi-
lots thoroughly understand the missions, feel a sense of duty for fulfilling
their obligations, and act with full concentration of their efforts.
50X1
After learning of the impending missions from the commander and studying
the schedule chart, the deputy commander for political affairs formulates a
plan for party political work. Then he and the secretary of the party com-
mittee meet with secretaries of the party and Komsomol organizations of the
squadrons and maintenance podrazdeleniya, and talk with pilots directly in
the podrazdeleniya, the classrooms, and on the flight lines.
During the preflight preparation for one.nightArainingiseasion,_for
example, the political workers of the chasti and the political workers of ;.
the podrazdeleniya held a joint meeting. Lt Col NOGAL2 explained the tasks
assigned to the flights by the commander, discussed peculiarities of flying
on that particular night, and completed the party political work plans.
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The political worker explained how to check the preflight rest periods and
meals of aviators, directed attention to the effectiveness of publicizing
outstanding pilots, and discussed safety measures.
Then the efforts of the political workers were divided. The deputy
commander for political affairs took upon himself the organization of party
political work among pilots and command post personnel, and the secretaries
of the party and Komsomol committees undertook the organization of party
political work among technical engineerinspersonnel.
During preflight preparations, Lt Col NOGAL1 checked on how the squadron
commanders were readying their personnel for flight, instructed the secre-
taries of party organizations, and conversed with pilots about theirlflight
readiness. At the command post, Lt Col NOGAL1 was interested in the navi-
gators' knowledge of the schedule chart, the flight routes, and the peculi-
arities of guiding each type of aircraft according to its altitude.
Members of the party committee and secretaries of the party organiza
tions were also among the flight personnel, helping and advising them.
Secretaries of the party and Komsomol committees met with technical
engineering personnel at the airfield throughout the preflight preparation
period. They explained problems of night flying to the technicians and me-
chanics, selected and appointed group organizers of zones, and helped the
secretary of the party organization of aviation and engineering services
instruct agitators. Komsomol activists printed newssheets. The secretaries
of Komsomol organizations conversed with each Komsomol member, paying espe-
cial attention to ground safety rules and preparations for second sorties.
Members of party bureaus and staff Communists talk to the radar opera-
tors, searchlight operators, radio operators, navigational aid specialists,
Dueling specialists, and drivers of special vehicles. Instruction booklets
published by higher political organs are widely used.
The work of technical personnel is more difficult at night. The tech-
nicians must pay special attention to lighting equipment and the organization
of meeting and towing aircraft in addition to checking the aircraft and con-
ducting post-flight inspections.
Two lectures are read for pilots on the day before the flights -- on
fighter tactical methods in night combat and on instrument flying. Engineer-
ing and technical personnel listen to a report an the peculiarities of serv-
icing aircraft for night f4ring.
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At the Airfield at Night 50X1
Experience shows that the most expedient form of party-political work
in night flying is talking with pilots and with technicians and mechanics,
individually and in groups, and broadcasting news on the radio.
Workers and activists of the club set up visual propaganda displays at
the airfield. The club's motor vehicle or radio-equipped trailer is used to
house it. Various diagrams and reference materials related to the flight
missions and instruction manuals are a great help to the pilots, technicians,
and specialists. The radio makes it possible to inform-personnel of the re-
sults of flights, interceptions and weather conditions, and to keep personnel
in the course of the events.
The political workers and podrazdeleniya commanders at the airfield in-
itiate measures to carry out the flight controller's instructions accurately
and to eliminate shortcomings.
Agitators talk with the pilots preparing for flight, technicians, avia-
tion specialists, and radar operators. The agitators have to prepare their
talks carefully, since they are working in darkness and reference materials
cannot be used.
About 45 minutes before takeoff, when the engines are already tested,
and the weather ream plane has taken off, the radio begins broadcasting
from the agitators' vehicle. Usually, the broadcasts concern the missions,
the special difficulties of the flights, shortcomings in past flights and
corrective measures.
At the end of the flights, the results of the night's work are broad-
cast. Those who were outstanding are praised and those lagging are criti-
cized. The radio broadcast is such an important method of party-political
work during night flying that it should be discussed further.
As a rule, the broadcasts consist of three parts. In the first part,
difficulties and missions of night flying, results and shortcomings of pre-
vious flights, the duties of pilots, technicians, mechanics, and regulations
from documents governing flight service are discussed. The significance of
careful preparation for flight, the pilot's physical training, circumspection
and cooperation are also discussed.
The second part of the broadcast concerns national and international
news. In addition, experiences of the Great Patriotic War, the history of
aviation, PVO Stray Troops, and of the chastl are narrated.
The third part is devoted to the life of the ?bast', the experience of
outstanding trainees, rated specialists, competition results, and reviews of
the combat newesheets. Satire and humor close the prograa.
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During the period of night flying described in this article, three 50X1
broadcasts were given. The first, prior to takeoff, told about the prob-
lems of the impending missions and discussed the feat of Capt KARYENKO,
Pilot 1st Class, who landed his aircraft safely after struggling to save
it from a dangerous Situation for 20 minutes.
The second newscast was given during the flights. In it, the aviators
heard about the outstanding interceptions executed by Maj LOTIKOV, about
the excellent piloting technique of Capt USKOV, and about the fast wheel
change performed by Sr Sgt FANATOV and PVt BASHKIROV.
The third newscast, given after completion of the flights, contained
results of the night's missions. It goes without saying that strict mili-
tary security was observed in the radio broadcasts.
What did the deputy commander for political affairs do during this
time? Lt Col NOGALI first of all briefed himself on the readiness of the
airfield, the aircraft, means of communications and radio navigation, and
the weather conditions. He spoke with the doctor about the pilots' health
and then attended night pilot training sessions in the aircraft cockpits.
He was interested in the pilots' moods and their knowledge of their specific
missions.
After takeoff of the first aircraft, the efforts of the political work-
ers and party activists were concentrated on readying aircraft for repeat
flights.
The editorial board memb!rs of bulletin board newssheets and combat
newsletters worked actively. They were constantly aware of how the flights
were going, and they made notl,s about who was performing outstandingly.
They also reported mistakes ad shortcomings.
4Vter the Flights
At the post-flight critiques, political workers and Komsomol and party
committees report to the chest' commander and his deputies and to the chief
of staff, on their work during the preparation and conduct of flights, and
give evaluations on the effectiveness of oral propaganda, visual agitation,
the press, and other means of political education work. After the critiques,
the deputy commander for political affairs acquaints the party and Komsomol
activists with the commander's conclusions on the flights and the party-
political work done in this connection.
What can be said about the effectiveness of party-political work in the
chest' in question? The pilots of the chest' completed the yearly plan for
rate increases ahead of schedule. Seventy percent of their training load
consists of flights in complex weather conditions and at night. There have
_
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been no violations of military discipline here and almost no instances ,E0X1
conditions leading to accidents. The number of outstanding and rated spe-
cialists has grown.
In this article, only some party-political work methods in a chest'
were discussed. They cannot, of course, be recommedded as obligatory for
every aviation chest'. However, all beneficial methods for providing flight
safety and the outstanding performance of combat missions should be accumu-
lated and widely publicized.
Once More in the Ranks -- by Maj (Res) I. N. SAVIN (page 21)
Abstract:
Praises the professional skill of Maj A. KLAKUN, a former pilot who now
works as a GCA controller. KLAKUN, who is the bead of a party organization,
has more than 3,000 landings to his credit.
A captioned photograph taken by SAVIN of Ma. KLAKUN and Jr Sgt I. SEZO-
NENKO, GCA Radar Operator 1st Class, VW published on page 21.
The Commartder's Example Leads -- by Lt Co]. M. S. LEONOV (pages 22-26)
Abstract:
Praises the fighter aviation chast' commanded by Col Vasiliy Mikhaylo-
vich SINYUKAYEV, a skilled organizer, educator, and an experienced pilot who
leads subordinates by his example to new achievements in training. Last year
the chast' was awarded two Red Banners, one from the Military Council and the
other from the oblastl committee of the CPSU, for successses in combat and
political training. The article contains specific examples of training and
flight incidents illustrating Col SINYUKAYEV's commanding skill.
The following personnel were identified as serving in SINYUKAYEV's chast':
It Col Ptr Vasil'yevich SHUTOV, chast' deputy commander for political affairs;
Maj BIBIKOV, Squadron commander; Capts TIKHONOV, ILIICHEV, and KULIK, pilots
subordinate to BIBIKOV; Capt Tech Serv PLAKSIN, commander of technical opera-
tions chast', Tech Sr Lts NECHAYEV and MERKUSHIN, subordinates to PLAKSIN;
Sr Lt SHEVCHENKO, flight controller; Maj LMIKHTMAN; Capt KARAMANOV; CaptlingLI-
NIKOV; Capt Tech Serv ISAYEV; MAO POTAPOV, Squadron commander; Capt SAYAP1N,
subordinate to POTAPOV; Capt ZHAYVORONOK, pilot; Capt KOSTENKO, pilot; Cppt
MIN, pilot; and Capt OSMIN1K, pilot.
(A, photograph of Col V. M. SIWUKAMV appears on page 24.) .
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COMBAT TRAINING
Carefully Train Operators With High Qualifications (pages 27-30)
Abstract:
50X1
Comments on the training of radar operators, noting that timely
detection and plotting of air targets, accuracy of guiding combat weapons
onto violators of air boundariers, and readiness of equipment for combat
work depends greatly on the masters of this speciality; and praises
commanders who require radar operators to study the entire armament
complex -- not just the individual units and assemblies, learn
associated specialties, learn to understand advanced methods of utilizing
combat equipment, and acquire experience in executing combat missions
in the most complex conditions of air and ground situations.
(A caption photograph by I. RYBIN on page 23 shows Lt A. SKRIPKA,
technician of a radar station, helping subordinates prepare for an
examination.)
Mastery and Confidence--by Capt V. V. STULOVSKIY (pages 31-35)
Abstract:
Extols the professional skill of Maj Aleksey Sergeyevich USHAKOV,
GCI Controller 1st Class. USHAKOV has more than 2,500 successful
intercept guidances to his credit and is considered the best controller
in his chast'.
An Outstanding Flight--by Lt Col S. F. KELYSTOV (pages 32-33)
Abstract:
Praises Maj FILONOVICH, Pilot 1st Class and commander of an
outstanding flight. Maj FILONOVICH was awarded the Order of the Red
Star for success in mastering aviation equipment and in training and
educating subordinates.
Youth Gains Experience (page 35)
Abstract:
Reports that at the end of the past academic year recent graduates
of a pilot school arrived in the squadron commanded by Maj NEVZOROV. The
young pilots were aided in their study of combat equipment and its methods
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of employment by experienced pilots Maj NEVZOROV, Capt PODKORTTOV, Capt 50X1
OGAREV, and 'Capt RYZHOV.
Stimulate Officer-Candidate Training in Every Way Possible--by Col A. I.
MOTYL,KOV (pages 36-35)
Abstract:
Discusses the educational processes used in military educational
institutions, pointing out the shortcomings of the generally accepted -
lecture method and the effectiveness of the independent study method.
Independent studies in the educational process are superior to lectures
because it involves the active participation of all students according
to their capabilities.
On Teaching Automation in Schools, a letter to the editors by Engr-Lt
Col I. A. GARBUZOV (page 38)
Abstract:
Maintains that automation should remain one of the basic courses in
secondary military schools and should include some of the subjects which
were taught last year in the electrical engineering course.
Orientation of Podrazdeleniye Installations -- By Lt Col B. Ya.
PERELYGIN and Engr-Capt P. F. ZVERYAYEV (Pages 39 - 42)
Text:
As is known, when equipment is set up at a new position, the
installations of an air defense rocket podrazdeleniye must be oriented.
Experience shows that some officers are inaccurate in executing this
operation, in particular, in determining required azimuth corrections
for a launcher. This is because they have a superficial knowledge of
the essence and peculiarities of orientation. Thus, we 14111 consider the
order and possible methods of orientation.
During orientation, certain difficulties are met with in determining
the corrective settings AWp and 411pu by known formulas in manuals. The
problem is that the optical telescope mounted on the cabin is displaced
in relation to its rotation axis by.4.1.p and the panorama on the launcher
is displaced in relation to its turning axis by46.tpu. This displacement
makes it necessary to determine the angular corrections 4gBp and 0.9u and
to introduce them in the directional azimuths to landmarks when determintag
azimuths for orienting an installation by landmarks.
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There are formulas for determining the indicated corrections, but
they are difficult to use in practice since the distances to the land-
marks must be known to solve them. These distances are determined in
practice either by actual measurement or by methods of topographic
tying. Either method requires a great expenditure of time and effort.
It should also be taken into account that usually no landmarks
are visible in the panorama from the place where the launchers are.
Therefore, artificial landmarks must be used. Then, the known formulas
cannot be used since the landmarks are in such close proximity to the
launcher. Officers in our podrazdeleniya do not use landmarks for
orienting installations. They orient a cabin and a launcher by back-
sighting along an aiming circle which is oriented beforehand on a true
azimuth to any landmark. It is not necessary to determine and Intro-
duce a correction with this method since this is automatically taken
into account in the orientation.
We will consider this by example. Let us suppose that an aiming
circle, set up at the orienting point (or-p) at point C, is oriented on
any :landmark with the true azimuth of the landmark from the orienting
point (15 or) being known (figure 1). Suppose that the optical telescope
is located exactly on the cabin rotation center (point A, position I)
and directed at the aiming circle which is aligned on this telescope.
Actually, it will be located at point B and its optical axis BD will
be parallel to AC. Then the true directional azimuth from the cabin
to the aiming circle will be equal to 41.
50X1
By rotating the cabin, we align the effective optical telescope
with the aiming circle and the aiming circle with the optical telescope.
Then, the telescope has the position Bl and its optical axis is directed
along BIC. The hypothetical optical telescope is turned to angle Aap
and has the position II (point A). Its optical axis will be aligned
with AC1 since AC1 will be parallel to BIC and Op2 = 44.
Since the optical telescope is displaced in relation to the center
of cabin rotation, the directional azimuth to the landmark (the aiming
circle) should be increased to angle filp for its orientation. However,
this angle need not be determined since, as mentioned earlier, the true
azimuth for orientation of the cabin together with correction of angle
.4104, can be obtained with the aiming circle. It is evident from the
figure that AC, is parallel to BIC and the angle B1CA is equal to angle
ClAC, I. e., etjual to,40p.
Therefore, *2 = ,t01) and the true azimuth of the bearing
from the aiming circle to the optical telescope of the cabin automatically
includes the valued*.
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,cabin
center of
rotationINN,r
Uemmp A
dpatiomun
KOSUII01
Optical
telesco
displac
eAu?emue ?
onmuvemeo
liusupa ?
?
?
dp
?
8
1
P
\ AD
Pop
Landmark
upmimup
/41#
Oputounupmeni orientatio1 -I
VI" J point
(0/1-19
(or ?p)
?????????????.......
Figure 1.
50X1
Calculation of Aapu can not be avoided when a launcher is oriented
and the orientation angle reading is set on the panorama by backsighting
along a previously oriented aiming circle because, in contrast to the
cabin, this directional azimuth reading to a landmark is determined not
on the azimuth scales, but on the launch/sr panorama. However, experience
has shown that the calculation of aolm by known formulas can be dispensed
with here. We will explain the process of orienting a launcher in more
detail.
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aiming circle
Syccom,
PRC. 1
Figure 2.
Pnan pan
50X1
The position of a launcher with a panorama reading of 30-00 aligned
with an oriented aiming circle is shown in figure 2..0b is the true
directional azimuth from the aiming circle to the panorama. Suppose that
it is equal to 40-20. It is also evident from the figure that ftpan
differs from RID by 30-00. Consequently, Rpan se Rb 40-201.30-00 = 10-20.
However, it is not possible to establish this angle on the panorama
to orient the launcher since the derived angle of 10-20 is the azimuth,
i. e., the angle counted off in a clockwise direction from the north
bearing of the true meridian. The azimuth ring of the panorama used
to orient the launcher is read in a counter-clockwise direction. Also,
the panorama reading is 30-00 when the optical axis of the panorama and
the launcher beam are aligned to the north. So the reading 0-00 corresponds
to the south heading.
Thus, an angle counted off in a counter-clockwise direction from
the south heading of the true meridian must be used to orient the
launcher with the panorama. This angle is called the zenithal true
azimuth. It is designated Rpanz in figure 2. It is evident from the
figure that apan 4 apanz 30-00. In our example, Opanz = 30-00 - 10-20
= 19-80.
It sometimes happens in practice that Apan is larger than 30-00.
So Apanz = 90-00 Ppan., This azimuth value is established on the
panorama when orienting the launcher.
The value of tipanz can be obtained without using the formulas
mentioned earlier. The following method is used for this. First, the
aiming circle is set up at the orientation point. Then, the reading 0-00
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is set on the azimuth ring and drum. With the aiming circle in this
position, the reading of 0-00 is also set on the deflection ring and
drum. Then, the aiming circle is directed at the launcher panorama
which, with a reading of 30-00 is directed at the aiming circle by
turning the launcher. The reading on the deflection ring and drum is
the value of Opanz (figure 3).
However, this method, like the method for deduction of $pan and
43panz does not eliminate the need to introduce the correction of,AHpu
into the obtained hanz. Officers NIKITIN and IVANOV have suggested a
?
40'
1111.3
Opuentnup
-7 Landmark
ilanoftlepHos
Deflection
ring
PHC. 3.
6yixowale
fauftwo
Aiming circle
azimuth ring r.
Figure 3.
50X1
method for introducing the correction of,40pu into Opanz without any
computation. This is done by carrying out sequential changes of the
size of Opanz and executing the following operations: The aiming
circle is set up at the orientation point and oriented. The zero
positions on the azimuth and deflection rings are made to coincide.
The aiming circle is directed toward the panorama. Then, the launcher
indicators are aligned with the cabin scales and the reading of 30-00
is set on the panorama. The panorama is directed at the aiming circle
by rotating the launcher. Then,the reading of 13panz is read from the
deflection ring and established on the panorama which takes position I.
This discontinues backsighting between the panorama and the aiming circle.
Backsighting is established again by rotating the launcher. Then, the
launcher is in position II and the panorama is in position III. Now,
the reading of Dpanz must be taken from the deflection ring and set on
the panorama which takes position IV. This breakebacksighting between
the panorama and the aiming circle.
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Backsighting is again established between the panorama and the
aiming circle by rotating the aiming circle and the launcher. Now,
the launcher takes position III and the panorama takes position V.
The reading of apanz must be taken from the aiming circle deflection
ring by repeating the previous operations and established on the
panorama which is again turned to take a new position. Backsighting
is again established between the launcher and the aiming circle by
rotating them. The launcher is in position IV and is directed to the
north along the true meridian, i. e., it is oriented.
Thus, by sequentially changing the angle apanz to the size of
?Opu, the launcher can be oriented without calculation of Aapu.
50X1
It is evident that the method just described requires much time
and that errors are easily made while carrying it out. Therefore, one
of our officers suggested a new method for orienting launchers. It
consists essentially of the following. The launcher panorama is set
at 30-00. Then, the launcher is activated) its indicators are
coordinated with the cabin data transmitters, and the launcher data
indicator scales are synchronized with the cabin data transmitter
scales. The scales of the azimuth data indicator should read 0-00.
Then, the launcher is rotated so that the vertical cross hair of the
panorama is on the landmark or on the aiming circle if it is being
used for the orientation. Thu launcher positioning unit is stopped by
pressing the "stop" button. Then, the true azimuth value reading from
the panorama to the landmark (aiming circle), i. e., apu, must be
established on the instrument scales by turning the azimuth indicator
unit manually and then the "Start" button of this block is pressed.
The launcher is then oriented.
This last method greatly simplifies orientation, saves time, and
decreases chances for errors in the orientation process.
(A captioned photograph by I. RYBIN on page 42 shows Capt V.
MAL'TSEV, podrazdeleniye commander, training subordinates in the
execution of preventive maintenance.)
The Influence of the Earth on the Formation of a Radar Radiation Pattern--
by Engr-Capt V. I. IGNATIYEV (Pages 43 - 46)
Text:
Full exploitation of the tactical and technical capabilities of
radar is determined to a significant degree by the location of the
station. The local topography of a radar position has much influence
on the maximum range, on the altitude measurement capability, and on
the precision of target coordinate determination of a radar. It [the
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topography] can cause great distortion of a radar radiation pattern,
which in turn causes certain difficulties in determining target
coordinates at various altitudes. This is why the allowable surface
dimensions suitable for radar scanning, the size of closing angles in
a distant area, and the altitude of obstacles in the position region
must be known when choosing a position to set up a scanning radar.
These factors must be considered by taking into account the nature and
character of ultrashort radiowave propagation.
It is known that radiowaves have electromagnetic similarities to
light waves. When they strike a dielectric surface, one part is
reflected and the other part is refracted to penetrate the dielectric
where it is absorbed. If radiowaves strike the surface of an ideal
conductor, they are completely reflected. The earth has the qualities
of a dielectric for the ultrashort waves of radar.
The reflection of radiowaves is explained by the development of
highfrequency currents on the surface of the earth under the influence
of the striking radiowave energy. The individual currents develop a
secondary radiation, i. e., a reflected wave with its energy dependent
upon the conductance of the ground and the size of objects in the path
of the radiowave propagation. Radiawaves are best reflected from sur-
faces which have large conductance, for example damp ground, ground
with grass and foliage, or the ocean. Rocky and sandy ground does not
reflect radiowaves well. It should also he considered that reflection
can be specular or scattered (diffused) depending on the type and size
of obstacles (slopes, depressions, ravines, elevations) in the path of
the radiowave propagation.
Specular reflection is observed with smooth surfaces. Its angle is
equal to the angle of incidence in these conditions. Since the
radiowave is reflected in only one direction, the wave will have a
significant amplitude. An uneven surface causes the reflected waves to
be scattered. Then the reflection angle is not equal to the angle of
incidence and the radiowaves are reflected in various directions.
50X1
Since the earth reflects radiowaves, it has much influence on the
operation of those radars which have wide radiation patterns in a
horizontal plane. With such patterns, part of the antenna radiated
radiowaves always strikes the earth in the vicinity of the radar and is
unavoidably reflected from it. The presence of reflecting surfaces
near a radar causes the energy of the main pulses to go to the target
as two radiowaves -- directly from the station (direct) and after
reflection from the earth (reflected). In the same way, radiowave energy
reflected from a target goes to the radar antenna both directly and by
being reflected from the surface of the earth.
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The well known method of specular reflections, where waves refleeicixi
from the earth change their phase of oscillation 180? in antennas with
horizontal polarization, is used in considering the reciprocal action of
direct and reflected waves.
Figure 1.
It is evident from figure 1 that direct and reflected waves travel
different distances to the target: the first is r1 and the second is:
r.Since the target is a significant distance from the radar antenna,
it can be considered that the beams r1 and r2 are practically parallel.
The total intensity of the field at the target is the result of the
addition of the direct and reflected wave fields. Its magnitude depends
on their amplitudes and the phase relationship. Since the reflected
wave travels a greater distance to the target than the direct wave, it
will strike the target with a certain difference in phase which is
determined by the difference in wave travel 4r which depends on the
target angle of elevation (e) and the height of the radar antenna (ha)
from the earth:
r = 2ha sin e .
(1)
Thus, the intensity of the radiation field in the space over the
surface of the earth will be changed from a m inimum (almost zero) to
approximately double the amount of the radiation field of a direct wave.
The amount of change depends on the difference in travel between the
direct and reflected waves. The directions in which the waves coincide
in.phase are the bearings of radiation maximums. Here, the direct and
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reflected waves are added together to increase the total field intensit50xi
so that the radar detection range is significantly increased.
The directions in which the waves are in antiphase when they strike
the target, i. e., they subtract from each other, are called bearings of
radiation minimums. Here, the field intensity is weakened and the
radar detection range is correspondingly decreased.
Radiation maximums and minimums cause the development of lobed
radiation patterns in a vertical plane. One lobe near the earth is the
major lobe (figure 2). It should be remembered that the number of lobes
depends on the antenna height and the wavelength as shown by the formula
for their determination:
ha -
2
Therefore, the greater the antenna height in comparison to the wavelength,
the more lobes there will be in the pattern.
Major lobe
. Pm. 2.
71-gtire -27--
OrimummeNco dr/mamma manpagnewocma
Quaepamma c npollafiamu
Optimum ridiation pattern
Pattern with troughs
Figure 3.
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It is evident that to receive a maximum radar detection range, th5ox1
best earth-reflected radiawave must be used -- the specular reflection.
Thus it is desirable to locate the radar on an even surface with damp
soil and without obstructions.'
If the radar position is on rough terrain, the radiowaves reflected
from the earth will be scattered. Then, a very weak reflected wave is
received, the lobe aspects are changed, distortion appears in the
radiation pattern, and troughs appear in the major lobe. All of this
leads to a decrease in the radar detection range (figure 3).
It should be remembered that individual sections of the earth do
not play identical roles in the formation of radiation patterns. There-
fore, the section of the surface of the earth which is involved in the
reflection of the radiawaves of a station is divided into zones called
Fresnel zones. These zones are elliptical rings arranged at various
distances around a reflection point. The centers of the ellipses do
not usually coincide either with the reflection point (C) or with each
other (figure 4). The area of the first Fresnel zone is the zone of
effective earth reflection where the formation of an electromagnetic
field of the reflected waves chiefly occurs. Knowledge of the dimensions
zone 1
zone 2
zone 3
and location of the first zone has great practical value since this
allows the size of this area to be determined which is necessary to
align the area to achieve an optimum radiation pattern. Such an area
can be called the station near zone. The distribution of this zone
in respect to a radar antenna is shown in figure 5. It is evident from
the figure that the dimensions of the first Fresnel zone for a given
radar depend on the target angle of elevation: the greater the angle or
elevation, the larger the zone, i. e., the larger the zone ellipse. The
designations on the figure indicate:
xo - distance from the antenna to the center of the ellipse (of the
first Fresnel zone;
E - target angle;
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50X1
a - major semiaxis of the ellipse;
Rmin - distance from the antenna to the near boundary of the
reflection zone;
- distance to the far boundary of the reflection zone.'
max
For long range radar detection and tracking, it is important that
targets be detected timely at long range, i. e., the work should be
done at small angles of elevation within the major lobe of the radiation
pattern.
The angle in the vertical plane corresponding to the direction of the
major lobe maximum is then the angle of elevation necessary for the
most expediant determination of the dimensions of the first Fresnel
zone. The given angle can be determined from the formula:
sin max -a ?
(2)
We see from figure 5 that the boundaries of the position near zone
are determined by the formula:
Rmin = xo - a and R = xo-ta. (3)
max
If values for xo and a are substituted in the formula, rather simple
relationships for the radii confining the position near zone are derived:
4,i14
R gi 23.3 -lie! and Riado 2=0.7 - .
max
Analysis of the derived relationships which determine the position
near zone dimensions indicates that the dimensions of the near zone
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depend on the wavelength, the antenna height, and the target angle of 50X1
elevation. The immediate area around the antenna within the radius of
Rmin has no substantial importance in the formation of the antenna
radiation pattern.
To achieve a specular reflection from a position inside the area
bounded by Rmin and Rmax, all factors causing the electromagnetic energy
to be scattered and absorbed should be excluded. However, if the
roughness of the earth does not exceed a determined amount, it will not
show up in the radiowave reflection. The allowable height of irregulari-
ties depends on the wavelengths and their angle of incidence. The
reflection will be specular if the height of irregularities in the
reflection zone is significantly less than the wavelength. From this
condition, the height of an allowable irregularity (hi) can be equated:
X
hi = (M). (4)
16 sin e
It is evident from the relationship that the allowable height of
irregularities changes for vatious distances from a station. Radio-
waves strike steeply close to a radar antenna (angle is large).
Therefore, only small irregularities are permissible here. However,
the farther the reflection point from the antenna, the smaller the
radiowave angle of incidence and the greater the size of allowable
irregularities. To determine hi in practice for various distances from
a radar antenna, it is convenient to use the following formula of
approximation:
hic'w 102t18. d
where d is the distance from the radar to the irregularity.
(5)
It should be noted that since this is a formula of approximation,
the value of allowable irregularities is slightly high in calculations
for small angles of elevation, i. e., for large d.
To eliminate distortions in the formation of a radiation pattern,
there should be no power and telephone lines, high reinforced concrete
and brick buildings, structures with iron roofs, iron poles, etc. in
the position near zone. The presence of such objects in the position
leads to shielding of the electromagnetic energy radiated by the radar.
Behind such objects are formed zones which are not swept by radiowaves
and are called "dead". Since they do not help to form radiation patterns,
troughs are formed in the radar detection zone.
Large irregularities and indigenous objects in the near zone also
influence radar operation. They cause reflected signals which are
received with the reflections from aerial targets. These signals
complicate aerial target detection since a pulse from a target will be
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observed on a scope on their background. It is also necessary to 50X1
consider the phenomenon of diffraction which causes radiowaves diffractea
by indigenous objects to be held close to the earth. This leads to
errors in determining the angles of elevation of targets.
In selecting a position to set up a radar scanning station, the
first guides to be followed are the requirements inherent in the radar
station itself. Besides the general requirements in the station log,
the closing angle in a distant zone which should not exceed an established
value to eliminate shielding of the radar electromagnetic energy should
also be considered. There should be no sharp terrain slope at the
position since this leads to distortion of the detection zone in the
vertical plane and to a significant reduction in radar range for high-
altitude targets. The elevation of the terrain should also be strictly
observed since it leads to elevating the detection zone in the vertical
plane, which in turn leads to a decrease in radar range for targets at
low and medium altitudes.
The most expedient position for radar scanning is one near a
water surface or one with a small closing angle. Then the influence
of interference from local objects located beyond the closing angle is
eliminated and high precision in measuring angles of elevation of low
flying targets is maintained.
The antennas of radars with small cone angles have sharp radiation
patterns. Thus the radiation pattern is formed without substantial
earth influence. Therefore, the basic criterion for elaluating a
position for such a radar is consideration of the closing angle. The
most preferable position for this type of radar is one which has zero
or negative closing angles. Positive closing angles should be selected
so that there are no blind areas, i. e., "dead" zones, in the radar
detection zone. To decrease closing angles from nearby local objects,
the radar is set up on a natural or constructed elevation.
Thus, the selection of a radar position is very important in the
formation of a station antenna radiation pattern and consequently for
maximum use of the tactical and technical capabilities of a radar.
EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
Maintaining Communication Facilities in Constant CnmhAt Renaintann .... by
Lt Gen Sig Ttps L. I. GAVRILENKO, (pages 47-50)
Excerpts:
On the basis of the latest achievements of Soviet science and
technology, PVO Signal Troops are today equipped with facilities which
possess high operational reliability and are capable of providing
steady and uninterrupted communication at great distances and in any
conditions. However, no TpterAwggrie,Tt these facilities may be,
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they cannot be effectively utilized and kept in constant combat readinef5oxi
without correctly organized technical support and exemplary upkeep and
maintenance.
To provide constant good working conditions and high combat readiness
of communication facilities, precise planning of maintenance and repair
work is very imoortant. With this end in view, a yearly plan for
technical support of communication facilities is being developed in
each podrazdeleniye. This plan is the basic guiding document regulating
the use of communication facilities, a more rational expenditure of
present resources, the timely replacement of equipment, the organization
of equipment servicing, and the conduct of equipment inspections and
repair work. In content and form this should be thorough and detailed.
Specific tasks on technical support for each complex of equipment for
the entire year are outlined in it. The plan is confirmed by the chief
engineer or the deputy commander for technical affairs.
It should be noted that the content and form of the plan now in
use by the troops, is not yet perfect. Its shortcoming is that it does
not give comprehensive descriptions of communication facilities existing
in the podrazdeleniye, and their operational capabilities. To avoid
this, columns should be included in the plan with instructions on the
number of hours allotted to combat work and the number of hours worked
since the beginning of an operation and after the end of the last repair.
It would also be expedient to indicate in the plan all the measures for
technical support of communication facilities, including equipment
inspections, checks, repairs, regulating work, and the periods when
conducted. In compliance with this, the plan should be named The Plan
for Technidls Support for Communications....
Technical servicing includes a whole series of measures. Inspection
and checks are a part of this, and so is weekly, monthly, quarterly,
and yearly maintenance work. All persons concerned with the operation
of communication facilities participate in these measures. However, the
major role in this work belongs to commanders and engineers Of
podrazdeleniya, to deputy commanders for technical affairs, and to
chief engineers....
Not all commanders have achieved observance of the requirements
set forth for the installation and upkeep of antenna and mast installations.
In particular, serious violations of instructions are committed in the
preliminary treating of wood masts and feeder supports, the prevention
of corrosion of metal parts of riggings, the upkeep and rainteneance of
insulators and also the completion of contact connections of feeder lines,
downleads and lead-ins... Some commanders try to justify shortcomings
in the organization of preventive maintenance in antenna and mast
installations by the absence of specialists sufficiently trained in this
field. But who will train the specialists if not the commanders themselves?
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Serious shortcomings are also found in technical servicing of
storage batteries....
50X1
One of the important conditions ensuring high-quality equipment
servicing of communication facilities and maintaining them in good
working order is systematic and multiphase checking.... A special
place in the general system of checking should be given to equipment
inspection. It includes an external inspection for serviceability,
the presence and condition of all component parts, the condition and
correctness of technical documents, and storage conditions for
apparatus and other equipment....
PVO Signal Troops have the full potential for making the technical
support of communication facilities fully meet modern requirements.
The task of commanders, political workers, and party and Komsomol
organizations consists in attaining further improvement in the technical
knowledge of personnel and improvements in the technical servicing of
communication facilities. This will make it possible to eliminate
apparatus malfunctions, prevent conditions leading to operational
failures, and increase the combat readiness of the entire communications
system of our troops.
Reliable Aid to Pilots -- by Capt V. P. CHEKHOMOV (Page 50)
Abstract:
Commends Tech-Sr Lt SHEVCHENKO, an outstanding technician who
attains a high number of flying hours for his aircraft each year
without failures of components. SHEVCHENKO was awarded the Medal for
Combat Services. A sketch of SHEVCHENKO is included with the article..
The Support Team for Maintenance in a Podrazdeleniye Engr-Lt Col
Yu. P. GAMIN and Lt Col Tech Serv O. A. TOROPOV (Pages 51-53)
Abstract:
Discusses the duties, equipment, and work of support teams for
podrazdeleniye equipment maintenance, primarily in radar podrazdeleniya.
Their duties include: aiding podrazdeleniye personnel in repairing
equipment, helping station crews to organize and execute equipment
operation inspections, training personnel in skills for the determination
and correction of malfunctions in equipment, analyzing and publicizing
skills in equipment usage, and developing new methods and means fOr
equipment repair. These teams perform their functions either according
to preventive maintenance schedules or upon requests from podrazdeleniya
for equipment repairs or according to the level of technical training of
personnel. Their equipment is similar to that of a field repair shop.
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50X1
(A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV of Tech-Sr Lt N. OBRAZTSOV,
an aircraft maintenance specialist, appears on page 53.)
Men of High Duty -- by I. P. LYSYY, Photographs by I. N. SAUN (Pages
54-58)
Abstract:
Praises the professional proficiency of maintenance unit personnel
with specific examples of work performed by the officers and men of an
interceptor maintenance outfit.
A captioned photograph on page 55 shows Capt Tech Serv Ye.
UL,YANOV and Sgt A. SAVEL,YEV, mechanic, checking a 144ce of aviation
equipment.
A captioned photograph on page 56 shows Capt Tech Serv N. SHAMAYEV
checking the work performed by M/Sgt A. KUTEROV, a specialist 1st class
who usually receives outstanding ratings.
A captioned photograph on page 57 shows Sgt A. SEREDIN, specialist
1st class, working on an engine. SEREDIN, a highly qualified aviation
mechanic, is a master of his speciality.
Methods for Performing Radar Maintenance -- by Engr-Col I. M. TSEBRO
(Pages 59 - 62)
Abstract:
Discusses procedures for planning and performing daily, weekly,
monthly, and yearly servicing and maintenance of radar equipment and
explains responsibilities of officers in organizing, supervising, and
evaluating equipment maintenance.
(A captioned photograph by I. N. NIKOLAYEV on pages 6o - 61 shows
M/Sgt Aleksandr ISACHENKO, specialitt 1st class and commander of a motor
vehicle platoon, talking with Pvt I. MIGUNOV. MIGUNOV is shown leaning
out of the cab of a possible 4x2 light truck and the tail assembly of a
possible MIG 17 is shown in the background.)
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Teaching Machines and Their Use (Pages 63-71)
Text:
An article, "Programed Training with Special Machines," by T. I.
ROSTUNOV was published in the 1963 No 2 issue of Herald of Antiaircraft
Defense. This article, discussing the production and use of teaching
machines, evoked a most vivid interest among military officers.
Referring to it, many readers have informed us of constructive research
in designing and producing special teaching machines in chasti and
educational institutions. Some teaching machines which have been made
by innovators are discussed below.
The 0M-4 Machine -- by Engr-Cols and Candidates of Technical Sciences
K. S. LABETS and M. L. KHAVIN, Engr-Lt Col E. A. BERNSHTEYN, Engr-Capt
and Candidate of Technical Sciences N. K. RUDYACHENKO, and Engr-Capt
G. N. BOYKO (Pages 63-67)
Text:
50X1
The 0M-4 teaching machine constructed in our school is designed for
independent work and self-checking of acquired study material and for
checking the knowledge of trainees. Training material is subjected to
preliminary processing when using the 0M-4, 1. e., so-called program
cards are prepared with the includion of certain questions. The trainee
is given two or three answers for each question and he must select the
one or two answers which are correct. The answer selected must be fed
into the machine.
The character and complexity of the questions are determined in.
the training process by the type of trainees and their assignments. The
questions are presented in a logical sequence with gradually increasing
complexity. For example, when studying a subject such as "Pulse
Modulators with Ion Commutators," several program cards can be prepared.
Following is a sample card:
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S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreiga Dissem 50X1
Discharge Circuit Elements. Artificial Line.
1. In what line elements is energy accumulated?
a) in capacitors, b) in inductance coils.
2. How is the duration of a formed pulse affected, if:
the inductance of cells Lc is increased?
a) it is decreased, b) it is increased, c) it is not changed.
the capacitance of cells Cc is increased?
a) it is decreased, b) it ib increased, c) it is not changed.
the number of cells nc is decreased?
a) it is increased, b) it is decreased, c) it is not changed.
3. How is the duration of a formed wavefront affected, if:
the number of cells nc is increased?
a) it is increased, b) it is decreased, c) it is not changed.
the cell inductance and capicitance are decreased?
a) it is increased, b) it is decreased, c) it is not changed.
LITERATURE: Neyman, M. S., Course in Radiotransmission equipment,
Part II, Chapters IV - V. "Soviet Radio."
An external view of the 0M-4 is shown in figure 1. Located on its
front panel are: a power supply toggle switch (1), "start" and "stop"
buttons (2), bulbs which indicate answered questions (3), toggle switches
a, b, and c which conform to respective answers (4), a window to show
either of two inscriptions: "Correct, continue" And "Find the second
answer" (5), and a button and four bulbs to flash an evaluation "5", "4",
"3", or "2" (6).
There is a program panel with 36 two-position toggle switches
numbered from 1 to 72 for program selection under the hinged upper cover.
This is also the location of a toggle switch for turning off the "stop"
button and for locking the power supply switch, of a toggle switch for
switching "error weight", and of bulbs to illuminate the number of an
incorrectly answered question.
A line diagram of an 0M-4 is shown in figure 2. It includes: two
step-by-step switches - ShI-25/8 (1 Sh) and ShI-50/4 (2 Sh), three RS-13
relays (111, R2, 111), 20v X 0.15 amp bulbs and 20 MTKII tubes, and 42 two-
position switchee(T).
A 26v X 0.8 amp rectifier (L) on a VS-45-46 selenium stack is
included in the circuit to power the step-by-step switche windings, the
relays, and the tubes. A 100v X 0.05 amp rectifier (11) on a D7Zh is
included to power the MTKh-90.
35
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign DisSem
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
In the circuit, switches Tl - T3
T6 are for the second question, etc.
and "b" contacts are closed: Tl - (1
T3 - (4 - 6) which corresponds to the
panel. The step-by-step switches are
shown in the circuit, it is only here
are for the first question, T4 -
There are two correct answers "a"
- 3), T2 - (1 - 3 and 4 - 2)1 and
numbers 1, 25, and 50 on the upper
in the zero position since/ as
that the end switch 1 Sh is open.
A program for the machine is composed in accordance with a table.
The table is used to program only the answers "a" and "b". The answer
"c" is automatically programed by the teaching machine.'
50X1
Using the given table, all the answers are enumerated as numbers
selected with the two-position switches. Here is an example of the
answer enumeration to the questions on the included example program card:
1, 4, 6, 8, 12, 261 27, 290 311 331 35, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57, and 59.
Operation on the machine is begun by pressing the "start" button.
When the question number (1) is illuminated, the Machine is ready for
operation. The trainee answers the first question by flipping the answer
switch "a", "b", or "c". If the answer is correct, the inscription,
"Correct, 'continue," is shown and when the answer switch is moved back,
the next question number IA shown. If the answer is incorrect, the
inscription, "Incorrect, consider," is shown and when the switch is moved
back, the number of the' next question id not illuminated. The machine
does not all question to be answered until the correct answer
is given for The pr?ous question.
In those cases when there are two correct answers, after the return
of the selected answer switch, the inscription, "'Find the second answer,"
is shown and only after it is found can the next question be answered.
36
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
All errors in answering are registered by the "error lights." For5oxi
example, when questions "2" and "3" are incorrectly answered, the secona
and third bulbs are illuminated and they stay illuminated until the
"stop" button is pushed.
37
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in' Part-- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
1'1
Question
,,,,
Number
Answer
Program Switch Position Number
Choice
Corredt
Incorrect
One
Correct
Answer
Two
Correct
Answers
1
a
b
1
25
:2
26
49
50
2
a
b
3
27
4
28
51
52
3
a
b
5
29
6
30
53
54
4
a
b
7
31
8
32
55
56
5
a
b
9
33
10
34
57
,
58
6
a
b
11
35
12
36
59
60
761
a
b
13
37
14
38
,
62
863
a
b
15
39
16
40
64
,
9
a
b
17
41
18
42
65
66
10
a
b
19
43
20
44
67
68
\
11
a
b
21
45
22
46
69
70
12
a
b
23
47
24
48
'71
72
38
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
50X1
No Foreign Dissem
When the work is completed, an evaluation of the number of mistakes
is shown. The "error weight" switch is moved to receive an answer eval-
uation depending upon the number of questions per card (6 and 12).
Two operation modes are provided in the machine: "Self-training"
(self-checking) and "Examination" (question, check). Switching to opera-
tion modes is done with switch T3,$ (figure 2). When the machine is in
the "Self-training" mode, the trainee has complete control of the machine
(start, stop, intorduction of answers, reception of a running evaluation),
but when the machine is in the "Examination" mode he cannot use the
"stop" or "evaluation" buttons.
The circuit begins to operate the moment the "start" button is
pushed. When the "start" button is pushed, the winding of the step-by-
step switch 1 Sh is energized. When the button is released, the step-by-
step switches 1 Sh and 2 Sh are in the first position. Suppose that the
answer "a" switch is closed in response to the first question. The cur-
rent goes from the 26v rectifier over the circuit: "a"- 1 Sh pass 1 -
- T1 - R, - chassis. The contacts 1/1 of relay R1 are closed, the
lamp burns, did the inscription, "correct, continue," is illuminated.
Then contacts 2/1 are closed, the 1 Sh winding is energized, and the
armature is turned4so that the step-by-step switch is readied to go to
the contacts 1 Sh 1, 1 Sh 22 ...etc. The designation 1 Sh21 means the
first step-by-step switch, the second contact, first row.
After the switch "a" is released, the winding of relay R1 is de-
energized, the lamp burns which illuminates the inscription, "Correct)
continue," the 1 Sh winding is de-energized so that its moveable contacts
go to the next position, and contacts 1 Sh pass 4 - 1 sh24, 1 Sh pass 5 -
1 S1I25, 1 Sh pass 1 - 1 Sh21 are closed.
If the question is programed for one correct answer, voltage is
supplied from the 26v rectifier to the 1 Sh winding along the circuit;
T3 toggle switch contacts, 1 She. Simultaneously, the 1 Sh contact
breaker de-energizes the wincling of the step-by-step switch and its move-
able contacts, without stopping, go to the ne0 position to contacts:
1 Sh53, 1 Sh43, 1 Sh33, 1 Sh32' 1 Sh31' 1 Sh30' 1 Sh37' 1 Sh38.
This switching causes the second question ("21t) lamp to be lit and
the program switches T4 and:rc for the given question are switched in to
the answer toggle switches sa", "b", and "c" throughLthe contacts: 1 Sh31 -
1 Sh pass 1, 1 Sh32 - 1 Sh pass 2, and 1 Sh33 1 Sh pass 3.'
39
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
+26v
+2e6,81
Exam
Self-
exam
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
Figure 3.
If a question has two correct answers as shown in figure 3 for
question "1", the program switch Tl is put in the proper position to
break the power supply circuit of the 1 Sh winding and to short-circuit
its circuit breaker.
Then when the first correct answer for the given question "1" is
fed into the machine, the 1 Sh moveable contacts remain on the "2" con-
tacts. The first question lamp continues to burn and the answer toggle
switches "a", "b", and "c" remain connected to the Ti and T2 program
toggle switches through the contacts: 1 Sh pass 1 - 1 Sh21, 1 Sh pass
2 -; 1 Sh22, and 1 Sh pass 3 - 1 Sh23. The contacts 1 Sh pass 7 - 1 Sh27
are closed and the lamp illuminating the inscription, "Find the second
answer," is illuminated.
When the toggle switch for the incorrect answer is switch in, for
example toggle switch "c", the R2 relay winding is energized and the lamp
showing the inscription, "Incorrect, consider," is illuminated. Simultan-
eously, the contacts 2/2 are closed and the 2 Sh step-by-step switch wind-
ing is energized. When the "c" toggle switch is switched off, the 2 Sh
moveable contacts switch to the second position ("2" stationary contacts),
and 2 Sh is closed since its circuit breaker is a closed circuit: the
contacts of the end switch 1 Sh and also 2 Sh13, 2 Sh pass 3 are closed.
When the "Evaluation" button is pushed, the evaluation lamp is lit.
The evaluation is determined by the position of the moveable contacts of
the step-by-step witch 2 Sh.
To change the "evaluation weight" depending on the number of questions
per card from 6 to 12, the first or second row of the step-by-step switch
Is connected through 2 Sh pass 1 or 2 Sh pass 2 to the chassis by the T37
switch.
The registering of wrong answers is accomplished by the lamps whic4
are switched by the moveable contact 1 Sh pass 8 through contacts 1 Shio,
1 S1i2?,...etc. and contact 3/2 of relay R2.
41
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
nRciassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T 50X1
No Foreign Dissem
An advantage of the 0M-4 machine is that it can be used for study-
ing various disciplines and subjects. Also, it is simply contructed,
easy to use, and highly reliable. It requires less than 40 watts of
power. The use of this machine allows checking and self-checking to be
accomplished 2 to 3 times more rapidly then with 'ordinary methods and
enables errors made by trainees to be objectively represented.
The OMCh-1 Machine -- by Engr-Maj M. Kh. CHASHNIKOV (Pages 67 - 70)
Text:
It is known that much electric power and equipment is expanded in
training personnel to operate equipment. It is difficult to be certain
whether personnel have correctly executed operations if the training is
done on "cold" equipment. This matter is complicated by a shortage of .
visual aids and a limitation of time available for practical training in
military schools [VUZ[. As a result, trainees cannot acquire solid
practical skil3s in equipment operation during planned training activities.
To overcome these limitations and difficulties, our innovators have
developed the OMCh-1 teaching machine. With it, theoretical material can
be studied and practical work habits can be acquired in a chast' or
podrazdeleniye. By coupling the machine to "cold" equipment for train-
ing, soldiers and sergeants can check their work in completing operations.
This saves both equipment and electricity.
The OMCh-1 machine can be especially effective if it is mounted in
a cabinet with front panels and instead of the toggle switches on the
machine the toggles switches on front panels are used. Then training
and development of functional responsibilities can be done directly on
models of equipment.
Experience shows that when it is not possible to work directly on
"cold" equipment, the equipment can be replaced by block circuits and
drawings or photographs of front panels. Then the trainee by working
on the machine can check function correctness and acquire necessary
practical skills.
The OMCh-1 can be used in a rocket podrazdeleniye to work out the
order for switching in apparatuses, the functional responsibilities of
crew members in combat work, the order for carrying out functional checks
and for servicing equipment, the rules for using check and measurement
equipment, etc.
The OMCh-1 machine is constructed in a duralumin case. All control
and signal equipment is located on the front panel. An external view of
the OMCh-1 in working position is shown in figure 1. The electric cir-
cuitry (figure 2) consists of the following circuits: program card per-
formance, knowledge evaluation, and power supply.
42
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07 CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
The program card performance circuit includes: relays Pi - P
-1650X1Y
toggle switches Ti - T141 tubes LN-7 and LN-8, button switch KN-2,
resistor Ri91 and capacitor Ci.
The given circuit (figure 2) operates as follows: Relay Pi begins
to operate when Ti is witched on, and relay P2 begins to operate after
the operation of Pi by switching on toggle switch T2, etc. Thus, a
sequence for operation execution is bound into the order for witching
in relays Pi - P14. If the trainee executes the operations correctly,
relay P14 begins to operate at the end of the cycle and the "Correct"
bulb is illuminated through its normally open contacts.
If the operations sequence is broken, for example, T9 is switched
on immediately after T1, P9 will not operate, P16 is switched in and
self-blocked through its normally open contacts, and the "Incorrect"
bulb is illuminated.
a 12 ? ?---1/ . ?
I
7r:
16..4.01
6 7 . 8
Figure 1. External Vi:w of the OMCh-l: "Initial posi-
tion" button; 2 - "Failure" window; 3 - window with evalua-
tion registration; 4 - "Evaluation" button; 5 - "Stop"
button; 6 - "Incorrect" bulb; 7 - "Correct" bulb; 8 -
toggle switch for turning on machin; 9 - signal lamp; 10
- plug sockets; 11 - s)ckets; 12 - program card; 13 -
toggle switches.
To return the incorrectly switched toggle switch to its initial
position, the "Stop" button must be pressed (KN-2). Relay Pi6 is de-
energized and the "Incorrect" bulb goes out.
43
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissen
norlaccifiprl in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07 CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/07: CIA-RDP80T00246A072000220001-7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
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