ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF HERALD OF ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE, ISSUE NO. 6, 1963

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 64
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 8, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 24, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
CENTRAL- INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
50X1
This material contains information affecting the National 49efense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, 'I L..
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized nerson is nrohlhttprl hs, lam
NO FOREIGN
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT English Translation of Herald
of Antiaircraft Defense, Issue
No. 6, 1963
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
50X1 -HUM
50X1 -HUM
DISSEM
REPORT
DATE DISTR. _Pi/ February 1964
NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
50X1
.e ff.& ? ? ,o/m1/ ??????????
4
3
2
1. An English translation of Issue No. 6, June 1963.2, of the Soviet
publication Vestnik ProtivoVozdushnoy Oborony LHerald of
Antiaircraft De ens e pus ishe y the Mi arv Puhlishincr
House of the Ministry nf ninfeancta Tancnn'12,1
50X1 -HUM
2. In some cases, the articles were translated in their entirety:
in other cases they were summarized.
Distribution of Attachments for Retention:
00/FDD:
OSI:
ORR:
OCI:
Air;
FTD:
SAC;
Army:
Army/FSTC:
Navy:
Navy/STIC:
NSA:
1 copy
2 copies
2 copies
1 copy
2 copies
5 copies
2 copies
3 copies
3 copies
2 copies
1 copy
2 conie 7
NO FOREIGN DISSEM
50X1 -HUM ,
50X1 -HUM
110 50X1 -HUM
-
GROUP 1
Excluded from automatic
downgrading and
declassification
STATE
I DIA I ARMY
INAVY IAM
NSA I NIC I OCR
Armv/FSTC Air/FTD Navy/STIC 00/FDD SAC
(Note: Field distribution indicated by "#".)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No F;oreigp "rissem
50X1
Herald of Antiaircr 1ft Defense
No 6, June 1963
S-E-C-R-E-T
No :Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A0716000200-0-114
S-E-C-R7E-T
No Foreign Pissem
Vestnik_Protivovozdushnoy Oborony, No 6, June 1963
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Editorial -- The Strengthening of Discipline is
OUr Daily Task
Party-Political Work and Military Educatio4
-- The Arniversary of the Great Party Should
Be Celebrated in the Proper Manner
I. I. FROLOV
A. 1. ZARUBIN and
A. P. K1RICHUK
N. F. NAKAROV
A. M. BIRYUK
-- Train. Soldiers To Be On Their Guard
The Role, of the .party Organization in the
Technical Training of Soldiers
-- A Restless Job
Combat Training
To Fly Without Accidents or Conditions Causing Accidents
O. I. YERIN
Ya. I. FAYENOV
A. SHEVCHENKO
and D. A. PANT-
YUKNOV
V. I. AKUI0V and
E. A. LERNER
S. Ye. TROFINENKO
D7 G. SNILEVETS
Page
9
9
-- Ground Training Nust Be Improved
10
-- Working With Equipment Quickly and Ski1J
ii y
fully. '
10
-- Methods for Training Operators:,
13
Conducting Tactical Training
13
The Contents of a Plan-Synopsis
22
Equipment and Is Use
Increasing the Technical Outlook of
Future Offic.ras_
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
sr"
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
' S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
V. N. SANSONOV
/ G. P. 13EL'SKTY
M. S. BRYUSHINKIN
V. A.OKHRIMENKO
N. Ye. ZHOVINSEIY
V. I. UERAINTSEV
? Everypne Needs Training
-- Planning the Use and Repair of
Commthlications ELuipment
-- Radio Transmitter Equipment Checks
-- Methods for Extending Engine Operation
Periods Between Overhauls
-- Aircraft Fuel Systems
-- Power Gyroscopic Stabilizers
Cybernetics and Automation
A. V. SEREBRYAKOV -- The Arithmetic Unit of an Electronic
Computer
From the History of PV0 Troops
M. F. ARTENENKO -- A Battery of Heroes
S-E-C7R4E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Page
26
26
27
314.
140
50
50
60
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No .Foreign tissem
50X1
In Chasti and Podrazdeleniya of Our Forci :71ge 2)?
,Outstanding Specialist Becomes Master Operator by Maj,I. N. LAVRUXHIN
Summary:
Reenlisted M/Sgt Valentin Fedorovich DEYCHEYKO enjoys grat authority
among the personnel of a radar podrazdeleniye. He is a 1st Cl ss operator
and has been entrusted with 'training new recruits- MRCE7= las acquired
several specialties, including those of a plotter and an e..t2ician.
He was one of the first men in the chast' to acquire tlae ra,:n: of "master
operator," and he received much practical help from the officers of the
? podrazdeleniyq, particularly Engr-Lt'BRYKOV. DENCHENKO initiaed a
socialist competition among the personnel .of his radar team for lon-range
detection of aerial targets and high precision in determining their
.,coordinate.
[A photograph by N. OREKHOV shows Reenlisted ::./Sgt V. DE1.2;71IN1CO
speaking to his comrades about his work.]
Conquerors of the Yenisey River - by Engr-Lt Col I. A. GARBUZ3V
Abstract:
A short article describing a recent excursion to the const:uction
site of the Krasnoyarsk Hydroelectric Power Station, which is to be the
largest in the world. The excursion was reportedly organized .)y the
Komsomol bureau of a training podrazdeleniye. GARBUZOV stated that the
future officers inspected the construction work in Divnogorsk and even
worked hand in hand with the builders. They were said to have returned
to their school late in the evening.
Clubs for Curious and Resourceful Soldiers -- by V. A. VIKTOROV
Abstract:
Many chasti and podrazdeleniya of the Moscow PVO District are said
to have organized clubs, on the initiative of Komsomol organizations, for
curious and resourceful soldiers. Contests between soldiers are reportedly
organized each Sunday for the greatest skill in the use of combat equip-
ment and weapons, and the best knowledge of history and traditions of
PVO Troops; as well as of works of literature and art.
- 1 -
$-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T?
NO Foreign Dissem
50X1
TheStrenghenirlurl?ai_.;.1L.22 -- Editorial (Pages ,-o) /
Summary:
Following Lenin's teachings, the Communist Party is educating the
Armed Forces in the spirit of strict discipline. The changes in the
nature of armed struggle and the development of weapons of mass destruc-
tion have greatly increased the importance of discipline and other moral
fighting qualities of soldiers. Each soldier must be ready and able to
carry out his commander's orders at any cost whatsoever, regardless of
any difficulties.
The soldiers' ideological convictions are the foundation of Soviet
military discipline. Therefore, the state of discipline and order in
the troops depends primarily on the political education of personnel.
The chast' under the command of Col BESSOLITSYN is a good example; it
has been awarded the transferable Red Banner for high results in combat
readiness and in combat and political training. There are many such
chasti and podrazdeleniya among PVC Strany Troops.' However, in some
podrazdeleniya the state of discipline does( notfully meet present
requirements. This can be explainedvprimarily by inadequate ideological
work. As is known, a relaxation in ideological education infallibly
leads to a revival of vestiges of the past in the consciousness and
behavior of individuals, to unethical actions, and to violations of
service regulations.
It should be remembered that discipline, organization, and unquestioning
Obedience do not happen by themselves, but are developed and implanted
in the course of military service.
? The principal role in the strengthening of discipline belongs to
one-man Commanders. Only a &emanding commander, who is able to coordinate
measures of disciplinary influence with daily educational work, will be
successful in establishing the proper order. However, some commanders
try to ignore or even cover up breaches of discipline.
While a commander must be demanding to maintain firm military
discipline, he must not be rude or insulting to the personal dignity
of his subordinates. However, such instances still occur.
In order to strengthen military discipline, commanders must not
only be more demanding toward their subordinates, but they must establish
closer contact with the soldiers and improve organizational activities
among the personnel. Some commanders still "stay aloof" from the
soldiers and place deliberate emphasis on their superiority in rank.
Such shortcomings in the work of commanders should not be tolerated.
- 2 7.
No Foreign Bissell'
nRclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No Foreign Pissem
One should generally strive to increase the authority of sergeanK1
who are the immediate superiors Of Soldiers, as this will tend tO
improve discipline.
//
Party and Komsomol organizations should give the commanders active
support in the education of soldiers in the spirit of discipline. /
The work of senior commanders, staffs, and political organs, should
be improved. Not all senior chiefs otake an active part in the propaganda
of military requirements and regulations. Some commanders seldom speak
to the soldiers and sergeants about the importance of discipline.
PARTY-POLITICAL WORK AND MILITARY EDUCATION
The Anniversary of the Great Party Should Be Celebrated-3in the Proper
Manner -- by Maj Gen I. I. FROLOV (Pages 7-10) ,
Summary:
_
Soldiers of PV0 Strany T-roops are preparing to celebrate the 60th
anniversary of the CPSU. In preparation for this great day, .they are
striving to gain new success in combat readiness and in the strengthening
of discipline.
Lectures and reports are being given 'on the heroic progress of the
Communist Party and its increasing role in the building of Communism.
Officers RESHETNYAK and BELYAKOV gave interesting talks on the develop-
ment of the party and the trf.umphantvideas of Marxism-Leninism. A group
of lecturers, including officer NAL', gave a series of lectures on
the role of the Communist Party and the Soviet government in strengthening
Soviet defense power and developing the Soviet Armed Forces, particularly
fighter aviation.
Film festivals devoted to Lenin and the Communist Party have been
held in a number of garrisons. Agitators have developed intensive
activities, their principal task being to explain party and government
statements in connection with the 45th anniversary of the Soviet Army
and Navy.
Party and Komsomol organizations have invited scientists, leading
industrial and agricultural workers, and leading party officals to give
lectures to military personnel.
Political activity among the personnel has increased and the best
officers and soldiers are applying for membership in the party.
- 3 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
NO Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
The strengthening of ideological work is closely connected with50X1
organizational work aimed at improving combat training, increasing
technical skills, and developing socialist competition in training and
service.
Party and Komsomol committees and bureaus have done much organi-
zational work in preparation for the anniversary. Pilots and technicians
are competing for excellent ratings. Soldiers have taken socialist
pledges stating that they will achieve complete interchangeability in
their work. Rocketeers are striving to increase productivity in the
preparation of rockets. Radar operators have pledged to detect targets
at ranges considerably exceeding the tactical and technical data of
radar stations. '
The soldiers know that the party teaches them not to be satisfied
with their achievements, but to continue perfecting their military and
political knowledge and strengthening discipline.
[A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV on page 10 shows Sr Lt
Valentin IVanovich GRIGORCHUK, commander of an outstanging podrazdeleniye,
talking to his subordinates. GRIGCRCHUK was elected party organization
secretary.]
Train Soldiers To Be On Their Guard -- by Cols. A. I. ZARUBIN and
A. P. KIRICHUK (Pages 11-14)
Excerpts:
Reactionary circles of imperialist countries consider espionage
Very valuable in preparing for war against the Soviet Union and the ?
socialist camp. For instance in the US, espionage has been raised to
the rank of official government policy and millions of dollars are yearly
assigned to it. Thousands ct' hired agents of the US employ any means
or methods to find out military secrets which might, to some extent, give
an idea of the combat capability and combat readiness of the Soviet Armed
Forces.
The enemy is especially interested in information on the distribution,
numerical strength, armament, combat training, and combat readiness of
PV0 Strany Troops; tactical and technical data on combat equipment; radar
coverage; airfields; the location of fuels and lubricants, ammuntion,
and rations; etc. Agents also attempt to find out data on the political
attitudes and morale of personnel. Foreign intelligence services pay
constant attention to our country's achievements in the realm of science?
and technology which strengthen the military and economic night of the
USSR.
- 4 -
S7E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
To combat the insidious schemes of imperialist agents, the Soviet
people use their revolutionary vigilance and their indefatigable
watchfulness, which were willed by V. I. Lenin and are constantly taught
by ourICommunist Party. The history of the Soviet state knows a multitude
of examples wherein spying sabotage and other subversive activities 'of
imperialist intelligence services and their agents inside our country
were suppressed thanks to the high vigilance of our people.
Special watchfulness and constant vigilance are demanded of soldiers
of the Soviet Armed Forces 'who must be on the alert to defend the
peaceful labor of the Soviet people and the state interests of our
country. Vigilance in military matters has always been of extreme
importance. There is good reason for the saying: "Courage conquers
cities, but vigilance protects them." However, the value of vigilance
has never been higher than it is in our time. It is not by chance that
the Program-of the CPSU states that our Armed Forces, organs of state
security, and all Soviet people should "manifest unremitting vigilance
in relation to the aggressive schemes of the enemies of peace, guard
peaceful labor, and be in constant readiness for the armed defense
of their native land."
All of this [educational] work does not, of course, pass without
a trace. It enables the vigilance of personnel to be increased and
improves the performance of combat and guard duty. An example might
serve to:emphasize this.
Pvt NOVIKOV, while on leave in town, noticed an automobile full of
civilians near a military installation. The soldier noticed that one
passenger was photographing the installation; With the aid of passers-
by, NOVIKOV detained the "amateur photographer" who was found to have
taken pictures of combat equipment and various military installations.
NOVIKOV was commended by his commander for his vigilance.
Many examples of skillful and thoughtful work in .educating personnel
in high vigilance could be cited. However, we would like to mention /
some shortcomings and omissions in this matter and discuss facts
involving carelessness and thoughtlessness on the part of some service-
man. And such facts occur. Individual soldiers, sergeants, and even
officers discuss the character of their work with their friends and
families and, in doing so, disclose 'secret information. Wanting to show
off how well informed they are on important secrets, they forget now
and then that the information they divulge may fall into anyone's hands./
For example, Pvt KAL'TSIN wrote in a letter to a girl-friend about the
character of his combat work and about his own and his comrades' service
duties. Then, he lost the letter.
- 5 -
S-EC-R-E-T
? NO FOreign Xlissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-rE-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
Other cases of dulled vigilance include rules being broken in
carrying on telephone conversations, in handling secret documents, in
discussing official matters in the presence of strangers etc. All of
these vy)lations are explained to a great extent by the fact that
organizational and educational work of individual commanders, staffs,
political organs, and of party and Komsomol,organizations does not fully
satisfy requirements. Sometimes, document's concerning questions of
vigilance and observance of secrecy are studied and explained to per-
sonnel without any proper system, i.e., as the occasion demands. As a
result, the rules contained in these documents are easily forgotten....
Communist VASYNKIN lost a document and it took the party organi-
zation 6 months "to react" to his error. And how? The problem
concerning the tasks of Communists in increasing vigilance was discussed
at a meeting and it was casually indicated to VASYAKIN that he should
"pay attention to his lackbf vigilance and his loss of a sense of
responsibility for safeguarding official documents."...
It is very important that the historical decisions of the 22d Party
Congress, the Party Program, questions of current policy, and requirements
of allegiance oaths and regulations be explained, and that the felonious
plans of imperialist aggressors and the crafty methods of enemy agents
be disclosed to military personnel in political study groups, reports,
lectures, discussions, and visual propaganda. All means of propaganda
and agitation should be used to inculcate personnel with a feeling of
hatred toward the bitter enemies of our native land and of the whole
socialist camp....
Commanders, political organs, and party organizations should pay
unremitting attention to command post crews and podrazdeleniya which are
carrying on combat duty. The successful execution of any combat assign-
ment depends to a great extent on the organization, discipline, and
vigilance of personnel. It should also be kept in mind that great
secrets are entrusted to command and auty post personnel, which are of
special interest to foreign intelligence.
. Educational work must be intensified in the case of personnel
assigned to 24-hour details and to guard duty, ad those who guard the
entrances to chasti and military installations. 'Strict order should
be established in our staffs, and the exact fulfillment of orders and
instructions dealing with administrative matters, should be achieved.
The education of soldiers in the spirit of high revolutionary vigilance
should constantly be in the center of attention of commanders, political
organs, and party and Komsomol organizations. No matter how great the
6
No Foreign Dissem
neclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign 'Pissem
50X1
successes of our native land in the building of'Connunism and in the
international arena, they cannot be the basis for complacency and care-
/
lessnes' The Communist Party demands that all educational work With?
troops, combat training, and the daily life of military personnel help
to develop a sense of dupy and responsibility for the defense of our
socialist country, unfailing vigilance, and constant combat readiness.
"'We must be vigilant everyday and every hour," remained N. S. KHRUSHCHEV,
"Soldiers of peace, soldiers of the just cause, should always be ready
to repel any aggressor, and to retaliate if enemies of peace Should
provoke an attack on our country or on any other country of the
socialist camp."
Chronicle of Komsomol Life (Page 13)
Summary:
"Lenin and the Komsomol" was the topic of a recent meeting in a
chast'. There were three generations of Komsomol and party members at
the meeting, which was attended by several old Bolsheviks.
The commander and political Section of a chast' have established a
certificate (diploma) "for outstanding knowledge, servicing, and maintenance
of combat equipment," to be awarded yearly to a section, group, or crew
who are outstanding in combat and political training To receive the
Award, all personnel of the involved unit must have been cross-trained
in other specialties.
The Komsomol organization headed by Pvt MOSTOV took first' place in
the competition (smotr-konkurs) imeni Nikolay Ostrovskiy.
A group for studying the laistory of the Komsomol headed by Sr Lt
KURCHANOV has been formed in a chest'.
Close contact has been es-Ablished between a Komsomol organization
wi-irePfc YERMOLOV is secretary, and a neighboring school. ,At the
beginning of this year, soldiers organized a 'Young Friends of the
Soviet Army" detachment in the school. Here, the students study combat
traditions of the Komsomol and the Soviet Armed Forces, And they are
trained in special groups in the handling of firearms, radio and tele-
phone equipment.
- 7
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
r,"
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Pissem
The Role of the Party Organization in the Technical Training of
Soldiers -- by Naj N. F. MkKAROV (Pages 15-17)
50X1
Summary'
Being well aware of the fact that combat readiness depends on the
extent to which personnel of PV0 troops have mastered their complex
combat equipment, the party organization of a chasty considers-the daily
help to commanders in the technical training of soldiers as one of their
principal tasks. To illustrate how the party organization handles this
task, We will consider the example of the podrazdeleniye where Capt
DEWYANYUK is party bureau secretary.
At a party meeting to dl_scuss the new training year, party members
decided to take an active part in the development of - good training faci-
lities. Engr-Sr Lt RUDYUK and Lt BROSALIN were put in charge of this
matter. With the podrazdeleniye commander, they prepared a plan for
equipping classrooms and for preparing training aids. Their labors
were successful, and when the training year began, the classrooms were
well equipped.
Using the experience gained last year, the party bureau enlarged
the scope of a technical study group to include the study of physics,
mathematics, and radar. The group also has undertaken practical
training in the correcting of equipment defects and in the servicing
of equipment. The training is supervised by qualified engineers and
technicians.
The party organtZation also aids the comMander in organizing the
? training process by instructing sergeants in better training methods,
by preparing technical literature, by aiding new .personnel to become
familiar with the equipment of the podrazdeleniye, and by aiding officers
to pg.i.fect their training methods and to develop a proper sequence for
training activities. The party bureau helped the commander to prepare
and conduct a meeting for officer personnel on "The Responsibility of
Officers for Organizing the Training Process." As a result of these
measures, the quality of training has been significantly improved and
training time is being used to its fullest possibilities.
A sOcialist competition was held to improve the mastery of combat
equipment by all personnel. The progress of the competition was well
publicized and the competition was successful.
Communist and Komsomol activiStss aided in developing a sense of
unity, comradeship, and responsibility among all personnel of the
podrazdeleniye and urged everyone to help one another.
? - 8 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
o Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Meseta
The party organization took great care to organize technical 50X1
propaganda and to make technical information available to all members
of the podrazdeleniye. Special technical meetings were held and
prepar,d by the party bureau for this purpose. This effort, like all
the others, was crowned with success. The podrazdeleniye is becoming
more and more proficient in technical training, knowledge, and skills.
(A captioned photograph by I'4/St I.. RYPIN, showing Lt Yu. POCHATKOV
addepting a transferable pennant awarded to his platoon for success in
combat and political training,: appears on page 17).
A Restless Job -- by Capt A. M. BIRrUK (Pages 18-20)
Abstract:
Discusses how Sr Lt Ivan Mikhaylovich IVANOV, Radar crew commander
(nachal'nik smeny) and secretary of radar podrazdeleniye party organi-
zation, trains his subordinates and is always ready to help in command
problems and in servicing equipment. (A captioned photograph of Sr Lt
I. IVANOV by P. GORDIYENKO appears on page 20).
C0N3AT TRAINING
To Fly Without Accidents or Conditions Causing Accidents (Pages 21-26)
Abstract, :
Maintains that it is possible to fly without accidents or incidents
even during the most intensive training periods and discusses the
means of achieving accident-free flight service. The primary cause
of accidents is attributed to'the lack of proper attention to discipline,
organization, the observance of flight rules, and the failure to instill
in pilots a feeling of responsibility for the fulfillment of service
duties. Equipment inspection, flight critiques, and.the physical
health of aviators are emphasized as important factors in flight
'safety.
I
The Incident Could Have Been Prevented'-- by Capt V. P. CHEKHOMOV (pages
22-23). .
Abstract:
Discusses an incident Which nearly led to an aircraft accident
because of carelessness on the part of aviation specialists, the mechanic,
and the technician .and maintains that, in the interests of flight safety,
it is the responsibility of each aviation specialist to check the work
of his co-workers as well as his own work.
- 9 -
No Foreign DisSem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-H-E-T
No Foreign bissem
A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV on page 24 shows Capt V.
SEALYGIN, Pilot 1st Claes, after completion Of an intercept mission.
SHALYGIN intercepts target aircraft at the assigned intercept point
and desitroys it on the first attack.)
? (A captioned photograph by P. GORDIYENKO on page 26 shows Capt
0. PANASENKO, Pilot 2d Class, in the cockpit of his aircraft prior to
takeoff.)
50X1
Ground TrainingMist Be Improved -- by Capt O. I. YERIN, Pilot 1st
Class Pages 27-29
Abstract:
Discusses the need for improvements in ground training programs due
to the increased demands for technically well trained pilots. Because
the modern pilot is well trained in theoretical subjects and needs little
additional training in that area, practical training on equipment and
training devices should be stressed as an important means of perfecting
the combat mastery of PVC pilots.
(A captioned photograph by I. RYBIN on page 28 shows Capt
R. KARABANOV who recently passed an examination for the title of pilot
1st class. All the pilots in the chast'.where KARABANOV serves are/
preparing to take the examination for pilot 1st class before the year
is out.)
Working With Equipment Quickly and Skillfully -- by Engr-Col
Ya. I. FAYENOV (t'ages 30-31) '
Excerpts-:
The process of transferring equipment from the traveling to combat
position, as is known, requires much work. To execute these operations
as required within an established time, personnel -must know their
functional responsibilities toperfection, haye'firm work habits, and
be firmly guided by proper instructions and-directions.
Unfortunately, this is forgotten in some podrazdeleniya. Many
necessary directions were not followed in one rocket podrazdeniye
when they were trained in setting up equipment. A superior commander
had to interfere to correc?he mistakes which had been made.
-107
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Pissem
50X1
The soldiers acted uncertainly and without spirit while setting
up cabins in this training w2tivity, becauge they were not sure of their
functional responsibilities. The officers did not give commands during
the opeyation and accordingly their subordinates did not report on the
completion of each stage of the operation. Also, required instructions
were not followed in laying cables. Certain officers did not check the
correctness and reliability of the cable connections to the cabin input
box. All of this led to the deployment operation requiring more time
than was required.
One cannot put up with this sort of shortcoming in combat training.
A future nuclear rocket war, if the imperialists unleash it, will be
characterized by constantly changing and highly maneuverable combat
operations involving sudden, powerful strikes both against troops and
deep rear areas of the combatants. Maneuverability acquires an extremely
great importance in such conditions. Personnel must be well trained
in changing positions and in preparing equipment for combat in any
ground or aerial situations. All of this is learned in peacetime during
training, tactical exercises, study, marches, etc.- All of this combat
training is of great value only when it is executed in conditions which
closely approximate actual combat without simplifications. ?
It is very important that rocket podrazdeleniya change positions,
execute march movements, and learn to transfer equipment from travel
to combat positions in the shortest possible time during tactical
training activity. Such requirements are self-evident since the smallest
delay in arriving in a designated region, or slowness in setting up
and preparing equipment for combat, inevitably leads to a situation
where an enemy may succeed in destroying a protected objective.
The experience of leading podrazdeleniya shows that when officers
pay close attention to such factors of combat training as setting up
and removing equipment, personnel know their functional responsibilities
well and are properly trained in preparing equipment for combat. The
most notable successes are achieved by those commanders who constructively
approach the training of subordinates in working with equipment and in
shortening the time required for operations, and who develop courage,
initiative, and physical endurance in their personnel.
Remembering that modern rocket .equipment does not tolerate superficial
knowledge of its construction and operation, or unskilled and ignorant
manipulation, the commanders of leading podrazdeleniya carefully organize
the training of subordinates to instruct them in their functional
responsibilities in setting up equipment, making the most effective use
- 11 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R7E-T
No Foreign Pis sem
50X1
of each minute of training time. It is their goal to have crew members
receive sufficient practice in setting up equipment for combat and in
preparing it for travel, to eliminate mistakes which may lead to
equipment damage or to personal injury to see that rules for equipment
safety 'are strictly observed and that personnel learn to fulfill their
responsibilities in night conditions and with the use of antichemical
defense equipment.
The most labor-consuming operation in setting up and removing
equipment is the assembly and disassembly of station antenna arrays.
Therefore, in order to shorten the norms for executing this operation,
rocketeers search carefully for the best method of distributing res-
ponsibilities among crew members when removing and setting up antenna
equipment. Certain podrazdeleniya have been successful in these efforts.
Some crews use four additional soldiers above their normal complement
to set up antenna systems. To facilitate the operation, these crews
fasten handles to the ends of wooden bedding. This helps to reduce the
time in preparing a station for combat.
In order to shorten norms for Setting up and removing equipment, the
method of placing antennas on vehicles has been changed and Many adaptions
have been made. In some podrazdeleniye, the antenna is placed on a vehicle.
with the help of a titling device directly from a vertical position,
instead of being first lowered to the ground.
Earlier, there had been instances when an antenna upset a crane
during the dismantling process. .To avoid this, rigid supports are now
placed under the crane jacks before the operation.
The rapid and skillful work, of crane operators is of great importance
in shortening norms for setting up And removing equipment. It is re-
commended that these specialists be trained with model antennas to develop
their skills.
Rolling up cable equipment .is done in &different manner. Nowadays
cable is not wound on drums, but on coils. The reverse travel jack of a
launcher is used to remove Wedges from hard ground. This saves much
time.
The choice of terrain for setting up equipment is of great importance,
for operation success. The selected launch position must not only be
suitable for proper placement of equipment, but it must fully meet the
most important condition of enabling fire to be directed against an
aerial enemy in any direction. Therefore, commanders must inculcate
subordinates during training with the skills of determining the elements
of combat procedure, the center of the launch position, the principal
launch direction, the location of shelter areas, the means of locomotion,
12
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
nRcliassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No Foreign Dissem
Methods for Training Operators' by Lt Col Ye. A. SHEVCHENKO and
Capt D. A. PANTYUKROV (Pages 32-3)4)
Abstract:
50X1
EmAasizes the importance Of careful selection and training Of radar
operators and presents a model instruction plan to be used in their
training and model graphs and formulas for use in training evaluation.
Conducting Tactical Training -- by Col V. I. AKULOV and Engr-Col
E. A. LERNER (Pages 35-38)
Text:
The requirements for combat readiness and training of radio-technical
troops personnel are increased each year. This is caused by the develop-
ment of the means of aerial attack on one.hand and of radar equipment
on the other. Today, when an aerial situation in combat is so very
complex, command post crews and. primarily their officers have a parti-
cular responsibility. This creates the necessityfor perfecting methods ?
of officer training and for raising their professional skill in every
possible way.
Each combat crew officer must master the necessary knowledge and
skills to enable him to utilLze the capabilities of various radar equip-
ment, to quickly and correctly process the huge flow of information which
arrives from podrazdeleniya, and to reproduce it precisely on plotting
boards. He must also know how to resolve suddenly arising tactical
problems quickly and correctly, to "read" an aerial situation without
error, to draw the necessary conclusions from it, and boldly to make
necessary decisions.
An officer must possess a sufficiently developed tactical thinking
process, including the ability to analyze and evaluate an aerial situa-,
tion, to foresee the sequential development of events, to quickly reac-p'
to a change in a situation, and to make necessary corrections of an /
earlier decision. Finally, a command post officer must have such
qualities as visual memory, keenness of Observation, speed of reaction,
etc.
This is why, in our opinion, it s necessary to reject the incorrect
opinion that an officer having service experience in any specialty can
work in a command post crew. A certain amount of service experience is,/
of course, a necessary condition for the formation of an officer's
-13
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
. tactical thinking process. However, this is not enough. ' The presen OX1
work of a command post officer is a new And complex specialty which can
only be mastered by a specialized, thoroughly thought-out, and purposeful
program, Which do we consider as the basic attitudes.and methods under-
lying this training.
The question of theoretical knowledge, and mainly knowledge in the
realm of tactics?was discussed in sufficient detail in the article,
"Tactical Training of Radiotechnical Troops Officers," by Engr-Col
Ye. I. GORBACH, published in Vestnik Protivovozhdushnoy Oborony, No 2
1963. .Therefore, we will dwell only on those questions which reflect
the specific character of a command post officer's work and his con-
crete functional responsibilities. Thus, for example, present programs
?for training command post officers in the material parts of radar
equipment sometimes differ little from programs and methods intended
for specialists of other categories (engineers, technicians, etc.).
Is it necessary for command post officers to study the line
diagrams and tuning of all types of radar and radio sets? When they
study equipment, it is obvioasly necessary that great attention be paid
to thorough study of the combat capabilities of radar in various aerial
situations and that the study should not be limited to a formal study
of the tactical and technical set data which is included in factory
descriptions. Undoubtedly, officers must thoroughly know the block
circuits of all types of radar sets in oider to be able to clearly
understand what will be the effect on the combat readiness of the set
if a block should go out of order.
Thorough and purposeful .?;heoretical training is only one of the
basic requirements for command post officers. Another necessary
condition is the development of the whole complex of practiaal skills
connected with the performance of functional responsibilities of a
combat crew.
Presently, the most wide_spread and sometimes the only aspect of
practical training for officers is training conducted at command posts.
In our opinion, it is time to consider how to perfect methods for
cultivating necessary practical skills among officers. With all the
advantages of training whole or partial command post crews, this at
times is of little use to officers, especially in the development of
their tactical thinking habits. Usually training in basic activity
is of use to soldiers and sergeants who perfect their skills in
representing situations on plotting boards, in completing computations,
and in transmitting reports. Thus it happens that sometimes a crew
"chases" targets over a plotting board for several hours, but the
officer'personnel do nothing at^all. Therefore, training periods
conducted with complete crews for the elaboration of duties,we believe.1
should be carried on during the concluding stage of working out a
- 14 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Pissem
50X1
problem. Such training knits A crew into a whole and ties it5various
functional parts together.
A series of practical training periods for officers conducted by
a metho requiring practice and using training slides should certainly
precede the type of training discussed above. These training slides,
as is known, present a choice of various tactical problems. They are
subdivided into several aspects according to the purposes of the
training.
The purpose of the first aspect is to consolidate achieved
theoretical knowledge among the officers, to develop their skills in
the practical use of this knowledge in combat operations, and to study
the correct method of resolving tactical problems which arise in a
concrete situation. The method of carrying out the training with the
use of slides consists of the following. The training is carried out
by a group exercise method. The supervisor shows the group a sequence
of slides which graphically portrays an appropriate problem and poses
questions. A determined amount of time is allotted' for solving the
problem depending on the complexity of the ,..)robl-d-m and this time period
is shortened according to the amount of practical shill which the trainees
have accumulated. Each officer solves the problem independently.
Then the supervisor calls upon several people, listens to the various
solutions, reviews their analyses, and draws a conclusion.
The second aspect of training with slides is intended to give
command post officers the necessary practical skills to analyze and
make a generalization of an aerial situation rapidly and correctly.
The trainees should learn "to read" an aerial situation which is
portrayed graphically on plotting boards, to select all useful
information from it, to find what is important, to know how to quickly
draw conclusions concerning this situation, and to report them clearly,
briefly, and at the same time accurately.
? The slides for this aspect are arranged in sequential sets for a
graphic portrayal of a concrete aerial situation as shown on plotting
boards. The trainees should study it for a determined time and then
make reports concerning it. In order to develop correct methods of
? situation analysis and a precise command language among the officers
in the first stages of training, the reporting can be carried out
?without the plotting board portrayal being removed. Later, the
situation reporting should be done from memory and the sequential
-15
?S-E-C-R-E7T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
.?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
. S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
portrayal shown only for a determined amount of time and then remo50X1.vzu.
The time for the depictions is constantly decreased depending upon the
complexity of the situation shown and the number of moving targets in-
volved until it is reduced to from 10 to 30 seconds. The complexity
i
of the / stuation should be correspondingly increased and it should ?
include new elements and variants (interference, pilotless means of
aerial attack, etc.).
To Introduce variants in the,training conducted with the second
aspect of training with slides, the following method can be put into
practice.
The students are shown an aerial situation with an error allowed
in the situation representation, such as an incorrect target plot or
mistakes in target enumeration, etc. They must quickly find this
mistake and make a correct decision. It should be said here that
command post officers often have to handle such situations in the
course of actual combat operations. It is expedient to carry on such
training on a daily basis.
The preparation of slides with tactical problems is not difficult.
Therefore it is best to prepare them locally in each separate command,
post so that officers can solve problems of a determined type in the
actual condition of their own operations., Slides which are issued
centrally should be done in color. This enables the best visual /
.representation of a situation. Finally in order to develop among
personnel a common method of resolving problems for all basic questions
of combat operations, a collection of problems with detailed resolution
and analysis of each should be prepared in addition to the slides.
Training slides, as far as possible, should embrace the whole
variety of tactical problems with which command post officers come in
contact during actual combat operations. The experience of study and
training carried on with an actually designated "enemy" should be
widely used for this purpose and the most interesting and instructive
situations and variants of an aerial situation shOuld be selected from
this experience. On the other hand, those elements of an aerial
situation which are difficult to reproduce such as the actions of
ballistic rockets, air-to-ground rockets, etc. should be reproduced on
the slides.
? Naturally, it is not possible to consider a large number of
assignment problems in one article. We will consider only a few of
them for training with slides of the first aspect.
- 16 -
-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
neclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
1 S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreigp rissem
/50X1
1. As is known, in the detection zones of all types of radars,
there is a "dead eone." With flights at high altitudes it is necessary
to take into consideration the possfbility of a gap in target tracking
when they enter into this "cone." Command post officers must be able
to quiAly determine the size of the target tracking gap for separate
podrazdeleniya and give the proper commands for high altitude target
reconnaissance. The size of such a gap depends upon the radius of the
"dead cone" of a given type of radar at a given target altitude and
course in relation to the radar. If the target has a radial course in
relation to the radar, ?the gap in target tracking will be equal to the
diameter of the "cone" and with an oblique course (Fig 1), it can be
determined by the following formula:
Lpr
where Lr is the size of the gap in target tracking inside of the
"dead cone" in kilometers;
Rm. is the radius Df the "dead cone" in kilometers;
r is the distance to the target on the course parameter.
Fig 1
- 17 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
(1)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
At first glance, this method might seem cumbersome, requiring
too much time for calculation. But it is not necessary to carry out the
calculation each time. Suitable tables can be computed and completed
earlier, Incidentally, it should be noted that there has long been a
need for special computers for officers of the Radiotechnical Troops
[RTV] (similar to navigation computers), to enable speedy calculations.
To cultivate the skill of solving similar problems, a series of
? assignment problems on this theme should be worked out. Here we would
like to draw attention to the following question. For some reason it is
believed that the measuring of distances on a plotting board can only be
done by using a compass and rule for direct measurement. This requires
much time and such measurements can not always be done on large vertical
plotting boards. At the same time, all plotting bard' have distance
standards or quadrant grids which have definite dimensions. An officer
should know how to determine a distance on such a standard quickly and
precisely without having to use any measuring equipment. This is entirely
? possible. A radar operator solves a similar problem by visually counting
off a distance with a precision of up to 0.5 kilometers.
Of course, a command post must have measuring equipment, but in our
opinion it should be used primarily for checking.
? 2. In problems involving the supplying of radar information for
the combat activity of air defense rocket troops [ZRV] and fighter
aviation [IA], attempts must be made to supply the information from only
one radar station, since precision is decreased when information is
supplied from different radar stations. Therefore, command post officers
must often determine in which radar detection zone a target will 'be located
for the longest uninterrupted time period. This question is also urgent
for high-altitude targets.
As is known, a high-altitude target with a ',course tangent to the
"dead cone" of a radar station will be in a radar detection zone for
the longest, time. But this is an ideal situation. For this reason,
In order to track targets a radar station must be designated where the
target course does not go through the "dead cone." The problem is
Solved in a manner analogous to the last sOlution (Figure 2):
L = 2 'D2
obn ? ,
-18-
-No ,Foreign Dissem
(2)
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4 ---
q
No Foreign Pissem
where L is the length of the course during constant observation of 50)(1
target in kilometers;
is the distance for target detection in kilometers;
?,Dobn ?
is the distance: to the target on the course parameter.
? The time required for calculation can again be shortened by using
tables or special computers.
Fig 2
3. Let us consider still. another example which shows that in the
evaluation of reports concerning target composition a command post crew
officer must be well acquainted with the capabilities of radar stations
and with the causes of decreases in their capabilities for determining
target composition. It is evident from figure 3 that the target is
observed by two radar stations of the same type. Apparently the condi-
tions for determining target composition are the same, as both stations
can use distance resolving capabilities, yet the dats concerning target
composition are different.
- 19 -
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
npri;ccifien in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
03
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
1420
22
24
4-
Bocmcree ?
genu coma
az 4Wmm
Target as
one group
soomm Target
enu doe ewmu as two ,
? groups ?
Plic. 3.
Fig 3.
50X1
The distance-resolving capabilities of the radar stations are the
same:
z
= 1.25--st
?f-? 1.3 m
2
lshk
where 41 Dkm is the distance-resolving capability in kilometers;
is the propagation speed of electromagnetic energy (3.105
kilometers per second);
t is impulse duration per second;
Dm is the indicator scale;
ishk is the scan length in millimeters;
Dp is the indicator spot diameter in millimeters.
(3)
It is evident from this expression that distance-resolution cepa- /
bility depends to a significant degree upon the rating of the indicator
scale. It is most likely that the difference in target composition is
caused by the operation being done with different scales. It is evident
that radar station 01 had a 100 kilometer scale and that radar stat,ton 02
-20-
No Foreign Dissem
npriaccified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No Foreign nis sem
? -50X1
[
had a 400 kilometer scale. We,shall determine how this is reflected
in the resolving capability (we assume that t 5 microseconds for both
stations). For radar station 01:
= 1.25 3.105 + 1.3 0.94 + 3.81
2-2.105
: 1.75 kilometers.
For radar station 02:
3105,.21
4op
= 1.25 iiTz:75._1.3 0.94 -1-
loo
+3.26 = 4.2 kilometers.
? In this way, for targets dispersed in depth, the distance between
groups is greater than 1.75 kilometers and less than 4.2 kilometers. If
it is possible for radar station 2 to examine the target with a long-range
scale at a great distance from the target, for example by delayed scanning,
this should be? indicated to radar station 02 in order to check the
correctness of their conclusions.
Experiments in carrying olt group, exercises in solving assignment
problems by using slides have shown that this is the most expedient .'
method for increasing the effectiveness of command post officer training.
It should also be noted. that the indicated method allows an easy transi-
tion to training with the sim?lest teaching machines and devices designed
to check the knowledge of trainees. In this case the slides and
assignment problems are essernially programmed for machines.
With the employment ofteaching machines and devices, the methods
of carrying out group training is done as follows. The training super-
visor shows the trainees a sequence with a tactical problem and poses
questions. Each officer solves the problem individually and his answer
? is shown on his panel. The supervisor at the control panel sees the
-21-
A34-C-R7E-T
No Foreign nissem
npriaccified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4 $-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign issem,
50X1
results of the problem solution of each trainee. At the expiration
of the time required for solving, the supervisor can listen to several
persons who have incorrectly solved the problem, discuss their answers
with the( group, and then call upon an officer to report and substantiate
the corect solution. The activity of the trainees is increased with
this method of training, since each officer knows that his answer will
be known to the supervisor. Here the work of each officer is actually
checked, which is not possible with existing methods of training.
The new, more complex problems of training command post officers
should in our opinion be resolved differently from present methods.
This problem is so urgeht and so important that it should be widely
considered. There might also be advertised a competition for developing
a "computer for radiotechnical troops officers" which would make possible
the quick resolution of various tactical assignments. All of this will
no doubt be of great value in the matter of raising the combat skill
of radiotechnical troops officers.
The Contents of a Plan-Synopsis -- by Col S. Ye. TROFINENKO (Pages
39-42)
Abstract:
Describes the use of a plan-synopsis for training personnel, dis-
cusses its construction, and lists individual, necessary factors to be
included under its subdivisions: heading; training goal; time, place,
and method of training; and material equipment. The first part is a
review of previous related 4.aining; the second part is the actual
conduct of the training; and the third part is the critique, question
and answer sessions, discussions, etc.
(A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV of Tech-Lt A. KRUTOGUZOV,
specialist first class, appears on page 41. According to the caption,
KRUTOGUZ0V is preparing to enter an academy.)
- 22 - .
-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-Rp7E-T
No Foreign rissem
50X1
1T AW ITS USE
Increasing the Technical Outlook of Future Officers -- by Maj
Gen Engr Tech Serv D. G. SMTLRVETS (Pages 43-47)
Summary:
To keep pace with rapid development of modern combat equipment, it
is necessary to train future officers who can fully master equipment,
quickly and efficiently employ it in the complex conditions of modern
warfare, and instruct subordinates in its use. If there is constant
improvement of the ideological-political and military-technic:A levels
of their knowledge, officers can reach the desiredgoal..Ourscil)olis:doing
much in this direction. Increasing tAe technical outlook of future offi-
cers can be achieved by planned studies in special training programs and
by the utilization of military technical propaganda in off-duty hours.
The students' technical outlook is defined as the sum total of their
technical knowledge, as well as their knowledge in related fields of
science and technology, And the ability to purposefully use that knowledge
in the operation and combat application of weapons. Haw well the stu-
dents acquire such an outlook depends on how well the schools observe
the most important principle of Soviet pedagogy that of high ideologi-
cal standards and party spirit in the educational process.
The technical knowledge of future officers depends greatly on how
.successfully teachers can develop the:StudPits' interests in technical
disciplines. Without an interest in technical disciplines, the student
Will limit himself to the lectured material and will never strive to
broaden and deepen his knowledge.
? To increase the student's interest in his future specialty, he is
acquainted with the equipment which he will have to master. Teachers
direct his attention to the abundance and complexity of equipment and
explain in which courses specific types of equipment will be studied.
Interest in combat equipment can be taught if each subject in
radio and electrical technology,:radiOand electrical wiring, radar,
and other special subjects, is taught on the basis of-dialectical and
historical materialism.
? In social and economic disciplines, and at lectures and Seminars
on the history of the CPSU and the course of party-political work,
teachers,clarify, their subject matter with specific examples of
successes. achieved..
23 .
23
Foreign:-:DiSsem
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign kssem
50X1
Teachers strive not only to enrich the students' knowledge, but also
to teach them to use this knowledge in solving practical problems.
Technical conferences are one method of increasing technical know-
ledge. Iz the process of preparing for such conferences, students study
books on the subject of the conference and increase the theoretical level
of their knowledge. ?
Headquarters, the party cOmmittee?. and the school's educational:sec-
tion attempt to create the necessary conditions for students working
independently to Increase their technical knowledge. Thus, the library
is systematically replenished with new books on radiotechnology, electri-
cal engineering, and 'various technical journals.
An officer's technical outlook is also determined by his practical
akills and the teachers therefore connect theory With practice. While
studying technical disciplines in first-year courses, teachers explain
thvir subjects on actual circuits and radibtechnical instR1)ations. In
second-year courses, much attention is given to parts used in radio equip-
ment and to innovations being introduced by industries at the present
time.
In practical training, attention is devoted to the detection and
elimination of malfunctions in equipment. Malfunctions are initially
simple but graduafly become more complex and the student has to detect
and explain the cause of the malfunction and repair it independently.
We created technical clubs (kruzhki) to increase the theoretical
knowledge to students. These clubs have been a great help to laboratory
work in perfecting training materials by making working models and other
study aids.
Experience has shown that students who are active in the technical
clubs, as a rule, study well, take an interest in equipment, are more
skillful in detecting and eliminating defects in ecluipment, and actively.
participate in innovation work.
? Measures taken in off-duty hours along the line of military techni-
cal propaganda play an important role in increasing the technical out-
look of future officers. The military technical section established by
the /arty committee has done much in this direction. The subjects of
reports and lectures by section members are widely varied. The lectures
acquaint the students with scientific and technological developments and
help them select themes for innovation work.
24
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Pissem
50X1
Question-and-answer evenings on scientific and technologimal topic*
are also held with um. Dolorlam OA the themes, the best specialists in
the school, instructors of civilian higher educational institutions, and
engineers and technicians from local industrial enterprises serve as
consultants at these evening sessions.
Visual displays also play an important role in propagandizing
technical knowledge. We have exhibits on "Soviet Artillery Science," _
"Nuclear Physics," "Rocket Equipment," "To the Stars," and others, demon-
strating develpments of Russian and Soviet engineering and technological
ideas, and the achievements of modern science. For daily information
on the most important achievements in the fields of science and tech-
nology, we have showcases on "News of Science and Technology," and "News
of the Day," in which the latest Soviet and foreign innovations are dis-
played.
Military technical movies are an active form of technical propa-
ganda. The content of the films coincides with the subject matter being
studied, at a particular time.
Military technical propaganda during off-duty hours, together with /
planned studies, has helped to raise the technical outlook of future
officers. But a broad technical outlook is not an end in itself. It is
an important means for officers to increase, the combat readiness Of /
troops and prepares graduating officers for service in on-the-job train-
ing. It is a'kind of examination of preparedness of future officers to
solve complex problems in training and educating subordinates after
graduating from the school.
While training on the job with the troops, our students participated:
in the propaganda of technical and scientific knowledge among soldiers
and instructed them in various subjects.
On-the-job training in chasti and especially in podrazdeleniya is
also an important method of strengthening the schools' ties with the
troops and makes gaps in the technical training of -Officers apparent.
After such on-the-job training, the students! th4rst.for technical know-
ledge is noticeably greater.
Judging by the response from the troops, the majority of future.
officers of our school proved to be qualified specialists in practical
work.
We organize the educational process by taking into account every-
thing new which has d4celoped within the troops and which characterizes
the development of military affairs in present conditions. We understand
that without a knowledge of troops and the actual conditions in which our
graduates will have to work) it is impossible to train officer cadres.
25
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No :Foreign Dissem
50X1
We still have shortcomings. Unfavorable criticism has been receive?.
on some of our graduates from the troops. The number of technical clubs
is insufficient. A small percentage of students participate in innovation
work. Qu9stion-and answer evenings are not often conducted. Slides and
movies are inadequately used in support of lectures. Our club has not?
become a real center of military and scientific propaganda.
The staff is taking measures to eliminate these and other dhort-
comings and is searching for new ways to improve the training and educa-
tion of officer candidates.
The methods which we have, discussed can be used in the troops.
Wide acceptance of such methods in podrazdeleniya would be an important
means of increasing the combat reaainess and the future growth of the
military-theoretical, and practical knowledge of officer cadres in PVO
Troops.
(A captioned photograph by Ye. FEDOROV on page 45 shows Maj G.
VYLEGZHANAIN working on a rOar, set.. Dencribed as one' of the foremost
students In the Military Commaiad Academy, V(LEGZHANIN was awat4d a Lenin
Stipend by order of the Minister of. Defense USSR.)
(A captioned photograph by A. KOZOBROD on page 47 shows Sr Lt Ye.
SERGUTIOIN studying political material. SERGUTX211, commander of a podraz-
deleniye, leads a group in political studies.)
Everyone Needs Training -- by Lt Col V. N. SAMSONOV (pages 11.8-49)
Abstract:
Refutes the belief that only poorly trained rocketeers need techni-
cal training sessions and Maintains that regular technical training is
an important means of increasing practical skills, broadPning theoreti-
cal knowledge, and developing the ability to react operationally to
unexpected charges in combat conditions.
Planning the Use and Repair Of Communications Equipment -- by Lt C01
G. P. BEL'SKIY (Pages 50- 55)
Abstract:
Discusses how to plan the use, maintenance, and repair of radio
communications equipment, and primarily how to prepare and use schedules
and graphs for planning the use, checking, and repair of radio equipment
over certain periods of time.
26
3-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign iissern
Declassified in Part- Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-11-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
Radio Transmitter Equipment Checks -- by Engr-Lt Col N. S. BRYUSHiNKIDT
(pages 54-57)
Text:
A check of all apparatus and equipment is conducted annually in the
signal chasti and podrazdelea4a of our troops. Its purpose is to deter-
mine their condition according to basic parameters, to establish whether
technical characteristics conform to rated values, and determine the
fitness of the apparatus for further use.
Such a check is,a highly effective means of controlling the combat
readiness of signal equipment, since it not only detects apparatus with
low parameters but also makes it possible to bring them up to the esta-
blished norms. If the commissions or repair brigades are unable to do
this, the apparatus is sent immediately to a repair organ.
Experience shows that timely, high-quality equipment checks make
it possible to increase the interval between repairs.of apparatus and
signal installations by 50-100 per cent. Unfortunately, however, checks
are not everywhere conducted at the proper level. We shall consider
several aspects of equipment checks, especially measuring the parameters
of radio transmitters.
As is well known, the following electrical parameters are measured
during an equipment check of radio transmitters: current in the antenna
equivalent, frequency stability, coefficient of asymmetry of output and
input, chassis-to-ground resistance, and degree of distortion of the
telegraph signal. In addition, the tuning of the transmitter to a regu-
lation antenna, the operation of remote apparatus and its communtation
system, and the signal distortions during keying are also checked.
The check should begin with tuning the receiver and checking its
operating modes. This is performed with instruments for checking the
currents and voltages of a transmitter at the same frequency bands and
for the same classes of operation at which similar tests were performed
at the factory. The check is wade on a factory- dr. hand-made antenna
equivalent or on an ordinary electric lamp of corresponding power.
In-ridio transmitters of 100 watts or more the spread of current
values in tube circuits of all cascades, except the output cascades,
should not exceed '4. 25 per cent of the values shown in the standard
regime of the log book.
A different load is permitted in the tubes of the output cascades ?
which operate in parallel. However, the currents of their screen grids
should not exceed 25 percent of the average value. '
27
No Foreign Dissem
ir Dmr+ - Cnniti7Rd CODV Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign kssem
A long rim is conducted to ..check the stability of the modes of t150X1
transmitter. The radio transmitter should be operated for one hour with
a continuously closed key and ventilation. Whenever there is a deviation,'
from the norm of any parameter -- for example, anodic voltage -- the
transmitt6r run is discontinued and the cause of the malfunction is
aetermined and eliminated. In these cases it is also necessary to mea-
sure the amount, temperature, and circulation rate, of water in the cool-
ing ring of the radio tubes.
The aging of selenium washers of a VSR -type rectifier may be checked
indirectly by observing the stability of the rectifier voltage. In
order to do. this it is necessary to tune the transmitter in a -telegraph
mode, press down the:key, and note the magnitude of the rectifier voltage.
After 15-20 minutes, another reading should be made of the same voltage
and compared with the first reading. If the rectifier's selenium washers
are working normally, the voltage should remain unchanged.
The power delivered by the transmitter to an antenna or its equiv-
alent is determined by the current in the .nroltenna equivalent and its
resittance according to the formula II': *7][3:. - Many radio transmitters
have antenna equivalents, and *where there are none they can be. made out
of lamps or 60-70 ohm vitrified resistors of corresponding ratings. The
current in the circuit of the: antenna equivalent is measured with an -
amperemeter which has been checked prior to use.
After measuring the power, a check of the transmitting antennae,
feeders, fairleads, and antenna switches is conducted at maximum trans-
mitter power. The transmitter is operated for 30 minutes with a closed /
key. During this time special attention is given to detecting breakdowns
and glowing or heating .in the feeders, couunuitatora, fair-leads and
switches. Reating is checked by meats Of a thermometer. In measuring
temperatures, the head of the thermometer shculd be wrapped in foil and
pressed firmly against the element being tested.
The temperature of heating should not exceed the temperature of the
surrounding medium by more then the following values: for commul:litators
of short-wave transmitting antennae -- +65'C (large), +20?C (-;Dis.11);
for switches of long-wave transmitting antennae -- +35?C; for hoses
of antenna commutators -- *65?C; for rod antennae and antenna fairleads
with *Ocelain insulators +700p.; for feeders made of high-frequency cables
not over +70?C.
The frequency stability of a radio transmitter is determined by the
stability of its exciter. The principal method of accurately measuring
frequencies is the method of comparing the frequency being measured to a
standard Frequency. The comparison is made with the -frequency nearest
to the frequency being measured by isolating the frequency differenne and.
the subsequent determination of its exact magnitude. The standard fre-
quency may also be adapted. to the exact value of the frequency being
measured. 28
? No Foreign Xissera
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign tissem
50X1
The frequency stability of the exciter is checked by co:Roaring its
operating frequency with standard frequencies of calibrators (KM-2,
KCh-1) or according to the signals transmitted by special radio stations.
In workjing with calibrators, the voltage of the frequency being measured
is fed from the exciter output into the calibrator input and the absolute
instability of the frequency is determined according to the Lissajous
figure. The extreme and middle frequencies of the exciter are usually
tested.
If.KCh-2 or KCh-1 calibrators are not available, the check may be
made by comparing the transmitter frequency with a frequency of standard
radio stations. These stations transmit on standard frequencies daily
from- 1015 to 1045 hours Moscow time. On even-numbered days they trans-
mit on 10 mcs and on odd-numbered days, on 15 mcs. Dots are transmitted
during the first three minutes and then, for two minutes, second count-
ing, and after that, the carrier oscillations of the corresponding fre-
quency. Using standard frequencies of 10 and 15 mes and the harmonic
frequencies of the exciter, it is possible tocheck.the following operat-
ing frequencies: 1000, 1250, 1500, 1875, and 2000 mcs. Stancinrd
frequencies and corresponding values of exciter frequencies being checked
are given in the following table:
Standard
Frequency
Mcs
Frequency
Being
Checked,
Kcs
10
15
1000
1250
2000
1500
1875
Harmonic Position of Switches 1
i
i 1
Number ir 1 !
r 1
, : 2 3 1 4
!
10 1 1 1
8 1 1 4
5 L 3 1 ,, 7
10 1 1
8 1
4
3
4 I
1 7 2
5 6 4 1
For conducting measurements at the input of a radio receiver operat-
ing in a telephone mode, the signals of a standard radio station are
used simultaneously with signals of the radio transmitter being checked
(fig. 1). As a result, a voltage with a frequency equal to the differ-
ence of the frequencies of the input oscillations will be produced at
the receiver output. Another measuring process is that of determining
the exact value of the difference frequency (audio) by comparison with
the frequency of an accurately graduated audio-frequency oscillator.
The value of the frequency received at the audio-frequency oscillator ,
is an index of the frequency error of the signal being checked as
29
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/081: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreigp. Tissem
compared to the standard. When checking the accuracy of operating 50X1
frequencies, the exciter and neasuring apparatus chould be turned on
at least one hour before beginning the measurements. The sequence for
measuring frequencies is as follows. First the line input of the
receiver/and the audio-frequency output is connected to the horizontal
scanning amplifier input of an osaillograph. Next the radio receiver
is tuned to the frequency of a standard signal in the telczraph mode,
and the transmitter is tuned to one of the five frequencies being
checked in the telegraph-frequency modulation mode with a frequency
shift of A f = 62.5 cycles per second, minimUm power, and the
smallest coupling with the antenna circuit.
Radio
Oscillograph transmitter
55.
Fig. 1.
Radio transmitter
lor
?
Fig .2
PHC. 2.
I 11t1 ..? ? -.Li
? ? -- -
The receiver is then switched to the audio mode and the telegraph
key is pressed down. The transmitter will emit frequency "V" and there
will appear at the receiver ottput an audio-frequency oscillation (F)
equal to the difference of the harmonics of the frequency being checked
(nfv) and the standard frequency (fe):
F = nfv - fe, where fv = fnom f?A f'V' - the error
of the frequency being checked-
Following this, the audio-frequency oscillator is tuned to a fre-
quency at which a steady figure in the form of an ellipse or circle is
seen on the screen of the oscillograph.
The frequency (F) of the audio-frequency oscillator will be equal
to the difference between the harmonics of the frequency being checked
(nfv) and the standard frequency (f,). However, since fnom = fe, the
total deviation of the transmitter frequency will be equal to:
A f + fiV = F
30
S-E-O-R,E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
The error of the frequency being checked with a shift of 62.5 c565ci
per second is then determined by the formula:
4 f'F A f
V ? ?
n 2
The frequency error with an open key f'B = F ) and
also with frequency shifts of 125 and 250 E *
cycles per second, is determined in the same manner.
The coefficient of asynmetry of the transmitter at the output is
measured by a method employing three electronic voltmeters. .,The latter
should have measuring limits which correspond to the voltage at the
output of the transmitter being chebked. To make the measurements the
circuit shown in figure 2 is set up. The transmitter is tuned to an
antenna equivalent R 20 ohms (10 ohms in each shoulder), consisting
of vitrified resistors rated at a corresponding power. The voltmeter
readings are noted for three points of the transmitter band: the begin-
ning, middle, and end. The coefficient of asymmetry is computed accord-
ing to the formula:
1
ci
sn4
-sr
where U3. and U2 are the voltmeter reaclings in volts and Usr is the read-
ing of the voltmeter inserted between the artificial midpoint and the
chassis of the transmitter.
The value obtained for the coefficient of asymmetry should not
exceed 2 - 3 percent.
The modulation factor of the transmitter is determined by working
with the microphone or laryrgophones of the set. An I1-21 (I14-8, I4-18,
IM-13) is the measuring instrument used. The modulation factor is me/.
sured at the lowest frequency by the circuit shown in figure 3.
The radio transmitter and modulation lines are checked with a
signal generator or dot-pulse generator. The transmitter of an 11-57
may also be used. The transmitter pr generator is set up at the modu-
lation point and the radio transmitter is tuned in the usual manner to
one of the operating frequencies. Next, the generator is switched on
at the modulation input of the transmitter. Its modulation speed is
adjusted according to the oscillograph to a point at which a distinct
and steady impulse signal, supplied at the modulation input, appears
on its screen. The shape of the signal fed from the transmitter should
be rectangular, without distortion, and its length should correspond
to the duration of the spacing (fig 4).
31 ,v
$-E-C-R-E-T _
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
'Redio,transmitter
? plic. 3.
56
IM -21,1
-50X1--
Pe. 4. Hopma.unaR cpopma rezerpacinioro
,
Fig. 4. Normal shape of telegraph
signal.
Following this, a comparative check of the shape of signal received
at the transmitter output is made. For this an oscillograDh is connected
to the modulation point at the input of a radio receiver tuned to the
frequency of the transmitter.
The signal received from the transmitter output should not differ
sharply from the signal given off at the input. A slanting front of
signal build-up, dips in its horizontal part, a sharply expressed bias /
or breaking down of the signal indicate a malfunction of the trans-
mitter: for example, in the filters, in the circuits of the output
cascade power supply, in the keying relay, etc.
The characteristic shapes of signal distortion resulting from fre-
quently encountered malfunctions of radio transmitters are presented in
figure 5. It should be noted, howeveT., that the check will be valid only
when the modulation lines and radio receiver in the checking circuit
have been checked and corrected prior to the check.
If an 11-57 is available, it is possible to determine the amount
of distortion and the presence of characteristic distortions in the
transmitter, if the latter occur.
This method of checking is also a good check-to use during daily
yolk. With gradually accumulated experience and factual data, which
give a picture of the characteristic malfunctions of a transmitter on
an oscillograph installed at the modulation point, it is easy and quick
to check any radio transmitter and determine its technical condition.
The chassis grounding of the transmitter remains to be checked.
This is very important because there are cases in which, for one reason
or another, a high voltage passes through the chassis, presenting a ser-
ious danger to the operator and possibly resulting in injury from a
-high-voltage current. To prevent this" the radio transmitter must be
?
carefully grounded and the condition of the grounding systematically
checked. 32
S-E-C-R-E-T
.
No Foreign Dissem
-i., Dnrl? - Caniti7Rd Coov APoroved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
? No Foreign rissem
The quality of the chassis ground is checked with an ohmmeter %50X1
conneetina the leads tO the -%round" terminal of the transmitter and.
to the busbar of the transmitter grovond. The ground is considered
fully satisfactory if the measured chassis-to-ground resistance does iact
exceed 0:03-0.04 ohms.
?
?
ff,..??t,41,
j
;: '?'
1:714
V
?
?r?.:1;
.',.?' 0.11411-41.!_t, .f!. 11-11111"" ,'?
it
' 1'14 'vii' If i Y.ki .t!li if :t l':i1.4;11.1.4? 1,.., ) 4
? Fig. 5.
a - spwrious modulation of an AM signal by an alternating current
with a frequency of 50 cycles per second; b - modulation of signals of
DehT by an alternating current with a frequency of 100 cycles per second
and a modulation of MA.0%; c spuwious double modulation of signals
of a start-stop apparatus with a frequency of 50 cycles per second and
a modulation of M-30-50 %; d spurious radiation in the spacings;
- premature unlocking of a transmitter? after spacing; ? f - poor tuning
of the transmitter.
33
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
nRciassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
3-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Piss=
Regardless of the results of the measurement it is necessary to 50X1
carefully and systematics3ly check the entire grounding system of the
radio transmitter. Constant control over this system may be accomplished
by checking the quality of radial beams, ground busbar, and busbar con-
necting the transmitter with the total system. The checks are made by
random inspection of the beams and the shape of the collecting bar.
Experience in the maintenance of sio.al equipment in the leading.
podrazdeleniya shows that annual equipment checks in conjunction with
high-quality daily service and well organized inspections make it possible
to increase the interval between repairs and the reliability of radio
transmitters.
Methods for Extending Engine Operation Periods Between Overhauls -- by
Engr-Capt V. A. OKHRIMENED (Fazes 5&60)
Text:
A. patriotic movement is spreading among.the personnel of radio-
-technical troops chasti and podrazdeleniya for exemplary servicing of
equipment and. for carrying out maintenance without the aid of KRAS
(field. maintenance shop personnel?). ? Many raclAr station crews have
pledged to extend operation periods between overhauls for the equipment
which they use and to economize fuels, lubricants,. and other materials.
During .this socialist competition, the technical levels of equipment
servicing have been noticeably 'raised and the quality of maintenance.
work has been 'improved.. However, in spite of the results achieve4 ?
'equipment occasionally goes out of order clueing operation. This has
happened predominantly with electric Tower supply 'equipment.
Analysis of the defects shows that most of them could have been
prevented by timely maintenance work and by observance of the rules for
turning equipment or oroff. 'We will consider in greater detail the
reasons for the occurences of nalfunttioning.
Defects in the mechanical parts of electric power assemblies are
usually due to mechanical wear in which parts change their original
dimensions and shapes and also due to distruJances of adjustments
because of weakened fastenings, breakdowns, and deformations of parts
from iAcorrect use.
Whole assemblies go out of order when individual mechanisms fail,
especinlly when connected _parts fail. Failure in connected part
couplings occurs because of changes in the characteristics of the
coupled parts, i. e., when settings are exceeded. For example, if an
engine does not develop a required power setting, the reason can be
34
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
nnt-laccifiPri in Part - Sanitized Com Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
that the connection characteristic is disturbed between the cylinder and
piston rings, the piston and 9iston rings, piston and cylinder, etc.
Change in this coupling characteristic of joined parts occurs because
the dimensions and sht8ps of these parts are changed: the cylinder
diameter' is increased, the piston diameter is decreas43the shape of
either of the parts is altered (ovally, or conicany),and they become
defective.
Practice shows that the -dear of parts and mechanisms is not equal
in absoltte value, and at various stages occurs, at different rates,
with equal lumbers of operatim hours, when using even a s:Lncle-type
assembly under various load conditions ;::meluding temperature and other
factors. A curve showing the buildrupechanical wear of connected ?
parts depending upon time is shown in figure 1. It is typical for .
most of the connected parts of electric power assemblies.
Renuvu.4 amount-7-of
uamoca iear
1 max
1
1
1 ? =Id
T3T e
T
. bporation
Pim. I.
Figure 1.
time
The curve is clearly divided into three parts. In the first
period (OA) intensive wear occurs chiefly because of smoothing dawn
and abrasion of uneven part surfaces and wearing-in of friction surfaces.
In the second period (AB) natural wear of parts occurs. Here, wear
slowly increases during the lengthy period Te. Therefore, the curve
which characterizes the growth of clearances has a straight line part.
The third period (BC) confOrms to the progressive increase in the wear
of parts with clearances between them increasing sharply. Connected
parts begin to work noisily and then begin to knock. If preventive
measures are not taken, further use of.,the assembly can lead to break-
down.. Wear during this period is termied injurious.
To eva1u4te the periode of service between overhauls, the third
pert is excluded since the end of normal operation of a connection must
.be considbred as the attainment of the limit of allowable wear. There-
fore; the time.of.service for any connection operating within an estab-
lished regime can be expressed by the following relation:
35
,NO Foreign Dissem
50X1
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/081: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
NO Foreign bissem
pr
Te Emax
tga
T Hmax min
tga
1";
Pr
50X1
where T is the period of service time between overhauls for a connection;
Tor is the time of assembly run-in (the time for breaking in the
connected parts;
Te is the time of normal service of the connected parts;
Hmax is the allowable reduction of setting through wear (allowable
wear);
Hmin is the clearance of the connection after break-in;
Eb '(shown in fig. 1) is the beginning clearance of the connection;
tga is the value which characterizes the intensity of connection
wear.
From the indicated relationship, an assigned period (T) between
.overhaul periods of. a connection can bederived by maintaining the value
of the numerator and the denaninator,of the first term of the equation
? within required limits, since T. is constant. Lieasures takea to main-
tain an intensity of. wear (tga) at 4 level no higher than normal are
in the realm of usage, and measures telt= to maintain a certain limit
to fitting expansion (Hmax - Hmin) are in the realm of repair. Natura4y,
all specialists are interested first in measures taken during usage since
questions of repair cannot be fully resolved under field conditions.
defluvime amount Of
4/3Hoca
wear
time
NMI
Figure 2'.
36
,S-E-C-R-E-T
Sputa
? I padomio ?
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/081: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign rissem
? ? 50X1
We will consider in more detail how the amount of wear dttring breaIgin
influences the period between overhauls. The increment curves for wear
of two identical working pairs are shown in figure 2 with the exception
that the pairs are broken in Under different conditions. The conditions
for breaking in pair II were better than those for breaking in pair I.
Thus, when compared, there is. a Small difference in wear at the end of ?
the breakj,naperio 4 (EMinl: 4Min2) and the time ?interval between over-
hauls for pair II (T2) is Significantly greater than the corresponding
T1 for pair I.
Thi S illustrates how the breaking-in period for electric power
equipment plays an important role in prolonging its period of service/
between overhauls. This is why all new or reconditioned equipment must
be broken in under the most favorable Conditions. Therefore, careful
oiling of the system and filter elemelfts, more frequent oil changes, and
strict observance of operating temperatures during breaking-in periods
are very important.
From the relationship which we considered earlier, it is also evi-
dent that the interval between overhauls is increased if the amount of
the intensity of wear of a connect is reduced. To do this d;vring
usage, it is necessary to develop the best possible conditions of lubri-
cation, temperature, and load, for the working parts o2 components and
mechanisms. As shown by experience, such results can be achieved if
high quality fuels and lubricants are used Wei and oil should be clean
and conform to the All-Union State Standprd which applies to the ser-
vicing instruction's), if the 'equipment is properly lubricated, and if
the oil and filter elements are replaced and the equipment is greased
at the proper times.
It is also required that optimum temperature and load conditions
be maintained to decrease scale formation. Specified clearances must
be adjusted carefully and at the proper time: while rules for starting,
for switching on loads, and for operation are strictly observed. If the
equipment is idg for long periods, the rules for equipment storage
must be strictly observed.
The unrequired dismantling and reassembly of mechanism parts has
an influence on the amount of wear of connections. Actually, each dis-
mantling is connected with some disturbance of break-in procedures
and with a necessity for repeating the break-in process due to poor
fitting of parts, to improper tightening of bolts, etc. It is important
to keep in mind that during the breaking-in process, uneven "crusts"
of metal layers must be removed. A comparison of two curves showing
the year of identical connected pairs is shown in figure 3. The operat-
ing.conditions for these pairs are identical except that the first con-
nection .(its wear is shown by curve I) is disassembled and reassembled
.during the usage period, which does not occur with the second connection
(its wear is shown by curve 37
S-E7C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
? S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
? -,..
Bencpama amount !
imoca of wear
1 4.m,
operation
Pr2c. 3. ? tL-e,
50X1
Figure 3.
As is evident from the figure, the service time of the first con-
nection T1 is significantly less than the time of service for the second
connection T2. Therefore; it cannot be considered normal when power
mechanism parts are dismantled only to check ?their condition, but
unfortunately this occasionally happens in actual practice. Such "main-
tenance" is far from' proper care for equipment preservation. This is
Why it is necessary that new methods for determining the condition of
engine. and generator parts be examined and that those already developed
be publicized. Examples of such methods include listening to parts: ?
connections with a defectophonel- checking temperature alteration, and
readings of check instruments, etc. Technical literature should also
publicize and discuss means of removing scale frcc %filc surfaces of
combustion chambers, pistons,. and piston rings witht, tearing the
engine down. -
Measures taken to facilitate starting and to decrease the time.
required for engine warm-up are important to prolong the service time
.of engines between overhauls. It Must be noted here that starting,
stopping, and operating an engine which is not properly warmed up is
inevitably' connected with operation under faulty lubrication conditions.
At such moments maximum engine wear is achieved. Therefore, the number
of starts before an engine is. warmed should be strictly limited. .
Measures to facilitate starts .Eul.d speed up warm-ups are well known.
Equipment should always be.maintained in-a technically correct condition,
its assembly should have accessory heating elements, the engine
thermostat should be readily accessible and in proper operating
condition, etc. To aid in engine warm-up, under winter conditions it
is recommended that there be a radiator thermostat and that the engine
be preheated before starting..
It is strictly forbidden to use unspecifica devices with low
ignition liquids for starting diesel engines, ?'nee this can lead not
only to damage of diesel parts, but to accide-.7...z.
The continually growing skill of our e1ee-.2i;7!ians and. mechanics, '
the increase of their technical knowledge, and constant development
? ,S-E-C-R-E-T 38
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
of equipment make it possible at this time to consider each failure of
electric power equipment as an unusual occurrence. Each breakdOVn Arld
all abnormal wear observed tft mechanisms must be thoroughly studied to
establish the reasons for their occurrence. Without this, it is not
possibl7 to take measures to prevent similar occurrences in the future.
Thus, sufficiently effective methods are available to radar station
? craws which, if skillfully used, make it possible to maintain high and
constant combat readiness of podrazdeleniya, to lengthen the periods
between overhauls, and to conserve all motorized equipment, fuels, and
electric power equipment.
39
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
neclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Aircraft Fuel Systems ,- by Engr-Col N. Ye. prOVINSKIY, Candidate of 50X1
Technical Sciences (Pages 61-66) !
Text:
Studying the subject, "Aircraft Fuel Systems," will help flight
personnel gain a good understanding of the operation of the system on
which flight reliability and safety depend to a significant degree. A
knowledge of fuel sequence and the ability torcheck reserves in the
tanks quickly, play an important role In employing the aircraft's
performance characteristics.
For a good etudy'of the subject, visual training aids must be
constructed -- a line diagram cf the fuel system, diagrams of the
operation of individual units (valves, booster and transfer pumps),
the compartment of negative G-forces, the drainage system, and the
pressurizing system), and cutaways of assemblies and mock-ups.
Moreover, there should be visual training aids onithe placement in the
cockpit of fuel control instruments, warning signals (lights and
signal lamps), and operational controls of the system'.
Six hours are set aside for studying the subject, i. e., three
lessons of two hours each. How should each lesson be organized and
on which problems should the instructor concentrate his attention?
The first lesson should be an examination of the function of the
system, the makeup and arrangement of parts, basic technical facts, and
the operation of the system. The primary functions of the fuel system
include the following:
Constantly supplying fuel to the engine in any flight conditions
and at various engine operating modes. The section of the fuel system
from the service tank to the engine pump fulfills this function. Here
the instructor should point out that drainage and pressurizing systems,
which will be examined later, exert a great influence on ensuring fuel
supply to the engines.
' Ensuring the assigned distance and duration of flight. This
depends on the weight of the fuel supply on board the aircraft, i. e.,
on the capacity of the system and the specific gravity of the fuel.
Flight profile and attitude, and engine operation; which relate to the
subject of distance and duration, ought not to be examined here.
Maintaining aircraft balance within the tolerable limits during
in-flight fuel consumption. This is caused by the automatic system of
fuel expenditure from different tanks according to a specific program.
40
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Ibreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Pissem
Thereupon, the instructor should draw student attention to measur5oxi
associated with the dependability and safety of system operation and to
the means of accomplishing preflight and in-flight control of its
operation. For this, the physical aspects of the system, the location
of filler ,Openings and drainage openings, the arrangement of units, and
system control and inspection instruments should be examined.
After this, attention may 'oe turned to an examination of the
operation of the fuel system, pointing out its special features and the
complex conditions in which it Is found.
As is well known, a modern aircraft flies in various conditions
which can change quickly. Possessing a high rate of climb, the fighter
gains altitude in a short time, during which the pressure in the fuel
system changes. In some cases, the pressure drop on the fuel surface
can lead to an interruption in the operation of the fuel system.
When executing maneuvers, G-forces are created which effect the
entire aircraft, including the fuel system. Negative G-forces, for
example, can lead to a disruption of fuel feed from the tanks to the
aircraft system as a result of the flow of the fuel from the lower part
of the tank. To eliminate this, negative G-force compartments Were
mounted in the lower part of service tanks on fighters.
During engine operation and under the effect of aerodynamic loads,
vibration loads are-created on aircraft which also effect the fuel
system. Fuel expenditure on an aircraft widely varies, depending on the
engine operating conditions, and increasing as much as 10 to 15 fold.
In these conditions, the fuel system must possess the necessary pickup
to ensure the supply of as much fuel to the engine as may be required
at the time. Aircraft fly at various altitudes and in a wide range of
air temperatures -- from minus 60?C to the high ,temperatures caused by
aerodynamic heating.
An examination of the features of fuel system operation during
flight at high altitudes must begin with an analysis of the physical
phenomena originating in the fuel. In any liquid, as is known,
evaporation occurs, the intensi7,y of which depends on the temperature.
The specific tension of the vapor corresponds to the temperature of the
liquid. The closer the pressure over the surface of the liquid is to
the tension of its vapor, the more intensive the evaporation. When
vapor tension exceeds pressure, the liquid begins to boil rapidly.
Gases dissolved in the liquid can escape under lower pressures than
those at which the liquid boils. Consequently, as altitude is increased,
the liquid in the fuel system may begin to boil.
? 41
S7E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
? ,
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
i
i S-E-C-R-E-T
4 No Foreign Dissen
When liquid is flowing in the fuel pipes, pressure gradually drc5oxi
because of hydraulic drag. In front of the pump, the pressure in the
fuel pump delivery line is lower than in the beginning of the pipe.
However, even if the fuel pipe is located directly in the tank, the
pressure pl. the suction cavity will be lower than in front of the pump
because of the inflow of fuel. When there is low pressure over the
liquid in the suction cavity, there may be an intensive evaporation of
the liquid and an escape Of air and other gases dissolved in it. A
spray of liquid may burst out and the fuel flow and the pressure
created by it might fall to zero, that is, so-called cavitation might
ensue. This phenomenon is accompanied by the appearance of noises in the
pump and 'jolting and interruptions in the operation of the fuel system,
possibly even engine failure in flight.
? Cavitation occurs in the suction chamber of the pump in the event
of a pressure drop to an amount equal to the vapor tension of the
liquid, when there is dissolved air or under higher pressures. Hydraulic
drag and oil drainage may occur between the pulp inlet and the suction
chamber causing the phenomenon of cavitation. Moreover, when pressure
in the suction chamber drops, leakage occurs from the-high-pressure chamber
through-.the clearance gaps during intake. To decrease the leakages, it
is necessary to have some overpressure.
Thus, to create normal corAitions for operation of the pup, it is
necessary to create pressure in front of the pump which exceeds the
vapor tension. The minimum amount of overpressure which provides
constant operation of the pump is called a cavitation reserve of pressure.
Based on these statements, it can be concluded that pressure in
front of the pump should be no less than vapor tension plus cavitation
reserve. It should be noted that during-high-speed revolving of the
oscillating unit, high pressures created by the pump, and large
expenditures of fuel, the pressure requirement in front of the pump
increases. While pressure in front of the pump for old types of jet
engines, the VK-1 for example, should be approximately 0.3 kg/cm, it is
more than 2 - 2.5 kg/cm2 for modern engines. On old aircraft it was
possible to create overpressure in front of the pump merely by means of
a booster pump, but on modern aircraft a multistage increase of pressure
in the section from the tank to the primary pump is used to create the
pressure requirement in front of the pump. This is accomplished in the
following manner. An auxiliary pump is mounted in the engine which
creates pressure overcoming the hydraulic drag of the system located
between the auxiliary and primary pumps and sufficient for the normal
operation of the primary pump. Usually located in this section of the
system are; flowmeters, shut-off cocks, and, in some cases, fuel-oil
coolers and other units$ in addition to pipe lines.
142
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreigrie, Dissem
nRclas.sified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020061-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T'
NO Foreign Pissem
However, to ensure that the auxiliary pump located in the engine 50X1
can operate normally, it is also necessary to provide a specific amount
of pressure in front of it equal to the vapor tension plus the minimum
cavitation reserve required for operation of the pump, as instructed
previously/ The auxiliary pump can operate in several modes -- under .
small expenditures of fuel, and even in conditions of small vacuums;
but under large expenditures of fuel, a specific overpressure in front
of the pump is required. This leads to the following rule which
confirms the above statements: the absolute auxiliary pressure in front
of the pump should be no lower than 0.6 1.2 kg/cm?, depending on the
mode of operation.
Since in high altitudes the pressure of atmospheric air may drop
to very low quantities, (here the training instructor ought to use the
graph of changes in atmospheric pressure at different altitudes, based
on data of the international standard atmosphere shown in figure 1), a
booster. pump is installed in the fuel system service tank to ensure the
operation of the pump. On high-performance aircraft, this pump is
usually mounted in the negative G?forces Compartment and creates
overpressure of 0..6 - 0.8 kg/cm?.
Here, it should be indicated-what distinguishes absolute pressure
from overpressure and what it amounts to in the booster pump. It
consists of the pressure in front of the pimp inlet and the over.-
pressure created by it:
P LIP 4'P
np= np b,
r
where Pp -- absolute Pressure created by the booster pump,
41
Pp
Pb
41111.11?1F
????
overpressure created by the booster pump,
tank pressure.
After that, the work of the booster pump should be examined.
Just as with any pump, the booster pump can work only when the
pressure in front of it exceeds the fuel vapor tension by the amount of
the minimum cavitation reserve requirements for the pump. Depending on
the type of the booster pump being used, the pressure requirement in
front of it should be no less than 60 - 150 mm of mercury, which is 0.08
- 0.2 kg/cm?. Under lower pressure, the pump begins to work in
cavitation modes which leads to a break in fuel feed to the engine, to
breaks in its operation, and even to failure in flight.
The problem of creating normal Conditionsffor work of the booster
pump. should then be .examined. Using thd graph of changes in atmospheric
pressure at different altitudes (fig. 1), the pressure requirement in
front of the booster pump at eaclk altipide'shoul3 be indicated, After
:..taking-saveral:valuevof7the presur4-revirement in front of the
'booster pump as examples, it it possible to find the
No: Foreign rissem
43
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign bissem
altitudes up to which the pump could work if there were no increase :E.:0X1
tank pressure. For example, an altitude of approximately 10,000 meters
corresponds to 60 mm of mercury of required pressure, and 12,000 meters //
corresponds to 150 mm of mercury. If the pressure in front of the pump /
should be /no. less than 200 mm of mercury, then the pump, with no
overpressure in the tank .and a small amount of tension acting on the /
fuel, will no longer work at an altitude of approximately 10,000 meters.
The use .of fuel with a high vapor tension lowers even more the
altitudes up to which the work of the fuel system is ensured. Here it
is pertinent to examine the problem of how to provide for normal operation/
of the booster pumps at greater altitudes. It should be pointed out
that the pressure in the fuel tank, Pia, should be no less than the
Pump Ppot (P-oPpot),
and the tank pressure is equal to the external air pressure at given
minimum pressure requirement in front of the booster
altitude P ' plus overpressure (P4.111
Pb ?=. Pp+ A Pb ?
Furthermore, using figure 1, one should point out what the over-
pressure in the tank should equal when the pressure requirement is
achieved. Having assigned the pressure requirement in'front of the pump
and the altitude of the flight up to which it is necessary to ensure
? operation of the booster pump, and, subsequently, the work of the entire
? fuel system,.it is possible to find the tank overpressure which satisfies
the prescribed conditions. Let us assume that P)00t' 150 mm of mercury
? and flight altitude 11=20 km. Reading as indipated in figure 1 by the
arrows, we receive the required tank overpressure as4Pla =110 mm of
mercury, or 0.15 kg/cm2.
It is easy to show by this exampl, why increased pressure in fuel
tanks is used in the fuel systems of modern aircraft.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 Z8 30
4rume Km ? ; ?
Hour ,
-
Pig. 1.
'44
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
flarlacCifiPri in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign. Dissem
In those cases where fuel is supplied to the service tank, for 50X1
example from the drop tanks, not by means of fuel transfer pumps, but
as a result of overpressure caused by forced explusion, it is necessary
to explain to what the overpressure should be equal. Since in the service
tank there/is Pt), as explained earlier, for the purpose of feeding fuel
into it from other tanks, especially those situated lower than the service
tank, it is necessary to creat specific overpressure in them. It should
be sufficient to raise the fuel to a height corresponding to the
difference of the levels between the lower part of the tank, from which
the fuel is transferred, to the level of the fuel ,feeding into the
service tank, considering the actions of G-forces on the aircraft, and the
overcoming of hydraulic drag and overpressure in the tank. The following
data, which are easy to calculate, may be adduced. The auxiliary
pressure required for raising the fuel one meter, considering G.-forces,
is 0.07 kg/cm2 and the hxdraulic drag of one meter of pipe is
approximately 0.02 kg/cm`.
Breaking the hermetic sealing of the pressurizing system can lead to
breakdowns in the order of fuel expenditure from the tanks, and can
confuse the pilot with regard to the aircraft fuel reserves. Therefore,
much attention must be given to the condition of the pressurizing system
and to tight closing of the tank fillers.
The training instructor, having the graph of atmospheric changes
and knowing the pressure requirement in front of the booster pump, can
easily show how much the tolerable altitude can differ with a failure
in the pressurizing system, similar to determining the required amount
of overpressure in the tanks. Using data from the standard atmospheric
chart, with different pressure requirements in front of the booster pump
and an absence of overpressure in the tanks, the maximum altitude up to
which normal operation of the fuel system is possible, can be obtained
from the following table:
Required pressure in front of the pump 200
(mm on the mercury column)
Maximum flight altitude (meters) 9000
175
10700
150
11000
125
12000
100
114.200
75
16000
50
19000
Attention must be given to the very, important circumstances which
effect booster pump operation conditions and the entire fuel system. The
altitude indicated in the table up to which the fuel system can operate
relates to a horizontal flight attitude. When the aircraft gains altitude
and when there is no overpressure in the fuel tanks in front of the
booster pump, failures in the operation of the fuel system might begin
at significantly lower altitudes. What is the reason for this phenomenon?
There can be a diverse quantity of air in a dissoived state in the fuel
amounting to 12 or 13% by volume, depending on the pressure. When
altitude is gained gradually with slow vertical speed, the air dissolved
45
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
n.,ine;ifipri in Part - Sanitized Com Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No Foreign rissem
in the fuel gradually escapes and does not affect the operation of th5OX1
fuel pump. The laver the pressure, the less dissolved air in the fuel.
With increased pressure in the tat the separation of the air also
does not affeet the operation of the. pump. The training instructor can
explain whAt happens in the. fuel system during fast vertical speeds and
failures in the pressurizing system.
4 6 8 W 12
altitude in klms H?1114
Pmc. 2.
Pig. 2_
In figure 2, a graph shows the changes in percentages of air
dissolved in the fuel, depending on the altitude. As the graph indicates,
beginning at an altitude of approximately 6 kilometers, the percentage of
air drops. In conditions of high climbing speeds (during the first alti-
tude gain when the air has not yet escaped from the fuel) and the absence
of overpressure, there is a sharp change in tank pressure and the booster
pump creates an additional vacuum. The air which did not separate from
the fuel begins to escape intensively in front of the pump, interfering
with its operation. Moreover, failures in engine operation are possible
at altitudes of approximately 7 - 0 kilometers. At lower altitudes, these
phenomena do not occur, nor do they in subsequent altitude gains.
Here the importance of retedning overpressure in the fuel system
should be emphasized once again, especially since a number of failures
occur in the drainage and pressurizing systems. This determines the
necessity of increased attention to the work of fuel system technicians
in preparing aircraft for flight and to preventive maintenance and
repair work. Accuracy in preparing and: servicing the fuel system depends
on a knowledge of both line and wire diagrams of the system, principles
of the operation and construction of assemblies and elements of the
system, and a knowledge of basic factors which characterize the work of
the fuel system.
46
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign bissem
During the lesson, a number bf questions might be brought to th60X1
student's attention. What are the peculiarities of fuel system
operation in high altitudes? Uby is it necessary to have increased
pressure in the fuel system? What effect does a loss of airtightness
in the pressurizing system have on flight altitude?
We dwelt at such length on the subject matter of the first lesson
' because the problems studied in it are the most complex on the subject.
In the second lesson, the following problems should be studied.
1. The line diagram of the fuel system and the sequence of fuel
expenditure. 2. Booster and transfer pumps, valves used in the transfer
system, and their reciprocal operation. 3. In-flight op2ration of the
system under negative G-forces.
Begin the study of the line diagram with the arrangement of fuel
tanks and units on the aircraft. First of all, it must be explained
that tanks are located at various distances from the aircraft's center
of gravity. Facts on the capacity of each tank must be cited. By
citing specific facts, it is easy to show that fuel ezpenditure from
tanks of different capacities, especially those locatec at different
distances from the center of gravity, would inevitably lead to a change
in aircraft balance which must be within definite 1Lits. Therefore,
a definite sequence of fuel expenditure from the different tanks must be
provided. It can be explained ?that on all aircraft with one engine, the
fuel feed comes from the service tank. Fuel expenditure from other tanks
is conducted by transferring it into the service tank by means of fuel
transfer pumps, or from several tanks by means of pressure outflow due
to increased pressure in the tanks.
When using the line diagram of the fuel system, the study should
begin with the section from the service tank to the pump located in the
engine. First of 'all, it is neeessary to show the path of the fuel
through the compartment of negative G-forces to the pumps located in the
engine, and the operation of the booster pump which creates the necessary
pressure.for overcoming hydraulic drag in the aircraft fuel system and
for providing the required pressure in front of the engine auxiliary
pump. Then a study of the function of the units located in this section
of the system and their effect Dn the reliability of operation of the
entire fuel system should follow. Reliability of system operation also
depends on the action of the units in the fuel transfer system. Inasmuch
as the fuel transfer pump must ?rovide fuel feeding for maximum fuel
consumption, the consumption of fuel from the service tank will be less
than the flow of fuel to it under slower engine operating modes. This
could lead to an overflow in the service tank, and increase in service
tank pressure, to partial ejection of fuel through the safety valves,
and even to destruction of the tank. To avoid such occurrences, fuel
feed into the service tank is regulated by a specific program.
47
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Disse
How the transfer of fuel in the system is accomplished and what50X1
fuel expenditure program is must further be explained)and all variants
of transfer, the operation of the transfer system units, and control of
their operation must be examined.
It is important to bear in mind the basic problems of fuel system
maintenance, from preflight preparation of the fuel system to the
preliminary preparation. Flight personnel must know not only the rules
of in-flight system maintenance, but also the preflight preparation
procedures, and they must be able to make check-outs and refuel. Pilots
must gain a good understanding of the system in order to correctly
analyze and evaluate in-flight operation and make fast, accurate decisions
when malfunctions occur.
The instructor should pay attention to a number of important
conditions which ensure reliability of the fuel system, particularly to
the nonpermissible entry of water into the fuel in winter and mechanical
impurities in summer.
Water may exist in fuel in a suspended state as an emulsion or in a
dissolved state. In low temperatures, it may precipitate in the form of
crystals which fall onto the filter and sometimes causes congelation of
the filter and interruptions in fuel feeding. Therefore, the
requirement on checking fuel in winter for the absence of water and
draining sediment from fuel vessels and lower points in the system must
be strictly observed. In summertime, difficulties of another type may
occur. When taking off from dusty airfields or from dirt fields, dust
may get into the engine, part of which filters through the pressurizing
system into the fuel tanks, because air is fed into the fuel tank by the
engine compressor. From the tanks, the dust may get into the pumps and .
the fuel regulator together with the fuel, causing failures in the engine
fuel system. Therefore, in summertime special care must be taken to see
that there are no mechanical impurities in the drained residue.
In the section of the fuel system from the service tank to the pump,
with the mainline in good repair, the distinguishing characteristics of
the system are tank overpressure and a properly functioning booster pump
which is cheCked by means of lights. They are turned on from a pressure
signal component installed behind the pump.
When studying the operation of individual units of the fuel system, /
the instructor must dwell on their reliability and the measures taken to/
increase the life of the system. While studying the operation of the
booster pump, attention must be paid to the presence of an auxiliary stage
impeller in front of it, the function of which is to separate the air'
from the fuel, to decrease losses in front of the inlet to the centrifugal
stage of the pump, and to create some *drostatic head in front of it.
48
No Foreigp Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign bissem
In addition, the operation of the system when the booster pump fails50X1
the course of the fuel in this event, and the elimination or decrease
of hydraulic drag when the pump is stoped, mdst be studied. Together
With this, it is especially nec2ssary to examine the operation of the
compartment Of negative G-forces, its capacity, and its useful life
under the effects of negative G-forces and other factors.
During the lessons, the students' mastery of the questions examined
can be clarified by informal question periods. What is the sequence of
fuel expenditure from the aircraft tanks and for how long is it provided?
How does the booster pump operate? How and for how long is fuel supplied
to the engine in a flight with zero or negative G-forces?
The third lesson should be devoted to an examination of the following
topics: 1. The system of draining and pressurizing fuel tanks. 2.
Checking the operation of the aircraft fuel system. 3. The gasoline
system. 4. Maintenance of the fuel system. 5. A study of the fuel
system on an aircraft.
Since pressure requirements for fuel tanks were studied in previous
lessons, the system of draining and pressurizing fuel tanks must be
studied in this lesson. For a correct understanding of the subject,
drainage working conditions must be analyzed. On modern aircraft, impact
pressure is usually used to increase pressure, but in those cases when
it is insufficient (slow speeds or high altitudes), -- increased air
pressure is usually yielded by an engine compressor. However, flying at
low altitudes with fast speeds can lead to an excessive increase in tank
pressure. The utilization of air yielded by the compressor may produce
similar results. It is known that reducers and safety valves, which.
support the necessary tank pressure drop, are installed to eliminate
this. A return valve, which is covered when a decrease of impact pressure
is lower than the specified amount, is installed in the mainline. It
would seem that with pressurization it would be possible to manage without
a drainage mainline. This problem must be studied by examining diving or
steep gliding from high altitudes.
At high altitudes, tank pressure is equal to atmospheric pressure
plus overpressure. Suppose an aircraft sharply descends. In this event,
external pressure grows very quickly. To ensure that the necessary
pressure drop in the tanks is maintained and no vacuum is created, it is
necessary to supply a large quantity of air, especially when there is a
small reserve of fuel in the tanks. To supply such a quantity of air
from the air is impractical, not to mention the bulk of reducers and
safety valves which would be needed in this case. The task of replenishing
fuel tanks during dives or steep gliding is solved successfully by the
drainage system, a section of the tubes of which is specially selected for
preservation of the normal conditions of fuel system operation, and a
sample of the air is brought out on the spot ensuring the necessary
49
VO: Foreign Dissem
hpe.lasified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Utilization of impact pressurization. 50X1
Further, the studentst. attention must be turned to checking the
operation of this system since failures in its units can lead to
interrupgdons in engine work or to the necessity of changing the flight
to slow speeds.
Studying-the reMaining prcblems does not present any particular
complications, but it would be desirable to study them directly on the
aircraft, relating the problems of checking the system and its
utilization to the pilot's actions in the'cabin.
(A. captioned photograph by K. ARSEN'YEV on page 66 shows Engr-Capt L.
BIRBRAYER checking the work of Reenlisted Sgt G. GARIPOV, a mechanic.
' Personnel of the TEM commanded by BIRBRAYER execute repair work in an
exemplary manner and maintain aviation ,equipment in a state of constant
combat readiness.)
Power Goscopic Stabilizers -- by Engr-Coi V. I. UKRAINTSEV (Pages 67-71)
Abstract:
Based on foreign press materials, discusses the operation and
construction of one-, two-, and three-axis gyroscopic platforms used to
stabilize rockets in relation to the Earth.
Infra-Red Radar System
Abstract:
?????
(Page 71)
Reports the US development of a combination infra-red and radar
tracking system designed to track ballistic rockets from the moment they
are launched. The source for the report was given as Interavia Letter.
CYBERNETICS AND AUTOMATION
The Arithmetic Unit of an Electronic Computer --
AKOV Pages 72 - 76)
Text:
by Engr-Lt Col A. V.
? One of the first qUestions which inevitably arises in learning the
basic principles and ideas of the operation of electronic computers (EVM)
is how arithmetic work or operations ari, done by the computer. It is
known that these operations are performed by what is called an arithmetic
unit (AU). This article will present to its readers an example of a
50
S-E-C-R-E-T
No :Foreign Dissem
nRclassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
8-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
widely used variant of an arithmetic unit and its means for performin650X1
basic arithmetic operations.
An arithmetic unit is used to complete operations of addition
("Sl"), sulAraction ("Vch"), multiplication ("Um"), and division ("Dl")
of n-digital binary numbers with a fixed point. This unit can also be
used to perform many logical operations on numbers, in particular module
comparison, formation of new numbers from two initial numbers separation
of a number quotient, shift of a number toanyrdigit quantity, etc.
An arithmetic unit consists of an arithmetic operations control
block (BUAO), three registers which are units for number storage, an adder
(?), and commutation circuits (see figure).
, The numbers on which operations are performed are fed into the
arithmetic unit from a multi-column numerical main (ChM) and commands for
execution of an operation (operation code) are supplied from the machine
central control unit. The numbers in the numerical are represented
by a potential code as numbers with a point fixed after a sign column,
i.e., as a:proper fraction. Th., numerical main is composed of one sign
and an odd quantity (n) of mantissa columns.
1 Ho cq ex Pr3 Om 14
2 Pr!
IF:m:1 onlopl
, : ? onepauuu
1 I
I ?
I
,4
Cxema _
Kommgmautv MO
i i 6 Koa
7 Pr2
?
(133HPPr.1
8 Pr.3
0 qm
11 quo?
ynpoefirfroalue cuenon?r12
13-- Hnoomown o yucPax
1. to computing input register 3; 2. first register; 3. commutation
circuit; 11-? arithmetic operations control block; 5. adder; 6. operation
code; 7. second register; 8. third register; 9. from sign columns,first
register; 10. numerical main; 11. numbers; 12. control signals;
13. number information; 14. to numerical main.
All of the, arithmetic unit registers are for storage of numbers
which are represented by positive or negative columns, n-mantissa columns,
, and an additional column (p+-1) - M. The necessity for introducing
S-E-C-R-E-T 51
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
1 _
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
1
iS-E-C-R-E-T
I No Foreign tissen
second sign and additional columns will be shown later. 50X1
The first register (Rgl) is an output and stores the operation
result R. The R number can be fed into the numerical main by special
command. ,he result of a previous operation is simultaneously the
initial number A for execution of the next operation. Before the .
completion of the first operation, the number A is received in the
second register (Rg2) from the numerical main and then transcribed into
the first register by special command. The second register serves as a
receiver of the second number B of the operation from the numerical
main. This number can be fed from the second register into the adder in
a direct Or additional code or in a direct code with a one column shift
to the left.
The third register (Rg3) is a shifting element. It stores factors
for multiplication operations and is the column recorder of quotients
for division operations. The sign columns of this register are used for
determining the sign of the product and of the quotient.
The adder consists of (n #1):single-column adders at the three
inputs. The commutation circuit enables the summation result to be
recorded in the first register without shift, with a one-column shift
to the left, or with a two-column shift to the right depending upon the
algorithm of the operation being performed.
The arithmetic operations control block receives necessary
information concerning their storage of numbers from all other blocks of
the arithmetic unit. On the basis of this information, the arithmetic
operations control block determ-Ines an algorithm for each step of an
operation and issues correspondf.ng control signals for carrying out each ,
step of the operation. Also, cadence pulses are produced in the arithmetic
operations control block which determine the beginning and end of the
basic tempos for the operation of the whole machine.
Addition and subtraction operations are "short" and are performed at
one basic tempo. Multiplication and division operations are "long" and
are performed at one preparatory, several actuating, and one concluding
tempos. The succession frequency of the actuating and concluding tempos
is higher than the succession frequency of the basic tempo and is
determined by a special circuit in the arithmetic operations control
block. We will consider the operation of the arithmetic unit in
performing arithmetic operations. '
The addition operation. The algorithm for an addition operation is
rather simple and can be examined by numerical examples. Two conditions
can be met with in adding two numbers with a fixed point: the addition
of numbers A and B which have identical signs and addition of the same two
numbers with different signs.
52
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissent
To derive a result in adding the numbers A and B which have 50X1
identical signs, it is necessary to add the mantissas (modules) of the
numbers, and confer the sign of either number, for example the sign of
the first number, to the result. In this way, the algorithm for
adding nudDers of like signs appears as follows:
R = zn. A, (/A/ 74-/B/), (1)
where R is the result;
zn. A is the sign of number A and of result R;
/A/ and /13/ are the mantissas of the terms;
(A/ /B/) are the mantissas of result R.
When adding numbers with different signs, (4-A) Y-(-1,), or
(-A) (*B), ?the sign of the result will correspond to the sign of the
larger number. In order to unify the operation of the machine, the sign
of the first number is temporarily assigned to the result in these cases,
and the modulus of the first number is added to the supplemented modulus
of the second number, i. e., the operation /A/ 4-/B/ sup is carried out.
It is easy to see by numeridal example that if the term have
different signs, two situations are possible: first, if /A/;_../B/, the
sign of the result R must correspond to the sign of A. The 1.antissa of
the sum /A/ -A /13/ sup in the given case corresponds to the mantissa of
the expected result, but this sum exceeds the correct result for a whole
unit. Therefore, if /AL>: /B/, addition by machine means must be done
by the algorithm:
R zn. Al (/A/+ /B/ sup - 1). (2)
Second, if /A/ /33/, the sign of the result must be opposite that
of the sign of A. But with this, the result of the addition /A/1-/B/ sup
will be equal to the supplementary code from the necessary result R and
there will be no unit of carry. To achieve a correct result in the given
case, it is 6vident that it is sufficient to take the supplementary code
from this sum with its sign, i. e., to use the algorithm:
Rr [zn. Al (/A/+ /33/ sup)] sup.
(3)
Addition algorithms are realized in the arithmetic unit in the
following manner. The first term A in the potential code is steadily fed
to the adder input. The second term B is received from the numerical
main in the second register. Th a arithmetic operations control block
receives information about the term signs and gives out a control signal
resulting from their comparison so that the number B is fed from the
second register to the adder either in direct code (with like signs) or
in a supplementary code (with unlike signs). The result of the summation
is transcribed without shift fromthe adder output into the first register
through the commutation circuit.
53
S-E-C-R-E-T
No !Foreign Dissem
npnlassified in Part- Sanitized CopyApprovedforRelease 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
_
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for
Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign bissem
During the summation, the arithmetic operations control unit 50X1
receives information concerning the presence of a unit of carry from the
mantissa columns to the sign columns. If the signs of the terms are
identical (1), the presence of a unit of carry means that the result R
is greateir than 1, i. e., there was an overflow of the column frame and
the computation could not be continued. If the signs of the terms are
different (2), the presence of a unit of carry means that /A/ >/B/.
In this case, the unit is not used and the correct result is written in
the first register.
If there is no unit of carry with identical signs, this means that
in the addition process according to the algorithm (1) the column frame
is not exceeded and the correct result is written in the first register.
If the terms have different signs and there is no unit of carry (3), this
means that /A/Ar./B/ and that the supplementary code of the result is
recorded in the first register. Then according to the algorithm (3), the
arithmetic operations control unit emits control signals by which the
inversion (inverse code) contained inthe first register is again fed to
the adder where it is added with the "1" of the supplementary column
which is supplied from the arithmetic operations control unit. Then, the
necessary result R is received at the adder output and is transcribed
into the first register as the final result of the operation. ?
The subtraction operation. This is the same as the addition
Operation, but with a simultaneous change of the operation sign and of
the subtrahend, thus:
(!..A) - (*B): (A)+(-B)
(t JP.,) - (- B)
It is evident from these transformations that the subtraction of
numbers with different signs is the same as the addition of numbers with
like sign and consequently should be realized'by the algorithm (1) and
that subtraction of numbers with like signs is the same as addition of
numbers with different signs and should be done by either algorithm (2)
or (3). These algorithms are realized in the same way as in the addition
operation.
The multiplication operation. The multiplication of binary numbers
A and B, like the multiplication of decimal numbers, is the finding of
partial derivatives of the multiplicand A on the next column of the
factor B and the addition of each new partial derivative to the total of
the previous ones. The order of each partial derivative depends on the
order of the next factor column.
If there are many factor columns, such a summation is rather
cumbersome and much time is required to complete the multiplication
54
.S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreigq, Dissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified.rn-Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
? S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
50X1
operation which significantly increases the response time of the machine.
If the repetition frequency of the actuating tempos is increased and the
multiplication is performed not on one column of the factor, but on a
double-column factor; the time required for the completion of the operation
is signifipantly shortened. To do this, the factor B is broken down into
n+1
double-column factors which are equal to 00, 01, 10, or 11.
2
?
? If the factor B is represented as the sum of its digits with
calculation of their order, it can be shown that the next partial total-
appears as follows:
R : 2-2 [A ? bnbel-i-(Rgl) ], (4)
where
R4 is the next partial total;
A is the multiplicand;
bnblatl is the next double-column factor;
(Rgl) is what is contained in the first register, i. e., the
previous partial total.
? When bnbel = 00, the formula (4) takes on the aspect;
R 2-2 [0 lf(agl) )1. ()
00
?
This expression is an algorithm for multiplication by 00. It
follows from this that to multiply by 00, it is sufficient to shift what
is contained in the first register two columns to the right.
When bbl. : 01, from (4) we have:
R = 2-2 [A+(Rg1)]. (6)
01
;
It follows from this that to multiply by 01, it is necessary to add
the multiplicand to what is contained ili?the first register and to record
the result of the multiplication again in the first register with a two
column shift to the right.
.When bnbel = a - 10/-\ 2(10) from (4) we have:
le) ,
R10 = 2-2 [2A-F(Rg1)]. ?(7)
Consequently, to multiply by 10, it is necessary to add the
duplicate, i. e., shifted one column to the left, to what is contained
in the first register and record the result and tie multiplicand A in the
first register with a two column shift to the right.
When bnbni-1 2 a 3(10)
11/2\ from (4) we have:
k )
55
No Foreign pissem
neclassified in Part -j
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No Forei gri s em
R11 :2-2 [3A +(Rgl) ] - A #
4 (R,g1) gi A+2"2 [-A.+ (Rgi) .
(8)
50X1
To regcle A, 1. e., to realize the first term,of the expression (8),
it is sufficient to add the unt; to the next doubld-column factor.
Subtraction of A from what is contained in the-first register is
substituted, as in the subtraction operation; by adding what is contained
in the first register to the supplementary code A.
With calculation of this algorithm, multiplication by 11 takes on
the aspect:
-1-(RgI)]
sup
(9)
With the storage of 1 to be added to the next factor. For realization of
this algorithm, it is necessary to add what is contained in the first
register to the supplementary code of the multiplicand and to record the
result in the first register with a two-column shift tb the right.
Simultaneously, the value of the next double-column factor must be
increased to unity.
The sign of the product is determined by logical addition, the
result corresponding to the algebraic rule for determining the sign of a
? product:
0+0
=
0
(t) ?
(4-)
2
(1-)
0 + 1
=
1
(-t) ?
(-)
(-)
1+0
=
1
(-)
?
(4..)
=
( -)
1+1
=
0
( -)
(-)
=
(4-)
? The multiplication algorithm is realized in the following manner.
In the preparatory cycle of the operatiop, the mantissa of the multiplicand
A is transcribed from the first register to the second register. What is
contained in the first register dsdiscarded since in the first actuating
cycle of the multiplication a "null" partial sum which is, equal to zero
should be recorded in the first register. The mantissa of the factor B
is received from the numerical main in the mantissa' columns in the third
register. The sign of the number A from the sign columns of the first
register and the sign of the number B from the sign. columns of the
numerical main alternately go along the computing input into the sign'
columns of the third register. The position of theflip-flop of these
columns after reception of the sign of the second number characterizes the
sign of the product in agreement with the rule which was presented earlier.
During each actuating cycle, what is contained:in the first register
is added to the next partial product which is determined by the formulas
5, 6, 7, or 9 depending upon the value of the next double-column factor.
56
S-B-C-R-t-T
No Foreign Dissent
npnlassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
No. Foreign Pissem
?
The sum of the partial product, i. e., 0, A, 2A, or /AZup, and whatA50X1
contained in the first register is the partial sum.. This sum is again
transcribed from!the adder output into the first register through' the
commutation cirotit with a two-columni'shift to the right which is
equivale7t to multiplying by 2-2.
In each cycle, the value of the next factor is determined by the
nth and (n4-1) columns of the third register. To analyze the value of the
next factor in each cycle, the mantissa columns of the third register.
are shifted two columns to the right.
After)t actuating cycles,, the concluding operation cycle is
accomplishe 2 If multiplication by 11 is perfoimed in the last actuating
cycle, i. e., there is a unit of carry in the next factor, then it is
necessary to multiply by 1 in the concluding cycle, or in other word, to
add the multiplicand A to what is contained in the first register. This
need not be done if there is no carry from the last factor. In both cases,
it is necessary to round off the result in the concluding cycle. If a
one is recorded in the discarded column (this is a supplementary column
since it is absent in the numerical main), the result is rounded off by
adding one to the newest (nth) column of the (product.
To round off, what is contained in the first register is supplied to
the adder where it is added to A; or, if carry is present from the last
factor, it is added to the supplementary column unit of carry; or, if this
. carry is absent, it is added to the supplementary column unit of carry.
If, in the given case, "1" was recorded in the supplementary column of the
first register, then when it is added to the supplementary column unit of
carry, the unit is recorded in the nth column of the first register. Thus,
the mantissa of the rounded product is recorded in the first register.
During this same cycle, the sign of the product is transcribed from the
sign columns. of the third register to the sign columns of the first
?
registef. .
The division operation. 'The, operation of ,dividing the 'binary number
.'A by the 'binary number B, as in division with decimal numbers, has as its
? purpose the finding'. of a quotient R which must. indioate how many times
the dividend A is greater than the divisor B. .Therefore, the operation
? consists of finding the remainders -and numbers of quotients.
???
?
? In division with decimal nuMbersl. the product of the divisor and the
next quotient number is subtracted from the remainder (from the dividend
in the-first- step). . In a ?binary 'system,' the next number of the quotient
can be only 0. or.l. ?Therefore, the division operation in-this system is
..a comparison by means of .subtraction of the dividend and of. the'divisor
. for the first. step of the operation and to a. comparison of the remainder
(with calculation of: its order). and the divisor in the other !stages. of
.57:
-E-c4.141 .
No Foreign pits=
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013;11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R07E-T
No Foreigi Dissem
the operation. The order of the remainder is taken into account by 50X1
shifting it one column to the left for each stage of the division.
Actually, the dividend A can always be represented in the following
aspect: ,
A = BZ 4-C = BZ +2-1 (BZ +7C1
0 0 0 1- 1
= BZ6+ 2-1 BZ,t 2-1 (BZ2 +02)
. etc. (10)
where Zi are the numbers of the conforming quotient column;
Ci are the remainders.
From this, a connection between the remainders and the numbers of
the quotient is evident:
.0O. .2-1 (BZ1. ?C1 )
-
Ci 2-1 (BZ2+C2) .
C = 2-1 (BZ + C )
n-1 n n
On the basis of the formula (11), the next remainder is expressed
by the preceding:
Cn C - BZn.
(12)
To find the next remainder in each division stage, it is necessary
to solve the equation (12) which contains two unknowns; Zn and Cn. In
thit equation, Zn can be only ze.4.o? or one and the remainder must be a
positive term.
With Zn = 1, we have from (12):
Cn = 2Cn_i - B.
(13)
This comparison of the double remainder and the divisor is carried
out in each operation stage. Of course, the subtraction of B from
2C1 is replaced by adding the supplementary code of B to 2Cn.i,
C 2 2C +B
n n-1 sup ? (14)
However equations 13 and 14 give a true remainder only when Zn = 1.
If Zn = 0 formula (13) produces an incorrect, "negative remainder:
58
S-E-C-R=E-T
No .Foreign ,DisSem
nnt-laccifiPri in Part - Sanitized Com Approved for Release 2013/11/08: CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign Dissem
2C C -B.
nine n-1
(15) 50X1
With this, a true remaindetc,, is achieved Vy substituting the Value .
0 in (12): r.
C = 2C
ntr n
(16)
? But with the incorrect remainder Cn , the next remainder in the -.
next step of the division can be 4chieveancon the bases of formulas 12,
16, and 15:'
C 81 2C - B = 2C _..2B-11-B:
n?ltr n
tr ntr
sz 2 (Cn - B) + B = 2 (2Cn_i - B) 1- B :
tr
= 2Cn *B.
inc
or, correspondingly
C :c
ntr n-1 +B.
inc
(17)
(18)
Thus the final division algorithm can be formulated as follows:
after receiving a positive remainder Cri_itr the ,next number of the
quotient is 1 and the next division step must be the performance of
C = 2C +B8up' After receiving a negative remainder Cn-1 the
inc
the
next number of the quotient is 0 and the next division step must be the
performance of Cn +B; in the first step of the division,
inc
Co = A - B = All-Bsup and Zo is the inversion of the remainder sign. The
quotient sign is aetermined in the same way as in Multiplying or adding.
The division algorithm is realized in the following manner. During
the preparatory cycle, the mantissa of the divisOr B is fed from the
numerical main into the mantissa columns of the second register. The
sign of the dividend A from the sign columns of the first register and
the sign of the divisor B from the sign columns of the numerical main
are alternately supplied to the sign columns of the third register to
determine the sign of the quotient.
During each actuating cycle, what is contained in the first register
(this is the dividend A in the first cycle and the double remainders in
the other cycles) is supplied to the adder where it is added to the
divisor which is supplied from the second register in a direct (according
to 18) or in an inverse (according to 14) code. The achieved remainder
1. 59
S-E-C-R-E-T
31.0"'Oreign:rissem
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/11/08 CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4
S-E-C-R-E-T
No Foreign' Disse
50X1
C is transcribed from the adder output through the commutation circuit
t8 the first register with a duplicate, i. e., with a one-column shift
to the left.'
The first sign column of the first register always characterizes .
the sign of the remainder Cn until its shift. What is contained in the
third register is shifted one column to the left and the inverse of the
first sign column of the first register is recorded in the supplementary
column of the first register as the next number of the quotient. Atter
the completion of nA-2 actuating cycles, the quotient which consists of
the-nurber of the zero column, the numbers of the mantissa columns, and
the '(n'4-l) number of the supplementary column is recorded in the third
register.
During the concluding cycle, this quotient and sign are transcribed
through the adder and the commutation circuit to the first register with-
out shift. This is done through the adder so that the additional column
or the quotient can be used for rounding off the result similar to the
way in which it was done in the concluding cycle of the addition operation.
Other arithmetic units can do many logical operations and produce
signals, but in view of their specialized purposes they were not considered
in this article.
We Vary Forms of Technical Propaganda -- by Engr-Naj B. S. AVGUSTOVSKIY
(Page 76)
Abstract:
Discusses means employed at:the author's school for keeping personnel
informed of technical and scientific developments
FROM THE HISTORY OF PVO TROOPS
A Battery of Heroes -- by Lt Col (Res) M. F. ARTENENKO (Pages 77-80)
Abstract:
Describes the formation and narrates the World War II combat deeds
of the First Battery imeni Sevastopol Antiaircraft 'Artillery School
(Pervaya Batareya imeni SevastopoliskOgo uchilishcha zenitnoy artillerii),
which is today the Zhitomir Radiotechnical School (Zhitomirskoye
Krasnoznamennoye radiotechnicheskoye uchilishche).
60
S-E-C-R,E-T
No Foreign Dissem
npriassified in Part- Sanitized CopyApprovedforRelease 2013/11/08 : CIA-RDP80T00246A071600020001-4