ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF HERALD OF ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE, ISSUE NO. 5, 1963

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A071200300001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 62
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 7, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: February 12, 1964
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
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This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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1r110:-FOREIGN:DISSEM
COUNTRY USSR
REPORT
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SWUM English Translation of Herald of DATE DISTR,
Antiaircraft Defense, Issue No.5,
NO. PAGES
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
THIS IS UNEVALUATED
REFERENCES
/A February 19650X1
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INFORMATION.
SOURCE GRADINGS ARE DEFINITIVE.
APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
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An English translation of Issue No. 5, May 1963, of the Soviet
publication Nestnik Protivovozdushnoy Oborony tHerald of
Antiaircraft Defense/, published by the Military Publishing
House of the Ministry of Defense, Moscow
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In some cases, the articles were translated in their entirety:
in other cases, they-were summarized
Distribution of Attachments for Retention:
00/FDD: 1 copy
OSI: 2 copies
ORR: 2 copies
OCI: 1 copy
FTD: 5 copies
SAC: 2 copies
Air: 2 copies
Army: 3 copies
Army/FSTC: 3 copies
Navy: 2 copies
Navy/STIC: 1 copy
NSA: 2 copies
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GROUP 1
Excluded horn outomafic
downgrading and
declassification
STATE 1 DIA I ARMY - 1 NAVY 1 AM 'NSA
Army/FSTC Air/FTD Navy/STIC '00/FDD SAC
(Note: Field distribution indicated by "*".)
I N IC I oat
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Herald of Antiaircraft Defense
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Vestnik Protivovozdushnov Oboronv, No 5, May 1963
G. V. ZIMIN
G. H. SEROV
M. a'.-LEONOV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
-- For New Success in Combat and Political
? Training of Troops
-- Great Trust and High Responsibility
Combat Training
-- The Commander is the Organizer of the
Training Process
-- When Opportunities Are Not Rally Used
V. S. K1SLYANSKIY -- Preparation and Conduct
Training Activity ?
S. Ye. TIKHONOV
A. P. YUSAKOV
V. A. ZHURIN
D. Z. LEVKIN
V. R. PAKHOMOV
P. K. KHARCH1KOV
and N. B. LEVIT
V. A-. NAZARENKO
Rocketeers on the March
of Podrazdeleniye
-- Use of the Simplest Teaching Devices
Eouinment and Its Use
-- Careful Preservation of Radar Equipment
Initiative of a Communications Engineer
-- Higher Technical Culture in the Work of
Aviation Specialists
-- How We Organize Innovation Work
-- Automatic Gain Control Citcuits.
Innovations and Inventions
V. N. TERNOVSKIY
and K. N. SMUREYEV.-- Antenna and Feeder Line DownIead Mounting
I. A. CHERNYAKHOVSKIY
and I. P. Yadzhak -- Frequency Tuner
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Ito
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149
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A. I. KORNIYENKO
Rocicet Defense
Target Indication Station
Page
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From the History Of ITO Toor)s
7... Winged Hero
- In Defense of the Skies
yblga Stronghold
N. F. MI1EYEV '
M. V. laKilikYLOV
P. I. GREKIII\EV
Reviews and Bibliozraohy
-- Flight Medicine 58
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In Chasti and Podrazdeleniya of Our Forces
Preparations for 60th Party Anniversary (Page 2)
Summary:
In honor of the 60th anniversary of the Communist Party of the Soviet
Union, Komsomol members of a chest' made increased socialist pledges to
improve their special skills.
Komsomol members of a podrazdeleniye organized a technical study
group to enable soldiers to study radar equipment and other related spe-
cialties.
Friend and Adviser of Officer Candidates -- by Lt Co]. I. V. ALEKSEYEV
(page 2)
Summary:
The wall newspaper Raketchik (The Rocketeer) plays an important role
in the life of officer candidates. It publishes articles on all, aspects
of training of future officers and enjoys great authority and popularity.
A photograph shows the editorial collegium at work on a regular issue of
the wall newspaper.
For New Success in Combat and PolitiCal Training of Troops -- by Col Gen
kin G. V. atm, HSU (Pages 3-7)
Summary:
Despite consistent Soviet efforts to achieve general disarmament and
a cessation of nuclear weapons testing, the imperialist powers are in-
creasing the arms race =clueing various provocations to unleash a new
world war.
In view of the complex international situation, the Communist Party
and Soviet government are giving serious attention to the strengthening
of the Soviet defense power and the maintenance of complete combat readi-
ness.
The PVC) Stray Troops have an enormous responsibility in the defense
of the Soviet skies. As a result of constant attention by the Party and
the government, these troops have greatly improved and almost radically
changed in the past few years. They are now supplied with first-class
equipment for successful anti-aircraft defense and are able to defeat any
attacks from the air.
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The results of the 1962 training year and of the winter training 50X1-HUM
period of the current year have shown further improvement in combat readi- ?
ness; combat skills, and military discipline. Soldiers in antiaircraft
rocket troops have improved their rocket launching skill. They are able
to hit any target with the first rocket. In most chasti and podrazdeleniya
the performance of functional duties by combat crews has been automated; '
each soldier and sergeant understands his maneuver and knows his place in
performing the combat task of podrazdeleniye.
?
The personnel of the .Nth antiaircraft rocket chest' has.7achieved high.
results in the winter training period. For example, the podrazdeleniye
under, the command of Maj KECUPENEN received an "excellent" rating for com-
bat firing. All of the personnel has acquired rated specialries. A number
of soldiers and sergeants are trained to perform duties no?, ly assigned
to officer-technicians.
? :Pilots have improved their skill in intercepting and destroying aerial
targets under difficult weather conditions, both during daytime and night-
time flights, and at various altitudes.- The crews of interceptor aircraft'
have mastered the use of rocket weapons and most of them have learned to
hit the targets on the first attack,. .The pilots under .Ahe,.:?commtindl: of
Officer SBELUDYAKOV may be cited as an example.- .
The soldiers of radiotechnical troops have been perfecting their
training in close contact with antiaircraft rocket troops and fighter
aviation. Operators have learned to detect targets at maxim= effective
radar range, to determine their nature and coordinates, and to track them
effectively.
madh attention is given in a radiotechnical chest' to the improvement
of training methods. Many officers, sergeants, and soldiers are innovators
and inventors, who have contributed to the perfection of combat training.
For example, Sr Engr-Lt CHUBOV with a group of innovators designed a teach-
ing machine of the "Kontroler" type, which permits an objective evaluation'
of the'specialistsi knowledge of equipment and functional duties.
The successful trainipg during the winter period was the result of
several important factors, such as better organization and preparation for
the training year, training conferences, and efficient plans for combat
and political training. ,
The technical training of personnel has been improved and particular
attention was given to the mastery of related specialists by various Cate-
gories of serviceben-'; Extensive use was made of various training devices
and slides. Much has been achieved in solving the problem of introducing
electronic teaching machines into practical training.
The winter training period served to consolidate and disseminate the
achievements of leading chasti and podrazdeleniya.
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The complex training m.ethod of troops has become firmly implaftted'in
practical training. Commanders and staffs at all levels have begun to take
an active part in the planning and introduction of this method. Officers
with radiotechnical specialties are required to work directly at the screen
on exercises prescribed by training courses and programs. This method of
training officers directly at the equipment is very important, since it
gives them the practical skill which they must have in training their sub-
ordinates.
In addition to positive results obtained in carrying out training plans
during the winter period, there have been some serious shortcomings which
should be eliminated during the summer period. Some officers regularly fail
to fulfill training plans and try to explain this with various "objective"
reasons.
Some commanders do not show the proper interest in improving the com-
bat readiness of their podrazdeleniya and lack a sense of personal respon-
sibility for the organization of combat and political training. This
should not be tolerated.
Some antiaircraft rocket troops permit laxity and oversimplification
in their practice firing. Some aviation podrazdeleniya? give insufficient
attention to day and night flying. In trying to accumulate a large number
of flying hours, the elements of combat flights in bad weather are sometimes
overlooked. Sometimes long intervals occur between flights, which is det-
rimental to combat readiness.
Some operators in the radiotechnical troops have poorly mastered meth-
ods of detecting and tracking targets under difficult conditions. Errors
occur in determining their coordinates, composition, and identification.
Although methods councils are supposed to play an important role in
the improvement of organizational forms and methods, their activities are
often limited. As a result, advanced training methods are being introduced
too slowly, especially in complex types of training, study of combat equip-
ment,nuclear weapons, and methods of protection against them. In some pod-
razdeleniya, problems of antiatomic and antichemical defense are handled
under oversimplified conditions.
All of the personnel, commanders, staffs, party and Komsomol organiza-
tions should thoroughly analyze the quality of combat training during the
winter training period, find out what is impeding progress, and introduce
new methods of training.
? The summer training period is the most decisive stage in the combat
? and political training of troops. During this period the previous training
level must be both consolidated and improved.
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The general improvement of training and combat readiness requires the
concentrated efforts of all the personnel, and the improvement Of.nrocini-
zational work of commanders, staffs, political organs, and party50X1-HUM.,
tions. Special attention should. be given to coordination between staffs
and command posts and to the development of practical skills to guarantee :
continued troop control in a Complex aerial situation, by using means of
bitt011iatirili.ld iecjuvii Zetti011
The so)ution of tactical problems should be practiced more widely 'in
the training of comandorc and at various training conferences. This will
give the .offiders practical skills-in carrying out various types of cal-
ovainating oltnations, preparing brief and accurate reports,
and giving orders to subordinates. Not a single training exercise should
be carried out without Working on problems of antiatomic defense.
The problem of training personnel to function faultlessly under con-
ditions involving the use of weapons of mass destruction should be in-
cluded both in training exercises and in the course of daily combat train-
ing.
Rocketeers must be perfectly trained in the proper use and. maintenance,
of equipment and in acquiring skills for the elimination of high-altitude
and high-speed targets under conditions of passive and active interference.
They must work out. methods of combat actions for the elimination of aerial
targets Jointly with fighter aviation.
During the summer period, fighter aviation units must engage in the
most intensive training of pilots. ,For this purpose, flight training must
be properly planned and organized. Flight control and the preparation of
aircraft for flights must be improved in order to ensure flight safety.
Aviation commanders at all levels must, give their main attention to train-
ing pilots in the conduct of combat actions under complex weather condi-
tions, by day and by night, at all flight altitudes of fighter aircraft.
In the course of tactical training exercises, radiotechnical units
must concentrate on a farther improvement in the training of crews and
control posts for handling a large number of simnitaneous targets and own
aircraft at different altitudes and under conditions of strong radio inter-
ference. For this purpose, extensive use should be made of mock-ups, slides,
and flights of real aircraft.
The personal, specialized, technical, and tactical training of officers
and generals? is of special importance in combat training. In the training,
of commanders there should be no gap between the current development of
military science and technology and the level of knowledge acquired by
()fader cadres. The main emphasis should be placed on the acquiring of
tactical skills, especially the ability to organize combat in the air and
to exercise control over chasti and podrazdeleniya in the course of such '
combat.
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The style and methods of commanders' activities must be generally im-
proved. The organizational activities of supervisory personnel
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a correct determination of their role for the fulfillment of cer0X1-HUM
..,
and in the ability to employ all possibilities for carrying out a plan under
any conditions.
It is the duty of all commanders to master the Leninist style of work
in supervising chasti and podrazdeleniya, which implies "less high-sound-
ing phrases, and more ordinary, everyday work."
During the summer period, officer candidates, students and instruc-
tors of military schools will go through practical training with the troops.
Commanders should not only create the necessary conditions for these train
ees, but also make extensive use of the latter's theoretical knowledge and
experience to improve the level of combat training.
Ideological work is of enormous importance in improving the quality
of combat and political training of troops, and in developing a sense of
responsibility for assigned tasks. By thoroughly explaining the ideas of
Marxism-Leninism and exposing the aggressive plots of imperialists, the
personnel must be inspired to increase their vigilance and constantly im-
prove their combat readiness. During the summer period, this remains the
principal task in the work of commanders, political organs, and party and;
Komsomol
Komsomol organizations.
Great Trust and High Responsibility (Page 8
SummarY:,
The command personnel and political organs of chasti have given a
great deal of attention to young officers so that the latter may constantly
improve their ability and experience required for the training of subordin-
ates. For this purpose, various lecturef-lcourses, conferences, and other
activities have been conducted.
One of the garrisons recently organized a meeting of young officers,
which was also attended by experienced commanders. Discussions were held
on the subject of moral fighting qualities essential to officers, on the
ways of developing these qualities, and proper methods of working with
subordinates; in other words, on the education of able commanders.
The young officers' meeting was held shortly before the anniversary
of the Day of Victory over the German troops. Therefore, a large part of
the meeting was devoted to the history of the Great Patriotic War and the
heroism of Soviet soldiers during the war.
The following articles are summaries of the speeches delivered at the
meeting.
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Be Equal to the Tasks Prescribed by the Party -- by G. P. DANIN (Pp 9-10)
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The first speaker, G. P. DANIN, stressed the historical significance
of the Soviet victory, the importance of party-political work in fostering
the patriotism of Soviet soldiers, the frantic preparations of imperialist
countries for a new destructive war against the USSR and socialist countries,
and the enormous expenditures (of imperialist countries) for the production
?of weapons of mass destruction.
Skill and Ability Can Be Acquired Gradually -- by Col Gen Avn A. I. POK-
TEERIT(Fp 11-13)
Sumxaary:
A. I. POKRYSHKIN spoke about his aviation career and combat experience.
He stressed the importance of discipline and efficiency and gave valuable
advice to the young officers. A photograph shows A. I. POKRYSHKIN with a
group of young officers.
How to Educate Each Subordinate-- by Lt Ye. A. VYSOTSKIY (Pages. 14-15)
Summary-
VYSOTSKIY spoke of the education of subordinates and of the individual
approach to each soldier. A photograph of VYSOTSKIY is shown next to the
heading.
A Soldier's Stren
th Is Based on Political Maturi
A. V. BORISOV Pages 16-17
Summary:
and TrFrinin
- by lit
BORISOV spoke about his experience as leader of a political study group,
about socialist competition in the Axmy, and the education of soldiers in
the spirit of devotion to their profession. A photograph of BORISOV accom-
panied the article.
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Propaganda and Introduction of New Methods -- by Lt V. G. SKOKOV (PAITA 18)
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Summa.ry:
SKOKOV referred to new methods of military technical training required
to master the complex combat equipment of aviators, rocketeers, radar oper-
ators, and signalmen. Be stated that several new models of teaching ma-
chines had been designed by the Kiev Higher Radiotechnical Engineering
School and that on of the machines had been adapted by military personnel
for their own use. The machine was said to be equipped with 60 questions
and 2-3 answers to each question, and a preliminary test had been success-
ful. SKOKOV emphasized that much more should be done to introduce advanced
methods of training and that the "commissions and sections for innovations
and inventions" had not given any active support to innovators. A photo-
graph of SKOKOV accompanied the article.
Never Be Satisfied With Yourself -- by Sr Tech-Lt /e. A. STROCHKIN (Page 19)
Summary:
STROCHKIN, an aviation technician, who had served in an aviation unit
for over 3 years, stressed the need for continued self-improvement and the
acquiring of practical experience by young officers recently graduated from
military schools. He warned young aviators, rocketeers, and, other special-
ists against overestimating their knowledge and abilities and advised them
to use self-criticism. A photograph of STROCHKIN accompanied the article.
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EL, -- by Capt V. S. BOOZANOV
(Page, 20)
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Summary:
Capt V. S. DOGDANOV, Pilot 1st Class, also stressed the continuous
need for persistent training and self-improvement of aviators. He mentioned
that some young pilots tend to forget this and become too complacent, but
they soon find out that such an attitude is harmful and dangerous. DOGDANOV
stated that the pilots of his "outstanding squadron" are constantly striving
to improve their skill, both by practical training and theoretical studies.
He appealed to the officers of various arms and services to cooperate more
closel- in combat training. A photograph of BOGDANOV accompanied the article.
An Officer Does Not Acouire Authorit Without Effort -- by Lt A. G. SPITSYN
(Page 21)
Summary:
Lt A. G. SPITSYN, platoon commander, spoke about the training of
signalmen. He stated that it was often difficult to assemble the personnel
in one spzyt for training purposes, because of the widely scattered locations
of individual crews and the constant need to be on duty.. Therefore, he
recommended that commanders find ways of influencing each individual soldier
and sergeant to achieve a high degree of organization and discipline.
SPITSYN discussed the problem of a commander's authority and waYs of
achieving it, stressing the importance of a commander's proper, understanding
attitude toward his subordinates. He also mentioned the importance of seeking
the support of the Komsomol organization to improve and maintain a commander's
authoritr. A photograph of SPITSYN accompanied the article.
How to Find the Way to p Soldier's Heart by Capt V. P. KORNEYCHUK
(Pages 22-24)
Summary:
Capt V. P. KORNEYCHUK, commander of an "outstanding podrazdeleniYe,"
was awarded the Order of the Red Star in 1963. He stated that he graduated
in 1955 from the Zhitomir Militar- (Radiotechnical) School of PVO Strany
Troops and began his officer's career as a platoon commander. KORNEYCHUK
stressed the importance of being thoroughly familiar with the character,
sentiments, merits, and shortcomings of each individual soldier for the
purpose of achieving a high degree of combat readiness and excellent morale
among the personnel of a unit.
:KORNEYCHUK spoke of the time when his chast' was being retrained in
the use of new, iore complex and powerful equipment. He said that the
prospect of becoming a highly qualified8rocketeer and of acquiring mastery
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of the "formidable new weapon" inspired him with new energy and a feeling
of personal responsibility. He mentioned the persistent training of
officers and personnel in studying the theoretical principles of 5(5] 11HUM
craft rocket complexes and their combat use, and the many difficuluies
which were overcome before the first rocket was launched.
KORNEYCHUK told the r.roung officers about his experiences in improving
his technical and specialized skills and knowledge and how his platoon
became an outstanding one. He was subsequently promoted to commander of a
batter-. KORNEYCHUK stressed that the continuous development of means of
antiaircraft and antirocket defense made increasing demands on the profes-
sional training of officers. For this purpose, he continued to studT the
ph7sical essence of phenomena in rocket technology, the theory of rocket
firing, and other special problems.
KORNEYCHUK recommended the use of seminars and conferences for the
exchange of experiences among officers with regard to the training and
education of personnel. Finally, he stressed the importance of a thorough
knowledge of Marxist-Leninist theor7 so that an officer may be fully able
to instruct his subordinates and help them to understand current political
problems and draw the correct conclusions.
KORNEYCHUK reported that his podrazdelenive (battery) had become
outstanding in the period of 2 years, that 80 percent of the crew commanders
were able to perform the functions of platoon commanders, and that all.
soldiers had acquired several related specialties. He stated that there
had been no serious violations of discipline in the podrazdeleni-e. A
photograph of KORNEYCHUK accompanied the artiCle.
? COMBAT TRAINING
The Commander is the Organizer of the Trainirm Process -- by Lt Col G. M.
SEROV (Pages 25-29)
Summary:
The success of a training program depends entirely on efficient
organization of the training process. in each unit, for which the commander
is mainl- responsible. This is especially true in the case of PVO Troops,
since its units are usually stationed at great distances from the staffs
of chasti, and commanders are unable to obtain advice and help from their
senior chiefs, but must rely on their own organizational ability. The
organization of training in a remote unit requires the commander's constant
attention, initiative, and persistent work. In this respect, the work of
Capt ZHMETIA, commander of an outstanding radar company, may serve as an
example. He was greatly helped by Capt IPPOLITaV, his deputy for political
affairs. Capt ZHMENYA worked out a number of practical measures to enable
the cpnduct of regular training without interfering with on-duty periods
of radar crews. He also gave special attention to new recruits arriving
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in the. company at the beginning of a training year. to help them to become
thoroughly trained.
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Capt ZHHENYA introduced a more extensive use of training sliaes50X1 ana
mock-ups as well as a more effective use of outlYing (vynosnyye) radar
indicators for detection and tracking of aerial targets. All of these
measures resulted in a constant improvement of training skills of all
soldiers, sergeants, and officers of the company.
The company commander achieved an efficient organization of the
training process by seeking the constant support of the party organization,
which too': an active interest in all phases of training and service. At ?
the beginning of the training year, party menbers of the company discussed
future tasks, exposed shortcomings, and made suggestions to the commander
on how to eliminate deficiencies.
The company commander has shown constant concern for the needs of
his subordinates. At present the military settlement (gorodok) occupied
bv the unit is a model of good organization. The streets are paved and
planted with trees; a summer club and sports area have been established.
The example of Capt ZHHENYA has shown the excellent results achieved
through the efforts of a company commander who has a high sense of 'r
responsibility and has organized the training of personnel in a
constructive manner.
The-, Were Given Hiot Awards (Pages 26-27)
Summary:
A short article identified Lt Col A. P. KASHIN, commander of an
outstanding squadron, who has been awarded the Order of the Red Star. All
the pilots in his squadron are experts in intercepting aerial targets,
both during daytime and nighttime flights, under any weather conditions.
They all have a thorough knowledge of aviation equipment, a high degree of
discipline, and a desire for constant improvement. KASHIN is an experienced
pilot and an excellent commander and instructor.
The article also identified Maj T. A. GALYAN, commander of an
outstanding podrazdeleniYe, who has been awarded the Order of the Red Star.
He has good organizational ability, profound theoretical knowledge, and -
great practical experience. In the podrazdeleniye commanded by Maj GALIAN,
all soldiers and sergeants have two or three related specialties. As a
result, complete interchangeability has been achieved in various sections
and crews.
The article is accompanied by sketches of KASHIN and GALYAN.
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The TriumPhal Development of Soviet Radioelectronics (Page 30)
Abstract:
50X1-HUM
Marking the 7th of May as Radio Day, traces the development of
Soviet radioelectronics since the 'invention of radio by Aleksandr
Stepanovich POPOV in 1895 and discusses possible Soviet achievements of
the future as shown in the following:
Excerpt:
Further investigation in the realm of radioelectronics is opening
new possibilities in the use of the inherent energy of natter and in the
study of cosmic space and complex processes and phenomena existing in
nature. In the not too distant future systems of communication will be
introduced which use artificial earth satellites as waveguides. The
search for new information carriers is being carried on to the use of
coherent radiations in the light band for communications purposes. The
development of the information theor- has revealed the possibility of
reliable transmission in conditions when the power of interference
exceeds the power of a useful signal which was earlier considered
impossible. Methods have been developed which make possible Idgictically
any transmission range.
Important practical problems of modern radioelectronics include
the increasing of radioelectronic equipmea reliability, the miniaturi-
zation of radio equipment parts, the mastering of problems of molecular
electronics, and the stud, of possibilities for using free space or an
occupied nonconducting environment for communications channels.
The question of the most rational use of the radiofrequency
spectrum has presently become extrenel- poignant and urgent. Scientists
in the realm of radioelectronics are working now to develop equipment
which Ilas exceptionally high. viabilit,, i.e., it is capable of executing
its funotions under heavy load conditcns and With individual components
out of operation. An important problem is the unification of equipment,
i.e., the block constr?-tion of systems. The development and putting to
use of automatic continuous operation lines and electronic computer
equipment based on the wide use of the latest achievements of modern
Soviet radioelectronics is opening remarkable possibilities.
(A captioned photograph of tIn laboratory in which A. S. POPOV
invent3e radio appears on page 30.)
? Vlen Ormortunities Are Not Full- Used in Preflight PreParation6 -- by Lt
Col M. S. LEONOV (pages 31-36)
Summary:
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The purpose of preflight preparation is to provide high.qualit-,
preparation of pilots for routine flights and, subsequently, the success-
ful execution of assigned missions without accidents or near-accie
OUA HUM
It includes the assignment of flight missions, self-preparation,
lessons, and checking the flight readiness of Personnel. The degree of
,ersonnel readiness for flight in some podrazdeleniyn leaves much to be
desired. All the opportunities for preflight preparation in these
podrazdeleni-a are not fully used and2 as a result, a stable basis for
successful fulfillment of exercise and flight safety is not provided.
lassions are assigned at preflight briefings by the squadron
commander. In some podrazdeleni:a, the commander reads the flight planning
log (plpnoyaYa tablitsa) to the assembled pilots. He reads off the pilots'
names, exercise numbers, takeoff times, flight durations and other necessary,
data. The pilots jot down information in their notebooks (rabochava tetrad')
and ask questions when they do not understand something. The commander
explains the content and order of execution of the exercises, using aircraft
models, diagrams, and blackboards. However, commanders sometimes spend too
much time reading the flight planning log. Each pilot listens not only to
his own instructions but also to the others, thus losing time Which could
be spent more productively. Commanders should designate someone to copy
down the flight planning log on a blackboard beforehand or hand a copy of
it on a bulletin board whereby each pilot could copy down information
pertaining to his own mission.
Some commanders attemlot to explain all the elements of a mission too
thoroughly, giving advice on all possible changes in the flight situation.
The pilots can obtain much of this information from the appropriate manual,
KI.,rs (The Course), and thus save time. The commander should give advice on
only the most complex situations. The majority of our commanders spend 15-
20 minutes on preflight briefings and find this adequate for routine flights.
It is well known that pilots often repeat the sane exercises. Some-
times it happens that the7 are required to cope the conditions and the
order of execution of that exercise and trace the same diagrams before
each exercise. The pilots, however, copy the content of the exercise
from Oe page of their notebook to another. It would be better merely to
refer to the same page and economize on time.
There are commanders who have a formalized attitude towards the
organization of independent flight work for pilots. They do not take into
consideration the level of training and the individual characteristics of
each Pilot. For example, in squadrons where there are both experienced and
inexperienced pilots, the experienced pilots are often left to .their own
resources. Commanders devote their attention to the inexperienced pilots,
and the experienced pilots, who have repeatedly executed the same exercises
and think they know everything, lose their acquired skills and cease to
improve themselves.
Independent work is .an important method of preparingfor
Sere commanders therefore see to it th.j. pilots have sufficiently available
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educational literature, visual training aids, and the opportunity to consult
specialists when problems arise. In some podrazdeleniya, however, commanders
are concerned with the formulation of preflight and postflight docar,'_
Al HUM
the cop-ing of the content of planned exercises, and the tracing OL u_Latc;i-abiS,
leaving little time for the pilots to thoroughly think about the mission,
the best wa-Ts of executing it, and for reviewing and deepening the necessary
theoretical knowledge.
No natter how experienced a pilot is, he does not execute all elements
of a mission with equal proficienc-. Therefore, in the process of self-
preparation the pilot should concentrate on those aspects of flying at which
he is less proficient. The pilot's work thereby becomes more meaningful
and will provide for future professional growth. While carrying out these
individual tasks, the experienced pilot will review and extend knowledge
and improve his practical skills.
During independent training, commanders and specialists from aviation
engineering services olaY an important role in helping the pilots. It will
be a successful role if it is objective and individualistic, that is, if it
is closel- connected with the missions which have to be executed and if it
considers the level of pilot preparation. At times, however, this help is
replaced by coaching and over-watchfulness. In some cases rules, regulations,
and instructions are read aloud which are already well known and valuable.
time is wasted.
This does not mean that questions concerning the flights should not
be worked collectively. Mastering equipment and its combat applications
urgently requires the examination of one or two theoretical questions on
the eve of each flYing day or night in the interests of constant improvement
and-strengthening of pilot knowledge in aerodynamics, tactics, aerial
gunnerY, and operation of aircraft. This is especially important during
periods of intensive flight work when the organization of planned studies
in command training is difficult.
Unfortunately, not all commanders devote time to the examination of
theoretical questions, thinking wrOngly that it will not be of especial
help to the pilots. Occasionally it happens that the examination of
theoretical questions is abstract and not connect with the nature of the
missions which the flight personnel must execute.
In the squadron commanded by Maj NEVZOROV, checking the flight
riness of personnel begins during the course of independent work. Flight
commanders begin the check by personal observations and individual talks
with the pilots. The squad-on commander and his deputy also take an active
part. The squadron ask questions on the characteristics peculiar to the _
forthcoming flights. After confirming that everYone understands the missions,
the commander and pilots head for the airfield where the check is completed
in the aircraft cockpits. Theoretical knowledge and the ability to act
practicallv when executing a mission are checked. This method of checking
permits excluding unprepared pilots from takeoff and provides high-quality,
safe flight. 13
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Experience has shown that onl- a check which is based on planned
utilization of all forms and methods, covers all the studied materials,
and is of an individual nature, succeeds. However, there are inst-----
5
when insufficiently prepared pilots arepermitted to takeoff. A 0X1-HUM
reason for this is that checks are at times conducted formally and
preference is given to group checking methods instead of individual
methods.
As already stated, the check begins with the flight commanders..
But it should be remembered that the flight commanders were line pilots
theMselves not long ago and thev' have not yet mastered methods and skills
as well as the squadron commanders or other experienced officers.
Therefore, the flight- commander needs help. The squadron commander, one
of the chast' deputy commanders, and an engineer are usually present at
preflight preparation.. It is not necessary to set up an official
questioning of the pilots, as this is sometimes done, but merely to
clarify the pilots' degree of preparation bv means of individual talks,
and, if assistance is necessary, to render it. .
For some reason or. other, in.some.podrazdeleniya the practice has
taken root of giving complete control of the checks to. the flight.
commanders, limiting the squadron commanders or other experienced officers
either to asking check questions or demonstrating the flights.. This ?
method. is hardly justifiable since asking check .questions and demonstrating
the flights are only auxiliary methods of control checking..
There are a number of shortcomings in this method. First, it is
impossible to determine the flight preparedness of each pilot since this
can only be done by means of individual checks. Secondly, the check
euestions are Predominantly theoretical. It is yen, difficult to determine
a pilot's knowledge of the Practical aspects of a flight. It often happens
that a pilot demonstrates a thorough knowledge of flying in a classroom
but commits errors when flying. Thirdly, the check questions are
freouentl-, known by the pilots beforehand because the same questions have
been asked on similar exercises. The checking cannot, therefore, be
completel-, objective.
The same can be said in relation to demonstrations of flights.
I:an- commanders consider it the most efficient method of checking prior to
formation fl-ring exercises, when cooperation between aircraftis of special
significance.
The best results can be achieved by comprehensive individual checking
in classroom studies and training on special apparatus or in the aircraft .
coopit. The more a pilot trains on the special apparatus or in the aircraft
cockpit and the better the commander organizes this training, the quicker
the pilot will master the aircraft, the means of its combat applications,
and better results in flying masterv will be achieved.
Party organizations are also concerned with preflight preparation.
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It has become a rule that political workers and Part- activists are present
at the control checks. By word and deed, they mobilize pilots to skillful
execution of their service duties, operationall-/ expose shortcomir50xi -HUM
rap out ways to eliminate them on the spot. But party organizations are
not doing ever-thing to conduct preflight preparations in view of modern
requirments and to satisfy the high level of aviation technology.
Political workers and part:: organizations do not alwa-rs devote enough
attention to searching for new methods of providing flight safety; they do
not always struggle firmlY against the old, the obsolete. The part-r
organizations working in close contact with commanders have the opportunity
to help the commander improve the system of preflight preparation for they
are familiar with the needs of flight personnel.
(A photograph on page 33 by O. GRIGORtIEV of Maj V. MARUGIN, a pilot 1st
Class and squadron commander in the Moscow PVO District, states that his
squadron has been declared outstanding.)
(A photograph by G. 01111U1,CTIUK on page 34 shows Majs V. TEPLOV and V.
PONOMAREV, Pilots 1st class, discussing intercept flight missions).
(The caption to a photograph by Z. SOITCIN on page 35, which shows Capt. I.
BE-faaavivii calculating a target intercept point with the aid of two plotters,
states that the GCI Controller carefully analyzes the aerial situation and
accurately guides interceptors to the target.)
Preppre,tion.and Conduct Of Fddritzdelenive Trainin7 ActivktY -- by Col V.
S. KaSIZAKSKIY (Pages 37-41)
Text:
An important condition for further improvement of the quality 'of
combat training of rocket podrazdelenira and for perfecting the skills of
launch crews and command post crews in the skillful organizing and
systematic conduct of combined training in a podrazdeleniye.
The combined method of trainin?, s a system of organizing and
c-nducting training activity which all ws the best results in combat
training to be achieved with the least expenditure of strength and time.
At the basis of this method is the joint and simultaneous working out of
combat training problems b: the personnel of a podrazdeleniye. The
example of one rocket podrazdeleniye might serve to prove the effectiveness
of combined training:
Here, maximum use is made of planned training flights of aircraft
and of simulation equipment during such training. Problems involving the
most complex aspects of combat training are resolved and people and
equipment are wisely employed. During the training, an 'instructive
situation is developed which requires that subordinates act conscientiously
and perform their functional responsibilities exactly.
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However, some officers are not rushing to put this progressive
method of combat training into practice. They .simply do not want to trouble
themselves with forming the questions which must be worked out dur 5.0X1-HUM
training. They do not consider it necessary to consider .thoroughly unose
things that are involved in training, whom to put in charge of the training,
how to orovide the material and technical means, how to establish a sequence'
in training, etc. Therefore, these officers conduct combined training a
formal manner allowing indUltence and oversimplification.
. What can be used to guide an officer in the organization of
combined training so that the desired result can be achieved?
Experience shows that ordinarily the first combined training for
podrazdeleni,re teamwork should be carried out under the leadership of
superior. This leadership, as a rule, should be a model for all commanders
of po(4razdeleniya and leading staff officers. Subsequently, this type of
training might be conducted periodically in the podrazdeleniye by the
superior officer, but podrazdeleniya commanders must carry it out on a
meek-17 basis;
.The training supervisor enlists the aid of all of the chiefs of
services, to act as his aides in carrN,ing out the indicated training
activity. The time set aside for the training activity can be varied'
according to'the number of problems to be worked out. However, practice
.shows that the training periods should .be at least three to four hours long.
We will consider the organization and conduct of the combined .
training in the indicated podrazdeleniye commander pays considerable
attention to its thorough preparation: He beforehand work 6 out the tactical
assignment and the attack patterns of both simulated and actually planned.
targets and plots their flight plans on a plotting board. Also, the
officer outlines what assignments must be worked out by-crews in the
prospective training activity and developes a problem plan with time
indications, the order of problem introduction, and also with the
anticipated action of trainees. Thenithe podrazdeleniye comz.nder .
selects aides, instructs the officers and sergeants who are taking part
in the training on the execution and requirements of the training, and
prepares the material, and technical base.
A good, well thought-out plan has great value in the preparation
for the training activity. Here is how it looks for one period of training..
Theme: "The actions of a surface-to-air rocket podrazdeleniye in
repelling an attack by 'enemy aircraft."
Training goal: to consolidate the knowledge of functional'
responsibilities of all podrazdeleniye personnel ane to improve skills
by practical execution.
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Location of training: the launch position.
50X1-HUM
Yothod of execution: nractical actl.vity on the material parts of
the cortaex combined with the working out of questions concerning sponial,
tactical and technical training, atomic and chemical defense, and the
elimination of the after-effects of nenem-r" atomic and chemical attack.
? 711ateria1 and teohniCal Previsions: : the:equipment .nf 'the lOodrazdelo
niye and chemical defense means.:
Activity.sueervisor: the podrazdeleniye ? commander.
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Time Stage of
(hr, min) Training Activity
0-00, 0-15 Beginning of activity.
0-15, 0-30 Briefing on the actions
of personnel for the
alert.
0-30, O-4o Preparation of the pod-
razdeleniye for combat
action.
0-40,
0-50
0-50,
1-00
1-00,
1-10
1710,
1-30
Study and evaluation of
the aerial situation.
Personnel are informed
of a possible ballistic
rocket strike.
Targets appear, an
"enemy" aerial attack
begins.
Combat With an aerial
"enemy".
50X1 -HUM
Podrazdeleniye Commander
(training activity supervisor)
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, readiness
No 1." He checks the assembled per-
sonnel and the combat readiness of
the podrazdeleniye.
Carries out a briefing with crew com-
manders on the actions of personnel
for the alert including target activ-
ity and the aerial situation. Reminds
crew commanders of safety precautions
and sees that this question is passed
on to the personnel.
Gives the command, "Podrazdeleniye,
readiness No 1," and occupies his
operations position.
Studies and evaluates the aerial sit-
uation. Conclusions concerning the
situation are passed on to
razdeleniye personnel.
all pod- -(9
4-,
4-)
In view of the absence of aerial tar--
gets and a possibility of a. ballistic
rocket strike, the podrazdeleniye
commander commands: "Podrazdeleniye,
readiness No 2," "To cover."
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, readiness
No 1."
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, to combat,
prepare..." Guides the operation of
combat crewi in sequential target
"destruction."
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Radiotechnical
SRTs [Aircraft
and Launch Crews tracking center?] crew
With the alert, the crewsH are assembled in con-
formance with requirements of the combat opera-
tions manual.
Crew members are assembled in an indicated
place. Crew commanders make remarks on the work
of each crew member, briefly recall safety pre-
cautions, question individual crew members on
their knowledge of the aerial situation and on
tactical and technical problems of "enemy" aerial
attack, specify what problems will be worked out
during the training activity, etc.
The podrazdeleniye per- Begin operation with
sonnel prepare equipment the signal "Readiness
for combat. No 1. The crew is
cti
The
49 for combat operation.
0
4-3
? readied to transmit
target data (conform-
ing to the problems
plan.
crews are readied Reports data concerning
the aerial situation.
Personnel take cover.
Personnel occupy their
operations positions and
prepare equipment for
combat
Transmits the informa-
tion "Podraideleniye,
readiness No 2," "Per-
sonnel under cover."
Transmits information
on the aerial situation
to the podrazdeleniye
and further acts accord-
ing to the problems plan
and the instructions of
the training activity
supervisor.
Personnel act in accordance with the combat opera-
tions manual.
Other 50X1 -H UM
Personnel
The damage and rescue
team, the ground defense
group, and the chemical
and radiation observa-
tion post occupy their
positions and check the
readiness of equipment,
instruments, and person-
nel for combat action.
Section support and other
personnel take measures
for the protection of
equipment, rations, and
supplies from radio-
active and chemical dam-
age.
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? Time
(hr, min)
1-50
1-30,
1-50, 2-00
2-00, 2-15
2 15, 2-50
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Stage of
Training Activity
Combat continued. Def-
ensilieaction by per-
sonnel. Damage and
rescue teams in action.
Break
"Enemy" aerial attack.
"Enehy" aerial
continues. An
parachute drop
launched.
2-50, 3-00 Break
attack
"enemy"
is .
50X1-HUM
Podrazdeleniye Commander -
(training activity supervisor
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, gas."
Guides combat operations. Gives
instructions to personnel who are not
directly taking part in combat to
eliminate the effects of the attack
with the damage and rescue team and
to carry out local reconnaissance. ?
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, readiness
No 2," "To cover."
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, readiness
No 1." Guides the combat operations
of the personnel in destroying the
aerial "enemy." Requests ammunition
replenishment.
Guides operations for destruction of
the aerial "enemy." Commands the
ground defense detachment to destroy
the parachute drop.
Command: "Podrazdeleniye, readiness
No 2." "To cover." Orders chemical
engineer personnel to determine the
amount of equipment contamination.
(attach to page 21 here]
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Radiotechnical SRTs [Communications
and Launch Crews center?) crew
Personnel put on gas masks and continue combat
operations wearing protective clothing. A chemi-
cal attack and radioactive contamination is then
simulated. The amount of radiation at the SP
[launch position] and on the equipment is reported
and the means for decontaminating equipment is
checked. Medical personnel check the readiness
of the means for personnel decontamination.
?Under the leadership of
0
? the crew commanders,
.1) personnel take cover.
cj
0
boPersonnel occupy their
P4operational positions
o And prepare equipment
4-)
for combat operation,
-o
c.) They battle the "enemy."
-p? They strive for person-
-P
onel interchangeability.
Personnel continue com-
bat operations.
Personnel take cover
under the leadership of
the crew commanders.
Transmits the informa-
tion "Podrazdeleniya,
readiness No 2,"
"Crews under cover."
Other
Personnel 50X1-HUM
The chemical and radia-
tion observation post
transmits information on
the enemy use of atomic
and chemical weapons, on
the amount of position
contamination, damage,
and other effects of the
attack. The damage and
rescue team strengthened
by personnel who are free
from combat activity
carry out their assign-
ments.
The damage and rescue
team continues its
operations,:
Transmits the informa-
tion "Podrazdeleniye,
readiness No 1." Also
transmits data according
to plan.
Transmits information
on the parachute drop.
Transmits the informa-
tion "Podrazdeleniye,
readiness No 2." De-
termines the amount of
equipment contamina-
tion.-
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The ground defense de-
tachment destroys the
parachute drop.
Chemical engineer and
observation reconnais-
sance personnel deter-
mine the presence,
amount, and locations of
equipment contamination
and report results to
the podrazdeleniye com-
mander..
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Time Stage of
(hr, min) Training Activity.
50X1-HUM
Podrazdeleniye Commander
(training activity supervisor)
3-00 -3-35: Decontamination of- -Summons the chiefs of the crews, the
equipment :and person- medical personnel, and the chemical
engineer personnel. Gives the com-
mand for decontamination of equipment
and personnel. '
3-35, 3-50: Training activity :Assembles personnel and::debriefa-them
debriefing .on theiractions:during the combat
:operations., dedontamitation"proce-
dures, etc,
rC\
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Radiotechnical SRTs tCommunications Other'.
and Launch Crews center"] crew- Personnel
Personnel restore combat readiness. They carry
? out partial and wherenecessary complete decon-
tamination of equipment and reserve supplies.
They also carry out partial or complete decon-
tanimation of those personnel who are "contam-
inated."
,COmmanders assemble theirSubordinates:in an
indicated position for debriefing According to
the commander's order, the debriefing is done in
crews'. and sectionS, -
0
P4
0
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It should be noted that during combined training radiotechnical
crew personnel execute their functional responsibilities in co50X1-HUM
with combat operations documents and according to specific assigned
problems for the given training activity.
Some officers experience difficulties in organizing training drills
for launch crews. The problem is that not all podrazdeleniya have
enough training rockets and other material and technical provisions.
How does one get around this situation?
? Training drills to train crews in the loading and discharging of
launchers should be done in the following manner. One half of the
personnel must be trained in the first hour and the other half in the
second hour. Thus, by taking turns, all personnel can take part in
the training. With this, one crew not occupied with the training drill
should train in loading a launcher and the other crews, according to
the commander's orders and depending on their training level, should
repeat the duties of other crew members, study equipment safety measures
and the norms of combat operations, work out practical problems in
chemical and atomic defense, etc.
? Usually before the training is begun, crews with TZM [launcher
simulators?] and one training rocket assemble in their shelters. With
the command from the commander, "to combat," the crew commanders lead
their personnel to the launchers. One crew loads the training rocket
on the launcher and after reporting on their readiness goes to cover.
The other crews simulate the loading operations with their TZMs and
after reporting their readiness also take cover. One of the crews
with a TZM go to the launcher where the training rocket is loaded,
discharge the launcher, and with the training rocket go back to their
shelter.
When so commanded, the crews repeat this procedure again. Only
this time, another crew carries out the loading of the training rocket.
By training in this way, launch crews receive sufficient practice in
combat operations within a determined time period.
An important factor for increasing the effectiveness and instructive-
ness of combined training activity is the debriefing. As a rule, this
is done by the training activity supervisor. He evaluates how well
personnel have executed their assignments, analyzes shortcomings, and
enlists the crews for the further perfection of practical skills in
executing functional responsibilities. During the debriefing, there
should be special attention paid to the analysis of mistakes. The
podrazdeleniye commander should not only find the reasons for them,
but should also indicate what their consequences might be in actual
battle and what should be done in the more complex situation.
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The debriefing must be illustrated by diagrams and.conoret50X1-HUK
and it must be reinforced with references to official regulations,
manuals, orders, and directions from superiors.
?
In closing, it should be noted that the example for organizing
combined training in a leading podrazdeleniye which was presented in
this article, of course, does not exhaust all interesting questions.
Obviously, other officers have accumulated their own experience in
conducting such training. This experience must be shared in order
that combined training become an effectual means of increasing the
skills of rocketeers.
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Rocketeers on the March --by Lt.Col S. Ye. TIKHCUCV (pages 42-44)
50X1 -HUM
Text:
Tactical training is an important part of troop combat training.
Its purpose is to train personnel in methods of organizing and conducting
combat against an aerial enemy and in the skillful use of arms and equip-
ment in various conditions of a combat situation.
Podrazdeleniye commanders pay constant, assiduous attention to
tactical training as they recognize its great value. They take care
that all training activity approximates actual combat as closely as
possible and that they aid their soldiers in acquiring practical skills
for carrying on combat with an aerial enemy. The organization of
tactical training in a rocket podrazdeleniye might serve as a graphic
example of this. It was necessary during this training to check how
well personnel of the podrazdeleniye got ready for column movement
and deployed, completed a long march with automobiles and other means
of transport, crossed a water barrier, set up a launch position,
coordinated crew responsibilities, and executed the combat assignment.
We will discuss how this training was organized and how it was
conducted.
The podrazdeleniye commander was given the assignment three days
before the beginning of the training. In conformance with the assign-
ment, he had to study the map, to prepare the personnel for the march
by vehicle transport including the crossing of a water barrier, and
to learn the march route. He also had to determine the transport
capability of the podrazdeleniye for completion of the march.
The day before the podrazdeleniye undertook the training assignment,
crews were trained in preparing equipment for the march and in deploying
the equipment upon completion of the march; manuals on the organization,
execution, and support of a march were studied; and all necessary
supplies and equipment were prepared. Training activity was organized
for the vehicle drivers to study'the order and peculiarities of
transporting combat equipment in conditions of minimum visibility.
Also, they were all acquainted with the march assignment.
A meeting of the podrazdeleniye personnel was held with the order
of the day, .'We will execute the march well organized, withoutaccident,
or equipment damage."
From the projected aims of the training, the training supervisor
noted the following operations stages on his plans: announce readiness
No land, carry on combat against targets; prepare the equipment for
march; complete a march by vehicle transport to the concentration area;
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prepare the podrazdeleniye for ferrying loads across the water barrier
and for a march by vehicle transport to the launch area; deplo50X1 -HUM
ment and prepare it for combat; analyze the training.
After the combat readiness of the podrazdeleniye was checked, the
personnel "destroyed" three simulated targets which flew at different
altitudes. The officers who were assigned as fire control officers
handled this assignment well. They gave commands accurately and
skillfully guided the actions of the command post crews.
Then the training supervisor ordered that the equipment be pre-
pared for the march. The pdrazdeleniye commander gave this assignment
to the officers and then they gave it to the personnel. The officers
paid strict attention to the handling of the equipment so that it was
not damaged as it was prepared for the march.
Thew?.tr??soldiers did not require much time to get the
equipment ready for the march. Under the leadership of the officers,
Sgt GERASIMOV's crew correctly and quickly dismantled the antennae
and Sgt TIMOFEYEV's and Jr Sgt PROKHOROV's crews packed up their
equipment sooner than the time whichthey were allowed.
Soon the podrazdeleniye was in column ready to march. The podraz-
deleniye commander in his march order gave the personnel basic
information on the enemy, determined the assignment ahead, indicated
the time to be ready to open fire, assigned personnel to the movement
security detachment and formulated their assignment, starting time,
and route. He also pointed out the concentration area and the time
for arrival there; the time for passing the initial point and the
control boundaries; the daily rest area; the organization and order
for maintaining radio communications; the beginning and order for
crossing the water barrier; the time for arrival at the launch
position; and the march signals. He also revealed the order for
observation and alarm, what personnel should do in case of an "enemy"
aerial attack and in case of "enemy" employment of weapons of mass
destruction. The places for brief halts and for daily rest were
indicated and the intervals between vehicles and their speed were
established. At the appointed time, the column commander gave a signal
with a lantern and the column began its movement.
After a while, a short halt was called. Here the column commander
and the vehicle commanders checked the condition of the column,
examined the hitches of the tractors hauling combat equipment and the
truck beds to see how well the loads were riding, and checked the
brakes and undercarriages. This checking was called for by the long
and difficult route which lay ahead. Everything had to be checked
down to the smallest detail.
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After the halt, the column moved ahead. Its movement was regulated
according to the control lines. Communications were maintained for
the march by radio. Three radios were used for this: one on 50X1-HUM
column commander's vehicle, .a second in the middle of the column, and
the third at the rear of the column.
During the march, the training supervisor gave information to the
column commander and the personnel. For instance, one bit of information
was formulated as follows: "Two kilometers from the population point N
the "enemy" has caused chemical contamination of the terrain."
Having received the information, the column commander, before
arrival at the contaminated area, sent out three men in a "GAS - 69"
jeep as a chemical reconnaissance patrol. The patrol was assigned
to determine the type of toxic agent and the area of contamination.
When the column commander had heard the reconnaissance report from
:the patrol commander, he ordered that the contaminated portion of the
route ahead be decontaminated, that chemical defense equipment be put
on, and that the march continue.
After a while, information was received concerning an "enemy"
aerial attack on the column. The column commander gave this information
to the personnel by radio and ordered the vehicle commanders to increase
the intervals between vehicles and to increase the speed of the
column.
A problem concerning radioactive contamination of a large part of
the road was also successfully coped with. Having crossed this area
under all precautionary measures, the column was halted in order to
decontaminate the equipment and personnel.
The vehicle commanders rigidly fulfilled their duties, paying
careful attention to the observation of intervals between vehicles
and to the movement of the column. They were aided very much in their
work by a booklet written especially for them, "Responsibilities of
a Vehicle Commander," and by column movement diagrams which indicated
basic population points on the route, the time for passing through them,
and the distances between them. The column commander also used a
march schedule which had similar data.
Those assigned to the rear of the column executed their assignments
well. They were ready to give first aid and to help in urgent equip-
ment repairs.
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The traffic dpntrol personnel observed the movement of the column
and facilitated the movement of the podrazdeleniye through denE50X1-HUM
populated areas and past forks in the road.
The skillfully planned training leading up to the march enabled
the podrazdeleniye to arrive in the concentration area on time and
allowed the march to be executed without accidents or equipment damage.
As soon as the period for daily rest in this concentration area was
indicated, the podrazdeleniye commander gave the order for dispersing
and camouflaging the equipment, for organizing a commandant's service,
for providing rest and food to the personnel, for examining the equip-
ment, and for correcting possible equipment disrepair. All of this
was done within the established time limits.
After studying the complexity of the forthcoming assignment of
crossing the water barrier, the podrazdeleniye deputy commander for.
political
political affairs helped the Komsomol Bureau prepare and carry out a
Komsomol meeting with the order of the day, "We will ferry across the
equipment and complete the march to the launch position without accidents
or equipment damage."
The podrazdeleniye commander and the embarkation commander calculated
how the equipment should be loaded on the ferries and established the
time needed for the ferrying operation. Then the podrazdeleniye commander
informed the officers in detail concerning the order for moving to the
embarkation point, for the ferrying operation, and for debarking. He
also gave orders for the column movement to the launch area, for the
organization of the commandant's service, for the loading of the first
ferry and for completing the ferrying operation.
Before the equipment was concentrated in the halt area, an attentive
check of the condition of the access routes was made, a moorage was
laid, and the freight-carrying capacity of the bridges was determined.
The work duty officer and the embarkation commander acquainted them-
selves with the weight and sizes of the combat equipment and noted a
plan for its distribution on the ferries. The podrazdeleniye commander
took charge of the general loading.
The launch crews encountered some difficulty in loading. The height
of their combat equipment when positioned exceeded the height of the
ferry overhead clearance. The load had to be redistributed to conform
to the clearance. This was done quickly and correctly by Sgts SYRYKH,
UKALOV, CHERMKOV, and other soldiers.
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? The equipment was tied down by the ferry deck crew. Three soldiers
led by an officer aided them. To accompany the equipment durin,50X1-HUM
crossing, the cOmmander appointed special crews for each ferry. They
systematically examined fastenings and corrected shertcOmings when
found.
Thanks to the skillful organization, the podrazdeleniye successfully
crossed the water barrier and arrived at the debarkation point at the
appointed time. The mnrch was continued from there -bathe launch
position in three vehicle columns and was as well organized as was the
first part of the training.
After arriving in the launch position area, the podrazdeleniye
personnel took up combat positions, camouflaged the equipment, and
readied the equipment for combat. Many rocketeers were outstanding in
this work. The commander deemed it necessary to note those officers
who quickly prepared the operatins sites, positioned the crane vehicle,
and with Sgts GERASIMOV and MOISEYCHIK and Pfc KARNAUKHOV set up the
antennae at exactly the appointed time. Sgt TIMOFEYEV's crew worked
nimbly at the launcher and soon had it ready for combat.
This training showed that with attentive preparation of personnel
and equipment, with skillful organization of the march, the rocket
podrazdeleniye can successfully complete a maneuver over a long distance
and preserve its high combat readiness.
(A captioned photograph by F. KONSTANT1NOV showing Capt NESIDOV
working on a surface-to-air rocket appears on page 44).
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Use of the Simplest Teaching Devices -- by Col A. P. YUSAKOV (Paaes 45-
48) 50X1 -HUM '
Text:
Increasing requirements for training specialists in all kinds of
military activity due to the vigorous development of combat technology
are in evidence at present. Since contemporary equipment is much more
complex than that which was earlier supplied to the armed forces, but
the .amount of time set aside for the mastery of this equipment by
personnel has hardly been increased in comparison with past years, old
training methods are no longer suitable. New, more progressive and
more effective methods are needed. Thus it is not by chance that much
attention has been paid recently to the question of how to give a
maximum amount of training to trainees in the shortest possible time.
This question is being studied not only in military training institutions,
but also directly among soldiers in the field. Various cybernetic
equipment and other aids -which enable mastery of programmed material
within a minimum amount of time and simplify the study of several subjects
by trainees are more and more being put to use in the training process.
A description of one of the simplest mechanical devices which can
be used to train soldiers and to check how much of the study material
they have mastered is presented in this article. With its simplicity
and low cost, it can be prepared and used by any podrazdeleniye or
training group. As shown by first experience, use of the proposed
device not only significantly activates the training method itself,
but it also shortens the amount of time needed to train specialists.
One of the shortcomings of the method of training which was pre-
valent in the past is that with the lecture method of training there
is no feedback to the training supervisor from the trainees, i.e., it
is not possible to constantly and effectively check how the trainees
have mastered the study material during the course of training. Skillful
use of the proposed device n]lows the checking of the quality of mastery
of material by whole groups of trainees with a minimum time expenditure.
Also, the device allows an active method of training to be used
with a certain amount of time set aside for each subject. To do this,
the study material must be programmed. This is done in the following
manner. All of the study material is measured out, i.e., it is
divided into small parts in a determined logical sequence. For each
such part (theme), questions are composed, each having several answer
variants (four for the device under onsideration here). We will examine
the programming order by concrete example. For progrnming the basis
of radio and radar equipment, the questions and answers night include
the following:
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Question: On what does the voltage intensity for firing ga50X1-HUM '
discharge devices depend?
Answers:
-- type of gas, size of electrodes, distance between electrodes;
-- distance between electrodes and type of gas;
-- type of gas and pressure;
-- type of gas and pressure, distance between electrodes and their
shape, cathode and material.
Question: Find the crest voltage at the output of a RC circuit
R = 10 kilohms and C = 100 microfarads, if during time t = 40 seconds
the linear building voltage at the input has reached 200 vats.
Answers:
-- 10 volts;
-- 15 volts;
-- 20 volts;
5 volts.
Among the four answers in the indicated examples, there are correct, .
incorrect, and incomplete answers. Trainees can locate correct answers,
and feed them into the device only When they have studied conforming"
material well. .
It stands to reason that several other varieties of progromming
are not excluded. Thus, in progromming material containing questions
concerning radiocircuitry operation, voltage and current sketches
formed from various parts of circuits can be used as answers. For
brevity and ease in stating questions and answers, certain points of
a circuit can be numbered. When composing answers concerning current
carrying circuits in radiocircuitry, they can be written as a sequence
of numbered circuit points, etc.
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The effectiveness of the use of various teaching and--
checki50x1 -HUM
devices depends to a significant extent upon the quality of
progrnmming. Therefre, all officers should master the skills involved
in programming. The skills acquired in the process of using the
simplest teaching devices is a fine base for transferring to the use
of complex cybernetic machines in the training process.
We will discuss the proposed training device. It is a mechanical
device. Its operation is based on the principle of comparison of an
answer which is applied to the device by the student by means of an
answer standard. The device consists of a perforated panel made of
any solid, opaque material (Duralumin? wood, plastic, etc.). The
number of openings in the panel is determined by the size of the device.
In the device cited here, there are 270 openings making 30 vertical
rows with nine openings in each. This mans that 30 cards with nine
questions on each can be used. Each vertical row of openings is numbered
from No 1 to No 30. There are 30 pegs along both the top and the bottom
of the perforated panel; which are used to fasten the rule opposite the
corresponding row of openings. The number of each pair of pegs (top
and bottom) corresponds to the number of a card.
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?,Pegs Openings pl tes
wIrMipoiat maapCnicce 3adeuxow
0000000 0000000000000000
0
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00000?000000000000000000000000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 121314 151517 18 192021222324252627282930
Fast ening openings
Omeepcmue dm; kpennenwa
Fig 1. Perforated. panel and rule
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0
0
0
0
0
0
0
50X1 -HUM
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The panel is fastened by screws to a wooden box. Several flashlight
bulbs are mounted inside the box to illuminate the openings in 50X1THUM
and the rule when checking answers. The light bulbs can be powered by
a flashlight battery or through a stepdown transformer. The lights are
turned on by either a tumbler or a switch on the side of the box.
The second element of the device is the rule which the trainees use
to present answers. It can be made of the same material as the peforated
panel. The rule has an opening at each end to fasten it to the pegs on
the panel (fig 1). Nine groups of openings with four openings per group
are located along the rule. The diameter of the openings is the same
as the diameter of the openings in the panel. The number of groups (nine
in our device) conform to the number of questions per card. Each of the
openings of a given group conforms to one of the answer variants to one
question. Alongside of each group of openings on the rule is fastened
a metallic slide plate to cover any of the four openings of the group.
The slide plates are numbered 1 to 9 from the top of the rule to the
bottom. These numbers conform to the question numbers of a card. As
many of these removable rules are needed as there are vertical rows of
openings in the panel of the device or else there are as many as there
are trainees in a group. All of the rules are identical.
Evaluation of learning is done as follows. The trainees are given
rules and cards. Each one finds the correct answer for each question
on his card and moves the slide plate for the corresponding question
number so that it covers the opening corresponding to the correct answer
for the given question. The openings for each group are counted down-
ward. The answers are recorded on the rule for all nine questions on
the card in the same way. Then the trainee gives the rule to the
supervisor who fastens the rule to the pegs on the panel which correspond
to the card number. He then turns on the light. If correct answers
have been given for 011 of the questions, none of the openings in the
rule will be illuminated. If an answer is incorrect, light will come
through that opening thereby signaling the question which was not
correctly answered. The supervisor evaluates the trainee by the number
of correct and incorrect answers.
For programting, there should be a table to locate the openings in
the panel:
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? Question m
? number Bonpocoe
Card number and panea?eRening lobation
Homep 6i aeToa H pactioaoweime oruepciat B nattemt
50X1-HUM
1 1 2 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 ? 1 101 111 121 131 141 151 161 171 181 191 201 211 221 231 241 251 26 271 281 29 30
1 31 4 3 2 2 4 1 4 2 2 3 1 1 34 4 1 4 3 2 1 1 4 3 3 4 1 2
2 1 4 2 3 1 3 3 4 1 3 4 2 1 2 4 1 4 4 3 1 4 3 3 4 1 1 3 4 3
3 4 3 4 1 4 2 2 4 3 1 3 2 4 2 1 2 1 2 4 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 1 3 4
4 4 2 1 4 2 4 1 2 2 4 1 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 2 2 1 3 2 3 4 1 4 2 2
5 2 3 2 3 2 4 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 1 3 3 1 4 4 1 3 2 1 3 2 3 1 4
6 3 2 3 1 4 3 4 1 2 3 1 1 3 3 1 4 2 1 1 2 4 1 1 4 3 4 1 3 1
7 2 3 4 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 2 2 3 4 3 2 1 4 3 3 4 1 3 2 3 1 3 4 2
8 1 2 3 4 1 1 4 4 1 3 4 4 1 3 1 4 3 4 1 4 2 3 2 4 2 3 4 2 3
3 4 1 3 2 2 2 4 2 1 3 2 3 1 3 2 1 4 3 3 2 4 1 4 3 4 1 2 3
4
3
4
1
4
1
4
1
? The proposed device can also be used for independent training
and checking.
v
The size of the device can be increased four times if needed by
making it possible to turn the perforated panel over. Then, it can
use 120 cards with nine questions each, i.e., it will be able to handle
1,080 questions. The size of the device can also be increased by having
several additional, removable perforated panels with different codes.
There is no doubt that there are other types of training devices
and machines, from the simplest to the most complex, among our Armed
Forces. It would be expedient to bring to light any experience in their
preparation and use for our Armed Forces in the pages of Vestnik
protivovozdushnoy oborony.
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Fig 2. A general view of the training device.
?? CA captioned photograph of Maj .N.:NIKISAIN: commander of a radio-
communications podrazdeleniye and specialist first class):: appears on
..page 47).
No Foreign Dissem
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EQUIPMENT AND ITS USE
50X1 -HUM
Corolla Preservation of Radar Equipment -- by Engr-Col V. A. ZHURIN
(Pages /4,91-52)
Summary:
Deep theoretical knowledge and firmly implanted equipment usage
skills are required of all PVC Strany personnel to maintain equipment
in combat readiness. The better education of personnel in equipment
usage, the initiative shown by engineer and technical personnel, the
development of new equipment operation methods, and the implementation
of technical improvements have all improved the operation of equipment,
lowered the frequency of equipment failures, and lengthened operation
periods between overhauls for all types of radar equipment. Experience,
shows that combat equipment usually operates faultlessly in those chasti
and podrazdcleniya where all personnel direct their strength toward
accomplishing high-quality equipment operation and where more progressive
methods of equipment operation are constantly searched for, developed,
and put into practice.
However, in some podrazdeleniya and chasti timely equipment maintenance
is not carried out and the checking of equipment is done carelessly.
This usually occurs when commanders do not know how to organize equipment
maintenance and station crews have not been trained in the independent
care and repair of equipment. It is in these podrazdeleniya that
officers request the aid of technical services personnel, when the
detection and correction of malfunctions require neither special tools
nor highly trained personnel.
Presently, important work is being carried on in radar chasti and
podrazdeleniya to prolong operation periods between overhauls for
equipment, to increase the time of apparatus service, and to economize
in all aspects of radar operation. The experience of leading podraz-
deleniya shows that this type of movement originates and is successful
where all personnel actively support and disseminate patriotic move-
ments. It is well known that purposeless operation of a radar even for
only a few minutes a day leads to a considerable expenditure of fuel
and consequently to equipment deterioration. The expenditure of any
resources should therefore be placed under the strict supervision of
commanders.
Unfortunately, there is not sufficient attention paid to this matter
In some podrazdeleniya. It should not be necessary to point out that
turning on a radar long before it is used in actual operations shortens
the life of the set to a significant degree, but this practice is
carried on.
38
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50X1-HUM
Presently, although new radar equipment is being supplied, older
radars are still in use. These older rddars represent a huge cost in
material and are sufficiently sophisticated to have a determined
function in combat operations when they are properly utilized in con-
junction with newer equipment. Therefore, attention should be paid
to their preservation. But some officers unfortunately have the opinion
that these older radars are obsolete and do not give proper attention
to their maintenance. This attitude is decidedly incorrect and must
be stopped. Personnel should be taught that all equipment has its
military place and must be maintained in order to assure high combat
readiness.
Equipment maintenance has been vastly improved lately by thoughtful
issuing of spare parts and electronic equipment which when coupled with
careful training allows for many equipment repairs to be done at the
radar station rather than to have to send defective assemblies to
higher maintenance organs. Another important factor in radar maintenance
is that technical services personnel must know the daily operation
characteristics of the equipment for which they are responsible so that
they can perform preventive maintenance. The well trained engineers
and technicians who are in the PV0 Strany Troops today can successfully
perform this assignment. Innovation work, technical conferences, and
proper dissemination of technical information are other necessities
for maintaining equipment in the best possible operating condition,
which must be achieved to maintain constant combat readiness.
(A captioned photograph by I. RYBIN, showing Lt V. LOPUKEIN watching
Pvt R. KINZYAKAYEV tune a radar, appears on page 51).
(A captioned photograph by F. KONSTANTINCV showing Capt G.
OSTROPOL'SKIY and Sgt U. SEBRIS working with a teletypewriter appears
on page 52).
Initiative of a Communications Engineer -- by Lt Col D. Z. LEVKIN
(Pages 53-56)
Abstract:
Discusses the role played by Lt Col Vladimir Mikhaylovich VSHELYAKI
in improving the technical operations of a communications chast'.
VSHELYAKI, through self-criticism and discussions with the chast'
commander, the chast' deputy for political affairs, and the secretary
of the chast' party committee, took an active part in technical dis-
cussions at party meetings, became active in and led innovation work,
organized technical conferences, initiated classes for the technical
training of officers, and became a leader in organizing maintenance work.
39
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(A captioned photograph of VSHELYAKI appears on page 54.)
50X1 -HUM
(A captioned photograph by L. LUST showing Maj Tech Serv
B. MOROZOV adjusting equipment to be used in training officer candidates
appears on page 56.)
Higher Technical Culture in the Work of Aviation Specialists -- by
Engr-Lt Col V. R. PAKHOMOV (pages 57-60)
Abstract:
Discusses the necessity of perfecting the technical knowledge, both
theoretical and practical, of aviation technicians and mechanics to
increase flight safety.
Captioned photograph on page 60 by V. KRISTALINSKIY shows Tech-Sr
Lt G. PEROV conducting preflight inspection on aircraft.
How We Organize Innovation Work -- by Col P. K. KHARCHIKOV and Engr-Lt
Col N. B. LgVIT (pages 61-63)
Abstract:
The authors discuss the importance of "innovation work" in military
educational institutions and describe the manner in which such work is
organized at their school. They tell haw the school's headquarters,
party committee, and commission for innovations and inventions plan the
work of technical study groups and organize competition between them.
'.The following personnel are identified in the article: Lt Col
VAL'CHUK, Lt Col Tech Serv SLABTSOVI Maj Tech Serv GERASIMCHUK,
Engr Capt PODGAYNYY, Capt AVDEYEV, Officers LUR'YE, TIMOSHIN,
PETRUSHENKO, and Officer Candidates ROMANOV, SLAVNOV, DESHIN, PALSY,
.and PONOMARENKO.
Automatic Gain Control Circuits -- by Engr-Sr Lt V. A. NAZARENKO
(Pages 64-66)
Text:
Testing shows that some officers do not know the physical essence
of the operation of radar reception equipment welly especially that of
automatic gain control circuits [ARU] (age). While this circuit is the
most complex in the receiver component, it carries out a most important
assignment. It enables a precise envelope of pulse signal amplitude to
be achieved. In light of this, every officer who works with radar ,
equipment should learn about the age circuit.
40
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The relationship of maximum amplitude of input voltage t05ox1 -HUM
necessary for normal operation of reception equipment can grow to very
large proportions. Therefore a receiver must convert and amplify a
received useful signal in such a way that distortion of the signal is
avoided. This is achieved by means of an age. Of course, this cannot
be done without manual gain control (RRU) which is accomplished by the
operator. The age carries out required amplification with comparitively
rapid changes of received signal intensity and manual gain control
corrects slow changes of amplification which occur because of changes
of reception equipment amplification cascade parameters. Also by means
of manual gain control, an operator makes blips visible on the radar
screen which is necessary for operations.
There are many different agc circuits. All of them are constructed
in such a way that they provide steady operation, eliminate the harmful
effects of feedback on the radiofrequency signal, and create constant
voltage at the age circuit output. The sequence of elements shown in
Fig 1 is always included in a block diagram of an agc circuit.
Uout
auxiliary amplifier
circuit
Video-
pulse
detector
Fig 1. agc circuit block diagram
agc
circuit
filter
Separator
The videopulse detector produces a signal with a videopulse modula-
tion frequency and an amplitude proportional to the percentage modulation
and to the videopulse magnitude. In other words, it is designed to
separate the pulse signal envelope. Such a detector constantly produces
voltage corresponding to the actuating videopulse envelope at its input.
.If a peak detector is considered from the point of view as a trans-
mitter of a videopulse envelope, it is equivalent to an aperiodic (inertial,
relaxation, single capacitance) RC unit. This unit is often found in
various automatic control circuits with a time constant characterizing
the speed of the output intensity establishment process. A characteristic
peculiarity of 'an aperiodic unit is that it includes an element which
stores energy and an element which diffuses it. From the amplitude and
frequency characteristic .K (w) and the phase and frequency characteristic
(w) of the aperiodic element shown in Fig 2, it is evident that
concerning its sinusoidal action the unit acts as a low frequency filter
which regenerates low frequency coscillations without attenuating amp-
litude and shifting phase, but significantly attenuating high frequency
oscillations and shifting their phase by almost 90%.
43.
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Besides the above considered peak detector, a peak detector with
a preliminary discharge can also be used. It is different 50X1-HUMin
before the arrival of each subsequent pulse or "packet" of pulses, a
full discharge of capacitance by passing the detector load is realized.
A circuit of this detector is shown in Fig 3.
Fig 2. Aperiodic unit frequency characteristics
11(0
E_.umiU(ntp)
cp, Cri
JL ,A
Om uened
cuH,p0Hu3auw,
!
8gu.2.,cenuR
-a.meNH,?
(p=08,4,6
I;umnynbc)
,From
antenna
movement
? synchronization
'
circuit? s
? (discharge
, pulse)
MO
Mnra)
Fig 3. One of the possible variants of a type detector with?
preliminary discharge
42
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If a pulse signal of the aspect U (nTn) is supplied to the input
of this detector, a continuous signal witfi the aspect U (t) iE50X1-HUM
at its output as shown in Fig 3. Signals of positive polarity U (nTn)
are supplied through the separation capacitor Cri to the control gria
of the triode Li which in its initial position is cut off at the control
grid by bias voltage from the divider Ri, R2, R3.
The moment a positive pulse is supplied to the input of Ll, the
tube is opened and the reservoir capacitor C which is included in the
triode cathode is charged up to the amplitudic value of the pulse.
Capacitor C conserves its charge practically unchanged in the interval
between pulses since the bypassing action of the closed discharge
tube L2 is very small.
Until a second videopulse is supplied to the L1 input, tube L?
which was cut off by bias voltage from divider R5, R6, R7 in its initial
position is opened by the discharge pulse and a full discharge of the
reservoir capacitor occurs along the circuit: plus C L2 - ground -
minus C. Then, Capacitor C is again charged up to the amplitudic value
of the next videopulse supplied to the input of Ll, etc.
It is not difficult to see that a peak detector with preliminary
discharge increases the space factor to 1. With this, the transmission
coefficient becomes equal, K = 1, i.e., a detector of the type considered
above can be considered as a non-inertial unit.
Diode L3 serves as a restorer of the input pulse signal constant
component and is the ordinary circuit for the diodic establishment of
the zero level for the bottom of the pulse (Fig 4a). With the L. diode,
a gradual storage of capacitor charge does not occur as usually gappens
for example in an RC circuit. For any moment of time, the total voltage
at the capacitor and at the circuit output is equal to the input voltage,
i.e.,
Uout Ua.= Uin
From this
uout = Vin _ Ue
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To the end of interval tl, the capacitor is charged to voltage dniUn,
and the output voltage is reduced to that intensity 50X1-HUM
Uout = Uin -4 uc
Fig 4a - circuit for the diodic establishment of the zero level; 4b-
diagram of voltages in the circuit under the influence of voltage with
changing amplitude at the input.
As is evident from Fig 4b, output voltage is altered upward from
the zero level. Distortion of the shape of Uout will be smaller, the
greater the time constant of RC, t = RC. If the inequality, 5tr smaller
than t2, is not achieved, a charge will be gradually accumulated at the
capacitor and the initial level of Uout will not be established.
The next important element of an agc circuit is the Rf Cf filter
which divides the voltage constant component which is supplied through
the separator (usually a cathodic repeater) to the control grids of the
variable cascades as additional negative bias. This filter is shown in
Fig 5.
If there is no filter or if it is of small power, the control voltage
(negative voltage) will be altered not only with a change of the signal
input level, for example as a consequence of its being cut off, but also
with more rapidly changing signal voltages under the influence of modula-
tion. This leads to a drop of the signal modulation coefficient (de-
modulation). To avoid demodulation of received signals, an age circuit
must have a determined speed of operation, i.e., it must be inertial
which is accomplished by the elements Rf C. Both single-mesh and more
complex multi-mesh low frequency RC filters are usually used for age
filters.
11-1+
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S-E-C-R-E-12
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Besides the detector, filter, and separator, a 1-f amplifier [UNCh]
can be included before. the filter or An i-f amplifier [UPC/11 /1150)0-HUM
included after the filter in an age circuit. Circuits with amplifiers
in the age circuit are called age amplifier circuits.
Fig 5. agc filter circuit
rj
Consider the operation principle of the age of a radar receiver.
Here, an i-f' amplifier, a detector, and the auxiliary amplifier circuit
(VUS] of a receiving channel are used to form a control amplifier. A
peak detector with a delay mounted at the diode with the load in the
anode circuit is used as a restorer in the age circuit. The delay is
developed at the resistance connected to the dc voltage source. To the
diode cathode is connected a voltage divider which aids in establishing
the necessary age operation threshold, the intensity of which is selected
equal to the intensity of the nominal level UU of signal voltage at
out
the receiver output. A single-mesh filter Rf. Cf is used as the age
filter.
A cathode repeater is assembled at the triode to carry out the
functions of a separator to develop a small time constant in the control
tube grid circuits because its output resistance Rout is small. All
of this enables normal operation of the i-f amplifier control cascade
under the influence of significant pulse signals which are received
with main pulse power leakage at the receiver input and which produce
grid currents in these cascades.
Fig
6
8
1%.
Lu Ii U
u,..uout Umai c' max
0.1
cr
? age ciroui t voltage diagrams.
45
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A signal is supplied from the control amplifier output (Fig 6a) to
the peak detector input. If the amplitude of the input signa:50)(.1-HUM
pulses) does not exceed the established operation threshold U[i] of
the peak detector, the age circuit is open and control voltage Ur in
this case equals zero. Under the influence of a signal (videopulse)
at the peak detector input, which has an amplitude which exceeds the
operation threshold, the diode is opened when the pulse leaves the
auxiliary amplifier circuit and capacitor Ci is charged along the
circuit: diode internal resistance Ri - auxiliary amplifier circuit
load resistance Ra. Voltage is formed at capacitance Cn as a result
of the videopulse signal detection. Its intensity depends on the
selection of R. Usually Rn is sufficiently large. As a result, the
negative voltage shown in Fig 6b is separated at the peak detector output.
Its shape repeats the videopulse sequence envelope. The age filter.
Rf Cf separates only the direct component as shown in Fig 6c since its
time constant is significantly larger than the period of videopulse
amplitude modulation. This large filter time constant enables the
required independence of intensity and phase of the reference voltage
from the reflected signal amplitude to be achieved.
In this way a negative de voltage proportional to the average level
of the output signals is supplied to the cathode repeater input. As
a result, the anodic current of the cathode repeater tube is decreased
which leads to the appearance of negative control voltage Ur at the age
circuit output. This voltage decreases the amplification factor of the
control cascades to the intensity necessary to achieve a normal signal
level at the receiver output.
In stations where target direction is determined by the maximum
"packet" of signals reflected from the target, there cannot be any
envelope distortion. In order to avoid distortion, the receiving apparatus
must have a constant amplification factor when the reflected "packet"
is received, i.e., this radar sets forth inflexible conditions to the
receiver age circuit not to disturb the "packet" shape and to maintain
a necessary intensity and level of the receiver output signal in spite
of the input signal level fluctuating within wide limits.
A specific peculiarity of such an age circuit in relation to the
one considered before is that not a constant videopulse sequence, but
a pulse "packet" is acting at its input and the repetition period of the
"packet" is much greater than the repetition period of the main pulses
of the radar transmitter. This superimposes additional demands on the
age circuit for the preservation of a determined receiver amplification
and for the preservation of its constant for the next "packet."
46
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auxiliary
amplifier
50X1-HUM
Rf R
ou
U864
agc
frwmmop
APv
detector
Ulamping
0aNcuppaatan
arab
circuit
Cat4ode
Homou.ew
noamopumene
reneater
I 21
8iC
Fromcircuitan:teila Ornuened
cumApo,vulot4.4.
movement dou.NceNua
synchronizatiterp..
circuit
Wckargl
a po maga
c.c.?
circuit
Fig 7. age circuit with clamping circuit
An agc block circuit diagram with what is called a clamping circuit
is shown in Fig 7. It enables the execution of the requirements in-
dicated above. The operation principle of the circuit consists of
voltage being supplied from the receiver auxiliary amplifier circuit
output to the age detector where each pulse of the "packet" is detected
with subsequent pulse integration. The total voltage from the detection
of all of the "packet" impulses is divided at the output of the clamping
circuit "C," where a dc voltage is supplied through the agc filter Rf Cf
to the cathode repeater which creates a small time constant in the circuit
of the control grids of the control tubes. From the cathode repeater
output the voltage goes to the i-f amplifier tube grids.
In order to bring about fine integration of each "packet" pulse, a
sufficiently large time constant for discharge of capacitor "C" is
selected. Thus it is necessary to take special measures to assure
normal passage of weak pulse "packets" which follow strong ones. So,
before each subsequent "packet" arrives at the integrator input,
capacitor "C" is discharged by an ordinary discharge circuit, i.e., a
drop occurs as a result of the integration of the previous "packet".
As a result, voltage at the integrator output will conform to the'
absolute value of the amplitude of a given "packet" and control voltage
Ur supplied from the agc to the i-f amplifier tubes will be determined
by the intensity of only those pulse signals which were in the previous
pulse "packet."
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uh-"cUout auxiliary amplifier circuit
0 i 'AIL it4"'" .0
I; - - 1 max out
Aililli.
6
ri
t 0
up,
cl I a9,ut. peljlecharge circuit
0
U
1,1
uUf
qi 2
Fig 8. age with clamping circuit voltage sketches
50X1-HUM
The operation of an age with a clamping circuit is shown in the
sketches in Fig 8. Voltage Uri formed from the first pulse "packet"
(Fig 8a, b) determines the receiver amplification while the next,
second "packet" is being received. Voltage Ur2 formed from the second
"packet" determines the amplification factor of the receiver while the
third "packet" is being received, etc. In the given situation, the age
circuit has considerably less inertia in comparison with age circuits
in radars with beam conical lobing.
The considered age circuit allows study of the changes in signal
intensity which occur during periods of antenna beam scanning. The
small time constant of an age circuit with a clamping circuit makes it
possible for a sufficient stability of "packet" pulse voltage to be
achieved at the crossbar system input and to preserve the "packet"
envelope during rapid and significant signal changes at the receiving
apparatus input. All of this enables precision in determining target
angular data to be increased since in the given case the "packet"
envelope is similar to the directivity diagram antenna arrangement.
(A captioned photograph by Z. SORKIN appears on page 68. The
photograph shows Maj P. SOPIN and four other officers discussing nuclear
physics.)
For More Reliable Engine Operation --,by Engr-Capt A. N. KONOVALOV
(Page 68)
Abstract:
Presents a method for lubricating the 1D6 diesel engine.
48
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50X1 -HUM
Antenna and Feeder Line Downlead Mounting -- by Engr-Maj V. N. TERNOVSKIY
and Engr-Capt K. N. $MUREYEV (Pages 69-70)
Abstract:
Describes and explains advantages of antenna and feeder line
downlead mounting methods proposed by the authors.
antenn
array
downlead fast_ning
Npennemue cnuofcetrum
G nOnomnon onmennto
gpennenuc crwatcePu?
c ouciepototi nwoiet:
feeder line
downlead
mounting
gpennetwe ouclepHoii
nunuu y me! Jdomuo
fastening for
building feeder
line
1+9
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Frequency Tuner -- by Capt I. A. CHERNYAKHOVSKIY and Sgt (Res)
I. P. YADZHAK (Pages 70-71) 50X1 -HUM
Abstract:
Describes the construction and operation of a model of a radar
frequency tuner used in training. (A circuit diagram of the model is
shown on page 70 and a kinematic diagram of the model is presented ,on
page 71).
11
Plie. I. anexTpagecxag cxema maxera.
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50X1-HUM
9
21
20
111111,
?
,Quor emopoii ,aumr nepeoll
410C1170177b1 VOCMOMtd
6
PHC. 2. Kaaemaravecxaa cxema:
? npaiuma AHCKOB; 6? waTyaaoro npaacma.
51
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ROCKET DEFENSE
50X1 -HUM
Target Indication Station -- by Engr-Maj A. I. KORNIYENKO, Candidate
of Technical Sciences (Pages72-74)
Text:
(According to foreign press materials)
As is known, the Nike-Zeus rocket defense centers consist of a radar
complex, several batteries of antirocket rockets, and a battery control
post. Target indication radars, recognition radars, and tracking radars
are all part of the radar complex. We will discuss the ZAR target
indication radar.
The target indication radar plays the role of intermediate element
between the defense center and superlong range detection posts. It
searches in the direction of expected intercontinental ballistic missile
(ICBM) [MBR] flights, detects them, and supplies data to defense computer
centers where information is collected on all targets moving at speeds
of from 6 to 10 kilometers per second (km/sec). From the computers this
information is transmitted over communication channels to recognition
and tracking radars and is used for radar plotting and for determining
which antirocket rocket battery will be most effecting in the forming
situation.
The range of a ZAR station is approximately 1,600 kilometers (km)
which meets the requirements necessary for a Nike-Zeus system to
independently battle ICBMs without using information from superlong
range detection posts. The indicated range is achieved through large
radiation power in the transmitting system and the use of methods for
optimum reception of reflected signals. Generators with a power of from
21 to 50 megawatts (Mw) [Mvt] are used in the radar. Signal processing
is accomplished by the Chirp method. 1
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r 11 flepeelorouvio- vocme ZAR 1
I
I
I 12 14 15 Ammemma
I
r -I I klmnynecmou remepomop
?..., I
7 ...= socIpgmop C84
I
i I
1 II l ilacmommora 13 1 I
8 Aomonatnuvermal 11 moaynRmop
I
u3mepumene d.?....
toopthmain
I Si) luemmoo wacmo ZAR
- ? ?1-iN7r.)e171? 1
;
4 2
HoLnumen.Ny.0 ,
aumonamuvez........ ....npome.bcymomoth.p. Cmecurneise .0. Obscomou
Curmema oomiman.s?6, Stu Rumeno 4cunume.ne
Nowumy uemmpo 06mapyliCeifUR plIabmp
va vacmomes I
? -- ? ? ? t61 ? ? ??.....i
Xponwamop
50X1?HUM
Fig 1. ZAR target indication radar functional chart: 1. antenna;
2. high frequency amplifiers; 3. mixer; 4. intermediate frequency
amplifier; 5. optimum filter; 6. automatic detection system; 7. timer;
8. automatic coordinate measurer; 9. to defense center computer;
10. ZAR reception section; 11. ZAR transmission section; 12. pulse
modulator; 13. frequency modulator; 14. superhigh frequency generator;
15. antenna.
We will consider the construction and operation of individual elements
of the station with the functional chart shown in Fig 1.
The receiving and transmitting sections of the radar station each
have their own antennae which are spaced 300 meters [m] from each other.
The beams produced by these antennae are coincidently beamed into space.
Two antennae are needed because of the difficulty of bypassing reception
and transmission channels of the station.
The transmitting antenna consists of three radiation arrays which
form an equilateral triangle. The length of each of them is 24 meters
and their widths are about 4 meters. The array dimensions indicate
that the produced beam is narrow horizontally and wide vertically which
allows the use of an amplitude method for measuring azimuth. Either an
amplitude or a phase method can be used to measure elevation.
The transmission antenna is located on the roof of a two-story building
with a transmitter inside (Fig 2). The building is encircled by a
mettalic array with a height of about 20 meters (Fig 3). ?This array
eliminates reflections from nearby objects and is involved in the forma-
tion of radiation patterns. The station transmission section antenna
rotates at the rate of 10 revolutions per minute [obimin].
53
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Fig 2. ZAR target indication
radar transmission section.
50X1 -HUM
Fig 3. Shielding enclosure of a
ZAR radar transmission section.
The reception antenna is a Luneberg lens which is more efficient than
an antenna with parabolic reflectors. This is because terminal oscilla-
tions create side lobes in ordinary antennae rather significantly. This
does not permit received power to be used fully. Also, the presence of
a radiator in front of the reflecting lens on a parabolic antenna leads
to distortion of the shape of the major lobe. Lens antennae, which
include the Luneberg antenna, are less subject to this shortcoming. The
formation of a cophased field in the aperture is accomplished by changing
the refraction coefficient of the material used in the construction of
the antenna. A foam layer impregnated with metal is used for this material.
The distribution of the metal particles in the antenna is irregular and
is determined by a specified law for changing the refraction coefficient.
Foreign specialists believe that the particles can be so distributed that
there will be a cophased distribution of the electromagnetic field in the
aperture, i.e., the antenna will operate like an optical lens and the
radiation pattern will resemble the beam from a projector (Fig 4).
Luneberg lens
/7um30 figmedepe
- 'Feeder sy t Aft
I
elicmema_.?0000111111111121
Oudepmaft
??-c----\-?
KmIewAZ71411111
to receiver tifi
ki.
OrIMU?seCIN6
01021701 inimaas
DA0.4e6ept0
CuNcoa.Than Cophased
nnocNocm. plane
1a!z!fg wave
,1
80nHa
optical analogy
: of Luneberg lens
Fig 4. Luneberg lens beam formation
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The receiving antenna is constructed as an unbroken hemis150X1-HUM
a diameter of 24 meters. It is made of foam layer cubes which measure
45 .centimeters (cm) [sm. The gross weight of the antenna is 1,000 tons
[t]. It is located inside of a protective dome which has a diameter of
33.5 meters.
The station transmitter radiates pulse frequency modulated oscilla-
tions. High frequency generator modulation is achieved by pulse and
frequency modulators. Powerful floating-drift klystrons are used as
high-frequency oscillation generators. It has been reported in the
foreign press that the ZAR station operates in the ten meter wave band.
A constructional peculiarity of the station reception system is that
a high frequency molecular amplifier and an optimum filter are used in
it. This has allowed the sensitivity of the station reception system to
be increased to twice that of ordinary radar receivers. The optimum
filter has allowed the use of the Chirp method for processing pulse
frequency modulated signals. The filter is called optimum because it
provides a maximum ratio of signal to noise at its output.
? The operation of the filter and subsequently the operation of the
station receiver can be explained as follows. As is known, the range
of ?a radar is proportional to the energy of an emitted signal:
where W is the signal energy,
Pi is the pulse power,
t is the pulse duration.
Therefore, foreign specialists believe that a protracted pulse
radiation regime is energetically advantageous although its use is
considered to be unfavorable for the resolution capability of a station.
The optimum filter of a radar operating by the Chirp method, by maintaining
a constant pulse energy, brings about a decrease in its duration which
leads to amplification of power at the output and to an increase in
resolution capability. This is explained by that a signal with the
frequency changed from fl to f2 is supplied to the receiver input (Fig 5).
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The optimum filter provides a large delay of high frequenc OX1 -,HUMits
in the pulse beginning in comparison with the low frequency components
at its end. For frequency components in the middle part of the pulse,
the delay is proportional to the frequency.
Frequency fl Frequency 1'2
qacmoma 1 acmoinct f
2
176,
uin
FAA LiMilri Akir
U I I II V IP'
- I
11
I.
11311
Ll2 tj I tz If
ts
t4
t3
.\ u? t, jiv
1014a
OUt
A
I 1
^ A A An
V V V V
t o 1
Fig 5. The pulse compression process in the ZAR radar optimum filter
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To explain what has been said, let us divide the frequency50X1-HUM
pulse into parts each one composing one oscillation period. Suppose that
the sixth part is not retarded, the fifth is retarded for time t5, the
fourth for t4, the third for t3, etc. The delayed components are
accumulated at the filter output. As a result of this, a large signal
voltage peak is achieved with the phase coincidence of all components
at moment to. In the remaining time moments when there is no phase
coincidence, the components mutually compensate for each other. The
pinal-result of the operation of this filter is to compress the pulses
in time. Then the pulse power is increased in a proportional ratio to
the duration of the pulses at the filter input and output, i.e.,
Pout t
- rad
_
Pin tcom )
where P is the power at the filter output,
out
Pin is the power at the filter input,
trad is radiated impulse duration,
tcom is compressed impulse duration.
The resolving capability of a ZAR station is determined by the
duration of the compressed impulse. Since it is possible to compress
a pulse 100 times, a one kilometer resolving capability can be achieved
with a 630 microsecond radiated pulse duration.
A signal goes from the optimum filter to an information extraction
system which is a complex of devices for automatic detection and measure-
ment of coordinates. This devices allow a signal to pass on only in
those cases when it exceeds a predetermined level of false alarm probability.
After it passes this system, a signal goes to a coordinate measurer
which determines the position of the ICBM in space and transforms this
position information so that it can be fed into computers at the defense
center.
These, in short, are the constructional and operational features
of the target indication station of the Nike-Zeus rocket defense complex.
1. "Electronics, No 4, 1960. (See page 52)
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FROM THE HISTORY OF WO TROOPS
Winged Hero -- ?by Col (Res) N. F. MINEYEV (Pages 75-76)
Abstract:
50X1 -HUM
Describes World War II aerial combat exploits of Capt Sergey
Gavrilovich LlTAVRIN, ESU. (A captioned photograph of LITAVRIN dated
19)42 appears on page 76)
In Defense of the Skies of Moscow -- by Col M. V. MIKHAYLOV (Page 77)
Abstract:
Describes actions of antiaircraft artillery personnel against German
aircraft over Moscow in 1941- (A captioned photograph of V. KOZLOVSKIY
on a rooftop with a pair of binoculars, dated 1941, appears on page 77).
Volga Stronghold -- by Ool (Res) P. I. GREKHNEV (Page 78)
Abstract:
Concerns acts of heroism by communications personnel against the
Germans in 1942.
REVIEWS AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
Flight Medicine -- by Maj Gen Med Serv F. Ya. GUR'YENKOV (Pages 79-80)
Abstract:
Reviews the book, "Medical Problems of Flight Safety," which was
translated from English and French and published by Voyenizdat in 1962.
The 149-page book costs 50 kopecks. The only criticism of the book is
that it does not refer to any Soviet work in the field of flight medicine.
The work is recommended for medical, flight, and engineer-techni-cal
personnel in aviation chasti and schools.
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