ENGLISH TRANSLATION OF SOVIET PUBLICATION HERALD OF ANTIAIRCRAFT DEFENSE, ISSUE NO. 3

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A069700100001-7
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 48
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
• Document Release Date: March 11, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: November 1, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INtELLIGENCE AdENCY
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This material contains Information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, USD. Bees. 793 and 794, the triummiezdon or revelation of which In any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
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COUNTRY
USSR
REPOR
itiNIECT
English Translation of Soviet
DATE DISTR.
Nevombcr 1963
Publication Herald of Antiaircraft
Dense, Issue No. 3
NO. PAGES
1
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REFERENCES
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACO
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THIS IS UNEVALUATED INFORMATION. SOURCE GRADINGS ARE DEFINITIVE. APPRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE.
English translation of Issue No: 3) March 1963, of the Soviet publication
Vestnik Protivovozdushoy Oborony [Herald of Antiaircraft,DefenseZtpublisheds
by the Ministry of Defanse) Moscow
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k 2. In some cases, the articles were translated in their entirety; in other cases,
they. wetelsummarized
Distribution of Attachment:
00/FDD: 1 copy
OSS: 2 copies
ORB: 2 copies
OCI: 1 copy
?18-1?D:Sigt"?IMPFT
2 copies
Army/FSTC: 3 copies
Army: 3 copies
DIA: 3 copies
Navy: 2 copies
Navy/STIC: 1 copy
NSA S copies
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STATE I WA I ARMY I NAVY I AIR
NSA
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00/FDD SAC
(Note: Field distribution indicated by "dr.)
INFORMATION REPORT IN FO'RMATION REPORT.
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? Herald of Antiaircraft Defense-
;No 3 March 1963 ,
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VestnikProtivovozdushnov Oboronv, No 3, March 1963 ?
Table of Contents
To the Soldiers of the Soviet Armed Forces
Editorial
S. G. PANOV
-- The Principal Task of Party Organizations
-- Officer Cadres Must Be Carefully trained
Es1=2.52111101-14-9XIS and Earaliall=
Give Unremitting Attention to the Ideological
Training of Youth
An Important Part of the Work of Commanders
and Political Organs
V. V. STULOVSKIY -- The Search Was Crowned with Success
-
V. A. MITROSHENKOV
A. P. KIRICHUK
Combat Trainiqg
P. T. ANDRYUSHCHENKO--
D. P. VLASOV --
D. A. KRIVOV
V. I. KONDRATENKO --
G. N. SMORCHKOV and
V. K. PILETSKIY
M. D. MART/NENKO and
V. V. KOBL1ANSKIY ?
G. V.
V. F.
BARANOV and
OVCHAROV
V. A. LEBEDEV
V. M. CRAM
N. S. KURBESOV
V. V. FERMIUM
Ola
dem
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2
2
14

6
9
10
Raise the Role of Staff Officers in the
Organization of Combat Training 11
When Each Moment Is Precious 13
Utilization of Ground Facilities. to Ensure
Flight Safety
Methods for Perfecting the Training of Operators . 16
114
Achievements of Science and Technolizy in the
Training Process
Preflight Medical Examinations of Flight
Personnel
Methods for Improving Radio Communication by
Tropospheric Scattering of Radio Waves
Eouinment and Its Use
Safe Use of Automotive Equipment'
Strict Observation of Engine Operation Rules
Heterodyne "Image" Tuning
-- Maintaining Airfie1ds in Eie4Ilenii 4ThaiTIAa
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17
18
21
21
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N. P. SUPRYAGA
-- Cold-Cathode Tubes
? Yu. G. STEPANOV
and D. Z. LVINi -- Electronic Countermeasure Equipment
Aircraft and Space Vehicles
. Ye. K. tRAGIN and
A. G. KUBAREV
Rocket Defense
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on
- Development of Means for Detection and
Tracking of Space Targets
7 From the History of PVO Troops
P. le. KHOROSHILOV,-- When Was the First Domestic Radar Invented? .
Reviews and Uiblioeranhv
What Will Appear on,the Book Shelf This Year
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Zaria
30
37
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IN CHASTI AND PODRAZDELENIYA OF OUR TROOPS 50X1-HUM
Elected ReoresentatAves of the People (Page 2)
Summary:
Elections of deputies to the Supreme Soviets of Union Republics and
to local soviets of workers' deputies were recently held. The elected
deputies include members of PVO Strany Troops, such as Lt."Col. M. VORONOV,
deputy to the Sverdlovsk City Soviet of Workers' Deputies. VORONOV was
in command of the rocketeers who shot down the U-2 plane on 1 May 1960.
Among the deputies elected to the Moscow, Leningrad, Baku, and other
soviets of workers' deputies, are veterans of World War II, as well as.
young officers, experienced political workers, and outstanding specialists
in combat and political training. Heroes of the Soviet Union V. KUBAREV,
G. PULOV, and others, have become elected representatives of the people.
The best (radio or radar?) operator, Pfc V. NAZAROV, was elected deputy
to one of the local government organs.
Ciroulatine Honor Rolls -- by V./. VIKTOROV (Page 2)
Summary:
By order. of the commander of the Moscow PVO District,circulating honor
rolls (knigi-estafety) entitled "Patriotic Achievements Of Soldiers of.the
District" have been instituted. These books are routed through all chasti
and they contain the names of soldiers who have gained outstanding
achievements in combat and political training.
Medal for Bravery -- I. P. PETROV (Page 2)
Summary:
A Medal For Bravery was awarded to Pvt Konstantin Viktorovich
ZHIGALKOVSKIX, serving in an aviation chast', for his courage and quick-
thinking action in saving the life of a pilot, Capt TOMASHIN, whose fighter
plane had taught fire when landing on the airstrip after returning from a
night training flight. ZHIGALKOVSKIY, a member of the ground crew,
immediately drove up to the, plane with a fire extinguisher and was able to
put out the fire, thus preventing an explosion.
A captioned photograph by I. RYBIN shows Re-enlisted Sgt G. BALYSHEV
working on one of his innovation projects. BALYSHEV has done much work in
searching for efficient methods of utilizing combat equipment and has
submitted more than ten innovation suggestions, many of which have been put
into use. (Page 2).
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To the Soldiers of the Soviet Armed Forcea (Pages 34)
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Abstract:
An article signed by the Central Committee CPSU, the Presidium of the
Supreme Soviet USSR, and the Council of Ministers USSR, conveys greetings
and best wishes to all members of the Soviet Armed Forces on the occasion
of the 45th anniversary of the Soviet Army and Navy, praising the achieve-
ments and the night of the Armed Forces. The article appeals to all
military personnel to increase their vigilance and combat efficiency in
view of the continuing danger of aggression by imperialist countries.
The Princival Task of Party Oreanizations -- Editorial (Pages 5-8)
Summary:
Lenin's idea of the decisive importance of party supervision of the
Armed Forces has been reincorporated in the new Party Program. In recent
years, the party has carried out a number of important measures toward
improving party-political work in the army and increasing the role of
political organs and party organizations in all activities of the troops.
The decree of the October 1957 Plenum of the Central Committee CPSU
"On Improving Party-Political Work in the SoViet Army and Navy," was of
historical significance. According to this decree, statutes for military
councils and political organs, and instructions for party and Komsomol
organizations in the Soviet Army and Navy, were approved.
Party committees were established in regiments and on ships, in military
educational institutions and scientific research institutes, in staffs of ?
military districts, and in the central apparatus of the Ministry of Defense.
Party organizations in battalions acquired the rights of primary party
organizations. Subsequently, on the basis of the CPSU PrograM and the
Party Statutes adopted by the 22d Party Congress, appropriate changes were
made in the Statute Concerning Political Organs and the Instructions For
Party Organizations.
According to the Instructions, the principal task of party organizations
is to implement the requirements of the CPSU Program with regard to
organization, discipline) efficiency, and combat readiness of the Armed
Forces.
In the case of party organizations of PVO Strany Troops this means .
that the entire activity of party organizations must be subordinated to
the successful fulfillment of the basic task, i.e. maintaining constant
readiness for action in order to dstroy any aggressor who might try to
invade the air space of the Soviet Union.
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A high degree of combat readiness depends mainly on the level of
combat training and political consciousness of the personnel. Party
organizations play an extremely important role in solving tasks of
combat training and political education. It is their duty to inspire
the personnel to acquire a high degree of perfection in military skills,
to help commanders in correcting shortcomings in the training process
and in the assimilation of leading achievements, and to conduct a
relentless struggle against laxity and oversimplification in the training
and education of personnel.
Many party organizations meet these requirements in the proper way
and help commanders to attain a high quality of combat and political
training, by analyzing the reasons for any shortcomings an, helping to
eliminate them:
However, some party organizations do not take enough interest in
the training process and put up with oversimplification in tactical
training. This practice of "noninterference" in matters of combat
training produces negative results.
All party leaders and party members should be fully familiar with
the combat training plans and the specific tasks of a chast' or
podrazdeleniye, and should be able to explain them in detail to the
personnel. Party organizations must be strict in their demands toward
all those who obstruct the introduction of new, efficient methods.
One of the main tasks of party organizations is to strengthen one-man
command and discipline, by increasing political education, giving proper ,
attention to the needs and requirements of the soldiers, and campaigning
against any misinterpretations of disciplinary practice.
The party committees of higher and secondary educational institutions
should be constantly concerned with improving the teaching process and
helping to solve problems of scientific research work for the purpose
of increasing the combat readiness of PVC, StranY Troops.
With the use of criticism and self-criticism, army party organizations
must expose shortcomings in the training and education of personnel and
in party-political work. According to the Instructions, party members
have the right to criticize any party member or candidte at party meetings,
regardless of that person's position, as long as such criticism furthers
the increase of combat readiness and the general strengthening of one-man
command and discipline. .Therefore, criticism of orders.and instructions
issued by commanders and chiefs is not permitted at party meetings.
An improdement in the work of party organizations depends to a great
extent on their supervision by political organs. According to the Statute
Concerning Political Organs of the Soviet Army and Navy, the political
organs are obliged to supervise party organizations on the basis of strict
observance of Leninist norms of party life; to develop the initiative and
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active participation of party members in carrying out party decisions and
combat training tasks; to further criticism and self-criticism in party
organizations, and to react promptly to critical remarks and suggestions.
Some pdlitical workers tend to forget these immediate duties. When
visiting military units, they merely register shortcomings. However,
their main task is to train party activities in the art of educational and
organizational work, and to give specific, expert assistance to chaati
and podrazdeleniya in carrying out their tasks.
In concentrating their attention on the main issues, i.e. increasing
combat readiness and fUlfilling plans of combat and political training,
army, party organizations must be even more purposeful in their organizational
and ideological education work.
Officer Cadres Must Be Carefully Trained -- By Maj Gen Avn S.G. PANOV (Pages 9-14)
Summary:
According to the Party Program, command personnel must persistently
engage in mastering Marxist-Leninist theory, have a high degree of
military-technical training, meet all requirements of modern military
theory and practice, and strengthen military discipline. To be able to
cope with their responsible duties, officers have to be thoroughly familiar
with Marxist-Leninist theory, which forms the methodological basis of
Soviet military science, and they must have high technical skills.
The PVC) Striny Troop's are armed with the most modern equipment and
powerful means for defeating any aggressor. The effective utilization of ,
this equipment depends to a great extent on the officer cadres, who have
been entrusted by the party and the government with the training and
education of personnel, and with the maintenance and preservation of
equipment in a state of constant combat readiness. Therefore', every Soviet
officer must be guided by the Leninist requirements to coordinate training
and education in a skillful manner.
Officers who are guided by this principle and constantly seek to increase
their knowledge in the shpere of Marxist-Leninist theory, are able to cope
successfully with their duties. (An example follows;)
Such officers are in the great majority. They are not only well
trained specialists, but skillful political leaders who are versed in the
art of training and educating their subordinates.
It is primarily the duty of political organs and party organizations
to see that officers constantly raise their ideological and theoretical
, level, and to help them systematically in the study of Marxist-Leninist
theory. CA party organization is mentioned as an example)
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Occasionally one meets officers who are not seriously concerned ?
with perfecting their military and political knowledge. After graduating
from educational institutions, they are content to live with what they
have previously learned; this has a harmful effect on the combat and
political training of their subordinates. (Several examples cited.)
Commanders, political workers, and officers of personnel organs,
must be thoroughtly familiar with the strong and weak points of every
officer, help him whenever necessary, and point out what. requires his
greatest attention so that he may perform his duties successfully.
Some personnel officers neglest to study the traits of individual officers
and often forget about/them after they have been appointed to their
posts. This is a serious shortcoming in the work with personnel.
In addition to showing interest in the Marxist-Leninist education
of officers, one should give them every possible aid in increasing their
military technical knowledge, which is of extreme importance in modern
warfare with its fast-moving and highly maneuverable operations.
In addition to specialized military knowledge, an officer must have a
wide range of general technical knowledge, and a thorough familiarity with
physics, mathematics, and chemistry, which forms the theoretical basis of
modern equipment and weapons. A lack of knowledge on these subjects would
seriously hamper the training and education of personnel. Therefore, a
continuous perfection of engineering and technical knowledge and skills
is one of the most important present requirements with regard to officers.
An officer must also have the proper organizational qualities to be
able to train and educate his subordinates in a successful manner. In
this respect, senior commanders and chiefs can do much to help young,
inexperienced officers by their personal example.
It happens occasionally that young officers fail to receive the
necessary attention and help. As a result, they lose their confidence
and do fiat develop their capabilities to the fullest extent. This may
lead to loss of morale and "the desire to get out" (demobilizatsionnyye
nastroyeniya), Commanders arid political workers should take all this into
consideration and create the necessary conditions so that young officers
may perform their duties successfully.
An officer must be demanding toward himself and his subordinates
and must not tolerate the slightest infractions of military discipline.
At the same time, he must show concern for their increased political
consciousness and for their welfare.
An officer's authority is indispensable for achieving success in the
training and education of personnel. To gain authority, an officer has
to be not only an expert in his field, but should set a high, moral example.
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The PVO Strany Troops are faced with highly responsible tasks, and
the continued improvement of their combat readiness depends to a great
extant on the successful solution of these tasks. It is the duty of
senior commenders and chiefs to improve the placement of personnel,
as well as their ideological education and technical training, and to
raise every officer's sense of personal responsibility for the
job entrusted to him. .
ebsclaHA (Captioned photographs on pages.10, 11, 12,
Summary:
Capt Farid Makhmutovich AYUPOV, commander of a radar company, was
? awarded the Order of the Red Star for excellent results in combat and
political training and successful mastery of modern, complex combat
equipment. The podrazdeleniye under his command Flab been the leading
one in the Nth radiotechnical chast' for a number of years. He has
been able to train many first-class radar specialists. He was formerly a
? political worker and was then promoted to a command position. Capt
AYUPOV is constantly striving to improve the combat preparedness of his
podrazdeleniye.
'Col Aleksandr Yakovle/ich KIICHAYLOV was awarded the Order of the Red
Star for outstanding military services, on the occasion of the 45th
anniversary of the Soviet Armed Forces. During World War II, he was
awarded the title "Hero of the Soviet Union" for his heroism in comabt'
He has shown excellent qualities as a commander and most of the soldiers
? under his command have excellent ratings in combat and political training.
Maj Pavel YeremeyevichBODAREV was awarded the Order of the Red
Star for his services in training and educating his subordinates, in
improving combat readiness, and in the mastery of equipment. He is
an able educator and good organizer of combat and political training
in the podrazdeleniye under his command. His podrazdeleniye has had
an excellent rating for over 2 years.
Maj Vladimir Aleksandrovich SHKLYAREVSKIY recently received a
promotion in position and was awarded the Order of the Red Star for his
excellent results in combat and political training and successful mastery
'of modern, complex combat equipment. He is an experienced commander and
has done an outstanding job in training the Personnel of, the podrazdeleniye
under his command.
PARTY-POLITICAL WORK AND MILITARY TRAINING
Give Unremittina Attention to the IdeOlozical.Tilainini.Of.YOuth --
By Capt V. A. ICTROSHENKOV (Pages 15-19)
Summary:
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The Komsomol is an educational organization. Its primary task is to
educate young people to be true Leninists and ardent, ideologically
convinced fighters for Communism.
Komsomol organizations in the Army are responsible for increasing
the political consciousness of Komsomol members, educating young soldiers
in the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, explaining the policies and decisions of
the party and government, carrying them out firmly and consistently, and
acquainting young people with the extenisve achievements in building
Communism.
Komsomol organizations of the Moscow PVO District have noticeably
improved the ideological education of young soldiers. Ideological
education is most effective when it is closely coordinated with the
political study system, in the course of which soldiers and sergeants
study the ideas of Marxism-Leninism, acquire basic knowledge in party
history, study the policies of the party and the Soviet government, and
learn about the historical role and present tasks of the Soviet Armed
Forces.
A considerable number of young officers are Komsomol members.
, Therefore, Komsomol committees as well as commanders and party organizations
should show continuous interest. in the theoretical training of officers
who are Komsomol members.
Until now, individual secretaries, bureaus and committees of the
Komsomol sometimes keep aloof from the planned political training of soldiers,
as they consider this to be the concern of commanders and political
workers. Of course, commanders and political workers are responsible
for the organization of political training of the personnel. However,
Komsomol organizations cannot remain indifferent to the progress made
by Komsomol members in their political studies. This Komsomol policy of
non-interference should not be tolerated. New ways must be found to
help soldiers and sergeants in their political studies, and to aid officers
in the study of Marxism-Leninism.
One of theemost important forms of ideological training is the
organization of lectures for the propaganda of party decisions, party
program, the moral code of builders of Communism, and Komsomol traditions.
A Komsomol organization headed by Sr Lt MOLOKOYEDOV formed an
agitation brigade, the members of which give talks to the soldiers of
units located at great distances from the (Mast'.
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Open Komosomol meetings devoted to matters of political and military
training are of considerable importance for the ideological growth of
young soldiers. Literary evenings have become widely popular.
Komsomol and youth evenings are frequently devioted to questions of the
international situation, Communist ethics, and many other problems of
interest to youth. Youth discussions.have produced good results. ?
The Communist education of youth is closely connected with the .
development of a high cultural level. The Komsomol members of chasti
have recently established closer ties with creative art organizations,
with writers, composers, artists, and journalists. On the initiative
of Komsomol members, universities and lecture courses have been organized
in many garrisons.
However, there are still many shortcomings in the ideological
education of youth, such as formalism and lack of purposefulness.
Propaganda and agitation are often conducted in a dry and uninteresting
manner. Some Komsomol leaders try to do everything in a sober and
pompous fashion, forgetting that young people will be young, and that
they appreciate a joke, a smile, or a gay somg. Therefore, one should
not force upon young people "too adult" methods of education by merely
copying activities of party organizations.
Not enought attention has been given to ekplaining the requirements
of the Military Oath and of service regulations. As a result, there have
been violations of military discipline, and a negligent attitude on the
part of some soldiers, including Komsomol members, toward their military
duties. The struggle against signs of bourgeois ideOlogy, vestiges of !
the past, religious prejudices, and lack of political interest, is not
always conducted in a forceful and active manner.
The many shortcomings in ideological education may be explained
partly by the fact that some Komsomol leaders fail to consider the
' increased party requirements in the education of youth, and do not
realize that a new approach must be used to the solution of many problems
of the education of soldiers..
Komsomol leaders and all activists should critically analyze the
situation in their organizations, expose the shortcomings and their causes,
and take necessary steps to improve the ideological education of youth.
Chronicle of Komsomol Life (Page 17)
Abstract:
Reference is made to measures taken by Komsomol organizations in
various chasti to improve educational work and technical training.
One item mentions a group organized at the suggestion of a Komsomol
organization headed by Sr Lt KEPEL', devoted to the study of nuclear
physics and its importance in military developments. Classes are reportedly
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conducted by experienced officers, associates of scientific research
institutes, and engineers.
An ImDortani _Part of the Work of Commanders arid Political Organs --
By Col A. P. KIRICHUK (Pages 20-23)
4
Summary:
? ?
Most of the young officers who graduate from secondary and higher
military educational institutions have a good specialized and general
education, but they laCk experience in working with people, as well as
.adequate ideological training and the necessary skill in commanding
pod?'azdeleniya and handling combat equipment. Therefore, during the
initial period they are greatly in need of advice and help from senior.
commanders, political workers, party and Komsomol organizations, and
all other officers. This was mentioned by Mar SU R. Ya. MALINOVSKIY
in one of his speeches.
Most of the chasti of PVC) Strany Troops give a warm welcome to
young officers and create the necessary working conditions for them.
Lectures and seminars are organized to acquaint the young officers with
training methods, problems of discipline, vigilance, maintenance of
equipment, and other matters related to the derVice in PVO Strany Troops.
To be able to cope with their tasks, young officers must continually
expand their political horizon and master the ideas of Marxism-Leninism.
Some young officers, upon joining a chest', give themselves a "vacation"
from political training, hoping to get by with what they have learned
in school. For example, Lt GRACHEV, who took part in a Marxist-Leninist
study group, failed to read a single recommended work.
Commanders, political workers, and secretaries of party and Komsomol
organizations should see to it that all young officers take part in
political training and raise their ideological. level in the
proper manner,
Unfortunately, not all commanders and chiefs find time to attend
political classes, and to talk to the young group leaders about their
problems. In some places, seminars for leaders of political study groups
are held irregularly or are replaced by brief instruction periods, which
do not satisfy the requirements of inexperienced propagandists.
An understanding, individual approach to young officers by senior
commanders is of the greatest importance and produces the best results.
The help given to young officers should not prevent them from acting
independently and using their initiative. They should not wait for
instructions or advice from their seniors in every single instance.
The qualities of independent action and initiative should be developed
and encouraged in young officers. However, under the pretext of letting
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1.4
50X1-HUM
young officers act independently, senior chiefs should not stop helping
them and checking their work. As a result of such a practice, young
commanders 4ften overestimate their abilities and cease to improve their
military and political knowledge, which has a negative effect on the
training of their subordinates.
Political organs and party organizations must constantly help the
senior chiefs to improve the command qualities of young officers, raise
their authority, and take the necessary steps to improve their living
conditions.
Most young officers are members of the Komsomol. Therefore, Komsomol
organizations play an important part in the officers' education.
(A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV, showing Sr Lt I. CHEBINEV,
party secretary of a podrazdeleniye, during a discussion on the international
situation and internal events, appears on page 23).
The Search Was Crowned With Succeas Capt V. V. STULOVSKIY (Pages 24-26)
Summary:
Capt Boris Sergeyevich IVANOV, secretary of a party committee, in
addition to his party activities, spends much of his time improving his
technical knowledge and working on innovations to improve the operation
of equipment under combat conditions. After a number of experiments, he.
found a way to adapt a telescopic antenna of an ultrashort-wave radio
set for use with a medium-wave transmitter, thereby improving the
reliability (zhivuchest') of antenna fields. He also devised a method
to make the antenna blast-proof by lowering it into a concrete-reinforced
shaft. (Capt IVANOV's photograph, taken bythe author of the article,
appears on pagp 25).
A captioned photograph by I. SEREGIN, showing Merl/. YEREMIN, Pilot
1st Class and squadron commander, and Capt L.VOLOKHOV, Pilot 1st Class,
during a discussion of an exercise with a training apparatus, appears on
page 26. The pilots of the outstanding squadron under. Maj YEREM14'e
command engage in pre-flight training by using every possible means to
increase their skill, and master the tasks awaiting them during night
training.
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COMBAT TRAINING 50X1-HUM
Raise the Role of Staff Officers irk the Orzanization Of Combat Traininc
/.
By Maj Gen Arty P. T. ANDRYBSHCHENKO (Pages 27-30)
Summary:
Staff officers of the PV0 Strany Troops have an important role in the
,solution of responsible tasks. They are expected to give expert and practical
help on matters concerning the organization of combat and political training,
maintenance of a high leitel of combat readiness, and the education of personnel.
This requires all staff officers to have a high degree of general military,
political, tactical, and technical training. They must be first-class
.specialists, experts on methods, and propagandists of outstanding achievo-
ments. It is the duty of staff officers to foresee the possible difficulties
of troops in performing their missions and to give them help at the proper
time.
The principal method of staff officers' work is to work directly with
T-c the troops. This work should not only consist of inspections and checks,
but should be mainly concerned with the propaganda of leading methods in
the organization of combat training, and the discovery and correction of
deficiencies on the spot. Officers of higher-ranking staffs are called upon
. to give assistance to commanders of chasti and podrazdeleniya and to officers
.of lower staffs, by conducting specialized training classes and by permitting
' the commanders and. officers complete independence and initiative in their
work.
One of the important responsibilities of staffs is the planning of ,
? combat and political training. The success of troop training depends on
the efficiency of planning the training process. The plan should represent
a practical guide for the organization of combat training, a "code of laws"
? for a definite period of the year, or even for a whole year. It should be .
clear and precise, and should not contain any generalities. This can be
achieved if the staff officers in charge of planning are thoroughly familiar
with the trainiAg missions, and have a perfect knowledge of the methods
? of carrying out such missions, as well as the specific details of training.
Many staff officers correctly take into account any deficiencies in former
planning and the achieved training level of the troops.
At the present time, the plan for all chasti and podrazdeleniya
is based on the complex training method. However, some staffs interpret
complex training merely as a formal utilization of aviation in their awn.
interests, which is entirely incorrect in the system of troop training.
Complex training should be the training of podrazdeleniya chasti of all
branches of the army, and their welding together into a whole. The results
of this depend to a great extent on the staff officers and on their
thorough familiarity with training tasks of command posts, chasti, and
podrazdeleniya, and their ability to coordinate such tasks.
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50X1-HUM.
Each staff officer must have perfect knowledge of functional duties and
the duties must be correctly assigned to them according to specialties', . .
During he entire training year, staff officers are called upon to
check the fulfillment of plans for combat and political training, and to
help eliminate any deficiencies they might discover as a result of their
checks.
Staff officers are responsible for conducting specialized training
classes with the troops, and for preparing methods manuals and analyees.
. One of the principal ways to increase combat readiness and the training :
level is to analyze andypublicize the leading achievements of the best staff,
chasti, podrazdeleniya, crews, officers, sergeants, and soldiers. This. ?
should be done on a.continuous basis.
Staff officers should make a careful study of the experience
gained by personnel during various training exercises and introduce the
best methods into practice.
In their practical work, staff officers are obliged to give attention
-- to the availability of textbooks and other teaching facilities in pod-
. razdeleniya. They help to prepare teaching aids and introduce methods
of automation and mechanization of control, as well as teaching methods
? with the help of machines.
At the .end Of each month, meetings of methods councils are held in
the chasti to sum up the training results for that month. Staff officers
have an extremely important role in preparing and conducting these meetings,
and it is their duty to see that the materials presented at the meetings
? contain a thorough analysis of the state of combat training, military ,
discipline, the progress of socialist competition, references to short- '
comings and their causes, as well as specific ways to eliminate them.
Diagrams should be presented at each meeting, showing the results of combat
training and the state of military discipline.
.
The service activities of officers would not be complete' 1' they were
unable to replgee one another whenever necessary. Therefore, staff
officers should carefully study the combat properties and combat utilization
of all kinds of equipment and weapons.
Among the many various functions performed by staff officers, one
should not forget the functions of educating the personnel of podrazdeleniya
and chasti. Many staff officers are engaged in educational work and
show a good example by their understanding attitude toward the requirements
and complaints of. personnel. At the same time, they are demanding and
uncompromising toward violations of rules and military discipline.
(A captioned photograph by F. KONSTANTINOV, showing Sr Engr-Lt V.
OSMOLOVSKIY helping Pfc S. DEMCHENKO, an operator, to understand ,a
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radiotechnical diagram, appears on page 30. Sr Engr-Lt OSMOLOVSKIY
enjoys great authority with the personnel because of his excellent
knowledge of combat equipment and the ability't9'transmit-his knowledge
to subordinates.)
When Each Moment is Precious -- by Maj D. P. VLASOV (Pages 31-34)
Summary:
?
PVO rocketeers must be constantly concerned with increasing their
combat readiness, finding unutilized reserves, and making every second in ?
their work count.
' A certain podrazdeleniye may be taken as an example. In preparing.
equipment for combat, special attention is given to "details" so that .
a few seconds May be gained. Rocketeers constantly watch the actions of
every single crew member, thereby finding new reserves in saving time.
A contest was once held between Komsomol members of different crews to
determine which crew could prepare a rocket for launching faster and.
-, better. :The contest was judged severely and impartially, and every error
was criticized. Attention was given not only to the speed of operation,
but to precision and to interchangeability. Sr Lt ROMANCHENKO carefully ?
.watched the observance of safety measures. He had learned a bitter lesson
in his life. On one occasion, the soldiers placing the training rocket on'
launch apparatus were too much in a hurry and forgot about safety measures.
Although they noticed that the rocket was not properly aligned, they paid
no attention to it. As a result, the rocket toppled and fell to the,
ground, bending the stabilizer and wing.
Not only launch crews, but control crews are also trair..ad to make f
.every moment count. .Operators must be trained to replace on3 another
if necessary by Studying several related specialties. '
The guidance officer also has to take part in the general effort to
save time. A great deal of training was necessary to make the operators
give their reports in a clear and precise manner. Formerly,'-they used
to speak in a low voice, not Clearly audible; they "swallowed"
word endings and placed the wrong accent. One private slurred the word
"sixty" so that the officer had to ask him to repeat it. Time was lost
in this way. After much training, these shortcomings were corrected.
The commander of one podrazdeleniye was not satisfied with the fact
that it took longer to prepare rockets for launching at night than it did
during the daytime. After discussing the matter with officers and
commanders of crews, the traininE of rocketeers was intensified and a
number of innovations were introduced. Finally, a time study was made
to see if any more seconds could be saved. It was discovered that some
operations of rocketeers consumed more time than provided by the daily
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50X1-HUM ?
noms, and other operations required less than the prescribed time.
,Sr Lt ROMANCHENKO undertook to correct this disproportion by additional,
intensive training, which was conducted mainly at night, under conditions
of limited visibility. After long periods of persistent training, the
rocketeers of the podraideleniye attained a high level of perfection.
In Defiance of Wind and Frost -- (Pages 32-33)
Summary:
During a heavy snoWstrom, at a temperature of minus 40?C, the radar
station of a remote garrison suddenly found its communications line
disrupted. Lt POPOV decided that is was necessary to reestablish
communication without lowering the antenna mast, and instructed Reelisted
Jr Sgt MANNS to carry out the repairs. Jr Sgt MANNS carried out the
assignment under the greatest difficulties and was able to repair the
antenna. ( A Photograph of Reenlisted Jr Sgt R. MANNS appears on page 32.)
Utilization of Ground Facilities to Ensure Flight Safety -- Col D. A. KRIVOV,
Pilot 1st Class (Pages 35-38)
Summary:
To ensure flight safety and a skillful use of ground aids to navigation,
a flight control officer must be in possession of precise data on visibility,
weather changes, and type of clouds, over the entire flight area. Therefore,
a reconnaissance plane is sent out from time to time in the direction where,
a change of weather is expected, and reports are received from this plane
During a night training flight under unfavorable weather conditions,
with minium visibility, the distant-reading gyromagnetic compass suddenly
ceased to operate. The pilots reported it to the flight control officer,
and with the use of a radio compass and data provided by the radio direction
finder, the plAne was able to make a successful landing on the landing strip.
Despite reliable and continuous flight control from the ground, the
crew must always know the location of their plane. This can be achieved
by keeping track of the time since take-off, keeping strictly on course, and
taking into account the flight time after each change of direction.
Together with readings of the navigation instruments and data from the
ground, these calculations make it possible to determine the location of
the plane fairly accurately. Therefore, all flight personnel must
regularly study the facilities of ground aids to navigation and be trained
to use them.
There must always be two-way radio communication between planes in
the air and the flight control personnel on the ground. The maintenance
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50X1-HUM
of "radio discipline" in the air is one of the primary duties of a flight
control officer.
Under( present conditions, flights are unthinkable without radio-
technical control. All flights are carefully checked by radar operators.
Experience has shown that during a flight it is difficult to
calculate the speed and direction of the wind according to altitude, and
this may lead to deviations from the course. Therefore, Ithe pilot
must use ground naviagtion aids to check his course. The flight control
officer, who watches the flight on radar, can determine any significant
deviation from the flight course and is able to correct the pilot,
in event the latter has not noticed his error. If the navigation
equipment, such as the automatic radiocompass, should cease to operate,
the flight control officer can guide the plane to the landing field.
The use of radar for the control of planes in the air not only
increases flight safety, but provides greater possibilities for the
control of crews. This is clearly demonstrated by the method of
guiding individual planes and groups of planes to a landing under
difficult weather conditions.
Some pilots rely only on their instrument readings and believe
that they do not need any kind of corrections from the ground. This
is wrong, since instruments may occasionally be in error and the pilot
himself may make mistakes in the landing approach method. Therefore,
a pilot must accurately obey all orders received from the ground) which
will enable him to make a proper landing.
Failure to obey the established rules, or carelessness in handling
the controls of a plane, are threats to safety. This applies especially
to the final stage of the flight, the descent for landing. Failures
to listen to ground instructions, as well as errors in piloting, may lead
to collisions of planes coming in for a landing.
The ground aids to navigation at Soviet airfields are completely
reliable for ensuring safe flights. However, all flight personnel must
be completely familiar with the facilities of ground equipment and their
use to prevent the possibility of accidents under difficult flying
conditions. A serious accident was barely prevented, when Sr Lt LEBEDEV
who was coming in for a landing Misinterpreted the signals from the
ground, as he was insufficiently trained and unfamiliar with elementary.
rules which would enable him to make a safe landing under unfavorable
weather conditions.
It is of great importance to know the location of the radio direction
finder on an airfield. It is located near the inner marker beacon,
aligned with the runway, and it is of great help to the pilot when
approaching for a landing under difficult weather conditions, or in the
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50X1-HUM
event of a failure of the automatic radio compass. (A captioned photograph
by I. RYBIN, with text by Capt V. KOROTKOV, on page 37, shows Maj Gen'
Avn V. F. GOLUBEV, HSU, in a discussion, with Pvt Valentin MOSIN during
a confererice of innovators and inventors. Pit MOSIN has devised a new,
improved type of training apparatus which has made it possible to solve
many problems of training pilots for modern fighter planes. Pvt MOSIN
received a special award for his work.)
Methods for Perfecting the Training of Operators -- by Engr-Capt V. I.
KONDRATENKO (Pages 39741)
Summary:
The combat readiness of radar stations depends to a great extent
upon radar operators. They must know not only how to detect and track
targets, but also how to make equipment repairs. This requirement is
constantly growing in complexity. Recently it has become necessary for
radar operators to know how to carry out the functions of any of the
other specialists in their crew and to be able to operate any of the
radar equipment of their podrazdeleniye. Thus, every radar operator
should develop his knowledge to the level of that of a radar technican.
Many radar operators do not have firm knowledge of their equipment,
which is shown by their usage of equipment and their inability to execute
basic combat assignments. The main reason for this is that there are
shortcomings in the training which they receive. They are required to
study independently to gain knowledge of some equipment, but they do not
have a deep knowledge of electronic equipment principles. Thus, they
attempt to memorize the operation of blocks mechanically without thoroughly
understanding the physical processes involved. To correctthis, we
suggest that the number of school hours spent on the bases of radio
electronic equipment be increased and that some changes be made in the
training schedule so that immediately prior to the study of a component,
Its electronic fundamentals are mastered. Technical circles at training
institutions.can play an important part in training by planning activities
which correspond closely to school training activity.
Training groups have many more personnel than are in a radar crew.
It is therefore difficult to cover sufficient material or to investigate
the necessary number of types of equipment. Also, training groups are
not constantly occupied with radar equipment as are combat radar crews.
This can and does result in a gap between the theoretical knowledge and the
equipment operation skills of young operators when they leave a training
podrazdeleniye. We suggest here three ways to overcome this deficiency:
first, training should be organized in such a way that study of a subject
is done in a manner parallel to the study by combat crews on equipment,
which is carried out directly on the equipment itself; Second, platoon
commanders from combat units should be brought in to instruct in specialized
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50X1-HUM
subjects; and third schedules round-the-clock combat duty by students
in radar stations should be provided.
The interest of commanders and sergeants and their participation in
training activities is important and the relating of experiences by skilled
personnel is of great use to students.
(The caption to a photograph by K. FEDYLOV on page 41, which shows Capt
ALSAYEV and three of his subordinates studying a circuit diagram of a
radar set component, states that ALSAYEV's subordinates have retained
a transferrable banner for two years.)
Achievements of Science and Technology in the Training Process -- by .
Engr -Col G. N. SMORCHKOV and Engr-Maj V. K. PILETSKIY (Pages 42-44)
Abstract:
States that scientific and technological advances in air defense
equipment are so rapid that graduating officers must be provided with
sufficient knowledge to have the potential to master new technical
achievements while in the field. Successful resolution of this problem at
the authors' higher educational institution is provided by the timely
inclusion of courses concerning planned new developments and equipment;
by increasing the work and importance of methods commissions; by regularly
organizing methods conferences; by creating new graphic training aids; and
by carrying out course activities on a high scientific and theoretical
basis.
(A captioned photograph by F. KONSTANTINOV on page 43 shows Capt Tech
Serv I.KHAI2OV, specialist first class, explaing to Jr Sgt Ye.
GRIBCHENKOV, mechanic, how to check a sight following maintenance.)
Prefl
iht Medical ExanthitjonshP- -- by Lt Col Med Serv
M. D. MARTYNEVKO and Maj Med Serv V. V. KOBLYANSKIY (Pages 45-47)
Abstract:
States that the increased speeds, ceilings, and ranges of contemporary
aircraft complicate the physical and emotional processes of flight personnel
and discusses the importance of preflight physicals, the responsibilities
of flight surgeons, and the medical responsibilities of flight personnel
and flight controllers.
(A captioned photograph by K. FEDULOV on page 47 shows Pilots 2d Class
A. LISOVSKIY and V. AMEL,KIN discussing an interception of an aerial target
in difficult weather conditions.)
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Methods for Imorovine Radio Communication by Tr000snheric Scatterine of
Radio Waves -- by Engr-Capt G. V. BARANOV and Capt (Res) V. F. OVCHAROV
(pages 48-51)
Abstract:
Based on foreign press, discusses radio communication by tropospheric
scattering of radio waves including angular spacing of antennae, amplifiers
with small noise coefficients, transmitter power control, and receiver
band pass control; mentions the USAF Dew Drop tropospheric communication
system; and describes the Thin Route Tropo -Scatter Communication
System as a new system of tropospheric radio communication with low-
power, narrow-band transmitters. Foreign press source cited include:
Microwave Journal, July 1961; IRE Transactions on Vehicular Communications
August 1961; IRE International Convention Record, March 1961; Bell
Laboratories Record, November 1961; and Siena', November 1961.,
Illustrations and tables used in article follo
Figure 1. Diagi'atirbtairealiiitY orparab6iirentehha, swept by several
horns.
?
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I o E C'R E T
110 ,FOREIGN DISSEM
Attachtent
0
.0 0
4 .0
, k; 44 S //20? .
1... t %
,..q 1
IC NO?
: a) c..) eta
t e 4 2 k ?
f..4 I-1 't
S. ns. t..1:3_,4411' SOO?
ca ca .
O+' Zr4
Icti) 640--.
' !;rg do,
, .,9 E0 ? k 4.- ' 480--
ot ..
? a)'.01 t.? ,,,,
o .cU a
. , c a4.4e 320?
cd
? u) C
r4 0
+,
? 41
[
' yAntennae size in meter -
.I. AXIMEIMIOMWMI4M ...
ii r
? i-fjbandwidth' -
I? WUPVII6 narIDCW
40ameNvmwal
? : Mr . VOC/11017761 ,
?? Meru
? :.4., J6 100 Refs:
?7------,
400
''''''''
3 MC/8
1000 4000 wog
gamma 8 Rey Frequency in mcis
:.:50X1-HUM
Figure 2. Maximum capabilities of tropospheric scattering systems (for
each communication channel).
Relation of channel power to noise power at receiver outlet - 10
decibels; reliability - 99%; power - 50 kilowatts; quadruple
scattering; receiver noise coefficient - 4 decibels.
Table 1. Data on Sizes of noise coefficients for various types of US
amplifiers:
Type of Amplifier
Triode
?
Semiconductor
Traveling Wave Tube
Frequency Range
30 - 3,000
300 - 1)000
3,000 - 10,000
Noise Coefficient
decibels
3-10
1
4-10
Molecular Generator
500 - 10,000
1
Parametric Amplifier
50 - 10,000
2-4
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50X1-HUM
Table 2, Fundamental Tropospheric Communication Systems of US and other countries:
Countries
CSA
/
?
Canada
? ,
Norway
Venezuela
System
Name
Bell
System
I
White
Alice
:
Pole
Vault
Mid
Canada
Dew
Drop
.
Ace
High
(part
of a
system)
...
?
Terminal
Points
Miami-
Havana
(Cuba)
Alaska
1
?
Newfoundland
-
Labrador
Quebec -
Labrador
Caps Dyer
- Thule
Greenland
Oslo -
'Bodo
Caracas
.
Maracaibo
Frequency
Range
mc/s
700
to
900
750
to
950 /
571 755
to to
731 980
350
to ?
450
900
to
2,200
900.
to
6,000
Average
Power
kw
10
1 '
to
10
10 '2
to
10
10
10
1
Modulation
FM
FM
FM . FM
'Single
side
band
FM ,
Single
side
band
Antenna
size in
peters
18-
9
to
36
18 9
to
18 .
36 ,
9
to
18
9
Spacing
quad
duplex"
duplex quadruple'
reception reception
quad
quad
quad
Number of
telephone
channels
per
receiver
36
i
12
to
240
12 . 36
to to
36 108
24
36
24 .
Length of
line
segments
Ln
kilometers
300
160
to
320
, .
210
to
365
145
to
220
1,100
'
160
to
320
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Equipment and Its Use
Safe Use of Automotive Equirment -- by Maj Gen Intendance Serv V. A.
LEBEDEV
'(Pages 52-56) '
Abstract:
Concerns the safe and economical operation of trucks, automobiles,
tractors, caterpillars, etc. through discipline and training of operators.
(A captioned photograph by S. IVANOV on page 55 shows Capt KOBETS, motor
transport company commander, discussing correct tractor operating
procedures with two tractor drivers.)
(A captioned photograph by P. GORDIYENKO on page 56 shows Tech-Sr Lt
V.LABENSKIY carrying out a preflight inspection on a fighter aircraft.)
Strict Observation of Enzine Operation Rules -- by Engr -Sr Lt V. M. CRAM
(Pages 57-58)
Abstract:
Discusses the importance of preventive maintenance and correct
engine operation, especially concerning diesel generators; engine corrosion
and erosion of engine surface parts; harmful engine vibrations and their
operation. .
causes; harmful effects.of heat; and methods of preventing harmful engine'
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For the Aid of Training leaders
Heterodyne "Image" Tuning -- by Engx-Capt N. S. EURHESOV (Pages 59 61)
Text: /
Experience in the use of a radar set shows that its most important
technical characteristics, i.e. range of object detection, coordinate
measurement precision, resolving power, etc., depend essentially upon
the precision of tuning the radio receiver to the frequency of the echo
signals received by the set. How is a high precision .of receiver tuning
accomplished?
As is known, superheterodyne receivers are used in many types of
radar sets. A functional circuit of a superheterodyne receiver is shown
in figure I. The internal conversion of echo signal frequency from
nominal fc to a lower, intermediate fpr is an outstanding feature of
' such receivers. The value of fpr is determined by one of the following
conditions:
fpr, L. fa - fr, if fr is smaller than fe; (la)
fry fr - fc, if fr is greater than fc, (lb)
where fr is the heterodyne frequency.
If the operation of a radio receiver depends on fulfiLlment of
condition la, index "lc" is conferred to it; if it depends on lb, it
receives index "V".
The statue). arrangement of the frequencies of echo signals and of ,a
heterodyne with correct and "image" tuning of the heterodyne is shown in
figure 2. The tuning of a heterodyne in which the. heterodyne in a
receiver with an assigned index is tuned to a frequency corresponding to
a receiver with another index is termed "image". For example, if a r04
ceiver has the index Di", tuning the heterodyne to the frequency f'r
will be "image"._
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nopetunavamem
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1
1 N onmetwe
A.
2
4
L
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15 :ilepedormuni
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KOH011 3XOCUMW108
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50X1-HUM
?101"
monnv,
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(11
22 KOHOP AIN 1 23 .naninmemate
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Pie. 1. Opecnaciaamatan nen cynepretepnamthoro pamonpmetemffia.
Figure 1. The functional circuit of a
1. to antenna
2. antenna switch
3. echo signal channel
4. r-f amplifier
5. mixer
6. i-f amplifier
7. detector
8. VUS [auxiliary amplifier circuit?
9. uout
10. tint, fixed
U. "frequency"
12. "manual frequency tuning"
13. heterodyne
1
c
superheterodyne radio receiver.
14. AFC
15. transmitter
16. power attenuator
17. tint
18. i-f amplifier
19. .discriminator
20. impulse amplifier
21. control circuit
22. AFC channel
23. AFC pulses
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Figure 2. The mutual arrangement of the frequencies of echo signals
and of a heterodyne with correct and "image" tuning of the heterodyne.
With manual receiver tuning (Bitch), heterodyne "image" tuning can
lead to the formation of intermediate frequencies for extraneous radio
signals, for example in a receiver with the index "Tr to radio signals .
with the frequency to. This makes observation of the effective signals
difficult or impossible due to the background noise of the extraneous
signals. If automatic frequency control (Arch) is used, heterodyne
? "image" tuning will be inexact. In both cases, receiver sensitivity is
deteriorated which finally leads to essential deterioration of the
basic technical Characteristics of the set itself.
In radar sets, the echo signal frequency fo is equal to the
frequency fo of the radio pulses produced by the transmitter (if the
Doppler effect is not considered). This allows the frequency of the
radio pulses produced by the transmitter to be used as a standard with
heterodyne AFC.
, In a superheterodyne receiver, the intermediate frequency amplifier
(UTCh) of the echo signal channel is usually tuned to a fixed frequency
(fpro). Therefore, the transmitter and heterodyne must have fully
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determined nominal, frequencies fo and fgo, which differ by the value of
the frequency fpro. However in the process of radar set operation, a
change in the originally established frequencies fp and fgo is observed,
which ev4ices a need for them to be adjusted. Constant adjustment of the
heterodyne frequency under the transmitter frequency is more exactly
executed by an heterodyne AFC circuit which is installed in the receiver.
This is how it occurs in practice. Radio pulses produced by the
transmitter are supplied to the AFC channel input. The power attenuator
(04 decreases their power to a required intensity. Then they are fed
to the mixer (SM). Here, at the same time, oscillations from the
heterodyne (C) are supplied. As a result of the mixer operation, radio
pulses of many frequencies are received at its outlet: The i-f amplifier
amplifies according to voltage those radio pulses which have a frequency
equal to the frequency of the tuning amplifier and suppresses radio
pulses of other frequencies. The discriminator ()) transforms the radio
pulses which are supplied to it into video pulses.
?
Figure 3. Discriminator and pulse amplifier characteristics.
The amplitude frequency characteristic of a discriminator is shown
in figure 3. It should be noted that the intensity and polarity of output
video pulses depend on the intensity and sign of radio pulse input frequency
swing relatite to the discriminator tuning frequency fd. The output
video pulses are then amplified according to voltage by the one-stage
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impulse amplifier (UI) which changes their polarity at the sane tire
(figure 3b). Then the video pulses go to the control circuit (US) which
controls heterodyne oscillation frequency.
TheicontrOl circuit has two operation regimes. The first, which is
called the search regime, is characterized by the independent change
of the circuit output voltage Uo within comparitively wide limits
(figure 4a). This evokes the maximum possible heterodyne frequency
change (figure 4b). In the given regime, the AFC channel carries out the
search for the correet heterodyne frequency tuning. .
The second regime, called the tracking regime, is characterized by
a rather small change in the intensity of control circw'M output voltage,.
in which fg differs from tratunnitter frequency by the ncminal value fpro.
Control cirCuit transfer from the search regime to the tracking regime
occurs with the achievement of a certain intensity of amplitude by
input positive video pulses.
Consider the operation of an AFC channel in a receiver with the
index "N" (fpro f0 - with the heterodyne tuned to the "image"
frequency f'g. When the transmitter is switched off, the control circuit
produces sawthooth voltage, which causes periodic changing of heterodyne
frequency within A vide range. Thus he search for correct heterodyne
frequency tuning is carried on.
Suppose that the transmitter is switched into operation at the
determined tine t' (figure 4). Then from moment tl, voltage U0 takes
the value where oscillation is started in the heterodyne. Since 110 is
excessive at this tire, the frequencies will have the values: f'g is
greater than fig? and f:pr= f'g - f0 greater than f'pro. Video pulses
112 of positive polarity appear at the impulse amplifier output from
moment t2 and their amplitude will be increased according to the amount
of f'pr frequency decrease. At moment t3, the aptitude of the video
pulses reaches the intensity where the regime of control circuit operation
is changed from the search regime to the tracking regime, and its
output voltage stops changing. With this, the heterodyne frequency will
not Wchanged and its value will be equal to: f'g3.p,0 f'g F$ (2) where
F is half of the transmission band of the hignfrequency channel of the
AFC channel.
Rather, the AFC channel maintains the stable heterodyne "image"
frequency f' g3. With this, the intermediate frequency of the, echo
signals will be equal to:
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?
In ?his cide, the i-f 'echo signal frequenCy 'pulse 'spectrum is
Shifted' in 'relation to the i-f. amplifier. characteristie frequency (fig-
gure 5); which leadS to a decrease of reoeiVer Sensitivity,. to distor-
tion .of 'amplified echo signal shape, and, as 'a 'result, .to Si essential
,deterioration of the most important technical characteristics of the
radar set.
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,
6 it 50X1-HUM
PUC. 4. rp34)HICH EIBTOMEI-
itttiecmon noAcrpotiva va-
CMS rerepomma npr
saerimanmtob itactpoRae.
Figure 4. Diagrams of heterodyne AFC with "image" tuning.
Figure 5. The mutual position of an i-f' echo signal spectrum and an i-f
amplifier frequency characteristic with heterodyne "image"
tuning and AFC channel operation.
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In hater-08.3mm "image" tuning, a moment is possible when, with switching
on the transmitter or the AFC channel, f pr is equal to f pro. Such a
conditidn of the AFC channel is unstable. In the process of operation,
the heterodyne frequency can be decreatied insignificantly or the trans-
mitter frequency can be increased. This leads to a decrease in the
value f Pr and in the amplitude of impulse amplifier output video pulses,
which'in turn causes a decrease in the control circuit output voltage.
With this) the heterodYne frequency and also the interMediate frequency
are further decreased and the control circuit changes over from the
tracking regime to the search regime. The change back to the search
regime occurs at that moment when the heterodyne frequency takes the
value:
f' f' F
83 go
After mechanical adjustment or overhaul, a check must be made in
the heterodyne or transmitter to see that it is not tui}d to the "image"
frequency. In practice, this check can be accomplished in two ways.
The first is to measure the radio transmitter frequency 110 and the
heterodyne frequency fgo with a frequency meter (wave meter) while the
heterodyne frequency is controlled by the AFC channel. After the measure-
ments are made, it must be established whether the measured frequencies
fo and fgo correspond to the established receiver index. The second is
to put the heterodyne in the manual frequency control regime to determine
the influence of the f relationship in various positions of the manual
frequency control adjustment mechanism. Output impulse amplifier voltage
is supplied to the oscillograph input. Then) by gradually adjusting
the manual frequency control, fg is changed from its greatest value to
its smallest. If, by this, negative video pulses are observed on the
oscillograph screen at the beginning, and positive video pulses later;
the heterodyne is correctly tuned. If not, it is tuned to the "image"
frequency and must be changed by adjustment with the heterodyne fre-
quency mechanical tuning mechanisms. After the heterodyne is checked,
it is switched into the AFC channel.
Finally, notice that in heterodyne "image" tuning by the AFC channel,
the frequency 1'11,1.3 can be located in the same band as the frequencies
which are normally amplified by the i-f amplifier of the echo signal
channel. Then by measuring the sensitivity of the radio receiver with
a standard signal generator) the same result can be achieved concerning
the correct tuning of the heterodyne frequency (figure 5). Measuring
the sensitivity by using oscillations with a wide spectrum, for example
those produced by an unstable noise generator [shumovoy generator] gives
the deterioration of receiver sensitivity as a result.
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Maintaining Airfields in Excellent Condition -- by Engr-Capt V. V.
PERVUXBIN (Pages 62-63)
Abstract:
Discusses methods for keeping airfields in operation in all weather
conditions.
Cold-Cathode Tubes -- by Engr-Lt Col N. P. SUPRYAGA (Pages 64-67)
Text:
The acceptance and adoption of gas-discharge tubes with cold cathodes
which has lately accUrred is truly a technical revolution in the realm
of electronics. /n comparison with ordinary electron tubes, they are
more economical and are more easily produced. A typical cold-cathode
tube, for example a MTKh-90 tube, has only 6 parts, while a similar
electron tube has from 6o to 90 parts. If the price of a typical elec-
tron tube is from 1 to 2 rubles, the cost of a mass-produced cold-cathode
tube does not exceed 10 kopecks. There is also a great difference in
the life of these tubes. A MTKh-90 tube will last for 100,000 service .
hours, but an electron tube will only last from 500 to 1,000 hours.
But this does not exhaust the advantages of cold-cathode tubes.
They are distinguished by their readiness for instantaneous operation,
great temperature range, and capability to operate in conditions of
radioactive emissions. They conduct large pulse flaws and are self-
signalling by their luminescence. They also have stable properties,
accept a power supply from alternating current circuits without trans-
formers, are highly vibration-proof, etc.
A contemporary gas-filled tube with a cold cathode is constructed
of a glass or metal envelope which is filled with a rarefieUgas (usually
with neon with the addition of another inert gas). The electrodes which
are located in the envelope are produced from uncontaminated metal or '
are covered with activating matter. The most simple is the two-electrode
neon tube. However the three-electrode tube is most widely used. The
'control electrode (grid) can be mounted in them on either side of the
cathode or anode since they are not controlled by voltage, but usually
by current.
' Although cold-cathode tubes are significantly more simple in radio-
electronic construction, the physical processes which occur in them
are much more complex., To clarify the principles of their operation,
let us consider what occurs when an electric current passes through
the pa.
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These phenomena are very different from those which occur with the
passage of a current through a solid conductor or a liquid electrolyte.
A difference in gas illumination can be obberved here, from being weak
and hardly noticeable to a dazzling brightness, and an acoustical effect
and a specific chemical reaction can be distinguished, all of which are
absent under normal conditions. Also, the electric current which is
passing through the gas has its own laws. Ohms laws is valid in most
cases for current which is passing through a solid or liquid body: with
other conditions being equal, the force of the current is directly
proportional to the difference of potential which is attributed to the
given conducting body. In other words, with constant temperature and
chemical composition of a body, its specific conductance and resistance
remain constant. For currents, which are flowing through gases, this
last aspect is valid only for individual cases. The electric conductance
of a gas is not constant and depends on external influences or on the
force of the current which is flowing through the gas. It sometimes
depends also on the course of forerunning processes, for example on
previous current forces. This dependence between current and voltage
in a gas is not single valued and is often expressed by what is termed
the falling volt-ampere characteristic.
If the gas were fully protected for external influences, it would
be at low temperatures as ideal an insulator as a high'ivacuum. However,
usually, the gas in a tube is permeated by X-ray, radioactive, or cosmic
rays which cause electron emission amplification from the electrode
surface. All of the processes which influence a gas from without and
transmit electric conductance to it are called "external ionizers".
According to the amount of the difference of the potentials between
the electrodes of a gas-filled container, the current influenced by such
an external ionizer increases according to Ohm's law until it reaches
saturation when it again gradually increases. With a certain difference
of potentials, the phenomenon acquires new qualities: with small
external circuit resistance, the current instantaneously grows to a '
very large intensity, the gas is illuminated, and the electrodes are
heated. Such a phenomenon is called "gas discharge ignition" or "gas
clearance disruption". It should be noted that after disruption, the
charge is not stopped even if the influence of the external ionizer is
eliminated. In this case the discharge becomes "independent". With
a voltage smaller than ignation voltage, the discharge is stopped with
the influence of the external ionizer and is then called "dependent
discharge". Therefore, the term "transition of discharge from dependent
to independent" is used to describe further discharge ignition. De-
pendent discharge which conforms to the beginning part of the volt-
ampere characteristic which includes the realm of saturation current
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is called "silent dependent discharge", but the discharge which conforms
to the increasing part of the curve, 1 to 2 (Figure 1) is called "de-
pendent)Townsend discharge" (named after the scholar Townsend who was
the author of the first quantitative theory of gas discharge).
If the gas pressure is not great and the external circuit resistance
is small, what is called "glow-discharge" will take place, with independent
discharge ignition. It is characterized by the unique arrangement and
alteration of illuminated and dark sections of the discharge interval,
a comparitively small current density, and the presence of small regions
with large drops of potential (hundreds of volts) around the cathode.
The temperature of the cathode with this discharge is not great. However,
if in glow-discharge, the current strength is gradually increased, de-
creasing external circuit resistance; the intensity of gas illumination
and the cathode temperature will be gradually increased. In this, the
volt-ampere characteristic will take on the aspect of a first falling
then climbing curve.
Figure 1.
With further increase of current strength, new phenomena occur:
the current is again increased by jumps, the voltage passing through
the dischhrge interval is sharply decreased, illuminated discharge
segments are reorganized, the cathode is brightly illuminated, and an
"arc discharge" with falling volt-ampere characteristics occurs.
Thus each discharge, no matter how great the accompanying current
in its final stationary condition, is a Townsend discharge at the mont
of ignition. Developing step by step, the discharge changes from one
stage to another: from Townsend to glow, from flow to arc. The dis-
charge will take on a corresponding aspect depending on the resistance
put into the external circuit.
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With a gas pressure equal to atmospheric, a comparatively large
distance between electrodes, a high voltage, but a small power supply;
a discoptinuous spark discharge occurs at the moment of disruption.
It is characterized by the current traveling through the gas in a
zigzag, narrow, and illuminated channel. When the discharge becomes
independent, what is called a "corona discharge" with a small current
force occurs. It is accompanied by illumination around the electrode
:with a small radius of curvature. Only with a significant increase of
the difference between the potentials between the electrodes will there
be observed a "spark disruption", but with a sufficient power supply
the corona discharge changes to an arc discharge.
The complexity of the discharge processes, the phenomena of transfer
to "independent" discharge) and to a great degree the complex change of
the volt-ampere characteristic which occur when a current flaws through
a gas evoke the possibility for using gas-filled tubes for many varied
purposes: to change alternating current to direct current and on the
other hand to generate oscillations) etc.
Free electrons which appear in small quantities in the gas, under
the influence of the external ionizer and the electric field, acquire
kinetic energy which, with determined difference of potentials between
the electrodes, is sufficient for ionization of gas molecules. The
electrons which have appeared as a result of the ionization of the gas
are accelerated by the electric field and cause new stages of ionization.
In this manner, the process develops in the manner of an avalanche.
The concentration of ions and free electrons in the gas depends on the
strength of the current and the field in discharge. This circumstance '
is the reason for both the non-validity of Ohm's law in gases and the
complex aspect of the volt-ampere characteristic (Figure 1).
The following parts of the curve are shown in the figure: 2 to 3,
corresponding to the Townsend discharge; 3 to 4, discharge change over
stage; 4 to 7, glow discharge; and after point 7, transfer to arc
dischargewbegins. The presence of the drop in the characteristic curve,
which corresponds to negative resistance, allays cold-cathode tubes
to be used both as oscillation generators and for amplification of
voltage and current pulses.
It should be noted that work carried out in 1947 for the perfection
of gas-filled tubes with cold cathode showed that it was possible to use
these tube widely in pulse equipment. At the present time a method has
been worked out for autostabilization of their operation, increasing
their sensitivity, and decreasing their inertness. The substance of
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this method is that an independent silent discharge is created in the
starting electrode circuit with the current not exceeding several
microanReres. Anodic voltage is supplied to the starting electrode for
this and a large resistance of from 10 to 100 megohms (Figure 2) is put
into the external circuit. Thanks to this regime, a large initial
ionization is created which sharply decreases the inertness of tube
operation. Also, an ignition voltage is automatically supplied to the
control electrode which provides the greatest tube sensitivity. Finally,
such a regime provides stability of tube operation with unstable igni-
tion voltagezahkpower supply voltage oscillation, since voltage at the
control electrode automatically follows all of the changes of ignition
voltage and does not depend very much on changes of intensity of limiting
resistance and initial current.
Another regime of cold-cathode operation, a tetrode regime, has been
described in foreign literature. In this regime, initial ionization
Is created by means of an auxiliary discharge from an additional fourth
electrode and a small bias which is slightly smaller than ignition
voltage is supplied to the control electrode. However, as evaluated by .
foreign specialists, the tetrode regime does not have essential advan-
tages over the triode since it requires an increase in the number of
parts in the circuit. Also, when this regime is used, instability of
tube parameters and bias voltage strongly influence sensitivity, thereby
requiring larger voltage to start the tube.
In the past few years many improvements have been made in cold-;cathode
tubes. For example!, activated cathodes have been; accepted which have
constant electron emission which plays an important role in the ignition
process since this eliminates time ambiguity in tube operation. Also,
a new method for decreasing de-ionization time has been developed. '
The basic types of cold-cathode tubes which are produced by our
industry are: TKh-1, TM-2, TKia-3B, T101-414, NTKh-90, and others.
The characteristics of these tubes Is briefly described below.
?
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Figure 2.
The TX22-1 tube has significant dimensions, a large de-ionization
time, and also a large delay in operation time. Relaxation is possible
in the control electrode circuit thereby making difficult the establish-
ment of initial silent discharge. Ignition flow is not greater than
5 microamperes With an anodic voltage of 130 volts. These shortcomings.
decrease the value of the tube, but it has an advantage in its long
service life. With 10 milliampere currents its life is 10,000 hours.
The Tith-2 tube is of higher perfection. It is related to the bantam
tube series. It sustains reverse voltage up to 2,800 volts with large
direct current which is very important in high-power relay operation.
TX11-3Sand TH11-4B tubes are of almost identical construction. They
operate in the tetrode regime. In spite of their increased stability,
a pulse amplitude of at least 40 volts with a duration of 10 micro-
seconds is required to start them.
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Positive properties of the TKh-4B tube are that it has a smaller
de-ionization time than any other comparitive mass-produced tube and that
it can operate in the triode regime with connected grids. A short-coming
is its short service life which is a consequency of the operating part
of the cathode being small in relation to its total surface. Also, its
uncontaminated metal cathode (molybdenum) has a negative influence on
the service life of the tube since the cathode is more strongly dis-
integrated from a large voltage drop.
The MTKh-90 tube is a low-voltage, small size tube with an activated
cathode. /t has a cylindrical envelope with a flat top surface. This is
very important since such construction allows the envelope to be exposed
on the front panel of an instrument which is very useful for checking
the operation regime of the tube (by its brightness), and also permits
final readings to be taken from it. It is very inexpensive and requires
only 0.5 to 0.6 grams of metal for its construction. It contains 4 to 5
times fewer parts than a TKh-33 or TKh-43 tube. Its value is that with
a very small current, if it becomes necessary, it can in 10 microseconds.
emit a pulse current of up to 1,000 amperes. The MTKh-90 tube is used
in many logical circuits, in delay circuits, as a time relay, etc.
Cold-cathode tubes have already found wide usage in various conversion
instruments, for example in the BK-3 and PK-10B which are used for the
detection of radioactive emissions and the measurement of their intensity,
in pulse counters, and in other radar equipment. Many of these tubes
are used in automatic equipment where the relay properties of cold 'cathode
tubes and their self-reserving and self signaling capabilities can be
fully realized. The SMA-50 fast acting differential analyzer is constructed
with these tubes. It permits automation of measurement of various quan-
tities and processes which are expressed by a large number of pulses of
diverse amplitudes.
However) the greatest use of cold-cathode tubes is in electronic
computing equipment. Thus, for example, MTKh-90 tubes operate as
registers, triggers, and key circuits in the "Ural" machine. There are
over four times as many of this type tube in this machine as there are
electric vacuum devices. The magnetic tape control block of the
modernized memory apparatus of the "Strela" machine has 184 cold-cathode
tubes.
This is far from being a complete listing of all of the instruments
and devices which use cold-cathode tubes. There cad be no doubt that
their number will increase with every year of development.
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' 50X1 -H UM
Electronic Countermeasure Equipment on Aircraft and Space Vehicles --
. by Engr-Capt 2d Rank Yu. O. STEPANCV and Capt 5d Rank (Bee) D. Z. LEVIN,
Candidate of Naval Sciences (Pages 68-70)
Text:
(According to foreign press materials)
A large amount of attention has been paid in the.last few years among
the armed forces of the imperialist countries to perfecting new means
of electronic countermeasures (ECM) (RPD] and to developing methods for
their use. The USA spends approximately 600 million dollars per year
on this matter alone.1 It is characteristic that a large part of these
funds.go for aircraft equipment and for ECM means for rockets and
satellites. Concerning the preparation of what is in truth a "radio war",
it is a fact that over 70 American industrial firms, many universities,
scientific research.centers; and army, navy, and air force test ranges
are all occupied with the development of equipment for ECM systems.d.
The most intensive development of ECM systems is for strategic
bombers. One such system, which is called "Electronic Shield" and is
intended for the 8-58 bomber, is a lightweight. system composed of three
basic components: a special panoramic radar signal receiver, interference
transmitters, and. devices for scatteringodipole reflectors. The system
can be controlled either automatically or manually. An aircraft, armed
with such a system for interference with rocket defense [PRO] and air
defense (PV01 radar, can provide, as stated in the foreign press, safe
penetration by bomber groups through the air defense boundaries of an
enemy and can protect them from being attacked by guided missiles.
The American firm, Sperry Rand, has developed an ECM system called
.the AN/ALQ-27 for the 8-52 bomber and the Westinghouse firm has developed
an ECM system for the 8-70 bomber, which will-poperate on-frequencies
not covered by the'AN/AL-27. Complex ECM systems have been proposed
to arm naval aircraft. An important part of such a system will be means
for active interference..
Recently only magnetrons were used in interference transmitters, but
,now along with magnetrons; traveling wave tubes (LBV], carcinotrons [Lay],
and other electric vacuum instruments are widely used. For example, in
the ECM system of a 8-52 bomber, powerful "0" type traveling wave tubes
are used which enable enemy radar to be suppressed within a wide range
of frequencies..
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The Sperry Gyroscope firm has developed a traveling wave tube with
a liquid cooled spiral. This has allowed the operation power of the
tube to be increased from 50 watts to 3,000 watts in the 3 to 6 centi-
meter ringe, which leads to a significant Increase in the effectiveness
of the radar countermeasure system.
There is information available that carcinotron interference trans-
mitters are employed on the English bombers Victor and Vulcan B.
Parameters of existing tubes for ECM equipment are given in the
included table.
Tube Type
Magnetron
Amplitron
"0" type
Traveling
Wave TUbe
"M" type
Traveling
Wave Tube
"0" type
Carcinotron
Basic Parameters for. Tubes of ECM Equipment
Operating
Frequencies
(cm)
60-0.3
150-3
100-1
100-0..81 .
100-1
"M" type 100-2
Carcinotron
"0" type
Boosting
Carcinotron
"Nr type
Boosting
Carcinotron
100-1
100-1
Retuning Power
(Character
and Range) Pulse Continuous
Mechanical
15% from
basic freq
?Mi
goo
Electronic
to 3:1
Electronic
1.5:1
Electronic
2:1
Electronic
1.5:1
From 1 NW
to 5 MW at
10 cm
200.kw to
8 my
From 10 kw
at 10 cm.
Development
to 1-Mw in
10 cm range
To 8 NV at
25 cm
To 150 In,
at 10 cm
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From 1 Mw to
10 kw 30 cm
1 w to 20 Inc
From 1 Mw to ?
100 w at 10 cm
6 kw at 25 cm
(Development)
1 MW to 1 w.
100 w at 10 cm
(Development)
10 Mw to 1 kw
at 10 cm
Milliwatts
10 Mw to 1 Inc
at 10 cm
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The American firm Litton has developed a powerful tube called the
"barratron" to be used in radio interference equipment to generate
incohernt white noise. Its advantage over the magnetron is that it
creates a wider spectrum of interference and at,a lighter level. The
tube is produced in two variants: with fixed tuning and with continuous
retuning in relation to frequency. The first variant provides sufficient
jamming interference power in the whole spectrum to use the tube in air-
craft interference transmitters. The firm manufactures 18 types of
barratrons with hydraulic and mechanical tuning to cover the frequency
spectrum from the ten-meter band to the shortwave portion of the hundred-
meter band.3 /
Special aircraft rockets filled with dipole reflectors are produced,
in the USA. These rockets allow dipoles to be thrown out ahead, behind,
and above a flying aircraft to create dummy radar targets around it. ?
Surface-to-air, air-to-surface, and air-to-air guided missiles occupy
an important place in ECM. For example, special rockets to Act as false
"decoy" targets and also rockets with passive guidance systems, intended
to be fired at operating radar, are being manufactured in the USA.
On the basis of data achieved in the operation of the Corvus rocket
with its passive guidance, the firm, Texas Instruments, under Naval
contract, is developing an air-to-ground antiradar rocket called the
Shrike. It will be carried by carrier-based fighters and fighter-
bombers
To neutralize enemy radar while carrying out offensive troop action
by providing what is called "electronic cover", US armed forces propose
to make wide use of single-action active interference means. There will
be in the form of shells and rockets with interference transmitters in
place of war heads.
American specialists believe that ECM will increase sharply in
importance with the growth of military use of space. This is stipulated,
in their opinion, by the fact that in spite of the great advantages of
spacecraft over piloted aircraft, space vehicles cannot overcome enemy
air and space defenses without difficulty unless proper measures are
taken to neutralize early warning radar.
It is pointed out in the press that concrete methods of ECM depend
on the construction and design of space equipment of the future. It
is believed that the power of interference stations of space vehicles
necessary to neutralize radar operating against space ships will be of
the same order as the power of interference stations which are used for
/-
neutra ng lizi radar acting against contemporary aircraft.
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/t is pointed out that for countermeasures against space radar
defenses, space equipment can be equipped with automatic transmitters .
for barrage and spot 'noise jamming and also with interference response
equipment. /t can be derived from this that active means of interference
on space equipment will be approximately the same as that employed on
piloted aircraft. .
It is very widely proposed to use ECM means on reconnaissance
satellites. They will then be given the assignment, in addition to
strategic and tactical reconnaissance, to execute "radihelectronic
warfare." Thus it is proposed to equip a whole system of reconnaissance
satellites with means for ECM by 1965.5
The high sensitivity of reception devices used in space defence early
warning systems and the vide range of frequencies in which they operate
having been taken into account, it has been proposed in foreign countries
that, to protect space vehicles, interference be created against enemy
space defense systems at a very great distance from the surface of the
Earth by using the phenomenon of tropospheric and ionospheric scattering
of radio waves. This is considered as a prospective development to
protect space vehicles which travel in the airless reaches of space from
radar defenses.
In the opinion of foreign specialists, a most effec.Ave means of
ECM will be a camouflaging cloud of light radiowave reflecting objects
(fiberglass, foil, etc.) ejected from an artificial Earth satellite [ISZ)
after it has gone into orbit. Having approximately the same speed as
the satellite, these particles will move around it at a certain distance
to make very difficult the determination of the orbit of the satellite
by enemy radar.
Such a means of protection from enemy radar has been proposed to be
widely used with intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBM) [Math But
a certain shortcoming is noted here. It consists of the following.
When an ICBM warhead and. its encircling cloud of passive reflectors
begin to reenter the atmosphere of the Earth, the basic mass of the
cloud of particles inevitibly falls behind the ICBM war head because
being much lighter and smaller they are'more affected by air resistance
than ii the warhead. It is believed that this shortcoming can be over-
come by including heavier particles in the cloud. They will follow the
warhead closely enough for a long enough period to make interception of
the warhead very difficult.
In July 1961 from the US testing grounds at Canaveral, a test launch
of a Titan rocket was carried out. The Titan was equipped with apparatus
to eject false "decoy" targets. The rocket which was equipped with a
dummy atonic charge flew 8,000 kilometers and fell in a southern region
of the Atlantic Ocean. After separation of the booster, its war head
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ejected six false targets and after reentry into the atmosphere it
ejected four more. All of the decoys had balloons in their noses which
were awyomatically inflated after ejection and caused an increase in
the number of images received on radar screens, thereby masking the true
dimensions and position of the target.
This is far from all of the data on work being carried out in foreign
countries in the realm of electronic counter measures.,
1. Missiles and Rockets, March, 1961
2. Space Aeronauticd, April, 1959
3. Space Aeronautics, April, 1960
4. Interavia Air Letter, No 4853, 1961
5. Missiles and Rockets, No 13, 1961
Super-Hawk in US Antimissile Defense (Page 70)
Abstract:
Reportedly based on material from Missiles and Rockets, December
1962 announces that the US is considering development of a Super-Hawk
antimissile system based on the existing Hawk antiaircraft missile
system and states that the system could be effective against submarine-
launched rockets.
ROCKET DEFENSE
Development of Means for Detection and Tracking of Space Targets -- by
Engr-Col Ye. K. HRAGIN and Maj A. G. KUBAREV (Pages 71-74)
?
Abstract:
Based on material from the foreign press, discusses projected
developments and uses of SPADAT; BNEWS; DSJF; Minitrack; Advent; Hay
Stack; Synchrolink; Ultracomuu Mistram; and Poesid systems; and AN/FPS-16,
AN/FP-6, and TPQ-18 radars. Foreign press sources cited in the article
included: Aviation Week, January 1961 and July 1962; Missiles and
Rockets, May 1961 and November 1962; Electronics, February and September
1961; and Interavia Air Letter, November 1960.
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FROM THE HISTORY OF WO TROOPS
When Was the First Domestic Radar Invented? -- by Maj Gen (Ret)
P. Ye. KHOROSHILOV (Pages 75-78)
Abstract:
Traces the events and discoveries leading to the invention of radar
in the USSR in an attempt to prove that radar was invented and in opera-
tion in 1934, approximately five years prior to any western claims for
inventing radar. The author reportedly took part in phases of the
radar invention process.
REVIEWS AND BIBLICGRAPHY
What Will Appear on the Book Shelf This Year (Pages 79-80)
Abstract:
Briefly reviews or mentions the following 1963 publications of
Voyenizdat:
Voyenno-teoreticheskoye naslediye V. I. Lenina (The Military
Theoretical Heritage of V. I. Lenin) by a group of unnamed authors..
Armiya obshchenarodnogo gosudarstva (The Army of the People's
Government) by a group of unnamed authors
Kommunisticheskoye vospitaniye sovetskikh voinov (The Communist
Training of Soviet Soldiers) by a group of unnamed authors
Voyennaya ekonomika (Military Economics) by a group of unnamed
authors
0 sovetskoy voyennoy nauke (Soviet Military Science) by a group of
unnamed authors
Pentagon (The Pentagon) by a group of unnamed authors [against
imperialist military policies]
Zapadnaya Germaniya i NATO (West Germany and NATO) by L. P. MAKAROV
and N. F. GOLOVANOV
Psikhologicheskaya voyna-oruzhiye imperialistov (Psychological
Warfare -- An Imperialist Weapon) by M. P. GUSEV and T. IC BELASHCREVED
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Partiyno-politicheskaya rabota v Sovetskikh Vooruzhennykh Silakh
(Party-Political Work in the Soviet Armed Forces) [training aid for
commanders in troop training, authors not named]
/.
Osnovy voyennoy pedagogiki i psikhologii (Fundameals of Military
Pedagogy and Psychology) (to aid commanders in troop tiaining, authors
not named)
? ?
Pedagogika (Pedagogy) by A. G. BAZANOV
Psikhologiya (Psychology) by G. D. LUKOV And K. K. PLATONOV
Avtoritet komandira (The Authority of the Commander), author not named
Leytenanty nachinayut sluzhbu (Lieutenants Begin Service) author
not named
Stanovleniye letchika (To Become a Pilot) by Maj Gen Avn
V. A:LEUZNETSOVa
Tsentrobalt (Selected Works of V. K. Blyukher, M. N. Tukhachevskiy,
and S. S. Kamenev) by N. F. IZMAYLOV and A. S. PUKHOV
Five pamphlets of a series entitled Geroicheskoye proshloye nashey
Rodiny (The Heroic .Past of Our Native Land)
Sovetskiy soldat na Balkanakh (The Soviet Soldier in the Balkans)
by Mar SU S. S. BIRYLIZOV
Predstavitel''Stavki (Representative for Headquarters) by Chief Mar
Arty N. N. VORONOV
Krasnyye strely (Red Arrows) by Col S. F. SHUTOV1 Twice HSU
Vysoty i deli (Heights and Distances) by V. S. GRIZADUBOVA, HSU
Vsegda soldat (Always a Soldier) by former fighter pilot S. P. SABUROV
Aviatsionnyy spravochnik dlya letchikov I shturmanov (Aviation
Reference Manual for Pilots and Navigator-Bombardiers) edited by Maj
Gen Avn V. M. LAVSKIY
' Raketonosnaya aviatsiya (Rocket Armed Aviation) by Col Gen Engr-
Tech Sen A. N. PONOMAREV [technically oriented] :
Raketnoye oruzhiye na samolete (Aircraft Rocket Armament) by
N. G. KON'KOV [technical]
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Avtomatizatsiya sistem PVO (Automation of Air Defense Systems) by.
Engr-Capt G. P. BUBNOV [possibly based on foreign press material)
Teknika upravleniya raketami i issledovaniya kosmicheskogo pro-
stranstva (Rocket Guidance Equipment and the Investigation of Space)
by M. HOBBS [translation]
Ballisticheskiye rakety daltnego deirstviYa (Long RangeBallistic
Rockets) by E. BURGESS [translation]
Konstruirovaniye upravlyayemykh snaryadov (Guided Missile Designs)
by A. PACKETT and S. RANO [translation]
Radioelektronnaya voyna (Radioelectronic Warfare) by R. SHLES/NGER ?
[translation]
Matematicheskiye metody issledovaniya operatsiy (Mathematical Methods
of Research) by T. SAATI [translation]
Perekhvatchiki (Interceptors) by L. A. EKONOMOV
Startuyut istrebiteli (Fighter Alert) by Lt Col I. F. GREBENYUK
Fakety ne molchat (The Rockets Are Not Silent) by N. A. GORBACHEV
?
?
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