ENGLISH-LANGUAGE TRANSLATION OF SOVIET ARMY FIELD ARTILLERY MANUAL

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A061200360001-2
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 190
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: November 17, 2011
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: December 19, 1961
• Content Type: REPORT

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~!C?ET NOFORN
The Soviet Army kt fiery Instructions, "Thiles for Ground
Artillery Firing" set forth the basic conditions for firing ground
artillery and rocket artillery, recoilless weapons and mortars as
well (including the 32-mm). The Instructions include the rules
for preliminary preparation of firing, preparation of initial fir-
ing data, calculating the installations for fire for effect and
fire for effect by a battery, platoon, and gun (mortars, combat
vehicles).
With the publication of this Instructions, the following are
voided: Soviet Army Artillery Inotructions - Ground artillery bat-
tery firing rules, published in 1954 and 1955; Changes in the Rules
for Ground Artillery Battery Firing, published 1956; Soviet Army
Artillery Instructions - Direct laying ground artillery firing
rules, published 1956; Soviet Army Artillery Instructions - Rock-
et artillery battery firing rules, published 1956.
BASIC INSTRUCTIONS
1. The basic requirement levied upon artillery firing
is that of a timely execution of the fire missions.
Each artillery commander is required to be always ready to
execute the fire missions at the order of the senior commander or
when requested d by the commander of the supported podra.zdeleniye,
as well as by independently designating and executing fire missions
in accordance with the situation.
2. Depending on the situation, the artillery podrazdele-
niye executes missions of the annihilation or suppression of per-
sonnel, fire means, artillery and mortar batteries and enemy com-
bat equipment, the destruction of his defensive installations, in-
terdicting enemy possibilities for maneuvering, conduct defensive
operations, as well as the reconstruction of destroyed installations.
Target annihilation is that of inflicting such a blow against
it that it loses all of its combat capabilities*
l ' L;J UIi . ~J
NOFORN
50X1-HUM
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NOFORN
Target suppression is that of inflicting
such a blow
against it that it temporarily loses its combat capability, lim-
its or prevents maneuvering and disrupts control.
The destruction of enemy defensive installations and other
targets which have important significance (bridges, depots, etc.),
and means bringing them into a state of unavailability for fur-
ther use.
Depending upon the availability of time, the character and
size of the targets, the fire mission is executed by several bat-
teries, a battery, platoon, or gun (mortar, combat vehicle).
(Subsequently, to cut down on words, "mortar, combat vehicle" will
not be repeated; what is said about a gun, unless there is some-
thing special stated, also refers to a mortar and a combat ve-
hicle; that which is stated about a shell, also referee to a mor-
tar shell).
3. The one firing is required:
- to utilize those means and methods of preparing and con-
ducting fire which, in the given situation, supports a timely
execution of the fire mission with the least expenditure of ammu-
nition;
- to utilize the most accurate method of preparing the
initial firing data permitted by the situation;
- to utilize fire adjustment data by the firing registra-
tion (targets) ;
to elaborate the initial data by means of obtaining
more accurate information on the position of the firing position,
the observation point, and target, as well as on the firing con-
ditions.
4. The application of the methods and means presented
in the Instructions do not exclude the use of other methods and
means supporting, in the given situation, a more rapid execution
of the fire mission or increasing the reality of firing.
~YGrG;~N
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NOFORN
Chapter I
PR X' II I INARY FIRING PT PARAT ION
5. The following refers to preliminary firing preparation:
- the reconnaissance and determination of target location
and the enemy's position by observation, from the map, or from ae-
rial photography;
- clarification or selection of landmarks and the basic
direction of fire;
readying the instruments, guns, and ammunition;
- determination of the locations of the observation point
and the firing position;
- orienting the guns and instruments along the basic di-
rection;
- determining (clarifying) the ballistic and meteorologi-
cal conditions of firing and readying the dispersion error graph
for these conditions from their table values;
- determining and making more precise the initial firing
data by landmarks, check points, and other terrain points.
When there is insufficient time for preliminary preparation
and there is a need to open fire immediately, the work is limited
to a clarification of the target location and position of the fir-
ing position.
6. The battery commander is provided with the basic di-
rection ahead of time and is informed of the grid azimuth rounded
off to 1-00. If the basic direction is not indicated, the battery
commander selects it independently.
7. Without waiting to tie in the position of the obser-
vation point and the firing position by the topographic leniyeg e, the battery does this with their own means tying them in
on the map or aerial photograph by means of instruments. When
the tying in cannot be done by instrumennts, it is done by means of
visual survey. ~~
(VOFOR~
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CAILS LJ' LiUL~7
NOFORN
8. The position of the target or check point in the polar
or rectangular coordinates (direction, distance, and altitude, or
x, y, and altitude) is determined with the help of a map, aerial
photograph, range finder (time-interval recorder), or visually.
The position of the target or check point can also be in-
dicated by the senior commander (Attachment 1) or determined by
the artillery reconnaissance podrazdelethiye-s,
9. A check of the sighting devices is made at the firing
position prior to firing.
An accounting of each gun's individual corrections is man-
datory for all forms of firing.
10. With the purpose of recording the ballistic conditions
of the firing, the ballistic corrections are determined ahead of
time for the charges designated for the firing, the type of tra-
Jiectory, and range for which the meteorological corrections are
also determined, for deviation:
- the initial velocity of the basic piece of the battery
(for rifled guns);
- the initial velocity (range for the rocket artillery)
for the charge loads on hand;
- the weight of the shells;
other ballistic characteristics of the ammunition as in-
dicated in the Firing Tables (placement of the fuze with or without
the cap, the presence or lack of flame arresters, paints on the
shells, etc.).
Furthermore, corrections are made for the type of powder
with the racket artillery.
If there is not any information available on initial veloci-
ty deviation (range in the case of rocket artillery) from the tabu-
lated ones for the charge loads on hand, then the senior artillery
commander can order an ostrel or sostrel of the charge loads (At-
tachment 2),
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( ((~~~~tt r,
l~',luJili"h ii
11. Meteorological conditions for firing are taken into
account by using the meteorological corrections received from the
senior artillery commander, or are calculated independently from
the data in the weather bulletin.
If the meteorological corrections and the weather bulletins
have not been received, the meteorological firing conditions are
calculated by the results of previous firing from both your oim
battery, as well as from other batteries of similar caliber and
model; if such data are lacking, the corrections are calculated for
the deviation of the ground air temperature as well as for the
charge temperatures from the table of values; and also the approx-
imate corrections for windage; drift corrections are also calcu-
lated for the shells of rifled guns and for the non-finned %neo-
perennykb/ shells of the rocket artillery.
TAirthermore, corrections are calculated in the rocekt artil-
lery Podra7deleniye-s for ground wind from the results of wind di-
rection and speed measurements at the firing position and these
are taken into account in any method of preparation.
12. The following is indicated in the transmission of me-
teorological corrections to the battery:
the date and hour of the weather bulletin compilation
used in calculating the corrections;
- shell index (if necessary) ;
- trajectory type (for mortar firing of rifled artillery):
- directional drift angles for which the corrections have
been calculated;
- calculating the range in ktlometers for each direction
and charge number for which the corrections were calculated at
these ranges;
- range corrections (with their marks) in meters;
- directional corrections (with their marks) in gradations
of the azimuth scale.
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II i'
13. The meteorological range corrections are added (con-
sidering the marks) to the earlier calculated ballistic corrections
for the corresponding ranges and charges. According to the total
range corrections obtained, a calculated corrections graph is built
for the directional and topographical range corrections on the
rule (special plate) of the fire control device or one graphed pa-
per. The topographic ranges are calculated, subtracting from the
calculated ranges the total range corrections (Attachment 3).
14. For calculation of the meteorological corrections:
- the trajectory forms, shell, and charges are selected
(not more than three) whose use facilitates the execution of the
fire missions;
- in addition to the basic firing directions, one or two
other directions are designated which differ from the basic one in
each direction by up to 6-00; at target area widths of 6-00 or
less, it is limited to the basic directions;
a series of ranges are indicated for each of these direc-
tions with a consideration for the firing range limits: at 1-2 km
intervals for rifled and rocket artillery, and at 0.5-1 km inter-
vals for mortars.
The meteorological corrections are calculated upon receipt
of the weather bulletin along each designated direction for every
selected range and charge:
- for deviations in atmospheric pressure;
- for the ballistic deviations in air temperature;
- for deviations in the temperatures of.the charges;
- for the longitudinal component of the ballistic wind;
- for the flank component of the ballistic wind;
- for the drift (for the shells of rifled guns and non-
finned /neoperennykb7 rocket shells)'.
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After the indicated corrections have been calculated, they
are added up (with a consideration of the marks) and the total me-
teorological corrections for range and direction are obtained.
For each selected charge, the corrections must be calculat-
ed for not less than two ranges.
The atmospheric pressure deviations given in the bulletin
are reduced to the altitude of the battery for which a correction
is made for deviation of 1 mm for each 10 meters that the artillery
weather station sits above the battery: with the plus (--) sign if
the battery is below the weather station, and with the minus (-)
sign if it is higher.
For an analysis of the ballistic wind, the wind angle is
calculated on the component; to do this, the wind drift angle is
firing
subtracted from the/directionn* drift angle; if the drift angle of
the firing direction is less than the wind drift angle, then
60-00 is added to it prior to subtraction and the result rounded
off to 1-00. The longitudinal and lateral wind components are
found by the wind angle and its speed and the signs of correction
are determined.
In calculating the meteorological corrections by the Firing
Tables, the value for each one is found by multi~lying one-tenth
of the table correction value by the amount of deviation. The
correction signs for the temperature deviations of the charges and
the ballistic air temperature deviations are opposite to the sign
of the deviation; the corrections for pressure deviation have the
same sign of the deviation. Drift corrections have a minus sign
for shells for rifled guns; the correction signs for rocket shells
are indicated in the Firing Tables. `
1ieteorological corrections may also be calculated by means
of graphic Firing Tables or correction tables.
when the new bulletin is received, the corrections are cal-
culated once again.
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CHAPTER ' TI
P 11EPARAT ION OF INITIAL TF'I TtI IJG DATA
General Conditions
15. In preparation of the initial firing data:
- a podrazdeleniye is designated which will execute the
firing mission (battery, platoon, gun);
- the type of trajectory, shell, fuze setting are selected;
- the topographical data are letermined for the primary
gun: target range Db, angle of position (over-target for mortars),
target direction;
- the charge is selected;
corrections are made for the deviations of the ballistic
and meteorological firing conditions from the tables and the ini-
tial position is determined for the primary gun; sight (for mor-
tars - taking into account the corrections for over-target), fuze
(tube) v level, shift from the primary direction ) (baae firing, azi-
muth scale, angle of transfer fire from the check point or regis-
tration target);
the sheaf is designated.
In addition, the distance coefficient Ky and the deflection
shift Shy are calculated for fire adjustment (while at a great dis-
placement -- the range scale Irld and the deflection shift Shy); the
values of Vd, X, and the narrow bracket are with the aid of the
Firing Tables by the calculated range.
For fire adjustment by measurements of dispersion error, a
fire control instrument, a fire adjustment device (computer) are
readied, or the necessary coefficients are determined (page 48).
The operating sequence in preparing the initial firing data
is determined by the arrival of the information necessary for this.
16. The selection of the shell is based on the type of tar-
get and the fire mission.
Fragmentation, fragmentation-demolition, and demolition
I 7n,
'J 0
J
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shells (grenades) are used for firing against personnel and enemy
fire means,.against batteries, tanks, armored cars, and armored
personnel carriers, for conducting barrage fire, a rolling barrage;
furthermore, the fragmentation-demolition and demolition shells
(grenades) are used for fire of destruction and for breaking con-
crete.
A high explosive grenade is used for the development of ae-
rial check points, fire adjustment, and target designation, for the
destruction of observed deep live targets and personnel at observed
crossings, as well as in those instances when riccochet fire and
fuze fragmentation fire is little effective (personnel and fire
means in swampy terrain; observation points on heights, in trees,
etc.).
Concrete-piercing projectiles are used for the destruction
of reinforced concrete and concrete, and especially durable stone
and brick installations, buildings, and basements, and, if concrete-
piercing projectiles are unavailable, for the destruction of armored
cupolas.
Armor-piercing and shaped charge projectiles are used in di-
rect laying against armored targets.
Incendiary, smoke, and illuminating projectiles are used
for their specific requirements; furthermore, the smoke shells may
be used for adjustment of fire, designation of targets, develop-
ment mruft of check -points and for creating fires if easily combust-
ible materials are located in the area of the target.
17. The fuze setting is so done that the effect of the pro-
jectile against the given target .would be most advantageous.
ffi n tmemntfU ttufrmmmmbMM
The point detonation fuze is used in firing against personnel
situated in the open or in open trenches, against batteries out in
the open if ricochet fire is not possible; against armored cars and
armored personnel carriers; against surface targets when conducting
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barrage fire and a rolling barrage, as well as in fire ,,rlJ1i.stment
against the embrasures of field defensive installations.
Delay action fuzes are used in firing against personnel si-
tuated in dugouts (trenches) with covering, against tanks, against
batteries in earth-,and-wooden installations, as well as in firing
for the destruction of field defensive installations, buildings,
and strong bridges.
Point and delay action fuzes (approximately even) are de-
signated for firing against personnel and fire means located in a
sector where, together with open emplacements, there are trenches
with coverings or earthen-wooden defensive installations, as well
as for firing against wooden bridges.
Delay fuzes are designated for the destruction of field and
long-term defensive installations, durable buildings, basements,
to uncover concrete, as well as for ricochet fire and. in firing
against the defensive embankments of lont-term defensive installa-
tions.
Yor fire adjustment (creation) of check points, a fuze. is
designated for subsequent firing against the targets. If, by the
conditions of observation, it is necessary to designate another
fu7,e, then in shifting fire, the correction is noted on the fuze
Cape
18. Charge and form of trajectory are selected in accord-
ance with the firing range and in such a manner that the effect of
the projectile would be maximum depending on the target character
and its location and, that at the same time, there would be a re-
serve range in either direction necessary to conclude fire adjust-
ment or transfer of fire on a topographic basis without changing
the charge.
The least charge is selected for the suppression of person-
nel and-fire means , for the destruction of emplacements, trenches,
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and the military cover of earthen-wooden defensive installations.
The greatest and the charge closest to it are selected for
direct laying fire, for distance firing (in such a manner that
Vrv would not be greater than 15 m) v as well as in flat trajectory
fire against durable vertical targets (stone and brick buildings,
filled walls of long-term defensive installations, etc.).
For high-angle fire against the combat covering of defen-
sive installations and in firing against its protective embank-
ment, a charge is used which supports the least dispersion and the
required angle of impact.
In ricochet fire against ground surface targets, the select-
bd charge must support getting an angle of impact from 20 to 200,
and from 20 to 100 against water surface targets.
19, A concentrated sheaf or sheaf by target width is de-
signated for fire of adjustment.
The following sheafs are designated for fire of destruction:
concentrated -- for battery (platoon) firing from rifled
guns and mortars against fire means, observation points, dugout
shelters and other targets with a width of up to 50 m, as well as
in mortar fire against open targets with a width of up to 100 m;
- by target width -- when firing against concealed and
open personnel positions, batteries, and other broad targets.
In calculating the sheaf interrv'al, the target front is di-
vided by the number of guns designated for firing, while in bat-
article
tery firing, the actions taken are in accordance with Ti 166.
Rocket artillery conducts battery firing at a concentrated
sheaf, by a target width sheaf against the remaining targets, and
with a parallel sheaf (articles 142 and 239) in individual cases.
20. The range factor is calculated with an accuracy to
0.1 by the formula
Ku = Dk
Db
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in which Ilk is the distance from the commander to the target calcu-
lated from the map, by range finders, or (with vision
training ) by eye;
Db is the distance from the battery to the target calcu-
lated in accordance with art. 23 and 30-32.
If Ku is less than 0.3, then it is calculated with an aocu-
racy up to 0.05.
21. The deflection shift corresponding to a change in the
range of 100 m is calculated with an accuracy of up to 0-01 by the
formula
Shy
0.01Db
in which PS is the correction for displacement oalculated by mea-
surements on the map (fire control device, plane
table of the angle at the target between the direc-
tions to the observation points and the firing posi-
tion or by the formula given in art. 31.
With another change in the firing range (more or less than
100 m) the calculated deflection shift is changed proportionally.
Complete Preparation
22. In fulfilling complete preparation, it is necessary
to have:
primary
- The coordinates of the tuxaft gun, specific ti'e-ins on a
topographic basis or by means of dependably identified terrain
counters with maps or aerial photo points at a scale of not less
than 1:50,000, by means of auto-mechanical means or radar sets;
- the guns and observation means are oriented as accurately
as possible in the primary direction;
corrections for all ballistic firing conditions;
meteorological corrections corrected by the bulletin of
the artillery weather station;
target coordinates determined by means of the range fin-
der, by aerial photographs, intersection with points of bilateral
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spotting, or by the means of the artillery reconnaissance nodraz-
deleniye.
23. The topographic range to the target (with an accu-
racy to 10 m) and the shift from the primary firing direction on
the target (with an accuracy of 1 graduation of the azimuth set-
ting) is calculated graphically (on the fire control device, map,
plane table with a scale of not less than 1 : 50,000) or by the
analytical method (table 1* and attachment 4) (Note*: Table 1 is
in
given in a separate attachment); IV an analytical method,to avoid
gross errors, it is expedient to check the results graphically.
For rifled guns and rocket artillery, the angle of posi-
tion is determined for which the difference in target and battery
altitudes in meters is divided by 0.001 of the topographic range
to the target, and the absolute value of the result is decreased
by 1/20 (5;0).
24. The calculation of the placements for firing is made
in the following orders
by the topographic range and the shift from the primary
direotion,by means of the graph of calculated corrections the
range and direction corrections are determined for the.selected
charge, interpolating them between the lines of the graph:
- the range correction is added, with a consideration of
its sign, to the topographic range and the computed range is ob-
tained;
- the directional correction is added (with a considera-
tion of its sign) to.the topographic shift (azimuth setting) and
the computed shift from the primary direction (azimuth setting)
is obtained.
The sight setting is obtained in the Firing Tables by the
computed range and the selected charge.
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The angle of elevation for rifled guns and rocket artillery
expressed in thousandths and with the corresponding computed range,
and the angle of site are used, with the help of the Firing Tables,
to calculate the correction in the angle of elevation on the angle
of site; the angle of site and the correction for the angle of ele-
vation on the angle of site (with a consideration of their signs),
~ ~ i~;ttti~bhrn~ln~m eflt~a~ ndJtm~rnWtvir MabImW are added to the pri-
mary piece at a level of 30-00 if the target is higher than the
battery, or subtract 30-00 if the target is lower than the battery,
and the computed level setting is obtained. ;Then firing at a
thousandth scale, a level of 30-00 may be ordered, while the angle
of site and correction for angle of elevation on the angle of site
(with their signs) are considered in the changes of the range set-
tang.
(target height)
For mortars, the computed range and(over-target)CgrreyYshe-
nivu tseli above the firing position, the sight correction is de-
termined from the Firing Tables for the higher height of the tar-
get and it is accounted for (with a consideration of the sign) in
the setting of the eight.
An example of calculating the settings is given in Attach-
ment 5.
25. If the target area has a fire adjustment check point
(target) p the time for adjustment of fire which is close to the
the
time that the weather bulletin has been made up, then/difference
in range and direction of the fire adjustment and those computed
by the check point (target) are determined for rifled guns and
mortars.
praLis%ohpl
Accepting these different es as more pt nt corrections,
they are entered (with a consideration of their signs) into the
preparation of the settings for the targets calculated with the
use of a graph of calculated corrections under conditions that
the difference between the grid azimuths and the check point is
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not greater than 6-00, while the difference between the topograph-
ic range to the target and the check point is not greater than 4 km.
The precisional corrections, calculated by a given battery,
cannot be utilized by other batteries.
Shortened Preparation
26. The preparation of initial firing data is considered to
be shortened if the conditions listed in art. 22 are not completely
taken into account.
With a shortened preparation, the topographic data are cal-
culated with the use of a map (fire control device, plane table) o
while the correction for the ballistic and meteorological firing
conditions are taken from the graph of calculated corrections (ar-
ticle, 13).
if the full information on the meteorological firing condi-
tions and fire adjustment corrections are lacking, then the firing
conditions are approximated (article 11).
27. ',Tith a shortened preparation, the firing position points,
observation points, and targets are located on the map (fire con-
trol device, plane table) even if through a visual survey, the
height of the firing Position and the target are determined from
the map as are the primary installations in the order indicated in
articles 23 and 24. Tith this it is permitted not to introduce the
corrections for the angle of elevation to the angle of site with
the exception of mortar fire and mountain firing), also the com-
puted range is rounded off to 100 m or, the sight setting to even
to
graduations (for mortars -- m tenths of a sight graduation), and
the shift from the primary direction -- to 0.05.
If it is impossible to utilize the map for data preparation
(fire control device) t the construction is made on a sheet of pa-
per using the range finder or other instruments for measuring the
bases, Dk, and angles NKO and NKTs (Figure 1), and the greater
i
7 17), 11
'r l1
i
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height of the target is calculated by means of instruments (article
184); for the rest, the order of work is similar to that indicated
above*
28. When shifting fire from a previously adjusted target
on the map (fire control device, plane table), the adjusted range
correction is entered into the topographic range to the new target
as obtained from the previous target, the site angle of the new
target is determined (correction for higher height of target for
mortars) # and a correction for drift difference is entered into
the angle of shift.
Visual Preparation
and Visual Transfer of Fire
29. The visual preparation of initial firing data is used
when it is impossible to use the map or the range finder for deter-
mining target location or if there is a lack of sufficient data on
the position of the firing position.
30. Visual preparation is executed by the computed (ar-
ticle 31) or graphic method applicable to article 27 with Dk being
rounded off to hundreds of meters. Corrections for ballistic and
meteorological firing conditions are not considered (with the ex-.
for
eeptions for corrections/ground wind during rocket artillery fire)
or they are considered approximately; the angle of site (higher
target height for mortars) is considered by eye or not considered
at all; the final result may be rounded off to hundreds of meters
or to the even graduations of the sight (to full tenths of the sight
graduations for mortars) q and to full tenths of the azimuth setting
graduations.
If it becomes necessary to open fire immediately, when there
is insufficient information about the location of the firing posi-
tion, the range is estimated by eye and the sight is set so as to
safeguard own troops against destruction; the direction is commanded
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by the target aiming circle calculated from the observation point
without accounting f'or displacement correction or with its approx-
imated determination; Ku and Shu are calculated approximately and
subsequently made precise by firing.
31. Visual preparation by the computation method is made
at small and average displacement. The following are calculated
in this (Figure 2):
- base size B rounded off to hundreds of meters (measured
on the terrain by means of instruments or visually);
- orientation mark in the primary direction of the instru-
ment found at the observation point by the primary gun;
- commander to target range (Dk);
- the angle between the primary direction from the obser-
vation point and the direction to the target ( L INTs);
- the mark along the primary gun in directing the instru-
ment on the target; for this purpose, the angle between the pri-
mary direction and the direction to the target is added to the
earlier established mark if the target is located to the right of
the primary direction, and subtracted if the target is located to
the left of it; the mark. is rounded off to 1-00;
angler, is equal to the acute angle between the direc-
tions to the target and to the battery;
- angler is equal to 15-00 minus 0c;
- visual projection d or by the formula
d = 10 00
rounded off to hundreds of meters;
the range, battery - target, Db, by the formula
Db = Dk f d;
correction for displacement, PS, rounded off to 0-10 by
the formula
PS - B'a
Db.
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at this, if angle (K or I is greater than 10-00, then it is taken
as equal to 10-00;
- the shift from the primary direction d, for the battery;
PS, with a consideration of its sign (PS is taken towards the ob-
servation point) is added to the angle NKTs taken with the plus
sign if the target is to the right of the primary direction or
with the minus sign if the target is to the left.
or check point
32. If even one target/has had adjusted fire, and it is
necessary to open fire rapidly against the newly appearing target
which has been visually determined in relation to the adjusted tar-
get, visual transfer of fire is employed.
In visual transfer of fire (figure 3):
a visual calculation is made as to how much closer (or
further) the new target is-than the adjusted one and, consequently,
a correspondin change is .made in the adjustment of the sighting
device obtained for the previous target obtaining thereby the
initial sight setting for the new target;
- the distance coefficient is calculated on the new target;
- the shift angle is calculated for which purpose a mea-
surement is made from the observation point of the angle between
the direction to the new and the adjusted target, it is multiplied
by the distance coefficient of the new target and change it to the
deflection shift obtained by the adjusted target and taken in ac-
cordance to the difference in the distances to the new and the ad-
justed target; the deflection shift for the new target is subse-
quently made precise by firing.
If the shift angle is greater than 3-00, the range to the
new target is determined graphically as is the angle of shift (see
article 27 and figure I) o
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Chapter III
FIRE OF AD J3T1IITTIT
General Conditions
33. As a general rule, firing against an observed target
includes fire of adjustment and fire for effect; in so doing, dur-
ing the course of fire of adjustment the target may be destroyed,
while in fire for effect, it is necessary to enter corrections for
making, the installation more precise.
34. Fire of adjustment is made to locate by means of fire,
installations suitable for the destruction of targets. Depending
on the situation and the conditions of observation, fire of adjust-
ment is made directly against the target or the check point for a
subsequent transfer of fire from it against the target.
Fire of adjustment, especially against personnel, is made
in the shortest period of time; during fire of adjustment, the rate
of fire must provide for its most rapid accomplishment.
Depending on the conditions 'of fire and the results of the
observation of the bursts, during the course of the fire of ad-
justment it is possible to execute a transfer from one method of
fire of n,djur tmnnt to nnother,
15. I-'ire of n.dJuntnrnt is surported by n, d ,pendn' le nd
continuous observation of the bursts. Observation of the bursts
includes the following:
in evaluating the deviation of the bursts by range;
in measuring the lateral deviation of the bursts;
in measuring the altitude of the bursts (distance from
the gun to the point of impact).
36. The deviation of the bursts by range is evaluated in
meters in relation to the target; in so doing,, it is possible to
utilize local objects (terrain lines) 9 whose position relative to
thm
the target is sufficiently well known. If it is impossible to
evaluate the amount of deviation in meters, then only the burst
mark relative to the target is determined; an over is designated by
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a plus sign (f) and a short by a minus sign ( - ) .
In cases when the observation point is higher than the t,ar-.
get, as well as when the target is located on a slope slanting in
the direction of the observation point, all bursts below the tar-
get are considered shorts, while ground bursts above the target are
overs.
In firing against embrasures (building windows), hits against
the installation (building) above the embrasure (window) are ac-
cepted as overs, while hits below the embrasure are shorts.
Bursts, during whose evaluation some doubt exists as to their
signs, are not taken into consideration during fire for adjustment.
37. During time and ricochet fire, the bursts are divided
into categories ofair, V, and ground, N.
During ricochet fire and high explosive grenades, the devia-
tion of bursts by range are determined by the ground bursts and by
the areas where the fragments land; the burst sign, moreover, i
calculated by the air burst cloud.
In time fire, the height of the air burst is measured in
divisions of the azimuth scale from the primary target to the cen-
ter of the cloud (flash) burst.
38. The lateral deviation of the burst (flash) center from
the target (check point) is measured in divisions of the azimuth
scale. When firing against a broad target, the burst deviation
is measured from the right edge or other point of the target.
39. The cloud burst should be observed at the moment of
its appearance. The cloud can be tracked only laterally relative
to the line of wind observation.
In shifting to battery (platoon) firing, it is expedient to
open fire from the flank which is opposite to the lateral wind di-
rection.
It is expedient to observe the first burst, at shortened and
visual preparation, by the nakefl eye; the first thing, in doing this,
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is that of marking' the place or the direction in which the burst
took place, and then its deviation from the target is determined.
40. If the first burst has not been noticed and their is
no basis to suppose that it occurred in our own troop dispositions
then a second round is fired with the same settings. If the sec-
ond burst also has not been noticed, then a change is made in the
setting of the sight or the azimuth scale with the idea to bring
the burst out into an observed terrain sector or change the fuze
setting. A decrease in the sight setting is permissable only when
their is no danger to friendly troops.
Vhen firing on broken terrain, it is expedientto fire one
or two high explosive grenade rounds with a table setting of the
fuze and with the level setting increased by 10-20 divisions, or
smoke shells, in order to facilitate observation of the initial
bursts.
41. Fire of adjustment for range and direction is conduc-
ted simultaneously.
Corrections to 0-20 are brought in with an accuracy to 1
division of the azimuth scale; corrections over 0-20 may be round-
ed off to. 5 divisions.
Fire of Adjustment by Itensuring Deviation
Method of fire of adjustment
42. In fire of adjustment by measured deviations, one round
by one gun is fired from computed settings against the target. Ac-
cording to the measured deviation of the burst, the range and direc-
tion corrections are determined. The same gun, with the corrected
settings, is used to fire a group of four rounds. By the measured
burst deviation of the center of the four-round group from the
m target, the correction is made and entered into the setting
and the shift is made to fire of neutralization; fire of neutra-
lization against observed targets from rifled guns and mortars is
m1)1tMx corrected by observing the signs of the bursts according
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'UL)JU ;1l
to article 140.
If the deviation of the first burst has not been determined
or undependably determined, then the some or corrected settings
are used to again fire one round and, after making the corrections,
a group is designated.
43. Distance corrections are determined through the use of
the fire control device or the device for fire of adjustment (com-
puter), while for corrections in displacement of less than 5-00,
by means of comnutat ion for which ,Fie amount of the lateral devia-
tion of the burst from the target (in divisions of the azimuth
scale) is multiplied by the distance factor and the obtained shift
is added (with a consideration of the signss right - plus, left -
minus)yto the deflection shift calculated by the amount of range
correction (shift to the deflection shift is taken in accordance
to article 58)e
Fire of adjustment through the use of a
range finder and stop watch
44. Fire of adjustment with the use of a range finder is
conducted within the limits of range observation which are sup-
ported by sufficiently accurate intersections.
Burst deviations by direction are measured by means of a
battery commander's telescope (binoculars), while deviation by
range is determined as the range difference between the burst and
the target measured by means of the range finder.
Mange correction is taken as equal to the amount of burst
deviation from the target according to the range finder taken with
the opposite sign.
,,kith a large displacement (displacement correction of 5-00
and more) g the range and direction corrections are calculated on
the fire control device or with the use of the fire of adjustment
instrument.
If a burst takes place outside of the field of vision of the
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range finder, the burst is brought out to the line of observation
or the place is indicated to the range finder operator where the
burst was observed and another shot is fired.
45. Fire of adjustment with the use of a stop watch is
used for firing against batteries (individual guns, mortars)
which have revealed themselves by the flash of their shots. The
intersection of the sound target and, the intersection of own
bursts is made by the same individual, Fire of adjustment is con-
ducted immediately after target intersection.
The correction, just like in fire of adjustment, is deter-
mined through the use of the range finder (article 44).
In order to determine the range from the observation point
to the sounding target (Dk in meters), not less than four computa-
tions on the stop watch must be made from the moment the revealing
sign of the shot is observed (starting the stop watch) to the moment
that the sound of the shot is heard (stopping the stop watch); the
average stop watch reading is then multiplied by 1000 and the result
then divided by 3.
When using a stop watch to calculate the deviation of the
bursts from the target:,by range in meters, then the stop watch read-
ing of the target (DK. expressed in seconds) is subtracted from the
average computed stop watch reading; the difference in the stop
watch readings is multiplied by 1000.and the obtained result is then
divided by 3.
The directional deviations are measured by the battery com-
mander's telescope or other means of observation.
If the terrain conditions in the target area permit observa-
tion of the bursts during percussion fire at the exact moment that
they appear, the fire of adjustment is conducted with a fragmenta-
tion fuze, while in the rifled guns, additionally, with a delayed
fuze as well in order to obtain ricochet fire.
In covered terrain, fire for adjustment from rifled guns is
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conducted with a high explosive grenade having an authorized fuze
setting and with the level setting set at 10-20 divisions greater
than the computed one; each change in the sight setting is accom-
panied by a corresponding change in the fuze setting. Prior to
shifting to effect, the average burst point is lowered to the tar.
g et horizontal by the amount of the average burst altitude multi-
plied by the range factor; as a general rule, fire for effect is
conducted with fragmentation-demolition shells.
Fire of adjustment with combined obser-
vation And with the assistance of the
sound ranging reconnaissance podrazdeleniye
46. Target fire of adjustment with combined observation is
employed when the coordinates of the target, fire position, and ob-
servation points are available even if only through the application
of visual survey, _ and is conducted on the basis of measuring the
deviation of the bursts from the target from two observation points.
In the work of combined observation with battery commanders'
telescopes and theodolites, the angle of burst intersection must
not be less than 0-50. The target point to which the intersection
of the optical instruments must be directed is indicated to the ob-
servers.
The commands given to the fire position and shot warnings
are also transmitted to the combined observation points.
47. Fire of adjustment with the assistance of the sound
ranging reconnaissance podrazdeleniye is conducted against sounding
targets. If the target coordinates have been determined approxi-
mately, fire of adjustment is conducted with the assistance of the
-podrazdeleniye which calculated the approximate coordinates.
When the sound ranging reconnaissance podrazdeleniye has
made an accurate determination of the burst coordinates, it is
permissible to conduct fire of adjustment also against non-sounding
targets whose coordinates have been determined by other means;
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fire of adjustment on non-sounding targets with the assistance of
a sound-ranging reconnaissance podrazdeleniYe is conducted only
in those instances when its fire of adjustment by other means is
impossible.
Fire of adjustment is conducted with the fuze setting set
for fragmentation effect.
In conducting fire of adjustment, the sound-ranging recon-
naissance podrazdeleniye is provided with the target number and
coordinates, gun caliber, and the projectile's flight time, while
in fire of adjustment by the plane table of the sound-ranging re-
connaissance podrazdeleni e, the coordinates of the firing posi-
tion are also provided; the sound-ranging reconnaissance ox~ draz-
d eniYe commander indicates the rate of fire to the firer.
The method of operation is given in attachment 6, section A.
48. During fire of adjustment with combined observation
and with the assistance of sound-ranging reconnaissance podrazde-
eni e and the corrections are calculated by the fire of adjust-
ment device (computer) or by the computing method; by the plane
table of the sound-ranging reconnaissance podrazdeleniye, in ad-
dition, during fire of adjustment with the assistance of the
sound-ranging; reconnaissance podrazdeleniye.
In oaleulattng the corrections by the computation method,
the range corrections are computed by the formula
L - DD _ P
in which L and P are the burst deviations (center of the burst
group) from the target corresponding to the left
and right observation posts respectively (cen-
ters of the extreme sound ranging bases) # taken
with their signs (plus for right, minus for left);
D1 and DP are the ranges to the target in meters correspond-
ing to the left and right observation posts
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respectively (from the centers of the extreme
sound ranging bases);
is the intersection angle in divisions of the
azimuth scale.
The coefficients ? and D are taken rounded off to whole
numbers.
The corrections for direction are calculated in accordance
with article 43, determining the range factor and the azimuth ;c, le
shift for the point which is less displaced in relating to the
plane of fire (combined observation, battery commander's post or
the center of one of the extreme sound ranging bases).
In calculating the corrections by the plane table of the
sound ranginiEs reconnaissance podra..deleniye, the commander of the
nodrazdeleniye informs the firer of the deviation of the average
point o1 the bursts from the target relative to the fire position
(in meters for the range and in divisions of the azimuth scale
for direction) ; the firer changes. the setting by the amount of de-
viation taken with the opposing signs.
Fire of Adjustment with the use of Radar
Fire of adjustment against non-moving targets
49. Fire of adjustment with the assistance of radar sets
is conducted against targets whose coordinates were calculated by
the set itself or by other means.
In fire of adjustment with the set having the decisive in-
stallation, the corrections are calculated by changing the signs
of the deviations obtained from the set to the opposite ones.
In fire of adjustment with a station not having the deci-
sive installation, the corrections are calculated similarly to
that for fire of adjustment with a range finder.
50. In fire preparation with the assistance of a radar set
having the decisive installation, the caliber and type of gun is
NJ Is U f1 `Y-
r
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made known to the radar set commander as are the coordinates of
the fire -position; prior to the initiation of firing, informa-
tion is provided on the fire mission, the topographic range and
elevation
grid azimuth of the target, target mttbhtbui , charge, projectile
flight time, trajectory height corresponding to the qu,-,drant
?,ngle of elevation, grid azimuth aA and horizontal range dA from
the position of the set to the beginning tracking point (point A,
Figure 4).
To calculate the position of point A, one third of the dis-
tance to the target is marked off on the fire control device from
the fire position in the direction of the target.
Prior to target fire of adjustment whose coordinates have
been determined by other means, the topographic range and the grid
azimuth to the target with a position of the radar set and the
projectile flight time, are provided to the radar set commander
who does not have the decisive installation.
Firing against moving targets
51. Radar sets are utilized to intersect moving ground
targets (tanks, armored personnel carriers, vehicles, etc.) under
conditions favorable for the intersection of ground bursts; fur-
thermore, fire against the moving targets is corrected by the ra-
dar sets.
52. in preparing to fire against moving targets, the posi-
tion of the radar set and the anticipated line of movement of the
moving target are noted on the fire control device. Each route
is given a prearranged designation (":Boa Constrictor", "Cobra",
etc.). On each section of ttx each line of movement observed by
the station, the.anticipated points of contact are marked at every
600-800 meters or more, and consecutive numbers assigned to them
for each line of movement and their coordinates provided to the
radar set commander. The projectile flight time is marked down
for each contact point on the fire control device.
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53. The firer, after receiving the radar set comm+.nder's
report that a moving target has been contacted, its character (a
single or group), size, grid azimuth and range to the target in
relation to the position of the radar set, as well the targets
direction of movement, gives the order to track the target. Tar-
get intersection by the radar set, is conducted continuously every
30 seconds until cessation of firing on the command "Stop" trans-
mitted from the observation post of the firer by the timekeeper;
by 3-5 seconds prior to the command "Stop", the command "Attention"
is transmitted. At the first command of "Stop", both the firer and
the timekeeper start their stop watches.
At each command of "Stop", the radar set chief provides
the firer with the grid azimuth and the range to the target from
the position of the radar set; these data are used to place the
target on the fire control device.
The firer determines, from two consecutively occupied posi-
tions of the moving target on the fire control device, if the line
of direction of the moving target corresponds with any of the de-
signated lines of movement.
54. If the target moves along any of the predetermined lines
of movement, then one of the designated points of contact on the
line of march is selected and the command passed pertaining to the
contact point number: the name of the line of movement, the number
of the contact point, shift to the right for a superimposition of
the sheaf center with the point of contact, .sheaf, and number of
rounds; the time at which to open fire is then calculated subtract-
ing from the travel time of the target from position at observation
to future position the projectile flight time to the selected point
of contact; the result obtained indicates at what point on the stop
watch (in seconds) is it necessary to give the command "Fire".
To calculate this travel time, it is necessary to compute
the number of times the linear time scale (the distance between the
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points of two consecutive target intersects in 30 seconds) can be
divided into the line of movement segments from the first target
intersect point to the point of contact; multiplying the figure
obtained by 30, the travel time (upreditel'noye vrem a), expressed
in seconds, is found.
55. If the target's direction of movement does not corres-
pond to any of the designated lines of movement, then the target's
line of movement is taken as a straight line drawn on the plane
table of the data computer through 345 points of-intersection.
The straight line is drawn in such a manner so that the points of
intersection would be evenly distributed on both sides of it; a
point of contact is marked on the straight line for a travel time
equal to 3-5 minutes. The grid azimuth and the range to the point
of contact is reported by the firer.to the radar set chief.
The moment at which fire is to be opened is determined as
indicated in article 54. The method of operation is given in at-
tachment 6, section B.
56. After the fire onslaught, the radar set chief reports
to the firer on the actions taken by the target and its position
with relation to the point of contact. If the target continues
to move along its previous line of movement, then a new point of
contact is designated, and the same actions taken as indicated in
article 54.
with a sharp change in the target's direction of movement,
its new line of movement is determined and new intersections are
made as indicated in article 5b.
If the radar set has observed the signals of the shell
bursts, then the radar set chief reports to the firer on the devi-
ation of the burst group center from the target; in this instance,
when conducting fire against a new point of contact, consideration
in given to the deviations received from the radar set chief.
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Fire of Adjustment by Observing the
Burst Marks
Fire of adjustment at small and medium displacement
(displacement correction less than 5-00)
57. Fire of adjustment by observing the burst marks is con-
ducted by bracketing the target with its subsequent halving, by a
scale, or without bracketing the target.
58. Fire of adjustment by bracketing the target is conduct-
ed in the following manner. After receiving the lateral deviation,
a burst in made on the line of observation, for which the measured
deviation is multiplied by the range factor and a shift is ordered
in the direction of the target; after receiving the range observa-
tion, the sight is changed in the direction of the target by the
value of the first (broad) bracket (article 61). If, after the
first shift in the sight the same sign is -obtained, another iden-
tical shift in the sight is mode.
After the target has been placed into a broad bracket, the
narrow bracket is determined by means of halving (article 62) ; it
is permissible to refrain from halving the bracket and to designate
any other sighting which mpmvmdmmt W facilitates the greatest ap-
proximation to the average trajectory to the target or a consider-
able narrowing of the bracket.
In order to maintain the bursts on the line of observation,
change in the sight setting is accompanied by a directional change
in the amount of the deflection shift; the shift in the deflection
shift is made in the direction of the firing position (from one's
self) with an increase in the firing range and in the direction of
of the observation point (to one's self) with a decrease.
At the initiation of fire of adjustment by observing the
burst marks, it is advantageous to keep the bursts approximately
opposite the center of the target front. During the course of the
fire of adjustment, it is permissible not to introduce corrections
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for direction (including for the deflection shift) if this will
facilitate obtaining observation for range.
59. If it is discovered during fire of adjustment that the
computed or determined approximate range factor is too small or
too great, it in increased or decreased by 0.1 (by 0.05 if Yu is
less than 0.3).
Then an error has been discovered in calculating the deflec-
tion shift, it is corrected by an amount equal to the deviation of
the burst from the line of observation multiplied by the range
factor.
60. In bringing the bursts out to the line of observation
and in searching for a bracket (other than a narrow one), fire is
conducted by individual rounds from a single gun. In molting a
sight jump in finding a narrow bracket (including the first brack-
(,t if its width is equal to the width of a narrow bracket), a pla-
toon or battery volley is ordered during battery ( platoon) fire,
and by two rounds for single gun fire.
In executing the fire mission by a battery or a platoon, it
is permitted to conduct fire of adjustment with a single .gun.
A rocket artillery battery conducts fire of adjustment with
a single combat vehicle; fire of adjustment is initiated with in-
dividuAl rounds; after introducing the directional (range) correc-
tions, all subsequent fire of adjustment is conducted in groups of
two rounds each.
61. The width of the first (broad) bracket is accepted as
equal:
during total preparation, utilization of the data of the
fire of adjustment gun and shifting fire on a tonographio basis
(with the exception of rocket artillery /in these cases, rocket
artillery shifts to ,effect without fire of adjustment/) -- to the
width of one narrow bracket;
during shortened preparation, shifting fire by the map
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and by visual shifting of fire -- to the width of two narrow
brackets (by the width. of one narrow bracket for rocket artillery
fire and firing from 120-mm and smaller mortars);
- during visual preparation -- to the width of four nar-
row brackets (to the width of two narrow brackets for rocket ar-
tillery fire and firing from 120-mm and smaller mortars).
The width of the first bracket may be decreased or increased
depending on the observed amount of burst deviation from the target.
62. The width of a narrow bracket when firing by a time
sight scale is taken as equal to two divisions of the sight (100
meters), while at Vd equal to 40 meters aibd more, by four divisions
of the sight (200 meters)*
When firing with a sight scale in the thousandths, the width
of* the narrow bracket (4 Vd) is found in the Firing Tables by the
calculated range to the target.
%-hhen firing from mortars, the width of the narrow bracket
is taken as equal to 100 or 200 meters depending upon the value of
4 Vd; for the 82-mm mortars, it is permissible to take the width
of the narrow bracket as equal to 20 divisions of the sight with
charges of 0 and It and 30 divisions at charges of 2 and 3.
For the rocket artillery systems, the width of the narrow
bracket is taken as equal to:
- 200 meters for large caliber projectiles;
- 400 meters for medium caliber and long range projectiles.
63. Fire of adjustment is considered terminated whan a
narrow bracket has been obtained; fire of adjustment is also con-
sidered terminated if, during its course, a covering group has
been achieved. It is sufficient to have a signle sign at each lim-
it of a narrow bracket, while for a covering group, just one o1ser-
vation of each sign.
64. When firing against targets found in close proximity
to one's own troops, the sight setting for the first shot is so
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calculated that an over would be obtained, for which the computed
sight for the target is increased by one or two broad brackets.
If an over is obtained, the fire of adjustment is conducted
with the bursts coming closer to the target in jumps of 2, or 1,
or 0.5 of a narrow bracket depending on the value of burst devia-
tion from the target, and by 200-meter jumps when firing from
rocket artillery. The range bounds must be decreased as the bursts
begin to come closer to the target, and must be even less as the
target is closer to friendly troops. If a short is obtained, then
the firing is conducted by the regular rules.
65. Both limits of the narrow bracket must be obtained with
the same charge. If, during fire of adjustment, the range limit
of the charge does not permit bracketing the target, then a new
charge must be used and a sight setting designated which answers
the range of the last round with the previous charge.
If the same sign will be obtained in using the new charge,
then a bracket is attempted under the normal rules; if an opposite
sign is obtained, the sight is change in order to place the tar-
get into a narrow bracket.
66. If a target, whose destruction requires several hits,
is hit during fire of adjustment, then the hit is considered as a
plus and minus, and subsequent actions taken are in conformity
with those indicated in article 68.
67. In the case when a sheaf in the width of the target is
designated for firing, when shifting to the first platoon or bat-
tery volley (when shifting to fire for effect during scale fire of
adjustment), the direction is corrected with the consideration of
obtaining : bursts from the right gun to the left of the target's
right flank by half of the sheaf interval.
68. Shifting to fire for effect is made:
to its center when a narrow bracket is obtained;
with the same sight if the relation of the signs in the
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covering group is less than 3 : 1, when a covering group is ob-
tained.
With any other ratio of signs in the covering group, the
range is changed in the direction of the least number of signs in
shifting to fire for effects
- by 1 Vd when the ratio of signs is from 3 s 1 to 4 s 1;
- by 2 Vd when the ratio of signs is greater than 4 s 1.
69. When firing from rifled guns and mortars against mov-
ing infantry (infantry on vehicles, armored personnel carriers,
etc.) 9 either conduct fire of adjustment until the target is in
the first (broad) bracket, or are limited to obtaining a short
(an over when the target is retreating) volley along the target's
line of movement.
Fire of adjustment commences with single rounds fired by a
single gun.
A shift to battery firing is made when bursts are obtained
on or close to the line of observation.
Depending on the, results of observation and the target's
speed of movement, a shift to effect is made:
- on the same limit of the broad fxxk bracket towards
which the target is moving;
moving back from it by one or two narrow brackets in the
direction the target is moving;
on one of the sightings within the bracket limits.
In addition, if the target is moving in in oblique or a
flanking direction, a correction is made in the gi+A azimuth,,cor-
responding to the target's direction of movement and the amount of
the sight Jump.
In the oase where only short volleys (overs if, the target
is retreating) q a shift is made to effect on the settings obta.inr,d
at the moment that the target comes up to the location of the
fire of adjustment bursts; at this, a correction in the go" azimuthA
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35 - 'F -i ~rP)
~
is introduced correspondin, to the direction and speed of movement
of the target. The instant at which fire for effect is opened is
determined with a consideration for the projectile flight time.
70. Scale fire of adjustment is usually employed at a vi-
sual or shortened preparation of initial firing data under condi-
tions of low or medium displacement during firing from mortars and
rifled guns primarily against broad targets.
In the initial command, the right gun is provided with the
computed sight setting; the sight setting for the remaining guns
is decreased (if the battery stands to the right) or increased (if
the battery stands to the left) in such a manner so that the dif-
ferences in the neighboring guns would be equal to the width of,a
narrow bracket; the battery sheaf interval is designated as equal
to the deflection shift of a narrow bracket (to maintain the bursts
on the line of observation).
Fire of adjustment commences on the calculated settings by
single rounds of the right gun and is continued until observation
by range is obtained,
If an over is obtained, the sight settings of all guns are
decreased: by the amount of a narrow bracket if the 'battery is de-
ployed to the right; by the number of- narrow brackets correspond-
ing to the number of guns in the battery if the battery is deployed
to the left.
If a. short is obtained, the sight settings of all guns are
increased: by the number of narrow brackets corresponding to the
number of guns in the battery if the battery is deployed to the
right; by the amount of a narrow bracket if the guns are deployed
to the left.
.he change in the sight settings is accompanied by a corres-
ponding shift in the deflection shift in order to maintain the
bursts on the line of observation.
A battery volley is then fired with the changed settings
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beginning with the gun whose sight setting corresponds to the
greatest range.
Depending upon the firing conditions, another method of
building the scale is permitted.
After bracketing the target in a narrow bracket, a shift to
fire for effect is made in accordance with article 68; in no doing
a directional change is made with'a consideration of the deflection
shift by one jump of the sight of the right gun (article 58) and a
shift for burst deviation from the right flank of the target (Fig-
ure 5), and a sheaf is built along the width of the target.
If the target has not been bracketed, the sight settings
of all guns are changed by the number of narrow brackets corres-
ponding to the number of guns in the battery, and the battery vol-
ley is repeated.
If the burst from any gun has not provided observation t r
range, but the target has been bracketed equal to two narrow
brackets, then a battery (platoon) volley is delivered on the sight
settings of this gun.
71. Under favorable conditions permitting the determination
of the amount of burst deviation from the target by range (close
burst proximity to the target; availability of orientation points
and terrain objects in the target area, terrain slope in the di-
rection of the observation post, etc.), it is permissible to con-
duct fire` of adjustment without bracketing the target. In this
case, having determined the amount of burst deviation by range in
meters and measuring its deviation in direction by the divisions
of the grid azimuth, range and directional corrections are intro-
duced and a battery (platoon) volley is delivered during battery
(platoon) firing, or two rounds when firing a single gun (a salvo
of four rounds by one combat vehicle in rocket artillery battery
firing. Directional corrections are calculated with a oonsidera-
tion of the range factor and the deflection shift taken as
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corresponding to the range change.
Fire of Adjustment with a Large Displacement
(correction for displacement of not less than 5-00)
72. Bursts are brought out to the line of observation
changing the sight setting for which the range scale 11d is used.
The target is placed into a~d azimuth,,bracket; to main-
tain the bursts on the line of observation, each change in the
grid azimuth setting is accompanied by a corresponding correction
in the sight calculated with the assistance of the deflection
shift Shu.
73. The range scale, I4d, and the deflection shift, Shu,
are calculated gra,?hically with the assistance of supplementary
tables or graph (attachment 7).
Angle KTsO, equal to the correction for displacement, PS
(Figure 6), is constructed on a piece of paper (plane table, map)
for a graphic calculation of the distance scale and the dflection
shift.
A voluntarily. 6caled (for example 10 meters at 1, cm) sec-
tor TsR, equal to 1AX (by the Firing Tables) and 100 meters
for rocket artillery and mortars, is constructed along the target
line OTs from point Ts; a perpendicular, RA, is dropped from point
R to the line of observation; from the same point, R, a perpen-
dicular is constructed to line OTs and continued on to the inter-
section with the line of observation KTs (sector RD).
The length of sector RA in meters is divided by 0.001 Dk
and the range scale ltd is obtained in divisions of the grid azi-
muth:
IZd ^ RA
0.OOlDk
The length of sector RB in meters is divided by 0.001 Db
and the deflection shift Shu is obtained for jumps of 1LLX (by
100 meters for rocket artillery and mortars) in divisions of the'
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- 3-8 - 1,-,vUtlt~ J J
d azimuths,
Shu RB
0.001Db
Yid and Shu are calculated with an accuracy to 0-01.
74. To bring the bursts out to the line of observation:
- the burst deviation (point of the burst center) from the
target is measured in divisions of the grid azimuth;
- the angle obtained is divided by the range scale and the
range correction is obtained: in sight divisions for rifled guns,
and in hundreds of meters for rocket artillery and mortars;
- the range correction is introduced with a plus ( + )
sign when the burst deviates from the target in the direction of
the battery and with a minus sign ( - ) when the burst deviation
is in the opposite side.
A range correction of 1 Vd and less are introduced only af-
ter a repeat burst deviation is obtained with the same sight and
to the same side; in this case, the correction is calculated by
the average deviation.
Range correcting by means of changing the sight setting
(level) is continued until a burst sign observation is reached;
during- fire of adjustment against broad targets, range corrections
do not have to be introduced if, in so doing, the bursts do not
levee the, frontal limits of the target.
75. Having obtained the sign, the grid azimuth setting is
changed in order to bracket the target in a griz azimuth bracket.
For rifled guns and mortars, the width of the first grid azimuth
bracket is designated in the limits of 20-40 grid azimuth divi-
sions with such a consideration that it would contain a complete
(an even number better) number of corrections by the amount of the
deflection shift; 1i;rM vhcnumannihhrT th thwhvmw the width of the
pri-d azimuth bracket is 40 gv#d azimuth, divisions for rocket ar-
tillery.
IT-
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'-~~ ui,,lr 1``
ky) Depending on the observed amount of burst deviation from
the target, the width of the first Fria a-zimuth,.bracket may be
decreased or increased.
The first ?'r azimuth bracket is consecutively halved
until a narrow bracket is obtained whose width is not more than
Sr~iL~
10 divisions of the ?, ri-d azimuth.,for rifled guns and mortars of
1G0-mm caliber and, more (5 divisions for fire of destruction).
`,then firing rocket artillery, the bracket of. 40 grid azimuth di-
visions is not halved, but if the first bracket was greater than
40 grid azimuth divisions, then it is halved until a bracket of
not more than 40 . *4 d azimuth;,aivisions is obtained.
Simultaneously with every correction of the grid azimuth,
a sight correction is introduced corresponding to the width of
.;(
the -grid azimuth,,brackets the firing range is decreased with a
shift in the direction of the observation post, and is increased
with a shift in the opposing direction. If the angle at the tar-
get iX (PS) is 13-00 or greater, the sight setting is not changed.
7G. When the target is bracketed in a 4-rid azimuth?bracket
and a deviation to the right or left is obtained, the burst is
brought out to the line of observation utilizing the range scale
l'id. The differences in the sights on which the azimuth `~x"_L.
bracket is obtained is taken as the amount of sight correction
corresponding to the given A,x4d azimuth, bracket.
77. \Then the bursts are brought out to the line of obser-
vation and in searching for the initial g- 4d azimuth,,bracket (if
it is not a narrow one), fire is conducted by individual rounds
from a single gun. Ila?.lving the bracket and. searching for the
first bracket, if its width is equal to a narrow bracket, is con-
ducteds by platoon or battery volleys in battery (platoon) firing,
'nd with two rounds during single gun firing.
In executing the fire mission by a battery or a platoon, it
is permissible to conduct fire of adjustment with a single gun.
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- 40
In rocket artillery firing, the order of fire is desig-
nated in accordance with article 60.
78. A shift to effect is mane in firing rifled artillery
and mortars on the center of a narrow Fz i azimuth bracket, and
if a covering group is obtained, by the settings of the covering
group or by changing them in accordance with article 79.
In firing rocket artillery, a shift to effect is made on
the center of grid azimuth bracket or on the settings of the cov-
group.
ering
It is sufficient to have one observation each on 'the limits
of the final bracket.
If a hit is obtained during fire of adjustment on a target
whose destruction requires a number of hits, a hit is considered
as a plus and minus, and subsequent action is done in accordance
with article 79.
In shifting to effect, a sheaf is designated depending on
the character of the target, its dimensions, and its position re-
lative to the plane of fire.
79. In firing for effect from rifled guns and mortars,
the range is corrected by the correlation of lateral deviations
relative to the target in accordance with article 140; at this,
the deviation from the line of observation in the direction of
the battery and. the bursts on the line of observation in front
of the target are taken as a short, deviations in the opposite
direction and bursts on the line of observation beyond the target
are taken as overs; if it is possible to measure the deviation of
each burst, the range correction is calculated with the assistance
of a range scale.
The direction is corrected by the results of observation of
the burst signs; having obtained observations of one sign or the
ratio of signs in the covering group is greater than 3 t 1, a cor-
rection is introduced of one half of a gvld azimuth bracket;
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r
UL'~
with a ratio of signs of 3 t 1 in the covering group, corrections
are not introduced for rifled guns, while a correction of lVd is
introduced for mortars.
Features of Fire of Adjustment During
Ricochet Fire
80. Ricochet fire is used for the destruction of personnel
and fire means out in the open and in open dugouts (trenches) p as
well as on the water.
81. Fire of adjustment is conducted and the shift to ef-
fect is made according to the rules of percussion fire. Observa-
tion of the signs of.kround and air bursts and the areas where
fragments fall are used on equal bases.
The number of ricochets in the target area must be not
less than half the total number of bursts; if, during the fire of
adjustment, less than half ricochets were obtained, then ricochet
fire is relinquished and a shift is made to fire for effect on
the same charge and designating the fuze setting for fragmenta-
tion effect.
Obtaining 2-3 ricochets during initial firing which have
not given observation by range (including areas where fragments
have fallen), then, for a continuation of fire of adjustment a
fragmentation or demolition fuze is designated. In this case,
when shifting to effect, the ricochet fuze, as during the period
of fire of adjustment, must have a cap or be without a cap and
must be set for delayed action.
After fire of adjustment with a fragmentation (demolition)
fuze, a shift to effect is made in accordance to general rules
(article 68).
Features of Mortar Fire From Rifled Guns
85. r To rtar fire (firing at angles of elevation greater than
45?) is employed against personnel and firing positions situated
on reverse slopes, in ravines, in the yards of tall buildings, ete.,
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as well as for the destruction of combat covered long-term defen-
sive installations.
83. During mortar fire, consideration is given to correc-
tion for drift and a correction of the sighting angle. to the
angle of site for all methods of initial firing data preparation.
In shifting from one charge to another, consideration is
given to correction for drift difference. If the drift is greater
in firing with the new.charge, then the correction for drift dif-
ference is taken with a minus sign (left); if a lesser drift cor-
rection corresponds to the new charge, then the correction is
made with a plus sign (right).
Features of High Explosive Grenade Fire
84. In firing high explosive grenades, the distance of
friendly troops from the shelled area must not be less than 400 m.
85. Fire of adjustment begins with calculated settings of
the sighting devices with a. regulation setting of the fuze by
single rounds from a single gun. Noticing the bursts, it is
brought out to the line of observation in accordance with the ge-
neral rules, while if the air burst obtained has not given obser-
vation by range, then, in addition, the level setting is decreased
by the measured amount of the burst elevation above the horizontal
of the target multiplied by the range coefficient. Subsequent
firing is conducted by battery volleys.
If air bursts are obtained during the first battery volley
for
and observation tgyt range is not obtained, then the burst elevation
level is again lowered.
If only ground bursts are obtained, or if they predominate,.
the setting level is not changed.
86. Upon receiving observation for range, the target is
bracketed. The width of the first bracket is designated in ac-
cordanoe with the factors indicated in article 61, but not less
than 200 meters (two narrow brackets)). Each change in the sight
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Declassified
Al"i
setting is accompanied by a corresponding change in the setting
of the fu z-60
Obtaining a 200 meter bracket (in two narrow brackets),
the fire of adjustment may be considered to be concluded; fire of
adjustment may also be concluded in the case if a covering group
is obtained on any sight.
87. The shift to effect is made in accordance with article
68 with the most advantageous average burst elevation for effect
equal to two divisions of Q9.6 ti-grid azimuth, (for the firing posi-
tion).
With the presence of half ground bursts, the average burst
elevation is considered equal to zero. If the ground bursts num-
ber less than half, then in calculating the average burst eleva-
tion, the ground burst is taken as equal to zero.
In calculating the average burst height, the elevation of
n.il bursts tbwiat;emmvtbdm obtained within the limits of the last
bracket, is considered, having the same level setting and under
conditions that the sight change was accompanied by a Table change
in the fuze settin's.
M, In the case when fire of adjustment for range has
been concluded and, it this, the average burst elevation is great-
er than the most advantageous, then the level setting is changed
corresponding to the differences of the obtained average burst
elevation and the most advantageous after which the shift to ef-
feet in made.
89. If the final bracket was obtained with around. bursts
or if they predominated, then, for fire of adjustment with an
average burst elevation, a control volley is delivered with the
sight which has been designated for shift to effect, decreasing
the fuze setting by two divisions with all bursts being ground
bursts, and by one division if they predominate.
Obtaining only ground bursts with the new setting, or if
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44
they predominate, one more control volley is delivered with the
fuze setting decreased as indicated above.
90. If, in the control volley, not more than half of them
are ground bursts, or if virtually all of them are air bursts and
even if just one of them Rave observation by range, shift to effect
is made on the sight of the control volley and, if necessary, a
simultaneous correction of burst level elevation is made according
to the instructions in article 88.
only
If nmmmmml air bursts were obtained in the control volley
which do not give observation for range, then in order to shift to
effect, the sight setting is changed by the width of a narrow
bracket (100 meters) and, simultaneously, the burst elevation
level is corrected n.s indicated in article 88; subsequent actions
taken are as indicated in articles 135-140.
01. If the bursts of some gun during fire of adjustment
systematically are different in elevation from the bursts of the
guns of the battery, the burst elevation of this gun is corrected
by the level.
Fire of Adjustment with the Help
of an Aircraft
01. Fire of adjustment with the help of an aircraft is con-
ducted by batteries of 100-man caliber and larger against targets
(check points) not observed from ground observation points. Under
unfavorable conditions of observation, it is expedient to initiate
fire of adjustment with smoke or fire Adjustment projectiles, WMZA
but as the bursts approach the target, a shift is made to fire
with fragmentation-demolition projectiles.
Prior to fire of adjustment with the assistance of an air-
craft, it is necessary:
to determine the fire of adjustment method;
to determine the initial firing data to open fire against
the targets (orientation marks) ;
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- to ready the data computer or the grid for calculating
the corrections (during fire of adjustment of consecutive con-
trols by the cardinal points /strana.m syeto./) .
In order to determine the initial settings, a transfer of
ifre is employed from the fire adjusted check point, a complete
or a shortened preparation.
03. Fire of adjustment with the assistance of an aircraft
is conducted by consecutive controls along the cardinal points,
and in addition, by the scale when firing with rifled guns.
The burst deviations (center of the group bursts) are in-
dic-a.ted by the navigator in meters from the target center.
94. Fire of adjustment with consecutive control on the
cardinal pointf; is conducted by battery salvos with a concentra-
ted sheaf. During fire of adjustment by rocket artillery, a sal-
vo of four rounds is delivered by one combat vehicle or a battery
salvo of one round per vehicle. Each salvo is delivered as com-
manded by tho. navigator.
By using the cardinal Points, the navigator calculates the
deviation of the center point of the burst groups from the target
center and transmits it to the firer. At the command of the na-
vigator, the corrected settings are used to deliver a second sal-
vo, and a third if necessary. Fire of adjustment, as a rule, is
continued until a covering group is obtained. The method of oper-
ation is indicated in attachment 6, part V.
The corrections are calculated by means of a grid (Figure 7)
or by the data computer.
graph
The grid is constructed on a piece of/paper wfblrmMttmvew or
on the fire adjustment (computer) plate gmphed two mutually per-
pendicular lines are graphed and designated with the letters S-U
(north - south) and Z - V (west - east); the intersection of these
lines is taken as the center of the target. According to the
drift angle of the target, a target line is drawn on the grid, and
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a lateral deviation line 'is dram perpendicular to it. In the
grid scale (50 meters per square), a scale is superimposed with
a division value of 100 meters, and ao#-d azimuth scale with a
division value of 0-10 is placed on the lateral deviation line.
From the data obtained from the navigator, the average
point of the bursts, R1, is placed on the grid; a perpendicular
is dropped from to the target line R1A and the deviation of the
average burst point by range (in meters) and by direction (in di-
visions of the d azimut1j) is calculated on the line of lateral
deviation, R11t, and the corresponding change is made in the set-
ting. The same operations are followed in subsequent controls.
95. If the target coordinates are not known ahead of time,
then the initial settings are preliminarily readied by the orien-
tation pointy located in the area of the anticipated target loca-
tion, and are utilized for constructing the grid which is.used in
Itragm -MMt this case for fire of adjustment on targets which are
at a distance of not more than 1km by range and 1-00 by direction
from the target.
96. On terrain which is poor in orientation points, fire
of adjustment is conducted with the battery scale with a concen-
trated sheaf on the grid azimuth setting computed on the target
and on the sight settings for the first.platoon -- by 200 meters
less than the computed sight (first burst group); for the second
platoon -- by 200 meters more than the computed sight (the second
group of bursts).,
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At the navigator's command of "Fire", a battery salvo is
delivered.
The navigator calculates-and transmits the deviation in
direction and range (in meters) of the average point of burst
groups closest to the target and gives its number (Figure 8).
From the deviations obtained from the navigator, the range
and direction corrections are calculated and a battery salvo is
delivered with a concentrated sheaf with a single sight setting;
after the control and introduction of corrections, a shift to ef-
fect is m,~7de.
97. ,,,Then firing against moving targets, fire of adjustment
is conducted on terrain lines (local object) situated along the
target's line of movement. For this, the navigator transmits data
to the firer on the character of the target and the coordinates of
the designated terrain line (local object).
As the target araproaches the fire adjusted terrain line,
fire for effect is opened; according to observations of the initi-
ation of fire for effect, the necessary corrections are introduced.
Fire of Adjustment with the
Assistance of a Ielicopter
98. Fire of adjustment with the assistance of a helicopter
may be conducted at a range of observation of u?, to 15-20 kilome-
ters by guns of 100-mm caliber and greater. As a rule, fire of
adjustment is conducted by the observations transmitted by the
navigator of the helicopter.
Target fire of adjustment is conducted by observing the
burst signs or by consecutive controls along the cardinal points.
99. Fire of adjustment by observing the burst signs i s
conducted in accordance with articles 58-68. Under unfavorable
observation conditions, fire of adjustment is conducted by pla-
toon or battery salvos with a concentrated sheaf; at the start
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of fire of adjustment, it is expedient to employ smoke or fire ad-
justment shells. The helicopter observation point it taken as the
point of the observation noot, and is usually selected in the area
of the battery firing position.
During fire of adjust:' nt, the navigator reports to the fir-
er on the deviation of the bursts from the center of the target
front by direction in divisions of the zl azimuth,,and the sign
by range calculated at the moment of flight over the point of ob-
servation.
The firer calculates the corrections from the data received
and gives the command to the firing position.
Firing independent execution of fire of adjustment, the na.-
vi;?ator or the artillery officer who is a member of the helicopter
crew, calculates the corrections and. transmits the commands to the
observation Trost or to the battery firing position.
If the helicopter observation point Is at a -greater distance
from the firing position than 0.1 of the-firing range, then, in
calculating the corrections, the range factor and the grid azimuth
are employed.
Fire of adjustment with subsequent controls on the cardinal
points is conducted in accordance with articles 94-95.
Chapter IV
CALCULAT 1_C:G. TIll1 SETTI1 G3 T0011 1! If I G AGAI1' aT
GIVEN I ' OF ,LD JU STI i 'JT C 1 II K POINTS
Shifting Fire on a To oogranhio Basis
General conditions
100. 1,1ith the availability of topographic basis, fire is
shifted from the ground or the air check points; both the ground
and the air check points may also be acoustical.
If the coordinates of the sound check point (ground or air)
are accurately determined, then the shift of fire from this check
point is also possible for a non-sound target.
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.4"Jli 1ri__1 ,
If the coordinates of the sound check point have been eal-
culated anproximately, then fire can be shifted only to the sound-
ranging target whose coordinates have been determined by the sane
sound ranging reconnaissance podrazdeleniye.
101. The checkpoint can be either real or fictitious.
A real check point may be a fire adjusted target or any
well observed local object (contour -point) whose coordinates are
either well known or can be calculated.
A fictitious check point (ground or air) can be the center
of a burst group whose coordinates can be calculated by intersec-
tions-with the tied-in point of observation, a radar set, or by
x visual or sound-ranging reconnaissance; furthermore, a trajec-
tory check point may be developed with the assistance of a radar
set.
Air check points and trajectory check points are created
in those instances when it is impossible to fire adjust a ground
check point.
In forming a fictitious check point, it is necessary to in-
tersect: for a ground check point (including a sound ranging one)
and a trajectory check point -- not less than four bursts; for
air check points (including sound ranging ones) -- not less than
six bursts.
In the development of the fictitious and in fire of ad-
justment on real check points with the assistance of tied-in ob-
servation, the angle of intersection must not be less than 1-00
with a graphic-analytical and analytical calculation of the check
point, and not less than 2-50 for the graphic.
Iior the creation of fictitious ground check points, an area
is selected which supports favorable conditions for the intersec-
tion of the bursts
102. Shifting of fire on a topographic basis is employed
in the case when the coordinates of the check point and the target
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are known.
The best results are obtained by calculating the position
of the check point and the target by the same method: intersec-
tion from the same points, by the same podra.deleniye, or when
the real check point and the target are on the same aerial pho-
tograph.
The coordinates of the firing position must be determined
by the topographic podrazdeleniye or b^ tied in to the contour
points of the map (aerin.l photograph) with the assistance of the
battery (battalion) instruments.
The topographic data on the check point and the target are
calculated with an accuracy to 10 meters by range and to one grid
a;,imuth division by direction.
103. The check point is fire adjusted (created) by a single
gun. In firing with the assistance of a helicopter by the method
of consecutive control against the cardinal -points and with the
assistance of an aircraft with all methods of fire adjustment are
conducted by batteries, while In the rocket artillery it is con-
ducted by a single combat vehicle with salvos of four rounds or
by battery salvos of one round from each combat vehicle.
Shifting of fire must follow the fire adjusted check ?ooint
as soon as possible with the least interval of time.
Fire Adjustment of a Real Check Point and
and the Creation of a Fictitious Check Point
104. Fire adjustment of a real check point is made by
=tmmgftip measuring the deviations or by observing the burst signs.
Fire adjustment by measuring the deviations is conducted in
accordance with article 42 until a deviation is obtained of the
center of the last group from the check point. of not more than 50
meters by range and 0-05 by direction (100 meters in range and
0-10 by direction) for rocket artillery Those settings are con-
sidered to be fire adjusted on the check point which have been
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obtained after the corrections of the final group were introduced.
Check point fire adjustment by observing the burst signs
verified
is conducted in accordance with article 58 until the mmgmtttmMm]
bracket is obtained equal to half of a narrow bracket (article 62)
or by a verified covering group. The check fire adjustment range
is taken to be that range which answers the verified covering
group or the center of the verified bracket being equal to half of
a narrow bracket.
A bracket is considered to be verified when there are not
less than two shorts on the nearest limit and not less then two.
overs on the furtherest. A bracket may also be considered -as ve-
rified if, on one of its limits, only one observation or several
observations of one sign were obtained, while on the other, a ve-
rified covering group of not less than four signs with a predomi-
nance of signs opposite to the burst sign (signs) on the first
limit.
A covering group is considered to be verified if it con-
tains not less than two observations of each sign.
Check point fire adjustment is conducted:
- by the time scale -- for rifled guns with a level setting
which corresponds to the check point site angle and a correction
to the angle of elevation by the check point site angle;
by the mil scale -- with the setting level being the
same as indicated above, or with a setting of 30-00; In thelast
case the check point site angle and the correction of the angle of
elevation by the check ,oint site angle is taken into account on
the sighting scale.
105. In creating a fictitious check point, a point is
placed on the data computer (plane table or map) and it is used
to calculate the initial setting taking into account the ballistic
and when possible, the meteorological firing conditions. In cre-
ating an air check point, the calculated level is increased by
r
,7" r' U
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10-20 divisions.
In orienting the instruments at the -points of tied-in ob-
servations, a calculation is eomnuted by the located point on
the d7.ta computer device (plane table, ma-p).
\l hen fire is being supported by an optical reconnaissance
platoon, the platoon commander is provided with the coordinates
of the check -point; the sound ranging reconnaiss