SOVIET PUBLICATIONS ON CHEMISTRY AND ATOMIC ENERGY

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A050300100001-1
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 376
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: May 10, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: August 24, 1959
• Content Type: REPORT

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Seca, 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
C-0-N-F-I-D-E-N-T-I-A-L
SUBJECT Soviet Publications on Chemistry and
Atomic Energy
ATE DISTR. 1/ 961
NO. PAGES 1
REFERENCES RD
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
25X1
25X1
STATE
(Note:
Zadachi i U azhneni a 22 Obshche Khimii (Assignments and Exercises
on General Chemistry), Nikolay Leonidovich Gliaka, 232 pages, published
by Goskhimizdat, Moscow,1958. This is the tenth edition of a book
intended for students of higher educational institutions who wish
independent study on general chemistry.
Energiya Atomnogo Yadra (Energy of the Atomic Nucleus), Abkar
Abkarovich Abdullayev, 132 pages, published by the State Educational-
Instructional Publishing House, Ministry of Education,RSFSR,Moscow,l958?
This is part of the "Student's Library" series and is intended to give
the reader a real appreciation of the structure of the world which
surrounds us.
2. The attachments are UNCLASSIFIED when detached from the covering report.
X ARMY
IX NAVY X AIR IX Val AEC
Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by ".#".)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246A050300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
raMMa -nyliu HeBHf,HMblx JiyTlei no-
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npOTOHa H ZI,Ba 3JIeKTpOHa; ATOM JIHTHH,. 3aHHMaIOIuH#
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
cbe Mecro, HMeeT TpH npoToxa, Boxpyr xoTOporo
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2 A. A. A6RYniaea 19
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
PHc. 7. CxeMa o6pa3osaHHa Mo,nexyjl:
a - yraexHcAoro rasa; 6 - XJ[opHCToro HaTpni.
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AOM B ero 3aMegIaTealbHblX OnbITaX nO HCKYCCTBeHHOMy
HpeBpalueHHIO 9JIeMeHTOB,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
UCKYCCTBEHHOE IIPEBPAUIEHHE 9JIEMEHTO6
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Tak 6bIJi OTKpbI F nymb IC HCKycCTBelinoMy npeBpa?
II.IeHHIO 9JIeMeHTOB, KOTOpbIfi B KOHe'JHOM cqeTe H npH-
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PIIC. 9. CXeMa CTpOeHHH aTOMOB no HOBO moAeq"
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
secy COCTaBnHIOIuMX HX npOTOHOB H ; 9neKTpOHOB. 110-
CKOJIbKy npOTO.H HOTITH B 2 TbIC. pa3 TS)KeJlee BneK-
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
IlOABJIeHHe HpOTOHHo-HefiTpOHHO1f MOAeJIH AApa B03-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
poHa. B COOTBeTCTBHH C BTiHM aTOMHbIt Bee (HJIH Mac-
coBoe IIHCJIO) BOAOpOAa paBHO OI[HOMy,. AefiTepHS!-AByM,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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OnbITbI, npOHCXOAHT Ae- =
neHHe slAep ypaHa 235
Ha Asa ocKonxa cornac* 31IeKmpON j_ Put Ilnymo wO
Ho cxeMe, npHBezLeHHOK
Ha pxcyxxe 17. Ocxon- T=24360nem
KH 8TH o6bi4HO He pas-
HbI Me?KAy.co6ofk H SIB- N
JSIK)TCH paAHOaKTHBHb1- 3H
MH (B036yXCAeHHb1MH) 'mot? 10
%ApaMH aTOMOB BJIeMeu- (d-r~aCmutt4)
TOB, HaXOARIUHXCH B
cpeAHef'IaCTH Ta6ns1ibi %0
'. !9. TIpeapa a se ypaua
ae sp
McHAe,aeeaa, HanpUMep . 'y~"ulk uoA Ae
.a9 JW=cm
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
TCJIJlyp H uHpKOHHI7, SI,i[pa aTOMOB KOTOpbIX HeyCTO} 4HBbl
H npeBpalgaloTCH, B KOHeTIHOM cgeTe (H3JIyT4aH p-4a CTHubl),
B yCTOIITIHBbie SILIpa aTOMOB BJIeMeHTOB 6apHH H MOJIH6-
AeHa (pHC. 18).
KaK H3BeCTHO, TIHCJIO HeIITpOHOB B SIApax aTOMOB
HO OTHOHIeHHIO K TIHCJIy HPOTOHOB paCTeT C pOCTOM
aTOMHOrO HOMepa 3:neMeHTOB; IO3TOMy Y TH>Keimix 3JIe-
McHTOB TIHCJIO Hel~ITpOHOB B HApax (no OTHOHIeHHIo
K TIHCAY npOTOHOB) 3Ha4HTeJlbHo 6oilbHIe, 4eM y HAep
aTOMOB cpeAHHX BJIeMeHTOB. BBHA'y 3TOr0 npH AejIeHHH
ypaxa 235 y o6pa3OBaBHIHXCH HAep ypaxa H36bITOTIHb1e
He1ITpoHbI OCB060?KAa[oTCH. B npouecce Ae.1eHHH OCBO-
6oxcAaloTC31 ABa-TpH HeIITpOHa. Kal MbI yBHAHM AaJib-
HIe, 3Ta oco6eHHOCTb pacnaAa ypaxa cbIrpana Ba KHyIo
pOJIb B peiueHHH BOnpoca o6 HCIIOJIb3OBaHHH BHyTpH-
HAepHOil 3HeprHH.
OCTaHOBHMCH KOpOTKO Ha pOJIH HeFITpOHOB B gAep-
HbIX peaKUHHX H n.pHBeReM HeKOTOpble'- HpHMepbl.
HeiITpOHIi JIerKO MOryT 6bITb 3axBaTieHbI HApaMH.
3TO nPHBOAHT K yBeJIHTIeHHio TIHCJIa TIaCTHU B HApe
H K pOCTy 3HeprHH caMoro.HApa, KOTOpoe BBHAy 3TOTO
CTaHOBHTCH 3HepreTHTlecKi3 HeyCTOIIgHBbIM. Talxoe He-
YCTOIITIHBOe HApo MO?KeT H3JIy4aTb TiaCTHAbI, HpH BTOM
HpOHCXOAHT HAepHaH peaKAHH TOO I3JIH HHoro THna
(B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT H3JIyq;aeMbIX gaCTHu). EcJIH ?Ke HApo,
HOTJIOTHB He ITpOH, H3JIyTiaeT TOJIbKO T-TIaCTHuy, TO HAep-
HaH peal uHH He HMeeT McCTa, H Mb! HOJIyTIHM JIHIHb
H30TOn o6JIyTieHHorO HeiITpOHaMH BelueCTBa. HarpHMep,
AApO JIerKOro BOAOpoAa, HOTJIOTHB HekiTpOH, MO1KeT
npeBpaTHTbCH B AeIITepH>I (B TH1KeJIbifI M30TOn BOAopoAa):
1HI + o1l-->-,H2_f_1?
O6Jly4IeHHe HApa aTOMOB 'JIHTHH HefITpoaaMH npHBO-
JLHT K HAepHOII peaxuHH, ripe KoTOpoil UIHTHfl npeBpa-
IuaeTCH B TpHTH11 (CBepxTHHieJlblll BoAopOA), H3JIygag
a-T;acTHuy:
3Lis + on1--> 3LP --* 1H3 + ZHe4.
B "3TOIi peaKUHH HApO JIHTHH HOriIOIuaeT Hef TpoH
H , npeBpaluaeTCH B SIApO H30TOHa JIHTHH 7, KOTOpbII=I
Ty.T ?Ke B CBOIO o4epeAb npeBpaluaeTCH B HApo cBepx-
Tnwejloro H3OTona BOAOpoAa-TpHTHH, Bb16pOCHB a-T;ac-
'Y'H-uy.. fIOJiygaeMblf TaIHM HyTeM TpHTHi SIBJIHeTCH; xaK
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
yaHAHM Aanbiue, 3ap5IAOM AAH BOAOPOAHOft 6oM6bI.
nyTeM 6oM6apAHpOBKH HeftTpOHaMH MO?KHO nOJly9HTb
H3 pTyTH 30JIOTO:
80HgI9s + 0n' -~ 80Hgi99 79Au'98 -I- ,H'.
PTyTb HefTpOH H3OTOn pTyTH 30JIOTO npOTOH
AAPO pTyTH, HOTJIOTHB HeftTpOH, HCnycKaeT npOTOH,
H npeBpamaeTCH B H1(p0 30JIOTa.
BBHAy CHOCO6HOCTH npOHHKHyTb B .luo6bie H*pa
(He3aBHCHMO OT 3ap5iAa HApa) HeftTpOHbt cblrpaJIH 6OJIb-
uiylo pOJIb B HAepHoft 4H3HKe. IIpH nOMOIUH HefTpOHOB
6biui noJiy9eH 3aypaHOBblft 93-ft BJIeMeHT HeIITyHHft, KO-
TOpblft CO BpeMeHeM npeBpau. aeTCH B 94-ft BJIeMeHT
nJIyTOHHf. PeaxuHH BTa IIPOHCXOAHT CJIe4yioigHM
06pa3OM:
92U238 + 0n1 --, 99Np289 + -,e? (nepBblft 3Tan);
ypaH 238 He#rpoH HenryfHA snexTpoH
9sNp289 __..~. 94Pu299 + _,e? (BTOpot STan);
HenrynHA n1IyTOHHA 9neKTPOH
94Pu239 92U298 + 2He4 (TpeTHf STan).
'nnyTOHHA ypan 235 a-uacTHua
RApo ypaxa 238, nor.soTHB He iTpOH, npeBpamaeTCSI
B H,npo ypaxa 239; ypaH 239 HeyCToft'HB H npeapauiaeTCH
B HerITyHHft, H3JIyqaH 3JieKTpOH. focjieAHHft Tame Hey-
CTOft'IHB (paAHoaKTHBeH): H3JIygaH 3JIeKTpOH, OH ripe-
BpaluaeTCH B nJIyTOHHft.
B HApaX-OCKOAKaX noc ie npOueCCOB Ae.IeHHH OCTa-
IOTCH H36bITOiIHble HeftTpOHbi; B pe3yJlbTaTe 9TH HApa
AenaIOTCH paAHOaKTHBHbIMH:.OHH pacnaAaIOTCH, npeBpa-
maHCb B yCTOft'IHBbJe HApa JTOMOB CpeAHHX BJIeMeHTOB.
EcJIH, HanpHMep, upH AeJIeHHH ypaxa 235 B KageCTBe
OAHOrO H3 OCKOJIKOB nOJIy'lHTCH, CKa?KeM, 6pOM, TO ero
B036yKKAeHnoe HApO CO BpeMeHeM npeapaluaeTCH B
cTpoHuHfl no c.leAyioluefk peaxuHH:
25Br 87 --i ,Kr 87 + -je?
6pOM KpHIITOH saeKTPOH
3- 6Kr87 -a 37Rb87 - -1e?
KPHHTOH py6HAHA snexTpoH
87Rb87 --; 88Cr87 + -le?
py6HAHA CTPOHUHA snexTpoH
(nepBbl$ Bran);
(BTOpOft Wan);
(TpeTHft STan).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Bce 3TH 3Tanbl COnpOBO)KAaIOTCH HHTeHCHBHbIM paAHO-
aKTHBHbIM H3JIy*-IeHHeM.
r10A'IepKHeM elue pa3, LITO caMoe XapaKTepHoe H Ba)K-
HOe B npouecce AeneHHH 5i1(ep 3aKJIIOTIaeTCSI B BbIAeJIe-
HHH OrpOMHbIX KOJImeCTB 3HeprHH. KaK noKa3blBaeT
OnbIT, Ka)K bl t aKT AeJIeHHSI siapa ypaHa 235 AaeT 3Hep-
rNIO OKOJIO 200 MJIH. 3JIeKTpOH-BOJIbT. 9Ta 9HeprHS
CKJIaAbIBaeTCH H3 CJIeuyloluHX liacTef: 1) KHHeTH~IeCKOA
aHeprHH OCKOJIKOB pa31[eJIHBIIIerocSI .SI.apa, KOTOpble
pa3JleTaIOTCH C OrPOMHbIMH CKOPOCT51MH (OKOJIO 15 TbIC.
KM/ceK), 2) H3 3HeprHH 1-Jlytlefl, KOTOpble B03HHKa}OT
B npouecce pa1[HOaKTHBHbIx npeBpalueHH f IIpouyKTOB
2I,eJIeHH%, 3) H3 3HeprHH HefITpOHOB, B03HHKaIOIuHX npH
AeJIeHHH.
JIerKO rIOACgHTaTb KOJIHTIeCTBO 9HeprmH, KOTopoe
UOJIytIHJIOCb 6bI npH AeJIeHHH BCex aTOMOB, cOCTaBJISI-
IOIuHX, CKa)KeM, OAHH rpaMM-aTOM ypaHa 238. L4HcJIo
aTOMOB B rpaMM-aTOMe H3MepeHO c 60JIbH1O1f TO1IHOCTbbO:
OHO paBHO 6 - 1023. ECJIH AejieHHe oAHOro aTOMa aaeT
2' 108 3JIeKTpOH-BOJIbT 9HeprHH, TO AeJieHHe 6. 10" aTO-
MOB ,I[aeT aHepribo, paBHyIO 12.1031 a.IeKTpOH-BOJIbT.
IlepeBeAeM 3Ty BeJIH9HHy B 60Jiee OIuYTHMble eAHHHubI.
r10CKOJibKy lev 10-12 3pz, TO 3HeprHx 12 . 1031 ev =
=12.1019 apz = 12.1012 as 3.109 KKaA.
3Ha'IeHHe 9TOl UHd)pbl JIerKO nOHATb, eCJIH BCnOM-
HHTb, .LiTO npH C)KHraHHH 1 Kz KaMeHHOrO yrn5i MbI
no.ly'IaeM Bcero 1,1.104 KKaJI Terma. BbIXOAHT, 'ITO
HaepHble peaKUHH AaIOT B -MHJIJIHOHbI pa3 60JIbIUHPi BbI-
XOA sHeprHH, He)KeJIH o6bITIHoe cropaHHe TOIIJIHBa.
,aO OTKpbITHH paAHOaKTHBHOCTH 6bIJIH H3BeCTHbI
JIHHIb. xHMH'iecKHe npespaIUeHH5I BeiuecTB. HanpHMep,
aTOMbI Bo opona, coe11,HH5IHCb c aTOMaMH KHcJlopoAa,
o6pa3yioT MoJlexyJIbl BOAbl (pHC. 20):
H2+0-->H2O.
ropeane yrnx-npouecc coeAHHeHHSI aToMa ' yrne-
poAa C AByM5I aTOMaMH KHCJIOpoAa, npH KOTOpOM o6pa-
3yeTCSI Mo/iexyila yrneKHCnoro ra3a:
C+02-->CO2 (CM. pHC. 7, a)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
,4moM
Nucnopoaa
PHc. 20. CxeMa o6pa3oaaHHa MoaeKYJI BOAbI H3 arOMOB
BoAopoAa H xHCnopoAa?
.9TH peaxiHH o6naAaIOT TO i oco6eHHocTblo, 'ITO npH
6JiaronpHBTHbIX ycnOBHHX caMH ce6B noJIuepxcHBaIOT
H pa3BHBalOTCg AO Tex nop, noxa He npOH3OftAeT coe-
AHHeHHe Bcex aTOMOB. KaxcAbift aKT coeAHHeHHB aTOMOB
C H 0 HJIH H H 0 rrpHBOAHT K BbIAeneHHIO onpelceJleHHoro
KOAH'IeCTBa BHeprHH. Pa3BHBaeTCB, TaKHM o6pa3oM, uen-
HaB XHMHBecKafI peaKIIHB, H OHa npOTeKaeT AO Tex
nop, nOKa He cropHT Bce Ha.IHYHoe TOnJIHBO. 3TOT np0-
uecc XHMHUecKOft .uenHOft peaKILHH coeAHHeHHB aTOMOB
KHCJiopol[a c aTOMaMH yrnepoAa BBJIBeTCB AJis aTOMOB
nOBepXHOCTHbIM npoueccoM;npH HeM rIpOHCXOAHT JIHIUb
neperpynnHpoBKa BJIeKTpOHOB BHemmHHx o6ono4ex aTO-
MOB H o6pa3osaHHe Monexyn yrneKHcjioro ra3a. Rapa
xce aTOMOB, B KOTOpbTX cocpeAOTO'IeH KOnoCCaJIbHbIfl
3anac aHeprHH, npH BTOM OCTaIOTCB COBep1IIeHHO He3a-
TpOHyTbIMH. B03HHKaeT BOnpOC, Kax oCynjeCTBHTb uen-
HyIO BAepHyio peaIculHo, npH KOTOpOft AeJIeHHe aTOMOB
npoxcxoAHJIO 6b1 HenpepblBHO, noxa He pa3AeJIHJIHCb
6bI Bce aTOMbt, HaxdAAIUHeCB B Kycxe ypaHa. SIApa
ypaHa, KaK HaM H3BeCTHO, AenHTCB nOA AetCTBHeM
HeftTpOHOB. CneAOBaTe.IbHO, Hef3TpOHbI MOryT CbirpaTb
TaKyio. we 'pOnb B uenHOft BAepHOft peaKIIHH, KaKy!O
3a)K)KeHHas cri 'Ka HrpaeT B XHMHqecKoft peaxu$H
ropeHHSI.
XopOIIIO H3BecTHO, 'ITO B MecTax CKOnneHHB ypaHO-
B1Ix_ pyA, KyAa npOHHKaIOT HeftTpOHbi, CKa)KeM, H3
OMpyxcaloluero Bo$Ayxa, He B03HHKaeT uenHbIX peaK-
UHft, npH KOTOpbix BbIAenBnacb 6bi 5iAepxa5 SHeprHB.
MexcAy TeM nepsbift xce HefTpoH, nonaBU1Mfi B ypaH
H3 B03Ayxa H.H B03HHKIUerO B HeM nyTeM caMonpoH3- '
BOnbHorO AeneHHB BAep ypaHa 235, AOJIxceH 6b1n 6M
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Bb13eaTb uenHoe AeneHHe slAep ypaHa. aeAICTBHTeJIbHO,
npH AeJIeHHH, xaK y)xe rosopHJlocb, ocBo6o)KAaIOTCH
ABa-TpH HefiTpOHa; BCTpeTHB Ha CBoeM nYTH Hapo ypaHa,
IcaxcAbtfi H3 HeIRTpOHOB MO}KeT B CBOIO o epeAb Bb13-
BaTb AeJIeH1e, TO npHBeAeT K BO3HHKHOBeHHIO AeBHTH
HeItTpOHOB; nocJIeAHHe B CBOIO ogepeab aOJI?KHbi 6bIJIH
BbI3BaTb AeJIeHHe AeBRTH HAep ypaxa 235 H BO3HHIfHO-
BeHHe 27 Het TPOHOB H T. A. (CM. pHc. 17). TaKaH, Bce-
B03pacTaloiuafi uenHaH peaKunSI, Ka3aJIOCb 6b1, AOJIXKHa
6bIJIa pa3BHBaTbC51 Ha McCTax CKOnJIeHHA ypaHa, hero
Ha CaMOM aeJ1e He Ha6JIIoJLaeTC5I. B 'IeM ]Ke TYT Ae.to?
L,e.IO B TOM, qTO eCTeCTBeHHbIfI ypaH COCTOHT B OC-
HOBHOM H3 AByX H30TOnOB (ypaH 235 H ypaH 238), Ha
si,upa KOTOpbIX Hef1TpOHb1 pearHpyloT pa3JIHLIHO. 51Apa
ypaxa 235 AeJI$ITCH noz Aef3CTBHeM He13TpOHOB, npH
KaxKAOM aKTe Ae.IeHHR B03HHKaIOT ABa-TpH HetITPOHa,
KOTOpble ABH)KyTCS1 CO CKOpOCTbIO 10-15 TbIC. icm1ceK.
gApa xce ypana 238 He TOJIbKO He AeJIHTCSI BTHMH He[t-
TpOHaMH, HO, Hao60POT, OXOTHO 3aXBaTbIBaIOT HX, ripe-
BpaiuaHCb B flapa ypaxa 239.
TaKHM o6pa3OM, MbI BHAHM, LITO B eCTeCTBeHHOM
ypaHe, COCTOSIIiJ,eM H3 H30TO I0B ypana 235 H ypaxa 238,
npOHCxOll.HT, C OAHOf1 CTOpOHbI, aeJieHHe siAep ypaHa
235 H BO3HHKHOBeHHe 6bICTpbIX HefITPOHOB ('ITO AOJIW-
Ho cnocO6cTBOBaTb pa3BHTH1o uerHOR peaKfHH),a c
Apyrofl-nor.IOlueHHe 9THX HC TPOHOB siApaMH ypaHa
238 (TiTO He AaeT B03MO?KHOCTH pa3BHTHIO uenHOfl peaK-
AHH)
OAHaKO ()H3HKH HaIHJIH BbIXOA H3 9TOrO, Ha nepBblfi
B3r.ISIA, 6e3BbIXOAHoro noJ1O)EeHH5I. OKa3a.ioci, LITO Hef1-
TPOHbI no-pa3HOMy B3aHMOAeiCTByIOT c gapaMH ypaHa.
B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT CKOPOCTH CBoero aBH KeHHI1. McAJIeu-
Hble HefiTpOHbI OXOTHO 3aXBaTbIBalOTCf1 9,apaMH ypaxa
235 H o'iexb peuxo gApaMH ypaHa 238. BbICTpble we
HefITpOHbI, Hao60POT, 3aXBaTbIBaIOTCH npeHMyiueCTBeHHO
J1HInb 5IApaMH ypaxa 238. CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, eCJIH 3aMeA-
JIHTb KaKHM-JIH6o IYT2M 6bICTpble Hef3TpOHbI, HcnycKa-
eMble npH AeJLeHHH u ep ypaHa 235, TO MO)KHO ocylue-
CTBHTb gaepHy10 uenxyio peaKLHIO (pHc.17). Ilpe)xae'ieM
BbIHCHHTb, KaK 9TO OCyUJeCTBJIfIJIOCb npaKTHtIeCKH,
rlO3HaKOMHMCSI C nOHHTHeM Aeq)eKTa Macm, 9HeprHH
CB 513H H HeCKOJIbKO IOrOBOpHM 0 TaKHX HeO6bM'IHbIX
cHJIaX, KaKHMH $IBJIHIOTCH HHAepHble CHJIbI.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
11E4EKT MACCbI H 9HEPCHSI CBOH
2103HHKaeT BOnpoc: KaK ,Ke o6,b5lCHHTb HaJIHPIHe
KoJloccaJlbHorO 3aIIaca BHepFHH B HApax aTOMOB? rlyTb K
TaKOMy o6-biCHeHH1o yxa3a.Ia OAHa XapaKTepHa1 oco6eH-
HOCTb 5iAep aTOMOB, BCKpbITaH B pe3yJlbTaTe TOIIHbIX
H3MepeHHfl MaCC aTOMOB.
OnbITbl noKa3aJIH, IITO Macca CBo60AHOFO (He BXOAH-
IuerO B cocTaB HAep) npOTOHa COCTaBJIHeT 1,0076 aTOM-
HOfI eAHHHubi, a Macca CB060AHoro HefITpOHa -1,0089
aTOMHOfI eAHHHubI. 3Ha5i 9TH Bej1HqHHbi Aacc, MbI Mo1KeM,
Ka3ajiOCb 6b1, onpeAeJUITb Maccy .nlo6oro aTOMHOTO HA-
pa, nocxoJIbKy, no ero no.lIo>KeHH10 B Ta6Jmue McHAe-
.neeBa JlerKo y3HaTb KOnHggeCTBO rIpOTOHOB H HefITpOHOB,
H3 KOTOpbIX OHO noCTpoeHO. I-janpHMep, HApO reJIHH,
coAepxcauiee ABa npOTOHa H ABa HeflTpona, AOJDKHO
6bIJIo 6bI o6J1a2aTb Maccofl 2 X 1,0076+2X 1,0089=
= 4,0330 aT. eA?I. B AefICTBHTeJ1bHOCTH xce To4Hble
H3MepeHHH AaJIH AJ1H maccbi HApa re.iHH 4,003 aT. e..,1
T. e. Ha 0,03 aT. eA. McHbme, LIeM CyMMapHblI BeC OT-
AeJIbHO B3HTbIX (BHe H,uep) cBo60AHbIX npOTOHOB H
HeIITpOHOB. 3Ha'qHT, Mbl' HMeeM Aeno c noTepeil MICCb1
aTOMHbIX HAep npH HX o6pa3OBaHHH 143 npOTOHOB H Hefl-
TpOHOB. 9Ta noTepi MaccbI Ha3bIBaeTCH Ae4)eKTOM
MaccM.
Kaxcliblfl ATOM HMeeT CBOfICTBeHHbII eMy ,IAecpeKT
Maccbi.. HaspHMep, y HApa 6epHJ1JIHS OH paseH 0,04,
y ypaHa-0,07 aTOMHbIx eAHHHQ Maccbl' (coxpalueHHo
a. e.). CnpamHBaeTCH: KyAa we AeBaeTCH 'IaCTb MaccM,
TepHeMaH x.pamH npH Hx o6pa3osaHHH?
143 TeOpHH OTHOCHTeJIbHOCTH, pa3pa6oTaHHOfI 3flH-
IIITefIHOM, BbITeKaeT 3aKOH B3aHMOCBH3H maccbi H 9Hep-
rHH. 9TOT 3aKOH rJ1acfT, IITO BCHKOMy H3MeHeHHIO Mac-
1 Bec aToMa B rpaMMax HHRTOaceH. r103TOMy aroMHble Beca
9AIeMeHTOB HeyA06HO Bblpa)KaTb B rpaMMax, BBHAy kero yCJIOBHJIHCb
BOJIb3OB3TbC5I oTHOCHTeAbHbIM aTOMHbIM "BeCOM. BepH 3TOMHbi!1 BeC
caMoro Aerxoro aneMeHTa BoaopoAa 3a eAHHHUy, C HHM CpaBHHBaIOT
Beca aTOMOB Apynix aJleMeHTOB. HanpHMep, aTOM KHCnopoaa B 16 pas
Tsnxenee aTOMa BoAOpoAa; CJleAOBaTenbHO, aTOMHbII1 Bec KHCJIOp011a
paseH 16, aTOMHbItl Bee anIOMHAHA 27, a aTOMHbll1 Bec, cxa)KeM, ypalia
paseH 238. BOJiee yAO6HbHM oxa3anocb 3a eAHHHUy aTOMHorO Beca
HpHHHMaTb i 4aCTb maccbi aTOMa KHCJIOpOAa; OHa paBHa 1,66. 16-24 Z.
16
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
CbI 0 m CoOTBeTCTByef' I33MexeHHe sHepra i e E, KOTO-
poe BblpaxcaeTCx 4)opMyalo11:
= = A TAe C-CKOpoCTb CBeTa.
BbIpawaSI Am B rpaMMax, a CxopoCTb CBeTa B CaHTH-
McTpax B cexyHAy (3. 1010 c.w/ceK), MbI nOJIyrIHM 3HaLIe-
HHe AE B Bpraxl . LIT06bI 3T0 nOHHTb, Heo6XOAHMo
BCHOMHHTb XHMHtieCKHe peaKuHH, B pe3yJlbTaTe KOTOpbIX
H3 OTAeJIbHbIX aTOMOB CTpOHTCSI MOJIelcy.nbl. HanpHMep,
H3 AByX aTOMOB Bo1Opoaa H OAHOrO aTOMa KHCnopoAa
o6pa3yeTCH MOJIeKyJIa BOAbI. IIpH BTOM O6SI3aTeJIbHO
BbIAeJIHeTCSr TenJIOTa, Ha3bIBaeMaH TenJIOTOR peaKunH
HJIH BHeprHefi CBSI3H MOJIeKyJIbl (o6pa3ylOmwICSI MoJie-
KyiIa no.lyqaeTCH TeM npogIHee, "eM 6OJIbLne TeHJ1oTa
peaKuHH). TIpH o6pa3oBaHHH oAHOIi rpaMM-MOJIeKyJIbI
BOAbI BbIAejIHeTCSI KOJIHLIeCTBO BHeprHH, paBHoe 68 TbIC.
KaA. AHaJIorHgHoe HBJIeHHe npOHCXOAHT npH HaepHbIX
peaKuMlTx. KaK ?Ke BeJIHKa BHepruii, BbIAeJISIeMaH npH
o6pa3oBaHHH SIApa reJIHSI H3 OTAeJibHbIX npOTOHOB H
He ITpOHOB?
CorJIaCHO 3aKOHy B3aHMOCBSI3H MaccbI H BHeprHH Ae-
cDeKT Maccu SIApa 06yCJIOBJIeH BbIAeJIeHHeM BHeprHH
npH O6pa3OBaHHH SiAep H3 npOTOHOB H HeIiTpOHOB. EcJIH
IIOACgHTaTb BHeprHIO, BbIAeJIHeMy!o npH o6pa3OBaHHH
uAep 1 a renHx (3a ctieT Aec)eKTa MaccUT SiAep), TO MbI
fOJIy'IHM OrpOMHyIO BeJIH4HHy-.OKOJIO 1011 Klca.4 TenJIa.
3Ta BHeprHH B MHJIJIHOHbI pa3 60JIbHle BHeprHH OCBO6o)K-
AaeMof3 aTOMaMH, paBHOcI Maccu npH XHMHqeCKHX peaK-
J HSIX. TaKyio BHeprmo AaeT, HanpHMep, AHenporBC npH
erO HHTeHCHBHOf3 pa60Te B TegeHHe qaca.
DHeprHSj, BbiAeJIHeMaH npH o6pa3oBaHHH uAep aTO-
MOB BJIeMeHTOB, Ha3blBaeTCSi 9Hepr1eli CBSI3H sgAep. CTe-
neHb npOLIHOCTH SIAep, aTOMOB Jiio6oro 3JIeMeHTa onpe-
AeJISIeTCH BHeprHefl CB5I3H SIAep aTOMOB BTOI'O BJIeMeHTa.
4eM 6oJIbIne BHeprHH CBH3H Sinpa, TeM npoqHee CB5I-
3aHbI Mexxfy co6of ero 9,aepHble qaCTHubI-npOTOHbI
H HeIiTpOHbI. UJIH TOrO LITO6bI pa3pyIIIHTb HApO Ha
COCTaBJISIK)IuHe ero TiaCTHubI (npOTOHbI H HeliTpOHu),
HyM{HO 3aTpaTHTb BHeprHlo, npesbIH.Iaiofuyfo HJIH paB-
HylO BHeprHH CBH3H.
B aTOMHOI1 (113HKe BeJIH*IHHy BHeprHH o6bItIHO Bblpa-
13aieTHM, RTO I .3p2 = 2,4.10-8 KKaA.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
)KaioT B BJIeKTpOH-BOJibsraX (38) HJIH B MerasneKTpOH-
BOJIbTaX (.+t38).
I .4138 = 106 38 = 1,6.10-6 ape.
Pa3JIH?IHble HApa o6naAaIOT pa3JIH~iHO i sHeprHeI
CBSI3H. HanpHMep, HOJIHaSI 9HeprHR CBH3H RApa reaHn
pasaa 28 M38, a saeprHR a-tiaCTMX paAHOaKTHBHOrO
H3nyqeHHR He npeBbnnaeT 8,8 m38.
Pa3AeJIHB riOJIHyIO BHeprHIO CBH3H E Ha iIHcno tia-
CTHu B HApe, MbI IlonytiiM cpeAHIOIO saeprxio CB513H e,
npaxoARluyIOCR Ha oAHy Huepayio tiacTHuy. O6o3Haziac
HHCJIO RAePHbIX tiaCTHg (HX Ha3bIBaIOT HyKn0HaMH)
tiepe3 A, MbI MO)KeM HanHcaTb:
E
A
A451 RApa renHH A = 4, E = 28 .6138; cneAOBaTenbHO,
MbI IOJIY HM AAR RApa reiHR a =28 4 e = 7 .4138. Bbi-
MHCJIHB 11OA06HbIM )Re nyTeM 3HatleHHe a Ant HAeP Bcex
BneMeHTOB, MbI nOnytiHM KpHBYIO 3aBHCHMOCTH a OT A,
npeACTaBneHHyIO Ha pHCyHKe 21.
Ha 3TOfI KPHBOI MbI BHIjHM, qTO cpeAHHH saeprHR
CBH3H 8 y JIerKHx HAep HcnbITbuBaeT nepHOAHtIeCKHe
Kone6aHHH, AOCTHra1 MaKCHMyMa AnH HeCKOJIblHX sne-
McHTOB. 3TO noKa3blBaeT 06pa30BaHHe yCTOAitiHBbIx
rpynri RAep 3THX BJIeMeHTOB H3 tieTHbIX nap npOTOHOB
H HefkTPOHOB.
AHanH3 KPHBOf yKa3bIBaeT Ha ABa B03MO)KHbIX nyTH
BbMCB06o)KAeHH1 BHyTpHRAepH0A BHeprHH. Ilepsblfi
nyTb-BTO nyTb AeneHHH HAep TH?KeJIbix sneMeHTOB Ha
6onee nerKHe. IIe ICTI1HTeAbHo, eCnH pa3AenHTb, Ha-
npHMep, HApa ypaHa 238 Ha ABa RApa (OCKOJIKH), TO
Mbl nOJIyt4HnH 6W HoBbie aTOMbI, Maccosble tiacna
KOTOPbIX COIIOCTaBHMbI C MaccoBbIM tiHCJIOM 9neMeHTOB,
HaxoARIIuHXCR B cepeAHHe Ta6JH4bI McHAeneeBa (CKa-
)KeM,. 6apHi H TeXHeuHt). Mbd 3HaeM, TO 3HeprHR CB513H
3THX HAep paBHa 8,6 .4138, TorAa KaK 3HeprHR CBB3H
ypaHa 238 paBHa 7,5 M38.
Ha Ka)KAbIfk H3 o6pa3oBaHHbIX. 133 ypaHa 238 OCKO-
JIO%IHblx RAep npHXOAHTCH MaCCOBOe tiHCno 119. OTCioAa
aHeprax CCBH3H AByx 3THX HAep pasaa 119X8,6+
-1-119 X 8,6 = 2047 M38; sHeprHR xce CBSi3H 11 XO)1HOro
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240
Macco6oe vuc,io
PHc. 21. 3HeprHH CBB3H HAep Ha OAHH HyKJIOH B 3aBHCHMOCTH
OT MaCCOBOro 9HCna.
2He'(
v
97 0238
36
Kr8?
Pdf
SBro
7,Ot's6
3LJ6
2He3
H2
'
HApa ypalla 238 cocTaBJIxeT JIHIIIb 238 X 7,5 = 1785 .A138.
Pa3HOCTb 3THX AByX 9HeprHfl paBHa 262 A4.98. DTO KOJIH-
geCTBO 3HeprHH H BbICBO6o)KJ[aeTCa HpH AeJIeHHH nAep
ypBHa B BHAe TerIJ10BO>%I 9HeprHH. TO'IHO TaKaH Hie
KapTHHa nOJIy4HTCH HpH JReJIeHHH H,nep ,I(pyrHx T51)Ke-
JIbIX 3JIeMeHTOB.
BTOpOR HyTb, Ha ~OTOpbIl3 yKa3blBaeT aHaJIH3 HpH-
BeAeHHoro rpagbHKa, 3TO HyTb Bbi.cBo6o>i,geHH5I 9Hep-
rim coeJHHeHHeM (CHHTe3oM)1 JIerinx gAep B 6onee
THHieJibie.
,LOnyCTHM, HaHpHMep, TITO AJ[po reJIHq o6pa3yeTC51
H3 ABYX 9.(ep aTOMOB 1LefTepH51. Cpe.i HA I 3HeprHH
CBA3H 4aCTHI[ B slope JLeiTepHa paBHa 1,09 .A'L38, a B gape
re.iHH-7 Ards. f OJIHa5I 3HeprHH CBH3H JR,ByXp suJjep ,ei-
TepHSi paBHa 1,09 X 2 -}-1,09 X 2 = 4,36 m,96, a Honxasi
1 CHH)e3 HAep CtIHTaeTCH B03M0)KHbIM y nerKHx 3neMeHTOB HpH-
MepHO ,1Io HHKens (3oHa CHHTe3a), nocne Hero Ha4HHaeTCH 30Ha Aene-
HHH HAep.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
sneprtist cam nonytlaeMoro siApa ream paBHa 7 X 4 =
= 28 M.98. Pa3HOCTb 3THX 9HeprH 1 COCTaB.nHeT 23,64 M38,
'ITO H BbICBO60)KAaeTCs npH CHHTe3e siApa renHSI H3
s!Aep Aef TepHA.
floAc,geTbI noxa3bIBaIOT, 'TO npH CHHT.e3e I 2 reJIHH
H3 HAep Ae11TepH5I BbICBO6o1KAaeTCSI TaKoe KonH'lecTBo
3HeprHH, KOTOpoe BbIAeJISIeTCA npH, rIOJIHOM CropaHHH
13,6 m 6eH3HHa. IlpH AeneHHH we 1 2 ypaxa BblcBo6oxc-
AaeTC5I Tenno, Ansl nojlytieHHSI KOTOporo Hy)KHO c)Keqb
1,8 m 6eH3HHa. OTCIOAa MbI MO)KeM 3aKJIIOgHTb, 'ITO
npH CHHTe3e 5iAep BbICBO6oxcAaeTCSI ropa3Ao 60nbule
BHeprHH, tleM npH AeneHHH HAep.
PeaKuHSI cnHTe3a BAep npoTelcaeT JIHUIb npH HaJIH-
'qHH cBepxBblcoxol3 TeMnepaTypbl (Taxoro xce nopslAKa,
KaK H B HeApax COJIHUa); Taxa'i peaxuH5, KoTOpa'i
HAeT nHUlb npH HaJIHTIHH CBepXBbICOKOf1 TeMnepaTypbI,
Ha3bIBaeTCSt TepMOAAepHOfi peaKUneft.
OTKpbITHe peaKuHH CHHTe3a aTOMHbIX uAep pezunno
Irpo6neMy, TbICR'IH neT BOJIHOBaBUIyIO yMbI y'IeHblx;
KaKOB HCTO'IHHK Toro OrpOMHorO KOJIH'IeCTBa 3HeprHH,
KoTopoe nociuiaeT COJIHue? Teriepb Aeno pemaeTCSI
npocTO. Bonee tieM Ha 3 COAHue COCTOHT H3 ra30o6-
pa3H000 BOAOpOAa, KOTOpbII npH uapfluue# B HeM TeM-
riepaType (rlopslAKa 20 MJIH. rpaaycoB) H CBepXBbICOKOM
AaBneHHH npeBpaluaeTCH B renHtl (cHHTe3 sgAep renHH).
11pH TaKHX peaKUHRX, KaK Mbl BHAeJH BbMIne, BbIAeJIHeTCSI
Ko.noccanbHoe KOJIH'ieCTBo aTOMHO I 3HeprHH, KOTOpOe
COJIHue nOcbinaeT B MHpOBOe npoCTpaHCTBO 6e3 3aMeT-
HOrO ocna6neHHSI HHTeHCHBHOCTH H3ny'leHHa.
Rax BHAHO, HCTOLIHHKOM COJIHe'IHOf 3HeprHH 5IBn5IeT-
cH aTOMHa$I 3HeprHfl. Tame ice npoueccbl npeBpau>,eHHH
BoAopoAa B renH# nyTeM TepMONAepHbIX peaicum t
nPOHCXOAsIT H B ApyrHX 3Be3Aax.
9HeprHg, CKpbITaR B KaMeHHOM yrne, HecpTH, Toplbe,
Aepese, BHeprH5 BeTpa, peK, aneKTpOBHeprng H T. A.,
SIBJIReTC$i, B KoHe'IHOM c4eTe, npeo6pa3oBaHHol 3Hep-
rHefl COnHua. OTCIOi[a MbI BHAHM, Kaxoe rpoMaAHoe
3Ha'IeHHe HMeeT aTOMHa5I 3HeprH5l, BbICBO6oM LaeMasl
COJIHueM Aim M(H3HH ilenoBexa. be3 COJIHe'IHOfI BHep-
rHH He MbICJIHMa )KH3Hb. 0 McTOAax )Ke nOny'eHHH
aTOMHOti 3HeprHH B 3eMHbIX YCJIOBHSIX (nyTeM AeJIeHHl
aAep H HX CHHTe3a) Mbi paccxa)xeM HeCKOnbKO n03)Ke.
4 A. A. A6Ay iaea
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
OnbITbI Pe3epcpopua no pacceslHllio a-,iaCTHU noKa-
3bIBaI0T, LITO BAepHbie CHJIbI SIBJISIIOTCSI KOPOTKO AeIiCT-
ByIOMHMH CHJIaMH (OHH AeIICTByIOT JIHHIb B npeAe.iax
caMoro HApa)._ 3TO 3HagiT, LITO paAHyc AeIICTBIIH aAep-
HbIX CHJI paBeH BeIIHgHHe nop5iAKa 10-12 CM, LITO COOT-
BeTCTByeT BeJIH'IHHe paAHyca caMHX AAep aTOMOB. KaK
y)Ke FOBOpHJIOCb, nAepHble CHJIbI HMeI0T cneuHCpHLIe-
CKyiO npHpOAy, OTJIHTIHyIO OT o6bIT-IHbIX 3JIeKTpHileCKHX
H ApyrHx H3BeCTHbIX HaM CHJI.
O6ycJIOBJIeHHble $IACpHbIMH CHJIaMH paAHOaKTHBHbie
npoleccbI HHKaK HeJIb3H H3MeHHTb HH A.eACTBHeM 3JIeK-
TpHqeCKHx H MarHHTHbIX CHJI, HH BbICOKOI3 TeMnepaTypOll
14 AaBJIeHHeM. B LIeM we npupoAa HAepHbIX CHJI?
B 1934 r., noCJie 0TKpbITH5I HeIITpOHOB, B03HHKJIa
Te0pHH, COrJIaCHO KOTOpO1i AAepHble CHJIbI B3aHMHOrO npH-
TH)KeHHH paccMaTpHBalOTC5 KaK o6MeHHbie CHJIbI, AeIICT-
ByIOIIIHe MexcAy H OTOHaMH H HerITPOHaMH B 5IApe.
Cor.IaCHO 3TOI TeOPHH H,L epHbie CHJIbI 06yCJIOBJIeHbI
TeM, TITO SiAepHble gaCTHubi O6MeHHBaIOTCSI McAay co60I1
3JIeKTpOHaMH H n03HTpoHaMH. B AApe npOHCXOAHT
B3aHMHOe npespaiueHHe HpOTOHOB H HeIITPOHOB Apyr
B Apyra nyTeM HCnyCKaHHSI H norJJouJeHHSI 3JIeKTPOHOB
H H03HTpOHOB. 1-ipOTOH, HCnyCKaH n03HTpOH, npeBpa-
IuaeTCH B He ITPOH, a HekiTPOH, nor.noiuai no314TPOH,
npeapaiuaeTcH B npOTOH. H Hao6opoT, Hef TpoH, HCny-
c a i 3JIeITpOH, npeBpanLaeTCI B npoTOH, a npoTOH,
norJiolgaH 9JIeKTp0H, npeBpaH aeTCH B He iTpOH. LIHCJIO
HpOTOHOB H HeI TPOHOB B 5iApax OCTaeTCH B OTAeJIb-
HOCTH nOCTO'HHHbIM. B np0THBHOM cJlyTiae, eCJIH BJIeK-
TpOH, He ycneB rIOrJIOTH!~TbCH, noKHHeT HAPO, npoH30It-
AeT gAepHasi -peaKuHSI. JTHM HMeHHO 06-b5ICHHIOTCH Bce
RAepHbie peaKUHH THna P-pacnaia 3JieMeHT0B 1. B TIaCT-
HOCTH, noAo6Hbie peaKuHH HMeIOT McCTO npH npeBpa-
1 AAepHble peal aHH, npH KOTOpbIX npOHCXOAHT H3JIy4eHHe 3JIeK-
TpOHOB HJIH n03HTpOHOB, Ha3bIBaIoTCH peaKuHHMH p-pacnaAa; f3-H3JIy-
9eHHe xapaKTepno HCKyCCTBeHHbIM npeBpameHHAM AerKHX H cpeAHnx
aJIeMeHTOB, Toraa KaK eCTeCTBenHbIM npeBpalzeHHAM TAuKeJIbIX 3neMeH-
TOB CBOIiCTBeHHbi a- H P- H3JIy'eHHA. 14T0 we KacaeTCA T- H3JIy9eHHB,
TO OHO BO3HHKaeT B npouecce a- H P- H3JIyteHHA, npH KOTOpOM npo-
HCXOAHT BbuAeJIeHHe n36bIToquofi 3HeprfH, KOTOpOH o6JIaaaIOT 1Apa
aTOMOB npn HX npespaueHHHX.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
meHHH H30TOna (4occ4opa B KpeMHHtl, aKTHHH:i-B
TOP HR.
IlpeAcTaaneHHe 0 TOM, TITO npxpoAa AAepHbix cHJI
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CTOpOHy BOnpoca. Ho KOJIHTIeCTBeHHO 9TO npeACTaBJIe-
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rio KpaflHefl Mepe B 1010 pa3 McHblue Ha6JuoAaeMbix
Ha OnblTe SiAepHbiX CHa. B TIeM x eHO BTO o6opy-
AOBaHHe. PaAHoaKTHBHOCTb ra3a, 06yCJIOBJIeHHa$l B
OCHOBHOM pa1HOaKTHBHOCTbIO aprOHa B03AyXa, B ueH-
TpaJIbHOM 3aJIe CTaHuHH H B ApyrHx noMeIgeHHSIX HH'I-
TO)KHO MaJta. 3TO yKa3bIBaeT Ha yAOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHOCTb
pa60Tbi BbITH)KHOI%I BeHTHJIHIHH, BbICOTa Tpy6bl KOTOPO I
rapaHTHpyeT IIOJIHyIO 6e30naCHOCTb OKpyxcaioluerO Hace-
JIeHHH. 3a nepHOA pa60TbI CTaHuHH He 6bIJIO HH OAHOrO
cjiygaR nepeo6Jly4eHHH nepcoHaJla. COTpyAHHKH CTaHuHH
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raK)TCR IIepHOAwIeCKH MeaoCMOTpy.
Pe3yJIbTaTOM cO6JIK)4eHHH CTpOMSafimeFI aHCUHnJIHHbI
H HeyKJIOHHOrO BbInOJIHe_HHH npaBHJI TeXHHKH 6e3onac-
HOCTH HBJIAeTCH nO'-ITH nOJIHOe OTCyTCTBHe cJiyxiaeB Jly-
tIeBOF1 60JIe3HH y o6CJIy)KHBaK)njero nepCOHaJIa CTaHuHH.
LI,JIi OxpaHbl 3AOPOBb} Jlloaef, 3aHHTbIX HCIIOJlb3oBa-
HHeM aTOMHO t 3HeprHH, npOBOAHTC} p51A MeponpHSTHft.
K TaKHM MepOnpHATHHM OTHOC$ITCR yCTaHOBJI HHe CTpOrO
AOnyCTHMOl A03bl paAHauHH, yCTaHOBJIeHHe HOPM
coAep.KaHHH paAHOaRTHBHOCTH B BO AyXe, yCTaHOBJIeHHe
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KOB, KOHTpOJIb 3a co6JIIOAeHHeM rHTHeHHNeCKHX npaBHJI
H BbInOJIHeHHeM aefICTByioluerO 3aKOHoAaTeJlbCTBa H
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Ao3a BHenIHero o6JIygeHHR, yCTaHOBJIeHHaR B CCCP,
paBHa 0,05 peHTreHa 3a pa60LIHfi aeHb. B TegeHHe He.eJIH
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AaHHH B OpraHH3M.
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THBHbIM BeIueCTBOM noMeuieHHHX (MeCTHOCTH), TO OH
AOJI)KeH HaAeBaTb CneuiaJibHbIIt 3aWHTHbIh rHeBMaTHTie-
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
.C KH9 KOCTIOM H3 IIJIaCTHgecKoro (HenpoHHuaeMoro AJISI
B03AyXa H paAHOBKTHBHbIX BelIIeCTB) MaTepHaJla c npH-
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3a HX BbIfIOJIHeHHeM IIpaKTH4eCKH HcKJIf04aeT BO3MO)KHOCTb
paAHaUHOHHbIX HOpa)KeHHR JIIOAe11 B Hauiel?I CTpaHe. 3TO
o6ecnegHJIO TO o6CTOS1TeJIbCTBO, TO B COBeTCKOM
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)KeJIbIX JlytieBbIX 3a60JIeBaHHPf; HeKOTOpble H3 HHX Hht
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IIOBbIIIIeHHbIM pacxojior ypaxa BCJIeACTBHe MaJIbIX pa3-
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CTpyKIIHA, HaHpaBJIeHHbIX K C03AaHHIO rIOBbIWeHHOkt
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9KcrIJIyaTalhr_ '-'O)KHO OTKa3aTbCR B AaJIbHeciffieM. AHa-
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C noJIe3HOA MOHIHOCTbIO 100 TbIC. Kam,_o60pyaOBaHHOR
l(BYMH peaKTOpaMH TaKoro we THHa, KaK H Ha IlePBO
ATOM Hot! 9JIeKTPOCTaHIIHH CCCP, C TerJIOBOti MOUIHOCTbIO
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CTBOBaHHSH, rioKa3bIBaeT, 4TO Ce6eCTOHMOCTb 3JIeKTpO-
-9HeprHH B STOM cnygae CyUIeCTBeHHO rIOHH)KaeTCH.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
CpaBHeHHe 3KOHOMHYecxHX noKa3aTeJIeR 3TOR ycoBepuleH-
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pa6aTbIBaeMOR Ha aTOMHOR 9JIexTpOCTaHIZHH.
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B 3KOHOMHEIHOCTH yrOJIbHOR CTaHI[HH, HaxoILHIIieficH
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HbIX THIIOB H MoIuHOCTeR (50-100 TbIC. item H 6o.lee).
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Bblpa60TKH 3JIeKTpO3HeprHH Ha TaKHX CTaHI&HHX CTOH-
MOCTbIO B npeAeJlax 10-20 KOn. 3a O,ILHH KM-'tac.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246A050300100001-1
rennoBap 317eMmpocmaH4u,
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246A050300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
B mecTOfl nHTHneTKe (1956-1960) cornaCHO pelueHHxM
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
BBTb HX Apyr c ApyrOM. TaKoR nyTb Tpe6yeT MOLL HbIX
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
HAePHbIM TOHJIHBOM HBJIHK)TCH Te XHMHgIecKHe 3JIeMeHTbI,
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
MemonnuvecnoEo
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
t4CKyCCTBeHHoe )Ke 1IOJlytieHHe saepHoro ropiOqerO
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
~LnA x;tepHbix peaKtopon He Tpe6yeTcH pa3.ueaeHHA
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Moro pesOttaxdttOfo aaxeara He itpo}OB ypailoM 23$.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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92
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
6OJte3HH. Ace 9TH BonpOCbl 6bIJIH pa3peiuerbl npii tt6?
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95
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
PHc. 39. TepaneBTHHecxa$ T-ycTaHOBKa c
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
PHc. 40. T-yCTaHOBKa C He60JIbHIHM 3apA-
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MOB B HaIIIel CTpaHe IIpHHHMaeT IIIHpoKHe pa3MepbI H
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7 A. A. A6aYanaea
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Eopb6a c paKOBO# OnyxonblO Beaacb paHbule npH
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
CBOIkCTBaMH, tITO H 06bILIHbie aTOMbI 3TOrO >xe j3eWe-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
CTBeHHO, LITO pa3peuleHHe npo6JIeMbI 3aui.HTbl, HCIIOJlb30-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
PHe. 41. JleaOKOJJ c aTOMHbIM j[BHraTelleM (MO]IeJIb).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
KaK 6bijio CKa3aHO, upe3BbItIafHO BKOHOMHgHO H He Hy)K-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
He Mexee 11200 M B ceKyHAy. I-IpH sTOM 96% o6iuero
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
CTOStluee BpeMSt nPOHCXOAHT qepe3 npoMex(yTOggHbie 3Ta-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
a) 4 5 6)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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B BePHHIOBOM npOJIHBe, CBH3aHHoro c KOMHJIeKCOM
COOpy)KeHHO, KOTOpble HanpaBSIT TerIJIble Te'IeHHH
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
THxoro OKeaHa B CeBepxbII3 TIeAOBHTbli3 oxeaH AAJq
yTenJIeHHH TeppHTOPHH 3aloJIHpbSI.
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9JIeMeHTOB. B HaCTOHIUee we BpeMH 4eJIOBegeCTBO pacno-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
naraeT nOKa TO TaKHMH BH'AaMH SIAePHorO roplogero,
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119
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
CTaHOBIITCSI rIOCTOSIHHOI'I. PTO o6'bHCHSIeTC5I TeM, 'ITO
B BepXHHX CJIOHX aTMoc4 epbl, rae IIJIOTHOCTb aTMOC-
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Llueft KOMIIOHCHTbI Me30HOB, HpOTOHOII H Met1TpOHOB
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
40? 200 , 0? 200
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
YCTaHOBJIeHO Tax We HaJIHLIHe em e 60Jiee TflxceJlbXX
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
HOBbIC H CBepXHOBble 3Be3AbI. CBepXHOBbIMH Ha3bIBaIOT-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
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Maccosoro nopa)KeHHH: aTOMHoro, XHMHgecxoro H
6aKTepxoJiorxgecxoro.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Oj ilaKo peaKt1HOI1Hble Kpyr f psIAa, KatIHTaJII3CTI4tIe'
CKHX CTpaH CTpeMSTCSI o60CTpHTb K yCHJIHTb MexcAyHa-
poAHoe HanpHxceHHe, HaBSI3aTb HOByIO Bot?Hy npoTHB
CoseTcxoro Colo3a, KHTaficxoft HapoAHOif Pecriy6nHKH
H Apyrxx MHpoJIK)6HBbIx rocyAapCTB.
Pa3BHBaR BoeHHbIi IICHx03, opraHH3y5I arpeCCHBHble
6JIOKH, npoBOUHpyH BofiHy, npOBOAA UOJIHTHKy ?Ha
rpaxH BOHHbl", 3TH KpyrH CT'peMSITCH 3anyraTb HapoAbi
aTOMHbIM opy)KHeM. MN He Mo)KeM CtIHTaTb, TO MM-
nepaJIHCTHtleCKH HaCTpOeHHble npaBflluHe KpyrH TpaTSIT
OrpOMHble MaTepHaJlbHble CpeACTBa Ha HCnbITaHHSI H
nOACOTOBKy 3aracoB aTOMHOrO H TepMOHAepHOTo
BOopyxceHHH TOJIbKO AJIfi TOM, TIT06bl HaC 3anyraTb.
)KH3Hb noKa3aJIa, 'ITO OHH crioco6HbI npHMeHHTb
.luo6bie CpeACTBa MaCCOBOrO yHHtiTo)KeHHH. BOT notieMy
Ham COBeTCKHfI HapoA npOSIBJISIeT rIOCTOHHHyIO 3a6OTy
o6 yKpenJieHHH o60pOHocuoco6H6CTH Halite i poAHHbI.
Hama cTpatia HMeeT aTOMHoe H TepMOSIAepxoe
(BOAopoAHoe) opyxcxe pa3JIHtIHbIx THnOB.
ATOMHOe H TepMOxAepxoe opyxcxe co3AaHO H HMeeT-
CH B Hamiei CTpaHe TOJIbKO AJIf1 TOro, tIT06bi JIIQbOMy
arpeccopy OTBeTHTb COKpyIIIHTeJIbHbIM yAapoM, ec ui
OH OCMeJIHTCH npHMeHHTb npoTHB Hac BTO opy?KHe.
ATOMHoe opyxcxe B pyxax COBeTCKOro Hapo,ma
5IBJI5eTC51 CpeACTBOM oxpaHbl MHpa, OHO CB13bJBaeT pyKH
TeM, KTO XOTeJI 6bI pa3B5I3aTb BoRHy. Bopb6a 3a 3a-
npeH,eHHe aTOMHOro Opy?KHSI, KaK H Jlio6oro Apyroro
opy)KHfi MaCCOBOrO yHHtITo)KeHHSI? JIIOAefI, OTKa3 OT
HCIIbITaHHH aTOMHOro Opy?KH5I.H npH3bIB K npaBHTeJib-
CTBaM, pacnoJlaralom.HM STHM BHJLOM opy?KHSI, nOCJIe1 o-
BaTb 9TOMy npHMepy, yxpermeHHe MHpa H COTpyAHH-
tieCTBa Me)KAy HapoAaMH COOTBeTCTByeT nOJIHTHKe
COBeTCKOro rocyAapcTBa.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
BBeaeHMe... 3
HCTOpHc aTOMa. 5
OTKpbITHe pi aHoaKTHBHOCTH . . . . . 7
nepBas M01Iel1b aTOMa . . . . . . 11
O~fnwrw Pe3epipopaa . 12
CBB3b nJ14HeTapHON MOJ[eJIH aloha c nepxoAHVecxoN CHCTeMO t
XHMHge~KHX 3JIeMeHuoB . . 16
I4CKYCCTBeHHOe npeBpalgeHHe 3JIeMeHT0B , . 19
OTKpbITHe He11TpOHOB. CoapeMeHHoe npeAcrasn.eHHe. 0 CTpoeHHH
aTOMHOFO sApa . . . . 20
430ronb1 . . . ? . . . . . . . . 22
14CKyCCTBeHHa% pa.1[HoaKTHBH0CTb , . , . LIaCTH4w-CHapsAw H TX HCIOgHHKH 23
. . . . . . 26
SlAepeas 9HeprHx ? 35
AJIeHHe HAep ypaxa n0a AefiCTBHeMHelTponoB . . . . . . . . 38
LlenHas HAepHaH-peaKUHS 42
Ae~eKTN Maccw m 3HeprHH CBB3H . . . . . . . 45
0 UPHPOAe sAepHblx CHn . . . . . ' . . 51)
OcyluecTBJIeHHe ueimoll suepHOH peaKIXHH . 53
%AepHble peaKTOpbl . 56
ATOMHa6 3neKTpoCTaHrIis CCCP . . . 61
CpaBHeHHe aTOMHOA H yroJ1bH011 9J1eKTpoCTaHi(HI 71
TepMoBAepuble }eaKUHH . . . . . . 74
CoapeMeHHoe waepHoe TonJIHBO . . . . . . . . . . ` . . . . . 75
0 nyTAX pa3BHTHH HAepHbIX 3HepreTHgeCKHX yCTaHOBOK . . . . . 79
PaAHoaKTHBHble H30TOnbI . 85
npHMeHeHHe paAHOaKTHBHbIX H30TOnOB?B?fPOH3BOACTBe? . . . . 86
IpHMeHeHHe paAHOaKTHBHbIX H30TonOB B arpo6HoJlo1HH . . . . 91
npHMeHeHHe MegeHbix" al-OMOB B MeJ uI.[HHe 94
MegeHble\? arOMbi B aixeojforHH, reoJlorHH H XHMHH 98
0 HekoropwX nepcneKTHBaX pa3BHTIIS sAepHOI 8HepreTHKH . . 102
KOCMHVecKOe H3JIygeHHe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
A6aJCap A6axapoeua A6dyJMaes
BHEPrHA ATOMHOI'O AAPA .
PeAaKTOp B. M. dlyKos XyaoxcHHK B. 57.. Eamuuses
XyA. panaKTop B. H. Be4bcxuu TexH. penaKTOpbi A. $.'edomoea, T. A. LUenmesa
KoppeKTOpbl 0, M. Cy3daAoea, A. 17. Muxeeoa
N M ?
CAaxo s Ha6on 15/XI 1957 r. rloanHCaxn K nevaTH 29/IX 1958 r. 84X108'/ Tien a. 8,5
(7,14)+0,33 BKJI. Ye.-H3A, a. 6,86+0,25 BKJI. THpaxc 25000 aK3. A08494.
L[eHa 2 py6. 3aKa3 A& 4874
YgnearH3. MocKea. 3-9 npoe3a MapbxuOA pomH, A. 41,
THnorpaqHq H3a-Ba rgpbKoBcKaa npaBAa",
r. CopbiHii, ya, 4'Hrxep, A. 32.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
PEAAKUHEB ?H3HKH YyflEArH3A
IIOArOTABJIHBAIOTCR K flE'ATH H BbIIYCKY:
B TEKYflIEM rOAY CJIEAYIOUtHE KHHrH:
I. K a e M e H T b e B C. A. TeaeaBTOMaTHxa, u. 11 (Teae-
paAHOaBTOMaTHKaf. noco6He Am ygHTeJA.
KHHra coAep)KHT onxcaHHe yCTpo*CTBa CaMOAeabHbIX
npH6opoB H yCTaHOBOK no TeaeaBTOMaTHKe, ynpaBaHeM6IX
Ha paCCTORHHH nopaAHO.
2. M o r H a K o A. A., 3Be$AHb1$ aTaac, noco6He AaA 71
y4aIUHXCH.
ATaaC cOAep)KHT 15 KapT 3Be3AHOrO He6a; Ha KapTaX
HaseCeHbi 3Be3AM AO 5,75 3Be3AHOFi BeaH'HHbi. noMeu[eHM
4 oT0rga4)HH 3Be3AHbIX CKOnneHH$, TyMaHHocTe$, ranaKTHK.
AaHbI 9HCa0Bbie XapaKTePHCTHKH HpKHX '3Be3A H ApyrHX
06,beKTOB. ATaaC npeACTaBaHeT HHTepeC AMR npenoAaBaTe-?
aei3, CTyAeHTOB H aU06HTeaeil aCTpOHOMHH; Hcn0ab3yeTCH
B yge6HOI1 H BHeKaaCCHOA pa6OTe.
3. A H O X H H n. Jl. H AP., IIKOabHbifi aBHaMOAeabHbd
Kpy)KOK. nOCO6He AJIA y4HTeai;.
KBHra coAep)KHT MaTepnaa Aim pa6oTbl aBHaMOAeAb-
HbIX KpyX{KOB, gepTex(H H OnHCaaHe, KaK H3rOTOBHTb aeTa-
iontHe MOAeaH H HarAHAHbie nOC06HA aBHaM0AeabHbIX
Kpy)KKOB, KHHra HanHCaHa B COOTBeTCTBHH C nporpaMMOII
Kpy)KKa, IHHpOKO HARIOCTpapOBaHa.
4. K y a H e Ii 0 B B. C. H AP., IOHOMy TpaKTOpHCTy.
noco6He Am y'iautaxcR cTapWHx KaacCOB,.
B KHHre H3aaraeTCA yCTpO*CTBO TpaKTopoB (AHseabHO-
ro H Kap6IopaTOpHOr0). Aa1OTCA ocHOBHale nOHHTHA no
yXOA), no TexHHKe ynpaBaeHHH, no HcnonbsoaaHH'o. Ha-
3Ha4eHHe KHHrK - nOMOyb y'ianlHMCA H3y9HTb B nopRAKe
BHeKaaCCHBIX 3aHATHIi TpaKTOp B TaKOM o6beMe, 'TO6bi
nocae npaKTHqeCKOt CTa)KHpOBKH pa6oTaTb nOMOl(BHKaMH
TpaKTOpHCTOB H TpaKTOpHCTBMH. noco6He IIIHpOKO HaaIO-
CTpHpoBaHO.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
5. A o r a e B M. M. H AP., ACTpOHOMHeCKH11 KaneH-
Aapb Ha 1959 roA. Iloco6He Ann y'auxHxcH.
Kanenuapb coAep)KHT OCHOBHbIO cnpaBO4Hbie AaHHbie,
Heo6X,pAHMbie Ann acTpoHOMH4eCKHX Ha6JuOAeHH i, caeAenm
0 HOBOM B aCTpOHOMHH H cnpaB04Hble AaHHbie 0 He6eCHbix
nBJIeHHnX.
6. P n 6 o B H. (D., (Dpe3epHOe Reno. floco6He Ann y4a-
IgHXCH.
KHHra npeAHa3Ha4eHa Am nOArOTOBKH ygaIL(HXCH
IIKOJIbl K pa6OTe''Ha Toxapxblx cTaHKax. B He11 onHCb1BaeTCH
yCTpO1CTBO TOKapHO-BHHTopesHoro CTaHKa.
floco6He MO)KeT 6bITb HcnOnb3oBaHO Ann 4)aKyJIbTa"
THBHbIX 38HRTHA no TOKBpHOMY Amy H BO BHeKIIaCCHO%
pa60Te.
7. A n a K H H H. A. H Ap., 3aBOA H ulKOna. flOCO6He
Ann y4HTenn.
OnHCbaBaeTCH OnbIT H3ygeHH$I OCHOB npOH3BOACTBa H
npocpeCCHOHaabHaR noArOTOBKa y4alLHXCH Ha 3aBOJje.
8. 5 e a o y c o B B. fl. H AP., YpOKH no MaulHHOBeue-
HHIO B VIII Knacce. floco6ne Aim y4HTeJIH.
B KHHre AaIOTCa nnaHHpOBBHHe yge6HOro MaTepMaJIa
H noyp04Hble pa3pa6oTKH Kypca MaWHHOBeAeHHH B VIII
Knacce B COOTBeTCTBHH C nporpaMMo11 no MauJHHoBegeHHIO.
9. B a P H o B C K H x A. B. H AP., HeKOTOpble onMTbl no
MexaHHKe. Iloco6He Ann y4HTenn.
KHHra coAep)KHT KoHCTpYKTHBHOe onKca"_ee HOBIAX npH-
6opoB no MexaHHKe, KHHeMaTHKe H AHHaMHKe McToAN4e-
CKHe yKa3aHH51 no nOCTBHOBKe OnMTOB Ha HHX.
10. Be A e H o B A. H., (DoTorpal,HpoeaHHe KaMepoAi
4IIO6HTenbl+. Iloco6He JJIH y'aMHXCH.
B KHHre OnHCLIBaeTC$ yCTpOACTBO 4 OTOKaMepbl cJIIO6H-
TeAb), ABIOTCH yxasarHn K 4)oTorpa4HpOBaHH1O elO, HpH-
BOAHTCn COOTBeTCTByIOHUHe CnpaB04HMe Ta6JIHllbl, paC9e1bl
H peuenTbl. KHHra HnJIIOCTpHpOB1aHa.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
11. 1' o p e B JI. A., BKCKypCHH no 4)n3HKe B MTC.
floco6He aim ygHTenu.
OnHCbIBaeTCA onbIT.pa6oTbt y9HTeJIa no 4 H3HKe no op-
raHH3auHH H npoBeaeHHIO 9xcxypcH9 Ha o6ibexTbT'MTC.
12. JI Y K a III H K B. H., C6o HHK BOnpOCOB H 3aAaq no
(4H3HKe aim VI-VII KJlaccoB. I10co6He Anse y{HTeJIL.
13. II e III K 0 B E. 0., IfKOJIbHbrfi TeXHHgeCKHI{ CJIO-
Bapb. Iloco6He Aim yganJHxca.
B cnpaBOgHHKe coAepa~aTCH MaTepnanbl no o6pa6oTKe
AepeBa H McTaJIJIa, no 9JIeKTpOMOHTa)KHbIM pa6oTaM.
COCTaBAeH B aJH~aBHTHOM nopsAKe.
14. 110 x p 0 B C K H H A. A., 06opyAoaanae 4)H3nge-
cxoro Ka6HHeTa. IIoco6He Anse y4HTensl.
B KHHre H3naralOTCSI npHHunnbT opraHH3aIIHH (pH3Hge-
cKoro xa6HHera, ero AeMOHCTpauHOHHOe H na6opaTOpaoe
o6opyAoaaHHe; AaiOTCSI yKa3aHHH o6 HCnonb30BaHHH o6o-
pyAOBaHHa.
15. C o x o a o B a E. H., IOHOMy (pH3HKy. I7oCO6He AJISI
ygaluHXCH. B KHHre coJepKHTCn 6onbuloe KonngeCTBO 3a-
Aa% HnnlocTpagH 1, a Tal{}Ke onxcaHHe 3aHHMaTeJlbnblx Onbl-
TOB no (IH3HKe.
3aKa3bl Ha KHHCH nPHHHMaIOTCB gepe3 McCTHMe Mara-
3HHbI I(HHrOTOpra H OTAeabl aKHHra-nogTOAIO pecny6JIHKaH-
CKHX, Kpaeablx H o6naCTHIJx KHHrOTOproB.
KHHrH, BbIIHeJnIHe B CBeT, MO}KHO npHo6pecTH BO BC"
Mara3HHax KHHroTOpra, nOTpe6KOOnepauIH N c KHHra-~
fOgTOim.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
H IT. rnMHKA
3 AIA` All 4
x
YII PA)KHEHM51
no
OEIIIE1
XHMHH
rOCXH MYI 39AT
MOCKBA -- 19 5 &
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
`-fPH PEWEHHH 3A 1A4 IIPHMEH 1f1TE
OKPYCJIEHHbIE ATOMHbIE BECA
KPOME TEX CJIY9AEB, KOUJJ.A ATOMH131E BECA YKA3AHbl
B YCJIOBHH 3A,IlAgH
A30T . .
An1OMHHHA .
AproH . .
bapHA . . .
bop . . . .
bpoM . . .
BaHaAHll . .
BHCMyT . .
BoaopoA. .
Bonbc4paM
CenHA .
?Keneao
3onoTO . .
Noa . . . .
KaamHA . .
KanHA .
KanbwHA .
KHCAOPOa
Kpeeannf .
.
. N.
14
Al
27
.
. Ar
40
.
. Ba
137
.
. B
11
.
Br
80
.
. V
51
.
. Bi
209
H
1
. W
184
. He
4
.
. Fe
56
.
. Au
197
.
. J
127
.
. Cd
112
~ K
39
.
. Ca
40
.
. 0
16
.
.. Si
28
. Mg
24
MapraHeu . . Mn 165
Me1u . . . Cu 64
MonI6aeH . : MO' 96
MbumbnK . . . As 75
HaTpHA . . . . Na 23
HeoH.. . . . . Ne 20
HHKenb . . . . Ni 59
Onoeo . . . . Sn 119
I1naTHHa . . Pt 195
PTyTb . . . . Hg 201
CBHHeu . Pb 207
Cepa . . . S 32
Cepe6po . . . Ag 108
CypbMa . . Sb 122
YrnepoA . . . . C 12
coc4op . . . . P 81
4 )TOP . . F 19
Xnop . . . . Cl 85,5
XpoM . . . . . Cr 52
MarHHA .
UHHK . . . . Zn 65
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
H. A. I'JIHHKA
3A1.IALI H H YI1 PA?KHEHH5-I
HO OBLIJEI%I XHMHH
H3,gAHIIE JIECSITOE
(cTepeoTiiuuuoe)
,Qonyuleuo rnaeHblM ynpaeAeuueM mexHOnoeuuecIcux ey306 Muuucmepcmea
eblceueeo o6pa3oeauuR CCCP e Ka'iecmee ytie6HOeo noco6us
- - dnR HexuMUKecKUx ey308
1OCYI1APCTBEHHOE HAYLIHO-TEXHHtIECKOE W3JIATEJIbCTBO
XHMW1ECKO1%1 JIIITEPATYPbI
MOCKBA . 1958
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
51
1 ".)4
KHHra HaJ1aercA yge6Hb1M Hoco6HeM Aim cry-
AeHTOB BbICUIHX yge6HbIX 3aBeueHHFt upH caMo-
CTORTCJIbHON pa6OTe HaA KypCOM oftei xHMHH.
IIo xapaKTepy H ^o HOCTpoenuK1 OHa paCCquTaHa,
B gaCTHOCTH, Ha 3ao'Hoe o6ygeHHe.
B KHHre COAepKHTCA 60JIee 850 3aaaq n
ynpa)KHeHHii, oTHOCHUIHXCH K pa3JIHgUb1M pa3AeJ1aM
Kypca. B Hagane rJIaB KparKO H3J1araEOTCA OCHOB-
Hble HOIIHTH51 H Teope.THgeCKHe noJIO)KeHHA, OTHOCH-
iuNeca K AaHHOMy pa3Aeny Kypca, H pa36HpaeTCH
iipaMepHOe pemeHHe HeCKOJIbKHX THHHtlHbIX 3aAaq.
K YHTATEJ1f0
113dareAbcreo npocUT npucbtAarb Baum 3aAeyaHwi
06 rot KHUee no adpecy: MOCKAa, 12, Hoaasz
d. 10, rocxumu3daT.
rJIHHKA HHKOJ1a}I JleoHHAoe
3aaagii li yupa)KHeHHH no o6uleh XHMHH
U OT3blab!
nnou;a(9b,
PenaxTOp J7. B. Bpoaxir TexH. peaaiTop M. C. Jlypbe
IloAl1HCaHC B neqaTb 24/V1 1958 r. THpaNK 25 001-75000 9K3. BTOPOB 3aBOA)
Y4e.TRr-H3A. ii. 12,07 ByMara 84x108132=3,625 6yM. n.-I1,9 ueq. necTa.
aeHa 4 P. 60 K. 3aKa3 744
OTHegaTaao C MJTpHU B THHOrpa4 wo 1oCXH,NH3AaTa, 1'1MOCKBa, 88 YrpeWCKaa
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
COI(EP}KAHHE
flpep,HCJ1oB11e K IIIeCTOMy H3AaHHlo . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
rnaea I. COCTaB cJlo)KHOro BeujecTBa . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1. BecoBO> cocraB xHMH4ecKHx coe4HHeHHH . . . . . . 7
2. 3KBHBaneHTb1. 3aKO11 KpaTHbIX OTHOweHHH . . . . . . 9
rnaea II. ra30Bble 3aKOHb1. OnpejjeJleHHe MOJIeKyJIHpHbIX BCCCB
ra30B H napoB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1. OcxoBHble ra30Bbie 3 axoabl . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
3. Ilapuxa,ihHoe aaBneHHe ra3a . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. 3axoH ABorapAo. O6,beMHble oT11OweH11H Me}KAy pearllpylo-
I4HMH ra3aMH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. rpaMMoneKynapHbIH o6,beM ra3a . . . . . . . . . . 23
5. Bec ra3a. 1IJIOTHOCTb ra3a 26
6. MoneKy.apHb1H BeC BeLueCTBa B ra3006pa3ilOM COCTOAHHH 30
7. YpaBHeHHe COCTOAHHB ra3a H ero npHMelleHHe npH pacneTax 32
1. OnpeAeneHHe aTOMHoro Beca 3neMellTa no Mo, eKy.IIHpHbIM
BecaM ero COeJHHeHHH . . . . . 35
2. OnpeaeJleHHe aTOMHOro Beca n0 aTOMHOH TenJIoeMKOCTH
3.7eMeHTa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
rnaBa IV. Bb1BOJj XHMH4ecKHX 4iopMyn . . . . . . . . . . 40
1. BIABOA npocTefwllx cpopMyJl . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2. BbIBOA HCTHHHbIX 4 OpMyJI . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
r.4aea VI. KaaCCH4H1KafH$ HeopraHHveCKHX coe,gnHeHHH . . . . 48
1. OKHCnbI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2. KIICJI OTbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3. OCHOBaHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
4. AM(pOTepHble rHApOOKHCH . . . . . . . . 52
5. Conti . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
6. HoMeaxnaTypa cone6 . . . . . . . . . . 53
7. CocTaanexne 4)OpMyn ocaoBaHHH H coae6 . . . . 55
8. BaxcueiwHe cnOcO6b1 nony4eHHH KHCJOT, OCHOBaHH}i H cone1 57
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
I'aaea VII. Pac4erw no XHMH4eCKHM ypaBHCHHBM . . . . . . C2
rAaaa VIII. TepMOXHMH4eCKHe ypaBHeHHH H paC4eTb1 . . . . . 63
IAaea IX. CTpoeHHe aTOMa. XHMH4eCKasi CBn3b . . . . . . . 74
1. CTpoeHne aTOMa. O6pa3oBaHHe HOHOB . . . . . . . . 74
2. HOHHbie H aTOMHble COeAHHeHHH . . . . . . . . . 76
3. O6pa3oBanne HOHHMX coeAHHeHHH . . . . . . . . 77
4. O6pa36BaHHe aTOMHbIX COeAHHeHHN . . . . . . . . . 79
5. BaneHTHOCTb BneMeHTOB B aTOMHb1X coeAIIHeHIislx . . 81
6. OnpeAeneHHe BaneHTHOCTH 9neMeHTOB B CJIO)KHbIX Beuje-
CTBaX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
IAaaa X. XHMH9eCKoe paBHOBeCHe . . . . . . . . . . . 85
1. CKOpOCTb XHMH4eCKHX peaxuari. Pac4eTM paBHoBeciiu
CHCTeM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2. CMea eHHe XHMH4eCKOrO paBHOBeCH$I . . . . . . . . 90
fnaea H. PacTBOpw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09
1. KonueHTpauHH paCTBOpOB . . . . . . . . . . 99
2. PaCTBOpHMOCTb . . . . . . .. . . . . . 106
3. TennoTa paCTBOpeHHB H rHApaTauHH . . . . . . . . 109
4. OcMOTHVecKoe AaBAeHHe pacTBOpoB . . . . . . . . III
5. aaBJIeHHe napa pacTBOpoB . . . . . . . . . . . 114
6. 3aMep3aHHe H KHneBHe pacT.BOpoB . . . . . . . . 117
fdaea XII. TeopHa 9neKTpOJIHTH4eCKON AHCCOI(HaIHH . . . . 121
1. CTeneHb 9neKTpOJIHTH4eCKOH A110001ttraW H . . . . . . 121
2. KOHueHTpa1HH HOHOB H HOHHoe paBHOBeCHe . . . . . 128
3. IIpoH3BeAeiine paCTBOpHMOCTH . . . . . . . . . . 134
4. HOHHbie peaKUHH H ypaBHeHHB . . . . . . . . . . 139
5. BouopoAHbiit noKa3aTenb . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
6. FHAponH3 coneii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
TAaea XIII. KoMnneKCHble coeAHHeHHS1 . . . . . . . . . . 151
fAaea XIV. HepHOAH9eCKasi CHCTeMa 9JeMeHTOB A. H. McHAeaeeea 156
1. 3aBHCHMOCTb CBOtiCTB BAeMeHTOB OT CTpOeHHB HX aTOMOB 156
2. PaAHOaKTHBHOCTb. 3aKOH CMeUieHHSI. 143OTOHbJ . . . . 160
fAaca X V. OKHCJIHTeabHO-BOCCTaHOBHTeJibHMe peaK1 Hii . . . . 165
1. OKIICJIeHHe H BOCCTaHOBneHHe . . . . . . . . . . 165
2. COCTaBneHHe ypaBHeHHIi OKHCJIHTeJIbHO-BO00TauOBnTenbHMX
peaKIHFi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
f.4aea X V1. XHMH4eCKHe npoueccb n 9JIeKTpH4ecKHIi TOK . . . . 1 78
1. PAA HanpB)KeHHO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
2. ranbBaHH9eCKHe 9neMeHTM . . . . . . . . . . . 179
3. 3aeKTpOJH3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4. 3aKOHM 3neKTpOJH3a 187
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
FAaea X VIII. CBONCTna xxMegecxxx sneMeHTOB H Fix coeAHHeHHI1 198
1. BoAopoA. HHepTHble rasbl . . . . . . . . . . . 198
2. ranorexb- . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
3. 3neMeHTb- rpynnbi IHCAOpoAa . . . . . . . . . . 271
4. 9neMeHTbI rpynnbl Mn . . . . . . . .. . . . 203
5. Yrnepoa H KpeMHHH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6. McTannbl I rpynnbl nepHoAH4ecKON CHCTeMb1 . . 209
7. Meiannbi II rpynnbl nepnoAHtlecxoH CHCTeMbI . 212
8. }KeCTKOCTb BOAbJ . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
9. McTaJlnbi III H IV rpynn nepHOAHVecKOH cncTeMbl . . 216
10. McTannbl VI, V.11 H VIII rpynn nepnoAHVecKO5 cncTeMbl 219
11..L OnOJ1H11TeJ1bHbie Bonpocbl H sauae}1 . . . . . . . . 222
IIpHJIo)KeHHA
Ta6nuga 1. jjaBnenIle BOAHHoro napa npH TeMnepaTypax OT
00 AO 100? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Ta6Auga 2. YAenbnble Beca BOAHbIx pacTBOpoB IleKOTOpblx
Huenoveii npH 180 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
Ta6nuga 3. YAenbHble Beca BouHbix pacTBOpoB HeKOTOpb1X
KHCJIOT HpH 1 &? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
J1orapH(4Mb1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
OTBeTb1 Ha 3aua'ua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
TlPEIIMCJIOBME K LBECTOMY M311AHMIO
CO BpeMeHH Bb1XOaa B CBeT nnTorO 113aaMiR c3aaa4 H
ynpaN npoui.no 6onee aByx neT. 3a
9T0 Bper i 6bwn ABaM , 4TO nOTpe6oBaJlO H HeKOTOpOro ne-
peCMOTpa HaCTOAUlero noco6Hfl, S1BnftloLueroc I B H3BeCTHOFI
CTeneHH AOnOJIHeHHeM K y4e6HHKy.
HpH noarOTOBKe KHHrH K weCTOMy H3AaHHIO 6bInl npnBe-
AeHbl B COOTBeTCTBHe c y4e6HHKOM TeopeTH9eCKHe BBe11eHHR
K HeKOTOpbIM pa3,aenaM, npnteM KOpeHHbIM o6pa3OM nepepa-
6oTaubl pa3Ae.nbl >, H
KOKHCnHTenbHO-BO00TaHOBHTenbHble peaKUHH>. B rnaBy XVIII
BKnlogeu HOBb1 pa3Aen - 4}KeCTKOCTb BOAhI>. 3aHOBO apoBe-
peHhl npHBeJLeHHble B KHHre 3aaagn H ynpawHeHHH H 4aCTb H3
HHX'3aMeuena HOBbIMH.
IlepeCMaTpHBaH coaepNxaT 1,53 z McTanna.
154. BbIBe11HTe flpocTeflulyio cJOpMYJIy BeILLCCTBa, co epwalllero
(13,64% a3OTa H 36,36?/? KHCnopoua.
155. BbIBealiTe npocTeflurylo (4OPMYny BeujecTBa, B COMB
KOTOporo BXOAflT BOJIOp0T1, yrnepou, KHCJFOpOJJ H a3OT B BeCOBOM
OTHOIDPHHH 1 :3:4:7.
156. BbIBe1IHTe npOCTefluiyIO (pOpMyny BeuteCTBa, COT1epMCaluero
43,4% Na; 11,3?% C H 45,3?% 0.
157. BbIBe1[HTe 4 OpMyny KpHCTannOrHapaTa xnopl4cToro Kalb-
11m, 3HaB, 4TO 7,3 2 KPHCTannOCHTxpaTa TepBIOT npH o6e3BO)fH-
BaHNH -3,6 2 BO1 bI.
158. BbIBe11HTe IjOpMyny KPHCTannoruJlpaTa CO1xb1, 3HBA, qTO
I1pu nPOKanHBaHHH 14,3 2 KPHCTannO1HJLPaTa nonygaeTCi 5,3 2
C e3BOJ1HOffi COJxbi Na2CO3.
159. YCTaHOBHTe cpopMyny KPHCTanrlorHupaTa, coiiep>Kaulero
9,8?% Mg, 13% S, 26% 0 H 51,2% Bo11bI.
160. KpHCTannorHapaT HeKOTOpOf1 cones coaep>KHT 18,6% Na,
25,8?/0 S, 19,4?% 0 H 36,2?% Bol(bI. BbiBeuHTe 4IOPMyJly KpxCTan-
norHUpaTa.
161. KaKOBa npoCTef iuas cpopMyna cxnHKaTa, coRepMcauxero
40% MgO H 60% S102?
162. BbIBe1LHTe 4opMyny MHHepana, co>tep)Kauiero 78% ZnO
it 27% S103.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
163. BhrReAHTe Monerrynspnyro (~opMyny BeuteCT a, coAep)Ka-
uxero 93,75?% C H 6,25?/? H, ecnH nnoTHOCTh napa 9TOro Beuie-
CTBa no B03Ayxy 4,41.
164. BhrBCAHTe MOneKynHPHyK) (4OpMyny BeuxeCTBa, B KOTOpOM
Ha 1 Bec. u. Bo)xopoaa npnxOAHTCB 6 sec. q. yraepol(a m 8 Bec. 9.
KHcnopona, ecnH MoneKynnpabIft Bec seuxecTBa 180.
165. Bb1BeaHTe MonexynBpHy1O ()OpMyny BeutecTBa, coAepM(a-
ruero 84,2% S H 16,,8% C. rIJIOTHOCTb papa 9Toro BeuxeCTBa
no B03Ayxy 2,62.
166. BbIBeaHTe MOneKynnPHYIO (IOPMyny MaCJHHOl KHCJIOTbI,
coAepxcarueft 54,5% C; 36,4% 0 H 9,1% H, ecnH nnOTHOCTb
ee napa no Boz[opony 44.
167. BbIBeAHTe MOneKYMIPHyIO (3opMyny aHHnHHa, coaepM(aluero
77,4% C; 7,5% H H 15,1% N. 1ZnOTHOCTb napa aHHnHHa no
BO3Ayxy 3,21.
168. rlpn c)KHraHHH opraHH4ecKoro BeIIxeCTBa, COCTOnluero H3
yrnepoua, BoAOpoua H Cepbl, nonyyeHO 2,64 a yrneKHcnoro ra3a,
1,62 Z BUM H 1,92 a CepHHCTOro ra3a. BbIBeAHTe (4opMyny 9TOro
BellxecTBa.
169. rlpt cx;HraHHH 4,3 2 yrnenoAOpoAa o6pa3OBaJlocb 13,2z
yrneKHcnoro ra3a. FIJIOTliocTb napa yrnenouopoaa no Bouopoay 43.
BbIBeAHTe MoneKynapnyIO ()opMyny yrneBonopoJa.
170. rlpu CMCHraHHH 6,2 Z KPeMHeBOAOPOAa nony9eHO 12 Z AHy-
OKHCH KpeMHHA Si02. FIJIOTHOCTb KpeMHeBO)IOPoAa 110 B03AyXy 2,14.
BbIBeAHTe MOneKyimpHyio (POPMyny KpeMHeBOAOpOAa.
171. rlpH HOJIHOM cropaHHH 13,8 2 oprannvecxoro BeuxecTBa
nOnyvHJIOCb 26,4 z yrneKHcnoro ra3a H 16,2 2 BOAbI. IZnOTHOCTb
napa 9TOr0 BeuxeCTBa HO BonopOJ1y 23. BbIBenHTe MoneKynMPHylo
(j3opMyny Beu(ecTBa.
172. AnB.yCTaHOBneHHn (~OPMynhlra30o6pa3Horo yrneBOAOpoua
5 AM ero 6b-nH CMeulaHbl C 12 AM KHCnopoaa H CMecb 6bina
B30PBaHa B 9BAHOMeTpe *. HOCne KOHJIeHCaUHH o6pa3oBaBHierocn
BOAAHOrO napa o6-beM ra30o6pa3Horo OcTaTKa (yrneKHcnbI1 ra3 H
H36bITOK KHcnopOAa) paBHnncn 7 mA, a nocne o6pa6oTKn ero
uxenogblo AJIA nornOUxeHHR yrneKHcnoro ra3a yMeHbllIHJICn AO 2 MA.
Bce H3MepeHlin npOH3BOAHJIHCb npH oAiiHaKOBbIX yCnOBHnx. Hafl-
AHTe (4opMyny yrneBOAOpoia.
173. rlpH B3pbIBe 1 o6"beMa HeKOTOporo ra3a c 2 o6"beMaMH
KHCnopOAa o6paayeTcn 2 o61beMa yrneKHcnoro rasa n 1 o6beM
a30Ta. HaPAHTe c$ropMyny HeH3BeCTHOro ra3a.
* BBAHOMCTP - CTeKJIHHHaR Tpy6Ka C AeJieHHAMH, 3anasHHas C OAHOrO
KOHUa, a ApyrHM KOHUOM norpy)I(eflHan B pTyTb.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
FJIABA V
BAJIEHTHOCTb. COCTABJIEHHE 4OPMYJI
nO BAJIEHTHOCTH
BaJIeHTHOCTbIO 9JIeMeHTa Ha3b1BaeTCfl CHOCO6HOCTb ero aTO-
MOB npacoeaHHHTb K ce6e (HJIH 3aMeLuaTb B MOJIeKyJIHX pa3-
JIHqHbIX coeAHHeHHH) onpeaeJleHHoe qac io aTOMOB ApyrHX
9JIeMeHTOB. Mepo BHJIeHTHOCTH CJIy%HT 4HCJIo aTOMOB BOAO-
poaa, KOTOpOe aTOM aaHHoro 9JIeMeHTa MO]KeT npHcoeaHHHTb
HJIH 3aMeCTHTb. ATOM oJHOBaJIeHTBoro 9J1eMeHTa Bceraa npH-
COeAHH$eT K cebe HJIH 3aMeLuae' TOJIbKO OAHH aTOM RPYFOFO
OAHOBaJ1eHTHOTO 9JIeMeHTa; ATOM IIByXBaJIeHTHOrO 3JIeMeHTa
MO]KeT npHCoeAHHHTb HJIH 3aMeCTHTb ABa aTOMa OAHOBaJieHT-
HOI'o 9JIeMeHTa HJIH o1HH aTOM Apyror0 aBYXBaiieHTHOrO 9ne-
McHTa B T. A. no9TOMy o BaJIeHTHOCTH 9JieMeHTa MOM{HO CyAHTb
nO COCTaBy ero COeaHHeHHSI He TOJIbKO C BOAOpOAOM, HO H C J1IO-
6biM ApyrHM 9JIeMeHTOM, BaJ1eHTHOCTb KOTOpOro H3BeCTHa.
HanpnMep, B coeAHneHHH Na2S ceps AByXBaJIeHTHa, TaK KaK
aTOM ee cafl3aH C aBYMg aToMaMH OAHOBaiieHTHoro 9JIeMeHTa
HaTpHS1.
HaKoHeu, BaJ1eHTHOCTb 9JIeMeHTa B AaHHOM COeJHHeHHH
MO)KHO OnpeAeJJHTb m3 COOTHOLUeHHi MeM y aTOMHbIM aeco
BJIeMeHTa, er0 9KBHBaJIeHTOM H BaJIeHTHOCTbiO:
aTOMHbza Dec
Ba)eHTHOCTb =
BKBHBaneHT
3HaHIie BaJieHTHOCTH 9JieMeHTOB n03BOJISIeT 6blcTpo 000Ta-
BJISITb ?IOPMYJIbI XHMHNeCKHX coeAHHeHH13, o6pa3oBaHHbIX AByMH
9JIeMeHTaMH.
B npocTeciuJeM CJlyvae, KOTAa OAHH H3 o6pa3ylOIUHx coeAH-
HeHHe 9JIeMewTOB OAHOBaJ1eHTeH, BaJIeHTHOCTb BTOPOFO 9Jle-
McHTa HenocpeaciBeHHo yKa3biBaeT, CKOJIbKO aTOMOB nepBoro
9J1eMenTa 11pHXOAHTCH Ha OAHH aTOM BTOpOro B MOJIeKy.le Aaii-
Horo coeAHHeHHSI. HanpaMep, 3Hasi, LITo aJIIOMHHHfi Tpex-
BaJ1eHTeH, a xnop B coe1HHenmix c McTajijiaMH BcerAa oAIlO-
BaJ1euTeH, Mbi MO1KeM cpaay HanacaTb (4opiy.ly xAOpaz a a.ino-
MHHHSI: AICI,.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
B 6o.nee CJIOnxHblX cJIy4a5iX AJIA cocTaBJIeHHa r4OpMyJlbl CO-
eJ1HHeHHA Hy}KHO noao6paTb 'IHCJIO aTOMOB Ka}xLoro 3JIeMeHTa
TaK, 4TO6b1 npOH3BeJIeFIne 4HCJia aTOMOB OJIHOI'O 3JIeMeHTa Ha
ero BaJIeHTHOCTb paBHHJIOCb npOH3BeJ1 FIHIO 4HCJIa aTOMOB BTO-
poro 3.neieHTa Ha ero BaJIeHTHOCTb. I'Illage rOBOpH, HaAO HaI1TH
HaHMeHbHlee KpaTHoe BajieHTIIOCTen o6onx 9JIeMeHTOB. I-IaCTHOe
oT aeJIeiiHfl HaHMeHbwero KpaTHOro Ha Ba,IIeHTHOCTb Ka}KAOCO
sJ1eMeHTa H aaCT 4HCJIO ero aTOIOB B MOJIeKyale J1aMIIIoro co-
eAHHeHHA.
I1pHMep 1. COCTaBHTb rpopMyJIy xJlopHoro aurHapwAa, 3Haa,
9TO XJIOf B HeM ceMHBaJIeHTeH, a KHCJIOpOA RByXBaiieHTeH.
P e w e H H e. HaxowHM HaHMeHbulee KpaTHoe 4Hcen 2 H 7,
paBHoe 14. Pa3Ae.IHB 14 Ha 7, noJlygaeM 4HCJio aTOMOB xnopa
B MonexyJie xJlOpxoro aHrHApHAa. ,llejleHHe 14 Ha 2 aaeT 4HCJIO
aTOMOB KHcJiopoua. copMy,na XJIOpHOr0 axrHRpHAa: C1207.
(1pHMep 2. COCTaBHTb rpOpMyJIy cyJlbcJnaa BHCMyTa, 3Ha5i,
9TO BHCMYT TpeXBaJIeHTeH, a cepa B COeAHHeHHAX c McTaJI-
J1aMH aBYXBaJIeHTHa.
P e iii e H H e. Tax KaK HaHMeHbulee KpaTHoe 4HCen 2 H 3
paBHO 6, To 4HCJIO aTOMOB BHCMyTa B MOJIeKyJle ero cyJlb(jnlla
.UOJI}KHO paBHHTbCfl TpeM, a 4HCJIO aTOMOB cepbl - AByM. mop-
MyJia cyJlb(MHAa BHCMyTa: Bi2S3.
3AJJ A' H
174. HaIAHTe BaneHTHOCTb MapraHua B coeAHHeHHHX
MnS Mna08 Mn02 Mn207
H BaneHTHOCTb xpoMa B COeAHHeHHSIX
CI2S3 C103
175. OnpeAellHTe BaJJeHTHOCTb HHKeJIB B OKHCH HHKeJn1, eCJIH
9KBHBaJIeHT ero B 9TOM coeAHHeHHH paBeH 19,57 (aT. Bec
HHKeIHI 58,71).
176. YKaNCHTe BaJ1eHTHOCTH McTaJIJ1OB B CJIe iyIorunx coeAHHe-
HIiSIX :
Liao Sn02 Mn207 CdS PbCI2 CrCI5
177. Onpei enHTe BaJIeHTHOCTb XJiopa B CJIeAyiOWIIX KHCJIo'1'aX,
HMeSI B BHAy, TO BaJ1elITHOCTb ero Ta we, 4TO N B 000TBeTCTBylO-
(uHX 9THM KHCJIOTaM aHrHApmaax:
HCIO HC102 HCIO8 HCIO4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
178. OIIpe.4eiHTe BaneHTHOCTb cepbl B H2S041 BaneHTHOCTb
Maprauua B HMnO4 H BaneHTHOCTb KpeMHHA B H2SiO3, HMe$1 B BHAy,
4TO BaneHTIIOCTb }IX Ta we, 4TO H B COOTBeTCTByIOHIHX 3THM
KHCJIOTaM aHrmapHAax.
179. OnpeaenNTe BaneHTHOCTb HOAa B COeJIHHeHHH, coAepNCauteM
Ha 25,4 BCC. 4. HOAa 0,2 sec. ti. BOJI,Opoaa H 12,8 Bec. 4. KHCJIO-
poua. -
180. XnopIA McTanna coaep)KHT 69% xnopa. ATOMHbIA Rec
McTaJlJla 47,9. OnpeaeJIHTe BaneHTHOCTb McTanna B 3TOM coeuH
IIeHHH. ,
181. HaA HTe 3KBHBaneIITbI McTannOB B CneAyioiu x coeANHe-
HHHX:
Ag20 Fe2(SO4)3 FeC12 V2S5 Cd3(P04)2
182. OnpeAenHTe 3KBI41BaneHT xnopa B COeAHHeHHH, coAepNca-
IueM 38,8?% Cl H 61,2?/o 0. 17o Ha11J>.eHHOMy 3KBHBaaexry ycTaHo-
BHTe BaneHTHOCTb xnopa B TOM COeJIHHeHHH.
183. COCTaBbTe (opMyabl OKHCJIOB cneayloluHX 3neMeHTOB
(BaneHTHOCTb yKa3aHa pHMCKHMN uH4paMH):
l 1I III IV V VI Vii VIII
Ag Ba Al Ti Nb Mo J Os
184. PyKOBOACTByHCb Ta6JHuett nepHOJIH4eCKol CIICTeMbd, CO-
CTaBbTe (~opMynbl BUCWHX OKHCJIOB BaBaAHH, xpoma H MapraHua.
185. COCTaBbTe (~OpMynbl XJIOpHAOB H CyJlb(4HJ[OB AByxBaneHT-
Horo MapraHua, 4eTblpexBaneHTHOrO OnOBa H 1`l$THBaneHTHOI1 cypbMbl.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
rJIAEA VI
KJIACC144HKAILH5I HEOPFAHHgECKHX
COEJ.LHHEHHR
HeopraHHqecKHe coeAHHelIH51 AeJI51TC51 Ha n5ITb rJIaBHbIX
KJIaCCOB: OKHCJIbl, KHCJIOTbI, OCHOBaHHH, aM(JOTepHble rHApo-
OKHCH H COJIH.
1. O KHCJI W
OICHCJIaMII Ha3blBalOTCH Bce coeAHHeHHH, COCTOSIH1He H3
KHCJ1Opo,a 1'1 KaKoro-H116yab BJIeMeHTa. Ec.nH BJIeMeHT o6pa-
3yeT TOJIbKO OAHH OKHceJI, TO erO Ha3bIBaIOT OKUCbKI, ecAH ABa
OKHCJIa, TO HH3UIHH (T. e. coaeplKaluHH OTHOCHTeAbHO McHbLU
KHCAOpOAa) Ha3bIBaeTCH 3aK4CbIO, BbICHIHH - OKUCbIO. OKHCAbI,
B KOTOPbIX Ha OAHH ATOM 9AeMeHTa npHXOAHTCH lira HAH 6oJlee
aTOMOB KHCAOpOAa, gaCTO Ha3bIBaJOTCH d8yOKUCJLMU, TpexoKu-
CJM U H T. A.
BOJIbUIHHCTBO OKHCJIOB HJIH HenocpeACTBeHHO, HAM KOCBeH-
HbIM nyTeM o6pa3yeT coeAHHeHHSI C BOAOH, HOCAn1He o6Hiee
Ha3BaHHe eUdpaTOB OKUCA08 HAH eudpooKuceLl. IIpH HarpeBa-
HMH rIOYTH Bce rHApoOKHCH pa311aralOTCSI Ha OKHCeJI H BOAy.
I'HApOOKHCH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT HX CBOHCTB OTHOCSITCSI HAH
K KAHCCy KHCJIOT, HJIH K KABCCy OCHOBaHHH. KpoMe Toro, cy-
IueCTBy}OT rHApOOKHCH, o6Jia1[aIOluxe OAHOBpeMeHHO H CBOH-
CTBaMH KHCJIOT H CBOHCTBaMH OCHOBaHHH; OHH Ha3bIBaIOTC51
[IMOOTepnbCMU .UCp00KUCJIMU. B COOTBeTCTBHH C 9THM H OKHCJIbI,
o6pa3ylotuHe rnUpaTbl, AeJIHTC51 Ha TpH rpynnbl: KHC.noTHble,
OCHOBHb1e H aM(1OTepHble.
A. KUCJI07Kble OICUCAbI
TaK Ha3bIBalOTC51 OKHCJIbI, rHApaTbl KOTOpbIX 51BJ15310TC 1 KHC-
JIOTaMB. TO rAaBHbIM O6pa3OM OKHCJIbI McTaAAOHAOB, XOTSI
HeKOTOpble BhICH1He OKHCJIbI McTaAAOB TO}Ke 51BAAIOTC51 KHCJIOT-
IIbIMH (11anpnMep, Cr03i Mn207 11 Ap.). Milorne KHCJIOTHble
OKHCAbI HeIlocpeACTBeHHO cOeAHH5IIOTC51 C BOAOH, 06pa3y51 KHC-
JIOTbI, Iianpiiep
so, -; t f,0 - H,sO,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
FHApaTbl ApyrHx KMCJIOTHbIX OKHCJIOB nanyvaIOTCA KOCBeHHbIM
nyTeM.
KHCJIOTHbie OKHCJIbI o6b19HO Ha3blBa1oTCA aHaudpudaMu Co-
OTBeTCTBylOLI1HX KHCJIOT (HanpHMep, P205 - aHrHAPMA 4 occ)op-
HO1 KHCJIOTbI BOB nPOCTO (JOC(f)OpHbIH aHrlApMA)
-
rAa8Hb0 o7AUKU7e4bHbla npU3liwt KUCAOTHbIX OKUCA06
uX cnoCOOKOC7b a3auMode0CleoeaTb co uyeAOgcaMu c o6pa3oaa-
Hueh coAea, HanpnMep
CO2 + 2NaOH = Na2CO3 + H2O
KHCAOTb1, KaK npaBHJlO, He B3aHMo LeiCTByIOT C KHCJIOTHbIMH
OKHCJIaMH.
K 9TOA rpynne npHHaaOei. TaKIIM o6pa3onl,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
corn NaHSO4, KH2PO4 H K2HPO4 COOTBeTCTBeHHO Ha3bl-
BaK)TC5 KKHCJIbIH cepHOKHCJIbIFI HaTpHf> , >, ecJIH
B Mo.ieKyJle COJIH OCTaJic i He3aMeuleHHbIM OJIHH aTOM BO,gO-
poJla, HJIH - >:
MgOHCI - OCHOBH0f1 XJIOpHA Me1IH
(CUGH)2CO8 - OCHOBHO61 Kap6oHaT Mean
Ha npaKTHKe, KpoMe yKa3aHHbIX B Ta6JIHue >
Ha3BaHHfi, nOJIb3y!OTC2 TaK}Ke CTapHHHbIMH TeXHHTIeCKiMH Ha-
BBaHHAMH Hel(OTOpbiX COJIeH. TaK, HanpHMep, COJIH a30TH013
KHCJIOTbI H McTaJIJIOB HaTpHSI, KaJiufl, Kajibunfl (NaNO3, KNO3,
Ca (NO3) 2) Ha3b!BaIOTCR C e JIM T P a M H, COJIH cepH013 KHC-
'
JIOTbI, couepx(alune KpHOTaJIJII13auHOHHYIO BOJIY, - CuSO4
5H20, FeSO4.7H20, ZnSO4-7H20 H uzp. - KynopocaMii,
COJIb Na2CO3 - C OR 0 N, COJ1b K2CO3 - n Q T a iii 0 M H T. JI.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Ha3Baxng covet; HaH6oJnee cacTO BcTpegaron(xxcsl KHCJIOT
(no Me)KAYHapoJHOH HOMeHKnaType)
Ha3BaHHe KHCJIOTbI
4 OpMyJIa
H83BaHHe COJIH
A3oTHCTag . . . . . . . . .
HNO2
HHTpHT
A30TIlan . . . . . . . . . .
HNO8
HHTpaT
BopHaH . . . . . . . . . .
H8B03
BopaT
BpOMHCTOBoaopoAHac . . . .
HBr
BpOMHA
JIByxpoMoBasl . . . . . . .
H.,Cr2O7
BHxpoMaT
HOAHC'IOBOpopo uian . . . .
KpeMHeBaB . . . . . . . .
HJ
H2SiO8
HoAHL
CHJIHI:aT
MapraHuosa 1 . . . . . . .
HMnO4
fiepMaxranaT
CepHaa . . . . . . . . . .
H2SO4
CVJIb4aT
CepIuHCTaH . . . . . . . . .
H2SOa
Cynb4IHT
CepoBonopoAHan . . . . . .
H2S
CyJIb(4HA
hiocepHaa . . . . . . . . .
H2S203
THocynb?JaT
YroJIbHai . . . . . . . . .
H2CO8
Kap6onai
YKCyciiaA . . . . . . . . .
CHBCOOH
AueTaT
(PoC4)OpHan . . . . . . . .
H3P04
$Occ3aT
$TOpHCTOBoA0pOAHas . . .
H2F2
4TOpHA
X.gOpHCTOBoaopo uIaB . . . .
HCI
XJIopHA
XJIOpHOBaTaH . . . . . . .
HC108
XnopaT
XJIOpHOBarHCTaa . . . . . . .
HCIO
I'HnoxnopHHT
XpoMOBaf . . . . . . . .
H2CrO4
XpoMaT
LIl-ialulc70BolwOpOAHaA . . . .
HCN
UHaHHA
7. CocraB.neHHe 4 OPMYJI OCHOBaHHA1 H coJIei7
BbrIIle 6bIJIO yKa3aH0, 9TO MOJIeKyJlbl OCHOBaHHfI COCTOBT
139 aTOMOB McTa.nna H rHJIPOKCHJIbHbIX rpynn, a MOJIeKyJlbl CO-
J1e f - H3 KHCJIOTHbIX H OCHOBHbJX OCTaTKOB, CBB3aHHbIX apyr
C npyrOM B CTpOTO onpeaeneHHOM JIJIA Ka}KILOr0 BeLueCTBa
9HCJie.
KaK rHJIPOKCHJIbHa1 rpynna, TaK H KHCJIOTHble H OCHOBHb'e
OCTBTKH HMeIOT onpe leneHHy}O BBAeHTHOCTb, BeJiHqHHa KOTO-
pOt yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCB COBep1JJ HHO TaK ace, KaK H BeJIHgHHa
BaJIeHTHOCTH OTJLeJibHbIX aTOM06.
BaAeH7HOCTb 2UdpOKCUAa - OH paBHa eIIHHHHe, TaK KaK
OH MO KeT npHCOeJHHHTb TOJIbKO OIIHH ATOM BOjIOpOJIa, o6pa-
syB MOJ1eK)Jly BOJIbl.
BaAeHrtOC7b KUCJIOTK020 OCTOTKa onpeAe.iReTCB 9HCJTOM
fTOMOB BoaopQI a, KOTOpble HYNKBO OTHBTb OT MOJIeKyJib1 KHC-
JIOTbI AJIB ero noJIy'eHHB. HanpHMep, (OCq)OPHaB KHCJIOTa
H3PO4 MO>ceT AaTb TPH KHCJIOTHbIX OCTaTKa: OnHOBaJIeHT-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Hbif -H2PO4, AByXBaJIeHTHbI13 >HPO4 H TpeXBaJIeHTHbI?"i
P04.
Ba4euTHOCTb OCHOBHOOO OCTaTKa onpeae.ineTCA 4nCJIOM
rHApOKCHJIbHbIX rpynn, OTHSITbIX OT MOJieKyJlbl OCHOBaHH 1. Ha-
npHMep, rHApaT OKHCH KaJIbIIHA o6pa3yeT aBa OCHOBHbIX
OCTaTKa: OAHOBaJIeHTHbIFI -CaOH H JIBYXBaJieHTHbIcI >Ca.
PacnpOCTpaHci nOHSITIIe 0 BaJIeHTHOCTH Ha yKa3allHbie Bbinle
rpynnbl aTOMOB (TaK Ha3blBaeMble pa1IHKaJIbI), Mbl nOJIyqaeM
BO3MO}KHOCTb JIerKO H 6bICTpO COCTaBJIATb cIOpMyJlbl JIIO6biX
OCHOBaHnt H COJiei%.
npHMep 1. COCTaBHTb (popMyJly rHapaTa OKHCII Tpex-
BaJieHTHoro }KeJie3a.
P e lu e H H e. TaK KaK rHApOKCHJI OAHOBaJIeHTeH, TO, oqe-
BHJ[HO, Mo ieKyJia rHjlpaTa OKHCH }KeJie3a aOJI>KHa COCTO 1Tb H3
OAHOI'o aTOMa }Ke.te3a H Tpex rnApOKCHJIOB. (DopMyJla coeaHHe-
HHA 6yaeT Fe(014)a.
npHMep 2. COC'raBHTb cpopMyJly HOpMaJIbHOIi KaJIbUHeBOii
COJIH (pOC(pOPHOli KHCJIOTbI.
P e in e H H e. MOJIeKyJIa 3TO9 COJIH aOJI}KHa COCTOSITb H3
ABYXBaJ1eHTHbIX aTOMOB Ca H TpeXBaJIeHTHbIX KHCJIOTHbIX
OCTaTKOB P04. HaHMeHbHiee KpaTlloe qHCeJi 2 H 3 paBHO 6.
CJIe)iOBaTejlbHO, Mo ieKyJia COJIH aOJI}KHa coaep}KaTb 6 : 2 = 3
aTOMa KaJIbUHA H 6 : 3 = 2 KHCJIOTHbIX OCTaTKa P04.
(DopMyjia COJIH 6yaeT Ca3(PO4)2.
npHMep 3. COCTaBHTb ()opMyJly OCHOBHOXi aJHOMHHHeBOH
COJIH COJIHHOH KHCJIOTbI.
P e in e H H e. 14CKOMa5I COJIb ROJI)KHa COCTOHTb H3 OAHO-
BaJIeHTIIbIX KHCJIOTHbIX OCTaTKOB COJiHOIi KHCJIOTbI -Cl H CO-
aep}KaIII;Hx rHAPOKCHJI OCHOBHbIX OCTaTKOB rHapaTa OKHCH aJiio-
MHHH I. TaK KaK rHapaT OKHCH aJIIOMHHHSl MO}KeT J1aTb J[Ba Ta-
KHX OCTaTKa (0AHOBaJIeHTHbII3 -AI(OH)2 H AByXBaJIeHTHbiii
>A10H), TO BO3MO}KHbI JIBe OCHOBHble COJIH: A1(OH)2C1
H AIOHC12.
npHMep 4. COCTaBHTb (jOpMyJIy KHCJIOii MarHHCBO 1 COJIH
yrOJIbHOI3 KHCJIOTbl.
P e in e H H e. B COCTMB 3TOii COJIH aoJDKeH BXOJHTb MarHHN
H OAHOBaJi@HTHbIN KHCJIOTHbIX OCTaTOK yrOJIbHOi3 KHCJIOTbI
-HCO3. Tax KBK MarHHii aBYXBaJIeHTen, TO C OJLHHM aTOMOM
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
MarHHH aOJDKHbI 6brrb CBII3aHbl JIBa KHCJTOTHbTX OCTaTKa
-HCO3. copMyna coJIH: Mg(HCO3)2.
8. BaiKHe%LUHe cnoco6bl nojlygeHHS1 KHCJIOT, OCHOBaHHH
H cosei
KUC./zOTbI MOOYT 6b6Tb nOJlykeHbl:
1. Henocpej[CTBeHHbIM coeunHeHHeM KHCJIOTHbIX OKHCJIOB
C BOJION, HarlpnMep
S03+H20 = H2SO4
2. B3an1MojIet7CTBIIeM KHCJIOTbI C COJIbIO (o6bIIIHO JICICTBHeM
cepHOR KHCJIOTbl Ha COJIb nojIytiaeMoi KHCJIOTbI), HanpHMep
2NaNO3 + H,SO4 = Na2SO4 + 2HN03 (2)
OCnoeam i AMOOYT 6b6Tb nOJIt,/, tieKbl:
1. PaCTBOpHMble OCHOBaHHSI (u eJIo~IH) - B3aIIMOJLCI%ICTBHeM
HaH60Jlee aKTHBHbIX McTaJIJIOB HJIH HX OKHCJIOB C BOJLOI3, Ha-
HpHMep
2Na + 2H20 = 2NaOH + H2 (3)
CaO+H2O = Ca(OH)2 (4)
2. HepacTBOpHMble OCHOBaHH5T - JLecCTBHeM Luejiotrek Ha
paCTBOPHMble COJIH COOTBeTCTBYIOLUHX McTaJIJIOB, HanpHMep
CIISO4+2NaOH = 1 Cu(OH)2* + Na2SO4 (5)
COAU A(O2(.f.T 6biTb noliyk2Hbd npn CaMbTX pa3H006pa3HblX
peaKUH51x:
1. rlpH B3auMOJIeKCTBHH KHCJIOTbI H OCHOBaHHSI (HJIH aMTjo-
TePHON rHapOOKHCH) nojiygaioTCSI COJIb H BOJ[a (peaiu wz neu-
TpaAu3actuu), HaHPHMep
HCI+NaOH = NaC1+H2O (6)
2. 17pH B3aHMoaeHcTBHH KHCJIOTbI H cOJIH HoJlyuaioTCSI apy-
raa KHCJIOTa H HOBaH COJIb (cM. peaKUHio 2).
3. 1-1pH B3aHMOJIei CTBHH Lue.I04H H p a c T B 0 p H M o II
coJni McTaJIJIa, o6pa3yron ero HepaCTBOPHMOe OCHOBaHHe, HOny-
c[alOTC:I IIOBaH COJIh H HepaCTBOPHMOe OCTIOBanHe (CM. peaK-
IIHIO 5).
* CTpenKa, nocTaBneunan cneBa or q)opMynbI Cu(OH)2, noKa3blBaeT,
4TO o6pa3yK)IuHfC5I B pe3ynbTare peaKUHN rHJpar OKHCH Me11H BbinauaeT
B oca1IOK.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
4. I1pH B3aHMOAeuCTBHH aBYX p a C T B 0 p H M bi X coJIec!
no iy9aiOTCH .lLBe HOBble COJIH, HanpHMep
NaCI + AgNOO =1 AgCI + - NaNO3 (7)
I IOAaBJI nomee 6OJIbHIHHCTBO peaKUHH Me7K,ily KHCJIOTaMH,
OCHOBaHHHMH H COJIHMH npeACTaBJIAIOT co60F1 peaKIIHH o6MeHa.
OAHHM H3 npOAYKTOB TaKHX peaKUHA Bcerua 51BJ1AeTCfl KaKaA-
HH6yAb HOBaSI COJIb.
PaCTBOpiMOCTb BawneItu1HX co]Iefl B I>Oi1C
HNO3
HCI
HESO4
H2cO3
H3PO4
H,S
McTannbl
Na'K
PBCTBOpaMbI Bce COJIH
PaCTBOpHMbI BCe cones, KpoMe AgCI, CuCI, PbC12 H
Hg2C 12
PaCTBOpIIMbI Bce conH, KpoMe BaSO41 SrSO4 H PbSO4.
Oveub Mano pacTBOpHMbi CaSO4 H AgSO4
143 HopManbHbIX coneI1 paCTBOpHMbl TOnbKO COnB
HaTpHH, KaJIHA H aMMOHHH
To we
s s
PacTBOpHMb1 HONTH Bce cones
npaKTUKecxu c nOMOU(bHJ yKa3aHHbtX peaKa{uia i9X1YCHO no-
AyNarb HOBbie coAU TOAbKO Toeda, Koeda oauH u3 npoayKTOa
peaKt4uu UAU HepaCTBOpUM, UAU Ae2KO yAe7ytueae7c1
rrpu Haepeealuu u TCIKUM nyTeAt AMO9ICeT 6biTb OTaeAeH OT apy-
i020.
KpoMe 9THX peaKUHA, OQeHb Ba}KHbIMH peaKIIHSiMH noJiyue-
11HA co.neH HBJ1 noTC9:
5. I33aHMOAefCTBHe MIIOrHX McTaJIJIOB C KHCAOTaMH, Ha-
npHMep
Zn+ H2SO4 = ZnSO4+H2 (8)
6. B3aRMOjieFICTBHe OCHOBBbIX H BM4)OTepHb1X OKHC.IIOB
C KHCJIOTaMH, HanpHMep
CuO+H2SO4 = CUSO4+H20 (0)
ZnO+ 2HCI = ZnCI2+ H2O (10)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
3Aj(A4 H*
186. HaIIHIHHTe (4OpMynbl OKH-JIOB, KOTOpbie MO)KHO nOJIVVHTb,
pa3naraH HarpesaHHeM cne,gyloiu a rHapaTbl OKHCJIOB:
H2SiOs Cu(OH)2 H3AsO4 H2WO4 Fe(OH)a
187. HAM M 4)opMyabl aHrnnpu on cneljylouuix xxcnoT:
H2SO4 H2BO3 H4P207 HCIO HMnO4
188. Bbinllm re KHCJIOTHble OCTaTKH CneilyfoujMX KHCJIbIX conett
H yKa)KHTe HX BaneHTHOCTb:
NaHCO3 CaHPO4 KH2PO4 Ba(HSO3)2 Na2HAsO3
189. BbInHIIIHTe OCHOBHble OCTaTKM, KOTOpble MOryT 6birb nOny-
4eHbI 113 cne,iyioui x ocuoBaHIIf1 H aM3OTepHbn( rHAWOOKHCeft, H
YKa?KHTe MX BaneHTHOCTb:
Mg(OH)2 Cr(OH)3 RbOH Zn(OH)2
190. Co,CTasbTe IJOPMynbI HOPMaJIbHbIX H KHCnbix coneft yrOJlb-
HOf1 H MbIWb1KOBHCTOft H3AsO3 KHCJIOT fI MCTanllos KanHA H
KanbUHIl.
191. COCTaBbTe cpOpMynbl KI1CnbIX KanHeBblx coneft MbllnbAKO-
BHCTOf1 KHCJIOTb1 H3ASO3; OCHOBHbIX an}OMHHHeBb1X coneft oAHO-
OCHOBHOf1 yKCyCHOf1 KHCJIOTbI CH8000H; OCHOBHOf1 IIHHKOBOft COnM
yrOnbHOf1 KHCJIOTbl.
192. KaKMe BeujeCTBa nOnyvaloTCA HPH B3aHMOA.eftCTBHH KHCJIOTbI
C COnblo? KNCJIOTbI C OCHOBaHMeM? COn1I C COnblo? OcHOBaHMA
C COJIblo? IIpHBeAMTe HPHMepbl peaKuHff.
193. C KaKMMH M3 nepe4NCneHHbIX HHwe BeujeCTB 6yueT pe-
arHpoBaTb COnAHas KMCJIOTa? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHMA peaKLLHft.
N205 Zn(OH)2 CaO AgNO3 H3PO4 H2SO4
194. Kalcne M3 yKa3aHHb1X HHN(e Bea[eCTB 6yliyT pearNpOBam
c eAKHM HaTpoM? Bblpa3Mre COOTBeTCTBYIOU;He peaxu1M ypaBHe-
HHAMH.
HNOS CaO CO2 CuSO4 Cd(OH)2 P205
195. COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHA peaxunA Me;KAy COOTBeTCTByIOn1HMM
KH:J1OT3MH M OCHOBaHHAMH, IIPHBOAHH(MX K o6pa3OBaHMIO cneay o-
iwix coaefl:
Ni(N03)2 NaHCO3 Na2HPO4 K2S Fe2(S04)a
* IIpH peuleHHH 3aAav, OTMegeHHbIX 3Be3AOgK0i3 (*), CJIeJIyer pyKO-
BoJIcTBoBaTbcA Ta6J1HI(eA pacTBOPHMOCTH co.neA (cTp. 58).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
*196. COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHH peaxuHf nony4eHH51 xnopnCToro
MarHHH: a) AeficTBHeM KHCJIOTbl Ha McTann, 6) aenCTBHeM KHCJIOTbI
Ha OCHOBaHHC; B) ACfICTBHeM CO)1H Ha COnb.
197. HannullnTe copra viii KHCJIWX KanblHeBhTX COJleft 4loc pop-
H0P KHCJOTbi H,3PO4 II OCHOBHhIX BIICMyTOBb!X co iel?L a3OTHOfI
KIICJIOThI. K3K npCBpaTHTb 9TH COJIII B HOpManbHble? COCTaBbTe
)'PaBHC141I51 peaK1111ff.
198. COCTaBbTe (jOpMynbl OCHOBI-IbIX XJIOPHAOB TpeXBaneHTHOrO
>Kene3a H yPaBHeHNSI peaKuHfi npeBpalueHHH 9THX COnef1 B HopManb-
Hble XJl0 Wabl >IKHTe BCC peaxu1414, c nOMOLIjbIO I(OTOpb1X MO>KHO
npalHo
nOny9HTb AeICTBHeM BOAbI Ha 8 2 Kap6HAa KanbuHHl10 ypaBHeHFHO
CaC2+ 2H20 - C2H2-}- Ca(OH)2
220. B aa6opaTOpHH yrnexncnbif ra3 nony9alOT nefCTBHeM
ConlHOM KHCJIOTbl Ha MpaMOp CaCO8. PaCC4HTaMTe, npe/nonara1,
910 MpaMOp COCTOHT H3 9HCTOrO CaCO8,CKOnbKO ero nOTpe6yeTCA
Am nOny9eHHB 84 A yrneKHCnoro ra3a, npHBeAeHHoro K HOpMaJlb-
HbIM yCJIOBHHM.
221. CKOnbKO JHTpOB rpeMy9ero ra3a (rlpH 00 H 760 mm)
nonynaeTCH npH paanomeHHH 1 rpaMMOneKynbl BOAb1 BneKTpH9e-
CKHM TOKOM?
222. CKOnbKO rpaMMOB 6epToneTOBOM COnH Hy)KHO pa3nownTb
Ant n0ny4eHHH 100 A KHCJOpoaa, npHBeAeHHOrO K HOPManbHbIM
yCJOBHHM ?
223. CKOnbKO nHTPOB KHCnopoua, B3HTOrO npm 0' H 760 mm,
pacxouyelcH npH cmHraHMH 100 2 BTHnoBoro CnHpia C2H,O H?
224. KaKoe KonH9eCTBO noBapeHHOM Co/H HOTpe6yeTCH Ana
nony4eHHH 66 .4 xnopHCTOrO BoAOpoAa, npHBeAeHHOIo K HopManb?
Hb1M yCJIOBHHM?
6 H. a rauny
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
225. CI :O:
? alOMbI KHCJIOpOAa MOAeKyJla KHCJIOpOAa
Cnejlyioiune cxeMbl H3o6pa}xaIOT CTpoeHHe MoJlexyJ1 HeKO-
TOpbIX XHMH9eGKHX coeAHHeHHH C KOBaJieHTHOfJ CBH3b1O:
H H
H:C1: H:N: H:O:H :O::C::O: H:C:H
xJI'pxcrwA 8MMHaK BOA a yrneKHCJIblA ra3 MeraH
BOAOpOA
Tax KaK npH 06pa3OBaHHn KOBaJIeHTHOI3 CB93H 9neKTPOHb1
He nepexo wr OT OAHHX aTOMOB K ApyFHM, TO nOHHTHO, 'ITO MO-
neKyJIbI C KOBaneHTHOci CBH3bIO He coAep}KaT HOHOB. OAHaKO,
ecnH aTOMbI, o6pa3yioLUHe MOJIeKyJIy, pa3HOpOAHbI, TO CBH3bI-
Baloulne HX napbl o6LUHX 9JIeKTPOHOB MOrYT 6bITb CMeLueHbI
B CTOPOHY Toro aTOMa, y KOTOPOrO CHJIbHee BbIpa}KeHbI McTan-
nOHAHble CBOIiCTBa. HanpnMep, B Mo ieKyne HCI, rue aTOMb1
BOJ1Opona H XJIOpa CBH3aHb1 Me}KAy co6ofl KOBaneHTHOI7 CB 33bIO,
o6u.IHe 9neKTPOHbI cMeLUeHbI B CTOPOHY xnopa, KaK 9neMeHTbI
c 6onee pe3KO Bblpa}KeHHbIM McTannOHAHbIM xapaKTepoM,
BcaeACTBHe Hero aTOMbI xJlopa YaCTHHHO 3ajMI}K HbI oTpnua-
TeJIbHO, a aTOMbI BOAOpOJa nOJIO}KHTeJIbHO, YTO MO}KHO H3o6pa-
8HT6 caeAyKxuFM o6pa3OM:
H :CI
B TaKHX cnylIaax KOBaJIeHTHa3 CB513b Ha3bIBaeTCH n 0 JI H P-
H O .A, B OTnH4He OT H e n O A H P H 0 i KOBaneHTHOH CB513H,
KOTAa 06LUHe 9neKTpOHbI HaXOAHTCA Ha OAHHaKOBOM paCCTOH-
HnH oT o6oax aTOMOB, KaK, HanpHMep, B MOneKyne BOJIO-
poua H : H.
HanpasneNHe, B KOTOpOM cmeLUaloTCH 9neKTpoHbl, onpelle-
J eTCA nono%eHHeM COOTBeTCTByIOIUHx aTOMOB B nepno1LH,4e-
CKOt cHCTeMe:
I) B npeaenax nepaoAa 9neKTpOHb1 cMeuia1OTCH OT neaee
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
cTOaujero 3JleMeHTa K rlpaaee CTOHIIjeMy 3JIeMeHTy; HanpHMep,
B MOJIeKyJle PCI3 3JIeKTpOHb1 CMea eHb] B CTOPOHY XJIOpa, Tax
KaK XJIOP CTOHT npaBee 4 oc(popa B TOM )te nepxoae;
2) B npeueJlax rJlaBHUX IloArpyrln 3JIeKTpOHbI cMelualoTCSr
OT HH)Ke CTORLuero 3JIeMeHTa K BbllueCTO51HjeMy; HanpHMep,
B MOJIeKyJIe SO2 3JIeKTPOHbl CMelueHbI B CTOpOHy KHCJIOpOAa,
CTO51IuerO B TO1 3Ke rpynne, IITO H cepa, HO BbILIIe ee.
5. BaJieHTHOCTb 9JIeMeHTOB B aTOMHbbX COeAHHeHHsX
BBHJjy Toro, '3TO B MOJIeKyJIaX aTOMHbIX coeaHHeHH1, o6pa-
30BaHHbIX pa3JIHTIHb1MH no CBOHM CBOfICTBaM 3JIeMeHTaMH,
BCJIeACTBHe CMeujeHHH 061IjHX nap 9JIeKTPOHOB, OAHH aTOMbI
MOFYT 6bITb qaCTHqHO 3apsr7KeHbI nOJIO3KHTeJIbHO, a Apyrne
OTpHUaTeJIbHO, HOHHTHe o nOJIO)KHTeJIbHO1 H OTPHuaTeJIbHOIi
BaJIeHTHOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB MO]KeT 6bITb pacnpocTpaxeHO H Ha
COeAHHeHHH C aTOMHOf CB513b10.
BeAukuna noAOXcuTeAbKou u OTput?aTeAbHOa BaAeHTHOCTU
BAehtefTOE a aTOAiHbtx coeduneHuRX onpe(9elzReTCS1 TAW 3apSl-
daMu, KOTOpble noAykuAUCb 6bi y uoHoe, ecru 6bt o6ufue sAeK-
TpOI bi, C8R3bteaiOU4ue aTO.Mbt E MoAeKyAe, t4enuKoA nepetuAu
K TeA aTOMaAi, 8 cTOpOiiy KOTOPbIX OHU CMeu4eHbl.
Tax, HanpHMep, eCJIH 6bI B Mo ieKyJIe PCI3 o6IuHe 3JIeK-
TPOHbI ueJIHKOM nepeuinn K aTOMaM xJlopa, To nOCJIeAHHe ripe-
BpaTHJIHCb 6bI B OTpHIlaTe.nbHble OAH03ap5IAHble HOHbI Cl-,
a aTOM (IOc()opa - B nOJIO}KHTeJIbHbIF1 TpeX3apHAHbli HOH
P3+; ecJrH 6bI B MOJIexyJie SO2 06MHe 3JIeKTPOHbl nepeliJIH
K aTOMaM KHCJIOPOAa, TO aTOMbI noc.neAHero npeBpaTHJIHCb 6bI
B OTpH11aTeJIbHble ,I[ByX3apHJIHble HOHbl 02-, a aTOM cepbl -
B nOJIO]KHTeJIbHbI13 qeTbIpeX3apHAHbII3 HOH S4+.
TaKHM 06pa3oM, q)OC(4Op B coeAHHeHHH PCI3 IIOJIO)KHTeJIbHO
TpeXBaJIeHTeH, a XJIOp - OTPHuaTeJIbHO oAHOBa.IeHTeH, cepa )Ke
B COe1HHeHHH SO2 nOJIO?KHTeJIbHO 4eTbrpeXBaJIeHTHa, a KHCJIO-
pOA, KaK H BO BceX B006iue CoeAHHeHHSIX, OTpHUaTeJIbHO AByX-
BaJIeHTeH.
6. OnpeAeaeHHe BaJIeHTHOCTH 9JieMCHTOB B CJIO)KHbIX
BewweCTBax
H3 CKa3aHHOro Bbllne 0 BaJIeHTHOCTH 3JIeMeHTOB KaK B HOHa
HbIX, TaK H B aTOMHbIX COeAHHeHHHX HeTpyAHO 3aKJIIOgHTb, TITO
80 eCRKOM xuMUKecKOM coe()uHenuu aIlee6pau iecKaR cyMMa no-
AO9iCUTeAbHb1X u oTpui aTeAbkbtx edunuty aaAe,ITHOCTU paeiia
HyA1O. 3T0 AaeT BO3MO&HOCTb BbIqHCJIHTb BeJIHYHHy H 3HaK
6 H. JI. rnHHK. 81
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
BaJIeHTHOCTH BJIeMeHTa B JIIO6oM CJIO}KHOM BeL ecTBe, ecJIH
H3BeCTHbI BaJIeHTHOCTH OCTaJlbHbIX 3JIeMeHTOB, BXOagLUHX B ero
COCTMB. HpH pacTieTaX HaI.IO HMeTb B BHAy,'ITO BOAOPOJj BO BCeX
coeAHHeHH.9X, Kp0Me COeaHHeHHI3 C McTaJIJIaMH (rH4pHAOB Me-
TaJIJIOB), nOJI0)KHTeJIbHO OJ(HOBaJIeHTeH, a KHCJIOPOA - oTpHlja-
TeJIbHO gBYXBaJIeHTeH (HCKJIIOUeHHeM SIBJIHeTCcI coeAHHeHHe KHC-
JIOpOJja CO ()TOPOM OF2, rue KHCJIOpoa noJIO}KHTeJIbHO aByX-
BaJIeHTeH).
McTaJIJIbI Bceraa npOABJIRIOT nOJIO}KHTeJIbHy10 BaJIeHTHOCTb.
npHMep 1. OnpeuennHTb BaJIeHTHOCTb Mapraxua 13 coeAHHe-
HHH K2MnO4.
P e Lu e H H e. H3 4)OpMyJlbl BHAHO, EITO B 3TOM coeuHHeHHH
Ha KaX(J!ble ABa aTOMa KaJIH6 npHXOJLHTCH OJjHH ATOM MapraHua
H TIeTblpe aTOMa KHCJIOpoua. BaJIeHTHOCTb aTOMa KaJIHH
pasxa +1, BaJIeHTHOCTb aTOMa KHCJIopoua paBHxeTCH -2.
O6o3HagHB LIHCJIO eAHHHU BaJIeHTHOCTH Y Mapraxua tlepe3 X,
M0)KHO COCTaBHTb CJieuyioujee ypaBHeHHe:
2+x-2 ? 4=0
x=8 -2 =+6
T. e. MapraHeu B 9TOM COeuHHeHHH nOJIO?KHTeJlbHO wecTHBa-
JieHTeH.
Houo6HbIM xce o6pa3OM MO}KHO paCC'IHTbIBBTb BaJIeHTHOCTH
9JIeMeHTOB B pa3JIHIIHbIX paAHKaJIax.
npHMep 2. Onpeae.IHTb BaJIeHTHOCTb (cocci opa B KHCJIOTHOM
OCTaTKe fHpOC1oC 4JopHoli KHCJIOTbI P2O7.
P e w e H H e. TaK KaK B MOJIeKyJIe fHpol)0C(DOpx01 KHC-
JIOTbI H4P2O7 3TOT OCTaTOK CB I3aH C YeTbIpbMSI nOJIO)KHTeJlbHo
OAHOBaJIeHTHbIMH aTOMaMH BOAOpoJ a, TO B ueJIOM ero
BaJIeHTHOCTb, OlqeBHAHO, pasxa -4, T. e. CyMMa noJIO?KHTeJIb-
HbIX H OTpHuaTeJlbHblx eAHHHU BaJIeHTHOCTH o6pa3ylOluHx ero
aTOMOB pasxa -4.
O603Ha9HB 4HCJIO eAHHHU BaJIeHTHOCTH y (pocq)opa Yepe3 X,
COCTaBJISieM ypaBHeHHe:
2x+(-2.7)4
2x=-4+14=+10
x=+5
T. e. (4OC4)Op nOJIO}KHTCJIbHO n.9THBaJIeHTeH.
82
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
3Al AqH
268. CKOnbKO 9neKTpOHOB OTAa1OT HJIH npHo6peTaloT HH;(e-
caeAylouiHe aTOMbI H HOHbI npH noKa3aHHb!X cTperlxamH npeBpa-
IueHHHX? 3ariHWHTe 3TO B BIIAe 3neKTpOHHbIX ypaBHeHHM:
Fe3+-->Fe; Sn2+_- Sn4+; S2---,S
Ni2+ -+ Ni3+; Cr --> Cr3+
269. CKOnbKO 3neKTpOHOB AOnxcHbl npxo6peCTH Hn1 OTAaTb
yKa3aHHble HH)Ke HOHbw, wro6bz npeBpaTHTbCSI B Hef3TpanbHble aTOMb1?
Br- S2- Ba2+ Sn4+ A13+
270. Bo yTO HpeBpaTRTC1 cneayloii ie 1i0HbI, ecnM OT KaMC.aoro
H3 HHX OTHBTb n0 ABa 9neKTpoHa?
S2- Sn2+ Pt4+ Sb3+ T1+
271. H306pa3HTe 3neKTpOHHbIMH ypaBHeHHAMH npOueCCbI o6pa-
30BaHHH H3 aTOMOB caeJyloHLux HOHHbIX coeAHHeHHfi:
MgO Sn02 CaC12 A12S3
272. H3o6pa3HTe 9neKTpOHHbIMH ypaBHeHHAMH npoueccu o6pa-
30BaHHH H3 aTOMOB cneay1OMHx Be1ueCTB:
Na2S
AIBra Cr20a
273. H3 KaKHX HOHOB nocTpoeHbl KpHCTannbl cJ1eAy101uxx
BeueCTB :
Ag2O MgBr2 Fe3O1 CaS
H3o6pa3HTe 9TH H0HW CHMBOnaMH.
274. BbinHwnTe OTAeJIbHO BCe HOHb1, BXOAA[uHe B COCTBB c ie-
jlylOlunX BeIueCTB:
CaS Liao SnCla CuO
B12O3 AgJ
275. YKa KHTe, B CTOPOHy KaKOro 3neMeHTa AOn?KHWI 6bITb CMe-
meHbl 3neKTpOHbI B Mo ieKynax cneAyloLuHx aTOMHbIX coe1HHeHHfl:
JCI1 NO SIF4 F20
H onpe,aeJIHTe BaneHTHOCTb 9neMeHTOB B Ka)KAOM H3 9THX coeAH-
HeHH1I.
276. OnpeAeJIHTe BeJ1H4HHy H 3HBK BaneHTHOCTH 9JIeMeHTOB B
coeAHHeHHilX SiF4 H NJa H o6-bcCHHTe, KaK BbI HX onpeAenxnH.
6* 83
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
277. ,LLaWre 9neKTpOHHble cxembi CTpOeHHH MOneKyn cne)lyIOUuHx
coeAHHeHHf C aTOMHOII CBH3bIo:
NCI3 C2H2
C120
YKa)KHTe BaJIeHTHOCTH 3neMeHTOB B Ka)KAOM H3 3THX COeAHHeHHf.
278. ,Qa#Te 3JIeKTpOHHble cxembi CTpOeHHH MOneKya :
CS2 HJ JCI,
,QnH Ka>Jjo ! MOJIeKyJlbl yKa)KHTe BeJIHYHHy H 3HaK BaneHTHOCTH
o6pa3ylofuHX ee aTOMOB.
279. Ha4epTHTe cxembi CTPOeHH11 3neKTPOHHb1X o6ono4eK cne-
AyIOU-I$X HOHOB:
F- K+ Ca++ 5--
280. /IaRTe 3neKTpOHHble cxembi CTpOeHHH MOneKyES
HBr F20 CZH4
281. OnpeAejHTe BenH4HHy H 3HaK BaneHTHOCTH 3neMeHTOB B
cneAyfoLuHX CoeAHHeHHBX:
SiC14 BF2 PBr3 JCI
282. CKOnbKO 3neKTpOHOB MO)KeT coAep)KaTbCH B 3anOnHeHHblX
nepBOA, TpeTbe1 H 4eTBePTOA 06onotlKax aTUMa?
283. OnpeueJmnTe BenH4HHy H 3HaK BaneHTHOCTH )Kene3a, XpoMa,
peHHH H BaHaII,HH B caeJyrouLHX coeAHHeHHHX:
K2FeO4 NaCrO2 HReO4 Ca(VO3)1
284. OnpeAenHTe BenH4HHy H 3HaK BaneHTHOCTH xaopa, Map-
raHua, aJruOMHHHA H HOAa B CneAylor.HX C0eAHHeHHHX:
HCIO4 K2MnO4 Zn(AI02)2 KJO,
285. HafAHTe BaneHTHOCTb xpoMa B Ka)KAOM H3 caeAy1OUtHX
coe.4HHeHHi :
K2CrO4 K2Cr2O7 KCrO2 KCr(S04)2.12H20
286. rloKalulTe HyTeM pacgeTa, 4TO BaneHTHOCTb KpeMHHH
OAHHaKOBa B ero caeaylonlHX npHpOAHbIX COeAHHeHHBX: noneaofl
mnaT K2A12'Si6O16; KaOJIHH H4AI2Si2O8: ac6ecT CaMg3Si4O12.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
rJIABA X
XHMH9ECKOE PABHOBECHE
1. CKOPOCTb XHMH9eCKHX peaKuHR. Pac4eTbl paBHOBeCHbIX
CHCTCM
CKOPOCTb XHMHIeCKOI3 peaKUHH H3Mep5ieTC5I H3MeHeHHeM
KOHUeHTpauFI3 pearnpyloluHx BeLueCTB B ezjnHHuy BpeMeHH. Ilou
KOHueHTpauHeI3 BerueCTBa nOHHMaIOT KOJIH'IecTBO ero B e,1HHHUe
o&beMa. KoxueHTpauHIO o6bIilHO BbIpa3KaIOT LIHCJIOM MOJIeA Be-
IuecTBa, coaep}KauiHxca B I A.
I'JIaBHbIMH cJai{TOpaMH, BJIH5IIOLUHMH Ha CKOPOCTb peaKUHH,
$TBJISIIOTCH KOHUeHTpauHH pearHpylouiHx BenieCTB H TeMne-
paTypa.
CKOPOCTb xumukecKou peaict uu npamo nponopt4uonallbaa
npou36edenuto Kotu4eaTpauut2 peaeupytougux eeufeCTe. 9Ta
3aBHCHMOCTb HOCHT Ha3BaHHe 3 a K 0 H a a e I3 C T B H $1 M a c c
H BbIpa}KaeTCH MaTeMaTHTIecKH cjieRyioluHM ypaBHeHHeM:
v = K [Alm . [B]n
rRe V - CKOPOCTb peaxuHH; [A] H [B] - KOHueHTpaUHH pearH-
pyIOIUHX BeIUeCTB A H B; m n n - KO344HuHeHTbI npH cpopMy-
JIaX B ypaBHeHHH peaKUHH; K - nOCTOHHHa5i aim aaIIHOR peaK-
UHH BeJIHIHHa, Ha3b1BaeMa1 KOFICTaIiTOI CKOPOCTU. B Tex cJIy-
ga5iX, KorRa K0344HLiWeHTbI m H n paBHbl Ka}KJibII eRHHHUe,
ypaBHeHHe npHHHMaeT 6onee rIpoCTOi3 BHR
v=K[A] ? [B]
3axoH aef4CTBH51 Macc CTporo npHMeHHM TOJIbKO K ra30-
o6pa3HbIM H PaCTBOpeIIHbIM BeLueCTBaM. ECJiu HapHay c HIIMH
B peaKUHH y4aCTBYIOT TaK}Ke H TBepable BeweCTBa, KOHUeHTpa-
UHH KOTOPbIX nOCTOSIHHa, TO CKOPOCTb peaxuHH H3MeH5ieTCH
TOJIbKO B 3aBHCIIMOCTH OT KOHUeHTpauHII ra30B HJIH paCTBOpeH-
HbIX BetueCTB. HanpHMep, CKOPOCTb peaKUHH ropennSi Cepbi
(S + 02 = SO2) nPOHOPIkHOHaJIbHa TOJIbKO KOHUeHTPaUHH KHC-
nopoRa
c=x[021
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
3aBHCHMOCTb CKOPOCTH peaKUHH OT TeMnepaTypbl Bblpa-
N{aeTCR B TOM, LITO C rIOBbIIileHHeM TeMnepaTypbI Ha KaliQble
10? CKOpOCTb peaKU?HII yBejiHqHBaeTC51 o6blzlHO B 2-3 pa3a. fIpH
HOHH}KeHHH TeMnepaTypbl CKOpOCTb yMeHbLuaeTCA BO CTOJIbKO
we pa3.
I-IHcjio, nOKa3bIBaloHjee, BO CKOJIbKO pa3 YBeJIIIiIHBaeTCSI CKO-
POCTb aaHHOA peaKUHH npH nOBblUIeHIIH TeMnepaTypbl Ha 100,
Ha3bIBaeTC5I TehtnepaTYpxbl u Koa jx/Jw 4ueHTOM peaK4uu.
C TeTIeHHeM BpeMeHlH CI{OpOCTb peaKUHH yMeHbHIaeTCA, TaK
KaK no Mepe B3aHMOAeIkCTBHR BCHjeCTB yMeHbIIIaIOTCH HX KOH-
ueHTpaw-IH. Ho ec iu peaKUHSI o6paTHMa H npOTeKaeT B 3aMKHy-
TOM npOCTpaHCTBe, TO OAHOBpeMeHHO C yMCHbIHeHHeM CKOPOCTH
npsiMOIi peaKUHu (VI) yBeJIH'-IHBaeTCSI CKOpOCTb 06paTHOf peaK-
unH (v2) BCJICACTBHe HaKOnJIeHHSI npOAYKTOB npHMOil peaKiIHII.
Kor,aa o6e CKOpOCTH CpaBHHK)TCH, HaCTynaeT COCTOSIHHe paBHO-
BeCHH, m Aamlbsie1huee H3MeHeHHe KOHI(eHTpauHH Bcex ytIaCTByIO-
MHX B peaKUHH BeIL[eCTB npexpaluaeTCSI.
ECJIH H3o6pa3HTb o6paTHMyIO peaKUHIO B o6IIIeM BHAe
ypaBHCHHeM
mA+nB t pC -}- gD
TO COOTHOHIeHHe Me}KAy KOHUeHTpaUHAMH npH paBHOBeCHH BbI-
pa3HTC51 4JOpMyJIO13
[C]n ? [D]9
K- [A]m . [B]n
rjle K - HOCTOSIHHaH jIJI,9 AaHHO11 TeMnepaTypbl BejingnHa -
KOFICTaHTa paCNoeecWl, He 3aBHC9Hja5i OT KOHUCHTpaIHH pearn-
pyIOIJIHX BeHjeCTB *. DTa 4)opMyJla noxa3blBaeT, qTO npH o6pa-
THMbIX peaKuHHX paBHOBecne HacTynaeT TorAa, Koraa OTHOLue-
HHe npOH3BeACHHH KOHUeHTpaUHiI o6pa3yIOIIIHXC5i BewjeCTB
K npOH3BeAeHH1O KOHUeHTpaLHit BCTynaIOMHX B peaKUHIO Be-
HIeCTB CTaHeT paBHO HeKOTOpO13 riOCTOAHHOI AJIH aaHHOi3 peaK-
uIIH (npH AaHHOII TeMnepaType) BeJ1FI4HHe.
? Bbipa)KeHHe KOHCTaF1TbI paBHOBCCHH MO}KeT 6bITb AaHO H B TaKOM
BHAe:
[Alm . [B]n
KI - [C]P [D]q
HO npH ITOM 9HCJIOBoe 3HageRHe KOHCTaHTbI, KOHe9Ho, 6yAeT Apyroe:
Ki = K . B sal agar BeJIHt!HHa K Be3Ae yKa3aH8 Ana nepaoro cJlyvaH.
86
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
143JIO3KeuHb1e 3aKOHOMepHOCTH n03BOJI5110T HPOH3BOJIIITb p5I4
Ba}KHbIX pacgeTOB.
fpHMep 1. CMemnBaloT 1 A paCTBOpa rJIIOKO3bI C 2 Jl
paCTBOpa 3THJIOBOFO CHHpTa. KOHueHTpaUHST H Toro H apyroro
BeuieCTBa ao CMemeHH53 paBHSIJIaCb 0,6 MoJ1b/4. Onpeae.lnTb
KOHueHTpauun CnHpTa m rJIK)KO3b1 noc.ne CMemeHHSI.
P e m e H H e. 06'beM CMeCH paBHS1eTCH 3 JIHTpaM. B 9TOM
o6'beme nOCJIe CMemeHHA coaepxKHo 6bIJIO o6pa30BaTbC51 B pe3yJlb-
TaTe peaKUHH. fI03TOMy KOHUeHTpauHH Bcex tieTbipex BeHjeCTB
npH HaCTyITJIeHHI1 paBHOBeCHSI MOryT 6bITb Bblpa}KeHbI TaK:
[CO] _ [H20] = x [CO2] = 0,2 -x
[H2] = 0,8 - x
f1OACTaBJIHH 3TH BeJIHtIHHbI B 4JOpMyJly KOHCTaHTbI paBHOBe-
CHH aJIH JAaHHOII peaKuHH, nojiygaeM
PewaH 3T0 ypaBHeHHe, HaXOAHM, 'ITO x = 0,16 Moab/a. CJIe-
AOBaTeJlbHO, npil HaCTyI1HBIiICM paBHOBecHH
[CO] = [H20] = 0,16 Moab/a
[C021 = 0,2 - 0,16 = 0,04 Moab/a
[H2] = 0,8 - 0,16 = 0,64 MoAbjA
npHMep 6. HOAIICTbIl7 BouopOA AHccou lipyeT npH Harpe-
BaHHH Ha HOA H BouOpoA. fIpH HeKOTOpOI3 TeMnepaType KOH-
CTaHTa paBHOBeCHH 3TO1 peaKUHH paBHHeTCH 1/64. PaCCqHTaTb,
CKOJIbKO HpOUeHTOB HOAHCToro BOaOpoja AHCCOUHHpyeT npH
3TOF% TeMnepaType.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
P e m e H H e. gHccotHaumH HO) 1ICTOrO BoaopoJja Bb]pa-
3KaeTCSI ypaBHexxeM
2HJ H2+J2
HpeAnoJ10}KHM, 4TO Ha'1aJIbHa1 KOHUeHTpaUHH HJ paBHHJIBCb
2 Mo.b/Jt H IITO K MOMeHTy HaCTynJIeHIIH paBHOBeCHH H3 Ka}KAbIX
JIByX MOJlet3 HJ J.I,H000UHHPOBaJIO no x MOJIec. TaK KBK H32 MO-
.neli HJ o6pa3yeTCH I MOJIb H2 H I MOJIb J2, TO H3 x MOJIeI3 HJ
AOJIIKHO o6pa3OBaTbCH 2 MOJIef3 H2 H CTOJIbKO xce MOJIeH J2.
CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, KOHUeHTpauHH HOAHCTOI'O BOAOpoAa, BOAOpoA3
H HOJ[a npH paBHOBeCITH MOFYT 6bITb Bb1pa)KeHb1 TaK:
[HJ] = (2 - x) ,Ito4b//l [H2] _ [J2] = 2 .MOJtb/4
fIOACTaBJIHeM 9TH 3Ha'eHHH B q)O MyJIy KOHCTaHTbI paBHO-
BeCHH AJIH AaHHOI3 peaKUHH
1 C 2 \
64 (2-x)2
H3BJIexa1 H3 o6eHx tIacTeH ypaBHeHHH KBaapaTHb1i KopeHb,
nooyqaeM
x = 0,4 ,uollb/4
TaKHM o6pa3oM, 143 Ka)KAbIX 2 MOJIet HJ K MOMeHTy Ha-
CTynJIeHHH paBHOBeCHH AHCCOUH ipyeT 0,4 MOJIH, YTO cocTa-
BJIHeT 20% OT HCXOAHOFO KOJIH eCTBa HOAHCTOCO BoAopoAa.
2. CMemeHHe XHMH4?CKO1O paBHOBeCH9
COCTOHHHe XHMHLIeCKOFO paBHOBeCHH B OCHOBHOM 3aBHCHT
OT TpeX BeJIngnH: a) OT KOHUeHTpauITH peafnpylomm BetueCTB,
6) TeMnepaTypbl H B) JIaBJIeHHH, eCJIH B peaKUHH yIaCTBYK)T
ra3b] I-IJIH napbl. rlpH H3MeHeHHH XOTH 6b] OAHOI3 H3 yKa3aHHb1X
BeJIHtIHH paBHOBecve HapyinaeTCH H KOHUeHTpaUHH Bcex yi]a-
CTBy]OLUHX B peaKUHH BeLueCTB Ha'IHHa]OT H3MeHHTbCH. H3Me-
HeHHe KOHUeHTpa1HI3 npOAOJi}KaeTCH )O Tex nOp, HOKa npOH3-
BeAeHHe KOHUeHTpaLLH13 o6pa3y]OIIWXCH BeLueCTB, Aejiexxoe Ha
npOH3Be,aeHHe KOHUeHTpauH11 BCTyna]OLUHX B peaKUH1O BelueCTB,
He CTaHCT pasxo KOHCTaHTe paBHOBeCHH aaHHO11 peaKUHH npH
IaHHOH TeMnepaType, T. e. nOKa CKOPOCTII npHMOI7 H 06paTHOS
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
peaKUHIi He cpaBHSI1OTCA. Toraa CHOBa yCTaHaBJIHBaeTCSI paB-
HOBeCHe, HO y}Ke npH HHbIX, tIeM paHbine, KOHUeHTpaunSRX.
flpouecc H3MeHCHH 1 KOHueHTpauHH, Bbl3BaHHbII.1 Hapyule-
HHeM paBHOBecHSI, Ha3bIBaeTC51 cMeu4ekueM, HJ11I Cd8UeOM paBHO-
BeciSI. EcnnH npH 3TOM yBeJIHLIHBaIOTCH KoxueHTpauHH BeL ReCTB.
CTOSIIUHX B npaBOi3 LIaCTH ypaBHeHHf, TO roBOpwIT, qTO paRHO-
BecHe cMeLuaeTCSI BnpaBO; npH yBeJIHLIeHHH KOHueHTpauHH Be-
IuecTB, CTOSIIUHX B JIeBOI3 YacTH ypaBHeFIHH, rol3opnT o cmelue-
HHH paBHOBecHSI BJIeBO.
HanpaB,nexne, B KOTOpOM cMeLuaeTCa paBHOBecHe, onpeue-
JIHeTC31 cJIe,IRyIOIuHM npaBHJIOM:
EcJlu u3MeHUTb Dodo U3 yCJiOBUa, npu KOTOpbIX cUCTeMa Ha-
XOdUTCSI 8 COCTOAnuu xuMuuecKOeO paenoeecusl, KanpuMep
Konl4enTpat4uto KaKOZO-ilu6o U3 peaeupytou4ux eeu4ecTe uilu
TeMnepaTypy, uilu daeilerlue, TO paekoeecue c)eu4aeTCSI E Ha-
npaeJleuuu Tou peaK4UU, KOTOpaR CTpeMUTctl EO00TaHO8UTb
npeotcteue ycJloaUfl, T. e. npeNntoto eeJluuuny u3Menenaoa KOK-
t4enTpa4uu uau npencntoto TeMnepaTypy, uilu npexcxee dame-
uue (npHHUHn Jle-IIIaTeJibe)
Tax, HarIpnMep, B c.nynae peaKUHH
2SO2 + 02 - 2SO3 + 42,2 tctcaA
MoryT npOH3ONTH CJIeJRyioLue C, BHrH paBHOBecHH:
1. 1-lpn yBeJn -I eHHH KOHueHTpaUHH SO2 HAM 02 HJIH npH
yMeHbweHHH KOHUeHTpaLHH SO3 paBHOBecHe CABHHeTC51 BnpaBO,
TaK KaK npH 3TOM KOHLReHTpaLHH CepHHCTOrO ra3a H KHCJIopoaa
CHOBa yMeHbIIaTCH, a KOHUeHTpaUHH cepHoro allrHnpHaa yne-
JIHOIHTCFI. Hao60pOT, yMellb[HeHHe KOHUeHTpaUHH SO2 HJIH 02
HJIFI yBeJIHqeHHe KOHUeHTpaUIIH SO3 Bb13OBeT cJBHr paBHOBeCHA
BJIeBO, ConpOBO}KJRa10HRHFlCSI yBeJIHLIeUHeM KOHUeHTpaUHFI cep-
HHCTOrO ra3a H KHCJIOpOaa H OJRHOBpeMeHHbIM yMeHb1HeHHeM
KOHUeHTpaUHH cepnoro aFlFHapfh1a.
2. flpl noHll}KeHHII TeMnepaTypb paBHOBeCHe CaBHHeTC$1
BnpaBO,TaK KaK peaKUHH o6pa30BaHH51 cepHoro aHrnapNna co-
HpOBO}KIRaeTCH BbIJReJIeHHeM TenJla, H, CJIeJIOBaTeJIbHO, yKa3aH-
Hb1II CABHr paBHOBeCHSI CHOBa rIOBbICHT TeMnepaTypy. ECJIH,
Hao6opOT, fOBbICHTb TeMnepaTypy, TO npOH30FIneT CnBHr paBHO-
BeCHH BJIeBO, B HanpaBJIeHHH peaKUHH, nnyuieFl c uorJloLue-
HHeM TenJla.
3. Ilpn yBejIHqeHHH aaBJ1CIIII51 IIyTeM C}KfTHfl CMeCH pearH-
pyIOIUHX BeL1eCTn paBHOBecHe CABHHeTCH BnpaBO, Tax KaK npH
TaKOM CABHre aaBJieHHe CHOBa nOIIH3HTCS1 BCJIeJICTBHe yMeHb-
IUeHIN o6L ero qHc is MoJIeKyJI B CMeCH (n3 Ka}KAbIX aBYX MO-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
.nexyJi cepHHCToro ra3a H OJIHo i MOJieKyJlbl KHCJiopojxa o6pa-
3yIOTC51 TOJIbKO .Lu3e MOJIeKyJlbi cepHoro aHPIIJZpHAa. YMeHbiJle-
HHe r aBJieHHH BbI3OBeT CJIBHr paBHOBecHSi BJIeBO, COnpOBO-
}KJlaIOIUHi3CSI yBeJIII44eHHCM o6uzero YHCJIa MOJIeKyJI, BCJI@J(CTBHe
Nero JjaBJieHHe CHOBa nOBbICHTC$.
BO Bcex YKa3aHHbIX BbIIHe CJiytIaiX HenOCpeaCTBeHHOI3 npH-
HHHOI3 CMeLueH?115I paBHOBCCH.9 $1BJI5IeTC51 HapylueHHe paBeHCTBa
CKOpOCTeH npsIMof H o6paTHOH peaxuHH.
Ec iii OT H3MeHeHH5T KOHUeHTpaUHIi, TeMnepaTypbl HJIH aa-
BJIeHHH CKOPOCTH npHMOH H 06pftxo1 peaKuHH H3MeH5TIOTC5I
OJZHHaKOBO, TO HHKaKOrO CMeIUeHHH PaBHOBeCHH He nponcxo-
J{IIT. ECJiii 3Ke cxopoCTS npSiMOli peaKuHIi YBeJIHtIHBaeTCH HAM
yMeubiuaeTCl B 6OJIbHIee LIHCJIO pa3, 'ieM CKOPOCTb O6paTHOI3
peaKUHH, TO paBHOBeCHe He MO}KeT COXPaHHTbC5I H HaLiHHaeT
CMeuuaTbCH B HanpaBJIeHHH TOI3 peaKUaH, CKOPOCTb KOTOpOl3
cTaJia Tenepb 6oJibrue. CMeLUeHHe paBuoBecHSi npovOJlxcaeTCJ9
JIO Tex Hop, nOKa CKOPOCTH 06eHX peaKUHi3 He CpaBHHJOTCH.
TaKHM 06pa3OM, BOnpOC 0 cMeI1 eHHH paBHOBeCHSI H 0 Ha-
npaBJleHHH, B KOTOPOM OHO J1,OJDKHO CMeCTHTbCH, BO MHOrHX
CJiytiasix Mox{eT 6bITb peuieH TaK}Ke H Ha OCHOBaHHH pacueTa
113MeHeHHH CKOpOCTei3 nP5IMOI3 H o6paTHOI3 peaxuHH.
IlpHMep. IIpH HarpeBaHHH cMeCH OKHCH yr. iepoaa c xJiO-
POM B 3axpbITOM cocyj[e yCTaxaBJIHBaeTC5I paBHOBecHe
CO + C12 t COC12
KaK H3MeH5ITCR CKOPOCTH npSIMOc m 06paTHOIi peaKUHH,
eCJIH rIpH HeH3MeHHOH TeMnepaType yBeJIHgHTb aaBJieHHe nyTeM
yMeHbiueHHSI o61 eMa ra30BOf4 CMeCH BJJBoe? Bb13OBeT JIH 9T0
H3MeHeHHe CKOpOCTef cMemeHHe paBHOBecHST?
P e Lu e H H e. flyCTb KOHUeHTPau1TH CO, C12 H COC12 AO
H3MeHeHHH o6leMa (T. e. npH paBHOBeCHH) PaBHSIJIHCb
[CO] = a [CI2J = b [COCI2] = c
IIpH 9THX yCJIOBHSTX CKOPOCTb npIMOi'f peaxuHH
vnpslM. = K ? ab
8 CKOPOCTb o6paTHOii peaKuHH
v06p. = KI ? c
floc ie yMeHbuieHHH 06'beMa ra30BOH CMeCH B ABa pa3a BO
CTOJIbKO }Ke pa3 YBeJIHLIaTCSI KOHueHTpauHH BCeX Tpex ra30B,
H CKOPOCTH o6exx peaKuHi3 CTaHyT COOTBeTCTBeHHO paBHbI
vnpIM. = K K. 2a ? 2b = K ? 4ab
vo6p. - K, ? 2e
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
Pa3,geAIHB V'^psM. Ha V nppM., HaHAeM, BO CIWJ1bKO pa3 yBe-
JIHYHTCSI CKOpOCTb npHHM0fi peaxuHH
0InpRM? _ K ? 4ab . 4
vnpaM. K ? ab
Tax we HaciJjeM yBeJIHgeHHe CKOpOCTH o6paTHOIf peaKuun
V, o6p. Ki ? 2c - 2
vo6p. KS . c
TaKHM o6pa3OM, CKOpOCTh npSIMOA peaKIIHH yBeJIHLIHTC51
B LIeTblpe pa3a, a 06paTHOA Bcero JIHIUb B ABa pa3a. Tax KaK
paBHOBecHe MO)KeT cyLUeCTBOBaTb TOJIbKO npH paBeHCTBe CKO-
pocTeH o6eHx peaxuHH, TO, OLIeBHAHO, B paCCMaTpHBaeMOM HaMH
cJIygae paBHOBecHe HapyIUHTC5i H Hai1HCT CMeLgaTbCH B CTOpOHY
peaKIIHH, KOTOpaSI Tenepb HAeT C 60JIbIIIet CKOpOCTbJO, T. e.
B HanpaBJIeHHH o6pa3OBaHH I COC12.
HeTpyAHO y6e1(HTbCH, iITO, npHMeH51S1 AJISf peLueHHSI 3TOf3 3a-
J.[agH npHHLLHn .1Ie-MaTeJIbe, MbI IIpHLUJIH 6b1 K TaKOMy xe
BbIBOAY?
287. KOHueHTpauH I ra3a paBHa 3 .uoAb/n. IIOA KaKHM AaBne-
HHeM HaXOAHTCSI ra3, eCJIH TeMnepaTypa ero paBHa 0??
288. Bblpa3NTe B MOnBX Ha JIHTp KOHUeHTpauHIo ra3a, B35ITOro
npH HOpManbHbIX yCJIOBHHX.
289. CgNTa,I, 4T0 aTM0C4 epHbIft BO3AyX coAep)KHT 20% KHCJIO-
poAa no o6leMy, Bbwpa3HTe B MOJIHX Ha JIHTP KOHUeHTpauHIO KHCJIO-
pOAa B aTMOC41epHOM Bo3Ayxe npH HOpMaJIbHOM AaeneHHH H TeM-
nepaType 0?.
290. CMeII1NBaIOT 2 JI paCTBOpa BeiueCTBa A c 3 JI paCTBopa
BeulecTBa B. KoxueHTpauHR BeuieCTBa A AO CMeweHNH paBHanacb
0,6 ,KOJJb/JI, a BeuieCTBa B-i .t10.0/A. PacC'IHTalTe KOHueHTpauHH
BeuceCTB A N B B nepBblt MOMeHT nocne cMCHIeHH51.
291. HanwUHTe MaTeMaTHYecKNe BbIpa)KeHHH AJIA CKOpOCTe t
caeuyfouiix peaxuHH:
2A1 + 3C12 = 2A1Cle 2C0 + O2 = 2CO3
292. ra30Ba8 CMeCb COCTOHT H3 BOAOPOJI H Xnopa. PeaxuNa
HAeT no ypaBHeHHIo
H2 + Cl2 - 2HC1
KaK H3MeHHTCB CKOPOCTb peaKUHH, eCJIH yBe.9HgHTb AaBneHHe
B 3 pa3a?
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
293. B3aHMOAellcTBHe McNKHTe OCHOBHbie XMMMH4eCKHe CBOf1CTBa CeJIeHHCTCro H
TeJIJlypHCTOrO BOAOpOIOB. MO)KHO JIH HOJ1y4HTb ceneHHCTb1fl BOAOpOA
AetICTBHeM a3OTHOtl KHCJIOTbI Ha CeJ1eHHA uHHKa? OTBeT nOATBep-
AHTe ypaBHeHHeM peaKuHH.
4. 3JieMeHTbi rpynnbi a30Ta
703. AaflTe C61uyIO XapaKTepHCTHKY 9J1eMeHTOB rpynnbi aBOTa,
yKaaaB: a) CTPOeHHe HX aTOMOB; 6) 06UXHe AJiH Bcex 9JIeMeHTOB
rpynnbi anatim% BBJIeHTHOCTel; B) (,OpMyJlbi BOAOpOAHCTb1X COeAH-
208
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
HeHHfl; r) H3MeHeHHe CBOHCTB C YBeJH4eHHeM nOpR,UKOBOrO HOMepa
H I]pH4HHY Toro H3MeHeHHH (HCXOAR H3 CTPOeHHR HX aTOMOB).
704. CKOnbKO JIHTpOB aMMHaKa, npHBeaeHHorO K HOpManbHbIM
yCJIOBHRM, HaAO paCTBOpHTb B nHTpe BOabI AAR nOny'eHHR 10%-Horo
paCTBopa? KaKHMH CBOHCTBaMH 06nanaeT paCTBOP aMMHaKa? 4ero
B HeM 6oAb1IIe, MOneKyn aMMHaha HAH HOHOB aMMOHHR?
705. KaKHe paBHOBeCHe cyl.ueCTByeT B BOAHOM paCTBope aMMHaKa?
Bblpa3IITe HOHHb[M ypaBHeHHeM peaKUHK) HeHTPaJIH3aUHH pacTBopa
aMMHaKa cepHOIR KHCJIOTOfl. KaKHe HOHhI OCTaHYTCB nOCJIQ 9Toro
B paCTBope?
706. Ka--K nonygaloTcsi aMMOHHlHbse COnH? npHBeAHTe npHMepbi
peaKUHH HX noaygeHHR. nepe4HCJIHTe XapaKTepHbie CBOHCTBa aMMo-
HHHHbIX cone1. YKa?KHTe HaH60nee Ba)KHble H3 9THX COnef1 H HX
npaKTH4eCKoe npHMeHeHHe.
707. 4T0 nonY4HTCR B OCTaTKe nocne HarpenaHHR cMecH 9KBH-
BaneHTHbIX KOJIH4eCTB cynb4JaTa aMMOHHR H nOBapeHHO1 COJIH?
BbIpa3HTe npoHCXOIlR[Uy}O peaKUHK) ypaBHeHHeM.
708. COCTaBbTe HOHHoe ypaBHeHHe peaKUHH Me%ay aMMOHHH-
HOH COnbSO H UienO4blO. CKOnbKO JIHTPOB aMMHaKa, H3MepeHH000 npH
HOPMaJ1bHb1X YCJIOBHRX, MO)KHO nOJIy4HTb, noaeHCTBOBBB ABYMR
JHTpaMH 1,5 H. paCTBOpa Iueno4H Ha aMMOHHMHY1O COab?
709. KaKHe KHCJIOTbIo6pa3yeT a30T? OXapaKTepH3yHTe HX OKHC-
JIHTenbHO-BOCCTaHOBHTenbHbie CBOHCTBa. COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHR peaK-
uHH Me)Kay: a) KOHueHTpHpOBaHHO3 HNO3 H pTyTbIO; 6) pa36anneH-
HOH HNO3 H KanbUHeM; B) pa36aBneHHOH HNO3 H cepe6poM.
710. KaKO# McTOa nOny4CHHR a30THOA KHCJIOTbi B HaCTORmee
BpeMR HaH6onee pacnpoCTpaHeH? KaKHe npHpOaHbie BeluecTBa
CJY)KaT HCXOJIHbIMH npOaYKTaMH npH nOnygeHHH a30THOH KHCJOTbI
no 9TOMY McTOAY? YKa)KHTe XHMH4eCKHe peaKUHH, B pe3yJIbTaTe
KOTOpbIX H3 npHPOAHb1X Ben.[eCTB nonygaeTCR B HaCTORIuee BpeMR
a30THaR KHCJIOTa.
711. KaKHe coeA.HHeHHR a30Ta nonY4alOTCR nYTeM HenocpeA-
CTBeHHOrO CB513bIBaHHR (4)HKCaUHH) aTMoc4 epHoro a3oTa? YKa)KHTe
peaKUHH HX nOJ1ygeHHR H YCJIOBHR npOTeKaHHR peaKUHH. flo4eMy
OTKpbITHe CH00060B CBR3bIBaHH5i aTMOC(4epHOrO a30Ta HMeeT TaKOe
60nbwoe 3Ha4eHHe .JIR 4enOBegeCTBa?
712. L1eM CYIUeCTBeHHO OTnH4aeTCR AelcTBHe pa36aeneHHOH a30T-
HOH KHCJIOTbI Ha McTannbl OT ae1CTBH51 COJIRHOH H pa36aBJIeHHO11
cepHOH KHCJIOT? KaK011 HOH RBn%eTCR OKHCJIHTeJIeM B nePBOM CnY-
4ae H KaK011 BO BTOpOM ? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHR peaKUHH B3aHMO-
ae1CTBHR pa36aBneHHo1 HNO, C PTYTbIO H C KanbuaeM,HPHHRB BO
BHHMBHHe nOJIO)K HHe 9THX McTannOB B PRAY HanpsnceHHH.
713. KaKHe BeuieCTBa RBJIHIOTCR nPOAYKTBMH noCneAOBaTenbHoro
BOCCTBHOBJIeHHR aBOTHOH KHCJIOTbI? KaKoe HaH60nbAlee 4HCJI0 9JIeK?
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
-f-v
TpOHOB M0)KeT npHCoeAHHHTb ATOM a30Ta N npH BOCCTaHOBaeHHH
a30THOA KHCJIOTbi? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHNA peaKUHA BOCCTaHOBJIeHH1
a30THOA KHCJIOTb! uHHKOM: a) Ao N20; 6) Ao N2; B) Ao NH3.
714. COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHNA cneiyioiuHX peaKUHH, HJInIOCTpHpylo-
UjHX OKHCJINTenbHble CBOACTBa a30THOA KHCJIOTbI: a) AeAcTBHe KOH-
ueHTpHpOBaHHot HNO3 Ha cepy; 6) AeACTBHe pa36aBJ1eHHOt1 HNO.I
Ha CBHHeu; B) aefICTBne pa36aBJIeHHo# HNO3 Ha MarHHA. OT qero
3aBHCHT CTeneHb BOCCTaHOBJ1eHHA a3oTHOl KHCJIOTbi npH B3aNMo-
Aef3CTBHH ee c pa3JINYHbIMH McTaJIJIaMH?
715. Tpe6yeTC51 paCTBOpHTb KYCOK cepe6pa B a30THOA KHCJIOTe.
KaKyio KHCJIOTy BbirOAHee B3HTb, KOHUeHTPHPOBaHHY1O HAH pa36aB-
JIeHHylo? B KaKOM cny4ae pacxoA HNO3 6yAeT McHbine?
716. A3oTHaa KHCJIOTa pa3naraeTCA npN HarpeBaHNN c sbiAene-
HHeM j(ByOKHCH a3OTa H KHCJIopoaa. KaKHe 9aeMeHTbI OKHCJIBIOTCA
H KaKHe BOCCTAHaBJIHBaIOTCH npH 9TOR peaxuHH?
717. 'ITo npeACTasnaeT co6oft 6ypbi t ra3, BwLeJlaio[uHf1CH npH
Aef1CTBHH KOHueHTpHpOBaHHOft HNOB Ha McTannbl? 143 KaKI4X MO-
neKya OH COCTOHT? IIogeMy QKpaCKa ero TeMHeeT npH nOBbIUIeHHN
TeMnepaTypbi H cBeTneeT npN ee nOHHNCeHHH? ByAeT JIH AaBneHNe
9Toro ra3a H3MeHHTI CB HO 3aKOHY BOftia - MapHOTTa, ecnH noAaep-
raTb ero C?KaTHIO? COCTaBbTe ypABHeHHH peaKUHft, npOHCXOAHIUHX
npN paCTBopeHHH 9Toro ra3a B BOAe H B pacTBope UI,en09H.
718. KaK HpHCOTOBHTb TeXHHgeCKHM nyTeM OAHO H3 Han6onee
ueHHbIX a30THb[X yAO6peHHA - a30THOKHCJTbift aMMOHHft, BOCnOJ1b-
3oBaBUIHCb B Ka4eCTBe HCXOAHbIX BeLueCT6 TOnbKO aTMoc4IepHb)M
a3OTOM H BOAOA? YKAXKHTe, KAKHe XHMH4eCKHe peaKuHH nPHAeTCH
ocy[ueCTBHTb B npouecce nony4eHHA 9TOr0 y2o6peHH5I.
719. Ha3OBHTe BaXKHeftulHe a30THble yao6peHHA. Kax OHH nOny-
4aIoTCa? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHNa Bcex peaKUHA, KOTOpble npH 3TOM
npHXOAHTCH ocylueCTBHTb.
720. nyTeM KaKHX XHMH4eCKHX peaK[[HA MOXKHO nOny4HTb B KO-
He4HOM pe3ynbTaTe a3OTHOKHCnblf Kanbuit, eCJIH HCXOANTb TOJIbKO
H3 BelueCTB, IUHpOKO pacnpocTpaHeHHbIX B npepoae?
721. B3HTb[ OTJ enbHO paBHbie o6i eMbi OKHCH H J1ByOKHCH a3OTa
npN HOpManbHOM AaBneHHH H TeMnepaType 60?. 06a ra3a cXKaTbI
AO AaBneHNH 6 am. KaKOA H3 rasoB 3aHAn McHbwHA o6-beM?
flo eMy?
722. 4eTbipeXOKHCb a3OTa AHCCOUHHpyeT HO ypaBH HHIO
N204 ; 2N03
lipH 27? H HOpManbHOM AABneHHH HJOTHOCTb napa N204 no aojo-
poAy paaHHeTCH 38,34. Kaxot npoueHT Monelcya N204 AH000UHH-
poaaH?
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
723. O6-b5iCHHTe, n04eMy a30THOA KIICJIOTOfl MO)KHO BOCnOnb30-
BaTbCM AAM nony9eHnll CO2 H3 Na2CO3, HO Henb351 BOCnOnb30-
BaTbCA aim nony9eHHM SO2 H3 Na2SO3. OTBeT HnnK)CTpHpyf3Te
ypaBHeHHflMH peaKUMA.
724. f104eMy E!OCEpOp BCTpe'aeTCH B nplipoue TOJIbKO B BHAe
cceAHHenun, TOrAa KaK ero alanor a30T Ha)OAl4TCsI B npepoue
B CBO60AHOM COCTOMHHH? KaK nwny4aeTCH CBO60AHbIff IpOCCpOp?
BbIpa3HTe ypaBHeHHeM npOHCXOASiIIIHfl npH 9TOM XHMH4eCK1if1 npO-
uCCC H yKa)KHTe, B KaKOA ero CTaAHH npoHCXOAHT oKHcneHHe-Boc-
CTaHOBneHHe. 4TO OKHCJIMeTCM H 4TO BOCCTaHaBJIHBaeTCM?
725. YKa>KHTe ABa rnaBHbIX anJIOTpOnli9eCKIiX BNA0H3MeHeHH51
Ipoccpopa. 4eM OHM OTJIH4aIOTCM OAHO OT Apyroro 510 CBOHM CBOf1-
cTBaM? CoxpansleTCA All 9T0 pa3nH4He nocne npEBpa1J eHHfl HX B
ra3006pa3Hoe COCTOMHHe?
726. IZpnaeLHTe aoKa3aTenbCTBa Toro, 4TO KpaCHbift H 6enbif1
cpoccpop npeJCTasn!1OT co6on JIMHJb annoTponH4ecKHe BHAOH3Me-
HeHMH OAHOrO H Toro xce 3neMeHTa.
727. KaK nOny4HTb OpT04)OC(!OpHyIo KHCJIoTy, Hcxo ui: a) H3
CBO6OJW000 (4oc4opa; 6) H3 4)004)OpHOKHCJIOrO KanbUHII? CKOJIbKO
cpoccpopa H CKOJIbKO 4)OC4)OpHOKHCJ10r0 KanbuHH noTpe6yeTC51 Ant
nony4eHHA 250 2 OpTOCkOC()opHOffi KHCJIOTbI? MO?KHO JIH Ha3BaTb
o6a npouecca OKHCJIHTenbHO-BO00TaHOBNTenbHbIMH ?
728. YKa)KHTe Ha3BaHH51 H cpopMynb- aMMOHHeBbIX coneft OpTO-
(p000pOpHOfX KHCJIOTbI. f04eMy aMMHaK MO)KCT 6bITb nony4eH H3
HHX nyTeM npOCTOCO HarpeBaHHM, TorAa KaK Anl nony4eHHA aMMH-
aKa H3 XJIOpHCTOfO aMMOHHA n0CneAHHfI Heo6xoaHMo npeABapH-
TenbHO cMeIH3Tb C H3BeCTbIO HJIH eAKHM HaTpOM H T. n.?
729. K paCTBOpy, couepxcau[eMy 1 Monb H3P04, npH6aBHJH
1 Monb Na2HPO4 H BbinapHnH )KHAKOCTb Aocyx 1. r-IT0 npeACTaB-
JMCT co6on OCTaBrneeC I nocne BbInapHBaHHA BeUIeCTBO?
730. Ha30BHTe Ba)KHe1IIHe npHpOAHble coeAHHeHHM cpoccpopa.
n04eMy OHH n04TH He HCnOJIb3yIOTC5I HenocpeACTBeHHO B KageCTBe
yA06peHHfl, I npeABapHTenbHO nolBepraIOTCH XHMH4eCKOf1 nepe-
pa60TKe? Kaxylo uenb npecaeuyeT 9Ta nepepa60Txa? 4TO npeA-
CTasnxloT co6of1 cynepcpoccpaT H npeuHIIHTaT? HanHUIHTe ypaBHe-
HHII peaKUHI Hx nony9eHHM.
731. AahTe KpaTKy1O xapaKTeplCTHKy 3neMeHTOB IOArpynnbl
MbIwwblKa, yKa3aB: a) CTp0eHHe HX aTOMOB; 6) BaneHTHOCTb B CO-
eAliHeHHfIX; B) CpOpMynbl H XapaKTep HX OKHCJIOB H rHApO0KHCef1
(AJIB Ka)KAOrO 3neMeHTa OTAenbHO).
B 4eM npOMBJIMCTCM yCHnCHIie McTannH4eCKHX CBORCTB npH
nepexoae OT MbIwblKa K CypbMe H B'HCMyTy?
732. YKa)KHTe Ha3B3HH51 H (pOpMynbl rHApoOKHcefl cypbMbl.
KaKOB XapaKTep 3THX r}Apool(Hcen? 0 4eM CBHAeTenbcTByeT HX'
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO50300100001-1
paCTBOPHMOCTb B u eiiouax? B KaKRx H3 nepe4HCneHHblx HH)Ke
coeAHHeHHft cypbMa HrpaeT pOab McTaJIJI HJ,a H B KaKHX - ponb
McTaana?
SbH8 SbC13 K2H2Sb207 (NH4)8SbS4 Sb2(SO4)3
733. KaKHe BeiuecTBa AOJINCHbI o6pa3OBaTbCR npH JAeftcTBHH
KOHUeHTPHpOBaHHOI1 a30THOft KHCJIOTb Ha TpHCyJIb(4HA Mb11IIb1Ka?
COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHe 3TOI1 peaKuHH.
734. KaKHe coeAHHeHHe M WWbRKa nony4HTC6 npH Aef1CTBHH
pa36aBneHHOft cepHOft KHCJIOTbI H UHHKa Ha As203? COCTaBbTe
ypaBHeHHe 9TOft peaKuHH H pa36epwTe ee C TO4KH 3peHHH OKMcJIe-
HHR-BOCCTaHOBneHHR.
735. floiery paCTBOp Tp?XXJIOpHCTOfI CyPbMbI SbCI3 CTaHO-
BHTCH MYTHbIM npH pa36aBJleHHH BOAOft? KaK caeaaTb ero CHOBa
npo3paxIHbIM, He (pHabTpyR? COCTaBbTe MOJIeKYJIHPHOe H HOHHOe
ypaBHeHHe nPOHCXOJR1uef1 B TOM H ApyroM cny4ae peaKuHH.
736. EcJIH B nOAKHG1eHHbItI COJIRHOft KHCJOTOf1 paCTBOp Tpex-
XaOpHCTOfI CYPbMbI SbC13 OnyCTHTb aHHKOBYIO nnaCTHHKy, TO Ha Heft
Bb1AeJIHTCH McTannH4ecKaH CypbMa. KaKHe COeAHHeHHe CypbMbl
AOn)KHO HOJIY4HTbCB HapRAy C McTaaaH4eCKOft CypbMOt npH yKa-
3aHHbIX yCJIOBHHX? Bbwpa3HTe npOHCXOAHUuHe npoueccbi ypaBHe-
HHHMH.
737. KaKHe COeAHHeHHR Ha3bIBaIOTCH THOKHCJIOTaMH? 4eM OHH
OTJw aIOTCH OT O6bIKHOBeHHbIX KHCJIOPOAHbIX KHCJIOT? Bbwpa3HTe
HOHHbIMH ypaBHeHHRMH peaKUHH nonyleHHH aMMOHHIIHWX coief1
THOMbIIIIb5KOBHCTOf1 H THOCypbMRHOn KHCJIOT. MO WHO aH o6bl4HblM
nyTBM (KaKHM) nOJIy4HTb H3 HHX CBO60AHbie THOKHCJIOTbI ? OTBeT
no1ITBepAHTe ypaBHeHHHMH nPOHCXOAf1U[HX peaKw4L
738. BHCMyT nerKO paCTBOpHeTCH B a3OTHOft KHCJIOTe, HO He'
paCTBOpfleTCB B COJRHOf1 H pa36aBaeHHOft cepHOI1 KHCJIOTax. KaKOf1
BbIBOA MO)KHO H3 3TO1'O CAeaaTb OTHOCHTeJIbHO nOJIO)KeHHR BHCMYTa
B PRAY HanpH)KeHHft? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHe npoxcxo.Rlueft B nep-
BOM cny4ae peaKuHH. MO)KHO JIM O4HCTHTb a30THOKHCJIbIf1 BHCMYT.
nyTeM nepeKPHCTa.JH3aUHH H3 BOAHOrO paCTBOpa? OTBeT MOTHBH-
PYf1Te.
5. YraepoA H KpeMHHf
739. AaftTe KpaTKyio xapaKTePHCTHKy yrnepona, yKa3aB: a) pac-
npOCTpaHeHHe yrnepona B npHpo1e; 6) a.IJIOTponH4eCKHe BHAOH3Me-
HCHHR yrnepona H npH4HHy pa3JH4HH B HX CBOf1CTBax;B)CTpoeHHe
aTOMa yraepoAa H ero BaneHTHOCTb B CoeAHHeHHRX; r) O6pa3yeMble
HM OKHCJI I H HX xapaKTep.
740. KaK nony4aK)T yrOabHWI1 aHI'HnpHA B na6OpaTOpHRX H
B TexHHKe? 143 KaKHX nPHPOAHbIX BCCueCTB OH MON(eT 6WTb noJiy-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
vex? YKaNKHTe 4)x3H iecKne CBOACTBa yronbHoro allrxApHAa, ero
OTHOHIeHHe K BOAe H uleno4aM H ero npaKTx4eCKHe npnMeHeHnfl.
741. floueMy npH nony4eHHH yronbHoro aHrnupxua x3 Mpa-
MOpa Ha nocaeAHxft ueflCTByIOT COJAHOA KHCJIOTOA, a He cepHOA ?
CKOnbxo J1HTpOB yronbHoro anrxupiua, npHBeaeHHbIX K 0? H 760 mm,
MON(HO nOJiy4HTb H3 1 1C2 MpaMopa, couepN(aulero 1360/ CaCbe?
742. AaftTe KpaTKyiO XapaKTepIICTHKy yrOJibHOft KHCJIOTbl (nony-
4eHIIe, OTHOIHeHIie K HarpeBaHHlo, AHCCOUxaIjHH B BOAHOM paCTBOpe).
MON(HO Jill npxl'OTOBHTb HOpManbHbift paCTBOP yrOJIbHOft KHCJIOTM?
MON(HO Jill nOny4HTb HeATpaJibHblft paCTBOp, npH6aBHB K paCTBOpy
yrOJbHOf4 KHCJOTbl CTpO1O 9KBHBaJleHTHoe KOJH4eCTBO njeno4H?
OTBeT MOTHBHpyflTe.
743. Ha30BHTe Ba)KHeftumHe COJH yrOnbHOfl KHCJIOTbI. KaK no-
ny4HTb COAy, }CXOASI H3 McTannH4eCKOrO HaTpxA, COnlHOA KHCJIOTbI,
MpaMopa H BOAbI? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHA peaKUHft. B KaKHX npOH3-
BOACTBaX npHMeHBeTCB COAa?
744. Ana nony4eHHa COAbI paCTBOp eAKOro HaTpa pa3AeJIHJIH
Ha use paBHble nOpLH}, HacbITHnH OAHy H3 HHX yrneKHCnb1M ra30M
H cMemann c Apyroft nopuxeft. YKa)KHTe, KaKoe Be11leCTBO 66pa-
30BanOCb nocne HaCbluleHHA nepeoft nOpUHH KaKaii peaKUHA npo-
H3o111na npH CMe1HHBaHHH nepBol nOpuHH Co BTOpOft? BbIpa3HTe
o6e peaKUnH ypaBHeHHBMH.
745. KaK x1+MH4eCKHM nyTeM MO)KHO OCBO60AHTb ,11ByOKHCb
.yrnepola OT npHMeCH cepHICTOrO ra3a?
746. KaK nonygaeTCA coda no aMMHa4HOMy Cnoco6y? N3 4ero
H KaK nony4alOTCB Heo6XOAHMble J1m 9TOA peaKUHH HCXOAHbie Be-
uIeCTBa, He HMeIOMHeCB B rOTOBOM BHAe B npHpoue? Ha KaKHX
CBOftCTBaX 6HKap6OHaTa HaTpxA oCHOBaHo ero OTAeneHHe OT o6pa-
3yK)nlerOCA oAHOBpeMeHHO C HHM XJIOpHCTOrO aMMOHHB?
747. LfTO TaKoe nOTalu? KBK OH nOnygaeTCH H B KSKHX npOH3-
BOACTBax npHMeHAeTCH? KaK nOny4HTb nOTalu, HMe1 B CBOeM pac-
nopBNCeHHH cneJyloulHe npouyKTb1: K2SO4, Ba(OH)21 CaCO, H
HCt. COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHA He06XOaHMbIX peaKuHA.
748. KOHueHTpHpOBaHHblft paCTBOP COAbI 6b1n Hach uleH yrne-
KHCnbIM ra30M. BbinaBluxe npH 9TOM KpxcTannbl 6bIJIH OT(trHJIb-
TpOBaHbI H npOKaneHbl. LITO npeACTaBJIBeT co6oio nonygeHHblft
npOAyKT? COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHA peaKuHA.
749. KaK npeBpaTHTb Kap60HaT HaTpxA B r1ApoKap60HaT? Ha
CKOnbKO npOUeHTOB yMeJHbulaeTCH B Bece 4HCTbIA r}ApOKap6OHaT
HaTpxA npH npOKaJIHBaHHH? CKOnbKO JIHTpOB yrneKHCJiOro ra3a, npH-
BeAeHHbIX K 00 H 760 .mil, Mo)KHO nOny4HTb x3 210 2 rxupoKap-
6oHaTa HaTpxA: a) npOKannBaHHeM; 6) aefCTBHeM KHCJlOTb1?
750. YKaKHTe rnaBHble XHMH4eCKHe CBOflCTBa OKHCH yrnepo1a.
K KaKOMY KJIaCCy OKHCJIOB OHa OTHOCHTCA? KaK nony4HTb ee
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
B 4HCTOM BHae? IlogeMy OKHCb yrnepoaa cnoco6Ha ropeTb, npe-
BpaLuaflCb B yrneKHCnb1f1 ra3, a BOA51HOfl nap He cnoco6eH ropeTb,
XOTB H CyuueCTByeT 6onee 6oraToe KHCJ10 OAOM COeLHHeHHe, 4eM
Boaa,- nepeKHcb Boaopoaa?
751. B KaKHx Cny4aflx npH ropeHHH o6pa3yeTCfl OKHCb yrne-
po.aa? 1Zo4eMy onaCHOCTb nOIBneHHH yrapa npH 3aKpb1BaHHH ne4efl
yMeHbluaeTCH no Mepe yMeHbIIIeHHH Haxana yrnefl? Ha30BHTe Bax(-
HefllnHe BHAbI ra3oo6pa3Horo TOnnlBa, B COCTBB KOTOpb1X BXOAHT
OKHCb yrnepoaa.
752. 3HaH TennoTbI o6pa3oBaHIIH yrneKHcnoro ra3a (97,7 Jcr. af),
OKIICu yrnepoaa (29,7 uJCan) H BOAHHOro napa (57,8 JcicaA), aoKa-
)KHTe, 4TO npouecc nony'eHnH reHepaTOpHoro ra3a aOJ1)KeH Conpo-
BO)KAaTbCH BbiaeneHHeM TerIna, a npouecc nOJIy4eHHB BOAHHOrO
ra3a - norJloa eHlieM Tenna.
753. CKOnbKO Tema BblaeJHeTCH npn c)KHraHnn 1 Ji' CBeTHnb-
HOro ra3a, HMeloluero Cneayfolutfl o6beMHbitl ccCTaB: 50')/? H21
35?/? CH4, 8% CO, 2% C2H4 H 5% Heroplo4ux npHMecell?
754. Aaf1Te KpaTKy1O XapaKTepIICTHKy KpeMHHH, yKa3aB: a) CTpO-
eHHe ero aTOMa H npOHBJI51eMbie HM CTeneHM BaneHTHOCTH, 6) xHMH-
4eCKHe CBOflCTBa KpeMHHH; B) (poptyJ1y npocTetnlero KpeMHeBoao-
poaa; r) xapaKTep AByOKHCH KpeMHHH, ee OTHOIHeHHe K Boae,
KHCJIOTaM H uuenogaM.
755. B KaKOM BIIAe KpeMHli1$ BCTpe4aeTC51 B npnpoae? Ha30-
BIITe Ba)KHeflnlHe npnpo1 Hble pa3IIOBlIAHOCTH KpeMHe3eMa. KaKOf1
113 CHJIHKaTOB HBJIHeTCfl CaMbIM pacnpOCTpaHeHHblM B npHpoae? Ha-
HIIIHHTe Ay BIIAe OKIICJIOB (pOpMynbi Cneaylo11wx CHJIHKaTOB: TanbKa
H2MggSi4O12; anb6HTa Na2A12S18O16; anopTHTa CaAl2Si2O8.
756. 1TaKHe npOH3BOACTBa OXBaTbIBaeT CHJIHKaTHaa npoMblul-
neHHOCTb? Ha30BHTC Ba)KHeNwHe noTpe6nfleMble eio npMpoaHbie
CHnHKaTbI. KaK nony4aiOTCH CTeKJIO H ueMeHT? LIT0 npeaCTmisieT
C060f1 Kap6OpyHA, KaK OH nony4aeTC51 H Anil 4ero npHMeHfleTCfl ?
757. KaKHe CHJHKaTb1 MO)KHO npHrOTOBHTb, HMefl necoi, men,
COAy H nOTalu? YKaN(HTe HX Ha3BaHHH H 4)OpMynbl H COCTaBbTe
ypaBHeHHB peaKUHR HX nonygeHHH H3 yKa3aHHbIX BelueCTB.
758. KaK nony4aeTCH KBapueBoe CTeKno? KaKHMH npeHMylue-
CTBaMH Otto o6naaaeT nepea O6bIKHOBeHHbIM CTeKnoM? Kaxylo
KHCJIOTY Henb35I XpaHHTb HH B o6bIKHOBeHHOA CTeKnHHHOfi nocyae,
Hit B nocyie H3 KBapueBOrO CTeKna? f o4eMy?
6. McTa,nnbi I rpynnbl nepNOAygeCKOft CHCTeMbI
759. AaflTe KpaTKyio XapaKTepHCTHKy LUen04Hbjx McTannoB, yKa-
3aB: a) nono)(eHHe B nepHOAH4eCKOt1 CHCTeMe H CTpOeHHe inc aTO-
MoB; 6) XapaKTepii ie AJIH HHX (4)n3H4eCKne CBOfICTBa; B) OCHOBHOe
XHMH4eCKOe CBO11CTBO LUeJi04HbIX McTa.lnul3; r) oiHO1neHHe K BOae
14 H n. rfHHKa 209
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
H KHCAOpOAy B03AyXa; A) o6pa3yeMbie IueJIOgHbIMH McTaJ(IIaMH
OKHCnbI, rHApOOKHCH H CBOlCTBa nocneAHHX.
760. f-fogeMy KaJIHft H HaTpHt nOJIy4HJIH Ha3BaHHe ,,lueJlO'lHble
McTaJIulbI?? KaKHM HX CBOtCTBOM o6yCAOBneHO 3TO Ha3BaHHe H B
KaKOft CBfl3H HaXOJIHTCfl 3T0 CBOACTBO CO CTpOeHHeM HX aTOMOB?
YKaNCHTe BBNCHCf1WHe npxpOAHble COeAHHeHHR KanH51 H HaTpHB H
HX HenoCpeJICTBeHHble npaKTH4eCKHe npHMeHeHH%.
761. -feM OTJIN4aeTC51 3neKTpOJIHTH4ecKHl cnoco6 nony4eHNfl llie-
Ao4HbIX McTanJIOB OT 3neKTpOnHTH4eCKOrO cnoco6a nOny4eHHfl eA-
KHX LueA04eft? Mamie XHMN4eCKHe npoueccbi nPOHCXOJ[IT B nepsoM
cny4ae H KaKHe BO BTOpOM? H3o6pa3NTe ILX ypaBHeHHBMH. YKaNCNTe
Ba)KHeflLLIHe npHMeHeHHN McTannlgeCKOrO HBTpHSI H eAKorO HaTpa.
762. fuen04Hbie McTannbi SIBJIHIOTC51 O4eHb 3Heprl4HbIMH BOC-
CTaHOBHTenAMH. B KaKOf1 CB5I3H CO CTpOeHHeM NX aTOMOB HaXo-
AHTCB 3T0 CBOtICTBO? B 4eM np0ABJ1BCTCA CNnbHafl BO00TaHOBHTCnb-
HaR cnOco6HOCTb Luen04nbiX McTannoB npH B3aHMOAef1CTBHH nX
C pa36aBneHHol1 a3OTHOl KHCJOTOll? f7pH B3aHMOAef1CTBHH C BOAO-
pOAOM? HnALOCTpHpyf1Te OTBeT ypaBHeHHBMH COOTBCTCTBYI0LIHX pe-
aKUHN.
763. YKaMCHTe an TeXHH4eCKHX cnoco6a nOny4eHHA euioro
HaTpa. KaKHe BeLUeCTBa HBnRIOTCR nO604HbIMH IIPOAYKTaMH npN ero
nonygeHHH? Bbipa3HTe ypaBHeHNAMN Bce XHMH4eCKHe npoueccbl,
oCylueCTBAfleMbie npN n0ny4eHHH eAKoro HaTpa TeM H ApyrHM cnO-
co6oM.
764. KaK nyTCM 3neKTpOJIH3a paCTBOpOB XJIOPHCTOrO Kannfl
flOny4NTb eAKoe KaJIH, rlnOXJIOpHT KanHB, 6epTOJIeTOBy COnb?
Hanl11INTe y,,aBHeHHH nPOHCXOASILUHX npH 3TOM XHMH4eCKHX peaKUHN.
765. f_f04eMy eAKHe Lueno4H HeO6XOAHMO XpaHHTb B XOpOUIO
3aKynopeHHON nocyne? Bo 4TO OHH B npOTHBHOM cny4ae MOryT
nOCTeneHHO npeBpaTHTbCl?
766. KaKHe BeluecTBa nonyuaiorcfl npH HacbimeHHH paCTBOpOB
eAKoro HaTpa: a) XnopoM; 6) CepHHCThIM ra30M; B) yrneKHCablM ra30M;
r) cepOBonoponom? CocTaBbTe ypaBHeHHSB nPOHCXOARIUHX peaKUHN.
767. fIpoAaICHbltl eAKHF1 HaTp 4aCTO COAep)KHT 3Ha4HTenbHYIO
npHMeCb COAbi. KaK 9T0 npouie Bcero o6Hapy?KNTb? KaK OCBO60-
AHTb paCTBop eAKorO HaTpa OT npHMeCH c0Abi? COCTaBbTe ypaB-
HeHHfl COO'TBeTCTBIOLUHX peaKULlft.
768. fipH npOAOnMCNTenbHOM XpaHeHHH paCTBOpOB eAKOrO HaTpa
B CTeKnflHHOlf nocyue CTCKJIO 3aMeTHO pa3'beuaeTC5I. O6-bSICHHTe 3TO
RBneHNe H COCT8BbTe ypaBHeHHe nponCXOAfliuei peaKUHN.
769. LleM cymeCTBeHHO OTni4aeTCfl B3aHMOAef1CTBHe LueAO4HbIX
McTaJAOB C BOAOpOAOM OT B3aHMOAef3CTBHR ranOreHOB C BOAOpO-
AOM? FfpHBeAHTe npHMep TORT H Apyr0f1 peaKUHN H pa36epHTe HX
C TO'KH 3peHHH OKHCAeHH51-BOCCTaHOBJIeHH5I.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
770. npH He1TpaJ1H3aUHH CHJIbHb[X KHCJIOT eAKHf3 HaTp 4aCTO
3aMeHHK)T coaog. PaccgnTaflTe, CKOJIbKO rpaMMOB COAbl nOTpe6yeTCH
an 3aMeHbl 100 2 NaOH. KaKHMH em e COJIHMH HaTPHH MO)KHO
6btJ[o 6b! 3aMeHHTb NaOH, HMeH B BHAy TOJIbKO CBH3bIBaHne HOFIOB
Bouopona?
M. FHAPHA HaTPHH B3aHMOAe1 cTByeT C BOAOfl C- BbiaeJleHneM
BOAOpOAa H o6pa3OBaHHCM eAKOrO HaTpa. COCTaBbTe ypaBHeHHe
peaKUHH, yKaxKeCTKOCTH BOAbN SIBJISIeTCSI
THTPOBaHHe onpeAeJIeHHoro o6-beMa BOAbI paCTBOPOM COJISIHOii
KHCJIOTbI 113BeCTHOFI KOHueHTpaUHH. FlpHMeHnIOTCSI 11 BeCOBble
McTOAbI onpeaeJIeHH5l }KeCTKOCTH. YCTpaHeHHe >KeCTKOCTH CBO-
AHTCH K yAaiieHHIO H3 BOAbI HOHOB Ca" H Mg" o6bITIHO nyTCM
nepesojla HX B OCaAOK B BHAe HepaCTBOPHMbIX COJIeii.
1-lpnBe.leM HeCKOJIbKO npHMepOB BbITIHCJIeHHSI }KeCTKOCTH
BoAbI H pacgleTa KOJTHTIecTBa peareHTOB, Tpe6ylolIjHXCH aim ee
ycTpaxennH.
fpHMep 1. Ha THTPOBaHHe 100 .14A BOAbI, cogep}KaHleil
rHApOKap6OHaT KaJIbUHq, H3PaCXOAOBaHO 2,5 J1tJl 0,12 H. pac-
TBopa COJIHHOIi KHCJIOTbI. PaCCTInTaTb }KeCTKOCTb BOUIbI.
P e Iu e H H e. Hcxoxi H3 aaHHbIX 3aaagH, onpeaeJISIeM Hop-
MaJIbHOCTb BOAHOI'O pacTBopa rHApOKap6onaTa. O603Ha'IHB
HopMaJIbHOCTb pacTBopa, T. e. TIHCJIO rpaMM-3KBHBaJIeHTOB
I'HApoKap6oHaTa B JIHTpe BOAb1, Tlepe3 X, COCTaBJISIeM npo-
nop11111O:
100:2, 5 = 0,12 : x HnH 100x = 2,5 - 0,12
x = 00 = 0,003 2-.91t8
CJle,aoBaTeJ IIO, 1 JL BOAbl coAep KHT 3 Ma-3KB r1Apoxap6oxaTa
KaJIbUI1 J man 3 Me-3K6 HOHOB Ca".
}KeCTKOCTb BOAbI paBHa 3 .142-3K6.
* HarOMHHM, RTO MHJIJIHrpaMM-9KBFIBBJIeHT0M (Me-,MB) Ha3bIBaeTC9
KOJIH9eCTBO Be[uecTBa, 9HCJIeHHO paBHoe ero 9KBHBaJ1eIiTY H Bbipa}KeHHOe
B MHJIJIHrpaMMax.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
npHMep 2. CKOJIbKO rpaMMOB COAbI Na2CO3 Ha,I[O npn6a-
BHTb K 10 A BOAbI, iITO6bI yCTpaHHTb ee 061I.jyIO xceCTKOCTb,
pasnyio 4,64 M2-aK8?
P e w e H H e. I43 ypasneHn peaxun
Ca(HC03)2+Na2CO8 = 1 CaCO3 + 2NaHCO3
CaSO4 + Na2CO8 = 4 CaCO3 + Na2SO4
BHAHO, T2TO 1 rpaMMoJlexyJla CORM B3aHMOAei3cTByeT C I rpaM-
MOJIeKyJlOli Ca(HCO3)2 HJIH CaSO4. fIepexoA5i OTCloua K MHJI-
JIIIrpaMM-3KBHBaJIeHTaM, naXOAHM, WO 1 M2-3K6 COAbI B3aHM0-
AefiCTByeT C I Me-9K6 Ca (HCO3) 2 HJIH CaSO4i T. e. C I M2-3K8
HOHOB Ca**.
TaK KaK MOJIeKyJISipHbli3 BeC COAbI paBHSieTCA 106, a 3KBH-
BaJIeHT ee paseH nOJIOBHHe MOJIeKyJIRPHOFO Beca, TO I M2-3K8
COAbI BeCHT 53 M2. B 10 JI BOAbI cOAep,KHTCH 4,64 - 10 =
= 46,4 M2-MB HOHOB Ca". KojlnuecTBO COAbI (x), KOTOpoe no-
Tpe6yeTCSI AJIR yCTpaHeHHA ?KeCTKOCTH, HaxOAHM H3 nponoplHH
x:53=46,4:1, oTKyaa x = 53.46,4 - 2459,2 M2 = 2,46 2
npHMep 3. BbILIHCJIHTb nOCTOHHHYIO }KeCTKOCTb ROAN, Mac,
' TO AJI,9 paJIeHHH HOHOB KaJIbunH, coaepxcalw1xccl B 50 A 3TOIi
BO)IbI, nOTpe6oBaJIOCb npH6aBHTb K BOAe 10,8 a 663BOAHOI3
6ypbl.
P e in e H H e. fIpH aerCTBHH 6ypbl Ha BOAy, couep%aIuyio
CaSO4, HOHbI Ca" nepexoi B OCaAOK BCJIeACTBHe peaKlHH:
CaSO4 + Na2B4O7 =1 CaB4O7 + Na2SO4
H3 ypaBHeHHH peaKUZHH BHAHO, qTO AJIH OcaxKA2HHSi HOHOB
KaJlbUHH B BHAe CaB4O7 Ha 1 e-3K6 CaSO4i T? e. Ha 1 2-3K6
HOHOB Ca" HaaO B3HTb I e-3K8 Na2B4O7 HJIH Ha I M2-3K6
HOHOB Ca" - 1 M2-3K6 6ypbl.
MoJIeKyJncipnblli sec 6ypbi 202; cJleROBaTeJibHO, I M2-3K6 ee
BecHT 101 M2. Ha ocax
-> Sn(S04)2 + SnCI4 -I-- Cr2(SO4)3-+- K2S04+H20
14 pa36epnTe MX C T04KH 3peHH1l OKHCneHNfl-BOCCTaHOBneHNSI. 0 Ka-
KOM CBONCTBB HOHOB ABYXBaneHTHOFO OJIOBa CBHAeTenbCTBYIOT 9TH
peaKUHH?
820. KaK, HCXOIIII H3 McTannU4eCKOrO OJIOBa, nOJ1 LHTb THO-
CTaHHBT HaTpill? COCTaBbTe MOneKynflpHble H HOHHble ypaBHeHNfl
He06XOAMMbIX peaicuHN. Cynb(~NAb1 KaKHX 9neMeHTOB nerKO o6pa-
3YlOT THOCOJII4? KaK nOny4HTb M3 THOCOJIH THoaHrHApHA cooTBeT-
CTByK)lueN KMCJIOTbl?
821. YKa)KNTe Ba)KHe#IIINe 4H43H4eCKIIe KOHCTaHTbl (ya. BeC H
r04Ky nnaBneHHH) CBHHua, ero OTHOweHHe K B03.aYXY, BOAe H
KHCJIOTaM. I-I04eMy CBHHeu He paCTBOpfleTCB B COJIRHON H pa36aB-
neHHON cepHO11 KHCnOTax, XOTI H CTONT B p1111y HanplDKeHHN neBee
BO.AOpol.a? Ha30BHTe Ba)KHeAwHe nplMeHeHHl CBHHua.
822. CnnaB CBHHua C OnOBOM HarpeBanca C KOHueHTpHpOBaH-
H0N a30THOR KHCJIO TON A0 I1peKpaiueHH51 peaKUNN. HepaCTBOpHB-
WHACfl OCTa'1OK 6bin OT( RJIbTpOBaH, Bb1CYMIeH H IIpoKaneH. KaKOB
COCTaB OCTaTKa? 4ITO HaXOAHTCH B pacTBope?
823. MO)KHO nH Ha3BaTb Pb02 riepeKi4 biO CBHHua? MOTHBH-
pyNTe OTBeT, HCXOAfl H3 CBONCTB 9TOrO OKHCna.
824. KaKHe COJIH nonygaTCf1 ripH cnnaBneHNH ABYOKHCH CBHHua:
a) c OKHCbIO KanbuHlI; 6) C eAKHM HaTpOM? YKa)KHTe HX Ha3BaHHfl
H Hanl4wHTe ypaBHeHNfl peaKUNN MX o6pa3OBaHHB. LIeM HBJIfleTCB
CBHHeu B 3THX COJIBX - Melann0M HJ1H McTannOHAOM?
525. IIo4eMy OKNCnb1 CBHHua Pb2O3 H Pb304 Ha3bIBalOTCfl
cMenlaHHb1MH? K KaKOMy Knaccy COeJNHeHHN 6bIJlo 6b1 npaBNnbHCC
MX OTHeCTM? MOTHBMpy1Te OTBeT, COCraBI4B ypaBHeHNfl peaKUNN,
IIpOHCXO,,oiLumX Ilpl1 Ae1CTBMM Ha 9TH OK11Cnb1 pa36,JBneHHON a30T-
110N KHCJIOTbl.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
826. Y9HTWBa5 coneo6pa3Hblfl xapawTep oKHCnoB Pb2Oa H Pb3O4
H 3Hafl, KaK B3aHMOAef1CTByeT JIBYOKHCb CBHHILa C COJBHOAI KHCJIOTOll,
COCTaBbTe ypaBHCHOH peaKuii MexKe BeIIeCTB 6yayT B3aHMOAef1CTBO-
BaTb B paCTBOpe c Ba2[Fe(CN)3]?
Na2SO4 NaOH FeC13 Br2
BbIpa3HTe nponcxoJullune peaKunn IOHHbIMH ypaBHeHHAMH.
852. KaK nOny4HTb 6epnHHCKyIO na3ypb, 1MeH B Ka'eCTBe HCXOA-
HbIX BeuueCTB: )xene3Hblfl KynOpOC, a3OTHYKI KHCJ1OTY H uHaHHCTbif1
Kanrf1? HanHnIHTe ypaBHeHH 1 peaKu14 , npHBOAAl11HX K o6pa30BaHIHO
6epJHHCKol aa3ypH n3 YKa3aHHbIX BeLueCTB.
853. ECJIH 6pbI3rH LueJ104H nOnaaalOT Ha TKaHb, OKpaIneHHYIO
6epnHHCKOf1 na3ypbIO, TO Ha TKaHH nOSIBnflK)TCH 6ypble nHTHa,
HC4e3aIOulne npH CMa4HBaHHH HX pa36aBneHHOfl COJSIHOf1 KHCJIOTOf1.
O6"bI1CHHTe 3T14 I1BneHHB H H3o6pa3HTe npo~icxo.i mm peaKunn
ypaBHeHHIMH.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/05/10: CIA-RDP80T00246AO50300100001-1
854. PacTBOp CepHOKHcnOro Ko6aJlbTa CoSO4 aaeT CO uuen04bio
npH HarpeFaHHH rp53HOpo3OBb1f ocaaoK, a paCTBOp cepHOKHCnoro
HHKenA NiSO4-6neAHO3ene11b1I1 ocaA01