SOVIET TECHNICAL BOOKS IN THE FIELD OF ELECTRONICS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 1975
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: June 16, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: October 22, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
(CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
This material contains information affecti$-g the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18, U.S.C. Secs. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
SUBJECT Soviet Technicall Books in the Field DATE DISTR. 22 October 1958 25X1
of XLectrouice
NO. PAGES 2
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
REFERENCES RD
SS1N '" CO 25X1
a. Signal (Signal) 403 pages, written by Igor Andreyevich Poletov and
published by the Sov skove Radio Publishing House in Moscow in 1958.
It is intended as a general reference on cybernetics for a wide
reading public.
b. Chastotnyye Metody v Avtomatike (Frequency Methods in Automation), 490 pages,
represents a collection of foreign articles on the use of frequency methods
in the solution~lof some problems of automation. It was published by the
Foreign Literature Publishing House in Moscow in 1957.
c. Teoriya Korrelytsii i eye Primeneniye k Analiz u Proizvodstva (The
Correlation Theory and Its Application to Analysis of Productivity),
387 pages, written by Yakov Ilich Lukomskiy and published by the State
Statistical Publishing House in Moscow in 1958. It expounds on the
fundamentals of, statistical studies utilized for a study of the inter-
relationships of values, which are involved in the scientific analyses
of experimentalland computed data of various enterprises.
d. Elektromekhanic eskiye Rele ;Electromechanical Relays), 354 pages, written
by Fayvel Arono ich Stupel, and published by the Kharkov State University
Press, Kharkovin1956. It describes the fundamentals of the theory and
engineering met ods of computation, as well as the design of electromechanical
relays and mech nisms having various principles of operation, e.g.,
electromagnetic, inductic:i, magneto-electric, and others.
Terminolo i a Rlele (Term.nology for Relay;), 42 pages, compiled by the
Committee for Technical 1_'_-rminology, Academy of Sciences,USSR, and
_!_n_,T
M
i 1958 It contains
S
oscow
SSR in
nglish, Frencb,and Germ`i terminology, for recommended Soviet
erminology.
Soviet publications
ATE X ARMY X NAVY
AEC
25X1
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f. Elementy Elektroavtom tiki i Rascheta Samoletnykh Elektricheskikh Sistem
(Elements of Electro-automation and Computation on Aircraft Electrical
Systems), 118 pages, a collection of articles stemming from work done at
the Moscow Order of Lenin Aviation Institute i/n S. Ordzhonikidze, and
represents issue No. 85, of the "Trudy" of the Institute. It was
published by the State Publishing House for the Defense Industry, in
Moscow in 1957.
A~tomatizatsiya Perev'oda s Odnogo Yazyka na Dr o (Automatic Translation
Languages), 3 pages., was written by D.Yu. Panov, A.A. Lyapunov,and
I.S. Mukhin, and apparently represents the gist of a plenary meeting
CJ~?~/`~ of the session on Scientific Problems of Industrial Automation. It was
published by the Academy of Sciences in 1956.
G Y. Opyty Avtomaticheskoo Perevoda na Elektrannoy V chislitelno Mashine BESM
Experiment in Automatic Translation Utilizing the BESM Electronic
~44-Computer), 28 pages, written by I.S. Mukhin and published by the Academy
of Sciences in Moscow in 1956. It briefly represents some of the
procedures followed by D. Yu. Panov, et al.,at the Institute of Precision
Mechanics and Computelr Engineering, beginning in January 1955 when they
utilized BESM equipment to translate , nglish into Russian.
i. Certain Works in the Sphere of Computing Technique, 20 pages, is an
English-language version of a pamphlet written by Academician S.A.
Lebedev and published by the Academy of Sciences in 1956 on various aspects
of the BESM installation. Some circuitry diagrams and photographs are
given.
The above publications m y be considered unclassified when detached from the0..covering
-report. FI
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
CENTRAL` INTELL1''ENCE AGENCY
This material contains information afe4ting the National Defense of the United States within the meaning of the Espionage Laws, Title
18. U.S.D. Sees. 783 and 794, the trans ission or revelation of which in any manner to an unauthorized person is prohibited by law.
Swg-C.( S-T
COUNTRY USSR
SUBJECT Soviet pamphlet on Eletronie and
Analytical Equti nt
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE "6
DATE" 40.
REPORT
DATE DISTR. 15 May 1959
NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
&b-11~ 717
SOURCE EVALUATIONS PRAISAL OF CONTENT IS TENTATIVE. 25X1
brochures of Soviet equipment, and miscellaneous
4.
5.
Automatic photo-colorimeter for nitrogen oxide determination
(Russian).
Small brightnees* photometer (Russian, French, English.. German).
Compressed air supply units for piezometrie measuring
equipment (Russian) .
Vacuum diffraction spectrograph (Russian, English) French.
German) .
Qaantvimeter,, a. photoelectric apparatus for emission spectral
analysis (Russian,, English, French, German).
rat nou* spectrometer (Russian, French, English,, German).
Diffraction spectrograph (Russians French, English, German).
Equipi*nt for measuring, registration, and automatic
regulation of air pressure (Russian) .
9. Electrochemical gas analyzer for sulphur gas (Russian).
10.
/I1.
STATE X IARMY X NAV~
Photoelectric steeloeter (Russian, French, English, German).
Objective `pbotaelectric color comparator (Russian, French,
Exgl.iBb, . r.r*au).
Photometer for .uminescent analy*ii (Russian, French,
English, German).
Universal pbotowter (Russian, French, Elrglish, German).
High speed camera Russian, French, English, German)..
-TK AIR X S, AEC X
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by ')V"; Field distribution by "#".I
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S-E-C-R-E-T 25X1
-2-
15
17.
/~3
25.
/26.
/' 27-
28.
V 29.
30.
Automatic gas analyzer (Russian).
Infra-red spectrometer (Russian, French, English, German).
Candle-power meter for measuring light flashes (Russian,,
French, English, German)
Quartz spectrograph (Russian, French, English, German).
Interferometer (Russian, French, English, German).
Electromagnetic value (Russian).
Neutralization 5acic./basT regulator (Russian).
Re atory valve with =tic membrane and accessory mechanism
(Russian).
Concentration meter for sulphuric acid and fuming sulphuric
acid (Russian).
Magnetic gas analyzer (Russian).
;:tea `position regulator for use with a pneumatic valare
(Russian).
Pneumatic indicator of liquid flow (Russian).
Slit liquid flow meter (Russian).
Visual spectral Eeeloscope (Russian, English, French, German).
Spectrophotometer (Russian, French, English, German).
Hispeed photo recording apparatus?(Russian, French, English,
Ger n).
31. Spectrograph (Russian, English, French, German).
Industrial Lclosed-circuig TV equipment (Russian, French, English,
German).
Used for determining hydrogen ion concentration with the aid of
thick walled glass electrodes (Russian).
32. SpeotroproJector (Russian, French, English, German).
Thermoconductometric gast arLilyzer, ( ussiaA) .
-33?
]For
of
whi,
by
Thermochemical gas analyzer (Russian).
35.
V~ 36.
37.
38.
investigatiig rapid exponential and non-exponential processes
ecay and rise of luminescence and photo conductivity
h are-excited by periodical square light impulses produced
mechanical light modulator.
.de loped by the Academy of Sciences~USSR (Russian, French,
English., German).
S-E-C-R-E-T
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BpaiueHHei JjBH}KKa peoxopJja H3MepHTeJlbllbIH MOCT npHBO-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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yJI. K116aji1,gHga, 10).
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SPECTROMETRE LUMINEUX
L'appareil est destine pour ('analyse des Raman-spec-
tres des objets de grande dispersion. II peut etre aussi
employe a 1'etude d'autres foibles spectres, par exemple,
de ceux de la luminescence, ainsi que pour ('analyse de
structure qualitative et semi-quantitative de combinaisons
organiques compliquees et de leurs melanges.
Le dispositif principal de I'appareil est un monochroma-
teur construit d'apres un schema original avecdeux reseaux
de diffraction (600 traits per mm, 150 X 140 mm).
Objectifs: miroirs paraboliques a distance focale de
800 m m.
Fentes de 40 mm de hauteur s'ouvrent clans les limiter
de 062 mm.
Pour developper le spectre i I faut faire tourner de dispo-
sitif avec les reseaux de diffraction. La vitesse d'enregis-
trement des spectres peut etre modifiee dans les limites
de 0,25 a 25 A/min.
Un photomultiplicateur6 cathode a I'antimoine-cesium
(cp3y-17) sert de recepteur de l'energie.
Le signal du photomultiplicateur est amplifie par
I'amplificateur electronique a courant continu.
L'enregistrement du spectre s'effectue par I'appareil
enregistreur automatique d'encombrement reduit.
Le spectrometre peut etre utilise aussi bien avec un
monochromateur double qu'avec un monochromateur ordi-
noire, suivant le caractere de ('objet etudie.
L'appareil est fourni avec un illuminateur pour 1'exci-
tation des spectres de dispersion de combinaison clans
les liquides.
Pour Ies conditions des Iivraisons adressez-vous:
.,STANKOIMPORT., Moskva, G-200, Smolenskdja-
Sennaja ploshchad, 32/34.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
LUMINOUS SPECTROMETER
ABC-12
The instrument is designed for investigation of Raman-spectra of hetero-
geneous objects as well as for investigation of other weak spectra, f. e. lumines-
cence. It may be also used for structural qualitative and semi-quantitative ana-
lysis of compound organic combinations and mixttjres.
The main assembly of the instrument is the double monochromator of an
original scheme with application of two diffraction gratings of 600 lines per mm.
and the ruling area of 150 X 140 mm.
The objectives are parabolic mirrors with focal distance of 800 mm.
The slits of 40 mm. in height open within the range from 0 to 2 mm.
The scanning of spectrum is provided by turning the unit with the diffraction
gratings. The pear box regulates spectra passing speed in slit plane within the
range of 0.25 to 25 Almin.
The energy receiver is a photomultiplier with an antimony-cesium cathode
type ca3Y -1T
The signal from the multiplier is amplified by a d. c. electron amplifier.
The spectrum is recorded by a small-size recorder.
The instrument may be used with both the double monochromator and the
ordinary one depending on the object under investigation study.
The instrument has a unit for excitation of Raman-spectra of liquids.
For delivery terms apply to
"STANKOIMPORT", Moskva, G-200,
Smolenskaja-Sennaja ploshchad, 32/34.
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 r Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
LICHTSTARKES SPEKTROMETER
AC-12
Dos Gerat ist for die Untersuchung der Ramanspektren bestimmt. Es kann
auch nicht nur for die Untersuchung schwacherSpektren(Lumineszenzspektren
and dgl.), sondern auch for die qualitative and halbquanti -
lyse der zusammengesetzten organischen Verbindungen u d ihrer Gemische
verwendet werden.
Der Hauptteil des Gerats ist ein nach originalem Sche a gebauter Dop-
pelmonochromator mit zwei Beugungsgittern (600 Str/ and mit einer
Arbeitsflache 150X140 mm).
Die Objektive stellen parabolische Spiegel mit 800 m Brennweite dar.
Spalte von 40 mm Hohe wird im Bereich von 0 bis 2 mm off net.
Die Abwicklung des Spektrums erfolgt durch die Dreh g der Einheit mit
den Beugungsgittern. Die Geschwindigkeitswechselgetrie ermoglichen die
Steuerung des Spektraldurchgangs in der Ebene des S Ites von 0,25 bis
25 A/min.
Als Energie-Empfanger dient ein Photo-Vervielfacher mi Antimon-Casium-
Kathode (c3Y - 17).
Dos Signal aus dem Vervielfacher wird durch einen G ichstrom-Elektro-
nenverstarker verstarkt.
Die Aufzeichnung des Spektrums erfolgt auf einem Klei -Schreibgerat.
Dos Gerat kann sowohl mit dem Doppelmonodirom or wie auch mit
einem Einfachen-Monochromator verwendet werden, je n h Beschaffenheit
des zu untersuchenden Objekts.
Dem Gerat wird ein Beleuchter for die Erregung von amanspektren in
Flussigkeiten beigegeben.
Alle Lieferungsanfragen rind an ,STANKOIMPORT"
Moskva, G-200, Smofenskaja-Sennaja Ploschad, 32/34
zu richten.
BHemToorx3nar. 3aKa3 N2 B-357-26
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
L' enregistrement de la raie CN 3883,4 - 3771,4 A.
On volt une resolution nette des raies separees par la distance de 0,05 A.
The CN - band record at 3883,4 - 3771,4 A.
The lines at a distance of 0.05 A are permissible.
Aufschreiben des Bandes CN 3883, 4-3771,4 A.
Es ist eine gute Auflosung der Linien, die sich im Abstand von 0,05 A befinden, ersichtlich.
SPECTROGRAPHE DE DIFFRACTION
L'appareil est destine aux diverses etudes des spectres compli-
ques exigeant une grande dispersion clans la region du visible de
2000 a 10000 A.
Le spectrographe assure une haute qualite de l'image des
raies spectrales grace au schema d' auto-collimation vertical syme-
trique.
La distance focale de l'objectif a miroir - 4 m, l'ouverture
relative - 1:42.
L' appareil travaille avec le reseau de diffraction de 1200
traits/mm ou bien de 600 traits/mm.
La dispersion lineaire inverse - 2 ou 4 A/mm fonctionnant en
I er ordre.
Le spectre est photographic par parties, chacune de 500 ou
1000 A, sur un chassis plat de 9x 24 cm.
Parallelement a la prise de photographie du spectre I'echelle
des longueurs d'ondes est imprimee sur la plaque.
Le spectrographe comprend:
systeme d' illumination achromatique a optique de quartz, a
trois lentilles;
attenuateur a etages;
adaptateur pour la prise de photographie sur le film de 35 mm.
Pour les conditions des livraisons adressez-
vous: - S T A N K O I M P O R T ,, Moskva,
G 200, Smolenskoja-Sennaja ploshchad, 32 34
S E C T I O N D F L ' U R S S A L ' E X P O S I T I O N U N I V E R S E I L E F T I N T E R N A I I O N A I E DIE B R U X E I L E S 1 9 5 8
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
DIFFRACTION SPECTROGRAPH
The instrument is designed for investigation of complex spectra
demanding large dispersion in regions from 2000 to 10000A.
Application of vertically symmetric autocollimation scheme
provides high quality of the photographing of spectral lines.
Focal distance of mirror objective is 4 m, relative aperture-1 :42.
The instrument operates in two variants: with diffraction grating
of 1200 lines per mm or 600 lines per mm.
Reverse linear dispersion is correspondingly 2 or 4 A/mm in
the first order.
Spectrum is photographed by areas of 1000 or 500 A on 9 x 24
cm flat plate.
Along with the photographing of spectrum imprinted on the
plate is the wavelength scale.
The spectrograph ABC-13 is equipped with:
quartz, achromatic three-lense illuminating system; stage
attenuator;
adapter for photographing on 35 mm film.
La structure fine des raies de mercure 3654 A et 4358 A
Fine structure of mercury lines 3654 A and 4358 A
Feinstruktur derQuecksilberlinien 3654 n and 4358 n
f ?1 1111k, "Y for n~ ?pply to _SIANKOIMPORJ
M?,((V,,, ( , ;'00, Smol,vuk'I)o Sennaja plo_,h-
IIIIIJ
USSR SECTION. B R U S S E L S U N I V E R -
S A L A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L E X H I -
B I T I O N 1 9 5 8
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4 ,'k?i!
DIFFRAKIIO
auf di
~ ram
auf eine
'Bas
in d~,.~
mr dStr/
Be,igurris
jm
eare D
Die
r a~ ties "fir
Off
~as O A fun titioniert
1 fir,
Y9) i.
4"
Das Gera ist Du cftf ng de~verschiedenarti erg.'`.
spektroskogyi cl e`i #e~u urig rir im S ektrplberetch von?
EEZ
2000 bis 1`Q Q stimmt ' Es"ie~chnet sill cur Bute '
Qua Iitat p kxerl~~ ien-Ab ~lclun9 ous. Das wurce lurch``
dieVerwe esvertl a syrhr e#risc enAutoko !ima#ior-
! ~- -yr
schemas.ei
r~ ei# des S l `C3b~ektivs? be ragt 4 Meter, ;
wind ip Abscbr ten von je 5Q0 oder1000A
. 11 n x24 cm gsstte photographrt
rte '~ clergy P ographieren deb Spektrumswrd
k
u
a/ehl n angeriskalc~ ?afgedrueW
chttm
p sFc ph wed ri b+e elegt; -y
Stufe
streifen.
Adavtejf
MA
E.TQC IAPH
zviiea 1Ypriar~er mgt e~nem;
un mit etnem mit600S,tr/mr
1Tsorxetragt 2; oder' 4 A/m m
t~radKe 10 .o.o B0:1. CT. ne 1enV'cKae-rco.
4. Temneparrpa aaa,1H31ip}e.\1o5 CyICCH io. >Kaa 6bIlb B npe-
Te.lax Cr + 10 -io +35'C.
5. PaCyOI ana.Jn3npyeytoro ra3a - 100 .l cue.
6. IlpnOop npe:lna3Hdoeli ,1,Ia pa6orbl npn rewlepar\pe
oKpy>r:aloulero B03,1vxa or - 10 :10 +35'C if oriioctare,ibnoti
B,Ia~Knocrn or 30 :zo 8000.
7. B ra3e, noCTynalouleM B nplt6op, ne io,iiKfio co. ep;KaTb-
cH arpecCHBHbIX BeulecTB If nbl.in (cepoBO,lopold - He 6 ice
0,001 e; K,3) .
8. Fa6apaTbl ra3oana,la3aropa 420X292 X506 .oat, Bee
45 No, Fa6apnrbt ra3oaua,iH3aropa c aNlopTn3aTOpOn1 55IX
X 549 X 292 .u.tit, Bee 55 Ke.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
i -mom
il j
Pattie du s ~ .
de 3050 A td~ xuP swans la re ,on spoctralo
The (grossissenient lox)
iron spectrum i4 the ?egiun 3050 A, with two
exposures; {magnification lox) .
SPektrum des Eiseris im
2 Beliehtungs Bereich von 3050 A
Zei~'en (10faehe vet? mit
Brb8erung)
t } Le speftrpgraphe a ju r}i de dispersion moyenne es# large
( ent repandu en ` Umoi Sovietique, ll est construit pour
f naly.,se spe,ctrale indust t lfe amst que pour la resolution
differents-prpbleines scientifiques spectroscopigaes.
,'apparel} assure unp haute quality de 1 image des raies
ectralea gt un spectre pla grace a i'application du introit
pherique de collimation et' de l'ohjectif double a quartz,
Le spectre ender dana Vintervalle entre 2000 A et 6000 A
dept etre photographie s utle plaque plane de 9x24 cm:
La diserslon du,-spec ographe est suffisante pour 1'analyse
pectrate de aciers a haute eta moyerine teneur en elements
allies Pour 500 A la dispersion lineaire inverse est de 9 A/mm.
Le sj*ctrographe,comple% comprend un systeme achromatique
d'lpuminaiopt toffs lentilies, un condenseur A,;, quartz, un
r
attenuateur a 3 et a 9 et ges
77
tai;
' ur lett covdktions des 1ivrarso)is
ada'essez vows
?KHAKOCTea B VCJIOBHSIX XHMH-
4eCKHX HpOH3BO jCTB (npH pa60Te c arpecCHBHblMH,
FOp1o' HMH, TOKCntIHb1MH }KH,1KOCTHMH H paCTBOpHTe-
JIHMH BO B3pblB0onaCHbIX CCJIOBHHX).
fIpHHUnn AenCTBHH npl16opa COCTOHT B TOM, 'TO
non 7aBOK poTameTpa, nepe jBHra]olljH6cH Ila BbICOTY,
np0nopUHOxa,nbI1v1o CKOpOCTH npoTexalolue6 )KHu-
KOCTH, nepemeluaeT HOCTOHIIHbI6 MarHHT, apMHpoBaH-
llblH B KOppO3IOH110V'CTOHIHBb]6 IleMaFHHTHb1I6 MaTe-
pHa.I. 3TOT Mal-1111T iepe3 Tpy'6KV, BblHOTIHeHHy1o H3
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IlbIM MaCHBTOM cdie;j lueiA nHeBMaTnfecKOH CHCTeMbl,
nepeMenjafl ero COQTBeTCTBeIIIIO nepeMe>uenHlo no-
MrlaBKa, 6Jlaro;japSi yeMy perv.InpyeTCH Bb]XO,j B03-
1 13 BllvTpenHel%I DOJIOCTH Cjmbc~OHIIOFO CepBOMO-
Topa jepe3 CHCTemy KCQf.1O-3aCJlOil xa>. flpH ETOM gaB-
jienne BO3uyxa BO BllvTpeHHei) nOTIOCTH cepooMOTOpa,
nepegaBaemoe IM BTOpngHbnl npn6op, nponopuHoHaJlb-
l1o nOj'beMy IOHJJBBKa H, C,ne j0BaTeTlb1]o, pacxo,Ijy
npoTexalowe6 nepe3 npn6op JKH ROCT11.
a flpH6op H31-OTOBJIHeTC5i 6e3 Ca IbllHKOBbIx H npo-
lJIa,joqllb]x coe,jnHeiin6.
B IlaCTOflnjee Bpem5l Bbin)'CKa1OTCH onblTHble nap-
THH npH6opoB.
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np116opaM1.
a) ()HJlbTpQM B03,j1'Xa (DB-2;
6) peAyKTOpoM jaB leHHSI B037jvxa MPJB-1;
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r) BTOpHfHbIM CHJJbCJOHHb1M ManomeTpoM MC-410
(MC-610, 04-MC-610 H T. H.) co MKa io6
0-1 K? 1 c,Iti 2 .
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11HEBMATH-IECKHfl I1HAHKATOP PACXOAA
I7HP-2M
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 20~
10/06/16
CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
TEXHH'i1:CKAA XAPAKTEPHCTHKA
? 1. ''gaKCHMaJIbHOe pa6o'IHe ,aB.neHHe paBHO
160 x2/c 2.
? 2. Pa6o'Ia.9 TeMnepaTypa-AO 120?C.
? 3. L1lxana pacxoAa-Ha 500, 1000, 1500, 2000,
3000 nl'iac (onpeAerlsleTCSI pa3MepaMH KoHycxoro no-
n.naBxa).
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1X18H9T HJIH Apyroro MaTepHaJia, He KoppoAHpylo-
Hiero B cpeAe pa6o'Iec x{HAKOCTH.
? 5. flHTaHHe-c KaTbIM BO3AyXOM HPH AaBJIeHHH
1,1+0,1 rcz/cJ4 ; pacxoA Bo3Ayxa 0,25 , 3/,uzc.
? 6. MaKCHMaJIbHoe paCCTOHHHe OT AaT'IHKa AO BTO-
pH'Horo HpH6opa 100 ht.
? 7. florpemxoCTb B noxa3aHHSIx HpH6opa COCTaBJIHeT
? 2,5%.
? 8. Bec HpH6opa 16 KL.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
l~rs`
PACXOAOM EP
EELEAEBOII
TNnn [PH
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
PACX0,j0MEP .WEJ]EBOF1
TIIHA PM
M eiieBble pacxo omepbl TI4na PM HBJIIIOTCA CTauWOHapnbIMu
npu6opami4, npegla3HageHHblMIJJJI. aBTOMaTHyeCKOFO Henpe-
pbIBH-Oro H3MepeHH5I H 3anuCH BeCOBOro pacxo a >KHAKOCTH, HaXOASI-
rue13C5I lOA aTMocgepHblM AaBjaeHHeM, H,IH A,-]u H3MepeHun, 3aHHCI4
,L1 T9n1 paCXogoAicpa Tuna P\4-3.
H aBTOMaTH'-IeCKOrO peryJlupOBaHus BecOBoro pacxo,ta )KHAKOCTH
(B c.nyT3ae npuMeHeHHn peryJiupyloIl erO BTOpF1IHOro npH6opa).
? MrHOBeHHTII3 BeCOBOI4 pacxo )KH KOCTIJ Onpe,euiueTCn no BeJIH-
EIHHe Hanopa )KHAKOCTH nepeA CJIHBIIOI1 Me,Ib1O cneuuaJlbuoro
npOq)HJ]A, o6ecne1HBaIon ero npuMOJIHHeIiHyIO 3aBucFTMOCTb paC-
XOAa OT Be.M4nHHbi Hanopa. Hanop 143MepHeTCB nbe30MeTpuueCK01'I
Tpy6Ko6 , uepe3 KOTOpy1O npOAyBaeTCA B03AyX. aaBJIeHHe B nbe30-
McTpl4L3ecxoH Tpy6Ke 11pon0PU]IOHaJibno Hanopy, a cJIeAoBaTeulbno,
14 BeCOBOMy paCXOAy )KUAKOCTH.
? BTOpY19Hb]M npu6opoM pacxo,CMepa CJIy?KHT H3MepuTeJlb AaB-
,,IeHI49 Tuna 3MH,, COCTOAm4 H3 ,HCp4epe14uHanbHoro MaHO-
McTpa H 9JIexTpIilecxoro npH6opa, H3r0TOBuI HHoro Ha OCHOB
91ecTpol]HOro noTeuuHOMeTpa THna DH HJIU 9JIeKTpoIIH0ro MOCTa
DM, t. TITxaAa npH6opa rpaAyHpyeTCn pac IeTHbIM nyTeM B miuac.
? gaTLHKIJ pacxo omepOB H3rOTaBJ]HBaIOTCA 113 pa3JIHHHbIX MaTe-
pl4aJloB:
1. Pacxo,>omep THna PM-I 113 cTa,nH Mapin DST1T.
2, PacxoAoMep THna PM-3 143 CBHHUa.
B KoMnJIeKT pacxoAomepa BxoAuT:
a) AaTgHK pacxoAomepa (O)IHH H3 VKa3anHbIX TIIUOB);
6) H3MepHTeJIb AaBJIeHHH (Tuna 3MHA);
B) 6JIOK nHTaHHn B03AYXOM (THna b1-IBLL[-I);
F) q)H,nbTp AJ1H B03Ayxa (THna )B-10).
TEXHH'-IECKA5I XAPAKTEPHCTMKA
? 1. MaKCUMa0bHb1YI pacneTHbIH pacxoA Lue.neBb]x pacxoAomepoB
-runa PM: 10, 20, 30 H 50 343/uac.
? 2. MaxcHmajibuble 3HaueHHu no mxa.ne npH6opa: 8; 10; 12,5;
16; 20; 25; 30; 40; 50; 60 H 80 m/uac knpu yAeubHOM, Bece H3mep5le-
Mo~ )KHAKOCTH B npeie.nax OT 0,8 Ao 1,5),
e 3. TZorpeLHHOCTb B nOKa3aHHHx npH6opa (C yHeTOM norpeLU-
HOCTI4 ),DANA) COCTaBJ]BeT +3,5% OT MaKCHMaJIbHOFO 3HaueHHA
1HKaJIbi.
? 4. HHTaHHe 3 IeKTpo3HeprueP-OT CeTH nepeMeHHOrO TOKB Ha-
nprDKeHueM 220 e; naCTOTa 50 ei ; nOTpe6JineMa5l MOHI,HOCTb 50 em.
? 5. 1ZHTaHHe B034YXOM ocyHieCTBJIueTCSI OT MaFIICTpaJIH c}KaTOI O
B03AyXa IaBJIeHHeM 2-10 KeICJ122; paCXOA B03AyXa COCTBBu H T
0,6 n/kac.
a; 6. MaKCHMaJIbHaa AJIHHa HMnyJIbCHOH Tpy6KH Meuxa-
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npl36opa
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xa3aH HHa
npH6opa, %
OT J{Hana-
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Boiopoa A30TO-BoiOpOIH051 C91eC0 npO-
H3BOZCT13a C11I11'PTH ICCx010
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To >ite
0-15
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a) AaT'IHK;
6) CTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHb1I1 HCTO'IHHK IHTaHHA tuna CHH-4;
B) BTOpH'1Hb11I npH6op-3JIeKTpoHHblN
E)IIZ[;
r) peryJnTOp pacxoja THna fIIIF-1;
A) CJ)HJIbTp THna 1B-10.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
TEXHI44ECKA5I XAPAKTEP1CTHKA
C 1. HHTaHHe-OT ceTH nepeMeHHOro TOxa HanpBB{exueM 220 a
? 10 /o ; nacTOTa 50 E ?1%; nOTpe6.nHeMaH MOH HOCTb 150 ann.
? 2. HopMaAhHaH pa6oTa npn6opa o6ecneBHBaeTCA npx Ha.IJH-
nHK Ha tIaTgnxe nepenaga AaB,nei-infl 10-15 J1,12 Boa. CT., a Ha KOM-
ninexTe npn6opa 1000-1500 11,11 BOa. CT. (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT vT.TIo-
BBS npNMeneHJIH npn6opa).
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? 4. HOCTOBHHaB BpeMeHa npn6opa 50-60 cex.
9 5. PacxOA a11aioo3npyeMoro rasa-lie 6o,nee 150 ,nloac.
? 6. Hpn6op npe;jHa3Haneii ~.ui pa6oTbi npn TeMnepaType oxpy-
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INSTALLATION INDUSTRIELLE DE TELEVISION RTY-2M
L'installation industrielle de television PITY-2 M est destinee a la sur-
veillance a distance de differents travaux et a la surveillance des proces-
sus technologiques dangereux pour le personnel de service.
L'installation comprend le materiel suivant:
Des cameras d'emission de television (de 2 a 5), a tetes optiques, un
bloc-canal, un dispositif recepteur video, un bloc de commutation, un
commutateur, des dispositifs mobiles de surveillance (de 1 a 5), un jeu
d'objectifs, des combines telephoniques, un jeu de cables, des cables
camera-recepteur d'une longueur maximum de 1000 m et des cables de
liaison pour lesdispositifsde surveillance mobiled'une long ueurmaximum
de 800 m. Tout I'appareillage utilise principalement les lampes de la serie
miniature. Le vidicon type J1H-23 est utilise comme tube emetteur.
Le recepteur video utilise un tube a ecran de 35 cm de diagonale et
sert en meme temps de source d'alimentation de la camera. Le recepteur
video effectue la mise au point optique a distance de ('image, le reglage
d'ouverture et le rem placement des objectifs de la camera.
On prevoit la possibilite de fonctionnement de la camera d'emission
sans tete optique. Dans ce cas le remplacement des objectifs, la mise au
point optique et le reglage du diaphragme se font a la main.
Le bloc-canal comprend un synch rogenerateur ainsi que les circuits
d'amplification et de formation du signal de television.
La mise en service des cameras d'emission se fait a ('aide du com-
mutateur. Les organes de commande du regime de fonctionnement des
cameras d'emission sont egalement places sur le commutateur.
Une liaison telephonique existe entre les cameras et le recepteur
video.
L'installation [ITY-2 M peut titre simplifiee et transformee en installa-
tion de television industrielle a un seul canal (appelee lily-i m). Dons
ce cas on exclut le bloc de commutation et le commutateur, et la com-
mande du regime de fonctionnement de la camera d'emission se fait a
partir du recepteur video.
Caracteristiques techniques principales de ('installation
Analyse de ('image par points successifs, a 625 lignes pour 25 images
par seconde.
Eclairement de fonctionnement a la photocathode du tube emetteur:
10 lux.
Jeu d'objectifs pour camera:
l'objectif >K -25 (f = 100 mm, 1:2)
l'objectif a-3 (f = 50 mm, 1:1,5)
l'objectif PO 4-1 M (f = 35 mm, 1:2)
I'objectif , OnHrep" (f = 26 mm, 1:1,2)
Les objectify *-25 et PO 4-1 M peuvent titre employes clans lo t6te
optique.
L'installation peut fonctionner pendant 23 heures consecutives.
Alimentation de ('installation: par un reseau a courant alternatif
220 V, 50 Hz. Puissance absorbee: 400 W maximum.
Poids de la camera d'emission a tete optique: 6 kg environ; sans tete
optique: 3 kg.
INDUSTRIAL TELEVISION
EQUIPMENT TYPE RTY-2N
The type (1N-2 M industrial television equipment is designed for
remote observation of various operations and technological processes
which are dangerous for the service personnel.
The following elements are included in the equipment: television pick-
up cameras (2-5 pieces) with optical turrets, a channel unit, a video
receiver unit, a commutation unit, a commutator, remote viewing units
(1-5 pieces), a set of lenses, hand microtelephones, a set of cables,
camera cables up to 1,000 metres long, and connecting cables up to
800 metres long for the remote viewing units.
Miniature lamps are predominant in most of the apparatus. The type
Jj f 23 vidicon is used as a pick-up tube.
The video receiver unit has a CRT with a screen diagonal of 35 cm.
The optical focussing of the image, irising and a change of lenses for
,
the camera are accomplished from the video receiver unit.
Means are provided for the operation of the pick-up camera without
an optical turret. In such a case the lenses' change, focussing and irising
are accomplished manually.
The channel unit contains a synchronizing generator and circuits for
amplifying and forming the television signal.
The switching of the camera is accomplished through the commutator.
The operating conditions for the pick-up tube are also controlled from
the commutator.
Hand microtelephone communication is provided between the came-
ras and the video receiver unit.
Through simplification the IITY-2 M equipment may be transformed
into a single channel industrial television equipment (termed the nTY-1 M
equipment). The commutation unit and the commutator are absent in
such a case, and the operating conditions for the pick-up camera are
controlled from the video receiver unit.
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t
I
di
F
ll
d
d
en,
n
esem
a
wer
en
ie Auswechslung der Objektive, die Fokus-
sierung and die Abblendung von Hand bewerkstelligt.
Das Kanalsystem enthalt den Synch ran isierungsgenerator sowie die
Verstarker- and Formierungskreise des Bildsignals.
Die Umschaltung der Aufnahmekameras erfolgt Burch Kommutator.
Am Kommutator ,sind ebenfalls die Steuerorgane der Betriebsart der
Aufnahmekameras angeordnet.
Zwischen den Karneras and der Videoempfangseinrichtung ist eine
Mikrotelephonverbindung vorhanden.
Die Anlage fTy-2 M kann vereinfacht and in eine Einkanal-lndustrie-
fernsehanlage (genannt nTy-1 M) verwandelt werden, In diesem Fall
wird die Kommutierungsgruppe and der Kommutator ausgeschlossen, die
Betriebsartsteuerung der Aufnahmekamera wird von der Videoempfangs-
einrichtung bewerkstelligt.
ohne optischen Biidsucher': 3 kg.
Stromiversrgung.: vom Wechselstromnetz 220 V, 50 Hz.
Leistungsaufnahrne:, hochstens'.409 W,
Gewficht der Aufnahmekamera. mit
optischem: Bildsueher: ca. 6 kg,
m-25 (F = 100 mm, 1 :2)
0-3 (F = 50 mm, 1 : 1,5)
PO 4-1 M (F = 35 mm, 1 :2)
' FOnwrep" (F = 26 mm, 1:1,2)
Im optischen Bildsucher konnen zwei Objektive:
iic-25 and PO 4-1 M benutzt werden.
Die Anlage kann ununterbrochen wahrend 23 Stunden betrieben
Technische Grundkennwerte der Anlage
Bildzerlegung: Zeilensprungabtastung in 625 Zeilen bei 25 Bildwech-
seln pro Sekunde,
Betriebsbeleuchtungsstarke der Photokathode der Aufnahmerohre:
10 Ix.
Objektivsatz fur jede Kamera:
USSR SECTION: BRUSSELS UNIVERSAL
AND INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 1958
ABTEILUNG DER UdSSR AUF DER ALLGEMEINEN
WELTAUSSTELLUNG IN BRUSSEL 1958
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fiction ds I't1RSS a ('Exposition Vniverselle et Internotiopole do 0ruxeltes 1958
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LOUPE DE TEMPS FONCTIONNANT A HAUTE VITESSE
HIGH-SPEED TIME MAGNIFYING GLASS
ZEITLUPE FUR HOCHGESCHWINDIGE FOTOAUFNAHMEN
La loupe de temps, construite a I'Academie des Sciences de I'URSS,
The time magnifying glass developed at the USSR Academy of
Die von der Akademie der Wissenschaften der UdSSR entwickelte
est destine pour I'enregistrement photographique de haute vitesse des
Sciences is intended for high-speed photographic recording of fast self-
Zeitlupe ist for hochgeschwindige Fotoaufnahmen der mit groBer Ge-
phenomenes autoiumineux qui se passent rapidement (dediarge d'etin-
luminous phenomena (spark discharge, detonation of explosives, etc.).
schwindigkeit verlaufenden selbstleuchtenden Vorgange (Funkenschlag,
celles, detonation d'explosifs etc.).
The principle of operating the optical system of the time magnifying
Detonation von Sprengstoffen and dgl.) bestimmt.
Le principe de fonctionnement du systeme optique de la loupe de
glass is based on the multiple mirror reflection of light rays which build
Die Wirkung des optischen Systems der Zeitlupe ist auf dem Prinzip
temps est base sur la reflexion multiple par miroirs des rayons de lurniere,
up the image of the object photographed. The multiple mirror reflection
der mehrmaligen Spiegelreflexion der Lichtstrahlungen aufgebaut, die
formant /image d'un objet photograp.hie. La reflexion multiple se pro-
appears between two mirrors revolving at a high speed.
den aufzunehmenden Gegenstand abbilden. Die mehrmalige Spiegel-
duit par deux miroirs tournant a haute vitesse.
The key diagram is shown in the figure.
reflexion geschieht zwischen zwei Spiegeln, die sich mit groBer Geschwin-
Le schema de fonctionnement est represents a la figure.
digkeit umdrehen.
The frequency of photographing amounts to 7=32 million pictures
La frequency de prise de vues est de 7-32 millions de cadres par
Dos prinzipielle Schema ist auf dem Bild dargestellt
per second.
.
seconde.
Die Frequenz der Aufnahmen betragt 7=32 Mil. Bilder je Sek.
La distance focale de la camera peut titre fixee par le changement
The focal length of the camera can be fixed by replacing the inlet
Der Brennpunktabstand der Kamera kann durch Umwechslung des
de l'objectif d'entree de la camera: a la premiere variante 494 mm,
lens of the camera: 494 mm in the first variant, and 943 mm in the
Eingangsobjektives geandert werden: in der ersten Variante 494 mm
in
a la seconde variante 943 mm.
second.
,
der zweiten Variante 943 mm.
Champ de vue:
Field of vision:
Dos Blickfeld:
a la premiere variante - de 1?22' a 41',
For the first variant: from 1?22' to 41';
fur die erste Variante - von 1? 22' bis 41'
a la seconde variante - de 0?41' a 0?20',5.
For the second variant: from 0?41' to 0?20'.5.
fur die zweite Variante - von 0? 41' bis 0? 20,5'.
Ouverture relative - de 1 : 44 a 1:88.
Relative aperture: from 1: 44 to 1:88.
Die relative Off nung betragt - von 1 : 44 bis 1 : 88.
Dimension d'un cadre - de 5 mm a 12 mm (par diametee).
Die BildgroBe ist von 5 mm bis 12 mm (im Durchmesser)
Nombre de cadres enregistres - 85=416.
Size of picture: from 5 mm to 12 mm (in diameter).
.
Die Zahl der registrierten Bilder 85=416.
Dons la loupe de temps est utilisee la pellicule de 60 mm de largeur.
Number of pictures recorded: 85=416.
Fir die Zeitlupe wird Fotorollfilm 60 mm breit verwendet.
Les miroirs sont tournes par un moteur electrique asynchrone de puis-
A film 60 mm wide is used in the time magnifying glass.
Die Spiegel werden in Drehbewegung durch einen Asyndironmotor
sance de 5 kW uni avec un reducteur-elevateur.
The mirrors are revolved by a 5 kW asynchronous motor through a
5 kW mittels eines Erhohungsreduktors in Bewegung gesetzt.
La loupe de temps est pourvue d'un systeme de commande automa-
step-up reductor.
Die Zeitlupe ist mit einem automatischen Steuerungs- and Synchroni-
tique et de synchronisation et d'un dispositif qui engendre une Impulsion
The time magnifying glass is equipped with a system of automatic
sierungssystem versehen, sowie mit einer Einrichtung, die einen hoch-
de haute tension (5 kV) necessaire pour commencer 6 enregistrer le
control and synchronization and is supplied with an appliance producing
gespannten Impuls (5 kV) erzeugt, um den Anfang des untersuchenden
phenomene examine au moment correspondant a la position initiate des
a high tension impulse (5 kV) to initiate the phenomenon under exam-
Vorganges exakt zum Moment hervorzurufen, der der Ausgangslage der
miroirs (au moment de commencement de prise de vues) ou a une avance
ination at a moment corresponding to the initial position of the mirrors
Rotierung der Spiegel (Anfangsaugenblidc der Aufnahme) oiler mit Vor-
en limites de 100 microsecondes. La production de cette impulsion
'
(at the beginning of photographing), or with a lead within 100 micro-
eilung in Grenzen von 100 Mikrosek. entspricht. Der Anfangsimpuls wird
s
effectue automatiquement au moment ou les miroirs auront atteint la
seconds. The initiated impulse is produced automatically when the
exakt zum Augenblick der Erreichung von den Spiegeln der angegebenen
vitesse de rotation fixee d'avance (a la precision de ? 0,1 ?/o), ce qui
mirrors achieve the preset speed of rotation (to within ? 0.1 ?/?), which
Drehgeschwindigkeit automatisch erzeugt (mit Genauigkeit von ? 0,1 %).
exclut la necessite de la mesure supplementaire de la vitesse de I'en-
makes unnecessary any supplementary measurement of the speed of
Damit wird die nachtragliche Messung der Registrierungsgeschwindig-
registrement du phenomene.
recording the phenomenon.
keit des Vorganges nicht mehr notig.
Pour eviter la superposition reiterative de l'image du phenomene
To preclude any repeated superimposition of the image of the pheno-
Um eine Aufeinandersetzung von Bildern des untersuchten Vorganges
etudie dons la loupe de temps est utilise un obturateur a explosion de
menon under investigation
the time magnifying glass is provided with
zu vermeiden, ist die Zeitlupe mit einem sdmellwirkenden Explosionsver-
rapide action, commencant 6 fonctionner quand un cycle de prise de
,
a fast explosion shutter which operates at the end of a cycle of photo-
schluB versehen, der nach der Vollendung jedes Aufnahmekreislaufes
vues est acheve.
richt
ans
graphing.
p
.
La loupe de temps est un appareil de type laboratoire pourvu d'un
Die Zeitlupe ist ein Laborgerat. Sie ist mit einem Untergestell ver-
pied de support permettant de faire la mise au point precise de I'objet
The time magnifying glass is a laboratory type device supplied with
sehen, dos eine exakte Einstellung des Apparates relativ des Aufnahme-
o photographier.
a support which ensures accurate focusing.
gegenstandes gestattet.
Le chassis de l'appareil est fondu d'alliage d'aluminium.
The device housing is cast of an aluminium alloy.
Dos Gehause des Apparates ist aus Aluminiumlegierung hergestellt.
Gabarits de I'appareil: longueur - 1085 mm, largeur - 1070 mm,
Overall dimensions of the device: length - 1085 mm; width -
Abmessungen des Apparates: Lange 1085 mm; Breite 1070 mm;
hauteur - 1150 mm, poids - 250 kg.
1070 mm; height - 1150 mm; weight - 250 kg.
Hohe 1150 mm; Gewicht 250 kg.
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1 - Obturateur mecanique; 2 - objectif; 3 - chassis aux bobines de pellicules;
4 - details optiques de I'obturateur a explosion; 5 - miroirs tourants; 6 - len-
tille enchassee; 7 - diaphragme; 8 - pellicule.
1 - mechanical shutter; 2 - lens; 3 - adapter; 4 - optical ports of the explosion
shutter; 5 - revolving mirrors; 6 - lens insert; 7 - blind; 8 - photographic film.
1. Mechanischer verschlul3; 2. Objektiv; 3. Kassette; 4. Optische Einzelheiten des
Explosionsverschlusses; 5. Rotierende Spiegel; 6. Linsenzusatzstuck; 7. Blende;
8. Fotorollfilm.
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SPECTROSCOPIC INVESTIGATIONS
OF THE STRUCTURE,,,,
AND COMPOSITION OF MATTER
Radiation, absorption and scattering of light by matter are closely associat-
ed with the processes taking place in atoms and molecules. Investigation of
spectra is one of the principal methods of studying the structure of atoms and
molecules, which yields most essential information on the structure of matter.
At the same time spectral analysis, which is widely used to determine the
composition of matter, is based on investigation of atomic and molecular
spectra.
The study of the position and the intensity of lines in atomic emission and
absorption spectra enables to obtain data on the structure of electron shells
of atoms and certain information about atomic nuclei. It also throws some
light on the state of the atoms studied, their ionization, velocity, gas tempera-
ture, etc.
Similarly, investigation of molecular spectra enables us to determine the
structure of molecular electron shells, relative vibrations of nuclei, the rotation
of the molecules as a whole, as well as a number of structural parameters of
molecules. It also appears possible to obtain information on molecular inter-
action in solids, liquids and gases. The positions of spectral lines and bands is
a characteristic feature of individual atoms and molecules. Owing to this, in-
vestigation of a spectrum can be used to determine the qualitative and quanti-
tative composition of the object under test. Thus, spectral analysis of metals,
alloys, ores and minerals, gases, organic mixtures and other objects becomes
possible. Spectral analysis is, as a rule, much more sensitive than the chemical
and many physical methods of analysis. This method is rapid, inexpensive and
practically does not damage the object under study. These features of spectral
analysis account for its wide use in scientific research and particularly for
production control in industry.
Investigations of spectra and spectral analysis are being developed and
employed by physicists, chemists, biologists, and engineers on a large scale all
over the world. They form a traditional trend in Soviet science. Researches
by D. Rozhdestvensky, L. Mandelstam, S. Vavilov, and G. Landsberg made
a substantial contribution to theoretical and applied spectroscopy, and are
being farther developed by their collaborators and pupils.
At present spectroscopic research is carried out in numerous Soviet re-
search institutes, universities and industrial laboratories. Regularities of atomic
and molecular spectra are being investigated theoretically and experimentally,
the spectra of individual atoms and molecules and their spectroscopic charac-
teristics being used for studying the structure of matter. Methods of spectral
analysis are widely used in everyday production control in metallurgy, aircraft
and motor car industries as well as in engineering and prospecting, practically
superseding chemical methods.
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The entire work in spectroscopy and spectral analysis in the U.S.S.R. is
directed and coordinated by the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences Commission
on Spectroscopy, which includes eminent scientists in spectroscopy and spec-
tral analysis, from various research institutes, universities, and industrial
enterprises. Biannual conferences on atomic and molecular spectroscopy and
its applications are held in the U.S.S.R., the number of their participants
increasing rapidly. The tenth Conference held in Lvov (1956) was attended by
about 1500 participants, and about 350 papers were presented. A special
periodical journal Optics and Spectroscopy is being published in the U.S.S.R.
Papers on spectroscopy are also printed in many other physical and technical
scientific publications.
Soviet industry manufactures various equipment for spectroscopic investi-
gations and spectral analysis. Some specimens of this equipment are displayed
at this Exhibition. Of certain interest are, among other exhibits, specimens
of diffraction gratings and echelettes used in various Soviet spectroscopic in-
struments.
The exposition at the "Palais de Science" shows some works of Soviet
scientists on spectroscopy and the new methods of spectral analysis. These are
selected so as to give an idea of the diversity of spectroscopic investigations.
The exposition does not include a rather large number of works embracing the
various, now routine, methods of emission analysis, infrared absorption ana-
lysis, etc. The exposition is arranged on two stands, displaying the investi-
gations of atomic and molecular spectra respectively. The exposition dealing
with molecular spectra includes some works on application of molecular vibra-
tions and rotations in the study of the structure and composition of matter.
A considerable part in investigations conducted in the U.S.S.R. is played
by the Raman effect discovered in 1928 by Raman (India) in liquids, and simul-
taneously by L. Mandelstam and G. Landsberg (U.S.S.R.) in crystals.
II. Atomic Spectroscopy
(Atomic Electron Shells)
1. Rozhdestvensky's "Hook" Method and its Applications.
Important results are obtained in the investigation of atomic spectra by
studying abnormal light dispersion in the immediate vicinity of absorption
lines, according to a method developed by D. Rozhdestvensky in 1912.
Spectrograms obtained by Rozhdestvensky's method show hook-shaped inter-
ference fringes (Fig. 1), on both sides of the absorption line, whence the name,
the "hook" method. The linear distance between the apexes of the hooks is
proportional to the square root of the product of concentration of the absorb-
ing atoms and the value of the so-called oscillator strength (f) of the respective
line. The latter value is related to the probability of the transition of the atom
from one energy state to another and forms one of the most important atomic
constants. Thus, the Rozhdestvensky method enables us to measure the pro-
babilities of transitions of the atom or, if the latter are known, atom concen-
trations in the ground state and in the various excited states.
The Rozhdestvensky method was used at first to determine the relative
and later on the absolute values of transition probabilities in atoms of alcali
metals. In later studies Rozhdestvensky and his pupils extended the appli-
cation?of this method to more complicated spectra owing to improved experi-
mental technique. At present the following elements have been investigated
by the "hook" method: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Cu, Ag, Ca, Sr, Ba, Zn, Cd, Hg,
Al, Ga, In, Tl, Pb, Se, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mo, Ne.
The hook method is also used to study electric discharges in gases. The
knowledge of atom concentrations in various energy states -allows to draw
conclusions about the extent to which conditions in gaseous-discharge plasma
differ from thermodynamic equilibrium, as well as about the nature of atomic
excitation, the degree of ionization, vapour density, etc.
In the U.S.S.R. considerable attention is also paid to theoretical calcu-
lations of f-values in atoms. This work is being carried out by V. Fok and
his numerous pupils. The calculations are chiefly based on wave functions
obtained by employing Fok's self-consistent field method taking exchange into
account. At present the calculations of the f-values are performed by electronic.
computers.
Ref e r e n c e s: D. Rozhdestvensky, Investigations of Abnormal Dispersion in
Metal Vapours, "Classics of Science" Series, published by the U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences, 1951; V. Fok, Multielectron Problem of Quantum Mechanics and Atomic
Structure, collection of articles dedicated to the 30th anniversary of the October
Socialist Revolution, part 1, p. 255, the U. S. S.R. Academy of. Sciences, Moscow-Lenin-
grad, 1947.
2. Spectral Analysis Using the Vaporization Technique.
A number of branches of modern industry (atomic energy production, semi-
conductor devices, etc.) demand especially pure materials. Their analysis pre-
sents special difficulties, since conventional methods of chemical and spectral
analysis fail, as a rule, to provide the required sensitivity of determination.
On the other hand spectral analysis employing the vaporization technique
makes it possible to obtain exceptionally high analytical sensitivities in a
number of cases.
The method consists in separate vaporization of the impurities and in the
excitation of their spectra, whereas impurity spectra free from the base spec-
trum interferences are obtained using the phenomenon of fractional vapori-
zation.
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Vaporization of impurities is performed by heating the sample to a given
temperature in a special vaporizer. The impurities condense on the cooled
surface of a copper or graphite electrode and are then burned in an arc or
spark. The composition of the condensate is determined by using conventional
methods of spectral analysis. The scheme of the vaporizer is shown in Fig. 2.
Sublimation of impurities may be carried out either in air or in a vacuum. The
method allows fairly accurate quantitative determination of trace impurities
in low-volatile substances (1 X 10-9 - 1 X 10-' g).
The method is used for the analysis of uranium, thorium, beryllium, alu-
minium, plutonium oxides and other metals as well. Thus, for example, a
Fig. 2. Vaporizer diagram: 1 - graphite container with sample; 2 - graphite
crucible; 3 - current-heated graphite brushes; 4 - water cooling; 5 - graphite
or copper condensate receiver; 6 -water cooling of receiver.
quantitative determination of such impurities as 2 X 10-6 per cent Li,1 X ".10-5
per cent B, 2 X 10-5 per cent Mn, etc., is possible.
References: S. Mandelstam, N. Semyonov, Z. Turovtseva, Journal of Analy-
tical Chemistry, 11, 9, 1956; A. Zaidel, N. Kaliteyevsky, L. Lipis, M. Chaika, Y. Belayev,
Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 11, 21, 1956; Y. Belayev, A. Zaidel, Journal of Analy-
tical Chemistry, 12, 30, 1957; A. Zaidel, N. Kaliteyevsky, L. Lipis, V. Tarakanov, Optics
and Spectroscopy, 3, 16, 1957.
for a rapid semiquantitative analysis for the content of 10 to 15 elements in
friable surface deposits has been developed. Plotting the concentrations of
elements on maps makes their scattering haloes over ore outcroppings obvious.
The apparatus makes it possible to obtain spectra of about 1,000 samples in
8 hours.
Fig. 3. External view of powder injector (ABP-2).
Air injection stabilizes the conditions of vaporization of the elements and
of the excitation of their spectra, reducing to a minimum the role of processes
on the electrodes, which considerably affect analysis results in the case when
a sample is introduced into the crater of the carbon electrode by usual methods.
Application of the injection method reduces the error in quantitative deter-
minations and increases analytical sensitivity for many elements. The method
is widely used in the analysis of ores, rocks, minerals, slags, and other materials
for content of all elements excited in a carbon are.
References: A. Rusanov, V. Khitrov, Plant Laboratory, 28, 175, 1957;
A. Rusanov, T. Tarasova, Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 10, 267, 1955; V. Nedler,
Plant Laboratory, 21, 1056, 1955.
3. Powder Injection into Arc Discharge.
To attain a higher reproducibility in spectral analysis of ores and minerals,
a new method of introducing the sample to be analysed into the discharge zone
has been used. An air jet injects the pulverized sample under test into the
discharge of an. activated A. C. are. A special apparatus, type ABP-2 (Fig. 3),
4. Spectral Determination of Gas Content in Metals by Means of
Pulsed Discharge.
Analysis of gases in metals is an important technical problem. Until
recently only chemical methods have been used for this purpose. Employment
of spectral analysis often furnishes significant advantages. The method consists
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in exciting the sample spectrum by means of a high- or low-voltage pulsed
spark. Analysis of oxygen and nitrogen content in steels and hydrogen in
titanium alloys (down to 0.005 per cent has been worked out). The sample is
placed in an atmosphere free from the components to be determined. The
spectra are photographed by means of a type I4CH-51 standard spectrograph
with a F=270 mm camera. At present the methods are being worked out for
determination of these gases in other metals (for instance, in Cr, Mo).
References : S. Mandelstam, 0. Falkova, Plant Laboratory, 16, No. 4, 430, 1950;
0. Falkova, Bulletin of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Physical Series, 19, No. 2,
149, 1955; N. Gerasimova, T. Ivanova, N. Sventitsky, G. Startsev, K. Taganov,
M. Trentovius, Bulletin of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, Physical Series, 19, No. 2,
147, 1955.
5. Hydrogen Content Determination in Metals by Isotopic Equilibra-
tion Method.
The method is based on isotopic equilibration of a certain amount of de-
uterium with the hydrogen contained in the metal sample under test. The com-
position of the gas surrounding the sample is established after equilibration by
the relative intensity of hydrogen and deuterium lines. The spectrum is excited
by means of an electrodeless high-frequency discharge. The method does not
require the use of standards. The results are largely free from effects of other
gases evolved when heating the sample. Two variations of the method have
been developed: a more accurate one, with photoelectric recording of the Hf-
and Ds-lines in a spectrum obtained by means of a monochromator with
a diffraction grating, and a simplified semiquantitative one, where the relative
intensity of the Ha- and Da-lines is measured visually, using a polarization
deuterometer (without a spectral instrument). In the former case the error
approximates 6 per cent, while in the latter it is about 15 per cent. The method
permits determination of hydrogen content of 0.1 cm3 per each 100 g metal
(zinc, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium and steel). Up to 20 analyses are
carried out in 8 hours.
References: A. Zaidel, A. Petrov, Journal of Applied Physics, U.S.S.R., XXV,
14, 1955; A. Zaidel, A. Petrov, G. Veinberg, Spectral Isotope Method of Hydrogen De-
termination in Metals, Leningrad State University Publishing House, 1957.
III. Molecular Spectroscopy
(Molecular Vibrations and Rotations)
1. Calculations of Vibrational Spectra.
Generally, 3N-6 fundamental vibrations are possible in a molecule con-
sisting of N atoms. The task of fundamental research is to determine the
frequencies of normal vibrations and other spectral characteristics (intensity,
polarization, etc.) from the known data on molecular structure. The inverse
problem consists in the determination of molecular structure by spectral prop-
erties of the molecule. The principal results of investigations accomplished by
Soviet scientists on the theory of molecular vibrations are collected in a special
monograph published in 1949. Simplified methods of calculating the frequen-
cies and forms of molecular vibrations were developed and a theory of line
intensity and line polarization in vibrational spectra has been evolved.
Of late the calculation of molecular vibrations has become much more
rapid due to the use of electronic computers.
References: M. Volkenstein, M. Elyashevich, and B. Stepanov, Molecular
Vibrations, State Publishing House of Theoretical and Technical Literature, 1949;
L. Mayants, Proceedings of the Physical Institute of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences,
5, 63, 1950; R. Podlovchenko, M. Susbchinsky, Optics and Spectroscopy, 2, 49, 1957.
2. Rotational Spectra of Molecules in the 0.5 mm Region.
The frequencies of rotational transitions of molecules are usually very
low, and the corresponding lines lie in the far infrared region. For a long time
our knowledge concerning this region was very limited due to the great experi-
mental difficulties involved (low energy of thermal radiation in this spectral
region, lack of sensitive detectors).
It is only recently, thanks to the progress in the techniques of detecting low
intensity radiation, development of efficient diffraction gratings (echelettes),
and to the use of aspheric optics, the construction of equipment for recording
long-wave spectra proved to be possible. The method has come to be widely
used for the solution of various structural problems of physics and chemistry.
A laboratory vacuum spectrometer (with a relative aperture ratio of 1 : 2)
has been developed in the U.S.S.R. for automatic registration of infrared spectra
within the 20-500,u range and upwards. It uses a silite rod (for operation in the
j0 40 40 50 56 5,7 66 70 U0177_'
Rqi
~FT
,)00 280 260 240 22/7 200 100 160 140,rr
Fig. 4. Rotational spectrum of water in the 130-3C0? region.
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region up to 100,u) and a IIPI- -4 quartz mercury tube (for the remaining
region) as radiation sources, and an optical acoustic receiver as an indicator.
The data are recorded by an automatic registering device. Four echelettes with
a grating area of 250 x 250 mm2 are used.
Fig. 4 shows the recording of the rotational spectrum of atmospheric water
in the 130-300 fe range. Frequencies and intensities of the absorption bands
are in good agreement with the theoretical predictions given in the upper part
of the figure.
References : N. Yaroslavsky, B. Zheludov, A. Stanevich, Optics and Spec-
troscopy, 1, No. 4, 507, 1956; S. Luchin, Journal of Applied Physics, U.S.S.R., 16,
1115, 1945.
3. Investigation of Fine Structure of Absorption Bands in Infrared
Region of Spectrum.
Investigation of the fine structure of vibrational-rotational spectra permits
to determine important molecular constants. To resolve the fine structure of
vibrational-rotational spectra of diatomic and more complex molecules, appa-
ratus with high resolving power should be used. The general view of one such
Fig. 5. Diffraction spectrometer for investigating the fine structure of vibrational-
rotational spectra: 1- spectrometer; 2 - gas cuvette; 3 - amplifier and register.
device constructed in the U.S.S.R. is shown in Fig. 5. The grating (echelette)
with an area of 150 X 150 mm2 (300 lines per 1 mm) ensures a resolution
better than 0.1 cm 1. Preliminary dispersion of the radiation is effected by
means of a prismatic monochromator.
Radiation first enters a two-meter cuvette and owing to multiple reflection
covers an optical path of 8 to 200 m. The light is detected by a lead sulphide
resistor, and the amplified signal is recorded by an automatic registering de-
vice. Fig. 6 shows part of a CO spectrum obtained with the help of this spectro-
meter. The investigation of absorption spectra of water vapours allowed to
establish the dependence of absorbed energy of an individual rotational line or
group of lines on vapour concentration, the path length and the pressure of
foreign gases (He, N2, CO2). The regularities thus established have been used
for the study of molecular interaction and for the determination of gas humidity.
References: B. Neporent, K. Vasilevsky, N. Lapina, Optics and Spectroscopy,
3, 289, 1957.
nn
--P
1t"lf -~ r
iilllllllll
4160 4700 4200 4720 4 40 4Z60cm'r
T7nr
4200
nn
14900 4920 4220 C177 -1
Fig. 6. Absorption spectrum for the first overtone of carbon dioxide at 300?K.
4. Resonance Raman Effect.
Raman line intensity rapidly increases as the exciting frequency ap-
proaches the absorption band of the scattering molecules. This effect compensates
for light absorption in coloured media, thus enabling observation of the Raman
spectrum in the hitherto inaccessible resonance region. Raman line intensi-
ties are tens and hundreds of thousands of times higher in the resonance
region than far away from the absorption bands. It has been possible therefore
to observe the Raman effect at exceedingly low concentrations (of the order of
10-4 per cent).
The above method made it possible to study the spectra of many intensely
coloured aromatic compounds, to investigate the interaction of atomic groups
in complex molecules and to study the effect solvents have on the vibrational
spectra of solute at low concentrations.
References: P. Shorygin, Reports of the U.S.S.R. Academy of Sciences, 87, 101,
1952.
5. Investigation of Fog Transmission in the Infrared Region of
Spectrum.
Due to the compensation of radiation absorption by water vapours, pure
scattering and absorption effects caused by the drop phase of fogs could be
observed. Instead of the expected absorption bands of liquid water (2 = 2.95
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and 6.02 ii) transparency bands were observed in the transmission spectrum
of cooled fog, their position (2 = 2.77 and 5.80,u) unaffected by the size of
the fog drops.
These bands are conditioned by selective scattering caused by the anoma-
lous behaviour of the refraction index in the region of liquid water absorption
bands, and by the true absorption of radiation by the drops. The position of
the transparency bands coincides with the wave lengths, which correspond to
the minima of the water refraction index. The use of so-called "integrating
spheres" eliminated attenuation of the radiation beam caused by light scat-
tering. Under these conditions practically no attenuation has been observed in
the transmission spectrum of fog. Absorption bands have been observed whose
position and shape are close to those of the absorption spectrum of liquid
water film.
Similar phenomena have also been observed in the spectra of similar ob-
jects.
References: V. Malyshev, Materials of the Xth U.S.S.R. Conference on Spectro-
scopy, Lvov University Publishing House, 3, 1957.
6. Determination of Earth's Atmosphere Humidity.
The method of infrared absorption spectra has been used for the deter-
mination of humidity of the Earth's atmosphere at altitudes up to 20 km. A
special altitude instrument (Fig. 7) was used, consisting of a vacuum mono-
chromator with a diffraction grating, equipped with air-to-ground signal trans-
mitters connected with the altitude, air temperature and humidity meters, etc.
References: B. Neporent, V. Belov, 0. Dmitriyevsky, G. Zaitsev, W. Kastrov,
M. Kiselyova, L. Kudryavtseva, I. Patalakhin, Bulletin of the U.S.S.R. Academy of
Sciences, Geophysical Series, No.'4, 1957.
7. Study of Glass Structure by Method of Raman Spectra.
For the investigation of glass structure photoelectric recording of spectra,
a powerful low-pressure spiral:mercury tube (of the "Toronto" type), as well
as double-monochromatization of radiation in a specially designed spectro-
meter have been used.
The examination of over 40 samples of two-component glass and molten
quartz samples has shown that spectrum parameters do not always vary mono-
tonously with composition of the objects. More or less abrupt changes of spectra
point to structural changes in glass. It is supposed that during the formation
of two-component glasses cations of monovalent metals are distributed in
places of Si-O bond rupture non-statistically, and that regions of different
structure are simultaneously present in glass (space net lattice, layers and
chains of Si04 tetrahedrons).
References: Y. Bobovich, D. Gurevich, Journal of Experimental and Theo-
retical Physics, 27, 318, 1954; Y. Bobovich, T. Tulub, Optics and Spectroscopy, 2, 174,
1957; B. Kiselyov, Optics and Spectroscopy, 1, 597, 1956.
Fig. 7. Altitude infrared spectrometer for the determination of humidity in the
Earth's atmosphere.
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8
d M
C
bi
h
d
f
.
om
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et
o
o
Determining the Individual Hydrocarbon
Composition of Light Oil Fractions (Benzines).
The Raman method is widely used in the U.S.S.R. for the analysis of various
organic mixtures. The method of determining the hydrocarbon composition of
light fractions (benzines) has been developed more thoroughly. The original
benzine is being successively decomposed by means of various physical and
chemical processes into a series of simple fractions similar in their group hydro-
carbon composition and molecular weight. These fractions are then investi-
gated by using the Raman method. To decompose the original benzine the
following methods are applied:
1. Precise rectification by means of distillation columns with an effective
length of 40 to 50 theoretical plates enabling narrow fractions boiling within
4 to 5? to be obtained.
2. Chromatographic adsorption, allowing the separation of aromatic hydro-
carbons with strong light scattering from paraffine and naphthene ones.
3. Dehydrogenation catalysis, by means of which cyclohexane naphthenes
containing no heminal carbon atoms are separated from the paraffine-naphthene
fractions by converting these into aromatic hydrocarbons.
Conditions have been worked out under which the results of hydrocarbon
mixture analysis are reproduced with an accuracy of J 10 per cent (relative).
The analysis is performed without a large number of standards (two materials
are sufficient: toluene and methyl cyclohexane). This required a previous in-
vestigation of Raman spectra of over 100 specially synthesized standards of
individual hydrocarbons forming part of benzines. The intensities of the Ra-
man lines of these compounds are given in uniform scale units. The method is
widely used in the U.S.S.R. not only for benzine analysis, but also to determine
the composition of various hydrocarbon reaction products.
References: G. Landsberg, P. Bazhulin, M. Sushchinsky, Principal Para.
meters in Raman Spectra of Hydrocarbons, Moscow, 1956; G. Landsberg, B. Kazansky,
P. Bazhulin, A. Liberman, Y. Mikhailova, A. Plate, Kh. Sterin, M. Sushchinsky,
G. Tarasova, and S. Ukholin, Determination, of Individual Hydrocarbon Composition
of Direct-Stilling Benzines by the Combined Method, Moscow, 1958.
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.iHpyoiuero npn6opa OTXOAHT OT 3aAaloruec CTpe.1KH H, eC.' H,
Hanpirep, napameTpoM peryTHpOBaHHA ABJIAeTCA TeMnepaTypa,
nneBMaTHW1 CKFN peryJiATOp IIPHBOaHT B uejjCTBHe xllanaHbl ATIA
n02ann BO,gbl Mlil napa (B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT 3HOKa OTKJIoHeHHA)
A8A TOFU, 1TO6bl napameTp peryTlHpOBaHHA 6b1T1 npHBeAeH B Co-
OTBeTCTBHe C 3a, aHHeM. flapOBOM KJlanaH, uefICTBY1UIIU f4 no
cacTeMe > (BO), H Bo,12HON x.ianaH, AeN-
CTBy}OmHll no CHCTeMe > (B3), MOFVT 6bITb
HaCTpOeHbl 6e3 B3aHMHOFO nepeKpb1THA (HaCTpoHKa r,pOn3BO-
AHTC2 perylnpoBanneM HBTAA{CHHA npyM{HH y n03HHHOHepOB).
fIpHMeHeHHe AByX KJIanaHOB AaeT BO3MOM{HOCTb fPOrpaMMHOMy
peryAATOpy pa60TaTI, Ha pa3,7n1JHbIX ynaCTKax c 3K30TepMnne-
CKH114H H 3HAOTepMHoeCKHMH peIKIIHAMH.
Kpome aBTOMaTHneCKOrO pery7HPOBOHHA 3aAaHHOrO napa-
McTpa (no )KecTKON BpemeHHoli nporpaMMe), nporpaMMHbI>1 pe-
FVJ1HTOp MO)X T npOM3BOAHTb peie1 Hble nepeK,rloneHMA BO Bpe-
McHH A,'IA nycxa H UCTaHOBKI Mema,nxn, 3anoIHeHH5i annapaTa,
nepeAaB MBaIlHH 1OTOBOFO HpOAyKTa H T. n. ATIA 3TOTO HCnoAb-
3ylOT CBO60AHhle 9,-jeKTpnneCKHe H HHeBMaTnnecx e KOHTOKThI
KOMaHAHOro npn6opa K011-12.
HMeIOTCA TPH MO M(JHKauHH nporpaMMHOro perylnTOpa, OT-
IHnaIou Hecn KOHCTpyKulei HporpaMMHOro 3aAaTnHxa.
IlpOFpaMMHbII3 3aaaTFHK nOTeHuHOMeTpHnecKOro TMH0 n03-
Bo.7AeT HpU143BOAMTb Ha6op Tpe6yemou CTyneHnaTOU nporpaMMbl
113MeHeHH51 napameTpa peryJlHposaHHA.
fIporpaMMHb1N 3a,aTFHK Ky]aFIKOBOro THna cna6}KeH BCTI)O-
eHHbIM B npH6op K3I1-12 UHJIHHApHOCCKHM Ky.oanxuM AJIA
HJ1aBHOFO npOrpaMMHOro H3MeHeHH51 napaMeTpa peryJlHpOBaHHA.
flp0rpaIA4MHbI1 3aA,9TFHK TeHTOIHOF0 THna HMeeT AJ151 3aAa-
HHA npOFPBMMbI ABe gOPO)KKM c nepcJopauHeli.
HpHMepHb1IA BHA TpeOyeMoii no per,ia>,4eHTy nporpaMMbl
H3MeHeHHA TemnepaTypbl npejCTaBHeH Ha pHc. 2, a pea'iH3auHA
3TOK nporpaMMbl HpH IOMOLun nporpammHoro peryTnnTOpa (3a-
TIHCb OTK OHeHHH OT nporpaMMbl) HJIJIIOCTpnpyeTCA 3afHCbIO Ha
,uHarpalie BTOpHnxoro npH6opa (pHc. 3).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
F{OMJIEF{THOCTb
B KOMHJIeKT nporpaMMHoro pery.IHTOpa Bxo,12T:
1. JaT'IHK C 37eKTpn1IeCKHM Bb1XO DM (TepMOHapa, TepMo-
MeTP COHpOTHB"IeHHSI, Jjm(~MaHoMeTp AM, pOTaMeTp P3A
H T. n.).
2. CaMorn4my1UHx 11 }peryJIHpyIOmHH 3J'IeKTpoxxbIH HoTeHu,Ho-
McTP 3flA-32 HJin am(~y epeHumaJIbHO-TpaHccpopMaTOpHbII3 nPH-
6op 3fl14A-06 CO BCTpoeHHbIM UHeBMaTH~IeCKHM peryIHTOpOM
(3JIeKTpH,IecKaa cxeMa npF6opOB H3Menena).
3. 3ajiaT'IHK nporpaMMbl.
4. flpH6op THna K2)n-12.
5. McM6pannb1H nxeBMaTHLIeCKHH KJianaH BO aoq papa
(npa peryJiHpOBaHHH TeMnepaTypbl).
6. ABa McM6paHHblx HHeBMaTHgeCKHx KJIanaHa B3 j1JIA BO,AbI
(HpH peryJllpOBaHHH TeMnepaTypbl).
7. ABa no3Hn,HOHepa fl-1.
8. flaxeJlb a ZHCTaHUI4OHHOFO ynpaBieHHH BRAY.
9. Q)HJIbTp jj:151 BO3,LYXa.
10. PeuyKTOp jJIA B03,uyxa.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
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T04400. rOCXI IMI,13IIAT. \: 51. 3ax. 597
T;in..rpa4Mli rocx1M1)3AaTa. MocRBa, 88, ,7 rl)%n1Cxaq.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
CIA-RDP80TOO246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16 :
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1lepBOCTenenHbili Hay*IHbIIi it npaRTHgeCRHii IIHTepec
npeACTaB3neT necaeAOBanue RopoTROBOnnoaoro n3TyJe-
HHH Co.iHi a. Hal noRa3a1H IIecamBannH iioc eginix
JIeT, Co.TIHUe, nolnrlio BHJ;Hlioro cBeTa, nenyciaeT 113.ly-
geHne, npoeTnpaIorteecn B wupoRyio o6 iacTb AMID BOJH,
nagIlHan OT peHTrelJOBCIlllX aygeii C A31111oii BO1HbI DO-
pSIJIRa HeCROnbRHX CTOInI;HaIOHHbLX goaeii calITnlieTpa
it ROH ian paAHOBO.'maliH Alnnoti B HeCholb)IO lleTpoB.
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ToBoe it peHTreHOBcl.oe), a Tamize pa;lIYOn3JIy leHne CBn3anO
c (f w3ngec1nlin npoi eecalln, Hp0TenalonwwM111 B niaao-
H3ygennbLx BHeIHHux c ionx aT.Moc(Jepbi Co iii a (xpo-
irioc4 epe it RopoHe), it ORa3bIBaeT CH.-IbHOe B3unH3ne 11a
aT.ilocc)epy 3e131n.
O6ii all aneprlln RopoTROao 1HOBOro 113TygelllHB Corn a
CpaBHnTe.1bHO HeBe.IaRa. OAiiaiio HIICIIIIO ROpOTUOB01-
noBoe H3.iygeHHe ORa3blBaeT gpe3BblgaiiHo 50:Ibmoe BnnH-
Hue Ha aellnylo aT-lloc4)epy. 06'bnCHHeTcJ1 3TO Tell, iTO
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COROii aRTnBHOCTbiO 11 CHOCO6HO IIOnn3npOBaTb 1I01e1y1bI
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yJlbTpa()1io3eTOBOe n3aygeiine CoaHIa. 3TO nor3onjalo-
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Srhemoticdiaaram,Auised CTticaiccaudhicart meter
Fig. II - Schematic diagram showiny pulsed optical cloud height meter.
L - - 220va, Ri R2
I
1 7 N ~-
Morns and Re::vc/e- COi'o[+ctm 3
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
ULTRA-TAUMETRE
L'appareil est destine aux etudes des pro-
cessus de la relaxation de la luminescence
et de la photoconductibilite, qui s'ecoulent
en 5.10-8 - 20 sec.
L'appareil se distirgue par son caractere
universel et permet d'effectuer les etudes
suivantes:
0 Etudes des processus rapides exponen-
tiels et non-exponentiels du declin et de la
montee de la luminiscence et de la photo-
conductibilite, processus excites par les im-
pulsions periodiques rectangulaires de la
lumiere produites par le modulateur meca-
nique de lumiere^
Durees des temps etudies: de 10-7 a
10-1 sec.
0 Etudes des processus de relaxation plus
lents de la luminescence et de la photo-
conductibilite, excites par les impulsions
aperiodiques rectangulaires de la lumiere,
produites par le modulateur electrodyna-
mique de lumiere.
Duree des temps etudies: de 10-3 a
20 sec. Ce genre d'etudes est surtout utile
pour la demonstration et ['examen d'un
nouveau phenomene de I'autostimulotion.
0 Etudes des processus rapides exponen-
tiels de la luminescence et de la photo-
conductibilite, excites par la source lumi-
neuse d'impulsion. Une tres grande intensite
de ['excitation permet d'etudier les pheno-
menes foibles.
Durees des temps etudies: de 5.10-8 -
10-6 sec.
A Etudes de la photoconductibilite et du
signe des porteurs parmethode de condensa-
teur en regimes periodiques et d'impulsion.
L'appareil represente un ensemble des
dispositifs optiques, mecaniques et electro-
niques, grace auxquels Iappareil devient
tout un laboratoire compact pour les etudes
de la cinetique de la photoluminescence
et de la photoconductibilite.
Encombrement - 3200` 1500, 1300 mm.
Poids - 500 kg.
Pour les conditions des livroisons adressez-vous:
~STANKOIMPORT,,, Moskva, G-20D, Smolenskoja-
Sennaja-ploshchad, 32/34.
The instrument is distinctive for higiyugi
v, rsgl ty,and permits carrying out the,folfow
Investigation of rap?d exponent-al an
non;-exponential processes of decoy-aao
it
y;
rise. o^f;:luminescence and photoconduciv
which are excited by periodical square light,
impulses produced by mechanical light , m,?
dii)ator...
Periods of time under study: from 110-
a periodical square light impulse's produced,
by'-electrodynamic light modul=ator: Periods
of: time under study:, from 10-3- to 20 sec`
(This kind of work is especially suitable foi-
the:demonstration and study of the new"
phenomenon called autostimulation.)
? Study of rapid exp'onental luminescence
01 'photoconductivity processes excited bye;
an impulse light source. The great intensity-,
[.?excitation permits the" study, of,'rather,'
teak phenomena.
eriods, of time under study: 5X10-,1 a
10;-6 sec:.:
s Study of photoconductivity and aatrt`
polarity of the condenser. method=,in #ier =
end single-pulse co iditionsf e ci-
tation
The instrument is a combination of optical,
mechanical and electronic~assemblies;malc
1ft0 i t in fact a compact laboratory fps tie
su'dy of k'iretics of photoluminescence and `
photoconductivity.
Overall dimensions of the instrument-
3200X150OX1300 mm.
Weight - 500 kg.
for delivery terms apply to "STANKOIMPORJ",
ostrva, G-200, Smolenskaja-Sennaja plostichd,d, 32/34::
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ULTR
The instrument is designed for , lee 'pu
pose of examining the process of re'laxption
of luminescence and photoconductivity,which
takes place during the period of. titneof,
5`'10.8 to 20 sec.
 lt~
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die Durchfuhrung folgender Arbeiten:
Dos Gerat zeichnet sich durch groBe VielseifAjit aus, and ermoglicht
20 Sekunden verlaufen,
Das Gerat ist for Erforschung der Relc'~'?'pt~t' n der Lumineszenz and
der Photo-Leitfahigkeit, die innerhalb einer) uer von 5.10-8 bis zu
? Dos Studium von schnellen ` z nentiol- and Nicht-
exponential-Prozessen der AbAnklingung der
Lumineszenz and der Photoleitfahi it, die durch perio-
dische von einem mechanischen Licljtrnpdulator erzeugte,
rechteckige Lichtimpulse erregt werd6`
Die zu untersuchenden Zeiten bet'r gen von 10.7 bis
zu 10.1 Sekunden.
DgsStudium von langsameren Relq, ations-Prozessen
de. Lum neszei z and der Photo-Leitfq.l gkeit, die durch
apenod sche_.von~.einem.- elektrodynami chen Lichtmodu-
lator er eugte:..rechteckige Lichtiimpulse?erregt werden.
Die zu untersuc} enden'Zeiten betrri_ en von 10-3 bis
zu 20 Sekunden, (Dieses Arbeifsv"er-fa'ht?n ist besonders
geeignet for die Vorfi hrung and dos Studium der neuen
Erscheinung des ,autostimulation".)
? Das Studium von raschen Exponential-Prozessen der
Lumineszenz and der Photo-Leitfahigkeit, die von einer
Impuls-Lichtquelle erregt werden. Die erhebliche Inten-
sitat der Erregung ermoglicht dos Studium von schwachen
Erscheinungen. Die zu untersuchenden Zeiten: 5.10-8 -
10-6 Sekunden.
? Dos Studium der Photo-Leitfahigkeit and der Tr?ger-
Vorzeichen nach der Kondensator-Methode bei perio-
dischen and einmaligen Regimen.
Dos Gerat stellt eine Kombination von optischen,
mechanischen and elektronischen Einheiten dar, die es
zu einem kompokten Laboratorium for dos Studium der
Photo-Lumineszenz- and der Photo-Leitfahigkeit-Kinetik
macht,
AuBere Abmessungen des Gerates: 3200x1500x1300mm
Gewicht: 500 kg
Alle Lieferungsanfragen sind an ,STANKOIMPORT",
Moskva, G-200, Smolenskaja-Sennaja Ploschad, 3234,
zu richten.
ABTEILUNG DER UdSSR AUF DER ALLGEMEINEN WELTAUSSTELLUNG IN BRDSSEL 1958
BHemToprs3, aM 3axas N B331-2
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
The diffraction gratings are used in various spectral instruments designed for industrial spectral analysis as
well as for scientific purposes.
The Soviet Union manufactures all of the main types of diffraction gratings.
Dimensions
Cur-
Number
Dimensions
Spectral
Dimensions
Cur-
Number
Dimensions
Spectral
vature
of lines
of grated
region of
vature
of lines
of grated
region of
of gratings,
radius,
per
surface,
application, . of gratings,
radius,
per
surface,
application.
mm
mm
mm
mm
mu mm
mm
mm
mm
m?
Pour les conditions des livraisons adressez-vous :
,,STANK 0IMPORT-, Moskva, G-200, Smolen-
skaja-Sennaja ploshcbad, 32134.
RESEAUX
'DE DIFFRACTION
1. Plane gratings on aluminium layers H. Concave gratings on aluminium layers
Les reseaux de diffraction peuvent etre utilises dans Ies differents appareils spectraux destines a I'analyse spec-
trale industrielle et aux recherches scientifiques.
En Union Sovietiqueon fabrique tous les principaux types de reseaux de diffraction utilises en spectroscopie.
Rayon
Nombre
Dimensions
Rayon
Nombre
Dimensions
Dimension
de la
de traits
de la surface
Region Dimension
de la
a
de traits
la surface
Region
du reseau,
courbure,
per
portant des
p
spectrale du
reseau,
courbure
per
ortant des
portant
traits,
,
traits,
mm
mm
mm
mm
m? mm
mm
mm
mm
m?
Reseaux de diffraction plans sur les couches Reseaux de diffraction
d'aluminium concaves sur les couches d'aluminium
30X 30X10
-
1200
600
3OX 30
200-1000
40X 40X1O
-
1200
600
40X 40
200-1000
Qj 90X15
-
1200
600
60X 50
200-1000
? 120X15
-
1200
600
300
200
80X 70
200-4500
? 150X20
-
1200
10OX 90
200-4500
150X110X20
300
200
100X100
600-4500
150X 75X20
-
1200
600
120X 60
200-1000
1200
600
300
200
1200
600
300
200
0 90X15
1000
1201)
600
6OX 50
2DO-1000
0 120X15
1995
1200
80X 60
200-1000
0150X20
2992
1209
600
10OX 60
200-1000
0 170X20
6020
200
600
145X 70
200-1000
Reseaux de diffraction concaves sur le verre
0 90X15 1000 1200
600 60X 50 Regions des
20X 35X10 1000 1200 rayons X et
603 18X 32 I ultra violet
a vide
30X 40X15 1995 1200
60D 28X 35
220X22OX35
270X27OX40
320X- 20X40
100, 50,
24,12,
6, 4, 2
50, 24,
12, 6,
4, 2
12, 6,
4, 2
Dans les ordres bas du spectre les reseaux de diffraction donnent les raies spectrales pratiquement parfaites
et possedent un pouvoir separateur proche a la valeur theorique. Le pouvoir separateur des meilleurs reseaux
depasse 400 000.
Les reseaux de diffraction a 600 traits per mm ont one intensite relative des a fantomes s de Rowland dans le
ter ordre de 0,01 a 0,2?10. Les o fantomes e de Lyman ne sont pas observes.
Les reseaux plans et concaves sur les couches d'aluminium et les echelettes sont capables de concentrer de
400/0 a 800/0 de la lumiere reflectie dans l'ordre du spectre donne.
L'angle d'inclinaison des gradins du reseau, qui determine la position de la concentration maximum, varie
dans les limites de 5? a 60?.
3OX 30X10
1200
? 90X15
1200
600
30X 30
200-1000
600
60X 50
230-1000
40X 40X10
1201)
? 120X15
1200
601)
80X 60
200-1000
600
40X 40
200-1000
? 150X20
1200
Q 90X15
1203
600
100X600
200-1000
600
6DX 50
200-1000
0 170X20
1200
? 120X15
1200
600
145X 70 1
200-1000
600
300
III. Concave gratings on glass
200
BOX 70
1200
1DOX 90
0 90X15
200 - 4503
1000
1200
600
60X 50
X-ray and
20X 35X10
1000
1200
vacuum
150X11OX20
300
I8X 32
ultra-violet
200
600--45011
regions
1200
15OX 75X20
1200
600
28X 35
600
200-1000
0 170X20
1200
600
220X22OX35
100, 50,
24
12
3011
,
,
6.4, 2
200
270X27OX40
50, 24,
1200
12, 6,
600
4, 2
300
320X32OX40
12, 6,
200
4, 2
In low orders of spectrum the gratings present practically perfect spectral lines and have their resolving power
approaching the theoretical value. The resolving power of best gratings exceeds 400000.
With the gratings having 600 lines per mm, the relative intensity of Rowland's "ghosts" in the first order lies
in the range of 0.01 to 0.2%. No Lyman's "ghosts" are observed.
Plane and concave gratings on aluminium layers and echelettes are capable of concentrating from 40 % to
80 % of reflected light (of a definite spectral interval) in a given spectrum order. The inclination angle of grating
stages determining the position of the concentration maximum changes within a range of 5? to 60?.
DIFFRACTION
GRATINGS
For delivery terms apply to "S TANKOI MPORT ", Moskva,
G-200, Smolenskaja-Sennaja ploshchad, 32134,
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* - "~tTRRM*Rt~wlrioml ON i ~
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BEUGUNGSGITTER
Die Beugungsgitter werden in den verschiedensten Spektralgeriten angewandt, die so fur die industrielle
Spektralanalyse, wie fur wissenschaftliche Zwecke bestimmt Sind.
In der Sowjetunion werden alle bekannten Typen der Beugungsgitter hergestellt.
Die Hauptdaten der wichtigsten Typen der Gitter lauten wie folgt:
GroBe des
Krum,
Strichzahl
GroBe der
mit Stricken
Spektral-An-
Gitters
mungs-
ro
bededrten
wendungs-
,
radius,
p
Flache,
Gebiet
30X 30X10
1200
600
30X 30
200-1000
40X 40X10
1200
600
4OX 40
200-1000
0 9OX15
1200
600
6oX 50
200-1000
0 120X15
1200
600
300
200
80X 70
1200
100X 90
200-4500
15OX 11OX20
300
200
600-4500
15OX 75X20
1200
600
200-1000
0 170X20
1200
600
300
200
1200
600
300
200
GroBe des
Gitters,
Kriim-
mungs-
radius,
Strichzahl
pro
GroBe der
mit Stridten
bededcten
Fladse,
Spektral-An-
wendungs-
Gebiet
? 90X15
1200
600
60X 50
200-1000
? 120X15
1200
600
80X 60
200-1000
? 150X20
1200
600
10OX 60
200-1000
? 170X20
1200
600
145X 70
200-1000
0 90X15
1200
600
60X 50
Rontgen- u.
Vakuum-
20X 35X10
1200
600
18X 32
ultra-
violett-
30X 40X15
1200
Gebiet
600
28X 35
Escheletten auf Metallrohstucken
220X22OXa5
-
100,50 ,
24, 12,
6,4 , 2
200X200
270X27OX40
-
50, 24,
12, 6,
4, 2
250X250
12, 6,
4, 2
Bei niedrigen Spektral-Ordnungen ergeben die Gitter praktisch vollkommene Spektrallinien and besitzen
dabei ein Auflosungsvermogen, das nahe an dem theoretischen Wert liegt. Das Auflosungsvermogen der besten
Gitter iibersteigt 400000.
Bei den Gittern, die 600 Striche auf 1 mm aufweisen, betragt die relative Intensitat der Rowland's ?Geister"
in der ersten Ordnung 0,01 his 0,20/0. Lyman's ?Geister" werden nicht beobachtet.
Flache and konkave Gitter auf Aluminiumschichten besitzen die Fahigkeit, von 40?/0 bis zu 80?/0 des
reflektierten Lichtes (bestimmten Spektralbereich) in der gegebenen Ordnung des Spektrums zu konzentrieren.
Der Beugungswinkel der Stufen des Gitters, der die Lage des Konzentrations-Maximums bestimmt, andert sich
im Bereich von 50 bis 60?.
Alle Lieferungsanfragen sind an
,,STANKOIMPORT" Moskva, G-200, Smolenskaja-
Sennaja Ploschad, 32/34 zu richten.
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THE PEACEFUL USES
OF
ATOMIC
ENERGY
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ATOM SERVES THE PEOPLE
The inexhaustible resources of latent energy
existing within the atom have for the first time
been made to serve mankind.
Atomic energy opened up entirely new pos-
sibilities in the field of engineering and econo-
mics resulting in a growing power of man over
nature. The emmergence of this new power
source has immeasurably increased the avail-
able power reserves. Nuclear radiations and
radioactive isotopes have become a powerful
means for developing research in every branch
of science and engineering and a practical tool
in biology, medicine, agriculture, and in-
du strial production.
At present there is hardly a single person
on the earth who would deny the intimate re-
lationship between the further progress of
mankind and the improvement of our know-
ledge of the atomic nucleus, the peaceful appli-
cations of atomic energy. Unfortunately, there
are still some people, who see the main object
of atomic engineering in accumulating ever
increasing stock piles of atomic weapons. In
the Soviet Union the achievements of nuclear
physics and engineering have been made to
serve the people. There is hardly a branch of
national economics that does not use to some
extent or other new materials and methods
brought into existence by the atomic age.
In the USSR National Pavilion you
will be able to see how nuclear engineering is
penetrating into the power industry and me-
chanical engineering, technology and transport,
medicine and agriculture. The exhibits on show
demonstrate the achievements of the USSR
in peaceful uses of atomic energy.
You will see a model of the world's most
powerful 10 Bev accelerator, and the world's
first atomic ice-breaker "Lenin" launched re-
cently.
Here you will see how Soviet engineers are
solving the problem of building the most reli-
able and economic atomic power station, and
will learn what means are employed in the
USSR to protect personnel handling radio-
active materials.
The following pages will familiarize you
very briefly with the main trends in the peace-
ful uses of atomic energy in the USSR.
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90101 "1111
15 TOW ft 090
Ring-shaped electromagnet of the world's largest charged-particle accellerator, the
10 Bev proton synchrotron
ACCELERATORS
To investigate the structure of atomic nu-
clei, to master the laws governing nuclear for-
ces and to find new paths toward the utiliza-
tion of all power resources of atomic nuclei,
huge experimental apparatus called charged
particle accelerators are built. The world's
largest particle accelerator operates at the
Joint Nuclear Research Institute in the town
ofDubna near Moscow. This gigantic atomic ma-
chine provides acceleration of protons with
energies of up to 10 billion electron volts. The
accelerator is of the proton synchrotron type.
Its annular electromagnet is about 60 m in
diameter and weighs about 36,000 t.
The vacuum maintained in the vacuum
chamber located between the poles of the an-
nular electromagnet is equal to that attained
in the best electronic devices. For this purpose
56 powerful high-vacuutn pumps are installed
along the chamber. For periodic acceleration
of protons moving inside the chamber and for
bringing their velocity close to that of light,
the proton synchrotron uses a special system
of high-frequency power source to supply the
accelerating electrodes. Beams of accelerated
protons and other particles obtained in the
accelerator (neutrons, mesons, hyperons, and
antiparticles) are widely employed for various
nuclear experiments. Their results will enrich
us with further knowledge which will help us
in learning the laws of nature. The Joint Nu-
clear Research Institute has one more large
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accelerator, a synchrocyclotron, for accelera-
tion of protons with energies of up to 680 Mev.
It also ranks among the world's best accele-
rators of its type now in operation.
Models of these gigantic atomic machines
are on show at the Exhibition.
Exhibited in the Pavilion is also a scheme
of a 50 Bev strong-focusing accelerator.
The powerful accelerators mentioned above
have been handed over to the Joint Nuclear
Research Institute, where scientists of many
countries work on an equal footing with Soviet
scientists. The doors of this Institute are wide
open for all.
You will see here many exhibits reflecting
the life of this Institute.
The building of the world's first commercial atomic power
station in operation since June 27, 1954
NUCLEAR POWER
After the world's first atomic power station
was commissioned in the USSR on June 27.
1954, the attention of all mankind turned with
a new vigour to the problems of nuclear power.
Lsc of nuclear energy for obtaining electri-
city will result in improved well-being and
living standards of all nations of the world.
Development of nuclear power is of part-
icular significance for the globe's areas poor in
natural fuel. Construction of atomic power sta-
tion in such areas will help to develop in-
dustries, irrigate arable land, increase the
crops, raise the productivity of animal hus-
bandry, improve the living and working
conditions of the population.
The Soviet Union possesses huge reserves
of natural fuel and hydropower, but the USSR
also has areas remote from natural fuel re-
sources, where it is rational to construct atomic
power stations right now.
In connection with this an extensive pro-
gramme of building experimental atomic power
stations has been undertaken in the Soviet
Union. The total installed capacity of these
stations is to reach 2-2.5 million kilowatts
within the next few years.
Construction is already underway of a
nuclear power giant, a commercial 420,000 kw
atomic power station with nuclear reactors us,
ing ordinary water as a coolant and moderator,
It will use natural and slightly enriched
uranium (contraining an approximately double
percentage of uranium-235 compared with
natural uranium) as nuclear fuel.
Two circuits will be employed for cooling
like at the world's first atomic power station.
6 - 7
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The model of the experimental atomic power station with a rapacity of 420,000ki-
lowatts now under construction
But will this he the best type of station
economically? The answer can be obtained
only by comparing several different reactor
types. To do so, these should be built and sui'-
ficient operating experience accumulated.
Apart from the foregoing, the Soviet large-
scale industrial experiment programme for
atomic power stations includes the following
power stations and reactors:
-An atomic power station with a heavy-
water-moderated reactor using carbon dioxide
as a coolant.
-An atomic power station with a graphite-
moderated and water-cooled reactor which will
in many respects resemble the world's first
atomic power station operated since 1954.
-A graphite-moderated reactor using molten
sodium as a coolant.
The model of a section (with a capacity of 210,000 kilowatts) of the
experimental atomic power station with a total capacity of 420,000 kilowatts
When passing the core the water of the primary
circuit will be heated to 275? C (at a pressure
of 100 atmospheres in the system). The water
will then he pumped through the pipes to
special water-heating units, steam generators
where the heat from the reactor is transferred
to the secondary circuit for steam production.
Each of the latter will provide 2311 tons of
steam per hour at a pressure of 32 at mospheres.
The steam will he delivered from the secondary
circuit to steam turbines which actuate the
power generators. All working processes at the
large atomic power station will be remotely
controlled. Special care will be taken to safe-
guard the health of the operating personnel.
The cost of electric power supplied by the
station will be the same as from a coal power
station of equal capacity.
The model of the experimental
fast-neutron power reactor
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 -A fast breeder reactor (with liquid sodium
as a coolant) where fertile materials (uranium-
238 and thorium). which cannot be railed fuel
in the nuclear sense of the word, will produce
new fissionable materials (plutonium, uranium-
233) in larger quantities than the original ma-
terial used (uranium-235, plutonium, or ura-
nium-233).
-A thermal thorium-breeder reactor with
fuel suspension in heavy water, and, finally.
-A direct-cycle boiling water reactor which
will be able to operate writhout an intermediate
steam-generator. The steam from the reactor
will be supplied directly to the turbogenerator.
Flow diagrams and models of these atomic
power stations and reactors are shown at the
Exhibition.
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The model of the experimental atomic power station (graphite-moderated reactor)
ATOMIC ICE-BREAKER
The wide prospect of using nuclear power
for water, land, and air transport are obvious.
An atomic-powered ice-breaker "Lenin"
has been launched in the Soviet Union. The
capacity of her main engines reaches 44.000 h.p.,
the displacement being 16,000 tons. A model
of the ice-breaker is on view at the Exhibi-
tion.
The light weight of nuclear fuel with no
need to replenish supplies for a long time will
allow a considerably longer sailing at sea,without
calling at ports. The spare room in the ice-
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breaker due to the reduced fuel weight has been
used for creating comfortable living and work-
ing conditions aboard for prolonged sailing in
polar regions.
Atomic power plants are especially advan-
tageous for longvoyage ships, whalers and vess-
els carrying bulk cargoes over long distances
such as tankers.
The "Lenin" will pave the way for hun?
dreds of new atomic-powered ships which are
certain to appear on the seas and oceans in
the near future.
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RADIOACTIVE
AND STABLE ISOTOPES
Use of new atomic power sources of tremen-
dous energies is of great significance for the
national economics as is shown in the respec-
tive sections of the Exhibition.
However, a part of no lesser. importance is
played by radioactive and stable isotopes ob-
tained in nuclear reactors, accelerators, and
special separation plants.
Isotopes are various forms of the same
chemical element differing in their atomic
weights and physical properties, but chemically
identical. Almost every chemical element has
a number of isotopes.
At present about 1000 artificial radioactive
isotopes emitting alpha, beta and gamma rays,
and about 300 stable (i.e.non-emitting) isotopes
of all elements of Mendeleyev's periodic system
are known. Production of artificial radioactive
isotopes has now developed into a new industry,
Study of processes in a leaf by means of tracer
atoms in natural conditions
Determination of the nature of carbon nutrition of plants by means of tracer atoms of carbon
while their application has become so wide and
diverse that nowadays one can hardly name a
branch where they are not or cannot be used.
Thus, for instance, when used by doctors,
radiations of radioactive isotopes are instru-
mental in diagnosing and curing diseases. When
used by scientists, physiologists and biologists,
they are helpful in penetrating into the deepest
secrets of photosynthesis processes in plants
and metabolism in animals. Biologists have
succeeded in breeding new varieties of micro-
organisms producing large quantities of most
valuable antibiotics (penecillin, biomyein, etc.).
Conversely, other doses of the same radiations
kill microorganisms when this is required for
sterilization of tools, vessels, bandaging ma-
terials, food (detrichinization of pork, disin-
fectation of grain, and sterilization of canned
food). etc. Gamma radiation of radioactive co-
balt is used for killing silkworm cocoons, while
irradiation of potatoes and other vegetables
checks their germination in the case of pro-
longed storage.
When used by agronomists, radioactive
isotopes make for expedient, highly effective
use of fertilizers, and ensure an increased
amount of green mass of fodder grass, etc.
The Exhibition displays some of the works,
their results, and the equipment required.
Chromosomes of cells are known to convey
hereditary properties to the future organism.
Under ionizing radiation a number of chemical
and structural changes take place in chromo-
somes, these changes often resulting in such
changes of the embryo which either mutilate or
kill it. These changes which are heritable are
called mutations. But many newly arising mu-
tations imply a number of useful properties.
13
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Organisms with such useful properties are se-
lected by breeders and generate new forms of
organisms.
Photosynthesis (carbon nutrition of plants)
is one of the most complex biological processes.
The tracer method has made and is making an
inestimable contribution to its investigation.
With the aid of this method many most im-
portant details of the successive stages of pho-
tosynthetic carbon transformations have been
clarified.
It has been found that various products are
formed in the course of photosynthesis. whose
quantity varies with environment, plant type,
and physiological condition of plants.
Thus, in the case of intensive nitrogen
nutrition, with short-wave rays of the spect-
Irradiation of plant seed rum prevailing, the carbon of fast-growing
plants assimilated during the course of photo-
synthesis is increasingly converted to organic
acids, amino acids, and proteins. Long-wave
radiation makes for accumulation of carbons
and reduces synthesis of proteins and organic
acids.
It has been possible to show by means of
carbon-14 that the movement of photosynthe-
sis products is intensified in the case of nitrogen
fertilization and watering, which creates better
conditions for supply of assimilators to grow-
ing leaves and their accumulation in seed, fruit,
and root crops.
By using P88,, a radioactive isotope of phos+
phorus, the most rational methods of intro-
ducing phosphoric fertilizers into various crops
were devised, and practical recommendations
given to agriculturists.
In the sphere of industrial production the
application of radioactive isotopes is likewise
exceptionally diverse. This diversity is so great
Gamma flaw detection in a steel casting in a shop
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Gamma flow detection in metallic articles in a works yard. The arrow indicates the radiation source
Gamma testing of the quality of welding. A gamma radiograph of a welding seam is shown on the left
 Equipment fur radioactive marking
of steel
Contactless measurement of
weight of cloth in industry
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Radioactive isotopes enable easy and
reliable removal of statical electri-
city charges when making ribbons of
yarn, which speeds up the process of
production
that it cannot possibly be fully reflected at an
exhibition.
You can see, for instance, how with the aid
of these isotopes the control of the pig-iron and
steel production process can be made simpler
and cheaper, how velocities of gas flows in blast
and i%elds permits detection of internal cracks,
cavitations, and other defects. Wide applica-
tion of gamma radiography has a great econo?
mic effect.
Use of radioactive isotopes makes marking
of steel rolled stock easy and reliable.
furnaces and hearth-bottom wear can be view-
ed, how changes can be traced in the structure
of alloys depending on methods of casting, and
distribution of alloy components and quality
of welding checked, etc.
Isotopes enable the extent of wear of cutt-
ing tools or machine parts to be judged di-
rectly while in operation, without stopping or
dismantling them.
Gamma radiography of metallic castings
All these possibilities have given rise to the
production of a large number of various instru-
ments now on view at the Exhibition.
Even this cursory review is sufficient to
enable one to say, without running the risk of
exaggeration, that in modern human society
radioactive isotopes are becoming part of man's
life; of production processes and of scientific
research as rapidly and firmly as radio and
television.
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PRODUCTION OF RADIOACTIVE AND STABLE ISOTOPES
The ways of obtaining artificial radio-
active isotopes are diverse. The most flexible
and multi-purpose equipment for obtaining
radioactive isotopes jn greater quantities is
a cyclotron. However, its low efficiency and
complicated technological operations render
it inferior to the nuclear reactor. To obtain
radioactive isotopes, chemical compounds of
various elements are enclosed in special
cans and loaded into a reactor, where they
are exposed to intensive bombardment with
thermal or fast neutrons. This method is effi-
cient and. relatively cheap, its disadvantage
being that it does not permit to produce all
isotopes. The most common reaction is the
capture of a neutron by a bombarded nucleus
which is attended with emission of a gamma
quantum, and results in the formation of a
radioactive isotope of the same element. After
decay it is transformed into a longer-lived iso-
tope of another element, which can further be
used. Bombardment of tellurium oxide with
thermal neutrons may serve as an example.
The isotope tellurium-131 thus produced which
has a half-life of 24.8 minutes desintegrates
into iodine-13l which has a half-life of 8 days.
Another reaction widely used for radio-
active isotope production is where a nucleus
captures a thermal neutron and emits a proton.
Thus an isotope of another element is formed
with an atomic number a unity less than the
original one, as in the formation of carbon-14
from nitrogen.
Reactions on fast neutrons are of the same
type. they are used, for instance, for produc-
tion of phosphorus-32 with great specific
activity from sulphur.
Some isotopes are produced as a result of
the reaction of a nucleus with a neutron when
an alpha particle is emitted, as in the formation
of phosphorus-32 from chlorine-35.
Of very great importance for radioisotope
production is also use of fission products of
the nuclei of some heavy elements. The most
important isotopes thus obtained are cesium-
137 and strontium-90.
No less important and promising is also
production of unseparated fission products as
powerful radiation sources. Irradiated chemi-
cals are transformed into various compounds
depending on their future use in special
radio-chemical laboratories. In a number of
cases it is necessary to use radiations of
a radioisotope without introducing it into the
composition of the material or organism to be
tested. To do so, a wide variety of so-called ra-
diation sources are produced in the Soviet
Union, including sources of cobalt-60, iridium-
192, thulium-170, cesium-137, strontium-90,
etc. Geometrical dimensions and activities of
the sources vary over a rather wide range. At
present over 250 kinds of compounds among
which there are many complex organic ones
and over 100 radiation sources of various kinds
are produced.
To obtain compounds enriched in stable
isotopes, a number of physico-chemical se-
paration methods are used: diffusion and
thermorlilfusion separation, ordinary-and low-
temperature rectification, electrolysis, electro-
magnetic separation, etc. The complex and
perfect separation equipment available has
enabled a wide variety of isotopes to he pro-
duced in considerable quantities.
APPLICATION OF RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES IN MEDICINE
Radioactive isotopes are used in medical
institutions of the Soviet Union for treatment
of various diseases. The isotopes which have
found the widest application are cobalt-60,
phosphorus-32, iodine-131, gold-198, sodium-
24, strontium-90 and cesium-137.
The basic principle of the Soviet health
service, i.e. free medical aid for all, and centra-
lized supply with radioactive isotopes of a large
network of medical institutions, have enabled
clinical observations of a large number of cases
to be made in a comparatively short period.
Introduction of radioactive substances for
treatment may be effected in several ways (for
example, through the skin, the alimentary
tract, respiration organs, blood) whose selection
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depends on the nature of the disease and the
kind of radiation employed.
Radioactive cobalt has been used in the
Soviet Union for treatment of a large number
of cases of malignant tumours of mucous mouth
cavity, tonsils, the upper jaw and the nasal
cavity, larynx, gullet, lungs; mammary gland,
and also of metastases into lymphatic nodes and
bones, satisfactory immediate and, long-term
results being obtained.
For treatment of skin and lip cancer, and
of other forms of neoplasmas, radium, mesom
thorium and cobalt applicators are used, while
for treatment of surface processes, both tu-
mourous and inflammatory (capillary skin
angiomata, eczemas, neurodermatites, etc.),
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Treatment by means of radioactive cobalt (a type
" YT-Co-400" set)
Gamma irradiation of the thyroid gland by means of
a type 'TYT-Co-400" set
radioactive phosphorus (soluble sodium salt) is
employed. For treatment of tumours use is
also made of the intra-tissue method of ra-
diumtherapy effected by means of radioactive
preparations of cobalt-60, radium, and tho-
rium, in platinum needle-shaped filters intro.
duced to different depths into the tumour
tissue.
The intracavitary method of radium-
therapy is used for treatment of cancer of the
internal organs. Of late internal irradiation
methods have been used for treatment of va-
rious diseases, the radioactive substance being
introduced into the body.
Apart from application for medical treat-
ment, radioactive isotopes find wide use in
diagnosing various diseases.
Radioactive iodine is used for determina-
tion of the functional state of the thyroid gland
in the case of its diseases as well as for location
of the brain tumours. Radioactive sodium is
used for determination of blood flow rate and
permeability of vessels, which also enables the
state of the cardiovascular system to be tested.
Concentration of various isotopes in tissues and
organs is determined with the aid of special
radiometers.
Clinical radiometer used for determination of blood cir-
culation velocity by means of tracer atoms and deter-
mination of the outlines of radioactive substances de-
posited in the body
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A case of cancer of the skin before treatment
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The principal atomic raw materials are
uranium and thorium.
Natural uranium compounds vary in ap-
pearance and size of crystals. The Soviet tnion
has a large number of uranium and thorium
deposits differing in ores and minerals. Some
interesting samples of uranium minerals and
commercial ores are represented at the Ex-
hibition.
For prospecting. exploration, and mining
of uranium deposits radiometric equipment is
widely used, by means of which radiation of
radioactive elements in ores and minerals is
detected.
Also of interest are airborne instruments
for complex aerial geophysical survey, per-
mitting simultaneous automatic recording of
gamma-radiation intensity in the troposphere,
the magnetic field of the earth's surface, and
the altitude of the aircraft, as well as instru-
ments for gamma-survey from a moving
vehicle.
Several types of instruments are made in
the Soviet Union for land prospecting by
gamma and beta-gamma radiation and radium
emanation (radon): field gamma radiometers.
field scintillation gamma radiometers, multi-
purpose radiometers, different kinds of port-
able radiometers.
Some of the radiometers mentioned above
are used for measurement of radioactivity in
mine workings. for outlining ore bodies, and
for evaluation of uranium content in ores.
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Radiometric equipment is also widely used
for analysis of uranium ores in laboratory con-
ditions. Represented at the Exhibition is si-
milar analytical equipment for luminescence
analysis based on the ability of some uranium
minerals and compounds to emit light (lumi-
nescence) by giving off ultra-violet and blue
rays, which is widely used for prospecting,
exploration, and mining of uranium ores.
The method of radioactive logging has found
wide application in geological investigations.
This method is used not only for exploration of
Basic diagram of use of radioactive
logging and type "PAPK" logging
equipment.
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uranium deposits, but also for determination
of oil and water-bearing strata, positioning of
coal seams, and for solution of a number of
other problems of well drilling.
For non-radioactive rocks neutron gamma
logging is used (during well drilling the rock is
irradiated with fast neutrons and a record is
made of the gamma radiation excited as a
result of capture of thermal neutrons by the
rock, the characteristics of the radiation being
dependent upon rock composition).
The Exhibition shows specimens of geo-
physical instruments for uranium ore explora-
tion and radioactive logging instruments sup-
plied by the Soviet Union to many countries of
the world.
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Operation by means of a remote-controlled
manipulator in a "hot" cell
Wide application in our peaceful life of
atomic energy in its various manifestations re-
quires that special care be taken to protect the
health of people dealing with radioactive ma-
terials and radiations.
To prevent harmful effects of radioactive
materials on personnel, it is highly important
to avoid excessive radiations and radioactivity
concentrations in the given medium. The great
amount of experimental work carried out has
made it possible to determine maximum per-
missible external radiation doses, air and wa-
ter radioactivity standards and permissible
contamination of surfaces, equipment, work-
ing clothes and hands.
In addition a series of protective measures
have been developed for work with isotopes.
Set of pocket dose meters with
a charger
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These measures ensure protection from ex-
ternal penetrating radiation, and prevent
radioactive substances from getting inside the
body and on the skin of personnel. They
include special layouts and finishing of working
space and use of special equipment and tools.
When handling highly radioactive ma-
terials, so-called "hot" cells are employed in
which work is carried on with the aid of
remote manipulators. The operator is separat-
ed from the active material by a thick shielding
wall. Manipulators, these "extended arms" of
the operator, have been brought to such a
state of technical perfection that with their
help the operator can easily perform the
necessary work with various, at times very
small-sized laboratory tools.
Great importance is attached to means of
individual personnel protection (working clo-
Operation by means of a remote-controlled manipulator
in a "hot" cell
thes, special footwear, gloves, respirators,
pneumatic suits, aprons, oversleeves, semi-
robes, semi-overalls, etc.).
To protect the respiratory organs from
radioactive (lust and gases, use is made of
valveless anti-dust respirators and pneumatic
hoods, respectively.
When doing repair work under conditions
of considerable radioactive contamination of
the working rooms, special pneumatic suits are
A type " YL/l;j" remote-controlled signal measuring
set for checking the level of radioactivity in premises
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Safety clothing for work in premises with Work in pneumatic safety clothes
radioactive dust
Check of radioactive contamination
of hands
The monitoring of the radiation level and
immediate signalling in case the maximum
permissible level is exceeded are effected by
means of various stationary and mobile dosi-
metric apparatus provided with light and
sound signalling devices.
Protection control is implemented with the
aid of portable microroentgen meters. In-
dividual control of the dose received by the
worker is now attained by using personal
dosimeters Nshich are made as condenser type
double ionization chambers, and "fountain-
pen" electrometers with individual counting.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
ACHIEVEMENTS OF SOVIET SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
IN PEACEFUL USES OF ATOMIC ENERGY ARE AVAILABLE
FOR ALL
The Soviet Union persistantly advocates
the principle that the only reasonable uses of
atomic energy are those pursuing peaceful
objectives.
That is why the Soviet Union makes no
secret of her work in this field, and, moreover,
carries it out on the basis of international
cooperation of scientists of various countries.
She readily shares her experience and willingly
and disinterestedly renders aid to countries
which turn to her for assistance.
The Joint Nuclear Research Institute (the town of Dubna, Moscow Region).
The building of the world's largest 10- Bev proton synchrotron
cyclotron
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
The Soviet Union has supplied a number
of states with nuclear reactors, particle ac-
celerators, and various other equipment. ne-
cessary for research work in the field of
nuclear physics.
Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, the Demo-
cratic Republic of Viet-Nam, the German
Democratic Republic, China, the Korean
People's Democratic Republic. the Mongolian
People's Republic. Poland, Rumania, the
Soviet Union and Czechoslovakia. have united
on an equal footing and set up a Joint Nuclear
Research Institute in the town of Dubna,
Moscow region, for cooperation in scientific
research.
The Soviet Union has handed over to this
Institute free of charge two world's largest
accelerators, a 680 Mev synchrocyclotron and
a 10 Bev proton synchrotron. There. can be
no doubt that such concerted team work where
each can use his abilities and talent for the
common welfare, will be of great benefit. The
doors of this Institute are wide open for
scientists of all countries.
The Soviet Union is a member of the
International Atomic Energy Agency under
the auspices of the UNO and actively parti-
cipates in its work.
A large quantity of diverse preparations
containing radioactive and stable isotopes are
exported by the Soviet Union to other
countries. Shipments of equipment and iso-
topes are made without any restrictions or
special conditions.
The Soviet Union exchanges and publishes
on an ever wider scale ample information in
the sphere of peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Finally, the Soviet Union is carrying on
intensive science popularization work, arrang-
ing exhibitions in many countries of the world
which vividly display the possibilities and ad-
vantages of the introduction of nuclear en-
gineering into various branches of economics,
science, engineering. and medicine.
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 1 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16_
C1A-R DP80T00246A045100330001-4
1 ? ? ? .
? ?
AAA
1 ?
~IH[ MIEYfflIP
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CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
pH-METP
fipH6op pH-MeTp npeJjHa3HaLIeH IJIA H3MepeHHA H
pery.IHpOBaHHH KOHL eHTpaLHH BO,,OpO,r Hb1X HOHOB
npH fOMOHjH TOJICTOCTeHI3blx CTeKJIHHHb]X 3J1eKTpOJjOB.
DTHM npH6opoM MO}KHO H3MepATb BeJIH'IHHbl pH pac-
TBOpOB, HaXOJIAHj4XCA B 3a3eMJleHHbIx McTaJ]JIHL1eCKHX
6axax.
? B KOHCTpyKuHH cTeKJ151H1JOro 3J1eKTPOja npe;--
ycMOTpeno yBeJIHT3eHHe HaJje?KHOCTH H30JIRUHH McCTa
COeAHHeHHH 3JJeKTpoJja C BbICOKOT-IaCTOTHb]M Ka6enIeM,
CB513b1BalOnjHM 3JIeKTpo,lj Co BTOpH1-IHb1M npH6opoM.
? OTJIHTIHTeJlbI-I013 oco6eHHocTblo BTOpHzlnoro np13-
t6opa pH-MeTpa HBJ1HeTCH cxema BKJIIOqeHHA O6oJ1O KH
Ka6e.IS1, HIyujero OT CTeKJIHHHoro 3J1eKTpo,i(a K BJIeK-
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I1aJ eBKHOCTb npH6opa.
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-3JIeKTPOHHOro noTenuHOmeTpa THna 3HIZ[.
? IIHTaHHe npH6opa ocyIjeCTB.JIHeTCA OT ceTH nepe-
-meHHOrO TOKa Hanpa?KeHHeM 220 6 (C KoJIe6aHHeM OT
TIJIIOC 10 go MHIIYC 15%).
? IlorpeulHOCTb m o6BaCTb H3MepeHHA pH onpeAe-
.JIHeTCH Ka1eCTBOM H xapaKTepJJCTHKOI1 HcnoJJb3yeMblx
CCTexJIHHHbIX aJ]exTpojOB.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
F MOCKOBCKI'DI OPAEHA AEHYIHA
ABLIAL[YIOHHbI4 HHCTHTYT
HM. CEPrO OPA>KOHHKHA3E
JJIEMEHTbI
DJIEIITPOABTOHATHKH
H PACIETA CAHOJIETHbIX
JJIEKTPIgECIIIIX CHCTEH
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
MHHHCTEPCTBO BbICWEr'O OBPA3OBAHHA CCCP
MOCKOBCKHII OPAEHA JIEHHHA
ABHAUHOHHI HHCT14TYT
HMeHH CEPrO OPA)KOHHKHA3E
3JIEMEHTbI
3JIEKTPOABTOMATHKH
H PAC'-ZETA CAMOJIETHbIX
9JIEKTPII4ECKHX CHCTEM
C60pHHx cTaTeA noA pegaxuHer'c
AowT. TexH. Hayx npocpeccopa T. H. Amaeexoea
TPY,gbI HHCTHTYTA
TOCY,aAPCTBEHHOE
H3AATEJIbCTBO OBOPOHHO) fPOMbIWJIEHHOCTH
MocKaa. 1957
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
C60pHHK COCTOHT H3 CTaTeF%, nOCBHnjeHHbIX McTOAaM pacqeTa
3aeMeHTOB 3a eKTpOaBTOMaTIi-KH (ApocceJIH HaCblMeHHH, CTa6HQIH3a-
Topbl, yCHJIHTeAIH, 3aeKTpoMarHHTbI, H3MepHTPAbHbie MOCTbl), npeA-
Ha3HaneHHbiX Aa31 npHMeHeHH$l "B Ha3eMHbNX 14 caMOaeTHbIX yca0-
BMHX, a TaK)Ke HeKOTOpbiM sonpocaM pacuera Tpex4)a3HbIX 3aeK-
TpH9eCKHX CHCTeM Ha caMOaeTe.
3aB. peAaKUHell HH*; E. B. JIaTbLHUK
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
fIPE,L HCJIOBHE
B Hacrosi ijgM C6opHHKe Co,IjepB aTCHi cTa' aWmi eHHble TeopHH
H pacgeTy HeKOTopblx 3JIeMeHTOB 3JIeKTpoaBTOM fecIufx yCTTOriCTB, a
Taxx(e BOIIpOCaV, CBH3aHHNM C npHMeHeHHe,c Tp"aa roro TOKa Ha ca-
MOJIeTax. MaTepHa.lIOM yKa3aHHbix cTaTefi HBa`ini HaygHO-mcCJIeAoBa-
Te.IbCKHe pa6arj#, BbInQJIHeHHble B 1955 r. Ha Ka(peApe , 1948, N9 5.
3. T e p e H T b e B B. H., 3JIeKTponHlraHHe paAHOyCTpOACTB, IOC. H3A. JIHTepaTypbl
nO BOHPOCaM CBH3H H, paAHo, 1948.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Kax1I, Texx, Hayx A. K. TEP-AKOIIOB
OfITHMAJIbHAA HHAYKTHBHOCTb K MHHHMAJIbHOE
BPEMA CPABATbIBAHWI 9JIEKTPOMArHHTOB
^OCTOAHHOrO TOKA
PacggeT 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa Ha MHHHMajIbHOe BpeMH cpa6aTbIBaH'HA
HMeeT 6oJlbuioe npaKTMgeCKoe 3HageHHe. rlpo6JIeMa Co3AaHHR 6bICTpO-
,IjeHCTByK)IIjHX 3JIeKTpoMarHHTOB B KageCTBe Ba)KHbIX HCHOJIHHTeJIbHbIX
MexaHH3MOB npeACTaBJIReT HHTepeC AJIR aBHaUHOHHbIX aBTOMaTHgeCKHX
yCTpoi cTB (aBTOnHJIoTbI,peryil5ITOpb! ABHraTejlefI, 3JIeKTpoMexaHHTIeCKHe
yCTaHOBKH), a TaK)Ke Aim MHOrHX ApyrHX oTpac.leH TeXHHKH.
HeCMOTpsI Ha 60JIb1UOe padnpOCTpaHeHBe H OTBeTCTBeHHOCTh 6bICTpO
,IIeH'CTBy1oLgHX 3JIeKTpOMarHHTOB, B HacTosiaLee BpeMSI HeT KaKHX-JI1460
KOHKpeTHbIX peKOMeH,i[agHH nO Bbl6opy OrITHMaJIbHbIX napaMeTpOB
3JIeKTpoMarHHTOB AJIR nOJIygeHHH MHHHMaJIbHorO BpeMeHH cpa6aTblBa-
HH31. BoJree Toro, npH pac eTe 6bICTpoAeHcTByK)HjHx 3JIeKTpoMarH'HTOB
4IacTO HCXOART H3 OLUH6OTIHbIX HCXOAHbIX 'f0JiO)KeHMH.
HacTORH1;,ag CTaTBH HOCBHHLeHa BbIRBJIeHHIO OHTHMaJIbHbIX COOTHOIIIe-
HHH, 06ecne4HBa1oa HX MHHHMaJIbHoe BpeMSI cpa6aTbIBaHHH 3JIeKTpoMar-
HHTa.
3a.z aqa pacqe'Ta 6brcTpogefIcrByloulero 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa, B CyHjHO-
CTH, CBOA'HTCR K OnpeAeJIeHHIO MHHHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH cpa6aTbIBaHHM
nPH 3aAaHHbIX 3HaqeHHRX IIOTpe6JIReMOH MOIILHOCTH H3 CeTH H npOH3BO-
AHMOH nOJIe3HOH pa60TbI. PerrreHHe 3TOH 3aAagH B.o61IjeM BHAe AOJI)KHO
6bITb npOH3BeAeHo 6e3OTHOCHTeJIbHO K KOHKpeTHOH KOHCTPYKILHH 3JIeK-
TpoMarHHTa, TO He r103BOJIReT yiieCTb pHA BTOpocTeneHHbIX (paKTOpOB.
TaK, HanpHMep, 'IIpH HeH3BeCTHOH KOHCTPYKILH'H 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa HeJIb3H
yqeCTb rIOTOKH pacce5HHR H BbinygHBaHHR, HacbIlgeHHe CTaJIH, BHXpeBble
TOKH H T. A.
flOCTaBJleHHa5 3aAaga B o6I1 eM BHAe pemaJiaCb npH CJIeAy!oIgHX AQ-
nylgeHHRX:
1) IIOTOKH pacce5HIlR H BbinyZIHBaHHR OTCYTCTByIOT;
2) MarHHTHOe COnPOTHBJIeHHe rJIaBHoro pa6ogero 3a3opa npon pg io-
HaJIbHo ero AJIHHe;
3) MarHHTHaR CHCTeMa He HaCbIIILeHa;
4) OTCYTCTByIOT BHxpeBble TOKH H noTepH Ha rHcTepe3HC.
flpH H3BeCTHOH KOHCTPYKUHH 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa 6oJIbIUHHCTBO H3 3THX
AonyIgeHHK MO)KHO yqeCTb, a Ax5i 6bTCTpoAeHCTBYIOHjkrX 3JIeKTpoMarHH-
TOB OHM B 3HagHTeJlbHOH CTeneHH cooTBeTCTByIOT 1LeIICTBHTeJIbHOC-TH.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO45100330001-4
aHHaMHKa 9JIeKTpOMarHHTOB npH 3THX AonymeHHHX nOJIHOCTbIO Onpe-
geJISIeTCSI CJIeAy}OII(HMH BeJIHXIHHaMH:
U - npHJio)KeHHOe HanpBM{eHHe ceTH;
R - aKTHBHOe COnpOTHBJIeHHe KaTyUIKH 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa;
P,- npOTHBOAeHCTByIOHjaH CHJia;
SO- HagaJIbHbIH 3a3op;
W - qHCJIO BHTKOB KaTyU1KH 3JIeKTp0MarHHTa;
S - nJ1ouJaAb cegeHHSI HKOpH 9JIeKTpOMarHHTa;
m - Macca HKOpH H ApyrHX rIOABH)KHbIX qacTeH.
Ha3oBeM 3TH BeJIHLIHHbI OCKO8HbiAtu napaMeTpaMu, onepHpysl KOTO-
pbIMH, MWKHO,paCCMOTpeTb BOnpOCbl AHHaMHKH 6e3yLIeTa BTOpOCTeHeH-
HbIX (f aKTOpoB, CB.93aHHbIX C KOHKpeTHOH KOHCTpYKuHeI3 3JIeKTpOMar-
HHTa.
B O61UeM cjlyqae AHHaMHKa BJieKTp0MarHHTOB, KaK H3BecTHO, Xa-
paKTepH3yeTCH CJIeayIOHIHM'H ABYMH ypaBHeHHHMH:
U=iR+ dt ;
d2x
a_m-
P- l
+Pc x dx
dta da l
(1)
(2)
rue x - IVTb
P~ CHJIa
nDOXOAHMbIH HKOpeM 9JIeKTpoMarHHTa;
npOTHBOAeICTBHSI, 3aBHCSIUja5i B o6uleM cjiyqae KaK OT
'nOJIO)KeHHf 3IKOp5I, TaK H OT ero CKOpoCTH;
P9 TSIrOBafi CHJIa 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa.
C ygeTOM nPHHSITbIX AonymeHHH 9TH ypaBHeHHSI nocJte pHAa npeo6-
pa3oBaHHH MO)KHO npeACTaBHTb B CJIeAy1oll eM BHAe:
U=iR+L di +i a ddx;
(3)
=md?x+Pc,
P
(4)
B
dal
rAe HHAYKTHBHOCTb BJIeKTpoMarHHTa
L = ?a w2,
(5)
.i, x, 8, L, P9 Texyuuie 3HalieHHSi BeJIHLIIHH, COOTBeTCTBY1OII.I,HX onpeAe-
JIeHHOMy MOMeHTY BpeMeHH B npouecce ABH)xeHHH SIKOpH.
npH 3TOM (4OpMyJIy TSIFOBOH CHJIbI 9JIeKTp0MarHHTa 1
P9= - 2 i2 d8 (6)
BecbMa Ba)KHO npeACTaBHTh B TaKOM BHAe:
Pe=2irL
1 IlpsnHHTa a6coniOTHasi npaKTHUecKaH paUHORaJIH3OBaHHaS cacTeMa.
(7)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
YpaBHeHHH (3) H (4) XapaKTepH3yIOT npoflecC KaK -BO BpeMSf ,$BH
?KeHHSI AKOpH, TaK H AO ero TporaHHH. B noc.ieAHeM cjiyqae 9TH ypaB-
HeHHSI nPHMYT BHA
U = iR -}- L0 dii ,
2 L2 aO C PC,
0
rAe"L0- HHAYKTHBHOCTb npH HagiaJIbHOM 3a3ope.
B MOMeHT TpOraHHSI HKOpH, o eBHAHO, TOK paBeH
20ap
L
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0
(10)
copMyJIa (7) nOKa3brBaeT, WO TSIrOBasl cHJIa 9JIeKTpoMarHHTa npH Hpo,
HHX paBHbIX yCJIOBHSiX HponopI(HOHaJIbHa HHAyKTHBHOCTH. CJIeAOBaTe,mb-
HO, c yBeJIHYeHHeM HHAYKTHBHOCTH iPH nOCTOHHHOH npOTHBOAeiCTBYIO-
a1efi CHJIe [CM. ypaBHeHHe (4)] cooTBeTCTBeHHO yBeJIHIIHBaeTCH C)KHBaHI
CHJIa>, T. e. yMeHbnIaeTCH BpeMs cpa6aTbIBaHHH. C Apyrofi CTOpOHbI,
yBe.IHgIeHHe IHH'AyKTHBHOCTH, KaK H3BeCTHO, BeAeT K yMeHbIneHHIO BeJIH-
zIHHbI TOKa B Ka3KAbIH AaHHblfi MOMeHT BpeMeHH. YMeHbLHeHHe TOKa 3Ke
COOTBeTCTBeHHO BeAeT K yMeHbineHHIO TSIrOBOfi CHJIbI 9JIeKTpoMarHHTa,
T. e. K yBeJIHxieHHIO BpeMeHH cpa6aTbIBaHHSI.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, inpHXOAHM K Ba}KHOMY BbIBOAY, LITO CyHgeCTBYeT
HeKOTOpasI onTUMaJIbUaR UH(9yICTU8HOCTb, KOTOpag o6ecnegHBaeT MUHU-
xaAbHOC BpeMR cpa6aTbi8aHUR.
K 9TOMY )Ke BbIBOAy MO]KHO npHHTH H ApyrHM 'nyTeM. YpaBHeHHe (10)
noKa3bIBaeT, XITO C yMeHbIIIeHHeM HHAYKTHBHOCTH TOK TporaHHSI yBeJIH-
4HBaeTCH. IIOJIO}KHM, LITO HHAyKTHBHOCTh yMeHbIHeHa A0 TaKOfi BeJIH'iH-
HbI, npH KOTOPOfi TOK TporaHHH CTaHOBHTCH paBHbIM ycTaHOBHBIneMycH
3Ha'IeHHIO. IIpH 9TOM, KOHe'IHO, 9JIeKTp0MarHHT He Cpa6aTbIBaeT, H60
TSITOBas CHJia erO He npeBblIHaeT npOTHBOAefiCTByiou efi CHJIbI, a paBHa
efi, T. e. 3JIeKTpoMarHHT HaXoAHTCS1 THa npedeiie CBOUX 803MOMHOCTetb.
Pe)KHM 9TOT XapaKTepH3yeTCSI paBeHCTBOM
P` 2 ly a , (11)
rAe Ii- yCTaHOBHBIHHfiCs TOK.
3TOMY pe}KHMy COOTBeTCTByeT onpeAeJleHHasI MUHUMaIIbfaR UHaYK-
TUBHOCTb
Lmin = 2~
0 12 (12)
Y
rlpH 9TOfi HHAyKTHBHOCTH 9JIeKTpOMarHHT He cpa60TaeT (BpeMSt cpa-
6aTbIBaHHSI tcp =oo) .
3JIeKTpOMarHHT HaLIHHaeT pa6OTaTb IIpH MaJIeFiweM YBeJIH'eHHH 9TOl1
HHAyKTHBHOCTH. ;aim Jno5oro IcoHe'Inoro 3HaifeHHH HHAyKTHBHOCTH BpeMA
cpa6aTbIBaHHH, ogeBHAHo, 6yaeT HMeTb KOHe'IHOe 3HaqeHHe.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
,aim c.lyti.ax
6yAeM HMeTb
Lo=oo
3r0 BHAHO H3 ypaBHeHHSI (8); npH 6eCKOHetrHOI3 HHAYKTHBHOCTH
BnOJIHe MO}KHO npeHe6peTib aKTHBHbIM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM 13 TOrJ1a
U
l=L t.
(13)
CJIeJ(oBaTeJ1bHo, Th) f mo60ro KOHegHOrO npoMe}KyTKa BpeMeHH TOK
paseH HyJIIO, T. e. paBHa HyJIIO H TSIroBaH cHJIa 9JIeKTpoMarHHTa.
I'ITaK, B q)yHKI[HH
tcp=f(Lo)
npeAeJlbHbie 3Hat1eH11H apryMeHTa Lo o6paIuaIOT 3Ty 4)yHK1HIO B 6eCKO-
HetIHOCTb. ECTeCTBeHHO npeAHOJIO}KHTb, ti TO (pYHKUHSI 'npOXOAHT tiepe3
HeKOTOpde MHHHMaJIbHoe 3HaieHHe. I'IHj[yKTHBHOCTb, npH KoTOpoH BpeMS1
Cpa6aTbIBaHHSI HMeeT MHHHMaJIbHOe 3HatieHHe, Ha3oBeM onTUMaJzbHOu.
,UJIH OHTHMajIbHOro 3HatieHHH HHAyKTHBHOCTH HatiaJIbHbII%I 3a30p
BJIeKTp0MarHHTa npeAnoJIaraeM 3aaaHHbIM H BnOJIHe onpeAeJ1eHHbIM.
CJIeaOBaTeJIbHo, nojiytiaeM OHTHMaJIbHble 3HatieHHSi n.IoHjaAH cetieHHSI
HmOpH H tiHcjia BMTKOB KaTyIIIKH i[CM. (40pMyJIy (5)]. B CaMOM Aejie, H3
BceX BeJIHtlHH, BXOARHZHX B HCXOAHbie ypaBHeHHSi AHHaMHKH (3 H 4),
TOJIbKO ABe BeJIHtiHHbI - TSir0Ba1I CHaa 3JIeKTpoMaFHIITa H HHAyKTHB-
HOCTb - BKJIIOLIaIOT B ce6s1 qHCJIO BHTKOB H cetieHHe SIKOp11.
B (cOpMyJIy T5IFOBOI3 CHJIbI (7) H B Bbipa}KeHHe HHAyKTHBHOCT'H (5)
BXOA51T KBaApaT tIHcJIa BHTKOB H nepBaH CTeHeHb cetieHHSI SiKOpST.
IIpH YCJIOBHH, tITO 3a3Op 51BJIHeTC5I 3aAaHHOH BeJIH1IHHOI3 MO}KHO nOJIb-
30BaTbCH y}Ke H3BeCTHbIM nOH5ITHeM HHAYKTHBHOCTH H HCKaTb ee onTH-
MaJIbHOe 3HatieHHe.
I'I3BeCTHO, tITO BpeMSi Cpa6aTbIBaHH51 COCTOHT H3 BpeMeHH TpOraHHSI
H BpeMeHH RBH}KeHHH
tep= tTp+tAE?
(14)
Hali,eM OnTHMaJIbHoe 3HatieHHe HHAyKTHBHOCTH AJISI MHHHMaJIbHOrO
BpeMeHH TporaHH51, T. e. BpeMeHH C MOMeHTa npHJIO}KeHH51 HanpST}KeHH5i
K O6MOTKe 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa Ao MOMeHTa TpOraHHH 5IKOp1I.
143 ypaBHeHHSI (8) iierKo MO}KHO BbIBeCTH H3BeCTHyIO ()OPMYJIY Bpe-
McHH TpOraHHH
tTp= In 1''
Ty iTp
(15)
I-IyCTb 3aAaHbl:
1) nOTpe6JIIeMa5l MOIUHOCTb H3 CeTH UI,;
2) nooe3Ha51 pa6oTa, npOH3BoAHMaH 3JIeKTpoMarHHTOM, P.so;
3) Hanp$I)K HHe CeTH U.
Tpe6yeTCH onpeJ CJIHTh OnTHMaJIbHbie YCJIOBH5I Aim nanytieHHSI MH-
HHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH TporaHHR.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
I1oAcTaBHM B ypasHeHHe (15) sxagerHe TOKa Tporann (10) :
tTp = O In !Y
jY 2P,80
Lo
(16)
B nocjieAHeM ypaBHeHHH Bce BeJIHTIHHbI, 3a HcxinoTIeHHeM HHAYKTHB-
HOCTH, 51BJI5IIOTC51 3agaHHbIMH. 143 3TOH ())OPMYJIbI BHAHO, LITO C yBeJlH'e-
HHeM HHAYKTHBHOCTH BpeMSi TpOraHHSI, C OAHOfi CTOpOHbI, yseirHTIHBaeTCH
3a C'IeT yBeJIHTIeHHSI IIOCTOSIHHOfl BpeMeHH, a C ,Ijpyrof ,- yMeHbinaeTCH
3a C'IeT yMeHbineHHH TOKa TporaHHH; npH yMeHbineHHH HHAYKTHBHOCTH
npOHCXOJIHT o6paTHOe slBJIeHHe. 3Ha'IHT, Aei3CTBHTeJlbHO, M02KHO HCKaTm
OnTHMaJIbHyIO HHAYKTHBHOCTb.
B COOTBeTCTBHH C BbIpa}KeHHeM (12)
HOCTH nOJIy'IHM
00.
IIpH Lo 82 = oo nOJIy'aeTCn HeOnpe[eJIeHHOCTb BHga
t,a= 00 .0.
Pacxpbisasl Heonpe,gejlenxoCTb no npaBHJIy JIOIIHTaJIsI, npHXO,IjHM K
paHee noJly'IeHHOMy pe3yJlbTaTy
1 im tTP =11m (YTP780 ) _
L> - L-> - U VL -00.
AJHI HaXO)KAeHHR OfTHMaJIbHOH HHAYKTHBHOCTH B03bMeM nepsyio
nPOH3BO,i[HyIO OT BpeMeHH TporaHHSI (16) HO HHAYKTHBHOCTH H npHpaB-
HHeM ee HyJIIO. OnycxasI Bce npoMe3KyTOgHbie onepaL HH, HanHlneM no-
.iytieHHOe B HTore BbIpa}KeHHe OHTHMaJIbHOH HHjjyKTHBHOCTH:
OnT 3,92PP80
LTp = I2
Y
(17)
. CpaBHHBasI 9T0 BbIpa}KeHHe c BbIpa3KenneM (12), HeTPYJLHO 3aMe-
"I'HTb, 'ITO:
LTpT z 2~mtn. (18)
ECJIH nOACTaBHTb BbIpa}KeHHe OHTHMaJIbHOI{ HHAYKTHBHOCTH (17)
B (POPMYJIY (16), TO HOJlygHM HCKOMyI0 4)OPMYJIy MHHHMaJlbHOrO Bpe-
McHH TporaHHSI:
tmtn 4,02PP80 _ 4,92P 0
Tp IYR U4,
rae P,, BbIpa}KeHa B HblOTOHax, &O- B McTpax.
(19)
(DopMy is (19) noKa3bIBaeT, LITO MHHHMaJIbHOe BpeMsi TporaHHSi 3a-
BHCHT OT nOABOAHMOH MOHI,HOCTH H3 CeTH H npOH3BoAHMOFi 9JIeKTpOMar-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
HHTOM nOJie3HOri pa6oTbl. aim npaKTHqeCKHX pactieTOB 9TY (popMyJIY
y,z o6Hee npeAcTaBHTh B cJleAyIOlueM BHAe:
t pn _ 0,483Pbo 0,5Pcbo
Uly Uly ' %--'
rje P, BbipaxceHa B rcF, 8o - B cM.
Heo6xoAHMO OTMeTHTb, tiTO npH H3BeCTHO2 KOHCTpyKIIHH 3JIeKTpO-
MarHHTa MO)KHO HacITH OnTHMaJIbHylo HHAYKTHBHOCTh H MHHHMaJIbHOe
BpeMSi TporaHHH C ytIeTOM HOTOKOB pacce$IHHSI, BbInYtlHBaHHSI H Mar-
HHTHOrO COnpoTHBJIeHHSI JIIO6bIX napa3HTHbIX 3a30pOB. aJISi 3roro Heo6-
XOAHMO paCCtIHTaTb MarHHTHyIO Uenb npH HatlaJlbHOM 3a3ope 9JIeKTpO-
MarHHTa, HafITH Heo6XOAHMble K09cIX HI[HeHTbI, ytiHTbIBa1OIIUHe Bce nepe-
gHCJIeHHble (paKTOpbl, H BBeCTH HX B HCXOAHOe ypasxeHHe BpeMeHH
TporaHHSI (16). 3aTeM allaJlOrHgHbIM o6pa3OM MO)KHO HarITH Bblpa}KeHHH'
OnTHMaJIbHOri HHAYKTHBHOCTH H MHHHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH TpOraHHSI.
ECJIH B 3JIeKTpoMarHHTe HMeeTCSI HeMarHHTHasi npOKJIaAKa, T. e. Ha-
tiaJIbHbIcI B03AyuIHbIH 3a3Op 6ooiee pa60qero xoAa SIKOpH, TO B (JopMyJIax
(17) H (19) AoJnKeH (pHrypHpOBaTb HatlaJIbHbIrl 3a30p.
B npaKTHKe MoryT BCTpetiaTbCSi CJlytiaH, Koraa npOTHBoaefICTByIOmaA'
CHJIB B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT xoAa SIKOpcI H3MeH5IeTCH no CaMbIM pa3Hoo6pa3-
HbIM 3aKOHaM. B 3THX CJlytlaHX B (i)OpMyJIbI (17) H (19) CJIeAyeT nOACTaB-
JISITb HaTiaJlbHble 3HatieHHH npoTHBoAeKCTByIOiuefi CHJIbI; B nocJIeAHefr
MO)KHO ytieCTb TaKxce H CHJIbI TpeHHSI fOKOH.
ECJIH HMeeTCS1 onpeAeJleHHasi KOHCTPYKUH51 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa H 3aAa-
Ha nJIOU a.Ilb ceiieHHSI HKOISI, TO H3 Bblpa)KeHHH (5) H (17) JIerKO HariTH'
OIITHMaJIbHoe tiHCJIO BHTKOB AJISi MHHHMaJlbHorO BpeMeHH TpOraHHSI. TaK,
AJIH 3JIeKTp0MarHHT'a C OAHHM pa6otLHM 3a3OpOM Bblpa}KeHHe AJIH onTH-
MaJIbHOro tIHCJIa BHTKOB npe)ICTaBHTCSf B CJIeayK)IueM BHAe:
wonT =1, 98a~
TP
Y
Los
(21)
BBeAeHHeM COOTBeTCTByIOMHX pactieTHbIX KO944HUHeHTOB 3AeCb TaK%e
MO}KHO YtIeCTb UOTOKH paCCe5IHHH H Bbiny'IHBaHHSI.
ECJIH nOACTaBHTh BbIpa)KeHHe onTHMaJIbHOfI HHAYKTHBHOCTH (17) &
(4OpMYJly TOKa TporaHHSI (10), TO nOJIy'.IHM
i,,=0,7141,. (22)
3TO 03HatiaeT, 14TO npH npaBHJIbHO n0AO6paHHOM 3HageHHH OATH
MaJIbHOH HHAYKTHBHOCTH AJIH MHHHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH TpOraHH$1 TOK
TpOraHHSi AOJI)KeH COCTaBJIHTb 7110/o OT jCTaHOBHBIUeroCSI TOKa.
TSiroByiO CHJIy, pa3BHBaeMYIO BJIeKTpOMarHHTOM npH HatiaJIbHOM 3a-
3ope H npH TOKe, paBHOM yCTaHOBHBIneMyCH 3HatieHHIO, Ha30BeM MaICCU-
MaAbKOIl TR2060i1 cUJiOCI BJIeKTpoMarHHTa:
pnax = 1 12 Lo
9 2 Y S
0
(23)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
EcJIw rroACTaBHM-,& 3TO BblpaxceHHe 3HageHHe onTHMaJIbHOH HHAyKTHB-
HOCTH (17), TO IIOJIYqHM
1,96Pc (24)
T. e. B 011THMaJIbHOM pe}KHMe npOTHBoaefICTByIouiaH cHJIa nO1 TH BABOe
McHbIIIe MaKCHMaJIbHOH THTOBOH CHJIbI 3JimpoMarHHTa.
OnpeAe.IHB OIITHMaJIbHble COOTHOUIeHHH AJIA MHHHMaJIbHOTO BpeMeHH
TporaHHA, HeTpYAHO 3aMeTHTb, IITO noAo6Hbie COOTHOIIIeHHH MO}KHO nO-
JIy'IHTb H AJIA BpeMeHH ABH?KeHHH, eCJIH HMeTb aHaJIHTH'q&KyIO 3aBHCH-
MOCTb BpeMeHH ABH)KeHHH OT BCeX OCHOBHbIX napaMeTpoB. 3TH OIITH-
MaJIbHble COOTHOWIeHHH AJIA MHHHMaJIbHOrO BpeMeHH TporaHHH H ABH-
)KeHHH ABJISIIOTCH OCHOBOI1 AJI,$ pa3pa60TKH o6mHX McTOAOB pactieTa
6bICTpOAeI3CTBylomnX 3JIeKTpoMarHHTOB. HO Bce 3TH BOIIpOCbI BnOJIHe Ca-
MOCTOHTeJIbHbI H; Tpe6yIOT cnelI,HajnbHoro paccMOTpeHHH.
HaUIH BbIBOAbI O CyuieCTBOBaHHH OnTHMBJIbHO2 HHAyKTHBHOCTH, B
lqacTHocTH., OIITHMaJIbHOI'O 9HCJia BHTKOB [CM,. (21)], HO3BOJIHIOT yKa3aTb
Ha cJIeAylouJee Ba}KHOe 06CTOHTeJIbCTBO. IZOHATHe taMnep-BHTKH> HHKaK
He nO3BOJIHTeJIbHO npHMeHATb npH paCCMOTpeHHH BOIPOCOB AHHBMHKH
3JIeK'rpOMarHIHTa, TaK KaK CHJIa TOKa H tIHCJIO BHTKOB He BcerAa HrpaIOT
OAHHaKOByIO pOJIb. B CaMOM AeJIe, eCJIH C yse.nHqeHHeM ycTaHoBHBIIIe-
rOCA 3HageHHH TOKa BpeMA Cpa6aTbIBaHHA BcerAa yMeHbIIIaeTCA, TO C
yBeJIHgeHHeM 'IHCJIa BHTKOB 3a npeAeJ1bl OnTHMaJIbaoro 3HalqeHH51 BpeMA
Cpa6aTbIIBaHHA yBeJIHYHBaeTcH. 1-IOHHTHe KaMnep-BHTKH>> HMeeT CMbICJI
JIHIIIb npH paCCMOTpeHHH CTaTHxieCKHX TArOBbIIX XapaKTepHCTHK.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
KaHA. TexH. IxayK A. K. TEP-AKOI70B
AHAJIH3 METO)jOB PACqETA AHHAMHgECKHX
XAPAKTEPHCTHK 3JIEKTPOMAI'HHTHbIX MEXAHH3MOB
OBIILHE CBEAEHHB H 3AAAgH PABOTbI
rJIaBHbIM Ha3HageHHeM Jno6oro BJIeKTpOMarHHTHOrO MexaHH3Ma 5IB-
JIHeTCH C03AaHHe ABH}KeHIHH, n03TOMy fOJIHy1O XapaKTepnCTHKy ero MO-
ryT AaTb HMeHHO AHHaMHqeCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH. HaH6oilee Ba3KHOH B
npaKTHLIeCKOM OTHOLneHHH XapaKTepHCTHKOfI HBJ 5TeTCSI BpeMH ABH}KeHHSH
noABH)KHOro opraHa (siKOpx) 3JIeKTpOMarH14Ta. gJIH nOJIHOTO OnpeAeJie-
HMH AHHaMHgeCKoro pe}KHMa AOCTaTO'IHO HMeTb ABe 3aBHCHMOCTH:
i=f (t) H x=f(t),
me i - Tax B o6MOTKe 3JIeKTp0MarHHTa BO BpeMSI ABH}KeHHH ero SHKOpH;
x - tnyTm, npOXOAHMbII3 HKOpeM.
HO BTHM TaK Ha3bIBaeMbIM e.aa8nbzM (9UKaMUkecKUM xapaKTepUCTU-
Ka.m MO)KHO HaidTH JIIO6ble ApyrHe 3aB1IC14MOCTH, KaK, HanpHMep,
P9=f(t.) H ~=f(t)'
rAe P3 TSIrOBa}I CHJIa 3JIeKTpOMarHHTa BO BpeMSI ABH}KeHHi SIKOpsI;
- Texymee 3Ha'IeHHe noTOKOCuenJIeHHH.
PactieT RHHaMIHqeCKHX xapaKTepncTHK gBJIgeTCH HaH6OJIee Tpy4HOH
qaCTbIO o61uero pactleTa BCHKOro BJIeKTpoMarHHTa. OCHOBHaSI TpyIi$OCTb
3aKJiiogiaeTC51 B TOM, HTO B npouecce ABH}KeHHSI 5IKOp5I McHSieTCH MarHHT-
Has npOBO,IZHMOCTb Bo3AyHIHorO 3a3opa. 3'TO BeAeT K H3MeHeHHIO Mar-
HHTHOrO nOTOKa, 1O9TOMy, KpOMe 3,UC CaMOHHAYKUHH, nO51BJIHeTc I ewe
TaK Ha3bIBaeMax 3,UC RBH>KeHH5T. IIocJIeJW I, B CBOIO oxiepejlb, TaK}Ke
BeAeT K H3MeHeHHIO TOKa, OTCIOAa - K H3MeHeHHIO CHJIbI, pa3BHBaeMOx
BJIeKTp0MaFHHT0M. OT 3TOi CHJIbI, Co6CTBeHHO, 3aBHCHT 3aKOH RBH}KeHHH
HKOpH, T. e., B KOHe9HOM HTore, 3aKOH H3MeHeHHH MarHHTHOI%I npoBoAH-
MOCTH B03AyfHOTO 3a3Opa. 143 CKa3aHHOrO BHAHO, LITO 9JIeKTpH9eCKHe
npoueCCbl B O6MOTKe 9JIeKTpoMarHHTa HaXOAATCH B TeCHOI3 H CJIO}KHON
B3aHMOCB513H C MexaHHLIeCKHMH npOueccaMH, 06yCJIOBJIeHHbIMH ABHace-
HHeM SIKOpH.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
B o6LueM c.nyqae JI$HaMHKa 9JIeKTpoMarHHTOB xapaKTepx3yeTCH cJte-
Ayioul.HM,H AByMH ypaBHeHHSIMH:
U=IR+ d~ ;
P .=m d a +P' (x, X )
(1)
(2)
rAe R - conPOTHBJIeHHe KaTyIIIKH 9JIeKTpoMarHHTa;
m - Macca IIOABH}KHbIX gaCTei' BJIeKTp0MarHHTa;
Pd- cHJIa np(YfHBoJLeIicTBH.9, 3aBHCxuiax B o6uLeM cJly,Iae KaK OT
nOJIO)KeHHH HKOPSI, TaK H OT ero CKOPOCTH.
3TH ypaBHeHHH HeJIHHeItHble H TOtIHOe pelueHHe HX O6bIqHbIMH McTO-
AaMH He npeACTaBJIHeTCH BO3MO}KHbIM. ECJIH Aaxce npexe6peggb CHJIaMH
npOTHBO.LLeRCTBHH (Pa), He rOBOpH yxce 0 npeHe6pe}KeHHH TaKHMH BTO-
pocTeneHHbIMH (paKTopaMH, KaK pacce1HHe, HacbIHjeHHe CTaJIH, HBJIeHHe
rHCTepe3HCa, BHxpeBble TOKH H AP., TO BCe paBHO ypaBHeHHH 9TH He
noAAa1oTCH TOLIHOMy petueHHlo.
B CHJIy H3JIO KeHHOro BbIIIIe pa3JIimble aBTOPbI npeJ[JIaraIOT caMbie
pa3Hoo6pa3Hble McTOAbI pac eTa JLHHaMHgeCKHX XapaKTepHCTHK, OTJIH-
qaIOULHeCH J(pyr OT Jjpyra KaK IIOAXOAOM K pa3petueHHlo 3az alu, TaK
H npHHHTbIMH AOnyLLLeHHHMH. B 3aBHCHM(>CTH OT COOTBeTCTBHH AonylILe-
HHIi, rIPHHHTbIX B TOM HJLH HHOM McTOAe pac eTa, peaJlbHbIM YCJIOBHHM
pa60TbI 3JIeKTpoMarHHTa, pacgeTHble AaHHble MOryT HHorAa B ? 3HaHH-
TeJIbHOH CTeneHH OTJIHgaTbCH OT OnbITHbIX. TeM He McHee, 6OJIbIIIHHCTBOM
aBTOpOB He AaIOTCH KOHKpeTHble YCJIOBHH npHMeHeHHH npeAJlaraeMblx
HMH McTOJ;OB; HHOrz a 0 HeKOTOpbIX .I OnyLLLeHHHX BO06HLe He ynoMH-
HaeTCH. Bo.tee Toro, cyIILeCTByIOT McTOAbI pacgeTa, iKOTOpble HHKaK HeJIb-
3H peKOMeHAOBaTb AJIH npaKTHtieCKOrO HCHOJIb3OBaHHH.
OAHaKO B JIHTepaType nOqTH OTCYTCTByIOT KaKHe-JIH60 KpHTHtIeCKHe
3aMelqaHHH HO cyuleCTByIOULHM McTOA8M paCqeTa, HeT KOHKpeTHbIX yKa-
3aHHH Ha yCJIOBHH, nPH KOTOpbIX ILeJlecoo6pa3HO npHMeHeHHe Toro HJIH
HHOTO McTOAa. STO B 3HagHTeJIbHOIi CTeneHH 3aTpYAHHeT HX npaKTHge-
CKOe HCHOJIb30BaHHe.
B HaCTOHLLLei pa6(yre cAe.naHa nOnbuTKa npoaHaJIH3HpOBaTb cyIILe-
CTByIOL He MCTOAbI paCgeTa H OnpeAQJIHTb, nPH KaKHX yCJIOBHHX B03M0}K-
HO -npaKTH*IeCKoe HCIIOJIb3oBaHHe Ka}K.z oro H3 HHX. KpoMe Toro, era-
BHTCH 3aJLaga BbIHCHHTb, BO3MO>KH0 JIM aHaJIHTH9eCKOe onpeJLeJIeHHe
OIITHMaJIbHOIi HHAyKTHBHOCTH, cyLLLeCTBOBaHHe KOTOPOIi yCTaHOBJIeHO B
npeJLbIAyuLeIi CTaTbe, Ha OCHOBaHHH H3BeCTHbIX McTOAOB pac eTa BpeMe-
HH ABH)KeHHH HKOPH 9JIeKTpOMarHHTHbIX MexaHH3MOB.
KPATKHR OB3OP METOZ OB PACqETA, nPEAJIO)KEHHbJX
PA3JIHgHbIMH ABTOPAMH
HeCMOTpH Ha 6o.Ibmoe pa3Hoo6pa3He McToAoB pacqeTa AHHaMHgIe-
CKHX XapaKTepHCTHK, HX MOJKHO pa3AeJIHTb Ha ABe rpynnbI.
K nepBOli rpynne OTHeceM McTOAbI, no KOTOpbIM Becb upOILecc AHHa-
MHKH pa3AeJIHeTCSI Ha PHA yqaCTKOB; TaKoe pa3AeJIeHHe IIO3BOJIHeT Ha
4 1848 49
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
KaM , T. e. CKOPOCTb ABHMKeHHH BeCbMa
MaJIa. IIO3TOMy C AOCTaTO'HOH TOtIHOCTbIO MO)KHO CtlHTaTb BTOT K03(c-
(pHuHeHT HOCTOHHHbIM:
p = const.
C ytleTOM 3TOr0 Ko3()#uHeHTa, a TaKMKe aKTHBHOrO COnpOTHBJIeHHH
'o6MOTKH ypaBHeHHA npHMYT BHA
dD =A, (U-W); (27)
dt
`t2x=If2k2(D2 (28)
ate
i=kp (8o-x) (D. (29)
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Amp cnpaBeAnHBO 3aMegaeT, no
B CJIeAyK)nj,eM BHAe:
_ (0,4ni)2 dL
P. 8n dx '
WO AaCT BO3MO)KHOCTb 'HCHOJIb3OBaTb yxce nOCTpOeHHyiO KPHBYIO L=
=f (x), Heo6XOAHMyIO npH paCqeTe npnpau]eHHSI CHJIbI TOKa.
143 BCero CKa3aHHOrO BHAHO, LITO McTOAOM B. C. COTCKOBa TaK )Ke,
KaK H McTOAoM A. H. MOCKBHTHHa, y)j06H0 fOJIb3OBaTbCSI npu 6oiu,wux
3g3Opax U OTCYTCT8UU HaCbtu?eHufl CTaAU.
OTMeTHM, LITO H. H. IIeKKep, IIOJIb3y5ICb McTOAOM B. C. COTCKOBa,
HOCTPOHJI RHHaMHceCKHe xapaKTepHCTHKH 6poxesoro 3JIeKTp0MaFHHTa,
BIIOJIHe COBnamaIouuHe C 3KCnepiiMeHTOM 1.
H. E. JI bI C 0 B pa3peLnaer npo6JIeMy aHHaMHKH HaH6o.Iee cTporo.
McTojj 3TOT npHMeHHM BO Bcex cJiyga5IX: npH Jno6Oti CTeneHH HacblHje-
HHH CTaJIH, npH Jno60ii BeJIHqHHe BO3,aYIUHOrO 3a3Opa, npH CaMblx pa3-
HOO6pa3HbIX (l)OpMax nOJIIOCOB, npH JIIO6oM xapaKTepe MexaHHqeCKOIi
Harpy3KH H T. A. EAHHCTBeHHbIM AonynteHHeM B McToAe HBJIHeTCH npe-
He6pe)KeHHe BHXpeBbIMB TOKaMH. CJIeAyeT OTMeTHTb, 'iTO HU OOuH U3
U3BeCTHbtx McT0a08 packeTa allHaMutieCKUx xapalcTepucTulc He ytuTbi-
BaeT BuxpeBbtx TOICOB.
O6bIIqHO CgHTaIOT, tITO McToa H. E. TIblcoBa rpOMO3JLKHH, H6O Tpe-
6yeT 6OJIbuiorO q,ncjia rpacpHqecKHx nOCTpoeHHH H OCHOBaH Ha nocaie-
AoBaTeJIbHbIX npH6JUDKeHHHX. IIO 3TOMy HOBOAy c.IeJjyeT CAeJIaTb pHA
3aMegaHH9.
I H. H. He K K e p, rlpHMeHeHHe McTOAOB gHCJleHHoro HHTerpHposaKHA AJISI pac-
4eTa 1u HaMH4eCKHiX XapaKTepHCTHK BJIeKTpOMarHHTOB HOCTOSIHHoro TOKa, TpyJuJ MM,
BbIH:. VII, r3H, 1951.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
rpOMO3AKocTb rpa4JHtgeCKHX nOCTpo'eHHIl 3aKJIlotiaeTCH He B CaMOM
McTO,ae H. E. JIbIcoBa, a B noCTpoeHHH 3aBHCHMOCTeii ~ = f (L) . I43BeCT-
HO, tITO pacUeT MarHHTHOIi ueHH C yt1eTOM ConpoTHBJIeHHH CTaJIH H no-
TOKOB pacceSiHHSi B 06HIeM Billie BCTpetiaeT 6oJIbIIIHe 3aTpyAHeHHH H H3-
BeCTHb1e McTOAbI pactleia He OTJIHLIaIOTCH HH CTpor'ocmio, HH nPO'C'TOTOII
pactleTa. ECJIH }Ke npene6peraTb conpoTHBJlexneM CTajin, TO npH 3TOM
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McTOA H. E. JIbICOBa HMeeT eIue OAHO Ba)KHOe npeHMylueCTBO nepeA
TpeMH paCCMOTpeHHbIMH BbIH1e McTOAaMH, B KOTOpbIX npouecc pa36H-
BaeTCH no BpeMeHHbIM HHTepBaJlaM. 9CHO, tiro AJIH OnpeAeJIeHHSI gHcjia
HHTepBaJIOB H BeJIHtIHHbI Ka}KAOPO H3 HHX He06XOAHMO npeABapHTeJIbHO
XOTH 6b1 opHeHTHpOBOtiHO 3HaTb o61uee BpeM5I RBH>KeHH51. r1o McTOAy
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H. A. JIHBIIIHI( yKa3bIBaeT, TITO B Tex cJlyt;aBX, KorAa flpOHCXOAHT H3-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
McHeHHe TOKa, tB, gaCTHOCTH, IIpH? 3HagHTeJIbHbIx, cKOpocTRX noABHwHblx
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TpoMarHHTa (HanpHMep,,TOKOBble,pe.ne). I?Ips ABH}KeHHH SIKOp$,BeJIII?gl1Ha5 5 1848
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
TOKa sce BpeMSI oCTaeTCSI HeH3MeHHOli H npaKTHqeCKH onpeaeJIHeTCH
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C TaKHM ,ILOnyLILeHHeM, KOHetIHO, HeJIb35I cor.IacHTbcH. Ecim Aaxte
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HHH HeTpYJLHO 3aMeTHTb B HHX npOTHBOpet1HH.
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KOrAa OTCyTCTByIOT npOTHBOJLeiCTByIOLuHe CHJIbI. TIpH 3TOM, ojLHa!KO, Bpe-
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BaJI 3THX (laKTOpOB. ECJIH CpaBHHM McTOAb1 $Tcce H A. H. MOCKBHTHHa,
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
TO yBHAHM, tiTO, nOMHMO 9THX (~aKTOpOB, y Rcce 3HatlHTeJIbHO 60JIbIIIe
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06MOTKH H 'CHJIbI npcTHBOAeiCTBHSi. XOTSI H aKTHBHoe COnpO'FHBJIeHHe B
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TO'HOCTbIO, HO OHO HeHOCpeACTBeHHO He 4)HrypHpyeT B nOJIy'eHHbIX aBTO-
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
s
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
(DHr. 5. npHHUHnHanbHasI cxeMa CL-TM C a3onxposaHHoA
xeiTpanbIo (o6pbls 4)a3bt y rexeparopa).
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HO Ha 4is. 5.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Zrr
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(DHr. 7. KoMnneKcxa1 cxeMa 3aMeiueHH$i ceTH, H3o6pa)KeuHoft Ha 4Hr. 5,
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2 3
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pHH m?lo Anq CCTH C H3OnHpOBaHHO1.1 He13Tpanb1O
(o6pbMB 4a3b1 y reHepaTOpa).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
HJIH, o603HagIHB Kr=Z,r H n0Jlaras
Zir
Z1r=lOZ2r; Z1H=Z2H H b= Z1H
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BeAeHHe nOBepolqHbIX paCtieTOB, y'IHTbIBa1OILLHX AefIcTBHTeJIbHble c0npo
THBJIeHHH rexepaTopoB ceTH H Harpy3KH.
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a AJIH BTOporo 410/0 (CM. 4)Hr. 8), oTKy,Ija cJleAyeT, tITO npH npHHHTbIX:
(YrHOIIIeHHHX C01IP0THBJIeHHIi, HeCHMMeTpHH He npeBbILnaeT ,Z OnyCTHMbIX,
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AOBaTeJlbHOCTH, Aim CXeMbI, npHBeAeHHOI3 Ha 4)Hr. 9, nOJIyqHM
MO := _ ZIH
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CHMMeTPHH M02KH0 rlOJIyqHTb H3 CJIeAyIOIuero ypaBHeHHH:
/Z ZoH )] IIHZ1r ='OH [ZOM + Zor l or +1
11 + 1 r ZIr +ZIr)
\
hIHZIr - 'Ir (ZIr+ZIr) Z;r
zl[ZOH+Zpr; ZoH+111
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
H
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h)
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1, ZIT f
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CeTH C 3a3eMJIeHHOFi HeIITp8JIbIo (O6pblB 4)a3bl y IIOTpe6HTeJDI).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
a)
Z1r,
"1H
Z2r
Z2H
r-MnN----i
cHr. 10. IIpHHIHnna,nbnaH (a) H IxoMnJleKcHaH (6) cxeMbi 3aMe-
IIieHH,H cerH c 3a3eMJIeHHOH HeiiTpanbio (o6pbts 4a3b1 y reHepa-
Topa).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
TaK KaK B 3TOM cjiyqae KO34 4 HaHeHT HeCHMMeTPHH 3aBHCHT OT
MHorHX rlapaMeTpOB, TO rpa(rHTIeCKOe npeJiCTaBJIeHHe noJIyqaeTCSi 6o iee
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Bbaue COOTHomeHHSi MOryT 6bITb HCHOJIb30BaHbI npH pactieTax HeCHMMeT-
pHH TOKOB HH3KOBOJIbTHbIX noTpe6HTeJief4, BbI3BaHHbIX o6pbIBaMH ()a3b1
B pa3JIHqHbIX TOqKaX CeTH.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
KaHn. TeXH. HayK A. B. THMOOEEB, HH%. B. T. TEP-3AXAPRH
TPAHC4OPMATOPbI TOKA AJIA IIHTAHHSI PEJIE
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3JIEKTPOCETH
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pHTeJIbHbIX.
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B noB44HuHeHTe TpaHC4)OpMau,HH He TIpeBOCXOJjHJIa onpeAeJIeHHOI 3a-
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VHTb onpeAeJleHHbIH KO34)gYHIjHeHT TpaHC(popMauHH lPH OAHOM TOKe H
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rpaMMOB.
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3aBHC31T OT CXeMbI BKJHOgeHHSj HX B S LiJ,1Te. OCHOBHbIMH CXeMaM'B BKJIIO-
geHHSI mRa.moTCH cxel'rii , Tipji$etjeuHl Ha 4 iir:.1,a it 6.
7* 99
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
I3BeCTHO, LITO B Ha3eMHbIX YCTaHOBKaX npeAHOIiTeHHe O6bItIHO OT-
AaeTCSi CXeMe a. L1JISI CaMOJieTHbIX yCTaHOBOK, BHRHMO, cJieAyeT npeAnno-
9eCTb CXeMy 6 (Ha paBHOBeCHe HanpD}KeHHH).
B HOJIb3y TaKOrO peuieHHH MO}KHO npHBeCTH cneAyioiiu e coo6pa-
3KeHHH.
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HbIX Cpa6aTbIBaHHH 3aHIHTbI B TO BpeMSi, KaK I7pH CXeMe a O6pbIB BTO-
PHtIHbIX nPOBOAOB BbI3bIBaeT JIO}KH(>e cpa6aTblBaHHe 3au HTbI. rlpaBaa,
npH CXeMe 6 3aMbIKaHHe Me)KAy BTOpHtiHbIMH npOBOAaMH MO}KeT BbI-
3BaTb JIO)KHoe Cpa6aTbIBaHHe 3aLILHTbI, HO npH MOHTa}Ke BTOPHtIHbIX npo-
BOAOB Ha AOCTaTOTIHOM paCCTOSIHHH Apyr Or Apyra 3aMbIKaHHe Me}KAy
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(npH CXeMe a). KpoMe Toro, TaKOe ABOHHOe 3aMbIKaHHe Ha KOpnYC npO-
HCXOAHT 06bITIHO tiepe3 ABa nepeXOAHbIX COnpoTHBJIeHHSI, tITO CHJIbHO
CHH)KaeT BO3MO}KHOCTb JIO}KHOH pa60TbI 3aMHTbI.
2. CXeMa a BbI3bIBaeT Heo6xoAHMOCTb npHMeHeHHSI pene Co 3HatiH-
TeJIbHO McHbUIHM COnpOTHBJIeHHeM o6MOTKH, tiem CXeMa 6. I'IMeiouiHecSI
B HaCTOSIuIee BpeMR vyBCTBHTeJIbHble peJie O6bIIIHO HMeIOT CpaBHHTeJIbHO
6oJIbnIOe cOnpOTHBJieHHe o6MOTKH H nO3TOMy npHMeHeHHe TaKHX pene
uenecoo6pa3Hee B CXeMe 6.
3. CetieHHe BCnOMOraTeJIbHbIX npOBOAOB 3aILLHTbI npH, CXeMe a AOJI}K-
HO 6bITb 6oJIbuie, tieM npH CXeMe 6.
4. I-IpH CXeMe 6 Ilejiecoo6pa3Hee np'HMeHeHHe CpaBHHTeJIbHO 60JIb-
IHUX MarHHTHbIX HHAYKIIHH B CepAetiHHKaX TpaHC(pOpMaTOpOB, tieM npH
CXeMe a. OnaCHOCTb JIO}KHOFO Cpa6aTbIBaHH39 3aIUHTbI BCJIeACTBHe YBC-
iiHtieHHH TOKa He6aJiaHca B CJIytIae nepeXOAHbIX npOILeCCOB npH 3TOM OT-
CYTCTByeT 6JIaroaap5i BeCbMa MaJIOH nOCTOSIHHOH BpeMeHH ILenH 3an.LHTbI.
KaK IIOKa3aJI OIIbIT, B c iytlae npHMeneHH4 HaCbIIIIeHHbIX cepAetiHH-
KOB tiyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb MaJIopeJIeHHbIX 3aMHT, nHTaeMbIX OT TpaHC(Op-
MaTOpOB, HCnOJlb3yeMbIX B KatieCTBe cyMMaTOpOB, fOI1TH OAHHaKOBa npH
pa3JIHtIHbIX BHAaX nOBpe3KLLeHHH (Tpex-, ABYX- H oAHo(pa3Hble KOpOTKHe
3aMbIKaHHH) B TO BpeMSI, KaK B c.nytiae HeHacbILgeHHbIX cepAeTIHHKOB,
tiyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTb 3anLHTbI B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT BHAa nOBpe}KAeHHSi MO
}KeT H3MeHgTbC5I B TpH pa3a.
143 CKa3aHHOrO Bbi .le cJieAyeT, tITO AJISi paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX TpaHC-
(4OpMaTOpOB MO}KHO AOnYCTHTb 3HatIHTeJIbHbie HHAYKKHH B cepAetIHHKe
H nOJIYtIHTb 61Iaroaapii 3TOMY BbinrpbIIII B Bece. rIpH 3TOM AJISI yMeHb-
IIIeHHSI TOKOB He6aJIaHca npH CKBO3HbIX iKOpOTKHX 3aMbIKaHHSIX Heo6-
XOAHMO, 'ITO6bI Ka}KAble ABa TpaHC(popMaTopa, BKJIIOtIeHHble B CXeM}y
AK("epeHILHaJIbHOH 3aIgHTbI, 6bIJIH 6bI BbMOJIHeHbI OAHHaKOBO (OAHHa-
KOBbIH MaTepHaJi MarHnTOnpOBOAOB, OAHHaKOBble pa3MepbI, OAHHaKOBble
'LHCJIa BHTKOB O6MOTKH H T. D.). CynjeCTBeHHbIM paCtieTHbIM yCJIOBHeM
SIBJISIeTCSI MOIILHOCTb Cpa6aTbIBaHHSi peJie'. LIeM McHbnle MOU HOCTb Cpa-
6aTbIBaHHSI, TCM McHbHIe McAH B 06MOTKe (MeHbme cetieHHeu HJIH tiHCJIO
BHTKOB). HeKoropoe yMeHbffieHHe cetieiui MarHHTOnpOBOAa nponcxo-
AHT TaK}Ke rips yBeJIHtieHHH nepBHtIHOTO TOKa TporaHHH 3auurr N.
IIpOBeAeHHbie paCtieTbl noKa3aJIH, TO HpH npaKTHtieCKH B03MO}KHbIX
TOKaX KOPOTKOro 3aMbIKaHHSI H HCnOJIb3OBaHHH H3roTOBJIHeMbIX HbIHe
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BbICOKO1iyBCTB'HTeJIbHbIX pene pa3Mepbl cegeHHg MarHHTOnposoAa nOJiy-
'IaIOTCH HaCTOJIbKO MaJIbIMH, WO MexaHHgeCKag }KeCTKOCTh TpaHCq)opMa-
Topa OKa3bIBaeTCSi ,xeAo'CTaTOTIHOH. B 3TH'X CJIyqaix npHxoAHrrcx abI613-
paTb cetieHHe MarHHTOnpOBOAa, pyKOBOACTBysICb KOHCTpyKTHBHbIMH CO-
o6pa)KeHHIiMH.
TIpH HeO6XOAHMOCTH HMem nepsHgHylO 06MOTKy H3 HeCKOJIbKHX
B'HTKOB MO}KHO COOTBeTCTByloIuee gHCJIO pa3 npO'IIyCTHTb npOBOA JIHHHH
cepe3 OKHO MarHHTOnpoBOAa, HO npH 3TOM HeO6XOAHMO yBeJIHiIHBaTb'
pa3Mepbi OKHa. KaK nOKa3aJIH npoBepogHbie pacqeTbI, npH nepBHgHOM
TOKe TporaHHs 3au&HTbi nOpsIAKa 100 a nponycKaTb npOBOA JIHHHH vepe3
OKHO TpaHC(popMaTopa 60Jlee OAHoro pa3a HeIjeJIecoo6pa3HO, TaK KBK
MarHHTOABH}Kyuljag CHJIa nojlygaeTCSI AOCTaTOgHOFi AJ[g C03AaHH5I Moro-
XOAHMOrO MarHHTHOIO nOTOKa, a MarHHTOnpOBOg npH 3TOM HMeeT MaJIbin
BeC BCJIeACTBHe MaJIOTO pa3Mepa OKHa.
3aAaga HH2KeHepsoro pacgeTa TpaHCq)OpMaTopa He MO)KeT 6biTb
peweHa OAHO3HaqHO, T. e. AJAR HCXOAHbIX AaHHbIX MO}KHO HafiTH He-
CKOJIbKO TpaHC(popMaTOpoB C pa3JIH'IHbIMH CegeHHgMH MarHHTonpOBOAa
m pa3JIHIIHbIMH qHCJIaMH BHTKOB BTOpHtIHOII O6MOTKH.
BCJIeACTB'He HeJIHHeIiHOFi 3aBHCHMOCTH Me)KAy HHAyKIZHeI3 H HanpSi-
}KeHHOCTbK) MarHHTHoro noJln, a Taio a 6oJIbLUOrO KOJIHgeCTBa npH4HH,
BJIH$IOLIXHX Ha paCqeT, HaH60Jlee IIpOCTbIM H HarJIHAHbIM $iBJIHeTCH pac-
qeT McTOAOM noA6opa HaHBbIroAHefInero BapHaHTa.
IZpH 9TOM HeT Heo6XOAHMOCTH CTpeMHTbCH K 60JIbfOI?; ToIIHOCTFI
H BnOJIHe AoCTaTOgHO OrpaHHcHTCSI AByMH-TpeMH BapHaHTBMH pac-
geTa nOCKOJIbKy paC'qeTHble BeiiHgBHbu, xapaKTepi33yIOLgIje pa6oTy TpaHc-
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TaKOBbIX Y H3roT6BJIeHHorO TpaHC(~OpMaTOp$ no cnleAyi6LL[HM npH-
tHHaM:
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CKOJIbKO OTJIHgaThcsi OT KPHBOIi HaMarHHgHBaHHH npHHHTOA npH pac-
4eTe;
6) MoryT yxyALUaTbcx MarHHTHble CBO$tcTBa MaTepHaJia cepAeiIHHxa
npH pe3Ke H IUTaMnosxe JIHCTOB;
B) BO3AymIIHble 3a3OpbI B CTep}KH$1X MoryT OrTJIHgiaTbc5I SOT 3anpoeK-
THpoBaHHbIX.
IIpH 3TOM cJleAyeT npeAycMaTpHBaTm nepBHqHblli TOK TpOraHHg 3a-
LLIjITbI Ha 10=150/p McHbIIIHM, qeM Tpe6yeMbni, TaK KaK 3TOT TOK MO)KHO
yBe.IHgHTb npH HaCTpOIiKe 3aILI1,HTbI focpeACTBOM 'H3MeHeHHg Ao6aBOgHbIX
conpoTHBJIeHHii (yBeJIHgeHHs - npH CXeMe, H306pa)KeHHOIJ Ha (DHr. 1,a,
H yMeHbmeHHH - npH CXeMe, npHBeAeHHOH Ha 4)Hr. 1,6), a ecJIH nep-
BHqHbIH TOK TpOraHHH 3aIQHTbI AAA H3rOTOBJIeHHbIX TpaHC4)opMaTopOB
OKa%eTCH 6oulbme 3aAaHHorO, To yMeHbmHTb ero 6e3 nepeAeJIKH TpaHC-
(popMaTopOB He BcerAa npeACTaBJIgeTCH BO3MO)KHbIM.
B 3aKJIIOgeHHe CJieAyeT oTMeTHTm, w o, BOnpocbi paetieTa H iICOHCTpyH-
pOBaHHg paCCMOrrpeHHbIX TpaHC(popMaTOpoB AJIR CaMOJIeTHof 3JIeKTpo-
CeTH eme MajiO HCCJIeAOBaHbI H BBHAy HeCOMHeHHo$ aKTyaJIbHoeTH }Ke-
JIaTeJIbHa AaJIbHefIIIaq pa3pa6orKa 9THX BOnpOCOB. '
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
06 HCHOJIb3OBAHHH OBWHBKH CAMOJIETA B KA4ECTBE
0,RHOI'O H3 OA3HbIX HPOBOAOB
TeopeTHtieCKHe rIpeAHOCbIJIKH npHMeHeH'HH Tpex a3HbIX ceTeA C HC-
nOJIb3oBaHHeM 3CMJIH B KatieCTBe O,AHOro H3 (pa3HbIX nPOBO,LOB OT-
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3bIBaIOT paCtleTbl, He BbIXO.AHT 3a npeAeJlbl AonyCTHMOA (T. e. 50/o). Kpo-
Me Toro, KaK 6yAeT nOKa3aHO HH}Ke, B HeKOTOpbIX CJiytIaix MO)KHO dlyTeM
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BbInoJIHeHne KaKnX-JIH6o ytIaCTKOB HO TpexHpOBOAHOA cXeMe He
onpaBAblBaeTCSl, TaK KaK 9TH ytiaCTKH 6yAyT Bce paBHO o6JiaaaTb oc~t-
6eHHOCTSIMH ceTeA arlK.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BJIEKTPH'ECKHA PAC9ET JIHHHH B CHCTEME
cgBA 11POBO.1 A - KOPHYC CAMOJIETA* (AIIK)
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IIpHHHMa% a1ooTlepeAHo conpOTHBJIeHHe oJHOH Harpy' KH paBHbIM
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ABe neTJIH ?npoBOA-KOpnyc`, o6TexaeMbie KaxcAax TOKaMH la H
I b, CB513aHHble MexKAy co60H B3aHMHOft HHAYKaHeI{ H HMeK)IIIHe
o6cuee COnpOTHBJ1eHHe Zg. CXeMy, H306pa)KeHHyIO Ha 4 Hr. 2,6,
MO?KHO paCCMSTpHBaTb Kaic ABe neTJIH ,nPOBOA-KOpnYC", o6Texa-
eMbie TOKaMH Ea H In, CB5I3aHHbie McMCAy co6of B3aHMH013 HHAYK-
Allei3 H HMeIoIIIHe o61uee COnpoTHBJIeHHe Z.
I PactIer HenH c of io Harpy3KOH B KOHue JIHHHH pa3HbIMH MPJrO?[aMH BbIBOJIHeH
B pa6oTe JI. E. 3 6 H H a a III. M. A JI y K e p a, 3JIeKTpineCKHii pacgier cereii c
PCfOJIb30BaHIieM, 3eMJ(H.B Kagecrae OAHOrO H3 -(pa3HbIX npOBOfOB (FOCaHepr0HaJ(aT,
M.-4I., 1949) i~ B pa6ore B. B. A i A p e e B a, 0 AByxIIpOBOAHOR rpex ia3iiok JJHHAH
'(Tpyxu MAN,. NN 57-j'1956).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO45100330001-4
Ec.nH 0603HatIHM LIepe3 ZLA COnpOTHBJIeHHe C3MO14HAYKUHH neTJIH
?npoBoz1 aa'-xopnyc"; tlepe3 ZLb-COnpOTHBJieHHe CaMOHH,1yKUHH
neTJIH ,npOBO,A bb'-xopnyc", tiepe3 Zm-COnpOTHBJIeHHe B3aHMH01
HHLLYKUHH AByX TaKHX neTeJIb H CooTBeTCTBeHHO tiepe3 ZLa-COnpO-
THBJ1eHHe CaMOHHAyKJjHH neTJIH npOBoA as"-xopnyc", t;epe3 ZLb-
ConpOTHBJIeHHe CaMOHH,AyKIIHH neTJIH ,npOBO,A bb"-xopnyc", tiepe3
6)
9 a+ b
Zm - COnpOTHBJIeHHe B3aHMHOl3 HHAYKUHH UBYX neTeJlb, TO na,AeHHA
HanpB)KeHHI3 B JIHHHH AUag, AUbg, AUab (CM. 4 )Hr. 2,a) H AUag, AUbg,
AU" (cM. (Hr. 2,6) MO)KHO BbIpa3HTb Tax:
AUag = ZLaI a + Zral'b - Z'gIg,
AUbg=ZLb1b+ Zmla-Zg' 19"
AUab= AUag- AUbg=(ZLa-Zm) Ia-IZLa--Z.) Ib
AUQg = ZLaI j + ZmIb - Z. %g,
AU bg = ZLbII + Zml a - Zgig,
AU;b= AUag-AUbg=(ZLa-Zm)la-(ZLb-Zm)I;.
(1)
(2)
IIpHMeHASI HPHHAHn HaJIOxceHHSI AJISI cxeM a H 6 4rnr. 2 H npHHHB
ZLa=ZLb=ZL, ZLa=ZLb=ZL, fOJIYtIHM AHHefiHble naAeHHSI Hanpsl-
104
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
,)KeHHII Ha ygaCTxe LL" Ana AeiCTBHTenbHOfi cxeMbI, IIpHBeJ eHHOA
Ha 4 )Hr. 1:
~Uab= DUab"}- DUab= [DUab,
DUbg-DUbg+AUbg= AUbg+ 1Ubg,
U8a - ~Ueu + AU-gaga = DUga -f Al,
Uea
'Uab = (ZL - Zm) (. - 1b),
DUbg = Z!it', + Z.1. - Zgig,
.'Uga= -(Z Ia+ m/b-ZgI');
DUab=(ZL- Zm) (Ia-Ib),
AUbe ZLib+ Zmta-Z;I;,
AUea V2 1a + zm%b -'Z
;!g),
(3)
(4)
(5)
Dube, AUga-JIHHe133Hbie na,IzeHHR HanpHxceHHI Ha ygacTxe nH-
HHH LL';
AUI,g, AUga-TO x(e Ha ygacTxe L'L";
ZL H Zm - COnpOTHBneHHH CaMO- H B3aHMOHHj(yKIZHH neTejlb
npOBOA a'a"-xopnyc" H ,.npoBo) b'b"-xop-
nyc": ZL=ZL+ZL H Zm=Zm+Zm.
B Pa3J10)ISHM JIHHefhHble na,leHHH HanpD)KeHH DUab, DUbg, 4Uga
it BYXITPOBOAHOA Tpex4 a3HOFi JIHHHH (ygaCTOK JHHHH LL") Ha CHM-
McTpHgHbie COCTaBJI
SIK)ILIHe:
~Un1= 3 DUab + a AUbg + a2 AUga),
oUi2=3 (DUab + a2AUbg+ aAUga),
DUnO= 3 ('Uab+QUbg+DUgo)=O
(6)
H, ygTB, TO Me2K,i[y nHHeiiHbJMH 'H (4a3H?bIMH CHMMeTpHgHI, MH 000TaB-
JIHIOUJHMH CyluecTByloT 3aBHCHMOCTH
AU., = (1- a2) 9U~,i,
U,,2 = (1- a) 0002,
12. 1
a= e a2 = e 3 4)a3Hbie MHOMCHTenH,
1848
(7)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Hail1[eM CHMMeTpHIIHble COCTaBJIHIOHIHe (]la3HbIX naAeHHH HanpH3KeHHH,
BbIpaxceHHble Tiepe3 (~a3Hble TOKH:
U~1= 3 [(ZL+aZm-a'ZZ'g)la+(aZL+Zm-a2Zg)!h+
+(ZL+aZm- a"-7g) Ia+(aZL+Zm-a2Zg) Ib],
2Z a2Z' Z' - aZ' ) + } (8)
AU~2= 3 [(Z'L + a m- aZg ) la } (c m g
+ (ZL + a2Zm - aZg) IQ + (a2ZL + Zm - aZg) I j,
AU40-10. 3
B o6HieM CJIyTIae aByXHpOBOR(HOfl TpeX(pa3HOH JIHHHH CHMMeTpHTIHafl
CoCTaBJIHK)IIZa5l HyJIeBO13 nocJIe,r oBaTeJIbHOCTH A 04,0 He paBHa HyJilO. Ilo-
CKOJIbKY BeJIHTIHHa A U 0 B RaJlbHef4iueM He HCnOJIb3yeTCH, McTOL[ Haxo)K-
,1 eHHH ee B HaCTOSIHieH pa60Te He paCCMaTPHBaeTCSI.
HaxAeM BbIpa}KeHHH 4)a3HbIX na,eHl4 i HanpHMKeHH13 TpeX(]Ma3HOn CH-
CTCMbI Ha yTiaCTKe JIHHHH LL":
AUA=(AU,00+AUg1+AUV2)= 3 [(2ZL-Z;a+Zg)la+
+ (-ZL+2Zm+ Z'g) ' +(2ZL-Zm+Zg) la +
+(-ZL+ 2Zm+Zg) Ib] + AU(t0,
AUB=(AUep0+a2JUyt+aAUq)2)= 3 [(-ZL+2Zm+Zg) la+ } (g)
+(2ZL-Zm+Zg)Ib+(-Zc+2Zm+Zg)1a+
+(2ZL-Zm+Zg') 'b"] +AU4,O,
AUG=(AUOO+aAUe,l+a2AO02) 3 [(ZL+Zm+Zg) Ig+
+(ZL+Zm+Zg)1 ]+A000.
BBH,i[y 6OJIbIIIOI3 npOBO,l(HMOCTH o6HIHBKH caMojleTa, HCnOJIb3yeMoIi
B xaqeCTBe (4a3Horo npOBoAa, na)(eHHSI HanpSI}KeHH I B 4)a3ax 6yayT
pa3JIHiIHbI. Jlerxo y6e1IHTbCH, XITO naAeHHe HanpaMKeHH I AUG 6yaeT
McHbHle, TieM AUA H AUB.
CqHTafi HanpR}KeHHSI, npnJlo}KeHHbie x JIHHHH, CHMMeTpHTIHbIMH
(CHMMeTpHL1HbIA Tpexcf a3HbIfi reHepaTOp c ()a3HbIMH Hanpn>KeHHHMH
(UA=U, UB=a2U H UC=aU), MOMKHO onpe1[eJIHTb JIHHei4Hble Ha-
np 1 eHHSI B KOHue JIHHHH Ha Harpy3Ke 2" ((bHr. 3):
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
tHr. 3. OnpeAeneHHe r,a3Hbrx x nHHeAHLIX HanprnKeHHN Ha Harpy3Ke.
UBA+AUab=(a2-1)U +(ZL-Zm)
+(ZL-Zm) (a-fb),
UCB=Ucb+WUbg=a(l-a)U+ (Zm+Zg)la+
+(ZL+Zg)4+(Zm+Zg)la+(ZL"f-Zg)1 ,
UAC UAC+AUga=(1 -a) U-(ZL-}- g)la-
-(Zm+Zg) /b (ZL+Zg) 1a-(Zm+Zg)ib.
(10)
ECJIH npeanouOSKHTb CHMMeTpHLIHbiM npMeMHHK, BKJno*IeHHM I'B
?3Be3Ay" B KOHge JIHHHH (T. e. ZHA=ZHB-ZHC=ZH), TO MO?KHO
yCTaHOBHTb 43a3Hble Hanpsl}KeHHSI B KOHge JIHHHH no OTHOIneHRIO
K He iTpanbHOR TO1IKe, HMeH B BH.AY, 'ITO AJIH CHMMeTpHLIHOfi Ha-
rpy3KH
UA+ U'B+Uc=O,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
UA -UAC 3UBA =U- 3 [(2ZL-Zm+Zg) la+
+(- ZL+2Z,, + Zg) Ib+(2ZL-Zm+ Z"g)'a+
+(-ZL+2Zm+Z)Ibl,
UBA - UcB ~ 1 ) +
UB= 3 =a2U.+ 3 [(ZL-2Zm-Zg Ia
+(-2Z+Z;n- Zg) Ib+(ZL-2Zm-Zg) /a+
+(-2ZL+Zm-Z;) UcB UAC = at) - 3 [(Z + Z. + 2Zg) /g +
3
+(ZL+Zm+2Zg)/8].
Bb1pa)KeHHH (11) AJH1 CJIy'IaH CHMMeTPHqHOI3 Harpy3KH MO?KHO fOJIy-
4IITb H ApyrHM CIIOCO60M, HanpiMep, BbItIHTa1 H3 ()a3HbIX Hall H KeHHH
I'eHepaTopa COOTBeTCTByIOLIWe (pa3Hble HaAeHHH Hanp5OKeHHI{ (9) H y'IH-
TbIBaSI HaHpH}KeHHe A Uo= U0o' (CM. 4)Hr. 3).
AHaJIOPHqHbIM O6pa3OM OHpeAeJISI1oTC1 YCJIOBH51 pa6OTbI 1IPHeMHHKa
3JIeKTPO9HeprHH > (CM. (pHr. 1). He KacaHCb npOMe>KYTOqHbIX pacqe-
TOB, HPHBeaeM OKOHqaTeJIbHble BbIpa3KeHHSI AJISI IIaAeHHI3 HaHpH}KeHHH
B COOTBeTCTBYK)HZHX (pa3aX Ha yqacTKe JIHHHH LL':
oUA= 3 [(2Z-Zm+Zg)ja+(-ZL+2Zm+Zg)1 +
+(2ZL--Zm)Ia+ZL+2Zm)Ib]+AO'
AUB= a E( -Z+2Zm?Zg)ta+(2ZL-Zm+Zg)%b-E- (12)
+(-Z +2Zm)Ia+(2ZL-Z,,)1,]'+AU o,
DUG= 3 [(ZL+Z' +2Zg)Ig+(ZL+Z,)I;]+DUp0.
ECJIH TpeX(~a3HbII3 reHepaTOp, npHCOeAHHeHHbII1 B HaiIaJle JIHHHH, CHM-
McTpHLIHbII3 (CM. CTp. 107), TO JIHHecfHble HaHpH}KeHHSI Ha HBrpy3Ke
(4)Hr. 1) 6yayT paBHbl:
UBA=(a"-1)U+(ZL-Zm)(Ia-Ib), )
UCB=a(1-a)U+Z'L/b+Zml -Zlg,
UcA=(1 -a)U-ZIa-Z; /b+Zg1'g.
(13)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
T1pHHHMas Harpy3Ky ,I a cHMMeTpHRHOIi, BKJIIOgeHHOIft NO cxeMe
?3Be3Aa' (ZH A=ZHB=ZHC=ZH), HBXO,fHM 4)83Hbde HanpsxceHHA
UA, UB H UC no OTHomeHHIO K Hef3TpajzbHOR TOLIKe noTpe6HTeJISi:
VAC - UBA =U- 2ZL ' - Z. + Z /
3 3 [( m g) a+(-ZL+
+2Zm +Zg)~b+(2ZL-Zm)1a+ZL+2Zm) i;j,
UB=UBA 3 UCB =a2U- 3 [(-ZL+2Zm+ZR) ~a+
+(24-ZZ+Z')1b+(-Z2+2Zm)1a+(2ZL-Zm)i;],
U'B -U'c 1
Uc- c 3 A=aU- 3 [(ZL+Zm+2 ,) /g+
+(ZL+Zm)18].
(14)
1'1HTepeCHbI ABa gaCTHbJX CAyMBfI, KOrAa AByxnpoBoAHasi JIHHHA
BbinOJIHHeTCH 6e3 AO6aBOgHbIX ConpOTHBJIeHHfI Z. H Zg, BBeAeHHUX
nocAeIIOBaTeJIbHO c ()aaaMH Harpy30K, coeAHHeHHIIMH C o61IIHBKO1-
KOpnyCOM CaMOJIeTa (CM. c4Hr. 1), H BTOpOt, KorAa
Zg= ZL - 2Zm H Zg - ZL - 2Zm*.
Bbipa?KenHsl, cooTBeTCTByIOnxne nepBOMy cny'qaIO, nOJIyLIalOTCH H3
npeAbiAYIUHx, HOJIO)KHB Zg= Zg = 0.
TorAa naAeHH$I Hanpsl%eHHfl B 4)a3ax JIHHHH Ans1 1-ro cnyvasl
6yAyT
eUA=
3 [(2ZL-Zm)/a+(-ZL+2Zm)1 +(2ZL-Zm)la-}-
+(-Zi+2Zm)1 J+AU00,
oUB= a [(-ZL+2Zm)1a+(2ZL--Zm)1b+
+ (-ZL+2Zm)r'+(2ZL-Z.)Ib]+oU(bo,
AUo = 3 [(ZL+Zm)jg+(Z[+Zm)Ig +DU(PU
(15)
* Bbi6op AOIIOJIHHTe]IbHIIX COIIpoTHBJIeHHf H3 yCJIOBHA BO3MO)CHO;i KOMneHCauHH
HeCHMMeTpHH ABYXIIpOBOAHOf1 JHHHH 6yAeT noxasaa Aanee npH oUeHKe HeCHMMeTpHF#
JIHHHH (CM. Crp, 115).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
3 b1 +A1 u,
LUA= [(2ZZ-Z',) la+(--ZL+2Zm)I
AUB= 3 [(-ZL+2Zm)Ia+(2ZL-Zm)Ih] {-AU
DUG = 3 (ZL + Z,'.,,) 1g+ AUo.
KaK H cJIe,2OBaJIO O}KHAaTb, AByXnpOBOAHaH JIHHHH B AaHHOM CJIytIae
OKa3bIBaeTCH HecHMMeTpHLIHOH AJIA o6eHX Harpy30iK. CJieAyeT 3aMeTHTb,
1ITO HanpH}KeHHH HyJIeBOH nocJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTH A Uto H 0 Ufcpo B Bblpa-
}KeHHSIX (15) H (16) He TO3KAeCTBeHHbI noao6HbIM BeJIHqHHaM B BbIpa-
KeHHHx (9) H (12).
.JIHHeHHble H Cpa3Hble Hanp5DKeHHSI npH CHMMeTpHLIHbIX reHepaTOpe H
Harpy3Kax, CoeAHHeHHbIX , 6yAyT paBHbIMH y noTpe6HTe-
.rI x < 2>
UBA=(a2-1) U+(ZL-Zm) (Ia - Ib) + (ZL-Zm) (Ia
U"cB=a (1-a) U+ZL/b+Zmla+ZLIb+Z"mIa, } (17)
UAC=(1-a) U-ZLIa-Zmtb-ZL1a-Zmlb;
UA=U 3 [(2ZL-Z' +(-Zi+2Z?,)Ib I
+ (2ZL-Zm) IQ+( -Z"L+2Zm) Ib],
B=a2U+ 3 [(ZL-2Z;m)Ia + (-2ZL-{ Zm)Ib+ } (18)
+(ZL-2Zm)la+(-2Z" +Zm)Ib],
Uc=aU 3 [(ZL+Z1,~-ZL+ Zm)1g]
H y noTpe6HTeJIx ?1"
UBA=(a2-1) U+(Zt-Zm) (Ia-Ib)' I
UCB=a(1-a)U+ZLIb+ZmJa,
UAC = (1- a) U - ZLIa- Z,/b,
UA-U 3 [(2ZLZm)Ia+(-ZL+2Zm)Ib],
UB=a2U- 3 [(-ZL+2Zm)la+(2ZLZm)Ib]
Uc=aU- 3 (ZL+Zm)Jg.
(19)
(20)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
NHTepecHO pacCMOTpeTb Taxxce BbIpa)KeHHH, axanorHIMae (15),
(17), (18) H (16), (19), (20), AAR Cnygaa, xorAa nocneAOBaTenbxo
C 4)a3aMH Harpy30K, Coe,1 HHeHHbIMH C Kopnycou caMOJIeTa, BBOARTCR
Ao6aso1IHbae COIIpOTHBneHHR Zg = Z L - 2Zm H Zg = ZL - 2Zm (CM.
4pHr. 1).
rloTepH HanpH)KeHHft B Ka)KAoA 4)a3e JIHHHH p,1IK 6yAyT paBHbIMH
AAIfI Harpy3KH ?2" B KOHL[e JIHHHH
AUA=(ZL-Zm')Ia+(ZI- Zm)Ia,
OUB=(Z~-Zm) it,+(ZL-Z.)Ib, (21)
AU0= (Zc-Z,,) Ig+ (ZL-Zm') Ig
H AAR Harpy3KH ?1"
AUA=(ZL-Z, + 3 [(Mc-Zm)I +
+(-ZL+2Zm)Ib]+AU~o,
AU'B=(ZL-Zm)I,-{- 3 [(-Z~+2Z'm)Ia-}- } (22)
+(2Z2-Zm)Ib]+~U
AUG = (ZL - Z;,:) Ig {- 3 (ZL -I- Zm) Ie -{- AU4)o
HnH, npHHHMaR AJIR CHMMeTpHgHOI$ Harpy3KH B KOHIJ,e JIHHHH CHM-
McTpHT3HyIO CHCTeMy TOKOB Pa, Ib H Ig, Bbapa)KeHHe (22) MO)KHO
npeo6pa3oBaTb B (23):
AUA=(Z~-Zm)la -I- (ZL-2Zm)I+AU0,
AU3= (ZL- Zm)Ib + -3 (ZL-2Z') Ig+ AU 0
AU'U = (Zc - Zm) I g - 3 (ZL - 2Zm) I' + .1 U~o .
(23)
143 BbIpa}KeHHH (21) cneAyeT, LITO B cnyqae BBeAeHHR AOHO'JIH'HTeJIb-
HbIX COnpOTHBJIeHHI3 AByxnpOBOAHaR Tpex4 a3HaH JIHHHR AAR Harpy3KH
B KOHue JIHHHH OKa3bIBaeTCH KaK 6bI TpaHCnOHHPOBaHHOI3; CHMMeTPHLI-
HYIO COCTaBJIRIOHIyIO HyJIeBOH nOCJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTH A U,po B 3TOM c.lyilae
npaKTHLIeCKH MO}KHO CLIHTaTb paBHOI3 HYJIK). IIOTepH HanpR}KeHHI3 B 4)a-
3ax xapaKTep-H3yIOTC51 ABYMR CHCTeMaMH TOKOB, 3aBHCRHI,HX OT Harpy-
30K K1> H . )JAR Harpy3KH (22) JIHHHR ,1JUK He TpaHCnOHHpO'-
BaHa; TaKHM 06pa3OM, B AaHHOM cnygae BBeAeHHe AOnOJIHHTeJIbHbIX
COnpOTHBJIeHHH nOJIHOCTbIO He KOMneHCHpyeT HeCHMMeTPHIO TOKOB H Ha-
npH}KeHHH.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1-I pHHHMa5I ' reHepaTOp, BKAIo eHHbII Ha ) ByXnpOBO,I Hy1o JIHHHIO,
cHMMeTpHLIHbIM C (f,a3HbIMH HanpHx(eHHHMH 0.4= 0, UB=a2U,
Uc = aU, H yTITA (21) H (23), nerxo nonyzIHTb BbIpax(eHHH A451
JIHHeHHbIX H (ca3HbIX HanpH)KeHHI y nOTpe6HTeneIlI.
IZpHBe,AeM BbIpa)KeHHH ,AJIH ()a3HbIX Hanpu)KeHHI3, npHHHMaSI Harpy3-
KH CHMMeTpHLIHbIMH H COe,AHHeHHbIMH nO cxeMe .
UA=U-(Z"-Zm)!a-(ZL-Z.)Ia,
Ua=a2U-(ZLZm)Ib-(ZL-Zm)Ib, } (24)
Uc=aU- (ZL-Zm) Ig- (ZL-Zm)!g
Ua=U-(ZL-Z')Ia- 3 (ZL-2Zm)i,
UB=a2U-(ZL-Zm)%b- 8 (ZL-2Zm)1 (25)
Uc=aU-(ZL-Z.)Ig+ 3--(ZL-2Z~)Ig.
HECHMMETPH$1 ,ABYXrIPOBO,RHOFt TPEX4VA3HOH CHCTEMbI
Aim oueHKH acHMMeTpHH Hanp$DKeHHH H TOKOB ,AByxrlposauHO 1 CH-
CTeMbI C HC'nOJIb3OBaHHeM o61IHBKH caMOneTa B KaqeCTBe (pa3HOro npo-
BO,la BbIpa3HM JIHHe13Hble Hanp$i)KeHHSI (10) H (13) gepe3 HX CHMMeT-
PHIIHble COCTaBJISIK)H.jHe
U. ,I = 3 (UBA+aUcB+a2Uac)=(a2-1) U-
- 3 (a2-1)[(ZL+aZm-a2Zg)Ia+(aZL+Zm-a2Zg)!+
+ (ZL + aZm -a 2Z' ') to + (aZL + Z. - a2Zg)';],
Un2 = 3 (UBA + a2U"cB + aUAC)
.1
_ -3(a2-1) [(aZL+ Zm-a2Zg) 1a
+ (ZL + aZ'm - a2Zg) 1b + (aZL + Z,,,, - a2Zg) /Q +
+ (ZL + aZm - a 2Zg)
X61,
U0= 3 (UBA+L +UAC)=0,
(26)
9TH me Bblpa)KeHFMI MO)KHO ROJIygHTb H ApyrHM RyTeM, HaRpHMep, ROJIO)KHB
B Bblpaxcexxax (10), (11), (13) H. (14)
Zg=ZL-2Z,,, H Zg=ZL-2Zm.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Ual = (U BA - a(cB + a2UAc) _ (a2 -1) U -
- I (a2-1)[(ZL+aZm- a2Zg)Ia+(aZL+ZZ-a2Zg)1b+
+(ZL+aZm)la+(aZL+Z~)
Ur2 = 3 (UBA + a2Uce + aUAc) _
3 (a2-1)[(aZt+Zm-a2Zg)C+
+(Zc+aZm-a2Zg)Ib+(aZ +Zm)P+(ZL+aZm)
0a0 3 (UBA+UCB+UAC)=O.
} (27)
IIpH Bb1BoAe (26) H (27) Hcnonb3osaHO cooTHOiueHHe 1-a = a.
a2 -1
ECJIH COnpOTHBJIeHHSI Harpy30X AJISI TOKOB npS1M0 i H o6paTHO1i
noc.neAOBaTeJIbHOCTe1 B Tpexc a3HOfl CHCTeMe paBHbI MexcAy co6o
(ZZ1= ZH2 H ZHl = ZH2), TO acHMMeTpHH TOKOB H HanpR)KeHHfI AJIA
Harpy3KH B KOHae JIHHHH 6y,AeT
0.2 (aZL + Zm --' a2Zg)1 a + (ZL + aZ' - a2Z') I;
Eu - EJ Ua1 I 30 - (ZL + aZm -42Z g)l a (aZL+' -a2Zg) Ib
+ (aZL + Zm - aZZg) I a + (ZL + aZm - a2Zg)1;
-g)a (_.?z. i Zm ' gJ'
H AJIA Harpy3KH .1"
E- E -_ Ua2 _ (aZL + Zm) la + (ZL + aZ' )!b + a2Z!
gs (29)
u I I Ua1 I - 3U - (ZL + aZ'm) la - (aZL + Zm) lb-a2Zg!g'
Aim CJiyqaSI Harpy30K C HepaBHbIMH COnPOTHBJIeHHSIMH AJISI TOKOB
npHMOft H 06paTHO;ri nocAeAOBaTeJIbHOCTefi (Z 1 ZH2+ ZHl ZH2 )
npH onpeAeJIeHHH acHMMeTpHH TOKOB Hy)KHO HOJIb3OBaTbCSI COOTHO-
IueHHeM
ZH,
ZH2
(30)
rAe el-aCHMMeTpHS TOKOB AJIS1 COOTBeTCTByIOUJei Harpy3KH;
au-acHMMeTpHH uanpaxceHH>k H3 Bblpa)KeH131 (28) HJ1H (29).
A6COJIIOTHOe 3HageHHe COnpOTHBJIeHHSH o6paTHOfi noCJ1eAoBaTeJIb-
HOCTH ZH2 npH HaJ1HLIHH 3JIeKTpO,ABHraTeJ1eA B KagecTBe Harpy30K
COCTaBJIHeT npHMepHO 0,25=0,5 OT COnpOTHBJIeHHA npBMOit nocAeAO-
BaTeJIbHOCTH ZH1. IIpH CTaTHtIeCKo Harpy3Ke ZH1= ZH2.
8 1848 113
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
CJIeAOBaTe.nbHO, AJISI xyAHiero cJiy'Iax acHMMeTpHSI TOKOB e1 MOxceT
6bITb 60JIbule acHMMeTpHH Hanpw>KeHHI sU B 2-4 pa3a.
I-IoJIO)KHB B BblpaxceHHH (28) Zg=ZL-2Zm H Zg=ZL-2Zm
H npHHHB C HeKOTOpbIM AOnyHI,eHHeM (KaK 9TO 6yAeT orOBOpeHO
Aa.nee), 'ITO TOKH Harpy30K 06pa3ylOT CHMMeTpHIIHbie CHCTeMbI, HaH-
z eM Aim 9TOr0 cJIyga 1, 'ITO
(31)
Ho alla.norHH BbipaxceHHe (29) npHHHMaeT BHA
(ZL - 2Zm)Ia
3U-3(ZL-Zm)Ia-(2ZL-Zm)1a
(32)
ZjonymeHHe, npHHSITOe npH BbIBOAe Bbipa)KeHHH (31), Heo6xoAHMo,
TaK KaK, HeCMOTpH Ha CHMMeTpH'IHOCTb Harpy3oK, CHCTeMa TOKOB He
MO)KeT 6bITb CHMMeTpH'IHOII, 'ITO CJIeAyeT H3 BbIpa)KeHHH (22), (23) H
(32). TaKHM o6pa3OM, BBeAeHHe aOrIOJIHHTe,ibHbIX conpoTHBJIeHHIHTOJIb-
KO'iaCTH'IHO KoMneHCHpyeT HeCHMMeTpHIO AByXnpoBOAHOi3 JIHHHH. IIpaK-
TH'IeCKI3 MO)KHO C'IHTaTb AJISI CHMMeTpH'IHOI3 Harpy3KH, BKJHOT.IeHHOH B
KOHue JIHHHH, npH HaJIH'IHH CHMMeTpH'IHOIi ApyrOg HaI'py3KH H BKJIIO'Ie-
HHH AOHO'JIHHTeJIbHbIX coHpOTHBJIeHHYI aCHMMeTpH1O TOKOB H HanpSlace-
HH{{ paBHbIMH HyJIIO (31).
PaccMOTpHM cJly'IaLi, KorAa AByxnpoBOAHau JIHHH 1 BbIHOJIHeHa
6e3 AOnoJIHHTeJIbHbIX COnpOTHBJIeHHfl, T. e. Zg= Zg= 0. I-IOJIO)KHB
B Bbipa)KeHHUx (28) H (29) Z'g= Zg=0, HaHAeM BbipaxceHHSH acHM-
McTpHH HanpsixcelHH AJIH AByX Harpy30K:
(aZL+Zm) Ia+(ZL+aZm) Ib+(aZL+Zr)Ia+(ZL+aZr)Ib
3U- (4 +aZm)Ia-
(aZL+Z',)Ib-(ZL+aZm)I (aZL+Zm)Ib
(ZL
- 2Zm) la+(ZL - 2Z,,)1 a
3U-(2
ZL-Zm)!a-(2ZL-Z,)Ia
(aZ
L+Zr)Ia+(ZL+aZm) Ib
3U-(Z
L+aZm)Ia-(aZL+Zm)Ib
(ZL - 2Zm) Ia
3U - (2ZL - Zm) Ia
(33)
(34)
FIOA06Ho npeAbbAyiueMy, MO)KHO nOJIy'IHTb Bblpa)KeHHH &JUI
HeCHMMeTpHH JIHHHH 6e3 AOIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX cOnpOTHBJIeHHR H AJ151
ApyrHX Harpy3o'-IHbIX ycn0BHH, HanpHMep AjiR c.ny'IaH Harpy3oK
C ZI-11 #ZH2 H ZH1 1 ZH2? YAo6Hee, OKa3blBaeTCH, nOJly'IHTb HX, Bbi-
paxcaa CHMMeTpH'IHble COCTaBJIs ouJ.He COOTBeTCTBVIOLUHX HanpiDKeHHI3
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
cepe3 cHMMeTpHIqHb1e COCTaBJIHIOMHe TOKOB. He npHBOAR BCex BbIBO-
JIOB, AaAHM OKOHLiaTeJlbHme (OpMyJIbI j(JIH aCHMMeTpHH TOKOB:
ZL - 2Z' I
EI =
2ZL - Zm + 3ZH2 + 3kZreH2
k,(ZL--2Zm)+(ZL-2Zm)
k2 (2ZL - Zm + 3Zren2) + (2ZL - Zm + 3ZreH2 + 3ZH2)
(35)
(36)
rAe ZreH2-COnpOTHBJIeHHe reHepaTOpa TOKaM o6paTHOFi nocjieAo-
BaTeJIbHOCTH;
ZH2, 42- conpOTHBJIeHHS Harpy3oK TOKaM o6paTHOH nocJleAOBa-
I2 Il 12
k=1--; k1=-,-; k2= ; 12=12+12;
I2 11 j2
11, I2 - TOKH npHMOI H o6paTHOfi nocJIeAOBaTeJIbHOCTef3 Harpy3-
KH
'I" 12-TO we )JAR Harpy3KH ?2
OTMeTHM, TO SIOJIyTieHHbie Bbipa)KeHHS1 JlerKO npeO6pa3yIOTCR B H3-
BeCTHble yxce cpOpMyJIbi (cM. JI. E. 96HHa
H LII. M. AJiyxepa, a TaK)Ke CO AByXnpOBOAHOfi TpeX(~a3HOfi JIHHHH>
B. B. AHApeeBa) AJ1R TiaCTHO,rO CJiytIaH OAHOfI Harpy3K'H npH 3HagleHHxx
xo3cf4HuHeHTOB k=1, k1=k2=0.
J1JIR onpeAeJIeHHR aCHMMeTPHH HanpR}KeHHfi Hy)KHO BOC'nOJIb3OBaTbCR
Bbipa)KeHHeM (30)
ZH2
ZHl
rAe ZHl - COnpOTHBJIeHHe Harpy3KH TOKaM npHMO11 nocjleAOBaTeJIb-
HOCTH;
ZH2 - COnpOTHBJIeHHe Harpy3KH TOKaM 06paTHOfI nocJIeAOBaTeJIb-
HOCTH.
O606HLaH pacTieT AJISI CJIyTiaH AByX Harpy3oK, CJIeayeT 3aMeT}ITb, TITO
He npeACTaBJIReT oco6oro TpyAa paCCTdHTaTb cxeMy c 6oJIbHIHM TiHCJIOM
Harpy3oK. He npOH3BOAR MHO)KeCTBa paclieTOB, MO)KHO no alaJlOrHH
C npHBeAeHHbIMH BbIIIIe 3afHCaTb COOTBeTCTBy1OIUHe Bblpa)KeHHR AJIH 60-
Jlee CJIO)KHbIX CJIyTiaeB. Oco6eHHO XOp01UD 3T0 BHAHO Ha npHMepe BbI
pa?K HHfl acHMMeTpHH Hanpxx{eHHfl (33)-(36).
(DOpMyJIbI aim OnpeAeJleHHR COnpOTHBJIeHHfi ZL, Zi H B3aHMHbIX
1IHAyKIHf( Z',, Zm ABYX napaJIJleJlbHbIX neTeJIb >
IPHBOARTCR B JIHTepaType. AJIR CJIytiaf, KorAa B KaliecTBe (4a3HOro
8* 115
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
nposolla HCnonb3yeTCSI o6LIIHBxa caMoneTa, COOTBeTCTByioiuHe co-
npOTHBJIeHHA MO?KHO onpeaeJIHTb no 4)0pMyJIaMl:
L [OAiIKM];
ZL=R+129f10-41g 2h=R
L+jX
(37)
g
g
r9
Zm=j29f10-41g Dbb+Rgm+jXgm [OAf1K.x],
(38)
rj e R - aKTHBHOe conpOTHBJIeHHe npOBoaa;
f - tiacTOTa nepeMexxoro Toxa;
h - BblcoTa noRBeca npoBOAoB;
dab- paccTOHHHe MexKay nponoaaMH;
Deb- paccTO5HHe OT OAHOro nposoaa Ao 3epKBJlbHOrO
H3o6pa?KeHHH Apyroro nposoaa oTHOCHTeJIbxo rio-
BepxHOCTH o61IIHBKH caMojleTa;
rs 3KBHBaJIeHTHbIfi paaHyc nposoaa. Z[JiH BHTbIX MeA-
HbIX IIpOBOAOB BeJIHVHHa onpeAe.iexa B 3aBHCHMO-
CTH OT paAHyCa nposoaa r:
Aim nponoaoB, HMeIOMHx 7 npHaei'i, r9=0,724 r,
,IJIH HPOB ZOB, HMe1OI11,Hx 19 npaAei, r3=0,759 r,
JIJIH IIpOBOAOB, HMeIOU.[Hx 37 npHAeH, r3=0,767 r,
AJ151 npOBOAoB, HMe1OILHx 61 npHAb, r9=0,771 r,
AJIH CnJIOI11HbIX Kpyrjibix npOBOAOB r3=0,779 r;
Rgl, XgL, Rem, Xgm- COnpOTHBJIeHHH, yIIHTb1Baloluiie COnpOTHBneHHe o6-
IIIHBKII H BHXpeBble TOKH B HeIH. 3'rH COnpOTHBJ1eHHA
3aBHC51T OT BbICOTbI nOABeca nPOBOAOB Haa o61uHB-
KOII, paCCTOHHHH Me}KAy npOBOAaMH, 'TaCTOTbI nepe-
McHHOrO ToKa, TOJIn1,HHbI H npOBOAHMOCTH o61IIHBKH
H npH tgacTOTe 400 att MoryT 6bITb onpeAeJieHbl H3
rpaclJHKOB, npHBeaeHHbIX B pa6oTe B. B. AH,rjpeena
, B 4)yHKUHH
OTHOIneHHII
2h H Dab
Po Po
109
Po= 2tw,7'
co - yrnosaT tiacTOTa nepeMenxoro Toxa;
A - TOJIIUHHa 06IIIHBKH B CM;
y-npOBOAHMOCTb 061UHBKH B 1 CM *
1-1pH tiaCTOTax, OTJIHtIHbIX OT 400 014, 3HatieHH5I COnpOTHBJIeHHfI
RgL, XgL, Rgm, Xgm, HafYAeHHbxe no rpa(4HKaM Aim cooTBeTCTByIo-
m. ero Po, Ha,o H3MeHHTb nponOpl,HOHaJIbHO tlaCTOTe. 1lpH olieHb
I B. B. A H A p e e B, HccJ1eaOBaHHe conpoTHBJ1eHH11 nplMOIi H HyJ1 BOI nocJ[eAo-
BaTeJIbHOCTel caMOJIeTHOIi TpeXCpa3HON ceTH, KaHn. JAHccepTa1HH, MAH, 1950.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6OJIbIIIOft ApOBOAHMOCTH o6IIIHBKH 2h CTpeMHTCH K 6ecKOHegHOCTH,
P
COIIpOTHBJIeHHH RgL, XgL, Rgm, Xgm CTpeMSITCA K HyJIK). UpH MBJIOM
paCCTOSIHHH MewAy ITpOBO,I[aMH Dab=z 2/l, a conpoTHBJieHH9 RgL H
Rgm H COOTBeTCkBeHHO XgL H Xgm npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO paBHbI.
BHeApeHHe B aBHaILHH Tpex a3HOIi CHCTeMbi nepeMeHHoro TOKa OT-
KpblBaeT 60JIbIIIHe BO3M02KHOCTH nepeA HCIIOJIb3oBaHHeM npe1LJlaraeMoii
AByXIIpOBOAHOf Tpexcca3HoIi CHCTeMbI, rAe B KageCTBe oAHOTO H3 4a3HbIX
npOBOAOB HCHOJIb3yeTCH McTajijImeCKaSi 061IIHBKa caMOJIeTa. TaKaSi AByX-
npOBOjLHaSI CHCTeMa ,ILaeT 3HagHTe.IbHbIIi BbrHrpbIIII B Bece, TaK KaK 3JIeK-
Tp(>o6opyAOBaHHe 3aHHMaeT 6OJIbUIoe McCTO B o61ueM o6opyAoBaHHH
COBpeMeHHoro caMoJieTa.
BbICOKaH npOBOAHMocm O61IIHBKH canto ieTa yMeHbIIIaeT noTepH 3JIeK-
TpO3HeprHH B JIHHHH, IIOBbIIIIasi o61IIHIi KHJ 3JIeKTponepeAagH.
HeCHMMeTpHH TaKOIi RByxripOBOAHOA CHCTeMbI B o6meM He npeBbi-
nlaeT AOnyCTHMbIX 50/o.
BBei(eHHe AOIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX COnpOTHBJIeHHH, KaK nOKa3bIBaIOT pacile-
TbI, XOTSI H yMeHbuiaeT HecHMMeTpHIO CHCTeMbI, HO IIOJIHOCTbiO KOMneH-
CHpOBaTm ee He MO}KeT. 1103TOMy npHMeHeHHe .gOIIOJIHHTeJIbHbIX COnpO-
THBJIeHHIi MO)KeT OKa3aTbCH HeLLeJIecoo pa3HbIM.
KpoMe Toro, TIpH 3a3eMJIeHHH OAHOIi 4)a3bl JIHHHH C03AaIOTCSI yCJIO-
I3HH, KOrAa H30JI511XHR (cH,ijepoB H annapaTypbl pa6oTaeT noA JIHHeIiHbIM
HanpmKeHHeM BMeCTO I!a3HOrO.
YBeJIHgeHHe AH3JIeKTpHgeCKHX nOTepb B H30JI.9IIHH H CTapeHHe H30JISI-
UHH He3HatHTeJIbHbi (B npeAeJlax HopM). C Apyroi3 CTOpOHbl, K Me>KAy-
()a3OBOIi H30JI5IILHH H H30JIHILHH Me KILy 4)a3oH H KOpnyCOM Tpe60BaHHq
OCT OAHHaKOBbI; CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, 1PH nepexoAe K AByxnpoBoAHOfi CH-
CTeMe AonOJIHHTeJIbHble Tpe60BaHHSI Ha H3O.flH1XHIO He HajlaraK)Tc$1.
CJiel(yeT JjO6aBHTb, 'ITO npHMeHeHHe aByxnpOBOAHOIf CHCTeMbI HH B
KoeM cJlyEiae He 3aTpygHHeT 3a11HTy ceTH. HOBaH CHCTeMa no cpaBHeHHK)
C 06bI'HOIi Tpexc a3HOIi HMeeT Aa Ke HeKOTOpble npeHMynjeCTBa, HalipH-
Mep, B TOM, TITO cneUHa.IbHaSI 3a1LHTa OT 3aMbIKaHHH Ha MaCCy B JjaH-
HOM CJly'iae SIBJIHeTCg H3JIHIIIHeH.
TaKHM O6pa3OM, MO KHO CgHTaTb, 'iTO 3anjHTa AByXnpOBOAHO)i TpeX-
(t)a3HOI3 CHCTeMbI B HeKOTOpbIX cJly~Iaxx npotue o6bI'HOH TpexnpoBoA-
HOIi H, CJIe LoBaTeJIbHO, BbIrOAHee KaK B BeCOBOM, TaK H B 9KOHOMHgeJ oM
OTHOIneHHH. O6opyAoBaHHe, npeAHa3HageHHOe ,ILJISI pa60TIi B CHCTeMaX
C H3OJIHpOBaHHOIi HeI3TpaJIbIO, MO}KeT 6bITb HCHOJIb30BaHO B AByxnpo-
BOAHbIX CHCTeMax.
npOBeAeHHe AaJlbHeI3IIIHX HCCJIe.zLoBaHHH no HCnOJIb30BaHHK) AByXnpO-
BOAHOFI Tpexcia3HOIi CHCTeMbI nepeMeHHoro TOKa B aBHaILHH yCTaHOBHT
ueJIecoo6pa3HOCTb npHMeHeHHSI nQILO6HOIi cxeMbI H OTBeTHT Ha MHO}Ke-
CTBO BonpOCOB, CBH3aHHbIX HeIIOCpe,ILCTBeHHO C 3KCnJIyaTaILHeIi TaKOIi
CHCTeMbI.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
JIHTEPATYPA
1. B a r n e p K. (D., 3 B a H C P. R., McTOA CHMMeTpH4iiblx COCTaBJ1HK)n ix, OHTH,
1936.
2. M a pro n H H H. (D., TOKH B 3eMJie, FOC3HeproH3AaT, M.-J1., 1947.
3. 0 p e In K H H C K H Ii H. C., IIepega4a BHeprHH Tpex(la3HbIM TOKOM no CHCTeMe
KABa npOBOAa-3eMJI5T>, H6A. AH CCCP, 1935.
4. 3 6 11 H A. E., A Ji Y K e p III. M., 3JIeKTpH4eCKHH pac44 ceTeii c HCHOJIb3O-
BaHHeM 3eMJIH B Ka4eCTBe OAHOrO H6 (lla3HbIX npOBOAOB, I-OC3HeprOH3AaT, M.-JI., 1949.
5. 3 6 n H A. E., A ji y K e p III. M., PyKOBOACTBO no BJIeKTpH4eCKOMy pac4eTy
Tpex( a3lHbix CeTe1 C HcnoJIb3OBaHHeM 3eMJIH B Ka4eCTBe OAHOrO H3 npOBOAOB, roC-
3Hepr0H3AaT, 1940.
6. C n m H 4 e B H. C., CHCTeMa a r13 Ha Be4HOH Mep3JIOTe, IKypHaJI 43JIeKTpH4e-
CKHe CTaHIIHIH)O, 1947, Ne 2.
7. 0 ji JI e H A o p (D., TOKH B 3eMJIe, FHTI4, 1932.
8. A H A p e e B B. B,, HccJIeAOBaHHe ConpOTHBJIeHHH npBMOH H HyJieBO nocJie
AOBaTeJibHOCTeH caMOJIeTHOH Tpex4la3HOH ceTH, KaHA. AHccepTaiu1a, MAH, 1950.
9. A H A p e e B B. B., 0 AByxnpoBOAHOH Tpex4 a3HOH JIHHHH, TpyAbi MAN N9 57,
1956.
10. 3 e B e K e r. B., H 0 H K H H 1-1. A., OCHOBbI BJIeKTpOTeXHHKH, rOC3HeprOH3AaT..
1955.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
no %beit
BHHe
11
c1Hr. 8
- K, sin (wt 4 a)
-KK1 sin (wt+a)
aBT.
17
cHr. 12
K sin (wt +a)
Um sin (wt)
aBT.
17
c1Hr. 12
sin wt
Umy sin (wt- a)
aBT.
18
6 CHH3y
- KM
-KK1
aBT.
38
18 H 20cBepxy
UCT
VCT
a BT.
39
8 cBepxy
Duper AI,.,
AUperc/_
aBT.
40
I cBepxy
4rnr. 1, 6,
4Hr. 1, B,
a BT.
2
aBT.
53
4 opMyna (13)
VHav
VHa4
Z2H+Z2r
Z2H ? Z_r
Z2x+Z2r
Z2x4 Z2r
105
8 cBepxy
Ib
106
11 CHH3y
Zg
Zg
108
4 cBepxy
UBA
OBA
1 CHH3y
Zg=ZL-2Zm
Zg=ZL-2Z,,,
Rae23 184818410
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
S
Crp..
IIpe1LHcJIosxe 3
B. II. IL(enrcux. J poccenb Hacbll L HHH C 4,a3osbiM ynpasnexxeM . . . . . . 5
H. T. Ko6Rlcoea, B. A. Capropu. CTa6Hnn3aTop Hanpaacexxa nepeMexxoro Toxa
noBbIII1eaHo1i TO4HOCTH C JLpocceneM HdCbIIILCHHH . . . . . . . . . . .
A. K. Tep-Alconoe. OUTHMaJIbHaSf HHAYKTHBHOCTb H MIHHMaJIbHOe BpeMA Cpa6a-
mIBaHIirsI 3neKTpoMarHwroB nOCTOHHHOrO TOKa
A. K. Tep-Alconoe. AHanaa McTO1LOB pac4era J1HHaMH4eCKHX XapaKTeplCTHK
3neKTPOMaFHHTHbIX MexaHH3MOB
C. H. HIc01iKUKo8. O McTOj[H4eCKOM nepeXOJ a OT 06bIKHOBeHHOrO MOcTa K 1 EOli-
HOMY MOCTY (TOMCoHa) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B. 'P. PaxMatcoe. KpyrOBaH JI$arpaMMa ,qna OnpeJLeneHHH K03(p(~HILI'IeHTOB yCH-
neHHH no TOKy H HanpH}KeHHIO npH KOMnJIeKCHOF[ Harpy3Ke . . . . . . .
B. H. Hcrpar08, B. B. MurlowuKa. K pac4eTy TOKOB KOpoTKOro 3aMblKaHHSi
CaMOne THOIi 3JICKTpH4eCKOF1 CHCTeMbI Tpex4 a3HOr0 TOKa . . . . . . . .
A. B. KaMeKcxuu, B. T. Tep-3axapRx. Pacqer HecHMMeTpHID TOKOB npH 06pbI-
Bax 4 a3b1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A. B. TuMotfee8, B. T. Tep-3axap. K. TpaHc4opMaTopM TOKa AnH nHTaHHdI pene
JLI1I)I)epeHuHaJIbHMX 3aIILHT CaMOJIeTHo 3neKTpOCeTHi . . . . . . . . .
A. A. Ko83aH. 06 HCnonbaoBaHHH 061IIHBKH CaMOJIeTa B KatecTBe OILHOro 116
Lpa3HbIX npOBO,ILOB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
75,
84
89
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
3JIEMEHTbt
3JIEK TPOABTOM AT14 KIWI
14 PAC1ETA CAMOJIETHbIX
9JIEKTPfgECK14X CI4CTEM
T-01477 IIoAU. B negaTm 411V 1957 r. Ygerno-H3A. n. 6,79
q)opuaT 6yMarx 60X921/16=3,88 6yM. n.-7,65 neg. A. B T. g. I BKn.
Mena 6 p. 75 K. THpaxc 4800. 3aKa3 1848/8410.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Item 6 6 p. 75 r.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
H,. ame.Iecrrao
UHOCmpa7Hoii
.4amepamgper
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4ACTOTHbIE METOI,bI
B ABTOMATHKE
CEOPHNN C TA TEN
I7od pedaKtqueii
KaHA. TexH. HBYK
B. A. KAPABAHOBA
Bcmynumenb,ag cmambfl
A-pa TeXH. HBYK
B. B. COJIOAOBHHKOBA
H34ATEJIbCTBO
IIHOCTPAHHOII JINTEPATYPbj
MocKBa, 1957
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO45100330001-4
B C60pHHK BKJIIOieHb1 CTaTbH H3 HHOCTpaHHOft nepHO-
AH4eCKON JlnTepaTypbi, nocBHHjeHHbie npHMeHeHHIo 9aCTOT-
HbIX McTOAOB AJIH peuienHH HeKOTOpbIX 3aAaq aBTOMaTHKH.
B HeM paCCMOTpeHbI CnOC06bi npH6JIH)KeHHOR OgeHKH
CBONCTB nepeXOAHbIX np0ueCCOB B JIHHerIHbIX CHCTeMaX
aBTOMaTH11eCKOCO peryJWpOBaHHH no HX IIaCTOTHbIM XapaK-
TepHCTHKaM, H3JIO)KeHb1 pe3yJlbTBTbl IIPHMeHeHHH 4aCTOT-
HbIX McTOAWB K HccJ1eAoBaHH10 cyII[eCTBeHHO HeJ1HHehHbIX
CHCTeM, a TaK)Ke HMnyJIbCHbIX CHCTeM, B COMB KOTOPbIX
BXOAHT uHCppOBbie BbI'IHCJIHTeJlbHble MaWHHbi. J aHbi npH-
Mepbl npHMeHeHHH IIaCTOTHbIX McTOAOB K aHaJIH3y peryJlH-
pOBaHHH Typ6HH B 3HeprocHCTeMaX H ABH)KeHHH CaMOJIeTa
C aBTonHJIOTOM. flpHBeAeHbl TBK)Ke HeKOTOphie CBeAeHHH 06
annapaType H McTOAaX 3KCnepHMeHTaJIbHO 2 OueHKH IIaCTOT-
HbIX XapaKTePHCTHK.
C6opHHK npeAHa3natleH AJIH HayIIHbIX H HH)KeHepHO-
TeXHnIieCKHX pa60THHKOB, cnegHaJIH3npylOH(HXC51 B 06JIaCTH
aBTOMBTHIIeCKOrO peryJIHpOBaHHH. OH MO)KeT CJ1y)KHTb
TaK)Ke AOnOJ1HHTeJIbHbIM nOco6HeM AJIH CTyAeHTOB CTapWHX
KypCOB H acnHpaHTOB psaa Cnel[HaJIbHOCTeR.
PeaaKI[HR JIHTepaTypbl no BOnpocaM TeXHHKH
3aaedylou{uu pedaxqueu npoi . A. E. [IJERHaJIJIN
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
HaCTOBu Hfl C60pHHK nOCBAH(eH BOnpocaM npHMeHeHHA 9a-
CTOTHbIX McTOAOB K pemeHH10 HeKOTOpbIX 3aAa9 aBTOMaTHKH.
I-1aCTOTHble McTOAb!, npHHBTb1e Ha Boopy)KeHHe" cneuH-
aJIHCTaMH B 06JIaCTH aBTOMaTHKH npHMepHO 20 AeT Ha3aA,
B HaCTOBUiee BpeMB nOAy9HAH 9pe3BbI9afiHO mHpoxoe pacnpo-
CTpaHeHHe H Bceo6Hiee npH3HaHHe. 3T0 06yCJIOBJIHBaeTCB
B nepBylo O9epeab OoraTCTBOM I~H3H9ecKoro coaepIcaHHB 9a-
CTOTHbIX McTOAOB, HX HarABAHOCTblO, mHpOKHMH BO3MO)KHOCTBMH
3aMeHbI AHaJIHTH9eCKHX paC9eTOB rpa4)H9eCKHMH IOCTpOeHHBMH
H, HaKOHet[, TeM, 9TO npHMeHeHHe 9acTOTHbIX McTOAOB n03B0-
ngeT pa3pa60TaTb cpaBHHTeJIbHO npOCTble HHNKeHepHble McTOAbI
auaAH3a H CHHTe3a JIHHef1HbIX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH9ecKoro pery-
AHpOBaHHB.
HeMaJIyio ponb B co3AaHHH 9aCTOTHbIX McTOAOB cblrpanH
pa6oTbl COBeTCKHX ygexblx. BHeApeHHe 9acTOTHbIX McTOAOB
B 06AaCTb aBTOMaTHKH 6bIAO CBB3aHO c pa3pa60TKOfI 9aCTOT-
Horo KpHTepHB yCTOf19HBOCTH JIHHefIHbIX aHHaMH9eCKHX CHCTeM
C OTpHgaTeJIbHOH 06paTHOR CBB3b1o. 9Ta 3aaaga 6b!Aa peweHa
B pa6oTaX r. HafiKBHCTa (1932 r.), npeA.AO>KHBwero 9aCTOT-
Hblfl KpHTepHfl AAA aHaAH3a yCTOfl9HBOCTH yCHAHTenefl C OT-
pHuaTeJlbHOn 06paTHOfI CBB3bIO, H A. B. MHXaflAOBa (1938 r.),
KOTOpblfl nepBb1M npHMeHHJI STOT KpHTepHfl B TeOpHH aBToMaTH-
9ecKoro peryAHpoBaHHB H A.aa eMy CTporoe MaTeMBTH9ecKoe
O6OCHOBaHHe. C BTOTO BpeMeHH.Ha9HHaeTCH 6bICTpoe pa3BHTHe
9aCTOTHbIX McTO)IOB KaK B Hamefl CTpaHe, TaK H 3a py6e)KOM.
Oco6eHHo MHOro pa6OT,B KOTOpbIX pa3BHBalOTCB HAeH 9aCTOT-
HOTO McTOAa, 6bIAO BbIHOAHeHO B. B. COJIOAOBHHKOBbIM, KOTO-
pbIfl npHMepHO B STO we BpeMB (1939 r.) Hagai pa3pa6oTKy
9aCTOTHbIX McTOAOB aHa i as KageCTBa AHHef1HbIX CHCTeM aBTO-
MaTH9ecKoro peryJIHpoBaHHB, HameAmylo 3aBepmeHHe B ero
AOKTOpCKOfI aHCCepTaUHH (1948 r.). B. B. COAOAOBHHKOB
pa3pa6OTaJJ TaKKe npaKTH9eCKHe npHeMbl CHHTe3a KOppeKTH-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
pyio wHX yCTpOftCTB CHCTeM aBTOMaTH9eCKOrO peryJ1HpOBaHH51,
OCHOBaHHble Ha HCnOnb3OBaHHH 9aCTOTHOro McTOAa (1951-=
1953 rr.).
.IJJIA pa3BHTHA 4aCTOTHbIX McTOAOB B HaCTOAnlee BpeMA BeCbMa
nOKa3aTenbHO TO o6CTOATenbCTBO, TO 9TH McTOAbI CTaJIH BHeJ-
pATbCA B TaKHeo6aaCTH TeOpHHa$TOMaTH4eCKOrO peryJlHpOBaHHA,
KaK TeopHA HeJIHHefiHb1X CHCTCM H TeOpm CHCTeM HMnynbCHOrO
peryJIHpOBaHHA, B TO BpeMA KBK BHagane 4aCTOTHble McTOAbI npH-
McHSIJIHCb HCKJIIO'HTenbHO AJIA HCCneJIOBaHHA CBOftCTB JHHefIHbIX
CHCTeM HenpepblBHoro JeftCTBHH.
rlpHMeHHTenbHO K TeOpHH HeJHHeftHb1X (Henn Heap H3yeMblx)
CHCTeM aBTOMaTH'IeCKOrO perynHpOBaHH$ BeCbMa nnOAOTBOpHbIM
OKa3anocb BBCA.eHHe nOHHTHA 9KBHBaJIeHTHOrO KOMnJIeKCHOro
nepeAaTO4HOI'O Ko9("HIuHeHTa HeJIHHefIHbIX 9neMeHTOB. Onpe-
AeneHHe 9TOro nOHHTHA OCHOBaHO Ha npHHUHne rapMOHH4e-
CKOf1 nHHeapH3auHH, BnepBble C(4OpMynHpOBaHHOM H HCHOnb3O-
BaHHOM AJIA pemeHHA npaKTH4eCKHX 3a.aa4 H. M. KpbIJIOBbIM H
H. H. Boronlo6oBbIM (1934-1937 rr.). McToA rapMOHH4ecKOft
AHHeapn3auHH, XOTA H HMe1OW4Hft HexoTopble OrpaHH4eHH 1, no-
3BOn$eT 944 eKTHBHO HCCneAOBaTb noBeaeHHe MHOrHx cyLue-
CTBCHHO HenHHeftHbIX CHCTeM, npH4eM 9TH HCCneAOBaHHA MoryT
6b1Tb BbIHOJIHeHbI C HCnOnb3OBaHHeM RCTaJIbHO pa3pa6OTaHHbIX
H XOpOIDO H3BeCTHbIX 'iaCTOTHbIX McTOA.OB. Pa3pa60TKa TaKOrO
poAa McTOAOB HccaeAOBaHHA HenHHeflHbIX CHCTCM npOBOAHnacb
ILCnbIM p9AOM aBTOpOB KaK B Haweft CTpaHe (.f1. C. ronbA(pap6,
E. n. IIonOB H Ap.), TBK H 3a py6e Kom.
Hap u y C 9THM 4aCTOTHble McTOAbI c ycnexoM 6binH npH-
McHeHbl K HCCne1OBaIHHIO 4aCTO BCTpe1aIo111HXCH Ha npaKTHKe
CHCTeM HMnyabCHOrO perynnpOBaHHH. Y Hac pa3pa60TKO]3 McTO-
AOB HCcaeJOBaHHA HMnynbCHbIX CHCTCM 3aHHMancn 51. 3. LLbIH-
KHH, KOTOpbift Ha OCHOBe RHCKpeTHoro npeo6pa3OBaHH51 JIan-
naca pa3pa6oTan McTOAHKy, BO MHOI'OM coBnaAaloluylo C 4a-
CTOTHbIM McTOAOM HccnejOBaHHA CHCTeM HenpepblBHoro aeft-
CTBHA. B nocneAHee BpeMA B 9TOM HanpaBneHHH IIOHBHJIOCb
AOBOnbHO MHOrO pa60T H Y HHOCTpaHHblx aBTOpOB.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, B03MOM(HOCTH 4aCTOTHbIX MCTOAOB JaneKO
He HCyepnaHbl H OHH npoJOnM(aIOT HenpepblBHO pa3BHBaTbC5I
H COBepIueHCTBOBaTbCA.
KpaTKoe H3noM(eHHe CYLUHOCTH 4aCTOTHOrO McTOAa HCcne-
AOBaHHA CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKOrO peryJIHpOBaHHA aaHO BO BCTy-
pHTenbHOf1 CTaTbe, HanucaHHOft B. B. COJIOAOBHHKOBbIM.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
llpetucAosue 7
B HaCTOSIUteM c6opHHKe co0paHbI nepesoAbI CTaTeft H3 aMe-
pHKaHCKHX )KypHanoB, B KOTOpbIX paCCM3TPHBaIOTCA BonpocM
npHMeHeHHSI 9aCTOTHbIX McTOAOB K aHaJIH3y HeAHHeftHbIX H
HMnyJIbCHbIX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH9ecKoro peryJIHpOBaHHH, a TaKN(e
HeKOTOpMe o6tuHe BonpocM TeopHH H pe3yJSbTaTM HCCJIeAOBa-
HHA KOHKpeTHMX CHCTeM. B 60JIbISHHCTBe CBOeM npeACTaBJIeH-
HMe B C(5opHHKe CT3TbH nOCBAULeHM AeTaJIbHOf pa3pa60TKe
KaKOro-JIH6O 9aCTHoro BOnpOCa HJIH paCCMOTpeHHIO onpeAeJleH-
HMX npaKTH4eCKHX 3aAaq. 1109TOMy OHH Beci Ma nOKa3aTeJIbHbI
C TO9KH 3peHHA HJIJIK)CTpagHH B03MO)KHOCTeft 9aCTOTHOrO Me-
ToA.a, XOTA H He coAep)KaT KaKHX-JIH60 HOBbIX, HeH3BeCTHMX
COBeTCKOMY 9HTaTeJIIO npHHI1HHHaJIbHMX noJIoMceHHf.
MaTepuan C60PHMKa CrpynnHpOBBH no TTM3TM4eCKOMy npH-
3HaKy, H B COOTBeTCTBHH C 9THM C6OpHHK pa36HT Ha 9eTblpe
pa3AeJIa.
B nepBOM pa3AeJIe paccMaTpHBaIOTCA HeKOTopble o6u1He
BonpocM npHMeHeHHA 4aCTOTHbIX McTOAOB K aHaJSH3y H CHH=
Te3y CHCTeM aBTOMaTH9eCKOro peryJHpOBaHHA.
B CTaTbe OAbAeH6yprepa coaep)KHTCA nOIIMTKa C(rOpMyJIH-
POBaTb HeKOTOpble. CTaHAapTM AASI npeACTaBJIeHHA 9aCTOTHMX
AaHHbIX H YCTaHOBHTb pacyeTHMe KpHTepMH. UeJlb CTaTbH -
AaTb HeKOTOpMe nyTeBOA.HMe yKa3aHHSI no HcnOJIb30BaHHK) va-
CTOTHbIX McTOAOB A.AR HH)KeHepHO-TeXHH4eCKHX pa6OTHHKOB, He
HMeIOULHX rJIy6OKHX n03HaHHft B CnequaJlbHMX oTAeJSax MaTe-
M3THKH, 6e3 KOTOPbIX npHMeHeHHe 4aCTOTHbIX McTOAOB CTaHo-
BHTCA B H3BeCTHOft Mepe (popMaJIbHMM.
B CTaTbe ?Kep6H H BoMapbnN(a 9HTaTeJIb, 3HaKOMMff c va-
CTOTHMM McTOAOM allaJlH3a KageCTBa, pa3pa6OTaHHMM B. B. CoJIo-
AOBHHKOBbIM, no)Kanyft, He HaftA.eT AAA ce6A HHqerO HOBOro,
HO onpe)eJIeHHbIft HHTepeC B 9TOft CTaTbe npeACTBBASIeT nOA-
XOA.? K npe6pa3OBaHHIO JIannaca KaK K onepailH rapMOHH4e-
CKOI'O aHaJIM3a. ABTOpW OUHCMBBIOT geJMft pUA npHMePOB H
npHBOAAT rpa4)HKH, C nOMOU.IbIO KOTOpUX MOM(HO npOH3BeCTH
olleHKY Ka4eCTBa CHCTeMM (?OTHOCHTeAbHOf yCTOft9HBOCTH", no
TepMHHOAOrHH aBTOpOB).
B CTaTbe My paccMaTpHBaeTCA BO3MO)KHOCTb oiteHKH nepe-
XOAHoro npouecca CHCTeMbI C noMOUIbwO anaJlH3a pacnpeAeAe-
HHSI Hyneft H *nOAK)COB nepeAaT09HOft 4)yHK4HH 3aMKHyTOft
CHCTeMM, OCHOBaHHoro Ha HcnOAb3OBaHHH McTOAa KOpHeBoro
roA.orpa4 a 3BaHca. CTaTbs npeACTaBAAeT HHTepeC C Toil TO9KH
apeHHA, vTO nOAXOA, npeA,AaraeMblft aBTOpOM, nepe6paCblBaeT
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
MOCT McMCAy 06b14HbIM 4aCTOTHbIM McTOAOM allaJIH3a nepexoA-
HbIX npogeccoB CHCTeM H McTOAOM, OCHOBaHHbIM Ha aHaJIH3e
pacnpeaeJleHHA Hyaefl H HOJIIOCOB nepeiaT04HbIX 4]yHKHHII.
HaKOHeU, B CTaTbe BbepHcoHa H3J,araeTCR McTOA npH6JIH-
)KeHHOR OgeHKH CBOfICTB nepexo Hbix npoueccoB CHCTeM aBTO-
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pa30MKHYTbIX CHCTeM. 4HTBTeJIb HatAeT B 9TOf1 CTaTbe psa n0-
JIe3HbIX npaKTH4eCKHX yKa3aHHfl 0 BJIHAHHH napaMeTPOB Jiora-
PII MH4eCKHX 4aCTOTHbIX XapaKTepIICTHK pa30MKHYTbIX CHCTeM
Ha oco6eHHOCTH H CBOflCTBa nepeXOAHbIX npoaeccos.
BO BTOpOf pa3AeJI BOHIJIH CTaTbH, B KOTOpbIX HJIJIIOCTpH-
pyeTCA npHMeHeFIHe 4aCTOTHOI'O McTOAa K anaJiu3y CylljeCTBeHHO
HeJIHHefIHbIX CHCTeM. BO Bcex 9THX CTaTbAX nOJIy4eHHble pe3yJlb-
TaTbI onpeAeJleHbl C HOMOMbIO BOHATHr 9KBHBaJIeHTHOI'O Ko94)-
(4HI(HeHTa yCHJIeHHA HeJIHHefIHOCO 9J1eMeHTa (MeTOA rapMOHH4e-
CKOf JIHHeapH3auHH).
B CTaTbe FlpHH as yKa3aH npHeM nOCTPOeHHB 4aCTOTHbIX
XapaKTePHCTHK 3aMKHyTbIX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKOrO peryJlHpo-
BaHHH, coaep>KalwHx HeJIHHeI nblfl 9JIeMeHT, KOTOpbIfl npeA-
CTaBJIBeTCH 9KBHBaJICHTHbIM nepeaaT04HbIM K0944HI(HeHTOM.
B CTaTbe JIeBHHCOHa aeJiaeTC5] nOnbiTKa 06-bHCHHTb ABJIeHHe
>CKa4KOo6pa3Horo" pe30HaHca, XapaKTeploe A.JIR HeKOTOpbIX
cJ1emn-m X CHCTeM C TaXOMeTPH4eCKOfI CTa6HJIII3auHef H C He-
JIHFIefIHbIM 9JIeMeHTOM THna HaCbILLieHHB. A,JJB CBOHX BbIBOAOB
aBTOp HCHOJIb3yeT 4aCTOTHbIf1 McTOA H HOH51THe 9KBHBaJIeHT-
Horo nepeaaT04HorO K09("HutieHTa.
HHTepeCHO OTMeTHTb, 4TO 9TO, no)KaJIyfI, nepaoe HCCJIeao-
BaHHe ,,CKa4KOo6pa3HOrO" pe30HaHca, OCHOBaHHOe Ha HCHOJIb-
30BaHHH 4aCTOTHOrO McTOAa. JUO 9T0rO ?CKa4KOo6pa3HbIII"
pe30HaHC HccJIeAOBaJICH TOJIbKO C npHMeHeHHeM CpaBHHTeJIbHO
CJIO)KHbIX McTOAOB TeOpHH HeJIHHefHbIX KOJIe6aHHfl.
B CTaTbe '-IeCTHaTa Ha OCHOBe 4aCTOTH0r0 McTOAa npoaO-
AHTCB AeTaJIbHbIII allaJIH3 CBOfkCTB CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKOI'O
peryJIHpOBaHH 1, coaep)Kalunx 9JLeMeHTbI C HaCbIH(eHHeM H 3OHOf1
Hc4yBCTBHTeJlbHOCTH KaK B HpHMOfI LLeHH, TaK H B ll,enl4 o6paT-
HOfI CBH3H. npoeKTHpOB1liHK CJIe1AHLHx CHCTeM Hafx,eT B CTaTbe
MHOI'O HOJIe3HbIX npaKTH4eCKHX CBeaeHllfl.
B TpeTbeM pa3,aeJle o6'beAHHeHbl CTaTbH, B KOTOPbIX pac-
CMaTPHBaIOTCH npHJIO)KeHH 1 4aCTOTHOI'O McTOAa K aHaJIH3y
HeKOTOpbIX CneL(HaJIbHbIX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKoro peryJlHpO-
p,.IIFIfl, H 4aCTHOCTM 17MnyJIbCHbIX CHCTeM. B CTBTb$X JIHH?
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Jlpeauc eoeue 9
BHnna H CHTTJIepa H JIHHBHnna H 3anbllepa H3naraeTCS1 OA.HO
H3 B03MO)KHbIX npHMeHeHHf1 9aCTOTHb1X McTOAOB AJIH aHaJH3a
HMnynbCHbIX CHCTeM, B TOM 9HCne CHCTeM, coaep)KaIfHX B Ka9e-
CTBe 9neMeHTa UH(pposble BbIgHCJIHTenbHble MaIIHHbI. B CTaTbe
3anbllepa paccMaTpHBalOTCH 4aCTOTHble XapaKTepHCTHKH LH(4-
POBOfd Bb14HCJlHTeJlbHOl Ma1HHHbI, HBJIHIOHjeftCH 9neMeHTOM CH-
CTeMbI aBTOMaTH9eCKOI'O peryJHpOBaHHH H pa60Taiomef1 B eCTe-
CTBeHHOM BpeMeHH.
Cne.ayeT 3aMeTHTb, qTO nepBaH CTaTbs o'eHb KOHCneKTHBHa
H Tpe6yeT OT 4HTaTenB 3HaHH5I He TOJIbKO oco6eHHOCTeft pa6oTb1
HMnynbCHb1X CHCTeM, HO H 9neMeHTOB TeOpHH TaKHX CHCTeM
HJIH, BO BCHKOM cay9ae, xopow ero 3HaHHH CBOftCTB H OCHOB-
HbIX TeopeM npeo6pa30BaHHH Jlanaaca.
B CTaTbe OfIH paCCKa3blBaeTCH O npHMeHeHHH 9aCTOTHOI'O
McTOAa AJISI HCCneAABaHHH CHCTeMb1 peryJIHpOBaHHH Typ6HH
B 9HeprOCHCTeMe WBeuHH. CTaTbH npe,icTasnHeT HHTepeC He
TOJIbKO nOTOMy, TO 4aCTOTHb1e McTOAbI AJIH aHanH3a rja60TbI
9HeprOCHCTeM CTaJH npHMeHHTbCB cpaBHHTenbHO HeaaBHp, HO H
B CBH3H C TeM, YTO B 9TOf1 CTaTbe aHaJIH3 pa60TbI 9HeprOCHCTeMbI
C HCnOJlb3OBaHHeM 9aCTOTHOTO McTOAa nPOBOAHTCH 'C ygeTOM
9KOHOMH4eCKHX ()aKTOpOB pa60TbI CHCTeMbI.
B CTaTbe CHKopaa paCCMaTpHBaeTCH BO3MO)KHOCTb npHMe-
HeHHH 9aCTOTHOrO McToaa AJIH aHaJH3a yCTOt4HBOCTH ?LBH)KeHHH
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CaMOneT 1).
B 4eTBepTOM pa3Aeae 06-beAHHeHbi CTaTbH, B KOTOpbIX pac-
CMOTpeHbl HCKOTOpble BOnpOCbl 9KCnepHMeHTanbHOro onpeue-
neHHH 4aCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK CHCTeM aBTOMaTH9eCKOI'O pe-
rynHpOBaHHH.
CTaTbH CMHTa H TpHnneTTa npHMb1KaCT K CTaTbe CH-
KOpAa. B Heft nPHBOAHTCH MaTepHanbl o6 9KCnepHMeHTanbHblx
McTOAaX onpeaeaeHHH 4aCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK caMoneTa
HenOCpeACTBeHHO B noneTe. COAep>KaHHe 9TOf4 CTaTbH JIHn1HHft
pa3 noAKepKHBaeT OAHO H3 npeHMylUeCTB 9aCTOTHoro McTOAa,
3aKnlogaloH(eecH B TOM, 9TO HCXOAHble aaHHble AJIH aHaJIH3a
CJIO)KHbIX 06"beKTOB (4aCTOTHble XapaKTepHCTHKH) MOryT 6bITb
onpeleneHbl 9KCnepHMeHTaJIbHO.
1) CM. Taxxte C lI H p m 9 H .11., fIocTpoeHHe H npHMeIeHHe aspo-
J{HHaMHYeCKHx nepe1laTOYHbJX 4)YHx11HN ynpaBJl$eMbfX CHapMAOB, Bo-
npocb[ palGemmoa MOXI ftcu, 2 (38), 1 (1957).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
B CTaTbe M9Tb103a paCCMOTpeHa 3aaaga paC9eTa 9aCTOTHbIX
XapaKTepHCTHK AHHefhHOf1 H 9KBHBaJIeHTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK
HeAHHefiHoffi IIaCTH CHCTeMbI no 9KCnepHMeHTaJIbHbIM JLaHHbIM.
PaccMOTpeHHaA 3aaa9a npeaCTaBAaeT onpeAeJ1eHHblf1 npaKTH4e-
CKHfI HHTepeC. O4eHb 9aCTO npH 9KCnepHMeHTaAbHOM onpeae-
AeHHH 4aCTOTHbiX XapaKTepHCTHK pe3YJIbTaTb1 H3MepeHHB HCKa-
)KaIOTCB npHCyTCTByIOH.LHMH B CHCTCMe HeJIMHef1HbIMH 9AeMeH-
TaMH, a no H3MepeHHbIM, T. e. HCKa KeHHbIM, aaHHbIM Tpe6yeTCSI
onpeAeJIHTb HCTHHHble iaCTOTHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH AHHeftHOf1
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B 9TOR CTaTbe.
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CHHyCOHaaJIbHbIX KOAe6aHHf1, npHMeHMIOWHXCA npH 9KCnepH-
McHTaJIbHOM HCCAeAOBaHHH CHCTeM aBTOMaTH9eCKOro peryAHpo-
BaHHB. 3aecb )K nPHBOAATCA coo6pa)KeHH51 0 B03MO>KHbIX CHO-
co6aX HOCTPOeHHH TaKHX reHepaTOpOB.
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HH)KeHeFUO-TeXHH4eCKHX pa60THHKOB, cneLuHaJIH3Hpy1o1(HXCB
B o6AaCTH aBTOMaTH4eCKOI'O peryAHpOBaHHA, a TaK)Ke MO)KeT
nOCJ1)KHTb nOAe3HbIM noco6HeM aAfl CTyaeHTOB CTap w HX Kyp-
COB H aCHHpaHTOB pHA,a cneLuHanbHocTefl.
B. A. Kapa6ako6.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BCTYHI4TEJIbHA 1 CTATb5I
gaCTOTHbIfl McTOA nony.gHJI IHHpOKOC npaKTH9eCKoe npHMe-
HeHHe npH pacveTe CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKoro peryJIHpOBaHHA.
KaK H3BeCTHO, 3TOT MCTOA B TeOpHK) peryJlHpOBaHHA BnepBbie
Men A. B. MHxaI JIOB, KoTOpbIft B 1936-1938 rr. pa3pa6o-
Tan, HCnonb3OBaB pe3yJ1bTaTb1 Haf1KBHCTa, OCHOBbI 9aCTOTHoro
McTOAa aHaisa yCTOf19HBOCTH CHCTeM peryJ1HpOBaHH1, H3no-
N(eHHb1e HapAay C ApyrHMH ero pe3ynbTaTaMH B H3BeCTHOft
pa6oTe [1].
B OCHOBC 9aCTOTHOro McTOaa ne)KHT MaTeMaTH9eCKHl anna-
paT npeo6pa3OBaHHl JIannaca H ,, 1 Him
{1/R} npn R-x-
HOCTH Ha fJIOCKOCTH aMnAH-
TyAHO-(pa30B0Of1 xapaKTepH-
CTHKH, KaIG noKa3aHO Ha
i_-_ ne
Bag XapaKTepHCTHKa, ripe.- (PH r. 25. KpyroBbie aMnAHTyAHbie
cTasneHHag Ha (pHr. 20, no- xapaKTepMCTHKH M, Hano)KeHHble Ha
CTpoexa Ha TOII )Ke AHarpaMMe, aMHAHTyAHO-4)a30BYi0 xapaKTepH-
flpH 4aCTOTe;f=0,083 xapaK- CTHKy.
TepHCTHKa ngpeCeKaeT KpHByIO M = 1,5. CneAOBaTeJIbHO, AAA 3aM-
KHyTOf1 CHCTeMbI oTHOHIeHHe aMnJIHTyAbI BbIxoaa C K aMnJIHTyae
BXOAa r npHlf = 0,033 paBHO 1,5. 3aMeTHM, 4TO ?MaKCHManbHoe
3HageHHea M I, AAA TO4eK tla aMnnHTyAHO-(pa3oBOft xapaKrepHCTHKe
paBHO 2,23. MO KHO TaKN(e nOKa3aTb, 4TO ecJIH MaKCHMaJIbHoe
3Ha'eHHe M~ AAA aMIIAHTyAHO-4)a3oBOf1 xapaKTepHCTHKH 6yAeT
04eHb 60AbI4HM, HanpHMep 6yAeT paBHo 4, TO XapaKTepHCTHKa
nepexOAHoro npogecca 3aMKHyTOf1 CHCTeMbI 6yAeT nnoxofl.
AMHJIHTyAHO-(pa30Bag XapaKTepHCTHKa, 6JIH3KaS K T04Ke He-
yCTOf14HBOCTA (1, - 180?), AaeT BbICOKHe 3HageHHA M
ECJIH M > 1, TO OKpy>KHOCTb M HMeeT paAHyc
M
M$-1'
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
a ueHTp ee pacnoJ[o)Ken Ha FOpH3OHTaJIbHO1 OCH Ha paCCTOAHHH
M2
M2-1
cJleBa OT Havana KOOpAHHaT. ECJIH M = 1, TO OKpyMCHOCTb
CBOAHTCA K IPAMOfI JIHHHH, OTCTOAHReI1 Ha 1/2 mesa OT BepTH-
KanbHOf1 OCH.
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ECJiH 4aCTOTa, npN KOTOpOfI ROCTIIraeTC5I MaKCHMyM M, OTJU gIIa
OT HyJA, TO 9Ta LIaCTOTa Ha3b1BaeTC51 pe30HaHCHOft 4aCTOTOII.
EcnN npN HyJIeBOffi 4aCTOTe M = 1, TO 3Ha'eHHe 4aCTOTbI,
npN KOTOpOf M BnepBb1e CTflHOBNTCA paBHO1I 0,707, Ha3biBaeTCA
ucupuKOU nOAOCbc npOnyCi anuJ.
I7paeuiza pac'aema 5. MaacuAianbnoe omnouienue a, n.u-
myd M7, 3a,uKuymoiz cucme libl OOAOICno 6blmb A(enblue 2 u
8 cpedneAi donaicno 6bcmb paeno 1,3. ILlupuna noiiocbi npo-
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dOAOICubd 6btmb no 803MO9/CHOCmu 6o mtuuMu.
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pe30HaliCHa l 4aCTOTa HJiH Mana1 WHpHHa noJiOCbI np0nyCKaHNA
XapaKTepl3y}OT McAneHHblfl nepeXOAlIO13 npouecc. WNpnia
nOJIOCbI npOnyCKaHHA (IIJIN pe30HaHCHaH 4aCTOTa) B npaBNne
paC4eTa 5 OrpaHHMHBaeTCA TpeCoBa1IHAMH nojaB.eHHA ?NIYMOB"
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pHCTHKN 3aMKHYTOffi CHCTeMbI 51BJISIIOTCR OKPYMCHOCTAMN H Ha3bI-
BaIOTC51 q)a30BbIMM KpyrOBbIMH A.HarpaMMaMH (?KpNBble N").
3 a M e 4 a H H e. CorJIaCHO npaBNTiy paC4eTa 5, nyHKTHpHaA
aMnnHTyJHaI XapaKTepHCTHKa Ha (mmr. 11 ABARCTCA OOnee npeA-
no4THTenbHOII, 4cM XapaKTeplCTHI(a, npep,CT3BJ1elIHaA cllnounioll
KpHBOII.
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(CM. npaBN.O paC4eTa 1). flpe.noJ10MC11M, 4TO 'iaCTOTa cpe3a
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1. i'Iso6pailcexue uactotxblx xapantepuctulc u pae'cerxbte Kputepuu 51
pacnono)KeHa B To4Ke, rAe 3anac no cpa3e paseH 30?. 3Ha4e-
HHe M B 9TOft TO9Ke npH6JIH3HTeJIb}IO paBHO 1,93, OTKYAa MP
paBHO no ttpaflHeft Mepe 1,93. KorAa H36bITOK (pa3bl yMeHb-
luaeTCA, BeJIH4HHa M npH 4aCTOTe cpe3a yBeJIH4HBaeTCA. TaKHM
o6pa3oM, eciH Mp MCHbwe 1,9, TO 3anac no (pa3e 6yAeT
6OJlbwe 30?. AHanorn4HO, eciH Mp= 1,3, TO 3anac no (pa3e
6YAeT 6onee 45?.
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XapaKTepHCTHK
OTHOCHTenbHo aMnJHTyAHO-(pa3OBbIX XapaKTepHCTHK KOMH-
TeT aaeT CneAylouLHe peKOMeHaauHH:
PeKoAtelidatiust 5. Ha a.ntnllumydno-g5a3o8ou xapalcmepu-
cmuKe peKO.Mendyemc)7 daeamb docmamo'tnoe =iucAo mo'seK
C ommemioll Kacmombt, yKa3bl8aIOl44ux CKOpOCmb u3htenenuJl
a.,tnAumyd6t u gba3bt B 3a811da.Mocmu om =tacmombi. J-lCnOllb-
308auue a,ltnJlumydublx u tfa308btX Kpyzoeblx duazpamm Ka
oOuom 2pag6uKe doAstcno 6blmb c8edeKo K .Maku.Mymy.
PeKOMeij.aaIuiH OTHOCHTeJIbHO MHHHMaJIbHOrO HCHOJIb30BaHHH
xpyrOBbIX AnarpaMM npeAnaraeTCH A.nft TOrO, 4TO6bI H36e)KaTb
cxonneHHA Ha rpaq)HKe CJHwxoM 6onbworo 4Hcaa KpHBbrx.
OOblgHO o603Ha4BIOT nepeaaT04HyK) 4)YHKUHK) pa30MKHYTOfI
CHCTeMbI B Mae npOH3BeaeHHfl KG, r,e K-KO9(pq)HuHeHT
yCHaeHHH CHCTeMbI. 4IaCTO 6bIBaeT HeyAO6HO OnpeaeABTb K caMO
no ce6e H OTaeJBTb ero OT nepeAaT04HO9 q)yHKuHH, oco6eHHo
npH 9KCnep{1MeIITanbHbIX HCCneAOBaHHs x. 1109TOMy npeAnaraeTCfl
caeJyloluee::
Pelcomehaat4ufl 6. 17ycmb G-nepedamortnast gy?iI t uH
pa30atKKymou cucme,ubl. TI.4ocKOCmb amnJlumydno-ga3oeo9
xapalcmepulemuKu npu nocmo Lnno.M ICO9gbgu4ueume ycuile-
uum K u .uiomeumeAe G, 3a8uclu4e,u om ttacmombl, do/twlcna
o603ua'tamgcst KaK niloclcocmb G (cm. g uz. 20), a ue KaK
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PHCTHKH 6buJio orpaHH4eHO XapaKTepHCTHKaMH 3aMKHYTbIX CHCTeM
6e3 9neMeHl'OB B uenH 06paTHOft CB.93H, 3aBHCHLUHX OT 4aCTOTbI.
fIyCTb G o603HagaeT nepeaaTO4HyIO 4)YHKIji1O npcMOft 4aCTH
neTJH (perynsrropa H o61beKTa Ha 4)Hr. 19), a H- nepeAaTo4-
HYIO 4 yHKIUHIO 9neMeHTa B uenH 06paTHO1t CBH3H. Toraa GH
ABJIAeTCSI nepeJaT04HOf1 4YHK[tHeft pa30MKHYTOft CHCTeMbI
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
62 P. OAbOerc6ypeep
(4)Hr. 26). KaK y)xe oTMevaJIoCb BbIHIe, aMnJIHTYAHafl xapaKTe-
pHCTHKa (B JlorapH(PMH4eCKHX KOOpAHHaTax) pa3OMKHYTO1 CH-
CTeMbI nOJly iaeTCH CYMMHPOBaHHeM OPA.HHaT aMnJIHTYAHbIX XapaK-
TepHCTHK np}MOII 4aCTH CHCTeMbI H 3JIeMeHTa B gene o6paT-
HOR CBH3H. AHaJIorH4HO H A.RA (Pa30BOA XapaKTepHCTHKH.
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4) it r. 26. CHCTeMa c 3JIeMeHTaMH B nPAMOH
L(enii H B I(enH O6paTHO6 CBA3H.
npH paCCMOTpeHHH yCTOI4HBOCTH MO)KHO npeACTaBHTb
CHCTeMy TaK, KaK ec iH 6bI BCe 3J1eMeHTbI HaXOAHJIHCb B nplMOl
LLenH CHCTeMbI, KaK nOKa3aHO Ha MHr. 27. HO KpyrOBble ANa-
rpaMMb1 ?M" H ?N" B 3TOM CJiy4ae He onpe1eJlHIOT aMnJIH-
TyAHYIO H 4)a30BYIO XapaKTepHCTHKH 3aMKHYTOR CHCTeMbI, npeA-
CTaBJIeHHO1 Ha (tHr. 19. OAHaKO, HCHOJlb3yfl npHBeAeHHbIt BbIH1e
Oh Zn,un
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CBH3H, nepeHeCeHHbiM B npSMYIO uenb.
KpHTepHf AJifl MaKCHMyMa M, MO)KHO paCC4HTaTb 9JIeMeHTbI,
paccmaTPHBaeMbie B 3aaa,ie, TaK, 4T06b1 o6eCne4HTb xopoiuyio
yCTOfl4HBOCTb AJ19 yCTpOtCTBa, nOKa3aHHO O Ha 4)Hr. 27.
CHCTeMa, nOKa3aHHafl Ha 4)Hr. 19, 6yAeT Tor.iLa TO)Ke yCTOf1-
4HBO0. OAHaKO 4aCTOTHble XapaKTepHCTHKH ABYX CHCTeM He
6yAyT cosnaaaTL,. 3TO MO)R T HMeTb 3Ha4eHHe TaM, rte Heo6-
XOAHMO, 4TO6bI BbIXOA C oco6euu0 TO'HO cJIeAOBaJi 3a BXOAHbIM
CHrHaJIOM r, KaK HanpuMep npH HaBOAKe 3eHHTHbIX opyAHl.
TaKHM O5pa3OM, MbI B AaJIbBetWeM KOHUCHTPHPYeM Me
BHHMaHHe Ha peaKLIHH CHCTeMbI C Ha BXOAHOfl CHrHaJi r. 9TO
o6CTOATeJIbCTBO HMeeT nepBOCTeneHHoe 3Ha4eHHe npH npoeKTH-
pOBaHHH CJIe.Ailii,HX CHCTeM. lpi o6b14HbiX npIMeHeHHMX pery-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1. Hao6paa3ceiue eacrorHbLx xapalcrepucruic u pacaerribie icpurepuu 53
JuITopa yCTaHOBKa peryAHTopa npHHHMaeTCH nOCTOBHHOft HAH
npHMePHO IIOCTOHHHOft H CHCTeMa MO)KeT nOABepraTbCH JIHWb
AefCTBMIO Po3MyllteHHft, npHJIONieHHbIX He K peryJlHTOpy. TaKo-
BbIMH 9aCT,o HBJ15110TCH B03MYUteHH9 Harpy3KH. flepeaaT04HaH
()yHK11HH O'FHOCHTeJ'bHO Harpy3KH L H BblxOAa c 6yaeT, Boo6Ute
rOBOps, OIJIH9aTbCH OT nepeA.aT04HOft (pyHKILHH, OTHOCHUtefCH
K nepeMeH1{bIM r H C. OAHaKo npo6JleMa yCTOft9HBOCTH OCTaeTCH
TOft mce CaMOft. TaKHM o6pa3OM, BMeCTO HCCJICAOBaHHH xapaKTe-
PHCTHK 3aNKHYTOft CHCTeMb1 npH CHHyCOHAaJIbHbIX KOne6aHHHX
Harpy3KH Mbl paCCMaTPHBaeM peaKLLHIO CHCTCMbI Ha CHHyCOH-
AaJIbHb1e KOJIe6aHHH yCTOHOBKH peryJlsTOpa. Bo3MO)KHbI, KOHe9HO,
cay'aH, KOraa paC9eT9HK noN(eiaeT HenoCpe.aCTBeHHO HCCJIeAO-
BaTb peaKLnHIO CHCTCMbI Ha KOJIe6aHHH Harpy3KH.
O6paTHWe XapaKTepHCTHKH HaAKBHCTa
AMnJIHTyAHO-(Pa3oBan XapaKTepHCTHKa SIBJH1eTCH rpa()HKOM
nepeaaTO4tlOft (pyHKItHH pa30MKHYTOR CHCTeMbi G. O6paTHan
XapaKTepH THKa HatKBHCTa HBJIHeTCH rpa(4HKOM o6paTHoft nepe-
AaTO9HOft (pyHKLUHH 1/0 B nOJIHpHbIX KOOPAHHaTaX H n0Ay9aeTCH
CJICAy10IUHM o6pa30M. BeJIH4HHa paAHyca-BeKTOpa T09KH o6paT-
HOft XapaKTepHCTHKH Hat1KBHCTa paBHa aMRJIHTyae BXOA.a pa30M-
KHYTOft CHCTeMbi, AeaeHHOft Ha aMnAHTYAY BbIXOAa (OTHOWeHHe,
o6paTHoe TOMy, KOTOpOe npHMeHS1eTCH AAA aMnAHTYAH0-4)a3OBOft
XapaKTepHCTHKH), a 4pa30Bblft yrOA paBHHCTCH 4)a30BOMY yrAy
npsMOft ai1nJIHTyAHO-4pa3OBOft XapaKTepHCTHKH C O6paTHbIM
3HaKOM. I
AJIH c iy4asi npOCTOft o6paTHOl CBH3H CHCTCMbI Ha (4Hr. 10
o6paTHas xapaKTepHCTHKa HaftKBHCTa AJIB 3aMKHYTOft CHCTeMb!
(CB93bIBa1oLItaf r H c) noJly9aeTCB npOCTbIM CMCI1teHHCM TOVeK
06paTHOft xapaKTepHCTHKH pa30MKHYTOft CHCTeMbi. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, o6paTHac aMHJIHTyAHO-()a3oBa% XapaKTepHCTHKa nO3BOJIHCT
JierKO y9eCTb XapaKTepHCTHKH 9JICMCHTOB B L(CnH o6paTHOft
CB23H. 3TH0oo6pa)KeHHH, a TaK)xe oco6aH HarJIHAHOCTb 06paT-
HbIX XapaKTCpHCTHK B HH3Ko aCTOTHOft o6AaCTH 9aCTO AeJiaiOT
HX yAO6HbIMH B pa6oTe. 06paTHan XapaKTepHCTHKa HaftKBHCTa
AAH npHMepa peryJIHTOp - ABHraTeAb ((4Hr. 20) noKa3aHa
Ha (pHr. 28 CHJIOWHOft KpHBOft. 4HTaTeAb Mo i a. ,L1,JI51 3HageHHl1 a, 6JI113KHX K eJ1HHHue, HanpH-
Mep a = 0,5, KOpHflm npeabIJjyHlero ypaBHeHHH 6yaeT COOT-
BeTCTBOBaTb CJIHnIKOM KOJIe6aTe.1bHb1i1 nepexoAIIbIl1 npogecc.
Aim a = 0,5 HmeeM p = 3,2. Jena a = 0,2 p = 9,6 H KopHIH
,aalOT yaOBJIeTBOpHTeJIbHbIl1 nepeXo1LHb11l npottecc. F109TOMy
npaBHJlo pacqeTa 3 peKOMeHAyeT Bb16HpaTb p>i 5.
AHTEPATYPA
1. G u i I I e m i n E. A., Communication Networks, vol. 2, New York,
1935, p. 475.
2. N y q u i s t H., Bell Syst. Tech. Journ., 11, 126 (1932).
3. B o A e F., Teopusi ueneii H npoeKTHpOBaHHe ycHJI11TeJIe6 c o6paT-
Heil CBH3b1O, H3AaTeJIbCTBO HHOCTpaaHON JIHTepaTypbl, 1948.
4. 0 1 d e n b u r g e r R., Mathematical Engineering Analysis, New
York, 1950.
5. B r o w n G. S., C a m p b e 1 1 D. P., Principles of Servomechanisms,
New York, 1948.
6. T h a l e r G. J., B r o w n R. G., Servomechanism Analysis, New
York, 1953.
7. Chestnut H., Mayer R. W., Servomechanisms and Regulating
System Design, vol. 1, New York, 1951.
8. P o r t e r A., Introduction to Servomechanisms, London, 1950.
9. ,,Teopnn cneABHjnx CHCTeM", noA peg. X. ,ilxfenMca, H. HHKonbca
H P. 4 HJISHnca, H3AaTeJIbCTBO HHOCTpaHlloct JIHTepaTypbl, 1953.
10. OabAe116ypr P., Cap Top H y c 1., Z1,HHamm(a aBTOMaTli9e-
cxoro peryJlllpoBaHHSI, FocTexn3AaT, 1949.
11. r a p A H e p M., B 9 p H c 1lxt., HepexoAHble npoljeccbl B JIHHe6Hbix
CHCTeMax, FoCTeX1131jaT, 1951.
12. H a I I A. C., Journ. Franklin Inst., 242, 287 (1946).
13. Marcy H. T., Trans. AIEE, 65, 521 (1946).
14. 0 1 d e n b u r g e r R., Am. Math. Monthly, 45, 335 (1948).
15. E v a n s W. R., Trans. AIEE, Part 1, 69, 66 (1950).
16. J o h n s o n E. C., Trans. AIEE, Part 11, 71, 169 (1952).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OTHOCI4TEJIbHAA YCTONgHBOCTb
3AMKHYTb4X CI4CTEM 1)
M. Kep6u u L . 6oi apbsiac
Ipa(pH9eCKoe H306pa)KeHHe nepeJiaTO4HbIX (pyHKuHf1 WLIPOKO
npHMeHACTCA npH auaJIH3e H CHHTe3e nHHefIHbIX CHCTeM aBTO-
MaTH4eCKOrO perynnpOBaHHSi 11-31. f pa(pHK cpaBHHTeJlbHO npo-
CTOVI nepeaaTOMHOfI (pyHKRHH YKa3bIBaeT Ha CBOfICTBa peaKLHNH
CHCTeMbi H H36aBJIfleT OT He06XOJ.HMOCTH pew aTb aH44epeHuH-
anbnoe ypaB'iieHHe, ycTaHaBJIHBaloluee CBA3b Mex(Ay BbIXOAHbIM
H BXOAHbIM CHrHaJIaMH H BpeMeHeM. LIaCTOTa npH nOCTPOeHHH
ABJIAeTCH He$aBHCHMOfI nepeMeHHOfl, a HaHeCeHHaH Ha rpa(pHK
(pyHKuHA nOKa3bIBaeT OTHOIHeHHC BbIXOAHOrO CHrHaJIa K BXOA-
HOMy npH CgHycoHAaJIbHOM BXOAHOM B03AeACTBHH HJ1H CB513aH-
Hoe C HHMH npeo6pa30BaHHe.
EcJIH CHCTeMa HMeeT COCpCAOTO9eHHble napaMeTpbl, TaKOfI
rpa()HK J.aeT TpH BHAa HH(pOpMauHH OTHOCHTeJIbHO peaKILHH
CHCTeMbi. B Ka9eCTBe nepeaaTO9HOf1 (pyHKUHH OH XapaKTepH-
3yeT peaKuuio CHCTeMbI B yCTaHOBHBLHCMCA pe)KeHHH, 9TO BCe nepejaT04Hbie KO50mtNeHTbI paBHbl HyJIK),
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
H npH nocjeaylOHUeM BocCTaHOBlleHHH HX B JII06oM nopw,gKe Ao
HOpMaJIbHO BeJ1H4HHbl". B 4aCTHOCTH, eCAH 3HageHHe K3 6y.eT
BOCCTaHOBJI Ho'-nocJlep,HHM, KOHe4HbIl1 rpa(pHK nOKa)KeT 3anac
yCTOF14HBOCkrH no yCHneHHIO no OTHOweHHIO K K3. CJIeAyH STO [
2,0 3,0 4,0
9acmnmc, 2u
4) H r. 4. tpa4n KH npeo6pa3osaHHA .naujlaca OT 00 (t) AJin HMnYJIbC-
HorO Bxo)[a 0 (t).
npoueAype, 6bIJI COCTaBJIeH pAA rpa(DHKOB, nOKa3aHHbIX Ha
()Hr. 2, H H3 nocneaHero rpa(lHKa BHAHO, 4TO npH yMeHb-
weHHH K3 dHCTeMa He 6yAeT McHee yCTOF14HBO{1. HyXCHO OTMe-
THTb, 4TO rpa(jHK aJIH 0(p)- 1 Ha 4)Hr. 1 npH yMeHbweHHH
3Ha4eHHH K3 ,npH6JIH)KaeTCH K TO'Ke -1".
KaK noKa3bIBaIOT rpa(4HKH nepeXOAHblx npoueccoB CHCTeMbi,
npHBeaeHHble Ha (rHr. 3, peaKuIA npHo6peTaeT 6onee Kone6a-
TeJIbHbIf xapaKTep no Mepe yMeHbweHHH K3. Ha 4ntr. 3, a
nOKa3aHO H3MeHeHHe 0 BO BpeMeHH, COOTBeTCTByIOIuee HMnyJIb-
CHOMy BXO.h,y e1 npH HOMHHaJIbHbIX BeJIH'HHax nepeaaTO4HbIX
KO3(p(?HuHe iTOB, OTMegeHHbIX Ha (4Hr. 1 . Koraa K3 yMeHb-
waeTCA, rp~(pHKH nepexo1Hblx npoueCCOB Ha (4u. 3, 6, 8 H 2
xapaKTepH3ylOT 6onee Ko4e6aTenbHyIO CHCTeMy, 4ero Henb3B
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6bino o6HapyN(HTb Ha npeabUAyHjHX J(HarpaMMax. EcnH, OAHaKo,
nOCTpOHTb rpa4mK no Ilpeo6paaoBaHHlo Jiannaca BenHVHHbI 00
AJ1A pa3JIH'HbIX 3HageHHI1 K3, KaK 9TO caeJIaHO Ha cpnr. 4, TO
MO)KHO y6e11.HTbCA B TOM, 9TO 9TOT rpa()HK TO'IHO XapaKTepH-
3yeT 6onee KOJIe6aTeJlbHylO peaKljHlo npH YMeHbIHeHHII K3. TaK
KaK HCTOJIKOBBHHe H pa3BHTHe rpa4JHKOB Hpeo6pa30BaHHA, nOA06-
HbIX npHBeJeHHOMY Ha ()Hr. 4, OCHOBaHbI Ha McTOAe fOnyyeHHfl
1IHTerpaaa npeo6pa3OBaHHA B ypaaneHHH (1), Mbl OCTBHOBHMCI1
na 9TOM McTOAe nOApo6Hee.
lpogecc H3MepeHHA
McTOA H3MepeHHfl CBOfiCTB (1yHKI(HH BpeMeHH O0(t) npH
nOMOLLtH npeo6pa3OBaHHA Y (S) Hen0CpeACTBeHHO BbITeKaeT 113
onpeaeaeHHA npeo6pa3oBaHHa [ypaBHeHHe (1)]. (PyHKILHfl Bpe-
McHH 0,(t) MHO)KHTCA Ha AAp0 a-8t H npOH3Be) eHIIe CYMMH-
pyeTCA OT HYJI$I AO 6eCKOHe9HOCTH no OCH BpeMeHH. 1-1epeMeH-
Hafl Aannaca S HMeeT, Boo6me rOBOpfl, KOMnneKCHY1O (popMy
C Ae1CTBHTenbHOft 4aCTb10 C H MHHMO1 iaCTbIO Jw. TaKHM o6pa-
30M, HHTerpan (1) npeACraBJIBeTCA CYMMOIi ABYX aeFiCTBHTenb-
HbIX HHTerpaJIOB, KOTOpble 2BJISIIOTC1 AefCTBHTeAbHOti H MHHMOi1
4aCTAM14 Y (S).
t=00
y (S) = f
t=o
t=0o
e_at cos wt00 (t) dt - j f
e-at Sit! wt0. (t) dt. (2)
Ha (4Hr. 5-8 nOK3BBH cnoco6, C nOMOH(b1O KOTOporo 9T0
YMHO KCHHe H CYMMHp0BaHHe CBOAHTCA K CpaBHeHHIO 0,,(t) H
AApa. CTyneHH O6pa3OBaHHB HHTerpana npeo6pa3OBaHHA A11fl
(IYHKLLHH BpeMeHH, xapaKTepu3ylonjel 3aTyxaiotuHe KOne6aHHA,
00(t) = e-0,2t COS (t - 300), nOKa3aHbl AJIA Tpex 3HaveHHfI va-
CTOTbI fltpa jw. UeACTBHTeJlbHag 4aCTb C OT S npHHBTa paB-
HOF1 Hy,JIo.
Kor.aa 9aCTOTa AApa W HBMHOI'O HHN(e 9aCTOTbI 60 (t) (paB-
HO1 e1HHHl1,e), oft vaCTH npOH3BeaeHHfl 00 (t) a-st-,ae 1cTBH-
TenbHaA H MHHMaB - 6yAyT nonepeMeHHO nOJION(HTeJIbHbIMH H
OTpHIjaTeJIbHbIMH, TaK 9TO HHTerpanbl npOH3BeaeHHfl OT t= 0
AO t = 00 6yAyT HeBeJIHKH (CM. (])Hr. 5). AHaJIOrHgIHO, KorAa w
HaMlioro npeBbIlnaeT yaCTOTy 0,(t), npOH3BeAeHHfl 6yAyT CHOBA
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OrocuTe4bHa.gq YCTOI1KUeOCTb 8aM l(KgTbiX CUCTeM 73
nonepeMeHHOi nOJIO)KHTenbHbIMH H OTPHgaTenbHbIMH H HHTe-
rpanbi TaK)KF 6yAyT HeB J1HKH (CM. (4Hr. 6). Ha (4Hr. 5-8
HHTerpan pai eH CyMMe 3aIIITpHXOBaHHbIX nnoui.a,efl.
4e6cm
aumenbu
on vocmb naps
cos
0,25t
f1pou
aeaesue
2(t)
(=02
51
i
\
\`\
;
e-0,21c
os(t-30?
)=f(t)
6 8 10 12 14' 16
6peMA,ceK.
-1
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
e cost
0?).f
t)
Muun
vacm
raA
~ papa
sin 0
,251
llpou3eeaeeue
f(t)sin 0,25t
BpcMA, CCK,
(PH r, 5. O6pa3oBaHHe JIeiCTBHTeabHON H MHHM0i3
4aCTeji npeo6pa30BaHHB Jlarnaca OT f (t) Anfi liaCTO-
Tbi AApa, 3HagHTejIbHO McHbuIei, 4eM HacTOTa f (t).
Korea 9aCTOTa anpa npH6JIH.KaeTCa K 9aCTOTe 0,,(t), KaK
nOKa3aHO Ha (4Hr. 7, AeICTBHTenbHaH H MHHMaB 9aCTH npOH3-
BeAeHHH e0(t)e-st XOTH H H3MeHHIOTCH no BeJIH9HHe B nocne-
A.OBaTenbHbie I MOMeHTbI BpeMeHH, HO B 061ueM HMeIOT HeKOTO-
pbie He Hynegbie cpeAHHe 3HaveHHH, T8K 4TO HHTerpan (2) 6yaeT
HMeTb AOBOJI}HO 3Ha4HTenbHyIo BeJH9HHy. OTHOCHTenbHbie BenH-
'1HHbi A,eficTBHTenbHOn H MHHMOf# vacTel 9TOTO HHTerpaJta AJ-A
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
KaKoro-JIH6o 3HalieHH2 (D 3aBIC IT OT Toro, 6yJLeT nH ()a3a
COCTaBJ1HK)HLefl Mt) (lMeIomaI 4aCTOTy Hn,pa (0) npH6JllacaTb
9Ty COCTaBJI 1IOI i 10 K COs Wt HJIH sin wt.
~~-"?2t cus(t-30?)- f(r) I~-- Aiiu~~~u~~~I,~~,~~,
N
~
Y
I
/a n,,, Hann
cus4t
n
I
I
I
I
I
0.5
0.21 cus(i-30)=
~
frrl
~+ncmn
'
6
~
nHpn
sin4t
3 4 5
(jpPMA, CCIC.
H r. 6. O6pa30BaHHe 3e1ICTBHTeJIbHoH If MHHMOH
4aCTe1t npeo5pa30BaHHH JIanJlaca OT f (t) J( 1S1 4aCTomI
$l3pa, 3Ha4HTeJIbHO 6onee BbICOKOH, 4eM 4aCTOTa f (t).
fpa(rHK npe06pa30BaHHA y (S) K3K 4 yHK11HH w am Ha (~Hr. 8.
3AeCb lOKa3aHbl Ae1ICTBHTeJIbHa$1 H MHHMaH 4aCTH H BeKTOpHaH
CyMMa. KpHBble 6bi.rn paCC9HT3Hb1 npH HOMOHjH onepaTOpHOro
ypaBHeta AAfl npe06pa3OBaHHH KOHKpeTH011 4 yHKL[HH BpeMeHN,
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
HCnOAb3OBaHHON Ha 4)Hr. 5-7:
S y(s)-T (s + 12+Y2
rje r = 0;866, ao = 0,777, a1= 0,2 H 1.
flpoumcdcrwe
f (t) cost
cucmaumcn nn
vacrm, n0116
?
a
cost
\
c 0.2'cos (t -30")_P(t
j
llpou3ocrDcuue
f(t cost /
Mn
uManvacrnn
\ nDpasill t
6
JI
L
-azr
/
"
r
ens t .30
f
( 1 (t\
I J
4 6 3 10
6pcMn, CCK
6 8 10 12 14 lb
BpeM'i, CCK
(3)
4) H r. 7. O6pa30BaHHe AeACTBHTeJIbHbzx H MHHMbIX gacTeli
npeo6pa30BaHHA Jlannaca OT f (t) Aim gaCTOTbI AApa,
paBHOFi gaCTOTe f (t).
BeJIHgHHbl, COOTBeTCTBYIOH(He gaCTOTaM, HCnOJlb3OBaHHbIM
A.JIA (Mr. 5- 4 7, 0603HageHbl Ha gbHr. 8 TOXIKaMH A, B H C COOT-
BeTCTBeHHO.
1-1pogecc nOCTpOeHHA rpa()HKa npeO5pa3OBaHH51 Ha 4nr. 8,
He3aBHCHMO PT Toro, I1 OBOAHTCA JIH OH Ha OCHOBaHHH ypaBHeHHA
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
76 M. Kep6u u ,u. #oMapbJ c
THna (3) HJIH Ha OCHOBaHHH 9KCnepHMeHTaJIbHb1X urn Apyrxx
AaHHbIX, CBOAHTCH K Bbl6opy BeJIHiHH AJIH 4aCTOTbI w HApa a-8t,
nony4eHH10 np0H3BeaeHH# H CYMMHpOBaHHIO HX AJIH Ka)IuLof BeJIH-
4HHbI (1), KaK f0Ka3aH0 Ha Or. 5-7. RApo a-#t M0>KHO C'HTaTb
a
1 2 3 4 6
9acmoma, pad /cek
f (t)
A
N
lIO
/IHpA OP,A
9a Ha
I
?
~
_
UCHIHGHIBAbIl
HaCIHb
----
MHlJMal1 4
aCHlb-
-1I 1 1 1 61
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
BpeM5, L,eK
4) H r. 8., rpac HKH npeo6pa3oBaenu Jlannaca OT
f (t) = e0,21 cos (t-30?) H BpeMeHHfia KpnBax.
LlacTOTbi A, B H C Hcrtonb3oBaHbi cooTBeTCTBeHHo
a rpa4Hxax 4)Hr. 5, 6 H 7.
?HCnbITaTenbHOll" (~ YHKgHel1, a npouecc H3MeHeHHA ero 4aCTOTb!
H HOCTpOeHHH rpa4HKa npeo6pa3oBaHH1 MO)KHO paCCMaTPHBaTE
KaK npouecc Hccaea0BanHH no TO4KaM BpeMeHH61l 4yHKUHH.
Koria Bb16paHo 3HageHN@ )IJIH-W, CooTBeTCT3yIotuee ' aCTOTe
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2.. OTxocuteAbHa, ycTOl24uo0ctb 9aMKKytbx cucteM
COCTaBAAIoutef1, nPHCYTCTBYIOLILef1 BO BpeMeHH6f1 (pyHKILHH 0,(t),
rpa(4HK np6o6pa30BaHHR AAR STOt1 4aCTOTbI 6yAeT HMCTb 60Ab-
Iuylo BeJIH4HHy, yKa3b1BaA Ha npHCYTCTBHe COOTBeTCTByIOLgef1
4aCTOTHOf1 COCTaBARK)lueil B 00 (t). (DOpMa rpa4)HKa y (S) H B OCO-
6eHHOCTH (OpMbl nHKOB H OTHOCHTeJIbHble pa3Mepbl aef1cTBH-
TeJIbHOf1 H ]~4HHMOf1 4aCTel Y (S) HMeIOT Ba)KHoe 3HageHHe AJIA
OnpeaeaeHHR XapaKTepa BpeMeHHIIX KpHBbIX.
Ht#TepnpeTagHl1 rpa4)HKOB npeo6pa30BaHHfl
WeCTOf1 H nOCJIeAHHf1 war B o61ueM McTOAe HHTepnpeTaLLHH
COCTOHT B TOM, qTO OTMe4aIOTCR HaH60JIee CyIueCTBOHHble CBOf1-
CTBa y (s), onpe.eJRIOTCR COOTBeTCTBYIOLI.iHe CBOf1CTBa 0a (t) H
Ha 6yMare AH60 B Boo6pa)u(eHHH CTPOHTCR BpeMeHHaH (PyHK-
ILHR, o611aAmmoluag 9THMH cBOf1CTBaMH. B AaHHOM pa3Aene onpe-
AeAAIOTCH B3,alMOOTHOweHHH McK(Ay cnegH4)H4ecKHMH CBOf1CTBaMH
rpaq)HKOB I peo6pa3OBaHHA H BpeMeHHI~MH KPHBbIMH H HJIAIO-
CTPIlpyIOTCAi npolleccb[ anpOKCHMaLLHH do(t).
Ba)KHbuMIIi CBOf1CTBaMH nepexoAHblx npoueccoB cne1AULHX
CHCTeM 06bI4HO ABARIOTCH Te, KOTOpble cBR3aHbI C KOAe6aHH51MH;
rAaBHa$ 3auaga COCTOHT B onpe.eneHHH 4acTOTbI, 3aTyXaHHA H
ApyrHX CBOf1CTB Ka)KAoro cyLaeCTBeHHOrO Koae6aHHA. 000TBeT-
CTByI01uHe CBOf1CTBa npeo6pa3OBaHHf1 CBR3aHbI c nHKaMH Ha rpa-
(pIIKaX, H3o6pa)KaIOLaHX 3aBHCHMOCTb Y (S) OT S.
flepBas CTyneHb B HHTepnpeTaILHH rpa4)HKa npeo6pa3OBa-
HHR - BbIgH4AeHHe BeAH4HHbI OTHOIHeHHH 3aTYXaHHA K 4aCTOTe
OCHOBHOrO KbAe6aHHA a/P 1). FlocAeAyK)uLae Aef1CTBHR B npouecce
aHaAH3a 6yJAyT 3aBHCCTb OT BeAH4HHbI 9TOr0 OTHow eHHR.
3aTyxaHMe KOAe6aHHH B 0o(t) 3aBHCHT OT OCTPOTLJ COOTBeT-
cTBylOluero nHKa B y (s). O61uee 4HCAeHHOe ypaBHeHHe, KOTO-
poe 6b1 n0Ka3bIBaJ10 COOTHOweHHe I1IHPHHbl nHKa H CKOPOCTH
3aTyxaHHA 0,(t), fOJIy4HTb HeAerKO. Ha (1 1r. 9-17 nPHBejeHbl
AeBRTb CTaHAapTHbIX rpa(uHKOB XapaKTePHCTHK peaKLLHH CHCTeM
BTOPOrO HCIpRAKa C OTHOIHeHHRMH 3aTYXaHHA K 4aCTOTe, paB-
HbIMH 0,2, 0,5 H 0,8, H TpeMA pa3AH'HbIMH 3Ha4eHHRMH (4a3o-
BOrO yrJla. OCTpOTy nHKa MO)KHO Ofl JL JIHTb no erO BbICOTe
B TO4KaX BQ3Ae ero MaKCHMYMa npH 4aCTOTaX He 60Aee 4eM
Ha 208/o ubIwe HAH HH)i(e 4aCTOTbI BepXHef1 TOgKH. Koraa
1) PBCCMBTpMBaIOTCA KOAe6aHHA BHJIa Ae at sin (Pt -}- (fQ). - I7puAl.
pea.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
fe o.2t
sinf] I{arc
ftHIII{un v
acmombl
^~
1
~
s =
j w
,Qell emcu
menbHwI 4
acmb
a
2 3 4
'la(moma, pad/CCK
0
-I L
0
e 0.2 x5111 t /fall (g) yl!%1U 6peM Ha
2 4 6 8 10 12
Bpenaq, cc/c.
P H r. 9. Ilpeo6pa3osaHHe Jlanaaca H speMeHHax xpHBas
e-0,2tsin t.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
L e 0,2fsin (t + 4 ), Hall Y)YHKqUR
f-
vacmombr
r
_
s+1,
2
(s?p,2
2+1
g_;
W
eGCm6llmeAbHafr 4
aclilb
M
HUMaA
9QC916 -
1 2 3 4 5 6
9acmoma, pa8/cetc
e-n 2tsi l (t + j ) Kars (hYHKUI ST QPCMeHU
6
2 4 6 8 10 12
BpeMS1, ceK.
4) H r. 10.11peo6pa3osaHHe Jlannaca H BpeMeHHasl apneas
e-0,2t sin (t + a/4).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
6pe1HS1, ceic.
(P n r. 11. lIpeo6paaoBanle Jlanasaca H BpeMeHBa$ xpHBasl a ?'2t cos t.
t ieQz1 costJKOK (pyHHUusi 4acmonibl
I
1
I
1
540.2
111
1
1
(S?02)2+
II
M
~uC41QUlrIC/ILH(7}7 4(]C
H
O16_
UMOA 4ac
nu, ---
a
1 2 3 4
yacmoma, pap/cclc
-0,2t cost I Has pyHR ,UA Ut7eMCHu
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
L [e 0-5 In t] rcaH cyyursqun vacmomar
's+0,5)+1'
1
jw
~ ,Qeucmaunrcim+ra
vacmb
Muu
Man vacm
e
CI
e-0,5t int Har{ Y)yesy
CMCIU
J
6
2 4
6
8
I
n
19
I3peMn, ceK.
2 3 4
4acmoma, pad /ceK
d? H r. 12. Tlpeodpa30BaMe Jlanaaca H BpeMeHHa$ KpHBan
e -0r5t sin t.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
L (e o,5t sin (t+v)]
man OYHK[juR
vacmombl
i
S+ 1,5
/(s+0,5)2+1
i
\
4euc
meumenbK
A
S-
j co
,
Jl
gacmb
MKUMan 4aC
b
a
Uacmoma, pad/cm
e o5tsin(t+V)Kau (PYKKqU.9 8Pe ffHU
6
0 2 4
8
6
10
-1
BpeM. , emit.
(PH r. 13. Ilpeo6pa3oaaHae Jlannaca a speMenHaI KPHBaH
e-015t sin (t + a/4).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
t) Kars yNK1pJs1 4acmom6'
L l e'0.5t cos [~7
s+0,5
s+0,5)2+1
s=
jw
%
4eucmeum
enauan
4acma
MHUMan
vacmb
d
0 - 4 6 8 10 12
(3penm, ceia.
(P n r. 14. Ilpeo6pa3oeanne Jlannaca n epeMennas Kpnea$
e-0,5t cos t.
e-0.5t cost HaRS f yHR un opemena
6
2 3 4
4acmoma, pad/ceIc
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
0,25
0
L le- osrsin t j KaK yHliquA uacmomb)
(s+0,8
)2+1I
s
\4cucmeu
men6Ha
vacmb
MHUMaf
vacmb
a
2 3 4
11acmoma, pat/cetc
-
e Q8tsin t Kau J)yHKLSUA BneMBHU
6
r) 2
4
6 8 1
0 1
2
BpeMSs, cex
KeHbI.
OTHOILIeHHe 3aTYXBHH5I K 4aCTOTe (CI/R) nygwe oTpa)xaeT
wer uuy.aa'yxaHiiH, _ IeM. npoueHT KpHTIBCCKOrO.,3aTyxaHHA,;
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OrtwcuredbKax yCTOagUBOCTb 3aAUCKyTbix CUCTeAf 89
H KpHBble y() y)o6Hee CTpOHTb B JIHHeIHOM, a He n norapH4)-
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OIHocUTeabia, yCt0AiU60CTb 3a.NKHyTbLX eUCTeA 03
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
S+0,5
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Al. Kep6u u ,1. 6oMapba is
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. 0MOCUTeAbnait yCTO9KU80C?b 3aMICIyrbiX CUC7eM
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
a
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OtuocureAbua, yCTOa' UBOCTb 3aJKHlyTblX CUCTBM 101
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
CTyneH4aTb111 BXOI1H0f1 CHrHa.R. 3TO He HaHOCHT yuiep6a 3aBH-
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6aHHf1 yMeHbLLIaeTCl AO 3HageHHf1, 3Ha4HTenbHO McHbuiHX, 4eM
y HH3KO4aCTOTHbIX.
PeaKuHH 'CHCTeMbI Ha npRMOyrOnbHblfl HMnyJlbC H ee npe-
o6paaoaaHHeTaKNKe nOKa3aHbI Ha rpaq)HKaX, 4To6b1 aaTb KpaT-
KHfI npHMep npeO6pa3OBaHHH C TpaHcueHaeHTHbIMH KJyHKUHHMH.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
3Aecb npHMeHHMbI Te we o61ule npaBHna HHTepnpeTaLHH,
KaK H palbwe. BOJibwHe nHKH B npeo6pa3osaHHH JlanJlaca 1)
yKa3bIBaIOT Ha HaJIHgle KoJIe6aHHf1 3Ha9HTenbHOf1 BeJIHTIHHbI BO
BpeMeHHOfl peaKuHH, npHVeM pa3Max KoJIe6aHHf1 nonyvaeTCA
KaK npOH3BeaeHHe aMnJIHTYAbI Ha BpeMA, npOCYMMHpOBaHHOe
5 10 20 50
qacmoma, paO/cei
H r. 26. rpacpnKf npeo6pa3oaaHHA Jlannaca Ana pa3JIH'IHbIX BXOAHbIX
CHrHaJloB B CHCTeMe 5-ro nopHAKa.
no BCCMy HpOMC>KYTKy BpeMeHH. KpyTH3Ha KpHBOft XapaKTepH-
3yeT 6bICTpOTy 3aTyxaHHA. MaJIeHbKHe nepHOAHyeCKHe nHKH Ha
KpHBO1I npeo6pa3oBaHHA JIannaca xapaKTepH3yK>T HBJIHVHe
HMnyJIbCOB B peaKUHH, a paCCTOAHHe McMCAy HX MaKCHMyMaMH
H MHHHMYMaMH Ha KPHBOf1 npeo6pa3OBaHHA aaeT nOCTOAHHyIO
BpeMeHH HJIH npOAOJI)KHTeJlbHOCTb HMnyJIbCa. IlpeBOCXOAHoe
orn caHHe 9aCTOTHbIX KOMHOHCHT HMnyJlbCa AaHO rOJIbAMaHOM 1101.
HHTepnpeTauHA KpHBbIX npeo6pa3OBaHH51 JIannaca yKa3aH-
HbIM MCTOAOM M0)KCT H He AaTb T09HOf1 4)OpMbI KaMCAorO KOJIe-
6aHHA B O6JIaCTH OKOJIO t = 0, HO aaeT oMeHb I1OJIC3Hble CBeae-
HHA 0 BpeMeHHoft peaKuHH.
1) HMeIOTCA B BHAy HHICH Ha o6o61AeHHOfI aMnJHTYAHOH 4aCTOT-
MoA XapaKTepNCTliKe, - I7pu.u. ped,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
-6
F
L '[F(s)]=e 0,5t+e o,25tcos 2t+10e-tsin(16t+0,93)
2 3
BpeM5l, CeK.
=246_2& 0,5t+0,46e 025tsin(2t-0,12)+0,62e tsin(16t-0,70)
n
I ! I
I 2sin
L: [F(S)- S ].I/
T=4
(noamop'noa ucca
uMnynbabI)
BpeMp, ceK.
q) Hr. 27. BpeMeHHdi KpHBa$ CHCTCMhi 5-r0 uopsu a, COOTBeTCTBYK)Huafi
4)Hr. 26.
a- flMnynncndtl'axon; 6-cTyneHuaTut H nOBTOP91OntHttcx np1NOyronbHbd HMnyAbC-
Hblii ax0AbI.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
106 M. Kep6u u ,7. 6oJ.lapb.VIc
06o6u>,e1lHe McTo)ja Ha CHCTeMbI C HepemeHHbIMH
K09("HIkHeHTaMH
,T1JIA CHCTeM, OTJIHIIHblX OT CHCTeM C nOCTOAHHhIMH napa-
McTpaMH, T. e. A.RA CHCTeM, Y KOTOpbIX JAR 1IOJIy'eH115] npe-
o6pa3oBaHH51 OT BbIXOAHOf O CHrHaJIa He06X0?LHMO peIHHTb ypaB-
HeHHe, OTJIH4HOe OT aJlre6paltlecKoro, nepCMHO>ICCH11e npeo6pa-
30BaHHII o6b14HO He3aI1CHO, KaK H
paHblle, OUeHHBaTb H cpaBHHBaTb, HCXOAA H3 Kp1BbIX npeo6-
pa30BaHHH OT BbIXOAHOrO CHrHaJIa AO TeX Hop, noKa npeo6pa-
30BaHHe npaBOMepHO noJly4aeTCA B BHAe HHTerpaJlbHOro ypaB-
HeHHA (1).
1< CHCTeMaM, AJIA KOTOpbIX npHMeHeHHe HOHATHA nepeaaT04HOII
(i)YHK11HH cTaHOBI1TC51 TyMaHHbIM, HO Ha KOTOpb1e MO>KHO pac-
npOCTpalIHTb npHMeHeHHe npeo6pa3OBaHHH Aannaca, OTHOCATCI
CHCTeMbI, OHHCbIBaeMble A.H(J4JepeHl(HaJIbHbIMH ypaBHeHHAMH
C K09(j4H .HeHTaMH, JIHHeIIHO I13MeHAloMHMHCSI CO BpeMeHeM.
TaKHe CHCTeMbI HMCIOT 6OJIblloe npaKTHMCCK0e 3HaMeHHe; H09TOMY
MbI IICHOJlb3yCM OAFIY H3 HHX AJII Toro, 4TO6bI npOIIJIJIIOCTpHpO-
BaTb, KaK H3 npeo6pa3oBaHHII, KOTOpble He OBJIAIOTCR 06bI4HbIMH
OTHOIHeHHAMH ABYX pau1OHaJIbHbIX MHOI'o4JIeHOB OT S, MO)KHO
O1jeHHTb OTHOCHTeJibHyIO yCTOII4HBOCTb.
PaCCMOTpHM CHCTeMy, B KOTOpOII BXOA H BbIXOA CB513aHb1
CJIeJY10[1jHM COOTHOIHeIlHeM:
(az+bet) 6o+(al+b1t) Flo+(ao+bot) ~o = f1~. (11)
B o6IueM cJiy4ae ypaunenne n-ro nopAAKa, B KOTOpOM K09(p-
q)HU.HCHTbI 113MCHnIOTCn KaK r-A CTeHellb OT t, MO>KHO npeo6pa-
30BaTb B RK(j 4epeHuHaJlbHoe ypaBHeHHe nopAAKa r OTHOCHTeJIbHO
Y(S), B KOTOpOM B K0 ("HUneHTax YpaBHCHH1 OTHOCHTeJIbHO
y (s) nOBB.RAeTCn n-A CTeneHb OT S. Ka>KAbIII 4JIeH ypaBHCHHA
npeo6pa3yeTCn Ha OCHOBe nOJ10>KeHH2, WO YMHO>KCHHC Ha t
BO BpeMeHHOII 06JIaCTH COOTBeTCTByeT uHOepeHH.HpOBaHHio no S.
I-IpaKTH4eCKH AHoepeHuHaJIbHOe ypaBHeHHe OTHOCHTCJIbHO S
MONCCT 6bITb peHleHO TO._bKO TorAa, Koraa r= 1, TaK 4TO
HPHMCHCHHe npeo6pa3OBaHHn JIanJlaca OrpaHH411BaeTC51 ypaBHe-
HHIIMH, n0A.06HbIMH ypaBHCHHIO (11), B KOTOpbIX K03ggH .HeHTbl
H3MeHAIOTC9 KaK (a+bt).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OTKOCUTeAMaa gCToa' uBOCTb 3aMKKlyTb[x CUCTeM 107
NCnOnb3yfl o6blgHbie McTOAbl [9, 11, 12], npeo6pa3yeM ypaB-
HeHHe (11) inotmeHHO B cneAylouiee ypaBHeHHe:
- a2S2y (k) - a2SOp (0) - a2 Uo (0) - 2b2sy (s) -
- b2s2y" (s) ? b2O0 (0) - a100 (0) + alsy (s) - bl y (s) -
I - blsy' (s) ? aoy (s) -boy' (s) = L { Oi (t) } (12)
HJIH
- y' (s) [b2s~ ? bls? bol +y (s)[a2s2 + als+a0-2b2s-b1] _
= L (Oi (t)) -+- O0 (0)[a2s -}- al - b21+ Oo (0) a2. (13)
PeiueHHe ami y (s) gepe3 npeo6pa3osaHHe Aamiaca OT 0,(t)
MO)KeT 6bITb npeACT&BneHO B O6bI'HOM BHAe
Q (8) y (s) = e+ f PP (8) as I C f e f P (8) as R (s) dS
L J P (s) ] , (14)
Q (s) = (a2s ? als2 + ao) - d [ds(s)] (15)
R (s) ='L {Oi (t)} +0. (0)[a2s -{- al - b2] + Oo (0) a2,
a C- npOH3BOnbHa% nOCTOiHHas.
MbI BHAHM, 'ITO BXOAHOf1 CHCHan Oi BXOAHT B Bblpa)KeHHe anfl
y(s) 9epe3 HHTerpan gaCTHOrO peLUeHHSI H 'ITO npeo6pa30BaHHe
Jlannaca OT Oi He yMHO)KaeTC5 Ha nepeaaTOLIHyio 4)yHKIUHIO CHCTeMbI,
a nOHBJIHeTCA B R (S) no. 3HaKOM HHTerpana BMeCTe c rpaHH9-
HbIMH yCJIOBiiflMH. CB06oAHoe penleHHe TaKoro ypaBHeHHfl,
KaK (13), oTHOCHTenbHo y(S) He O6fl3aTeJIbHO 1BJISIeTCu npeo6-
pa30BaHHeM OT CB060AHOrO peuleHHu ypaBHeHHfl (11) AnS 00(1).
CB06o. Hoe peweHHe B ypaBHeHHH (14) Be.aeT Ce6B TaK we, KaK
H CB06onxoe peuieHHe nlo6oro Apyroro A14x epeHuHaJIbHOrO
ypaBHeHHfl; OHO npHMeH51eTCfl, KOraa He06XOA.HMO yAOBneTBO-
pHTb rpaHH4HbIM yCJIOBHBM, HaJO)KeHHbIM Ha y. 3TH rpaHH'Hble
yCJIOBHH gacio HOny'aIOTCH H3 rpaHH1HbIX yCJIOBHR, HanaraeMbix
Ha 00 (t) c HOMOLibIO TeopeMbl 0 HaganbHOM H KOHe'HOM 3Ha-
geHHIIX.
TaK KaK AH("cpeHLtHanbHoe ypaBHeHHe n-ro nopflAKa
C H3MeHflIOUjHMHC51 BO BpeMeHH K03(]4HLHeHTaMH, noao6uo
ypaBHeHHIO (111), MO)KHO npeo6pa3OBaTb. B AH("epeHLLHaJIbHOe
.ypaBHeHHe nepBoro nopflAKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO y(S), TO, eCTeCTBeHHO,
P (s) ='(b2s2 + bls ? b0),
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BO3HHKaeT BOnpOC, KBK H3 eaHHCTBeHHOrO ypaBHeHHA nepnoro
IIOPAAKa OTHOCHTeJIbHO y(S) nOJIy'HTb npeo6pa3OBaHH2 OT n
COCTaBJIAIOIUHX cBo60AHOrO pewexHA uiA 00. Ilpouecc noJly ie-
HHA allajiorHgeH npoueccy, KOraa ypaBHeHHe (11) HMeeT nOCT0HH-
Hble K03(p(pnuHeHTbI, a ypaBHeHHe (13)-ajlre6paHMecxoe, a He
a.H(p(pepeHuHaJIbHoe OTHOCHTeJIbHO y (s). rpaHNMHble yCJIOBHH,
HaJIOMCeHHble Ha 00 (t), BHAOH3MeH l1OTCA H 06bIMHO BXOASIT B ypaB-
HeHHe AJIA Y (S) B BHae ll OTAeJIbHbIX Bb1HyMCaa1OLuHX CHJI, Ka)(-
awl H3 KOTOpbIX AaeT MaCTHoe peweHHe AJIA Y (S) B BHAe HHTe-
rpaJla. Ka iutoe peweHHe SIBJIAeTCH npeo6pa3oBaHHeM OT pa3JIHMHbIX
KOM6HHauHf1 00 (t). Koraa HeKOTOpble rpaHHMHble yCJIOBHA Bbina-
AaIOT B npouecce npeo6pa3oBaHH1I, KaK 3T0 HMeeT McCTO B npH-
BOAHMOM HH)ICe npHMepe, Heo6XOA.HMO HCIIOJIb3OBBTb CBo60AHoe
peweHHe aJlfl y.
B BHAe npHMepa paCCMOTPHM ypaBHeHHe (14) B cnyvae,
Korja
a2 = 0; b2 = 1; aI = 1; bl = 0,6; a0=0,3; bo = 9,09.
BXOAH011 CHrHaJI B03bMeM B BHAe 0i (t) = a0 ? b0 (t) 6e3 HaMaJIb-
Horo HBKOHJIeHH51 9HeprHH. IIPH 9THX yCJIOBHAX YCTaHOBHBwaHCA
MaCTb BbIXOAHOrO CHrHaJIa paBHa EOCT0AHH011 HJIH eAHHHue.
ECJIH Q(s)/P(s) pa3J1ONCHTb Ha MHOMCHTeJIH H nOACTBBHTb B HHTe-
rpaJi ypaBHeHHA (14), TO nOJIyMHM BbIpa)KeHHe AJIA y(s):
1 /~ 9,09+0,3 s 10
y (S) _ [s2 + 0,6 s + 9,09]'/2 [C - J (s2 + 0,6 s + 9,09)'Va S2 ds] .
(16)
TaKHM o6pa30M,
C 1 /
y (S) = [s2+0,6 s + 9,09]'/2 S (17)
Ha (pnr. 28 noxa3ana KpnsaH nepBoro MJlena y(s) ypaBHe-
HHA (17). HaJIHMHe nHKa YKa3b1BaeT Ha TO, MTO BpeMeHHaH peaK-
uHA 0p (t) COAep)KHT KOJIe6aHHe, HMelou ee OTHOweHHe 3aTyXa-
HHe/MaCTOTa (a/R), npH6JIH3HTeJIbHO paBHoe 0,5, H MaCTOTY
KOJIe6aHH1I OKOJIO 3 paO/cei . Ha (par. 28 npnseaena TaK)Ke
BpeMeHHa1 peaKlLHA, I1OJIy'eHHaM C nOMOIubK) 9JIeKTPOHH01l MO-
AeJIH JUTA T011 we CHCTeMbi npH HCHOJIb3oBBHHH ypaBHeHHA (11).
4 opMa Ora6al0ule# H CaMH KOJIe6aHHA BpeMeHH611 peaKUHH corJIa-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. Ow ocuteAbKas yC' O1 fiaeoctb 3aiucHyTbix cuctem too
CYIOTCA C O11eHKOI, AaHHOR Ha OCHOBe KPHBOf npeo6pa3oBaHHI(.
.LLJ1l yA06cT~a MOAeJIHpOBaHH$1 npH fOJ!yleHHH BpeMeHHOf4
1,0
I = L Z I 1 /2 / IiaH (Oymg4Ji
0,8 c 0,6s+9,09 vacmomb,
2,0
e 0
2,0
S=jw
9acmoma, pa8/cex
4) Hr.' 28. rpaq)HKH npeo6pa3oBaxna H BpeMeHHaa
KpHBaq, cooTBeTCTBylou aA y aexeHHlo (11) npH a2 = 0;
b2=1; q1= 1; b1= 0,6; ao = 0,3; bo = 9,09 H O (1) = 10t.
peaKu.HH, rn HBeAeHHOf Ha (4Hr. 28, BUT BXOA.HOII Mimi
B BHAe npocarofl HaKJIOHHOf1 4 yHKgHH, a He B BHAe (ao? b0t).
TaKas 3aMeH4 He OKa3bIBaeT BAHHHHH Ha KOAe6aHHH.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
110 M. Kep6u u A. FoMapt z
4To6bI noKa3aTb, KaK npaBHJIa HHTepnpeTauHH KPHBbIX npe-
o6pa3OBaHHH JLJIH CHCTeM C IOCTOHHHbIMH K09("HUHeHTaMH
MO)CHO npHMeHHTb K CHCTeMaM, KO9((pH1(HeHTbI KOTOpbIX Me1-ISIIOTC 3
%z
i
i
1
f
i
\
i
\
C2I [ I
6,31 Y 2
3
-~
1(s+0
3 a+36
31
~~
_
,
,
I
_
1,0
e
0
1,0
I Benenue co0macmcmeycm I CMK, b
1,0
0
4h;11 r. 29. ConocTaBJienne pellieHHH AHCpcpepeHquaJlbHbIx ypaB-
Lne;iun c rpaq)HxaMH npeo6pa3oBaHHM, HMeJon(HMH OJ(HHaKo-
Bble HHKH Ha pa3JIHTIHbI% HaCTOTax.
Hauepxy-rpa(4HKH upeo6pa30BaHH51 Jlannaca Ana peweHHO
AH("epeHHHaJIbHbIX ypaBHeHHA a - 2.
BHH3y - BpeMeHHI ie KpHBble.
A: t6+(1+0,6t) 9+(0,3+9,09t)0=10t; 6: +0,69+9,090=10;
B: t B +(1+0,6t) d+(0,3 +36,39t) 0=401; T:16+0,616+36,390=40.
Co BpeMeHeM, yMHOM(HM 3Ha4eHHe b0 B Bblpa>KeHHH npeAbiJ(y-
tuero npHMepa Ha 4. KpHBa 1 JIM y (s) Ha OCHOBe ypaBlleHHN (17)
npH yBe1H4eHHOM 3Ha'eHHH b0 nocTpoena Ha 4 1r. 29. (DopMa
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OT!iocureAbHati yC 'Otifiueocrb 3a ulcrtyrbcx cucre tt 111
nHKa He H3M?HHeTC51, HO nHK CABHraeTCH Ha 4aCTOTy, paBHy1O
yA.BOCHHOMy "a'aJIbHOMy 3HayeHHIO. I'13 CpaBHeHHH KPHBbIX npe-
o6pa3oBaHHI1 MO)KHO 3aKJI109HTb, 9TO YMHOK(eHHe b0 Ha 4 He
H3MCHHeT (j)0 )MbI orH6aloll(eIt BpeMeHHOI3 peaKUHH, HO yABaH-
BaeT 9aCTOTy!B npeuenax BpeMeHH0R peaxuHH. 3TO nOATBep-
)KaaeTCH KpHBbIMH BpeMeHHOI4 peaKuHH Ha (PHr. 29, KOTOpble
COBepWeHHO 4HaJIOrHgHbI KpHBb1M ()Hr. 18.
IIPH H3y'eHHH CHCTeM C nepeMeHHbIMH KO9(i)()HuHeHTaMH
9aCTO npHMCH{IeTCH McTOA (PHKcau.HH KO9(p4)HuHeHTOB. B .1 aHHbIX
npHMepax, eCJIH t CTaHOBHTCH 04eHb 60JIbIi1HM, MOK(CT OKa-
3aTbCH BrOJIHe OnpaBAa.HHbIM ReJIeHHe ypaBHeHHH Ha t. BMeCTO
ypaBHeHHH (17) noJly9aeM TOrAa anpOKCHMaiiHIo npeo6pa3oBa-
HHH B Mae
C
y (S) = S2 + 0,6 5 -}- 9,09 (18)
3TO npeo6pa30BaHHe, a TaK)Ke anpOKCHMaim AJIH CJIygai,
Koraa b0 yMH6)KaeTCH Ha 4, nOCTpOeHbl Ha (4Hr. 29 m.9 cpaB-
HeHHH C TO'HIiIMH npeO6pa3OBaHHHMH. CACJIaHHI,Ie no 9THM KpH-
BbIM OuCHKH OpeMeHH69 peaKuHH nOKa3b1BalOT, 9TO npH6JIH)KeH-
Han BpeMeHHaa peaKUHH 3aTyxaeT McHee 6blCTpO, 9eM T04Han
peaKUHH, T. e. nHK KpIIBOI1, nOJIy'eHHOf1 Ha OCHOBe ypaBHeHHH
(18), 6onee KpyTOIl. BpeMeHHQe peaKuHH, noJiy'eHHble Ha MO-
AeJIH AJIH anpOKCHMaUHH nOCTO$IHHbIMH KO9(I4HUHeHTaMH, noa-
TBepAHJIH npaBHJIbHOCTb TaKOI1 OueHKH. 3TO noKa3blBaeT Heao-
CTaTKH n0A.06tIbIX anpOKCHMault1; KPHBaH TO'HOI'O npeo6pa3OBa-
HHH J1anAaca OT (4yHKuHH BpeMeHH aaeT )KeJlaeMylo HH()OpMauHK)
O BpeMeHH611 peaKEHH.
t'IHCAeHHb1@ 3Ha9CHHH B npHMepe ypaBHeHHH (13) H (rHr. 28
H 29 Bb16paHO TBKHM oOpa3oM, LITO6bI fOJIy'HTb BHOAHe npo-
CToe peweHHe A.AH Y (S) B 3aMKHyTOM BHAe. B 6onee CJ O)KHbIX
CAy'anx nOTpe6yeTCH CHCTeMa pemeHHfl HAH )R npH penleHHH
AH(I epeHUHaJIbHoro ypaBHeHHH OTHOCHTCAbHO Y (S) MO)KHO BOC-
nOJlb3OBaTbC51 0006bIM npHeMOM, HanpHMep npe,anOJIO)KHTb, 9TO
BXOA.HOI3 CHrHaA npHKAaabIBaeTCH B MOMeHT BpeMeHH, OTAHtlHblfl OT
t=0. KpoMe TOM, McTOA noAy'eHHH npeo6pa30BaHHf1 OT peaKUHR
CHCTeM, napaMeTpbl KOTOpbIX He cocpe.gOT04eHbI H He nOCTOHHHbl,
no RH((pepeHtjHaJ1bHbIM ypaBHeHHHM He HBAHeTCH elHHCTBeHHbIM.
3Aecb KpaTKO' npOHnnIOCTPHPOBaH McTOA HaxowAeffliff Y(S) no
AH( epeHuHaJIbHOMy ypaBHeHH10, Tax KaK OH HHrle He pac-
CMaTpHBaeTCH'nOAp06H0. OAHaKO BO MHOCHX npeBOCXOAHbIX
KHHraX AaIOTCH ApyrHe McTOAb1 nonyyeHHH npeo6pa3oaaHHI1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
112 M. Kep6u u U. GoMapb.4 c
Aannaca. Ao Tex nop noxa npeo6paaonaHHe paBHO lniTerpany
ypaBHeHHn (1) H AO Tex flop nolca off CXOA.HTCfl, 0 CBO#CTBax
peaKH,l1H CHCTeMbI MO>KHO CyAHTb 110 KPHBOf1 npeo6pa3OBaHH51.
I'IppaUKOHanbHbie 4neHbl, nOflBJlnlouJHecfl,LHanpHMep, B ypaB-
HeHHH (17), ABJ151IOTCfl T14HH4HbIMH 9neMeHTaMH IIpe06pa3OBaHHfl
OT peaKUHl CHCTeM, HMeloIuHX McHA)oiunecn CO BpeMeHeM KOM-
nOHeHTbl. Oco6blfl Ba>ICHblfl cny'afl COCTaBJIAK)T npeo6pa30BaHHfl
OT TaKHX (?yHKI1,H11, KaK 6ecceneBbl, He HMe)OH(He AeMn4mpylo-
Lunx 4JIeHOB noa paAHKanOM. ECJIH nOCTpOHTb npeo6pa30BaHHe
(1/VSL? 1) OT 6ecce.IeBOfI (pyHKILHB HyneBoro -nOpflaKa aim
4HCTO MHHMbIX 3Ha'eu1f1 S, TO KpHBafl yXOAHT B 6eCKOHe4HOCTb
npH s= 1, 4TO, o4eBHAHO, YKa3blBaeT Ha HaJIH4He He3aTyXalO-
H(HX KoAe6aHHl H Ha HeyCTOfIMHBOCTb CHCTeMbI. I4aBeCTHO, 4TO
4)yHKH,H51 BeCCenfl IB (t) yCTOf14HBa, KOHe4Ha B Hallane KOOpAH-
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no BpeMeHH OT Hynfl AO 6eCKOHe4HOCTH paBeH 6eCKOHegHOCTH,
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pbIX H3BecTHO, 4TO OHM HaXOAATCA HeJ1,aneKo OT rpaHIgbt
o6naCTH yCTOf14HBOCTH.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
npeo6pajOBaHHe Jlanaaca npOVHO 3aHAJIO cBoe MCCTO KaK
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CTPOHTb erolrpa(rHK.
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nOJIy4HTb He TaK JIerKO.
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3OBaTb MHO)KPCTBO npo6HbIX peweHHFt AAR nony4eHHF BO3MO)KHO
6oJiee 6JIIL3KQro npH6J1H)KeHHB K KeJIaeMOMy pe3yJlbTaTy, 4aCTO
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YCTaHOBHBweirOCH CHHyCOHAaJIbHOro BXOAHOro CHrHajla; 9TO-
$ 3ax. 2356,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
M. J(ep6U U )J. BOAtapb,s
4aCTOTa KOJIe6aHHR fl,pa npeo6pa3ofaHHn Aannaca, KOTOpaS
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Tojimo Anfl CnCTeM C [OCTOHHHbIMH KO9("HuHeHTaMH HAH
AAA CHCTeM, 6AH3KHX K HHM, 9Ta 4aCTOTa COOTBeTCTByeT
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flepeXOAHafl peaKljifl CHCTeMbI tBJIAeTCA OCHOBHOf1 XapaKTe-
pHCT14KOf1 CHCTeMbI, KOTopafl MON(eT HCHOnb30BaTbC5I B HpaKTH-
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npaKTN4eCKH BXOA.HOf1 CHrHaA. He3aBHCHMO OT Toro, KaKHM
McTOAOM nony4ena KpHBaA, AO Tex nop noka BeAH4HHa nno-
LUa1H n0A KpHBOf1 paBHa NHTerpaAy ypaBHeHNA (1), McTOAbI,
On[LCaHHble Bbinle, MO)(HO npHMeHMTb AAA oueHKH BpeMeHHOf1
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nOJIy4HTb, 4eM 4aCTOTHble peaKILHll, oco6eHHO, KOraa CHCTeMa
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TOB. Koraa H3BeCTeH nepexOAHbif1 npouecc, TO npeO6pa3OBa-
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McTOAOM, o6paTHbIM McTOAy AaHHOft CTaTbH, a OTcioaa y)Ke
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neH4aTbifl BXOAHOh CHrHaJI, TO nwiyiaeMoe npH 9TOM npeo6-
pa30BaHHe He ABAAeTC51 4aCTOTHOf1 peaK[(Nef1 B o6b14HOM CMbICJIe,
ecAN er0 He npHBeCTH B COOTBeTCTBHe C Heft nyTeM YMHO Ke-
HNA Ha s.
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AOB Kone6aHHl, TO KPHBa1 npe06pa3OBaHHA COBep1UeHHO ACHO
yKa3b1BaeT Ha 3T0, a TBKN(e H Ha pa3AH4HSI OTAenbHb1X CBOf1CTB
peaKUHH. OAHaKO 60AbWHHCTBO CePBOMeXaHI43MOB Ha npaKTHKe
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nBKy KpHBOf1 npeo6pa3OBaHH31, npeACTaBJIfleT Jill peai(uNn 3aTy-
Xaiomee KoJIe6aHHe NAN CYMMY HeCKOJIbKHX 9KCnOHeHL(HaJIbHbIX
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2. OrriocurmHaA ycro(1Kueocrb saMlckyrblx cucreM 115
(pyHKL[Hfi. E)TQ He SIBAHeTCS1 npHHUUHHHaJ1bHbIM OrpaHH4eHHeM TO4-
HOCTH, a CKOp'ee yKa3bIBaeT Ha TO, 4TO BpeMeHHYIO peaKu.HIO MO)KHO
aAeKBSTHO OilHcaTb 6onee 4eM OAHHM CnOCO6OM. McToA anpo-
KCHMaH,HH p6aKLLHf1 XOpOIIIO AeMn4HpOBaHHbIX cepBOMexaHH3-
MOB HCSIOJb3yeT TO, 4TO KOJIe6aHHe, COCTOHLuee TOJIbKO H3
HeCKOJIbKHX IcnaeCKOB, MO)KHO npe1CTaBHTb ABYMH HAH TpeMA
pa3JIH4HbIMH nOJO)KHTeJlbHbIMH H OTpHLIaTeJlbHbIMH 9KCnOHeHI(HaJIb-
Hb1MH 4neHa1VIIH nO4TH THK we XOpOIUO, KaK H 3aTyxalou eft
CHHYCOHA.OR THna e-atCOS(wt?p). 3TO pacnpOCTpaHSIeTCfi
TBK)Ke H Ha 1kpHBble npeo6pa3oBaHHH .Jannaca. nPHHIUHI1HaAbHO
Ba)KHbIM SIBJIS1 TCA TO, 'ITO A.aHHafl (j)opMa nHKa KpHBOI npeo6-
pa30B3HHH CBH3b1BaeTCfl c onpeAeJIeHHOf1 c~OpMOf1 nepeXOAHoro
npouecca, npn4eM He paCCMaTpHBaeTCH'(POpManbHOe MaTeMaTH-
4ecxoe Bblpa)CeHHe, onncbiBaloluee nepexoAHblfl npouecc.
)KeJ1aTeJnHO OTMeTHTb etue OAHY 06AaCTb B03MO)KHOrO
0606LueHHH 4aCTOTHbIX rpac)HKOB, XOTH STO H He COOTBeTCTByeT
CTporo McTOJty, H3JIO)KCHHOMY B 9TOfl CTaTbe. HafKBHCT, a 3a
HHM H MHorHO Apyrne aBTOpbI npH paCCMOTpeHHH rpa4)HKOB
KPHBbIX HCnpAb30BaAH KOMnJIeKCHYIO 4aCTOTy, T. e. KaK
Aef1CTBHTenbHyIo yaCTb 0, TaK H MHHMyIO qaCTb w one-
paTOpa s.
B03MO)KHbII pa3J1H'Hble nOA06Hb1e o6o6uteHHfl 06bI4HbIX 4aCTOT-
HbIX KpHBbIX H, nO-BHAHMOMy, OHH B OTAeAbHbIX cAy'asx o6na-
Aa10T p$AOM' npeHMytueCTB. HanpHMep, CTCneHb 3aTyXaHHfl
OTAeAbHoro 1{OJe6aHHH MO)KHO OnpeAeAHTb coBepWeHHO TO'HO,
npHpaBHHB MHHMYIO qaCTb s nOCTOHHHOf3, paBHOtl 4aCTOTe KOAe-
6aHHfl, H nogTpOHB Bblpa)KeHHe aim npeo6pa30BaHHH B BHAe
(IYHKUHH OT AefiCTBHTenbHOfl 4aCTH o. HCnOAb3oBaTb nOAO)KH-
TenbHble 3Ha4eHHH 0 OKa3bLBaeTCH HenJIOAOTBOpHO. npH OTpH-
L(aTeJIbHbIX 3I1a'eHHHX nHK KpHBOf1 Ha6Al0AaeTC51 npH 3Ha'eHHH a,
COOTBeTCTByIOIUeM 3Ha'eHH10 3aTyXaHHfl KOJIe6aHHH. aTa onepa-
I(HH CBOAHTCSI K HCCJeAOBBHHIO paCnOJO)KeHHH nOn1000B nepe-
AaTOgHOfl (pyl KLIHH CHCTeMb1 B AeBOfi nOAynnoCKOCTH KOMnAeKC-
HOfi 4aCTOTbII. fOCTpOeHHaS npH 9TOM BeJIH'HHa He 000TBeT-
CTByeT nOAHOMY HHTerpaJy, AaHHOMy B ypaBHeHHH (1),
a onpeAeAHe'r Cxopee TOJIbKO HHN(HHf npe.eJi oTpHuaTenb-
HbIX 3Ha'eHHA 0 6OJIbIAHX, 4eM BeIueCTBeHHaH qaCTb nlo6oro
nOnloca nepe/L,aT04HOfl (4yHKLLHH. 3TOT HH)KHHfi npeAea, HJIH
nepeAaT04Hasl (pyHKL[Hn CHCTeMbI, CBHBaH C BpeMeHHOf xapaKTe-
PHCTHKOfI 4epe3 HHTerpan o6paTHoro npeo6pa3oBaHHH, a He
4epe3 HHTerpan ypaBHeHHH (1).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
JII4TEPATYPA
1 . Brown G. S., C a m p b e l l D., Principles of Servomechanisms,
New York, 1948.
2. C h e s t n u t H., M a y e r R. W., Servomechanisms and Regula-
ting Systems Design, Vol. I, New York, 1951.
3. A h r e n d t W. R., T a p l i n J. F., Automatic Feedback Control,
New York, 1951.
4. Kirby M. J., Trans. AIEE, Part II, 69, 1662 (1950).
5. K i r b y M. J., G i u I i a n e l l i R. M., Trans. AIEE, Part II, 70,
1447 (1951).
6. Z a d e h L. A., Proc. IRE, No 3, 291 (1950).
7. Moore J. R., Proc. IRE, Ne 3 (1951).
8. B o A e I'., Teoplla ueue% H npoeKTHpoeaHHe ycHJIHTeJIei c o6paTHOii
CBUUbIo, H3AaTeJIbCTBO HHOCTpaHHOi11 IlHTepaTypbr, 1948.
9. 1- a p A H e p M., B 9 p H C IINC., 1lepexOAHbie ripogeccbi B JIHHeIHbIx
CHCTeMax, FocTexH3,IjaT, 1951.
10. 1' O J1 b J{ M a H C., rapMOHH4eCKHH aHaJlH3, MOAyJIH1IHH H HlyMbi,
l43AaTeJIbCTBO HHOCTpaHHOH JIHTepaTypbl, 1951.
11. Churchill R. V., Modern Operational Calculus, New York, 1941.
12. G o l d m a n S., Transformation Calculus and Electrical Transients,
New York, 1949.
13. M c L a c h I a n N. W., Modern Operational Calculus, London, 1948.
14. H a r r i s H., Jr., K i r b y M. J., A r x E. F., Trans. AIEE,
Part II, 70, 1452 (1951).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO45100330001-4
3. CBS13b MEW)(Y IIACTOTHbIMH XAPAKTEPHCTHKAMH
H IIEPEXOAHbIM nPOII,E000M CHCTEMbI ABTOMATH9E-
cKoro !EI'YJIHPOBAHHSI C O6PATHOI.1 CBA3bI01)
H. Yy
BBeAeHHe
XapaKTep~iCTHKH CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTHgeCKor0 peryJIHPOBaHlifl
C 06paTHOfi C,B513blO 4aCTO OnpeAeJIHK)TCH no nepeXOAHOMy npO-
ueccy, BO3HH,CaIOLUeMy npH npHJlo)KeHHH CTyneH9aTOf (4yHKUHH
Ha BXOAe. BHe3anHoe H3MeHeHHe BXO)IHOrO CnrHaJIa HJIH B03My-
IueHHH MO)KeTI COOTBeTCTBOBaTb Ba)KHb1M AetlCTBHTeJIbHbIM yCJIO-
BHHM pa6OTmIICHCTeMbl. OAHaKO, Kor a CHCTeMa HMeeT XapaK-
TePHCTHgeCKOe ypaBHeHHe BbICOKOTO nOpsAKa, CHHTe3 HJIH
pacer CHCTe]+lbl npH TaKOM B03AettCTBHH M3T0MaTHgeCKH TpyAHO
BbinOJIHHM. B CB23H C 9THM 6blJI pa3BHT H IUHPOKO npHMeHHCTCH
gaCTOTHbItt McTOA. O9eBHAHO, O4eHb )KeJIaTeJIbHO 3HaTb CB93b
Me)KAy gaCTdTHOt1 XapaKTepHCTHKOfI H nepeXOAHb1M npouec-
COM.
MaTeMaTHIgeCKH TaKyIO CBB3b MO)KHO yCTaHOBHTb npH n0-
M011H npeo6pa30BaHH51 4)ypbe. Ho 9TOT McTOA He paCKPbIBaeT
(])H3H4eCKOtl iCYLIHOCTH 5IBJIeHHf1 H nO9TOMy npHHOCHT MaJI0
nOJlb3bl nPH pac4eTe CHCTCM aBTOMaTH9eCKOro peryJlHpoBaHHH.
KOJIH9eCTBeHHyIO CB513b Me)KAy 4aCTOTHOR xapaKTepHCTHKOtt
H nepeXOAHbjM npouecco O6bI4HO TpyAHO C(fOPMyJIHPOBaTb
B 06lueM BHA0 2).
BnaroAapf HcnoJlb3oBaHHio McTOAa KOpHeBOro roAorpa(4a,
pa3BHTOr0 PB1HCOM [1], CTaJIo B03M0)KHbIM yCTaHaBAHBaTb
XapaKTep Ta~Of CB513H, KorAa H3BeCTHa CB93b Me)KAy aMnaH-
TyAHO-()a3oBQfl XapaKTeplCTHKOtl H KOpHeBbIM rOAorpacj oM.
To Hblfl XapahcTep 9TOtl CBH3H 6yAeT 3aBHCeTb OT KOHKpeTHOrO
1) C h u Y., Trans. AIEE, Part II, 72, 81-92 (1953).
2) 3AeCb MO)KHO yKa3aTb Ha McTOA aHaJIH3a CBOHCTB nepexoAHOro
npoijecca, pa3 a6OTaHHbIH B. B. CoJIoAOBHHKOBbIM, KOTOpbili OCHOBaH
Ha H3y4eHHH CBO11CTB BealeCTBeHHO1i 4aCTOTH01i xapaKTepHCTHKH H
CBH3H Me)KAy Ite1i H nepeXOAHbIM np0i e000M (CM., HanpHMep, OCHOBbi
aBTOMaTH4eCKO$'O peryJ!HpoBaHHA" noA peA. B. B. COJIOAOBHHKoaa,
Mamma, 1954)l-17puM. peO.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BHAa CHCTeMbI. r109TOMy, XOTR B HaCTOlljef3 CTaTbe H He AaeTCA
o6Haero KOJIH9eCTBeHHOrO COOTHOmeHH51, 9Ta CBH3b 6yaeT Hcciie-
AOBaHa AJIH KaM(AOft CHCTeMbI B OTA,eJIbHOCTH.
B HaCTodllUef1 CTaTbe Mbl CTaBHM ce6e cneAylonine 3aaa'H:
1. rloKa3aTb, qTO 9aCTOTHble XapaKTepHCTHKH H nepexoA-
Hble npoueccbl CBfl3aHb1 McM(Ay co6oft KOH(lOpMHbIM oTo6pa)(e-
HHeM 6narouapfl COOTBCTCTBHIO me way aMHJIHTyAHO-4Ja3oBOf1
XapaKTepHCTHKOft H KOpHeBbIM roaorpa()OM.
2. YKa3aTb B KageCTBe npHMepa [2-5,11] HeCKOnbKO
H3BeCTHbIX McTOAOB OnpeaeneHHA nepeXOAHbIX npoljeccoB no
4aCTOTHbIM XapaKTepHCTHK3M npH nOMOLUH KOHq)OpMHOro OTO-
6paM(eHH5I.
3. BbIABHTb CBOflCTBa nepeXOAHoro npogecca Ha' OCHOBe
cyluecTByloluero MP-KpHTepHfl l) npH CHHTe3e CHCTeM gaCTOT-
HbIM McTOAOM, HCCneayfl pacno to KeHHe Hynef1 H nOJIIOCOB nepe-
AaTOgHOfI ()yHKI.HH 3aMKHyTOf1 CHCTeMbI, KOTOpafl CBfl3aHa
C nepeaaT04HOf1 ([lyHKUUHeft pa30MKHYTOff CHCTeMbI nOCpeACTBOM
KOpHeBOI'O roaorpa(pa.
4. CpaBHHTb gaCTOTHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH H KOpHeBble rOJO-
rpa()bl HeCKOJIbKHX yCJIOBHO yCTOflgHBbIX CHCTeM.
5. rlOKa3aTb CXOACTBO McTOAOB CHHTe3a B 4aCTOTHOf1 H
BpeMeHHOf1 o6aaCTnX.
CB93b McX(AY KOpHeBbMM roAOrpa4)OM H aMIIJIHTyAHO-4)a3oBOF1
XapaKTepHCTHKOI1
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CHCTeMbI aBTOMBTH4eCKOro perynHpOBaHHH C 06paTHOf CBB3bIO,
rae G (S) - nepeaaTO4Han (pyHKLUI'H pa30MKHYTOII CHCTeMbI,
a S-KOMnJIeKCHasl nepeMeHHafl. npHMeHflfl 4aCTOTHbIf1 McTOA,
MO)(HO, KaK HOKa3aHO Ha (1Hr. 2, nOCTpOHTb Ha nnOCKOCTH G
aMnnHTyJLHO-4)a3OByIO xapaKTeplCTHKy. 3Ta xapaKTepHCTHKa
flBJI1eTCfl KOH(POpMHbIM OTo6pa)KeHHeM Bcef1 MHHMOf1 OCH nn0-
CKOCTH S Ha nJOCKOCTb G. A MnJHTyAHO-(a30Bafl XapaKTepH-
CTHKa Ha 4JHr. 2 H COOTBeTCTBYIOHjafl eft MHHMa 1 OCb Ha ([1 Hr. 3
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aMI1JIHTyAHON 4aCTOT1409 xapaKTepHCTHKH 3aMKHYT01i CHCTeM6I, cor iac-
HO KOTOpOMy MaKCHMaJIbHoe 3HageHHe 9TON xapaKTepHCTHKH He AOn-
H(HO upeabiuiaTb 1,2-1,3. - Ilpu tf. ped.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
3. 9agror1bce xapaicrepucruKu u nepexo(3Kmsa npogecc 119
JIBeT OTo6papKeHHe HOJIOeKHTOJ[bHOR 9aCTH MHHMOf1 OCH nJio-
CKOCTH S, a TOHKaR MyHKTMPH3H KpHBaA - OTo6pa)KeHMe OTpH-
gaTeJ1bHOf1 4aCTH MHHMOf1 ocH. AMHJIHTyAHO-(Pa3oBaB xapaKTe-
PHCTHKa CHMMeTPHgHa OTHOCHTeJ1bHO Beu.eCTBeHHOf1 OCM nJIO-
CKOCTH G.
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ryJIHpOBaHHH.
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G (s) MO)KHOt' McTOAOM KOpHeBOro roAorpa4 a nOCTpOMTb Ha
HJIOCKOCTH S IKOpHeBOfl roAorpa(p, KaK IIOKa3aH0 Ha 4JHr. 3.
llnoc,OCmb G
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CTBeHHaA fl0JyyOCb Ha 4nir. 2 H COOTBeTCTByK)ll[Hf1 eft KOpHeBOf
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B OTAMgHP{ OT aMMAHTyAHO-4)a30BOR .XapaKTepHCTHKLt
4) H r. 3. KOpxesoii rouorpacp AAA
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G(s) = S(CiS-I-1)(tiaS+1)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
120 H. 4y
KOH(pOpMHOe OTo6pa)KeHHe rIOJION(HTeJIbHOf1 gaCTH BeIUeCTBeHHOff
OCH IJIOCKOCTH 0 Ha IJIOCKOCTb S He HBJ1HeTCH KOpHeBb1M roAO-
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KopHeBoi roaorpa(p npeACTaBJT511OT co6of1 I(OH O MHb1e OTO-
6pa KeHHH H3 nJIOCKOCTH S Ha nJIOCKOCTb G HJIH o6paTHO H3
IJIOCKOCTH G Ha HJIOCKOCTb S C nOMOHiblO (pYHK1LHH KOMnJIeK-
cHoro nepeMeHHoro G (s). 3TO B3aHMHOe oTo6pa)KeHHe H pac-
cmaTpHBaeTCH KaK CB23b Me)KAy aMnJIHTyAHO-(pa3oBOf# XapaK-
TepHCTHKOM H KOpHeBbIM ro1orpacpoM.
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nepeAaT09HOf1 4)YHKILHH pa3OMKHyTOf1 CI1CTeMbI G(S):
G(S) S(ti1S+1)(t2S+1).
CJIeAyeT 3aMeTHTb, TO AJ151 AaHHOrO 3Ha9eHHH K? MO)KHO
nOCTpOHTb TOJIbKO OAHy aMnJIHTyAHO-(pa3OBylo XapaKTepHCTHKy.
OAHaKO COOTBeTCTBy1oLuHf1 KOpHeBOfI ro1wrpa(p aaeT 6eCKOHe9-
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BBeLeM npH nOCTPOeHHH KOpHCBOro roaorpa(pa BMeCTO K?
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3aHO Ha (pnr. 4, npHgeM K STBJIBeTCH napaMeTpOM, B TO BpeMH
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3TO CJIeAyeT H3 TOI'O (paKTa, 'TO TO4KH C H D HBJISHOTCH TO9-
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(N(HpHOfI CnJIOWHOf1 H TOHKOfl CnJIOIIIHOfk). CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO,
gaCTOTa (o9 B TO'Ke C aMnJIHTyAHO-()a3oBOf1 XapaKTepHCTHKH
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3TO O9eHb Ba)KHa5T papa TO9eK. M3 McTOAa KOpHeBOro roAO-
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CBH3b10. B STOM cJiygae KpIITN'IeCKafl TO'IKa 6yjeT nMeTb 1{OOpAHHaTbI
(-f - 1; j0). -17pum. ped,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
3. 9actortlble xaparcrepucTUxu u nepexo&u,u2 nporgecc 121
Hoe 3HaveHHe, KO9(4 HuHeHTa yCHJIeHH9 CHCTeMbI, npH npeBbl-
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H3 TeOpHi,H MCTOAa 4aCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTIIK H3BeCTHO,
4TO o6paTHafl IBeJIHgHHa a6COJI!OTHOrO 3Ha'eHHH G (j(O) B TO4Ke C
Ha OTPHuaTe~bHOR BeUJ CTBeHHOR OCH nJIOCKOCTH G flBJIHCTC1
PH r. 4. CBA3b Me)KI y KO94gHUIIeHTaMH K aMHAHTyAHO-(]la30BON
zapaKTepHCTHKH H KOpHeBOrO roAorpaq)a.
a - KOpHeaoi roAorpa(p Ha nJIOCKOCTH S.
K1 KHa5i nOJ1OCa nPOnYCKaHHA HeMeaneHHO onpeaeJIBeTCA
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HylO CBA3b, QCJ-in$aHHyIO Ha npeO6pa3OBaHHH 4 ypbe.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Cnyuau
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
Cnyuau
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
ACJIHTb 3HageI HH KOpHeft, 4aCTOTHaH xapaKTepHCTHKa 3aMKHyTOft
CHCTeMbi nO3~OJIHeT HatiTH HX, HOTOMy 4TO 4aCTOTHyIO xapaK-
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MO)KHO Onpe11 JIHTb nepexoAHb11f npouecc.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
130 H. ct
McTOAAM KOPHeBOFO ro,gorpa(pa, TO 4aCTOTHyIO xapaKTepncTHKy
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
PacnonwueHue
noomoa u u iwe C/R
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
3. YaCTOTHbKAy Ha4aJIOM KOOpAHHaTH
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fOKa3aHO Ha (pHr. 9.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
136 H. Ely
3KBHBaJIeHTHbIfI KpHTepHA AJIH aMn1IHTyAHO-4 a3OBOffi XapaK-
TepHCTHKH Ha HJ!OCKOCTH G COCTOHT B TOM, wro aMnJIHTyJjHO-
qba30BaH XapaKTepHCTHKa AoJl)KHa npOXOAHTb AOCTaTOgHO AaneKO
OT TOMKH -1. IIOCKOJIbKy yCTaHOBJIeHa CB23b Me)KAy aMnJIH-
TYAHO-41a3OBOR XapaKTepHCTHKOt H KOpHeBbIM roaorpagoM, TO
napaMeTpbl aMrJIHTyaHO-4pa3oBOfl XapaKTepHCTHKH B fJIOCKOCTH 0
MO)KHO BbIpa3HTb gepe3 napaMeTpbI nepexoAHOro npogecca.
CXOJ),CTBO CHHTe3a B 9aCTOTHOR H BpeMeHH6H O6JIaCTAX
4aCTOTHble McTOAbI CHHTe3a CHCTeM 2BTOMaTHgecKoro pery-
JIHPOBaHHH HBJI$110TCH MOULHbIM cpeACTBOM paCqeTa, TaK KaK
aMnJIHTyAHO-()a3OByIo xapaKTepHCTHKy pa30MKHYTOfI CHCTeMbI
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CTHKH OTAeJIbHbIX 9JIeMeHTOB CHCTeMbI. Ha ([)Hr. 10,a B Kage-
CTBe nPHMepa CHHTe3a B gaCTOTHOfl o6JIaCTH npHBeaeHa CHCTeMa
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gaCTOTHble XapaKTepHCTHKH (aMHJIHTyAHO-(Pa30Bb1e XapaKTepH-
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4 a3OBble yrjlbl aMnJIHTyAHO-()a3OBbIX XapaKTepHCTHK AByX 9Jle-
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gHBOCTb H CTeneHb yCTOfl4HBOCTH CHCTeMbI.
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AByX ceMefICTB KOHTypOB 1), He noKa3aHHbIX Ha 4mr. 10, 2,
a 3aTeM nOCTpOHTb. TaKof3 pacgeT ynpolgaeTCH 1PH HCnOJIb-
3OBaHHH JlorapH()MHgeCKHX aMnJIHTyAHOf1 H q)a30BOtj gaCTOTHbIX
XapaKTepHCTHK [9].
McTOA KOpHeBOrO roaorpa(~a 51B1HeTC51 McTOAOM CHHTe3a
CHCTeM BO BpeMeHHOfl o6JIaCTH. BbIHIe yCTaHOBJIeHa CBH3b
Me)KAy aMnJIHTyAHO-(])a3oBOfn XapaKTepHCTHKOfl Ha nJIOCKOCTH G
1) NMe,oTCH B BHAy aMETJ1HTYJ(Hble it (pa3OBb1e KpyroBble miarpaM-
M b1. - 17pu..u. peO,
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3. WacrorKble xapaICrepUCTUKU u nepexodtbtti npotfecc
H KOpHeBbIM ro orpaq)OM Ha nJIOCKOCTH S: Cnoco6 CHHTe3a
.CHCTeM McTc.aOM KOpHeBbIX ro.uorpa4 OB, noao6Hbia McTOAy
aMnJHTyAHO-4a3OBbiX XapaKTepHCTHK, OCHOBaH Ha BBeAeHHH
B paCCMOTpe~IHe KpMBb1X nOCTOAHHbIX 4)a30Bblx yrJIOB 110].
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xapaKTepxcTHKa o&beKTa perynxpoeaHHa; e - aM-
nJHTyiEO-(pa3oBaa xapaKTepxcTHKa pa3OMKHYTOa
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perynwTOpa.
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)nr. 10, a. Ha 4)Hr. 11, 6 H 8 COOTBeTCTBeHHO noxa3aHbl KpH
Bble (Pa30BWX yrnoB peryJIHTOpa H o6bewTa perynHpoBaHHB.
lyTeM Han4))KeHHA (He noKa3aHHOTO Ha )ar. 11) 9THX ABYX
KPHBbIX (paaOBbIX yrnoa Ha TOR we nJIOCKOCTH S H yCTaHOBne-
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rouorpa4) taCTeMbi (4)Hr. 11, 2). 1lOCKOnbKy KOpHeBOf1 roAo-
rpa4 AaeT ace B03MOH(Hble KOpHH xapaKTepHCTHqeCKoro
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138 FH.gy
ypaBHeHHSI CHCTeMII, )KenaeMblfl rlepexo1YHbl# ^pogecC MO)KHO HOny-
4HTb, Bb16xpaS HOA.XOASw1He KOpHH H3 KopHeBoro roAOrpa(pa.
,Jni Toro 4To6bI CHCTeMa 6bina yCTOf14HBOf1, paccMaTpHBalOT
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3. 4ac,TOTnbce xapa1CTepUCTUKU u nepexoanbU1 npotyecc 139
H npH 9TOM MO)KHO npHMeHATb KOH(lOpMHoe oT06pa)KeHHe.
McTOA KOpHgBOrO rouorpa(pa nO33OJIfleT npHMeHHTb KOH(~ OPM-
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Ha nAOCKOCTH G H KOpHeBbIM ro)lorpa4)OM Ha nAOCKOCTH S
nocpeACTBOM KOH(POPMHOFO oTo6pa)Kennfl MO)KHO onpeaenATb
UaCTOTHYIO xapaKTepHCTHKY qepe3 napaMeTpbl nepeXO1LHOro
npouecca.
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MO)KHO Haf'rH, KorA.a OnpeaeJeHbl nonIOCbl H HYAH nepeAaTO4-
HOft 41yHK11119 3aMKHyTOf1 CHCTeMbu H COOTBeTCTByIoIuae nOCTOflH-
Hble MHo)KH eJH. 9TH HyAH H MOJ UOCbl, 3aAa1ouLHe, c OAHOf
CTOpOHbI, n6peAaT04HyIO (pyHKl1H10 3aMKHyTOf1 CHCTeMbI, a c Apy-
rofl-nepekOAHbIfI npouecc, MO)KHO HCnOAb3OBaTb KaK cpeA-
CTBO A.AR BIbipa)KeHHfl 4aCTOTHOf1 XapaKTePHCTHKH qepe3 napa-
McTpbl nepexoAHOro npOUeCCa,. H Hao6opoT.
fIoxa3aHO HecxonbKO yCJIOBHO yCTOf34HBbIX cHCTeM H pac-
CMOTpeHO COOTBeTCTBHe Me)KAy HX aMnJHTYAHO-(pa30BUIMH
XapaKTepHCTHKaMH H KOpHeBbIMH rOAorpa(raMH. f1OKa3aHO TaK)Ke,
4TO yCAOB$lafl yCTOfk41BOCTb, KOTopafl npe)KAe 06-b%CH1AaCb
Ha OCHOBe KpHTepH1 HaflKBHCTa Ha nAOCKOCTH 0, 3aKAIogaeTCfl
B pa3AH4HOM HAH, BepHee, Heo6bu4HOM nepece4eHHH KopHeBbIM
ro.orpa()oM MHHMOVI OCH nJIOCKOCTH S. HaKOHeu, 6buAO fOKa-
3aHO, 4TO FHHTe3 MO)KHO BbinOJIHHTb rpa4 H4eCKH allaA0rHgHI M
o6pa3oM KaK B 4aCTOTHOf1, TaK H BO BpeMeHH0 O6AaCTAX.
TaKHM o6pa3oM, B HaCTo1aLefk pa60Te nOKa3aHO, 4TO CB513b
Ae KO yc'raHaBAHBa TC1KTCp nOMOlllblO n P qadTOTHOR KOH()OpMHOrO OTo6pa
)KeHHfl.
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TbIX roaorpa(POB-cjiemyeT p
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TOpbIX CAy'alX o6a McTOAa AOnOJIHIIIOT Apyr
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H. Yy
JIMTEPATYPA
1. E van s W. R., Trans. AIEE, Part I, 63, 66 (1950).
2. P r o f o s P., Sulzer Techn. Rev., 2, 1 (1954).
3. R u s s e I D. W., W e a v e r C. H., Trans. AIEE, Part 11, 71, 95
(1952).
4. K u s t e r s N. L., M o o r e W. F., A Generalization of the Fre-
quency Response Method for the Study of Feedback Control
Systems", Proceedings of the Conference on Automic Control,
London, 1952.
5. B i e r n s o n G., Trans. AIEE, Part II, 72, 53 (1953).
6. B r o w n G. S., C a m p b e II D. P., Principles of Servomechanisms,
New York, 1948, Chap. 11.
7. Y e h V. C. M., The Study of Transients in Linear Feedback
Systems by Conformal Mapping and the Generalized Root Locus
Method", J HccepTagna Mass. Inst. Technol., 1952.
8. C h u Y., Trans. AIEE, Part 11, 71, 291 (1952).
9. TeopHH cneABtunx CHCTeM, noa peA. X. .Ib ehmca, H. HHKOnbca
H P. (PHnHnnca, M3)IaTenbCTBO HHOCTpaHHOH 1IHTepaTypbd, 1953.
10. Chu Y., Trans. AIEE, Part 11, 71, 330 (1952).
11. J1 e o H a p A A., OTHOCHTeabHOe AeMrr4 HposauHe KaK KpHTepul
yCTOHgHBOCTH, a TaKoKe IfaK cpeACTBO AAH Haxo)mAeHHH KopHer
nOjHHOMa I'ypBHI a, CM. C60pHHK ABTOMaTHgeCKoe perynHpoBa-
HHe", H3AaTenbCTBO HHOCTpaHHON nHTepaTypbf, 1954, cTp. 20.
12. W a r d E. E., Wireless Eng., 27, s 320, 146 (1950).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. OrIPEAEJI> HHE nEPEXOAHbIX IPOIECCOB no 4ACTOT-
HbIM XAP4KTEPHCTHKAM PA30MKHYTOR CHCTEMbI1)2)
i ,L(arc. EbepKcoii
BBeAeHHe
CHHTe3 CPCTeMbi aBTOMBTH9eCKoro perynHpOBaHHn c o6paT-
HOII CBA3b1O I o6bP1HO ocyIueCTBnsieTCH C HCnOnb30BaHHeM ee
gaCTOTHbIX xapaKTepHCTHK, OAHaKO noBeAeHHe CHCTeMbi nyglue
Bcero OgeHHBaTb no ee nepeXOAHOMy npobleccy. CneAOBaTeJibHO,
HeO6XOAHMO 'yCTaHOBHTb no B03MO)KHOCTH HenOCPe1CTBeHHyIO
CBfiBb nepeXOAHOrO npouecca c qaCTOTHbIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH.
XOTA T09Hble, AOCTaTO9HO o611kne MflT0M3TH9eCKHe cOOTHom e-
HH9 McKAy STHMH ABYMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH rlOny9HTb TpyAHO,
Bce )Ke MO)KHO Hat1TH 6onee HJIH McHee Ha,e iomie npH6JIH)Ke-
HH9. B AaHH tt CTaTbe nYTeM HccneAOBaHHH H CpaBHeHHH nepe-
XOAHbIX np0 eCcoB .Ann 60nbworo t[HCna THROB nepeAaT09HbIX
4)yHKuHtt CHeTeM aBTOMaTH9eCKOrO perynnpOBaHNA BbIBOAATCH
HeKOTOpbie l aH6onee Ba)KHbie H3 9THX npH6nn)KeHntt.
COOTHOInoHHfl Mextly peaKgHeti CHCTeMbi Ha CTyneH9aToe
B03AettCTBHe,H 9aCTOTHbIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH CHCTeM aBTOMa-
TH4eCKoro peryJHpOB1HHH paCCMaTPHBanHCb MHOI'O pa3, HO,
HeCMOTPH HaII 9T0, Mc>KIL HHMH AO CHX nOp He YCTaHOBneHO
"JOJIHOtt CB$13H. O6bu9HO HH>KeHep 3HaeT, 9T0 6bICT-
AOCTaTOgHO A
pOTa peaKIuOl CHCTeMbI Ha CTyneH9aToe B03Aet1CTBHe HeKOTO-
pbiM o6pa3o$ CB93aHa C WHPHHOtt nOJIOCbi npOnyCKaHHH CHCTeMbi,
OAHaKO npHIKOJIH9eCTBeHHOM onpeleneHHH 9TOro COOTHOIIIeHHH
OH, BepOBTHQ, BCTpeTnn ON OoJIbuJHe TPyAHOCTH, HCKJno asl
pa3Be CJIHn14OM HaeaJIH3HPOBaHHble CJIy9aH.
OAHaKO elue 6onee Ba)KHbIM, 9eM HeaoCTaTOK 3HaHH9 CBB3H
Me)KA.y peaKimett Ha CTyneH9aToe BO3MYIueHHe H 9aCTOTHbIMH
XapaKTepHCtHKaMH, HBnfleTCH nOJIHoe HCHOpnpoBaHHe 000THOIAe-
HHtt Me)KA.y 9aCTOTHbIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH H ApyrHMH nepe-
XOA.HbIMH npoiteccaMH CHCTeMbI: HMnyJIbCHOtt nepeXOAHOtt XapaK-
TepHCTHKOtt, peaKuHett CHCTeMbi Ha BXOA C nOCTOBHHOtt
1) B i e r ih s o n 0. A., Trans. AIEE, Part II, 74, 388-403 (1955).
2) PaccMaTPHBaIOTCfI norapM4mrn9ecKue aMnJIHTyj(Hbie xapaKTepN-
CTHKI(, coKpaueHHO JIAX. - Tfpu.u. pea.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
142 ,bait. BaepHcoH
CKOPOCTbIO, peaKulleft Ha CKa4OK ycKopeHHA H T. A. O6bI9HO
9TH nepexoaHbie npoueccbi ropa3ao nerve onpeaenHTb no
4aCTOTHiAM XapaKTepHCTHKaM, 4eM peaKunlo Ha CTyneH4aTOe
Bo3AeftcTBHe. BepOSITHO, rriaBHasi npHgHHa npeHe6pe)KeHHSI 9THMH
nepeXOAHbIMH XapaKTeplCTnKar4H COCTOHT B TOM, 4T0 He
B AOCTaTOVHOf1 Mepe nOHHMaeTC51 HX pOJIb B 061ueM noBeAe-
HHH CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH4ecxoro peryJIHpoBaHHA BO BpeMeHH.
B pa6oTe [11 6blJIO yKa3aHO Ha 3Ha4eHHe pa3JIH4HbIX nepe-
XOAHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKOrO peryJiHpOBa-
HHA. Bi ijio noKa3aHO, 4TO aJIA OT2 eJIbHb1X CHCTeM aBTOMaTH-
4ecKoro peryJlHpoBaHHA HMeeTCH JIHwb HeCKOJIbKO nepeXOIHbIX
XapaKTepHCTHK, KOTOpbie HBJISIIOTC51 Ba>KHbIMH, H JIM Bce OHH
H3BeCTHbI, TO pac ieT4HKy AOCTaTOTHO HCIIOJIb3oBaTb rpy6ble
npH6JIH)KeHHA aim Kawaof H3 HHX, 4T06b1 JIerKO H C npHeM-
JIeMOft TOtHOCTbIO Bbl4HCJIHTb KpHByIO peaKuHH CHCTeMbI Ha
npOH3BOJIbHblft CHrHaJi Ha BXOAe. CJIeAOBaTe. bHO, ec in pac-
4eT4HK Mo>KeT AOCTaTOgHO TO'HO oueHHTb 9TH nepeXOAHble
XapaKTepHCTHKH no 4aCTOTHbIM XapaKTepHCTHKaM pa30MKHYTOft
CHCTeMbI, TO OH CMO)KeT YCTaHOBHTb Henocpe,LCTBeHHOe BJIHHHHe
ueneft, KOTOpbie BBOAATCA HM B CHCTeMy aBTOMaTH4eCKOr0
peryJlHpOBaHHSi, Ha peaxuHlo pe3yJibTHpyloluef1 CHCTeMbI Aim
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9TOf1 ueJIH.
HaH60Jiee Ba)KHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH nepeXOAHbIX npoueCCOB
Ilygwe Bcero MO)KHO oueHHTb nyTeM nccJIeAOBaHHA 4aCTOTHbIX
xapaKTepHCTHK pa30MKHYTOft CHCTeMbI. 3TO o6CTOATeJibCTBO
CJIeAyeT CtHTaTb BeCbMa 6JlarOnpH2THbIM, TaK KaK XapaKTepH-
CTHKH pa3OMKHYTOFO KOHTypa - 9TO HMeHHO Te XapaKTepHCTHKH,
KOTOpble Bb16HpaIOTC5I npH pac eTe CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4ecKOr0
peryJIHpOBaHHSI. OCHOBHbIM HCKJIIO4eHHeM SIBJIAeTCII MaKCHMaJlb-
Hoe nepeperynnpoBaHHe CHCTeMbI npH CTyneH4aTOM B03MyHLe-
HHH, KOTOpOe MO)KHO Jly'we Bcero YCTaHOBHTb no MaKCHMaJIb-
HbIM 3HateHHAM (Mp) 4aCTOTHOf1 XapaKTepHCTHKH 3aMKHyTOf1
CHCTeMbI. HpaBH.na AJIA oueHKH 9THX nepeXOAHbIX XapaKTepH-
CTHK yCTaHaBJIHBaIOTCA B CTaTbe Ha OCHOBaHHH 9MHHpH4eCKHX
-N HHTyHTHBHb1X coo6pameHH# nyTeM HCCJIeaoBaHHA 6onbworo
4HCJia pa3JIH4HbiX nepeaaTOtHbIX (4yHKuH9. LtJIA 9THX npa3HJi
aBTOpy yaaJlocb nOJIY9HTb npHen.1emoe TeOpeTN4ecKoe 06OCHO-
BaHHe, CJIHIHKOM rpOM03AKOe, 4T06bi ero MON(HO 6biuio H3JIO-
)KHTb B aaHHOft CTaTbe. OHO OCHOBbIBaeTCA Ha pe3yJlbTaTax,
npHBeAeHHb1X B CTaTbe [21, B KOTOpOR nOKa3aHO, KaK noJiiocsl
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4. O'npeaeiieuue nepexo(Hblx npot4ecco8 no JIAX'aM 143
nepe)aTo I-lo 1 4)yHKUHH 3aMKHyTOt1 CHCTeMbw CBA3aHbl C 9aCTOT-
HbIMH XapaKfrepHCTHKaMH CHCTeMbI B pa3OMKHYTOM COCTOHHHH,
H eMy 6yAer nOCBAII[eHa cneuyioutai CTaTbH. BOnbulaH 9aCTb
MaTepHana BI HaCTOHU(efl CTaTbe 6bina ony6JHKOBaxa nepBo-
Ha4anbHO B } 4aCTH IV pa6oTb1 [3].
TepMHHOJIOrHM
TepMHHII' H O603HateHHH, HCnOnb3yeMble B 9TOF1 CTaTbe,
yKa3aHbl Ha i6JIOK-cxeMe CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH'IeCKOrO perynNpOBa-
HH$1 C o6paTHOF1 CBA3bIO (4)Hr. 1), rae Xi- BXOAHOI1 CHrHan,
Xe - CHrHaJI O1IH6KH, Xu- CHrHan O6paTHO1 CB23H.
CHI'Han o6paTHOf CBI13H 4aCTO paBHHeTCH BbIXOAHOMy CHr-
HaJIy X0. HiH6onee BB>KHble nepeAaTO4Hble 4YHKI(HH CHCTeMbI
aBTOMaTH4eckoro peryJlHpOBaHHH TaKOBbl:
G = X8 nepeAaTOgHaH 4)yHKILHH KOHTypa;
Xu 1- nepeAaTOrHas (4YHKIIHA 3aMKHYTOf1 CHCTeMbi no
X
i
X - nepezaTO4HaH (4yHK11H.9 OLIH6KH.
IIepeaaTO4HaH (pyHKIlHH KOHTypa G 4aCTO Ha3&IBaeTCA nepe-
AaTO4HO1 4)YHKLHeI pa3OMKHYTOft CHCTeMb1. MoAynb BenH-
4HHbI G npij BeweCTBeHHbIX 4aCTOTaX Ha3bIBaeTCH aMnJHTYAHOA
XapaKTepHC IHKOt, HJIH yCHaeHHeM CHCTeMbI.
HaH6one1e Ba)KHb1M AHHaMH4eCKHM napaMeTpOM CHCTeMb1
aBTOMaTH4ecKOro peryJIHPOB HHB HBJIHeTCH IIIHpHHa nonocbi
nponyCKaHH. ; aBTOP Hamen, 4T0 npeKpaCHbIM KpHTepHeM AJIB
IIHPHHbi nOJIOCbI H OnyCKaHHH CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH4eCKoro-pery-
JHpOBaHHH ~BJIHeTCH 4aCTOTa Cpe3a, o6O3Ha4aeMa l 4epe3 (Oeg
H onpeAenH~Mas KaK 4aCTOTa, npH KOTOpO1 yCHJIeHHe CHCTeMbi
paBHO eAHHHge. LIaCTOTa Cpe3a HMeeT cneAylouiie npeHMy-
uIeCTBa nepei ApyrHMH KpHTepHHMH Aim HIHpmbI nOJlocbl npo-
nyCKaHHH: 1) ee nerxo MO)KHO H3MepHTb H Bbi4HCJIHTb, 2) oHa
AaeT canoeIHaAe)KHoe yKa3aHHe OTHOCHTenbHO BpeMeHH Hapa-
CTaHHH peaKUHH CHCTeMbi Ha CTyneH4aToe BOBAefCTBHe 'AUS1
BceX THnOB CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4ecKorO pervIHPOBaHHH, KaK 9TO
nOKa3aHO B HaCTOHILtef CTaTbe.
upyrHM noJle3HbiM napaMeTpOM HIHpHHbi nonOCbi nponycKa-
HHH, CBHaaH" b1M C 4aCTOTOt cpeaa Weg, HBJIHeTC51 4aCTOTa Cpe3a
OTHOweHHIO K CHrHaJiy o6paTHOf CBH3H;
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
144 1Zxc. Bbepxcou
aCHMHTOTbI, o603HagaeMaR iepe3 w.. 41aCTOTbI w, H wig noKa-
3aHbI Ha 4)Hr. 1.
BMeCTO CAHHHLtbI de4u6eA (06) MbI HCHOnb3yeM HOByIO, 60-
nee o6Luyio norapH(pMHVecKpo eJHHHLLy - d ei uA02 (d402). ,1Jns
B,xad Owu6Ka
nonmypa Koxmypa
Xi +^ X,
lleperlamoUuaA lpyrK!(UA
Kotrmypa
CuenaA odpamHO(% cBA3u KONmypa
10 dnoe/ deMada
4acmaraa (6.1wzapurUMuuncnaM Macuamolle)
4) H r. 1. fOACHeHHe HpHHATOH TepMHHOnorHH.
KaKoro-nH6o 6e3pa3MepHOI'O OTHOILIeHHH A aHa4eHHe ero B Ae-
Lworax 6yaeT paBHO
A (B Ael.Hnorax) = 10 log,, A. (1)
TaKHM o6pa3oM, OTHouieHHIO 10 COOTBeTCTByeT 10 AeLiH-
nOl'OB, 'ITO COKpauieHHO 3anncb1BaeTCa KaK 10 aAOZ.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. OnpeaeAenue nepexoanbix npogeccoe no JIAX'aM 145
3neMeHTbI nepexoAHoro npogecca
B CTaTbC [1] 6bino noKa3aHO, qTO HMeeTCH TPH OCHOBHbIX
ceMefICTBa #CapaKTepHCTHK, KOTOpb1e onpeAennioT o6u ee noBe-
AeHHe CHCT Mb1 aBTOMaTHgecKoro perynHpOBaHHH BO BpeMeHH;
9TO coCTa suou(1e nepexoAHoro npouecca T,, (t), Kos(" H-
UHeHTbI yCT HOBHBIIIerOCH COCTOSIHHH C, H KOB(4IHuHeHTbI Haganb-
HbIX 3HageH ft am. 3TH XapaKTCPHCTHKH nOABAAIOTCA B BbIXOA-
HOf1 peaKUIH CHCTeMbI Ha eAHHHEIHbIf CKa4OK nPOH3BOAHOl HAH
HHTerpana OT BXOAHOrO CHrHana. BbIXOAHyIO peaKItHIO CHCTeMbI
aBTOMaTH9e?KOrO peryAHpoaaHHA Ha eAHHHVHbIf1 CKaMOK npOH3-
BOA.HOf1 n-r0 nOPHAKa MO)KHO BbIpa3HTb CneAYIOHLHM o6pa30M
X. (t) = T. (t) + Cn + Cn-1 11
t2 to-I to (2)
+Cn-2 -T+ ... +c1(n-1)!+c? ni
f epexo. LHyIO COCTaBJHIOIIyIO T,, Q) Ha30BeM COCTaBAHIou et
nepexOAHOrb npouecca CHCTeMbI no n-f1 npOH3BOAHOf1, a K09(p-
([)HuHeHT C,+I Ha3OBeM K09("HItHeHTOM yCTBHOBHBIlIerOCH 000TOH-
HHH CHCTCMbI no n-fl npOH3BOAHOt. Rnf eAHHHgHOrO CKa9Ka
rn-KpaTHorq HHTerpana peaKItHA Ha BbIXOAC 6yAeT
X. (t) = T, (t) + am-tui (t) + am-2u2 (t) +
+ ... + aaum (t)~ (~)
rA.e u1 (t) ? eAHHHVHbIf1 HMnynbC npH t= 0; u2 (t)- npoH3BOA-
HaB OT eAHIHgHOrO HMnynbca; u3(t)---BTOpaH npOH3BOAHaB OT
eAHHH4HOrOl HMnynbCa H T. A. 1{094(I HItHeHT am Ha30BeM
K09(p(])H11He1 TOM HaganbHorO 3HageHHH rn-f1 HPOH3BOAHOt.
KO90H HeHTbI yCTaHOBHBmerocn 3HageHHH H K0944HgHeHTb1
HaganbHbIX HageHHf1 CB513aHbI C HaganbHbIMH 3HageHHBMH COOT-
BeTCTByIOllI X COCTaBAHK)u(HX nepexoAHoro npouecca. ECJIH
CHCTeMa HM eT KOHe4Hyio m HPHHy nonOCbl npOnyCKaHHH, TO
HaganbHble 6HageHH51 peaKLtHH Ha CTyneHgaToe B03MylueHHe H
PeaKItHH Hai CKagKH nPOH3BOAHbIX AOJI)KHb( paBHHTbCH HyJIIO 1).
11onaranl Bbipa xeHHe (2) paBHbIM HyJIO npH t = 0, nonygnM
cn = - T,,(0) Aim n > 0. (4)
1) Tax K4K npH KOHegIHOil noioce npOnycKaHHH CHCTeMbI nOpHAOK
gHCAHTejg nelpeAaTOgHOf (iyHKAHH MCHbue nOpHJ4Ka 3HaMeHaTeng. --
llpuac. pea.
10 3aK. 23516.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
MO)KHO TaK)K nOKa3aTb, 4TO KO9(3(nfw1eHTbI Ha4aJIbHbIX 3Ha-
4eHHft aOJIWHbi 6bITb paBHbI
am=T_m(0) qnH m>0.
(5)
EcJIH CHCTeMa HMeeT KOHetIHYIO nIHpHHY nOJIOCbI npOnyCKaHHA,
TO K094xPHuHeHT HagaJIbHOlO 3Ha4eHH 1 peaKUHH Ha CTyneH9a-
Toe BO3MyH.[eHHe ao paaeH HyJno. IlepBble ABa 4AeHa pa3no-
)KeHHB B ypaBHeHHH (2) paBHbl [Tn(t)?c ], H, K0K TO BHAHO
H3 ypaBHeHHH (4), HX CYMMa onpeaeASleT xapaKTepHCTnKy,
HMeloLuyio Ha4aJIO B HyJ1e. 3TO CBOf1CTBO 04eHb yao6HO, H
n09TOMY BMeCTO COCTaBJ oiii.ef1 nepeXOAHOrO npouecca Tn (t)
4aCTO CTpOHTCH rpa4)HK CYMMbI [T,,(t)+Cn], KOTOpbIfl Ha3bI-
BaeTcH COCTaBHb1M nepeXOAHbIM npOueCCOM no n-a npOH3BOAHOft.
CKa4oK npOH3BOAHOft npeACTaBJ1fleT C06oft HH3KO4aCTOTHbff1
BXOA, a AJISI TaKHX BXOAOB peaxuHa Ha Bblxo)e cneayeT 3a
BXOAOM TaK 6JIH3K0, 4TO 4aCTO Heo6XOA.HMo pacCMaTPHBaTb
KpHBYIO H3MeHeHHfl OIHH6KH, a He BbIXOAHYIO peaKgHlo (nepe-
XOAHbIt npouecc). O111H6Ka CHCTeMbi CB 13aHa C BbIXOAHbIM
CHrHaJIOM COOTHOI11eHHeM
Xe (t) = xi (t) - X. (t). (6)
FIOACTaBJHIA pa3Jlo)KeHHe aim xu(t) [ypaBHeHHe (2)] B
Bblpa?K HHe (6), nony4HM caej ylou(ee pa3JIO>K HHe ui i xe (t):
xe(t)=Tn (t)+Cn+Cn-1 j+Cn-2 T! -~-...
to-1 to
+c
(7)
1 (n-1)!+c0 n! ,
Tn (t) T. (t),
(8)
Cn = cn AAfl n > 0,
(9)
co = 1 - co.
(10)
COCTaBAflIOH(aH nepexoAHOro npouecca Tn (t) SIBAAeTCSI
COCTaBAAIoIueft nepexoAHOro npouecca 0111116KH no n-ft npOH3-
BOAHOft, a KO9(1(])HgHeHT C' 9BAfleTCH Kox"HiLHeHTOM yCTaHO-
BHBmerOCH COCTOHHHB owH6KH, KOTOpbIf1 06bI'HO H3BeCTeH K0K
KO9(poHuHeHT 0111116KH no n-ft npOH3BOAHOl.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. Onpe8edet ue nepexo8Kalx npogeccoo no JIAX'aM 147
,tins CHCTeM c nPOCTbIMH noJIIocaMH CoCTaBJI,91OMHe nepeA
XOAHOro np01(ecca MO)KHO BbI4HCJIHTb C nOMOH1bLO 000THOWeHH-
L
K ( )
T. (t) z 1)o n e 8 It
I 11
rite SI-OANH H3 L nonIOCOB nepeaaTOgHOft 4)yHKUHH CHCTeMbI,
a Kt, - Ko3 "HUHeHT peaKi(HH Ha CTyneH9aToe Bo3Aet CTBHe
AJIA 9TOr0 ojnoca, paBHbllt
(12)
Kl_(s-s1) Xn18=81*
S X{
He3aBHCHMO OT nopuAKa noJuoca CHCTeMbI CoCTaBJISIIon(He nepe-
xoAHoro npouecca no nocneAOBaTeJIbHbIM npOH3BOAHbIM CBSI-
3aHb1 COOTHc uIeHHeM
T. (t) = f Tn->. (t) dt. (13)
TaKHM 0 pa3oM, ecaH KaxaH-JIH6o coCTaBJIA1oH(as nepexoA-
Horo npoue ca onpeaeneHa C AOCTaTOgHOft TO9HOCTbIO, TO ace
ApyrHe cocTaBJISHOluxe MO)KHO onpeAeJIHTb nOCJ1eAOBaTeJIbHbIM
AH0epeHuHposaHHeM H HHTerpxpoBaHHeu.
K09(p4 Hlj~eHTbl yCTaHOBHBWeFOCSI COCTOSIHHSI MONCHO BbIqHC-
JIHTb no 4 o MyJ1e
1 do XU
Cn = 711 dsn Xi I e-0
Kos 4 HuHeH+bi HavaJlbHbIX 3HayeHH!t MO)KHO onpeAeJIHTb,
HAS! S B ,u/)(ti Ha 1/X H HCHOJIb3ySl COOTHOWeHHe
(14)
1 dm X, X=0
am rr1! d5 X (15)
C Apyroft CTiOpOHW, 9TH KO94xf HUHeHTb1 o6b14HO ropa3ao Jlerge
BbI4HCJIATb C nOMO1ubIO pa3JIo)KeHHA nepe1 aTOgHOft ()YHKI(HH
X,u1Xti no np4BHJIy aeJ1eHHA MHOCO4JIeHOB, KaK nOKa3aHO B npH-
JIO)KeHHH K ctaTbe [1]. ECJIH 9J1eHbI 4HCJIHTeJIA H 3HaMeHaTeJIA
pacnOJlo)KHTb, no Bo3paCTaIO1UHM CTeneHHM S, TO B pe3yJlbTaTe
AeJIeHHA nOJIY9HM KO94Xj HQHeHTb! yCT3HOBHBWerOCSI COCTOAHHA;
eCJIH we pac ioJIO)KHTb 9JIeHbl no y6bIBaIOUHM CTeneHAM S, TO
npH AeJIeHHM nOJly9HM K09q)(HgHeHTbI Ha9aJlbHbIX 3Hat1eHHft.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
ly
II
3
co -1 ti
- O O
II II II
3
fly
8
~~
a C
~U
o
a
0 0
1
~(ollns~m2ai/) I5 J
~'
--- ~ 9 I
"- 9
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
?1"""1111
N
J
ti
O
NON
O
N
N ~v
~l O
c~ O
O
I
~
O
O
~
O
c
c~~
G5
O
O
I
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
F` T = 9/toc
a) Peaxuusi Ha unrnyJbc
we
1 Z 3' 4 5w,t 0
61 PeaxuuA Ha cxavax
0 / Z 3 4 5wct 0 1 2 3 4 5wct
a) Peaxt{un Ha CKa(lox
(amxocumeJmHO cueHaira ourudxu)
I
we
r
Ql cxopocnrn g exopoc;Zz! c --r
C; r,
1
F- .-
0 1 2 3 4 5wt 0 1 2 3 4 Swct
0) PeaicgUSi va cxavox ycxopetiu.
0 1 2 3 4 5wct 0 1 2 3 4 5wt
-01 C L -Y-
C
q)x r. 3. CocTaBAaIoutHe nepexo1 noro npogecca CHCTeM I H II
THnon (CHCTeM nepnoro nopn,gxa).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. ?npeaewiue nepexoau&x npotfeccoe no /IAX'aM 151
C IIOMOIUbK ypaBHeHHfl (15) MO)KHO noKa3aTb, 9TO OTJIH'HbIf1
OT HyJIl Ko 4xl HUHeHT Ha'aJIbHbIX 3Ha'eHHf1 HH3WerO nOpAAKa
paBeH I
am=SmXn I =S-GI , (16)
X{ a=oo
a c nOMOUj I0 ypaBHeHHfl (14) MO)KHO nOKa3aTb, 4TO OTJIH9HbI1
OT HYJ151 K 3t4)HUHeHT yCTaHOBHBWerOCH COCTOAHHSI HH3Wero
nOpflAKa paBe
cn=snX{ e_o (17)
1-lpep.noJlarafl, 'TO npH HyJleson vacTOTe cHCTeMa HMeeT yCH-
neHHe, 6OJII~Wee HyJIA, MO)KHO yTBep)KAaTb, 9TO KO9("HLkHeHT
peaKUHH H CTyneH4aToe B03Aef1CTBHe co HHKOr)a He paBeH
HYJIIO H, CJI aoBaTeJIbHO, Bceria ABJIAeTCA OTJIH'HbIM OT HYJIA
K09("HUHC TOM yCTaHOBHB1Uer0Cfl COCTO$HHR HH3WerO nOpuAKa
AJIfl BbIXOAH ft peaKu.HH. C Apyrofl cTOpOHbI, AJIR OTJIH'HO1'O OT
HyJIA KO94Mf nLtHeHTa OWN6KH HH3Wero nOpuAKa HMeeTc l aHa-
norH4Hoe COOTHOWeHHe
cn = Sn Xe I (18)
X{ 8=0
H K0944NItI eHT OWH6KH Ha CTyneH4aToe BO3Aef1CTBHe c' 9aCTO
paBeH HyJI19.
Ponb copTaBARIOUtHx nepexoAHoro npouecca, a TaKN(e Ko34)-
()MIUNeHTOB 1 YCTflHOBHBWer0C5 COCTOSHHA H KO9(]])HUHeHTOB
HalaJIbHbIX ~Ha'eHHf1 He OrpaHH'HBaeTCA TeM, 9TO OHH onpe-
ltenflIOT peakUHIO Ha orpaHHVeHHy1o rpynny BXOAHbIX CHrHaJIOB;
OHH onHCbI0a}OT peaKUH1O Ha nlo6Of1 BXOA. KaK nOKa3aHO
B CT5Tbe [1 , nepexoAHb)e npoueccbl CNCTeMb1 onpeaeJIAIOT ee
061tyIO Bpe eHHYIO XapaKTepHCTHKy B yAO6HOM AJIA npaKTHKH
BHAe: HMec Cfl He6OJIbmaA rpynna nepexoAHbix npoueccoB,
KOTOpble SIBI 910TCH Ba)KHbIMH aim AaHHOf1 CHCTCMbI, H ecnn Bce
OHH H3BecT}bI, TO Ka)KAbIft H3 HHX AOCTaTO4HO BbIpa3HTb JIHWb
npH6JIH)KeHf o AJUI yCTaHOBJIeHHI peaKUHH Ha nlo6ofl BX02LHOf1
CHrHan.
Korea 1nfl 9TOfl Tpynnbl nepeXOAHbIX npoueccoB Hcnonb-
3yK)TCA cOc''aBJIAl0U1He nepexOAHoro npouecca, a TaKN(e K04-
4)HuHeHTbI yCTaHOBHBWerocB COCTOAHH1 H HaganbHbIX 3Ha'eHNf1,
TO peaKuHfl Ha nK)6of1 BXOA MOM(eT 6bITb nerKO nOCTpOeHa.
McTOA noc''poeHHfl, pa3BHTblff B CTaTbe [1], KpaTKO H3JIOM(eH
B Tlpanox(eIHH 1.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
rpynna nepeXOaHbix npoueccoB, KOTOpa1 ABJIBCTCB Ba)KHOf
Ana aaHHOR CHCTeMbI, HeH3MeHHa He3aBHCHMO OT BXOAHOrO
CHrHaJla, H orpaHH9eHH51, HaKJIaablBaeMble Ha 9Ty rpynny,
3aBHCBT OT xapaKTepHCTHK nepe1aT09HOf I~YHKuHH CHCTeMbI.
TaK KaK HaCTo 1u a51 CTaTbH noCBAlueHa HCCJIe1OBaHH1O nepexoA-
HbIX npoueccoB OTAeJIbHbIX CHCTeM, TO yKa3aHbl npOCTble
(fH3H9eCKHe npH9HHb1, no KOTOpbIM HeT HeO6XOA.HMOCTH pac-
CMaTPHBaTb ApyrHe nepexOA.Hbie npoueccbl. AOnOJ1HHTeJ1bHbie
npH9HHbI npuBeaeHbl B CTaTbe [1].
NCCJIeJLOBaHHA nepexOAHbIx npOIJeCCOB CHCTeM CeMH THROB
Ha 4)Hr. 2 npHBeAexbi CeMb pa3JIH4HbIX THnOB nepeJla-
TO9HbIX 4JyHK1LHf1 CHCTeMbI. IlepeXOAHble npoueccbl BbI'HCJIeHbI
I
m a Peax wrHn
c I / f cxa4arcrcapacm
I Z 3 4 5wt
6) Peaxquu I
Ha uAtnynbC We2
e) Peax(uq
ma cxavax
d) Peaxgfty
r, "a CHa vox
ycnvpeaw
~t-
Ompuuamowu6 pCKOpOCmnaJ
0 1 2 3 4 5wct
4) H r. 4. COCTaBJIHK)u(He nepexOAHoro npouecca CHCTeMbI
III THna CHCTeMbI C KpHTH4eCKHM AeMncpHpOBaHHeM).
B rIpHJIO)KeHHH II H noCTpoexbl Ha 4)Hr. 3-8. Ha 4Hr. 2
A.aIoTCH TaK)Ke aCHMHTOTH9ecKHe aMnJIHTyAHb1e XapaKTepHCTHKH
IG(f(0)I A.99 Kawaofl CHCTeMbI H Bb1pa)KeHH5I nepeaaTO4HbIX
(pyHKUHH OHIH6KH X,/Xt.
CHCTeMbI Bb16paHbl TaK, 9TO6bI nOKa3am BJIHHHHe Ha nepe-
xOAHbie npoueccbl CneAyloluHX (PaKTOpoB: 1) HHTerplpyloHuero
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
a) PeaKtgA na apouaooOHyto
am umn7nnca
0 1 Z 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /atoo tutoy f
6) Pearcqust ua cKavoK
e) Peanqua n(I CIiavoK c
cltopocmu
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /0 /l /2 udc t
0) PeaKqust na crcavoK
w~ el ycreopenuA
0 / 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 J/ 12 we t
(h Hr. ~. COCTaBABIouule nepexoJ Horo npoucca CHCTeMbM
IV THipa (CHCTeMbz C AeMI4 HpOBaHHeM McHbuie KpHTH-
eecKoro).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
a) Pecuigwi Ha We
npou3e0d1y/a
ON uMnyJlbca
6) Peamlaq
Ha UMnJAbc
6
0 1 2 3 4 5 5& t 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7(VCl
me
L I
Q I I 2 3 i I I I I I I I I I
4 5 6 7 8 9 IO 11 12 mc t aW,, t
1 1 /-~ z) PeaKqu57 Ha cnavoK
c
0 1 2 3 9 5 6 7 8 9 /0 11 1Z 13WCt
0 Peaxqu.w
Ha caaaoK
ycKapeHUSW
10~a
el PeaKquI Ha caavoir
m.gembec npoa38o0H01
3 [ycKOpeHUw-
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14& t
q) H r. 6. COCTanJIsuoujHe nepexOJjHoro npouecca CHCTeMbi V THna
(CHCTeMbi c MaJIbIM Ko q 4HIHeHTOM OWH6KH HO CKOpOCTH).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Pemrgw, Ha
2 npou36or~HY/O
cz=rZ
0) Peanqu5 Ha cKa4crc yc~rupeHUq
e)aea~atul tiaciravogmpeNmeu
gpou~ebdHOu
2 4 5 6 7 8 9 /0 rwc t
4' H r. 7. Cr TaBamo He nepexoAHoro npouecca CHCTeMbl VI THna
acTaTH4ecKoli CHCTeMbi sTOporo HOPHAxa).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Z a) PeaKyui Ha I7pou3aoOHJ1o
em u1%ny/Iaca
0 -
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7m, t
e)PealfuwA Ha cKatlc/[
CKOJ,Qclnu
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12[v~t
(PH r. 8. CocTaBJIBIonnue nepexoAHoro npogecca`! cHcTe-
MbI VII THna (aCTaTH4eCKOH CHCTeMbI BTOporo nopBAKa
c MaJIbIM K09( (pHgneHTOM oum H no ycKopeHHlo).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
2) PeaKquA na cnagof ycKOpenusl
3 4 5 6 7 6 9 10 /1 /2 13 14 15 rvc
e) PeaKa{ui na CKa4oK ycKapeHUR
(macu ma6 na Ocu epemenu penbwen edece)
M) PeaKquA na cxavoK mpembeii
npcU36odn0u
0
3) PeaKquA na cnavoK vemeepMu n1j0U380d1OU
OmpuuamenbnaA 0wu6Ka r
j4 YCKnpOHUA
C
-7 c4
0 pugamenb -
K A OwU6Ka
3 ~pembell./~.
n~0U380dNOU ______ _______---- -----
5 p 5 10 15 20 25 3014),1
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
158 )IN. Bbepucou
Aef1CTBHH npH HH3KHX 4aCTOTax; 2) UIHPHHb1 nOJIOCbI npony-
CKaHH51 (MaCTOTbI cpe3a); 3) MaKCHMaJIbHbIX 3HageHHf1 aMnJIHTy.a-
HbIX MaCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK 3aMKHyTOf1 CHCTeMbI.
flepeXOAHbie XapaKTepHCTHKH CTpOBTC$1 B 6e3pa3MepHbIX
KOOpAHHaTaX B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT aCHMHTOTH4eCKOf1 4aCTOTbI
Cpe3a w, aim 60JIbmnHCTBa CHCTeM 9aCTOTa We nO4TH paBHa
Aef1CTBHTeJIbHOf1 4aCTOTe Cpe3a Wcg, HO Anfl CHCTeMbI IV THna
Wcg = 0,72 wc, a Ansi CHCTeMbI V TIM OHa paBHa 0,85w,;
CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, AJIA 9THX AByX CHCTeM HeKOTOpble nepeXOA.Hb1e
XapaKTepHCTHKH TaKMCe 6e3pa3MepHbl HO OTHOIIeHHIO K Weg.
KpHBble nepeXOAHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK BbIXOAHO11 peaKLLHH
CTpOwTCH Ans CKa4Koo6pa3HbIX H3MeHeHHf1 HHTerpaJIOB, a nepe-
XO.aHble npoueccbI On1H6KH-AJIB CKa4KOB npOH3BOAHbIX H Ansl
CTyneHMaTorO BO3MyLueHHB Ha BXOAe. ,IZisI CHCTeM I H II THROB
BbIXOAHasi peaKuHs CTpOHTCH TaKM,yuR Ka cmynekkamoe 603myu4euue
Ha fbHr. 9, a noKa3aHa KpHBaN H3MeHeHHA oWH6KH CHCTeMbI
npH CTyneH4aTOM B03MyLgeHHH, nOCTpOeHHas B 6e3pa3MepHOM
MaCLHTa6e BpeMeHH B 3aBHCHMOCTH OT (Ocg AJIA Bcex CHCTeM,
3a HCKJK)4eHHeM CHCTeMbI II THna. BpeMx, B Te4eHHe KOTOPOI'O
OHIHOKa CHCTeMbI npH CTyneHMaTOM B03MyH(eHI1H naaaeT AO 37B/0
OT CBoero Ha'anbHoro 3HaMeHH51 (HJIH, APyFHMH CJIOBaMH, BpeMH,
B Te4eHHe KOTOpOrO BbIXOAHafl peaKlLHA nOBbIHIaeTCH npH-
McpHO AO 63% OT CBoero KOHegHOro 3HageHHfl), Ha3bIBaeTCH
BpeMeHeM HapaCTaHHA npH CTyneH4aTOM B03MyLI[eHHH tr. 143
npHBeaeHHoro rpaL)HKa BHJ(HO, 4TO 3Ha4eHHe BpeMeHH Hapa-
CTaHHA npH6JIH)KeHHO paBHO I/wcg aim BCeX KpHBbIX. ,LIef1CTBH-
TeJIbHble npeaeJlbl 3Ha9eHHA tr Anfl pa3JlH4HbIX nepexOAHbix
XapaKTepHCTHK Ha fpHr. 9, a paBHbI
1,1
tr = W~ ? 10%. (19)
e
I-IpH6nuMCeHHa! 06paTHaH 3aBHCHMOCTb MC)KJL BpeMeHeM
HapaCTaHHA npH CTyneH4aTOM B03Aef1CTBHH H 4aCTOTOf1 Cpe3a
SIBJIACTC$ o61uef1 H OMeHb HaamHOf1, H BcneJ(CTBHe 9T01'O
4aCTOTy Cpe3a MO)KHO paccMaTpHBaTb KaK XOPOIHHf1 KPHTepHf1
InHPHHbI n0JIOCbH npOnyCKaHHA.
PeaKgiH Ha CTyneH4aToe B03MylueHHe (fmr. 9, a) Ana CHCTeM
IV, V H VI THROB HMe1OT 25%-Hoe, a CHCTeMa VII Tuna - 30?/0-Hoe
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
160 ZX. 6bepHCOH
nepeperynnpoBaHHe. EcAH 6bi 6bIAH IOCTPOeHbl KpHBb1e ~aMnAH-
TYAHbIX 4aCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK AAA 3aMKHYTbIX CHCTeM,i^'TO
MO)KHO 6bIA0 6bi nOKa3aTb, 4TO 9TH XapaKTepHCTHKH AAA CHCTeM
IV, V H VI THROB HMeIOT MaKCHMaAbHOe 3Ha4eHHe MP, paBHoe
npHMepHO 1,3, B TO BpeMB KaK Y CHCTeMbI VII THna HMeeTCH
HeCKOAbKO 6oabwee 3HateHHe. TaKHM o6pa3OM,~ ICPHBble aoKa-
3bIBaIOT XOpOwo H3BeCTHOe COOTHOweHHe,!.?nO KOTOPOMY 3Ha-
4enne MP, no cylueCTBy, onpeAeAAeT BeAH4HHy nepepery.Hpo-
BaHH1 RpM CTyHeH4aTOM B03Ae:1CTBHH."q It
B nocAeAHHe FOAM Ha6AloaaJlaCb Bce'B03paCTaioma% TeHAeH-
uHH npeHe6peraTb 9THM COOTHOweHHeM Meway MP H MaKCHMaJIbHbIM
nepeperyAHpOBaHHeM, H BMeCTO 9TOFO AeJIaJIHCb HOnbITKH Bblpa-
3HTb nepeperyAnpOBaHHe 4epe3 K0944H11,HeHT AeMn(pHpOBaHHA TaK
Ha3bIBaeMOf1 aOMHHHpyioLuef1 napbi nOJUOCOB 3aMKHyTOf1 CHCTeMbI.
LIaCTO npeA.noaaralOT, 4TO AAA noiy4eHHH nepeperyAHpoBaHHH
9Ta napa nOA1000B a0AN(Ha HMeTb KO9g4HuHeHT 3aTYXBHHH
McHb we KpHTMyeCKOrO. OAHaKO, KaK noKaaaHO Ha 4)Hr. 2,
CHCTeMbI VI H VII THROB He MMe1OT TaKHx nOAK)COB; TeM He
Menee peaKuHn Ha CTynen4aToe B03MyIueHHe HMeeT TaKoe we
nepeperyAHpOBaHRe, KaK H peaxuHR CHCTeMbI IV THna, AAA
KOTOpOI1 KO3 XIJni.HeHT aeMn4MIpOBaHHSR paseH 0,43. TaKHM
o6pa30M, BHewHn1 BRA KpHBbIX 'iaCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK
Mo)KeT AaTb 6oAee BepHyIO lH4lOpMaU$IO OTHOCHTeAbHO MaKCH-
MaJIbHOrO nepeperyJHpoBaHHH, 4eM 3Ha9eHHA UOJHOCOB nepeaa-
TO4HO1 (4yHKIHH 3aMKHYTOf1 CHCTeMbI.
Bce CHCTeMbI, KpOMe CHCTeMbI II THna, BeayT ce6B npH
IIH3KHX 4aCTOTaX KaK HHTerpHpylowee 3BeHO H, CAeJOBaTeJ1bHO,
HMe1OT paBHbifl HYAK) KO3(x HuHeHT n03HU.HOHHOA 0wH6KH C.
Ko9cjx lluneHT n03HUHOHHOf1 O1UH6KM CQ npeACTaBA)1eT co6of1
KOHe4HOe 3HageHHe owH6KH CHCTeMbI npH CTyneH4aTOM B03-
MymeHHH H, KaK BHAHO H3 4)Hr. 9, a, 9TH KPHBbie AAH Bcex
CHCTeM, KpOMe CHCTeMbI II THna, B yCTaHOBHBweMCA COCTOAHHH
CTpeMHTCA K HYAIO. CHCTeMa II THna HMeeT ycnAeHMe npM Hyne-
BOA 4aCTOTe, paBHoe 9, T1K 4TO ee KO34X3HLHeHT n03HltHOHHOf1
own6Kn c0 '=0,1. 0,1. TaKHM o6pa3OM, KPHBaI owH6KH CH-
CTeMbI II THna npH eA.HHH4HOM CKa4Ke Ha BXOAe CTpeMHTCB
K KoRe4HOMy anageHnuo, paBHOMy 0,1 (q)Hr. 3, )K).
K0944 HgneHT yCTaHOBHBwerOCB COCTOHHHA CMeLueHHA BbIXOJ(-
HOf1 peaKuHH aAR CHCTeMbI II THna paseH
co = 1- co = 0,9. (20)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. Onpeaeizeuue nepexoa?bcx npogeccoe no JIAX'aM 161
CneAoeaTenb> O, BbIXOAHaS peaKUIHB CHCTeMbI II THna Ha eAH-
HH4HOe CTyn H4aTOe BO3Aef1CTBHe CTpeMHTCB K KOHe4HOMy 3Ha-
4eHHK) 0,9 (4Hr. 3, E). C Apyrofl CTOpOHbI, AAR ApyrHx
CHCTeM K09(~ HLHeHT CMeB1eHHB BbIXOAHOfI peaK11HH co paseH
eJHHHue. C eAOBaTeJIbHO, KaK IOKa3aHO Ha 4141r. 3, B, AAB
CHCTeMbI I Tina BbIXOAHble peaKILHH Ha e1HHn4Hblf1 CKa40K AAB
Bcex CHCTeM 3a HCKAIO4eHHeM CHCTeMbI II THna, CTpeMBTCB
K KOHe4HOM 3HageHHIO, paBHOMy eA.HHHue, HAH, ApyrHMH
CAOBaMH, Bbi OAHOf1 CHrHan (CHrHaa o6paTHOf1 CB93H) paBeH
B yCTBHOBHB eMCB COCTOBHHH BXOAHOMy CHrHa.y.
PeaKz4ufl Ha c/cauoic cicopocmu
JI,ASI CHCT MbI I THna K094141HuHeHT oB1H6KH no CKOPOCTH
paBeH 1/w,. ' neAOBaTeJIbxo, yCTaI-IOBHBWeecB 3Ha4exxe OmH6KH
npH e1HHH4H M CKa4Ke CKOPOCTH A.OJDKHO 6bITb paBHO 1/W0.
Ha (?Hr. 3, 1- noKa3aHa KPHBaI H3MeHeHHB 01nH6KH CHCTeMbI
I THna np eiHHH4HOM CKa4Ke CKOPOCTH BXOAHOI'O CHr-
HaAa, KOTOP42 B03paCTaeT no 9KCIIOHeHILHaJIbHOMy 3aKOHy AO
KOHe4HOI'O a1ageHH9 1/wc.
'' PaCCMOTp~M Tenepb, KaK H3MeHHTCB peaKUHn CHCTeMbI npH
CKa4Ke CKOPO TH, KorAa AAB yMeHbI1IeHHB K09("HUHeHTa OBIH6KH
no CKOPOCTH B CHCTeMy BBOAIITCB HHTerpHpyloutas uenb. Pac-
CMOTPHM CHCTeMy VI THna, KOTOpaB HMeeT K03(p(lHIHeHT OHIH6KH
no CKOpoCTI'I, paBHb1l Hynlo. Ee peaxuHB Ha eA.HHHgHb1fl
CKa40K CKOPOCTH npxeeuexa Ha 4)Hr. 7, 2. CHa4ana
OIAH6Ka B03paCTaeT n04TH TaK )Ke, KaK AAB CHCTeMbI I THna,
KaK 6yATO 6 npH6JH>KalCb K KOHe4HOMy 3Ha4eHHIO 1/wc, HO
3aTeM 6Aaro apa HHTerpllpylomeMy Aef1CTBHIO npH HH3KHX
4aCTOTaX 3H 4eHHe OIBH6KH CBOAHTCB K HyJnO. OAHaKO HHTe-
rpHpyloluaB enb He AaeT 3aMeTHOr0 H3MeHeHHB MaKCHMaJIbHOI'o
3Ha4eHHB oui i6KH. AAR AIO6bIX CHCTeM MaKCHMaJIbHOe 3HageHHe
OIBH6KB npr eAHHHgHOM CKa4Ke CKOPOCTH BBABeTCB B
OCHOBHOM ()}HKIkHef1 BIHPHHb1 nOAOCbI np0nyCKaHHB H PBBHO
npH6JIH)KeHHOI 1/w,e. YBeJHquBas B CHCTeMe aBTOMaTH4eCKOrO
peryAHPOBaHIB yCHAeHHe npH HH3KHX 4aCTOTax, MO>KHO yMeHb-
BIHTb OUIH6KT nocAe Toro, KaK OHa nepBOHa4anbHO B03HHKAa,
HO, 4To6b1 Cc`XpaHHTb OIUH6Ky MaJ1oI, c caMoro Havana HeO6XO-
AHMO yBeAH4 (Barb 1BHPHHy HOAOCbI npOnyCKaHHB.
CHCTeMa V THna HMeeT BHTerpHpyio iy10 1(enb, KOTOpal
He 06eCne4HB~eT HyAeBOI'O Ko9("HII,HeHTa 011H6KH no CKOpOCTH,
11 Sax. 2356,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
HO TCM He McHee 9TOT K03(!(mmeHT yMCHblaeTCB 6JIaro,api
HaJIH4HIO MHO)KHTeJIB, paBHOro 5, AO BeJIH4HHbI 1/5w0. Ha
q)Hr. 6, 2 noxa3axa KpHBaB H3MCHeHHB OWH6KH CHCTeMbI npH
eLHHH4HOM CKa4Ke CKOPOCTH Ha BXOAe. MaKCHMaJIbHaH OWH6Ka
6JIH3Ka K BeJIH4HHe 1/wc9, KOTOpa$ HeCKOJIbKO 60JIbWe, 4CM
1 /W0, nOCKOJIbKy AJI 1 CHCTeMbI V THna wcg McHble, 4eM wl.
HHTerpupyloluau uenb nOHH)KaeT 3Ha4eHHe yCTaHOBHBWeAc.9
OWH6KH OT 1/wc9 AO 3Ha4eHH5i 1/5w0. CpaBHeHHe 9TOIf xapaK-
TepHCTHKH C TaKOf1 we XapaKTepHCTHKO1 CHCTeMbI VI THna
Ra 4)Hr. 7, 2 nOKa3bIBaeT, 4T0 peaKLLHB Ha CKa40K CKOPOCTH
CHCTeMbI V THna, o6JlaAa1oaiaM K TOMy >Ke OTJIH4HbIM OT HyJIB
KOHe4HbIM 3Ha4eHHeM OWH6KH, HMeeT ropa3AO 60JIblee BpeMB
yCTaHOBJIeHHB. IIpH9HHa 9TOr0 COCTOHT B TOM, 4T0 AJIB CHCTeMbI
V THna BCPXHBB conpBraloLuaB 4aCTOTa HHTerpxpyloLUefl uenH,
paBHan 0,153 w,, BABOe McHbWe COOTBeTCTByIOLueI3 conpB-
ralOn[ef 4aCTOTbl CHCTeMbI VI THna, paBHOII we/3. BepXHBB CO-
npur3lOLuaB 9BCTOTa HHTerpHpyIOMe# uenu onpel.(enueT 6bI-
CTPOTy HHTerpnpyio ero AeACTBHH H, cJ1eAOBaTeJ1bHO, BpeMB
yCTaHOBJICHHB peaKiHH Ha CKa4OK CKOpOCTH.
CHCTeMa VII THna, KaK H CHCTeMa VI THna, HMeeT HyJleBOfx
KO34X HuHeHT OWH6KH HO CKOPOCTH, OAHaKO OHa B 3Ha4HTeJIbHOM
HHTePBane HH3KHX 4aCTOT BCACT ce6B K8K HHTerpHpyloLuee 3BeHO
TpeTbero nOp$AKa, 4TO o6yCJiOBr1HBaeT OTHOCHTeJIbHO Manoe
3Ha4eHHe KO9("HuHeHTa OWH6KH no yCKOpeHHIO cz. Ha (4Hr. 8, 2
npHBeAeHa KpHBaB H3MeHeHHB OWH6KH npH eJLHHH4HOM CKa4Ke
CKOPOCTH AJIB 9TON CHCTeMbI. HeCMOTpn Ha TO, 4TO ouH6xa
B KOHC'HOM C4eTe AOCTHraeT HyJIB, HaJIH'He y 4aCTOTHOfl
XapaKTepHCTHKH y4aCTKa C HaKJ1OHOM -30 4.202/deKada o6yc io-
BJIHBaeT nonBJIeHHe AJILIHHOrO nowiororo y4aCTKa KPHBOfl npH
OTPHuaTeJIbHblX 3Ha4eHHHX OWH6KH, 4TO yBej1H'1HBaeT BpeMB
yCTaHOBJICHHH.
KpHBble H3MCHeHHB OWHOKH npH CKa4Ke CKOPOCTH AJIB
CHCTCM III H IV THROB nOKa3aHbI Ha (4Hr. 4, 2 H 5, 2. KpHBaB
AJIB CHCTeMbI III THna 04eHb CXO.4Ha C TaKOI1 )Ke KpHBOf AJISI
CHCTeMbI I THna, a KpHBaB H3MeHeHHB OWH6Ka AAR CHCTeMbI
IV tuna HMeeT OT'CTJIHBO Bb1pa)KeHLIbIfl KOJIe6aTeAbHb1ft XapaKTep,
TaK KBK CHCTeMa o6JlaaaeT AeMn4JHpOBaHHeM HH)Ke KpHTH4eCKoro.
,Upyroe TOJ1KOBaHHe xapaKTepa peaxtHH Ha CKa4OK CKOPOCTH
AJIB CHCTeMbI IV THna COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO ee MaKCHMaJ1bHaH
OWH6Ka IIO'TH paBHa 1/w'9, B TO BPCMB KaK ee KOHe4HOe 3Ha-
4eHHe paBHO 1/w0. I-IOCKOJIbKy AJIB CHCTeMbI IV THna w09 McHbWe,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1
4. Onpeaeae,ue nepexoBKbKHa 6bITb 3HagHTeJIbHO McHbwe 4a-
CTOTbI Cpe a. CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, BpeMA RepeXOAHoro npouecca
AJIA CHCTeM~I C y4aCTKOM HHTerpnpoBaHHA TpeTberO ROpsAKa
RpH CKa4Kel yCKOpeHHH AOJIN(HO 6bITb HaMHOrO 6oJIbme, 4eM
BpeMA HaplacTaHHH peaKUHH Ha CTyneH4aTOe BO3.aef1CTBHe.
B Aef1CTBH~eAbHOCTH STO BpeMA npH CKa4Ke YCKOPeHHH AJIH
CHCTeMbI VIII THna TaK BeJIHKO, 4TO AJIA Toro, 4TO6bI nOKa3aTb
XapaKTep nlpOTeKaHHA npouecca, rpa()HK npHInJIOCb nepeCTPOHTb
B McHbHeM MaCIHTa6e BpeMeHH. I
O6bI4H0l B CHCTeMaX aBTOMaTH4eCKOro peryJIHpoBaHHA BBe-
AeHHe y4acTKa HHTerpHpOBaHHA TpeTbero nOpaAKa MaJIO HCHOJIb-
3yeTCA AJIA yMeHbweHHH YCTaHOBHBHIIIXCA QIIJF160K. EC?IIH Aa>i<
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
H MO)KHO yMeHbIIHTb KO9q4HIjHeHT OIIIH6KH no yCKOpeHHK) 6e3
yBeJIH9eHHA InHpHHIA nOJIOCbl npOnyCKaHHA, TO 9TO AaCT yMeHb-
weHHe oLuH6KH TOJIbKO AJIA COCTBBJIAIOLUHX no yCKOpeHHIo,
COXpaHAeMbIX B Te4eHHe 3Ha4HTeJlbHO 60Jlbinero BpeMeHH no
cpaBHeHHK) C BpeMeHeM HapaCTaHHR peaKgHH Ha CKa'oK. 14 ec.IH
CKOpOCTHb1e COCTaBJIA omHe BXOA.a CHCTeMbI aBTOMaTH9eCKoro
perynnpoaaHHA 9aCTO OCTaIOTCA nOCTOAHHbIMH B TegeHHe Bpe-
McHH, 3Ha4HTeJIbHO 6oJIbwero, 4eM BpeMA HapaCTaHHA peaKILHH
Ha CKa90K, TO 60JIbiua 1 COCTaBJHlloLuaH nOCTOAHHOrO yCKOpeHHA
B Te9eHHe AJIHTeJlbH0rO nepHOAa BCTpegaeTCA 09eHb peAKO.
EcJIH CHCTeMa aBTOMaTH9eCKOrO peryjiHpOBaHHA H HMeeT XapaK-
TepHCTHKH C yLaCTKOM HHTerpHPOBaHH1 TpeTberO nOPAA.Ka, TO
O6b19H0 TaKOI ygaCTOK BBOA.HTCA He AJIA yMeHbIIeHHA K09(X H-
UHeHTa OWH6KH no yCKOpeHHK). HHoraa, HanpHMep, XapaKTe-
pHCTHKa C y9aCTKOM HHTerpHPOBaHHA TpeTber0 nOpAAKa BCTpe-
4aeTC51 nOTOMy, 9TO B CHCTeMy A.J151 yBeJIH9eHHA ee )KeCTKOCTH
npH npeOAOJIeHHH MOMeHTa Harpy3KH ao6aBJIAeTC51 HHTerpHpyIo-
IuaA 1),enb.
BaKHbIM HeAOCTaTKOM TaKOCO poaa CHCTeM ABJIseTCA TO,
4T0 Y HHX K KpHBO1 H3MeHeHHA Ow H6KH npH CKa4Ke CKOPOCTH
ao6aBJIfleTC51 noJiorHf1 OTpHUaTeJlbHblft y9aCTOK, KaK 9T0 noKa-
3aH0 Ha ()Hr. 8, 2, KOTOpbIfl CHJIbHO 3aTArHBaeT pen ycTa-
HOBJIeHHA peaKIJ.HH Ha CKa4OK CKOpOCTH. BCJIeACTBHe 9TorO
BBeAeHHe HHTerpHPOBaHHSI TpeTberO nopaAKa 9aCT0 IPHBOAHT
K yBeJIH4eHHIO HH3KO9aCTOTHbIX OwH60K.
PeaiCOsz na CKaim mpembeu npou3e0dn0a
AJIA aCTaTHgeCKHX CHCTeM nepaoro nOptAKa peaKUHH Ha
CKa4KH TpeTbHX npOH3BOAHbIX 3Ha4eHHH He HMeIOT H, CJIeAOBa-
TeJIbHO, pacCMaTPHBaTbCA He 6yAyT. PeaKUHH CHCTeM C y4aCT-
KOM HHTerpHPOBaHHA BTOpOrO nOplAKa(CnCTeMbI V H VI THROB)
Ha CKa9OK TpeTbel npOH3BOA.HOR nOKa3aHbl Ha 4)Hr. 6, e H
7, e. 143 KPHBbIX BHAHO, 4TO COCTaBJIAIOLUHe OwH6KH HO TpeTbefl
nPOH3BOA.HOf1 MaJIbI no CpaBHeHH1O C yCTaHOBHBIHHMHCA 000TaBJIAIO-
Ii(HMH OwH6KH no yCKOpeHHIO, H3MeHAIOll(HMHC51 HO JIHHeflHOMy 3a-
KOHy, 3a HCKJIK)4eHHeM KOPOTKHX np0Me)KyTKOB BpeMeHH, H, cJleAo-
BaTeJIbHO, OwH6Ka no TpeTbef1 npOH3BOAHOfl AOJDKHa paCCMaTpH-
BaTbcn JIHwb KBK nonpaBKa K 0IIH6Ke no yCKOpeHHIO. Ha
4)H1'. 12, a nOKa3aHO, KaK COCTaBJII UOIHaM OwH6KH no TpeTbeff
f1pOH3BOAHOf lJIA peaK1.UHH CHCTeMbI VI THna Ha CKa4OK TpeTbef3
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. QnpeBeaexue nepexoBxbix npogeccoa no /IAX'aM 171
npOH3BO)H0 Bb19HTaeTCB H3 COCTaBAHou efl OLHH6KH no yCKO-
peHHIO. Pea AbTHpyIoIuag OwH6Ka paBHa no cyiueCTBy OHIH6Ke
no yCKOpe HK), 3ana3AblBaiou eft Ha HHTepBaJI BpeMeHH C3'/C2,
paBHbifl 2,6 (00. 3TO BpeMB 3ana3AblBaHHo npH6AH)KeHHO paBHO
BpeMeHH Ha aCTaHHA KpHBOf1 H3MeHeHHH OHIH6KH npH CKa9Ke
yCKOpeHHH, npHBeAeHHOf1 Ha (PHr. 12, 6, paBHOMy B CBOIO
0utu6Ka no
uuluuna
.tu 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /04),t
a
Bp`eiw napacmatrrw Z,9/roc
H r. 12. BAHSHHe COCTaBAalon1e i ou1H6KH
0 TpeTbeki npOH3BOAHOH AAA CHCTeMbI
VI THna.
a-OHIH6Ka cncreM!, npH CKa9Ke TpeTbeiL npoHa-
poAHofk; 6- OHIH6Ka CHCTeMHI npH CKa9Ke yCKopeHHA.
09epeA.b 2,9/we. TaKHM o6pa30M, AAA CHCTeM C y'aCTKOM
ABOf1HOrO HHTerpHpOBaHHH cyLLteCTBeHHoe BAHHHHe cocTaBAAK)-
utel OwH6K no TpeTbefl npOH3BOAHOfl CBOAHTCH K 3aAep)KKe
COCTaBA91OLLL f1 OWH6KH no ycKOpeHHKY BpeMB 9TOCO 3a11a3Abl-
BaHH1 npH6A )KeHHO paBHO BpeMeHH HapaCTaHHA KpHBOf 0111H6KH
npH CKa9Ke rCKOpeHHH.
PeaKLXHA CHCTeMbi V THna Ha CKa9OK TpeTbeh npOH3BOAHOf1,
npHBe.1LeHHa$I Ha 4LHr.. 6, e, nOKa3bIBaeT TOAbKO ABe H3 TpeX
COCTBBASHOM X. KpOMe nOCTpOeHHbIX rpa4)HKOB nepexOAHOn
COCTaBAmom fl no TpeTbefl npOH3BOAHOf1 H AHHef1HO B03paCTaK)-
mefl COCTaBA K)luen no ycl(OpeHHLO, pea uLHH coAep)I(HT Taxwe
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
napa6oJNVecxylo COCT3BJ155I011LyIO oWH6KH HO CKOpOCTH, paBHy1O
K09()4HUHeHTy OLHH6KH no CKOpOCTH, yMHO)KeHHOMY Ha pe3yJlb-
THpyIOHIyIO napa6ony CKOpOCTH.
B ciy4ae CFICTeMb1 VII THna HaJIH4He y4aCTKa C HHTerpH-
pOBaHHeM TpeTbero nopAAKa noHH)KaeT KO9(x(pHUHeHT oLHH6KH
no yCKOpeHHIO HaCTOnbKO, 'ITO npHAaeT 3Ha4HTenbHbll Bec
peaKUHH Ha CKa4Ol< TpeTbefl I1pOH3BOAHOf1. 9Ta peaKUHB
(4Ilr. 8, tic) COCTOHT H3 aByX 4acTe#: nepexoaHOf1 000TaBJISIIO-
Luefd no TpeTbeff npOH3BOAHOf1 N JINHefhHO B03paCTaloiuefl
COCTaBJSIIouiefl OIIIH6KH no yCKopeHHIO.
flepexomiafl COCTaBnBlolnan B03paCTaeT O4eHb McAneHHO,
no cyMecTBy C TaKHM we BpeMeHCM yCTaHOBneHHA, Ka1< H
y nOJorOrO y4aCTKa peaKUHH Ha CKa40K yCKOpeHNA ((wwr. 8, e).
CFCauoK tlemeepmou npou3soduo9
CHCTeMa VII THna gBJIBCTCH eAHHCTBeHHOfl CHCTeMo 1, aim
KOTOpOff IiMCeT 3HageHHe peaKumi Ha CKa4OK 4eTBepTOf1 npOH3-
BOAHOf1, H Aa)K B 3TOM Cny4ae OHa He O4eHb CyLUeCTBeHHa. Kpnsau
H3MeHeHH51 OLHH51(H nOCTpOeHa Ha (pHr. 8, 3 H COCTOHT 113 TpeX
4a0Tef1: nepeXOAHoi 4aCTH, JIHHeIHO H3MeH 1Iomef1cu 0LHH6KH
no TpeTbeff npOH3BOAHOI%1 H napa60JHIgCCK0fI 4aCTH OLHN6KH
no yCKOpeHHlO. L Be yCTaHOBHBUIHeCH COCTaBJI1IOULHe OWH6KH
non0)KHTenbHbl, HO HOCTpOeHbI B OTpuuaTeJIbHOM HanpaBJIeHHH.
,UJnl BXOAa 05LuerO BHAa CyLueCTBeHHoe BJIHSIHHe COCTaBJnhIoujefl
0IJIH6KH no 4eTBepTOf1 npoH3BoAHOf1 CBOAHTCH K 3aaep)KKe
COCTaBJHIK)LUefX OL11N6K11 no TpeTbef1 npOH3BOAHOffi Ha HHTepBaJl
BpeMeHH C4/C3, paBHblfl 14/c-, H npH6JIHNKeHHfl nyTeM BbI4HCneHHfI HJIH HCCneJLOBaHHfl
C nOMOLUbIO MOAeJlHpyioLuHX yCTpolCTB. TeM He McHee 3TO He
MOKeT 3aMeHHTb npH6nMaceHHOro OHpeaeneHHH nepexOAHbIX
XapaKTepHCTHK, TaK KaK 9TOT nyTb flBJ1fleTC9 CJIHWKOM CJIO)K-
HbIM, 4TO6bI o6ecne4HTb ROCTaTOgHYIO OCHOBy AJIH C03HaTenb-
HOrO pac4eTa. EcJIH pac eTHaS1 3aaa'a He HBn5IeTC1 O4eHb
CJIO KHO1 H HMeeTCH Ha Bbl6op 60JIbWoe KOJIHLCCTBO BapHaHTOB
ee pelleHHH, OHM, TeM He McHee, He yCTpaHMlOT HeOOXOAHMOCTH
SICHOrO nOHHMaHHM OCHOBHbIX AHHaMH4eCKHX CBOYICTB CHCTeMbi,
a TaKoe nOHHMaHHe aOJUKHo 6a3HpOBaTbCfl rnaBHbIM o6pa3OM Ha
HaAC>KHOM np16JIH>KeHHH,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
4. O epeaeaetiue nepexodnuix npogeccoe no JIAX'aM 185
KpaTKOB H3JIOH(eHHe McToAa onpeAeaeHHA peaKuHH
Ha npOH3BOJIbHbI% BXOAHO% CHrHaJI
B 9TOM puJIO KeHHH KpaTKO H3naraeTCH McTOA onpeaeJIeHHH
PeaKuHH CHC eMbl Ha npOH3BOJIbHbifl BXOAHOf CHrHaJI, paccMaT-
pHBaeMbifl B CTaTbe [ 1 ]. McTOA OCHOBaH Ha pa3J10)KeHHH peaK-
I.LHH CHCTeM Ha COCTaBJIHK)IuHe, Ka)KAaH H3 KOTOpbIX Bb13bIBaeTC l
CKa9KaMH n OH3BOAHOl H HHTerpaJia OT BxolLa.
Pa3J10N(C He BbIXOAHOf peaKUHH Ha CKa4oK n-fl npOH3BOA.HOfl
OT BXOAa, A HHOe B ypaBHCHHH (2), MO)KHO TalOKe npeACTaBHTb
B BHAe
X. (t) = c0xil (t) -I- c1Dxi (1) -+- c2D2xi (t) + .. .
... +[Cn+Tn(t)1 Dnxi(t), (28)
TOria KaK p axuHiO Ha cxavoK m-ro HHTerpaJla, AaHHyIO ypaBHe-
HHeM (3), m )KHO 3anHcaTb cJIeAyIOul.HM o6pa30M:
X. (t) = aox (t)+a1D-1xi (t)-+ .. .
.. ? am_1D- (--l)xi (t) + T -m(t) D-mxi (t). (29)
Bblpaxcei He Dnxi (t) o6o3HauaeT n-lO npOH3BOAHyIO OT BXOA-
HorO cHrHaa xi (t), a D-m xi (t) - m-KpaTHblfl HHTerpaJ!.
N3 9THx Bblpa)KeHHfI BbITeKaeT onpeAeJleHHbll nopHAOK pac=
vela peaxu H Ha npoH3BOJIbxblfl BxoAHOf cnrHa.n. flpe>t(Ae
Bcero, BxoA oft CHrHaJI npeACTaBJIH1OT B BHAe cyMMb- CKa'KOB np0-
H3BOAHbIX H HHTerpaJ1OB OT (yHKUHH Ha BxoAe? ,LIJIH 9TOI'O npo-
H3BOAHTCH C eAyiolune onepauHH:
1. fZpn66J1H KeHHo npeACTaBJIHK)T CKa9KBMH Te y1aCTKH BXOA-
Horo cHrHa a, rAe OH H3MeHHeTCH 6bICTpee peaxuHH CHCTeMbI
Ha CTyneH4aroe B33MylUeli-He (CKa4oK).
2. BHcO o4aCTOTHbie KOJ1e6aHHH BXOAHOI'O CHrHaJIa, B03pa-?
CTaK)IUHe H y6HBaIOLUHe 3Ha9HTCJIbHO 6blCTpee, 4eM peaKUHH
CHCTeMH Ha CKa4OK, 3aMeHHK)TC5I ocpeAHCHHOf KpHBOf.
3. YCTp HHB CKa4KH H BHCOKO4aCTOTHbie COCTaBJIHiouiHe,
Ju1cx epeHU pyIOT OCTaioa yiocs crJla)KeHHyio KpHByK).
4. flee CTaBJIHK)T npH6JIHaceHHO C nOMOUibK) CKa4KOB Te
4aCTH npoA ("epeHUHpOBaHHOf KpHBOfl, KOTOpb1e H3MeHHIOTCSI
6onee pe3K(, 4eM COCTaBJnuomHe, nepeXOAHoro npouecca AnH
COOTBeTCTByIOiuefl npOH3BOA.HOl, H BHOBb AW"4 PIMUHpyIOT
,OCTaiouiyiocs crna)KeHHyto KpHByIO,
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
5. BbinOJIHuIOT aeftCTBu 1, yKa3aHHble B n. 4, HeCKOJIbKO
pa3, AO Tex nop oOKa He noiyiaT OnpeaeJ(eHHOft Ha (pHr. 2,
MO)KHO Onp AenHTb nepeaaTO9Hyl0 (4yHKLLHIO, CBA3bIBaIOHiyK)
npeo6pa30B HHe JIannaca BXOAa HenHHeftHoro 9neMeHTa T c npe-
-o6pa3oBaHH M JIannaca-ynpasnAroluero B03AeflCTBH51 O Ha Bxoae
CHCTeMbI. 3~o ypaBHeHHe aerKO nwny9aeTC51 H3 nepeaaTOVnoft
[ yHKQHH 34MKHyTOft CHCTeMbI (00/0i) (S) H 6yaeT HMeTb BHA
(S) - l ec (S)J k (7) K2G2 (S)' (4)
rae (00f04)(s) onpeaenaeTCA H3 ypaBHeHHA (2).
Pa3penliB ypaBHeHHe (1) OTHOCHTenbHO T H pa3AenHB o6e
vaCTH paBeI CTBa Ha 6,, nony'HM Apyroe ypaBHeHHe, CBH3bIBalo-
tuee 7 H OBI,
Y = r ~Y-_..~ o (5)
3TO yp~BHeHHe, nonyveHHoe nPH paCCMOTpeHHH CTaTH9e-
CKOft XapaK 'epHCTHKH HeJHHeflHOro 9neMeHTa, CB513bIBaeT BenH-
4HHbI, 3aBH AH(He TOnbKO OT aMnJHTyA.bI. TaKHM o6pa30M, MbI
HMeeM ABa paBHeHHA, CBA3bIBaloruHe ABe HeH3BeCTHble BenH-
AHHbI k (y) H y Co 3Ha4eHHeM Oi Ha BXOAe. IlpHpaBHHBasl 9TH
ypaBHeHHA, HCKJIIO'HM 7 H nOny9HM OAHO ypaBHeHHe C OAHHM
HeH3BeCTHb1141 k ('1):
rr i 1 r l
6{ Lk (T)(T) J 7) K2G2 (5)1.01 (S)] . (6)
k (
3Aecb YA06HO caenaTb caeayroluylo nOACTanoBKy:
k (7) of [k (7)], (7)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
rAe a- nOCTO1HHaI, a f [k (7)] - HeKOTopaf 4yHKuHsi k (7),
KOTOpy1O MbI 6y1ieM paCCMaTpHBaTb KaK (pyHKLHIO SKBHBaJIeHT-
HOrO KOs4xj1HuHeHTa yCHneHH 1.
Onpe.eJHM Tenepb 3Ha4eHH 1 k (j), KOTOpble yAOBneTBO-
p l1OT ypaBHCHHIO (6). IIOCKOnbKy ypaBHeHHe (6) coaep)KHT ne-
peMeHHbIfI . KO9c 4II41HeHT k (T), TO uenecoo6pa3HO OTAenHTb
()yHKLLHH, couep)Kautae k (T), OT O6bI4HbIX JIHHefIHbIX nepeua-
TO4HbIX (pyHKuHfI, KaK 9T0 npo.enauo B ypaBHeHHH (8)
Lei J K2G2 (S)
LBO (S)J k (7)/ [k (7)] I (8)
Mo 1 ja
i, (24)
T [k (T) -K11=2(1-K1).
(25)
a ll -Ki) = of [k (
)]
(26)
T
y
.
k(T)-Ki
B 9TOM cnyvae
f[k(T)]= I-K1
k(7)-Ki'
EcnH 3Ha4eHHe f [k (T)[ B ypaBHeHHH (9) 3aMeHHTb nony9eH-
HbIM BbIpar)KeHHHeM, TO HMeeM
L ]K2G2(S) I BL [s, kn (T)1 {k (Y) [I KI] (27)
B 9TOM ypaBHeHHH, KaK H B ypaBHeHHH (9), TOnbKO k(T)
ABJIAeTcll HeH3BeCTHOM, KOraa 3a1aHbl aMnnHTyAa H 9aCTOTa O.
CJIeAOBaTenbHO, 3Ha'eHHA k (T), yAOBneTBOPHIOLUHe ypaBHeHHK),
MO)KHO OnpeAeJIHTb OnHCaHHbIM BbIIHe McTOAOM. JIeBaa vaCTb
ypaBHeHHH OCTaeTCA HeH3MeHHOI'1, H eAHHCTBeHHOe pa3JIHgHe
B npasoll 9aCTH COCTOHT B TOM, TO KpHBble, paCCtIHTBHHb1e
C nOMOLUbJO 4)yHKItHH (Bo /8 i) [s, k,,(T)], 6yAyT OTJIH-
4aTbCA OT Ka)KAOFI nocneayloMeli K094 4ll1LIHeHTOM yCHneHHH
[k(T)-Ki1 / [k(T)(1-Kl)1, Bbl4HcJIeHHbIM npH 000TBeTCTByIo-
IH,HX 3HaveHHHX k (T).
,UJu1 1OCTPOeHHA 9aCTOTHOR XapaKTepHCTHKH 3aMKHyTOtI
CHCTeMbI Heo6XOAHMO npe4CJe Bcero OnpeaenHTb 3HaveHHH k(T)
no ypaBHeHHIO (27). 9TH 3Ha4eHH51 3aTCM npHMeHHIOT AJ1A HOCTpOe-
HHB XapaKTepHCTHKH 3aMKHyTOR CHCTeMbI no (% / B,I) [s, kn(T)I,
KaK 9T0 npeunaraeT n. 7 KpaTKOrO OHHCaHHA McTOAa.
AHTEPATYPA
1. K o c h e n b u r g e r R., Trans. AIEE, Part II, 69, 270 (1950).
2. K o c h e n b urger. R., Trans. AIEE, Part 11, 72, 180 (1953).
3. J o h n son E. C., Trans, AIEE, Part 11, 71, 169 (1952).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. HEKOTOPME SIBJIEHHSI HACbI1gEHHA
B ('JIE~SII):WHX CHCTEMAX C TAXOMETPI1 ECKOH
OBPATHOH CBSI3bIOt)
E. Jleeukcoti
TaxoMeTpH4ecKag o6paTHaH CB93b c naCCHBHbIM (PHJIbTpOM
BbICOKOft 9aC 'OTbI xopou10 H3BeCTHa [11 H HIHPOKO npHMeHHeTCB
AJIH CTa6HJIHsagHH CHCTeM aBTOMaTHVecKoro peryJIHpOBaHHA.
Km/P (I+zmP)
46u amen6
H(P) i+TZP)
P(I+IaTZp)(l+za P)
KcK,K2K' KTK3K2K
N ,C( _ NT
H r. 1. BJft -cxeMa CJieAAH(eH CHCTeMbl C TaxoMeTpH4ecKo o6paT-
HOH CB$13bI0.
Bojlbmoe npeHMyH(eCTBO TaKoll CTa(5HJIH3auHH no CpaBHeHHIO
C BBeaeHHeM CTa6HJIH3HpyIouLero KOHTypa2) COCTOHT B TOM, ']TO
MO)KHO nOJIy4HTb BbICOKHfI K09( HItHeHT nepeaa4H K, (MaJIoe
3ana3AbIBaHH no CKOPOCTH) nPH y3KOfl noAoce nponyCKaHHH
CHCTeMb1 (MeHbnlefl nepeaave HIyMOB). Ha 4 )Hr. I npHBeAeHa
1) L e v i i s o n E., Trans. AIEE, Part 11, 72, 1-9 (1953).
2) Iloupa3 McBaeTCSI nocae.goBaTeJlbHbIH AHCp(pepeHIIHpyIOH;Hit KOH-
TyP?-17pu..u. ped.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
cxeMa THHH'HOf1 CJIe1mue1 CHCTeMbI, CTa6HJIH3HpOBBHHo 110-
CpeACTBOM TaXOMeTpH4eCKOR 06paTHOff CB83H C HaccHBHbIM
4)HJIbTpOM BbICOKHX 4aCTOT.
flpH 113y4eHHH HOBCA.eHHSI CHCTeMbI 9TOrO THHa HyTeM onpe-
AeJIeHH51 4aCTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK 3aMKHYTOfl CHCTeMbI 4aCTO
CTaJIKHBaIOTCH C HeKOTOpbIMH CTpaHHbIMH SIBJIeHHflMH HpH H3Me-
HeHHH aMHJIHTyIbl BXOAHOrO CHrHaiia. THHH4Hoe CeMef1CTBo
2 4 6 8 10
9acmoma f, ev
(P H r. 2. THHHgHoe ceMefiCTBO maCTOTHI4X XapaKTepHCTHK CHCTeMbI C Ha-
cblu(eHHeM H TaXOMeTpHmeCKOH 06paTHOH CBB3bIO.
foKa3aHbl 'iaCTOTHWe XaPaKTePHCTllKH BPH P33JIH4HWX THHOBWX CHTH8J18X Ha BXOAe.
Kv=10000; a=100; sa=0,025; Tm=011.
XapaKTepHCTHK CHCTeMbI HOKa3aHO Ha 4rnr. 2. flpH MaJIbIX
CHCHaJIaX ^OBe1eHHe CHCTeMbI AOBOJIbHO XOpowo COrJIaCyeTCH
C JIHHeflHOR Teopeef1. TIpH YBeJIH4eHHH CHrHaJIa BbICOTa pe30-
HaHCHbIX HHKOB yBeJIH4HBaeTCH H OHH HepeMeu(aIOTCH B o6JIaCTb
6onee BbICOKHX 4aCTOT, a B HeKOTOpble MOMeHTbI MO)KeT HMeTb
McCTO BBJIeHHe CKa4Koo6pa3HOrO" pe3oHaHCa 1), KaK 3TO BHAHO
Ha 4)Hr. 3. OAHaKO HpH em e 6oJlbilleM YBeJIH4eHHH BXOAHOrO
CHrHaia BbICOT8 HHKOB H 4aCTOTa cpe3a yMeHbiualOTCH.
1) 5IBJIeHHe cicamKoo6pa3Horol pe30HaHca, XapaKTepHOe TOJIbKO
AJIB HeJIHHe11HbIX CHCTeM, H3ymaeTCA B TeOpHH HeJIHHeHHbIX KOJIe6aHHH.
CM., HanpuMep, Bor0JIIO60B H., MHTporoJIbCKHA 10., ACHM-
fTOTHmeCKHe McTOAbu B TeOpHH HeJIHHefHbIX KOJIe6aHH13, rOCTeXH3AaT,
1955. - I7puM. pea.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. Hacbtugetue it cucreMax c Taxo uerpuKec1cod o6parrnod C8A3b1O 219
OCHOBHa~ uenb Hamefl CTaTbH - AaTb npHeMneMoe 06b5ICHe-
HHe 9TOT0 HBneHHH. IIpH H3JI0)KeHHH 6yAyT HCnOnb3OBaHbI
HeKOTOpb1ePHHlUHnbl H McTOAbI, KOTOpbie MOryT 6bITb nOne3Hbi
npH aHBJIH3 pa3JH4HbIX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4ecKoro peryJlHpOBa-
HHSI, HMeto HX 9aeMeHTb1 C HacLJu[eHHeM. KpoMe Toro, nepe-
.aaT04HaSi 43 HKIjHH CHCTeMbI C TaXOMeTpH4eCKO11 O6paTHOll CBSI3bIO
H BbICOKO4~CTOTHWM (IHJIbTpOM 6yl eT Bblpa)Kexa B 4pe3Bbi-
4alHO yAO HOPI 4)opMe, B KOTOpOf1 BCC conpnraio uHe TOUKH
8
4 6 8 10 20
4acmoma f. CL&
4),H r. 3. f1BJ1eHHe cxa4Koo6pa3Horo pe3onaHca
Ha 4aCTOTHOH RapaKTepHCTHKe.
nerKO CBH3 BaIOTCH C napaMeTpaMH CHCTeMbI. IlepejaTWIHan
43YHKLHH n4AO6HOr0 N(e BHAa nonygeHa AayxepoM HeCKOJIbKO
HHbIM CfOCO oM [2].
IIopHAOK HccJIeAOBSHHA
nepBbIfll OCHOBHOf1 npHHtjHn COCTOHT B TOM, 4TO 9(J(fleKT
HacbltueHHH TMeHbtuaeT cpeAHee 3HaieHHe ycHneHHS uenH,B KO-
TOpOfi HMeelr McCTO HaCbIIIjeHHe (THnHgHas KpHBaSI HaCbluleHHH
H ([)yHKIIHH Hacb1u eHHH YCHneHHSI nOKa3aHb1 Ha 4)Hr. 6). 9TH
H3MCHeHHH IiapaMeTpOB yCHJ1eHHH MO)KHO npOCneAHTb Ha nora-
pH4)MH4eCKOI aMnnHTy)LHOf 4aCTOTHOl RapaKTepHCTHKe, H OHH
HCnonb3yIOT~H AJ1H HCCneAOBaHHH paCCMaTpHBaeMbix XapaKTe-
pHCTHK BaMIHyTOf CHCTeMbI.
.jig KaM AOrO yCJ1OBHH HaCblujeHHS1 nonygalOTCH pa3JH4Hb1e
J1OrapH(3MHgPCKHe XapaKTepHCTHKH, npH4eM 3AeCb no-npe)KHeMy
HCnOJlb3yeT(H JIHHeflHbifl aHaJIH3. 3aTeM 43cTOTHaH Xapal(Te-
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
pHCTHKal) CBB3bIBaeTC9 c JiorapH4 MHgeCKO11 XapaKTepHCTHKOf
pa30MKHYTOfI CHCTeMbI Ha TOM OCHOBBHHH, LITO gaCTOTa cpe3a
9aCTOTHOf1 XapaKTepHCTHKH 3aMKHYTOfI CHCTeMbl2) 6JIH3Ka K qa-
CTOTe cpe3a JIOrapn4)MHgeCKOH XapaKTepHCTHKH pa30MKHYTOfl
CHCTeMbI, a HaKJIOH nocaejHell B -12 a6 Ha OKTaBy O3HagaeT
HaJIHgHe nHKa B gaCTOTHOfI XapaKTepHCTHKe 3aMKHyTOfl CHCTeMbI.
JJJII O61 ICHeHHB RBJIeHHB cKagKOo6pa3HOrO pe30HaHca 6yAeT
paCCMOTpeH Apyro11 rpaq)o-aHaJIHTHgecKHfl McTOA, KOTOpbIfl
MO)KHO HCHOJIb3OBaTb JLJIR fOJlygeHllH gaCTOTHOfI XapaKTepHCTHKH
mo6ofl CJIe.RRLU l CHCTeMb1 C HacbwkeHHeM.
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paKTepHCTHKa 3aMKHyTON CHCTeMbI CTaHOBHTCA paBHON e1[HHHge, -
17pu,u. pea.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. RacbluSer ue B cucreiax c raxoMerpuaeclcora oopaTKO1a CBJ13b!o 221
HBJIHeTCH K04 Hi HeHTOM ycHJIeHHH pa30MKHyTOf1 LL IIH TaxoMeT-
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
BTO 03HagaeT, 4TO aMnJIHTyAHaH 4aCTOTHaH XapaKTepHCTHKa1)
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TOH CHCTeMb1.-17puA. ped.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. Ifacbm4ex4e a cucteMax c taxoMBTpWieclcod o6paTxoz C8J 3biO 3
npH BbICOKHXi 9acTOTax, Be1IHVHHa Kq Aoa)KHa 6bITb c.eJlaxa
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o6naCTH. ilp eLue 6oJiee BbICOKHX aMnJIHTyJaX CHI'HaJIa BpeMA ne-
peXOAHoro npbuecca CHCTeMbI 6yaeT yBeJIH4HBaTbCfl H nepeXOAHbIt
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pbLX MO)KHO He3aBHCHMO apyr OT Apyra HccJ1eAOBaTb BJIH IHHe
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KOHTypHylO C~HCTeMy aBTOMaTH9eCKOrO peryAHpOBBHH9 C noCne-
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nPH AaJIbHef1H1eM yBeJIH9eHHH aMnJIHTyAbI CHI'HaJIa BbICOTa
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
224 E. J eeuucom
nHKa Ha4HHaeT yBenH4HBaTbcfl, a 4aCTOTa cpe3a CTaHOBHTCH
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Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6yp,eT cIHIyCOHaaJIbIIbIM (B npe,gn0JIWKeHHH, TO CHCTeMa JIH-
HeTHa). XapaKTepHCTHKa THHOBOro peryJiATopa aaeTC51 Ha (jHr. 4.
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w1aJIHCT He 3HaKOM C 9THMH (pyHKLLHAMH, eMy, BepOSlTHO, npH-
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TeJ1eM H CHCTeMa pa30MKHYTa, KBK nOKa3aHO Ha 4 Hr. 5. 3aecb
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1. H3OBP M(EHHE 4ACTOTHbIX XAPAKTEPHCTHK,
CTA )JAPTbt H PAC4ETHbIE KPHTEPHH 1)
P. OAbdek6ypaep
BBeAeHHe
3aaa4efl KOMHTeTa AHHaMH9ecKHX CHCTeM, co3AaHHoro npH
.MepHKaHCKOM o6H[eCTBe HHa(eHepOB-MexaHHKOB (ASME)
HOAbpe 1951 r., HBJIH TCH pa3pa6oTKa CTaHAapTOB Ana npeA-
raBneHHfl 4acT THbIX aaHHbIX. H eo6xoaHMOCTb B TaKHX CTaH-
apTax CTaJ[a c geBHAHOt4 BBHAy H]HpOKOrO npHMeHeHHA 4aCTOT-
bIX McTOAOB A,$1 pacgeTa CHCTeM aBTOMaTHgecKoro perynHpo-
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aKaK)T Heaopa~yMeHnH. OAHH CTPOBT aMnJHTyAHble xapaKTe-
HCTHKH B BHae 3aBHCHMOCTH OTHOIIIeHHt aMnJIHTy1L OT 4aCTOTbl,
pyrHe-B BIIa 3aBHCHMOCTH norapH4)Ma OTHOweHHfl aMnnHTyp,
r norapH(})Ma 4acTOTb1. MmAy TeM, OAHOrO B3rn5)[a Ha 4a-
rOTHble XapaKTepHCTHKH sneMeHTa 4 H3H4eCKOf1 CHCTCMbI nopofl
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1eTCfl npHBbl4HIa~fl CHCTeMa Koop1HHaT. I oBTOMy AJIH nerKoro
'eHHH XapaKTi'cpHCTHK BeCbMa KenaTeJIbHO, 4TO6bI OHH
'POHnncb B C'tIaHAapTHbsX KOOpAHHaTax. 3TH H pyre co-
)pa>KeHHfl npl[BenH K C03AaHH10 KOMHTeTa aHHaMH4eCKHX
ICTeM, KOTOpblfl nocne H3y'eHHfl Bcex HMeIOHjHXCA npeA-
I)KeHHfI BbIHec CBOH peKOMeHAa11HH, ny6nHKyeMble B HaCTOA-
efl CTaTbe.
LITO6b1 o61Ie;rgHTb nOHHMaHHe peKOMeHAaH,Hf1 KOMHTeTa H
OCO6CTBOBaTb apHMeHeHHIO 4acTOTHbIX McTOAOB AJIA paC4eTa
CTeM peryJHppBaHHs, B HaCTOfll(el CTaTbe paCCMaTpHBaIOTCII
KOTOpb1e OCHdBHble BOl1 OCbI 11 AaloTCs npaBHJia pacgeTa,
13BOJI511o11(He HON(eHepy 6e3 Cneu,HanbHOfl MaTeMaTH4eCKOt nOA-
TOBKH npHCTy~HTb K Hay4HOMy pacgeTy CHCTeM aBToMaTH4e-
oro perynHpooaHHfl. BOnbwHIICTBO npe uiaraeMblx pac'eTHbIx
1) O 1 d e n b urger R., Trans. ASME, 76, Nk- 8, 1155-1169 (1954).
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
Tor.aa BMeCTO J3 MO)KHO nOACTaBHTb JU), K1K 9T0 AejiaeTCA
B JIHHef1HOM anaJIH3e, H MbI nOJIy4HM B Ka4eCTBe iaCTOTHO 1
XapaKTepHCTHKH CJIeJLyloILee Bblpa)KeHHe:
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6i (/w)=.Iw(1+Jwtm)+Kv(IEI)
wY1+w2tm1es1
u If [Kv(IEI)-wzttn]2+w2
(8)
IPE = 90? + arc tg (UTy)y- arc tg [K? (I E 1) - w?tm] (9)
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c oro McTOAa yAaeTCH nOJIy4HTb pemeHHe AJIfl I E I, a cneao-
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[Kv (I E I) - U)2Tm12 I E I2 =
= 0)2 (1 + ()2T2a) 1 0, I2 - (,)2 I E I2. (10)
H3BJIeKafl H3 o6eHX 4aCTet1 KBaapaTHblfl KOpeHb, HMeeM
[Kv (I E I) - w2Tm] I E I =
='?(,)y(---O)2T2 )I0iIL-IEI2,
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H MO)KHO OnpeaeJIHTb BJIHflHHe HX Ha BeJIH4HHy I E I. Ha 4 Hr. 9
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. Hacbzu4e,4ue a cucTeMax c TaxoMerpu4eclcoa o6parnoa cen3blo 229
n0CTPOeH0 TY nH4H0e CeMeRCTBO 9JIJIHHCOB npH (cHKCHpOBaHHbIX w
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HHI1. BcJIeACTBae CHMMeTPHH OTHOCHTCJIbHO Ha4aJia KOOPA.HH8T
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He06XOAHMO paccMaTpHBaTb TOJIbKO nepBw KBaApaHT. BO3M0)K-
HOCTb TpeX plepece4exHt fPHBOAHT K BBJIeHHIO CKa4KO06pa3-
HOrO pe30Ha ica. B JIHHefIHO61 CHCTCMe 3Ta BO3MO)KHOCTb He
MO)KeT HMCTb MCCTa, 4TO nOKa3bIBaeT nPHM2H Kv Ha rpa(paxe.
AMnJI ITy4HaH 4acTOTHaH XapaKTepMCTHK$ AnH I E I, nony-
4eHHaH no nepecegeHHHM Ha (pHf. 10, nOCTpOeHa Ha (par. 11,
npH4eM HMetT McCTO HBJIeHHe CKa4KOO6pa3HOro pe30HaHCa
TpH 3Ha'eHH11 I E I He MOryT OAHOBpeMeHHO CyH(eCTBOBam
B (pH3H4eCKoR CHCTeMe. KaKOe HMeHHO 3Ha9eHae HMCCT MCCTO,
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
A) petuaeTCA 3a,aa9a anpoxcHMauHH, T. e. HaxOAATCA nepe-
AaTOgHbte (4yHKIyHH KoppeKTHpyK)n(HX yCTpOf1CTB no Haf1AeHHbIM
AJ151 HHX 4aCTOTHbIM XapaKTepHCTHKaM;
e) peluaeTCA 3aaava peamaLHH nonyvenxbIx nepeJLaTO4HbIx
CpyHKunfl npH 1OMOII.I,H TeX HJIH HHbIX TeXHHgieCKHX cpeACTB
(oco6eHHO XopOnlO pa3pa60TaHa McTOAHKa pem eHHa 3aAavH
peaAH3aigin npH nOMOL[H naCCHBHbIX 9JIeKTpH4eCKHX KOHTypOB).
IOAB(AA HTOFH npHBe)xeHHOfi Bblme KpaTKO$1 XapaKTepHCTHKe
9aCTOTHOrO McTOAa, MO)KHO yTBep)K1LaTb, TO 9TOT McTOA,
OCHOBaHH416I Ha HBTJIHAHbIX 4)H3H4eCKHX npeACTaBJIeHHHX H n0-
3BOJIAK)ll(9fI B Ka4eCTBe HCXOAHbIX ABHHbIX nOJIb3OBaTbC51 He
TOJIbKO AHcx epeHliHaJlbHbIMH ypaBHeHHAMH, HO H 9KCnepHMeH-
TaJIbHO nOJIy4eHHbIMH 4aCTOTHbIMH XapaKTepHCTHKaMH, ABJIAeTCA
B HaCTOHL ee BpeMA OCHOBHbIM Cpe1LcTBOM aHaJIH3a H CHHTe3a
CJIO)KHbIX OAHOKOHTypHbIX H MHOFOKOHTypHbIX CHCTeM aBToMaTH-
4eCKOI'o eryJIHpoBaHHA, onHCblBaeMblx JIHHefIHbIMH ypaBHeHHAMII
.nio6orO opAAKa H coAep)Kan(HX He TOJIbKO cocpeAOTO4eHHble,
HO H paCopeACJIeHHble napaMeTpbl.
4aCTOtHbIft McTOA AaeT e1LHHy1O O6u[yio McTOAHKy pellleHHA
Bcex OCHgBHbIX 3aAa4 TeOpHH aBTOMaTH4eCKOI'O peryJInpOBaHHA,
a HMeHHOi: nolly4eHHn HCXOAHbIX AaHHbIX, aHaJIH3a yCTOfI4H-
BOCTH, aHaJiH3a KageCTBa, nOCTpOeHHA nepexoiuiIX npoueccoB,
Bb16opa napaMeTpOB H peweHHA Bonpoca o MaJIOCTH napaMeTpOB,
CHHTe3a KoppeKTHpyIOH(Hx yCTpOfICTB, anaJIH3a AHHaMHgecKon
TO4HOCTn ',H CHHTe3a OHTHMaJIbHbIX CHCTeM.
LIaCTOtHbIfl McTOA yao6en He TOJIbKO B TeOpHH HenpepblB-
HOro, HO H B TeOpUH HMnyJIbCHOFO, npepblBHCTOro peryJInpOBaHHA.
Heo6XJOAHMO OTMeTHTb, 4TO 4aCTOTHbIf1 McTOA 3a nociieAHee
BpeMA CTII JI npHMeHATbCA Aim aHaJI13a He TOJIbKO JIHHef1HbIX
CHCTeM, "0 H CHCTeM C HeJIHHetIHbIMH H nepeMeHHbIMH napa-
McTpaMH. TaK, HanpHMep, CO4eTaHHe 4aCTOTHb1x npeACTaBJIeHHf1
C McTOAOM ra MOHH4eCKOFO 6aiianca npnseJ1O K pa3pa6oTKe
npaKTH4ecKH yAO6HOrO npH6JIHNCeHHOrO McTOAa aHaJIH3a aBTO-
KOJIe6aHHfl [3], HeAaBHO pa3pa60TaHbI OCHOBHble nOJIO KeHH 1
4aCTOTHOFp McTOAa TO'HOFO allaJIH3a peiieflHbiX CHCTeM [4],
noKa3aHa BO3MO)KHOCTb npHMeHeHHA 4aCTOTHOrO McTOAa K aHa-
JIn3y CHCTeM C nepeMeHHbIMH napaMeTpaMn Ha OCHOBe TeOpeMbl
o csepTKe'[5].
f O9TO#viy yTBep)KAeHHH, KOTOpble nOpOIl npMXOAHTCA CJIbI-
InaTb, 4TO 4aCTOTHblf1 McTOA noJle3eH JIHHIb AJIA penieHHA JIHHefI-
HbIX 3aaa4, KOHe4HO, He COOTBeTCTBy1OT HCTHHe.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246A045100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
11oA.CTaBJIi1B ypaBHeHHe (9) B ypaBHeHHC (13), nonyvHM
To arc t' (K?(IEI)(14)
AM[JIIITyAHaH H (IJa3OBa1 BbIXOAHbIC XapaKTepHCTHKH, COOT-
BeTCTByIOLUHe XapaKTepHCTHKe E Ha 4)H1'. 1 1 , IOCTpOCHbI Ha
(1HC. 12. MO)KHO BHAeTb, 4T0 06llllf( XapaKTep 9TI1X KpHBbIX
HAeHTI14eH 9KCnep1MeHTaJ1bHbIM KpHBbIM Ha (111. 3.
73 I--.
PeawSUA Ha bbl Ode 0,;/0i
CucmeMa -6 -12
70001F..1
Ku (IE1)iEl = 2 1EEI
-
/0i/=2, Z,=01
Amnn
xapasn
umyJH
!epa6m
aA
unu
,Pamo
aA
xapaimepac
mw
Ka
10 20 40 60 80 100 200 400
4acmoma w, paD/ceK
$ H r. 12. CKa4Koo6pa3HbIrI pe30HaHC Ha aMnJ1HTy1(H0i H (4a-
30BOA 43CTOTHbIX XapaKTepHCTHKax Aim BbIxo1Ia.
1'13 ypaBHeHHH (29) ilpHJI0)KeHHH I BHAHO, 4TO AJIB a = 0
(OTCYTCTBHe TaxoMeTp14eCK01 06paTIIOt'1 CBH3H) nepeaaT09HaH
(4YHKlHH CHCTeMbI C TaxoMeTpH9ec1t(eT BbI3B3Tb yAHBJ1CHHC TO 06CTOSITCJIbCTBO, 4TO 9TO
1BJ1eHHe TaK peAKO BCTpe4aCTCH npH H3y'eHHn CJIeLSIIII,HX CH-
CTeM. OAHa H3 npH4HH, 6eccnopHO, COCTOHT B TOM, WO HCCJIC-
P.OBaTeJIH y,p,eJIHJIB MaJIO BHHMaHHH H3y9eHH1O XapaKTCpHCTHK
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. Hacb1u4qKue a cucrellax C raxo.erpu4ecKOla o6parKOa MB313b10 233
cnejflluxx FHCTeM npH o4eHb 6onbW HX CHrxanax Ha BXOAe.
Ho, BO3M0 HO, rnaBHellEaB npH'HHa COCTOHT B TOM, TO 6onb-
WHHCTBO C eA.AIH,HX CHCTeM HMeeT genb Onepe)KeHHB HJIH, HHa4e
rOBOp1,OH KOMneHCHpOBaHbI TaKHM o6pa30M, 4TO nepeaaT04Ha5i
4)YHKL(HB pa~OMKHyTOA CHCTe-
MbI o6b14HOIxapaKTepl3yeTCe
npHMOfi C H1KJIOHOM, 6JIH3KHM
K -6 06 Ha OKTaBy. Mb1
nOKa)KeM, TO CKa4Koo6pa3-
Hblfl pe30Haic He MONKeT HMCTb
McCTa AAA' CHCTeM 3TOI'O
HAeaabHOro', THna, eCJIH KpH-
BaB Hacblll[eQimH HMeeT 06b14-
HylO KpOpM . Ina CHCTCMbl,
npe1CTBBJIII MOl 4aCTOTHOf1
xapaKTepHC HKO11 C HaKnO-
HOM - 6 () Ha OKTaBy, CO-
npMralouiaH I4aCTOTa npH ne-
pexo,ae K 4aKJ1OHy -12 06
CTpeMHTCA 6eCKOHe4HOCTH,
HAM T,n CT eMHTCH K HYJUO.
A,nsl 'Cm =v ypaBHeHHe (3)
CBOAHTCH
K00 K?(IEI)
P
a ypaBHeHH (11) npH 3TOM
npHHHMaeT 3HA
Kv(I~I)1E1=
=?wYI it EI2. (15)
B STOM Cny4ac CeMef1CTBO
3JIJIHHCOB paFnonaraeT:n, xaK
noxa3aHO Ha KmHr. 13. YBe-
nH4eHHe IOil pacTMrHBaeT
10;/'8\
\w =150
/ O (I EI)I EI
1 ~
I
/
00
w=100
E--
(P H r. 13. CeMeiCTBO 5JIJIHnCOB Anu
CHCTeMbI, OnucblBaeMof norapH()MH-
xapaKTepucTHKON B BHAC
c HaKJIOHOM -6 06 Ha
oKTaBy.
3nnHIICb1 no 1o6eHM OCIIM, Tor, a KaK npH yBeaH4eHHH W 3nnHnCbl
yJLJIHH$IIOTCH JHWb BAOJIb OCH y.
Ba 1ICIIO 060CH03aTb MaTeMaTliLIeCKH. C nOMOIILbK
TeOpnH (1F1Kljlir1 KOMn.ieiccnoro nepeMeHHOrO MO)KHO 1OKa3aTb
LITO A.JII pa30MICHYTO11 CHCTeMbI cneAyeT n36eraTb YCJ1OBHII, npI
KOTOPb1X OTCTaBaHHe no (pa3e COCTaBJ11eT 180?, a OTHOWeHH(
aMIJIHTYA paBHO eA.HHnlte. CorJlacHO npaBHny 1, 9TOr0 MO>KHC
1136eMKHo paCCMaTPHBaTbcH Kab
rpy6bitl KpIlTepnll, n03BOJI51OHtH1%( cnegHaJIHCTy, ne nMelow.eM)
oco6oll MaTeMaT114eCKo1 nOArOTOBKH, CTPOHTb LIaCTOTHble XapaK-
TepHCTHKH CHCTeM aBTOMaTngeCKOrO peryJlnpOBaHHn H n36e>KaTl
HeKOTOpb1X on1u60K npH npoeKTllpoBaHHH.
MOMCHO AoKa3aTb, 4TO Boo6iue onacno aonycKaTb McHbulHV
3anac yCT0fiLIl4BOCTH no (ja3e n no aMnJII4TyJe. TaK, uanpuMep
HPH 3anace yCT01%11IHBOCTH no (pa3e B 5? HJIH npH 3anace nc
aMnJIHTyAe, paBHOM 1,05, CHCTeMa noaxoAima Obi TaK 6JIH3K(
K rpaIlHH,e IIeYCTOIIL1HBOCTH, 'ITO pewenne 6bIJ1O bbl CHJIb1I(
KoIIe6aTeJIbnbIM; ec.i n 6bI npH 9TOM Bce HJIH HCKOTOpb1e LIaCTOT-
Hble XapaKTepHCTHKII CHCTeMb1 6bIJIH noJlyLieHbl nYTCM pacveTa
a Iie 9KCnepllMenTaJIbHO, TO Aa>Ke He3Ha4HTeJIbHble (paKTOpb
MOf JIH 6bI CAeJIaTb CHCTeMy HOJ:IIOCTbIO IieyCTOi4uBOfI.
MOMCeT C.1y9HTbcB, 9TO, XOTH npeAbiayutee paC9eTHOe npa.
13HJ10 yAOBJIeTBOpeHO, 3aMKHYTa I CHCTeMa BCe MICHO CYAHTb o6 ee yCTOf14HBOCTH B 3aMKHyTOM CO-
CTOHHHH H BbIBeCTIi oOa'e npaBH.ia paC4eTa TCKOf1 CHCTeMbI.
AMnJIHTyAllble m ([)a3OBble KPHBble y1O6HO CTPOHTb Ha oAHOM
rpac)uxe. JI,JIq paccMaTpnBaeMoro npuMepa c ABHraTeneM TaKHe
KPHBbie npuseAcnbl Ha c[)nr. 11.
IIcpBafl pa'~-,,OTa, nocBHuleHliaH 4aCTOTHOMy McTOAy, 6bIJIa
Ony6.RUKOBaHa IiallKBHCTOM [2], KOTOpbII%1 MaTeMaTH4ecKH pens i
3a ia,iy o6 yCTOf14HBOCTH JIHHe lHbIX 3aMKHyTbIX CHCTeM, CBeaH
3aaa4y K H3ywHHK) XapaKTepHCTHK pa30MKHYTOA CHCTeMbI.
Soae pa3BH,R 9TOT McTOa H BBEJI nOHATHH yCHJIeHHH [31 u 3anaca
yCTOI14HBOCTH no (jJa3e. HCnOJlb3yfl 9TH HOHS1T19, MO)ICHO )iaTb
HeKOTOpble npOCTble npaBHna paC4eTa.
I1peAnoJIO>KHM, 4TO K CHCTeMe S npHJ1O>KeliO Manoe B03My-
iueHHe KOTOpoe, B03MO)KHO, HC4e3aeT CO BpeMCHeM. Ecim
nepcXOAHbIf1 npoueCC, BbI3BaH l1bI I 9THM BO3MyLLLeHHeM, 3aTy-
XaCT CO BpcMeHeM, TO IOBOpnT, '!TO CHCTeMa S yCT0114HBa
B nPOTHBHOM CJly4ae CHCTeMa S HCyCTOI%14HBa. t-IaCTOTa, np i
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
1. Nso6pamei ue fiacroT1ioix xapaKTepucruK u paclimbie Kpurepuu 25
100 4,5
,neMeHT H3MepeH fl cxopocTH ABHraTeAH npep,nonaraeTCA OTKJIIO-
eHHbIM OT BXOA, peryn1TOpa. ECJIH BXOAHOf1 cHrHan e (pery-
IHpyloIuaH nepeM HHai) perynflTopa x3MeHfleTCH CHHycoHAanbHO,
O BbIXOA c (perrJHpyeMasl nepeMeHiia1) ABHraTenfl, a HMeHHO
KOPOCTb ABHraTQnl (OTC4HTb,BaeMa, OT yCTaHOBHBm eroc 3Ha-
eHH5] CKOpOCTH), npaKTH4eCKH 6yaeT H3MeH$TbCfl TO)Ke CHHyCO-
AaJIbHO. MoacHO nOKa3aTb, QTO aMnnHTyAHafl XapaKTepHCTHKa
HCTeMbi, COCTOAL4e11 H3 peryJ1HTOpa H ABHraTene, noaygaeTCH
H r. 6. Jlorapm4 HvecKaH am- 1 H r. 7. JlorapH(pMHVecxas1 4 a3o-
7HTyAH3H YacTOTHa$1 XapaKTe- Bag 9aCTOTHafT XapaKTepHCTHKa ABH-
4crHKa pa30MKHy 013 CHCTeMbI raTeJlg Al13eJifl.
perynnTOp - ,a HraTenb.
yTeM npOCTOrOCJIO)KeHHM OPA.HHflT amHJIHTyAHbIX XapaKTepH-
-HK, nOCTpOeHH IX B nOrapHq)MH4eCKHX KOopAHHaTax. TaKHM
5pa30M, ec i I bi CJIO)KHM BeKTOpbi A n B Ha ()Hr. 3 H 4
3H 4aCTOTe 0,03 24, TO nony4HM BeKTOp A + B Ha qMHr. 6,
Le npeA.CTaBJIefa aMRnHTyAHafl XapaKTepHCTHKa pa3OMKHYTOII
ICTeMbi peryJIwIop - ABHraTeJIb. YAo6Ho npHHRTb ropH30H-
IJIbHY1O JIHHHIO C HHAeKCOM I 3a OCb a6caHcc, TaK KUK nora-
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LOTCH OT 9TO1 9CH.
I'IT06bI HpHMe 1ATb McTOA CJIO KeHHS OpAHHaT, HeO6XOAHMO
ixoA. perynflTOpa H BXOA o5-beKTa peryJIHpoBaHHH (perynH-
'eMae CHCTeMa) H3MepflTb B OAHHX H Tex We eAHHHuax.
0,001 0,0! 0,03 0.1 0.001 0.01 0,1
4Jacmoma, 04 4acnorna, Zq
-1
\?r
-2
b'
A`B
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
H 4)a3y. Ero MONCHO 3aHNCaTb B BHAe 0o = BOi,m sin (wt - cp),
rAe B H cp HBJIA:OTCB CpyHKIiHHMI1 o) (aMnJII1TyAHaH H 4)a3OBaB
4aCTOTHb1e XapaKTepHCTHKH C.e uw efl CNCTeMbI).
CJIe.aOBaTeJIbHO, CHrHaJI OIDH6KH 6yaCT paBeH
E = 0i - 00 = 0im sin wt - BOi,m sin (wt - cp) (27)
HJIH B BeKTOpHOf1 3anHCK
E = 0im L 0? - BOim L - (p'. (28)
BeJIHMHHy E MO)KHO HafITH no 4aCTOTHOfI XapaKTepHCTHKe,
np1BeAeHHOfI Ha ()Hr. 14. npH HH3KHX iaCTOTax B npH6JII13H-
TeJIbHO paBHO eaHHHIie, a cp ^' 0?, TaK 4TO aMHJIHTyaa CHrHaJIa
ONIN6KH o'eHb MaJla. OAHaKO npH BbICOKHX 4aCTOTaX Aa>Ke
B XOPONIO CTa6HJIH3HpOBaHHbIX CHCTeMaX aBTOMaTH4ecKoro pery-
JIHpOBaHNA B MO>KeT 6bITb OKOJIO 1,4 H (p OKOJIO 90?.
UTpH onpeaeneHHOfI 4aCTOTe HanpII>KeHHe 0111N6K1 aOJI>KHO
6bITb paBHO KOPHIO KBaapaTHOMy H3 [1 +(1,4)2] Will CHrHaJIy
Ha BXOA.e, yMHO)KeHHOMy Ha 1,72. TaKHM o6pa30M, npH BbICOKHX
4aCTOTaX A. eftCTBHTeJIbHblfl CHrHaJI Owi6KH, KOTOpbIII no aeTCA
Ha yCNJINTeJIb, o6b14Ho MHOrO 6OJIbwe BXOAHOrO CHrHaJla H
MO)KeT Bbl3bIBaTb HenpeABNAeHHble 9("eKTbI HaCblIueHNA.
3aK.IogeHHe
B 9TOr1 CTaTbe aalOTCH HeKOTOPb1C nOJIe3Hble MOTOAb1 aHa-
JI143a CJIe)uHiHX CHCTeM C HaCbINjeHHeM. YCTpOf1CTB, KOTOpble
KOMHeHCHPOBaJIH HJIH yMeHbNIaJIH 6b1 BJINSIHHe HachiLueHNA, npeA-
JIO)lCeHO He 6bIJIo, XOT51 113 aHaJIH3a MO>ICHO no.1y4HTb AJIA BTOI'O
HeO6XOA.HMble peKOMeHAau(HN. ByaeT Jill 9(j 4 eKT HacbILueHHB
BpeAHbIM 14JIH HeT, 3aBHCNT OT npHMeHeHlI1 TOR Will HHOII HC-
cJleAyeMofl caeAAHiefl CNCTeMbI.
H3JI0)KeHHble 3AeCb npHHLNnbl HR B KOeM cny4ae He CJIe-
AyeT paCCMaTPHBaTb KaK eCTeCTBeHHb1e 3aKOHbI. MO)KHO yTBep-
>KAaTb JlHl ib TO, 4TO 9TH nPHHI(Hnbl npHMeHHMbl B HeCKOJIbKHX
npOCTbIX CJIy4aHx H, CJIeAOBaTeJIbHO, MOryT HCHOJlb3OBaTbCH
Hapiu y c ApyrHMN allaJIHTH4eCKHMH CpeACTBaMH npH paC4eTe
HeJINHefHblX CHCTeM.
HaKOHeu(, BNA nOJly4eliH0il 3AeCb nepejaT04HOfI (pYHKILHH
TaXOMeTpH4eCKH CTa6HJIN3HpOBaHHOfl CJIeaaaefl CNCTeMbI o4eHb
yA06eH aim auaJIN3a H CHHTe3a TaKHX CHCTeM H ero o6naCTb
npHMeHeHHA He orpaHH4HBaeTCA TOJIbKO BOnpOCaMH HacuuLeHHA.
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. Hacbsu4erude a cucreMax C raxoMerpukecKOa o6paTK012 CBR3b!O 241
6 = OT= em
o 8"nN , N
T
O6pautafld
IIPI4JIO?KEHHE I
IlepeAaT04HaA 4)YHKI(HA crleA910A CHCTeMb! C TaXOMeTpH
9ecKOII 6paTHo* CB9Sb10 H naCCHBHMM IpHJIbTpOM
BMCOKHX 9aCTOT
eric _ Km
Vi -P(I+twp)'
V1 = K2E2,
E2 K1E1 + 2P V3'
V3 = KTPOT,
El ? Ke (Oi - Oo) = KeE.
O6beAHilfi~ 9TH ypaBHeHHH, noJlyyaeM
eo = p KmK2 1K1KeE - K3Kz 1 + 2P NT J
6 (1 -+- K,nK21(3KT t2P2
o L NT P (I ? t,nP) (I + t2P), _
(
Kv =
eKlV2K~n ,- HOJIHblf KO34XIfHKHeHT yCHJIeHHA pa3oMK-
HyTOI1 CHCTeMb1"
BBeAeM CJ1eAyJbwHe o603HageHHH:
K
TpH9ecKOI1 O6p1THO11 CB 13H. TorAa
do 1P (I +SmP)(1 +TZP)+'ac2P2l = K?E(1 +T2P)
Bo K. (1 + t2P)
E L P{tn4t2P2+[tm+(1 +> 1. CneaOBaTenbH0,
1 +Tny/T2 o6bI9HO MaJio no cpaBHeHHIO C a. L[nA yCTO1X9HBOCTH
>KenaTenbHO TaloKe, 9To6bl T3 paBHAnOCb l/g'L2, TOraa KaK npH
BbICOKHX KOS44HUHeHTBX yCHJIeHHA CHCTeMbI K, BenH9HHa T1 Bcerj a
6onbule T2. 1103TOMy T3/T2 06bI9HO 3Ha9HTenbHO McHbllle T1/T2.
Tor,aa B ypaBHeHHH (31) T1/'C2 _ a, HJIH T 1 = aT2 H, nOA-
CTaanAA STO B ypaBHeHlle (30), rlony4aeM
Z3 cml~2
T2 = a ,
tm
T3=-.
eo _ Kv (1 + c2P)
B P(1+ati2P)(1-} Ta p)?
(32)
z (W) H f3 (W) p,JIA CHCTeMbI THna - 6 - 12 - 6 - 12
B (1w) - G+ j-cl) (1 +Jwt3) _
C(Jw)= A(Jw) -j. (1+jwt2)
=Jw t1-w2ti1T3+Jw(t1+t3) (1-Jwt2) _
(1 +Jw't2) (1 -J(Oti2) 11
{1-w2[t1t3-t2(Tl+t3)1+Jw[(ti+T3-t2)+? 12ti3]}
Jw
1 + w L2
Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
6. /Iacblu4euuo a cucreMax C raxoMerpu?eckoll o6parxoQ coA3bio 243
HJIH
C (do)) = H-.2 [('Cl+'C8- C2) -f- w2tilti2c3J +
2 2
CneAOBaTeabH6,
11 w.2
{ 1 - w[tilts - tit (Tl lw + X8)1} (33)
+ w2t2
a~ (w) w2 [(tl + 'Ca - t2) + w2txt2t81
-{- w2t2
[tlta - y2 (Cl + 'Ca)]}
-1- w2t2
(34)
(35)
JIIITEPATYPA
1. H a r r i s H., (Trans. AIEE, 66, 83 (1947).
2. TeopHH cae1 HLHx CHCTeM, noA pe). X. AxcefiMca, H. HHKonbca H
P. 4'HnnH Ca, I3AaTenbCTBO HHOCTpaHHOi1 nHTepaTypbi, 1953.
3. C T o K e p a., HenHHeiHwe Koae6aHHa B MexaHH4ecxnx H saeKTpH-
gecKHx C CTeMax, H3AaTenbCTBO HHOCTpaHHOH nHTepaTypbI,1952.
4. R a u s c h e r M., J. App!. Mech., 5, 169A (1938).
5. A e H T a p T o r )I xc., TeopHH Kone6aHHri, rocTexH3AaT, 1942.
6. M i n o r s k y' N., Non-Linear Mechanics, Ann Arbor, Mich., 1947.
7. M c D o n a l d ! D., Non-Linear Techniques for Improving Servo
Performance', Proc. Nat. Electronic Conference, vol. 6, 1950,
p. 400.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
7. RPHBJIHN{EHHbIH 4ACTOTHbIH METOA rIPE,ILCTABJIEHHA
HACbIIIUEHHA H 3OHbI HEgYBCTBHTEJIbHOCTH x)
T. Yecmnam
BBeAeHHe
Pe3ynbTaTbl pa6oT KoxeH6yprepa 111 H R)KOHCOHa [2],
nOCBSH.eHHbIX nplMeHeHHIO vaCTOTHbix McTOAOB AAfI pacveTa
HeA14Hef1HbIX CHCTeM aBTOMaTH4eCKOro peryAHpOBaHH1, MO)KHO
npHMeHHTb B npu6AH)KeHHOM BHAe K 3aaagaM C HeAHHef1HOCTHMH
THna HacbimeHHH H 30Hbl HegyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH. MO)KHO nOKa3aTb,
4TO Ka)KA.ag H3 9THX HeAHHef1HOCTef1 MO)KeT 6bITb npeJCTaBJIeHa
C HOMOUIblO ,,9KBHBaJIeHTHOrO AHHef1Hol'o" K03C[)4)HI(HeuTa B Ka-
4eCTBe ee OnHCHBaloIUefl Cpymmmi. THnHgHble npHMepbI HaCblllje-
HHH H 3OHbI He4yBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH HCHOJ1b3yIOTCu AAR HJIJIK)CTpa-
uHH 9TOrO Cp113H4eCKOr0 npf6JIH)KeHHH 3aAa4H.
B AaHHOf1 CTaTbe onpeaeJlleTCH 113Meiiewie 9KBHBaJIeHTHOrO
yCHJIeHHA AAR paCCMaTpHBaeMbIX THROB HeallHeflHOCTefl npH
CHHycoHAaJlbHbIX BXOA.Hb1X CHI'HaJIaX H npHBOJUITCH AOnOJIHH-
TeAbHoe COOTHOHIeHHe Memay H3MeHeHHHMH K0344ll uHeHTOB
ycHAeHHR, COOTBeTCTByIOH1HX Hacblu(eHwo H 30He He4yBCTBH-
TeJIbHOCTH. ITposeaexo cpasneuue nepexOAHbIX XapaKTepHCTHK
npH CTyneH4aTOM BXOAHOM B03Aef1CTBHH AAA CAeAHl[HX CHCTeM,
HMeK)u1HX a16o HacbluleHHe, AH60 30Hy HeIyBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
C pe3yJlbTaTaMH, nOAyLeHHbIMH npH HCnOAb30BaHHH OHHCblBalo-
tueft (PyHKIuHH B (JOpMe 9KBHBaneHTHOI'O AHHef1H000 K09I[1C[1H-
11,HeHTa. KaK T04HbIf1, TaK H npH6AH>KenHblft McTOAbI aHaJIH3a
nOKa3uBaloT, 4TO, KO!'Aa HMeIOTCH HacblujeHHe HAH 30Ha He4yB-
CTBHTeAbHOCTH, B CHCTeMe npll HeKOTOpbIX yCAOBHHX MOryT
B03HHKHyTb He3aTyxalolLHe Kone6aHHA.
KpoMe nOAy4eHHn Ka4eCTBeHHbIX CBeA.eHHft o XapaKTepHCTHKe
CHCTeMbI C HaCbluLeHHeM HAH 30HO11 He4yBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH, pac-
CMaTpHBaeMblft B CTaTbe McTOA MO)KeT 6bLTb 14CHOAb30BaH A.AB
npH6AH)KeHHbIX paC4eTOB npH HaAHynu HeAHHet1HOCTef1 B 6oaee
CAO)KHbIX MHOrOKOHTypHbIX CHCTeMax.
x) C h e s t n u t ff., Trans. ASME, 76, NY 8, 1345--1363 (1954).
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80TOO246AO45100330001-4
7. gacTOTI{bda AteTOO npe(craaAeKUJi TUnOBbIX Ke4UKeIYKOCTed 245
TH4OBbie saAa9H C HacbI eHHeM If 3OHOR
He4yBCTBHTeJIbHOCTH
,AJIA paC pbITHA ()H3H4eCKOfl CyI J.HOCTH ABJIeHNf1, nponcxo-
AALgHX npN aJIHgHH HacwLueHHA H 30HbI He9yBCTBHTeJlbHOCTH,
paccMOTpHM H CKOJIbKO XapaKTepHblX npHMepOB C TaKHMH BHAaMH
HeJIHHeI1HOCTH
HacbluyeMue
JIHHef1Haa 13aBHCHMOCTb Me)KAy BbIXOAOM H BXOAOM Jno6oro
yCHJIHTeJIbHOr yCTpOI CTBa (MexaHH9ecKOrO, sJleKTpH4eCKorO
HJIH rHApaBJt 4ecKOrO) cnpaseAJIHBa B JIy41ueM cJly4ae JIHIIIb
Baixua
(Pli r. 1. XapaKTep{tcTHKa sJIeMeHTa C Hacwn(eHneM.
AeAtTBHTeJIbHa% KpHBag; - - - HAeaJIH3HpoBaRHa$ KpHBa9.
B orpaHH4eHHpf1 06JIaCTH 3HageHHf1 BXO,AHOf1 4)YHKL(HH. AJI-
BXOAHbIX BeJIHlIHH, npeBblwaloLLLlX HeKOTOpoe npexenbHoe 3HBA
4eHHe, BbIXOA nepeCTaeT 6bITb nponOpgHOHaJIbHbIM BXOAy H
Aef1CTBHTeJIbHO~ OTHOHIeHHe BbIXOA./BXOA yMeHblilaeTCA. STO
ABJIeHHe HaabIBaeTCA HacbIu eHHeM. Ha (mHr. I CHJIOWHOf1 KpHBOf1
H306pa)KeHa x paKTepHCTHKa HaCwLueHHA. BxoA H BbIXOA MOryT
6blTb Bbtpa lce> bt B mo6b1X L1eJlecoo6pa3Hbrx eAHHHLjax C TeM
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
yCJIOBHeM, 4TO6bI Me)KAy BbIXOAOM H BXOAOM CyHjeCTBOBaJIO
oAHO3Ha4Hoe 4HCJI?HHOe COOTHOHIeHHe. LITO6b1 noKa3aTb BJIHHHHC
TaKOt1 XapaKTepHCTHKH HacbIH(eHHH Ha OnHCb1BaIOLIL IO 4)yHKgHI0
9JIeMeHTa, HH)ICe 6yn.yT paCCMOTpeHbl npHMepbl H3CbIlUeHH51
9JIeKTpOHHOrO yCHJIHTeJ1H no Hanpa> eHHK) H HaCb1HjeHHH ABHra-
TeJIH nOCTOHHHOrO TOKa no MOMeHTy.
HacbluleFlue no Hanpscalcenalo 6 9AeKmponuou ycuJFUme.2e
ji,JIH ynpOLUeHHH allaJIH3a HaCblIuelIHH 3JIeKTPOHHOrO yCHJIH-
TeJIH npe)noJIo)KHM, 4TO Ref1CTBHTeJIbHaH CTaTH4ecKaH XapaKTe-
pHCTHKa, CB513b1BaIOHjaH BXOA H BbIXOA yCHJIHTeJIH, CHMMeTpH4Ha
H 4TO ee MO)KHO npn6JIH)KeHH0 3aMeHHTb HAeaJIH3HpOBaHHOt
XapaKTepHCTHKOf1 HaChIIIjeHHH, KaK noKa3aHO Ha (flHr. 1 nepe-
CeKa-oujHMHCH nyHKTHPHbIMH npHMbIMH. OAHa npHMall npOXOAHT
4epe3 Ha4aj10 KOOpA.HHaT H HMeeT TOT )Ke HaKJIOH K, 4T0 H
AeiCTBHTeJIbHam XapaKTepHCTHKa yCHJIHTeJIH. IR,Be ApyrHe JIHHHH
HMeIOT HaKJIOH, paBHbli1 HyJIIO, H 3Ha'eHHH + Os H -Os npH-
6JIH)KeHHO paBHbl 3Ha4eHHHM Bb1XOAa ripe HaCbIIIjeHHH COOTBeT-
CTBeHHO AJIH 60JIbWIIX nOJIONCHTeJIbHbIX H 6oJIbIHHX OTpHIjaTeJlb-
HbIX 3Ha'eHHN BXOA.a.
flpeieJlbHble 3Ha4eHHH BXOAa ? IL 51BJ151IOTC51 3HageHHHMH,
npH KOTOpbIX JIHHIIH C HaKJIOHOM K nepeceKaeT npHMble C Hy-
JIeBbIM HaKJ1OHOM H noc ie KOTOPbIX 3HageHHe BbIxoJLa OCTaeTCH
IOCTOBHHbIM. TaKHM o6pa3OM,
O
IL - K .
(1)
TaK KaK KPHBaH, no npeanOJIONCeHHIO, CHMMeTpH4Ha, TO
npe.aeJlbllble 3Ha4eHHH AJIH HOJIO)KHTeJIbHbIX H OTpHIjaTeJlbHbiX
BXOAOB oA.HHaKOBbI H COOTBeTCTByIOIILHe nOJIO)KHTeJIbHble H
OTpHH,aTeJIbHble 3Hagetlun BbIXoaa npH HacbIHjeHHH TaK)Ke paBHbl.
EcJIH KO BXOA.y YCHJIHTeJIH, IUMeloUjero HA.eaJIH3HpOBaHHyIo
xapaKTepHCTHKy (CM. 4)4r. 1), npHJto)KeHO CHHycoHAaJIbHOe
Hanpn)KeHHe
to (t) = IM sin t, (2)
rae IM > IL, TO BbIXOA Oa (t) 6yaeT HMCTb (4Opiy, nOKa3aHHy1O
Ha 4)Hr. 2.
,RAH 3Ha'eHH11- IL < to < ? IL BbIXOA Oa (t) 6yAeT npo-
nopljHOHaJIeH 1a (t) C KO3("HUHeHTOM nponopLHOHaJIbHOCTH K.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
7. VaCTOTH a MeroO npedcraeaeHUR TUn066IX HeauxeaaFocrea 247
A,JIA 3HagoHNf1 to > IL BbIXOA 6yaeT I1OCTOHHHb!M H paBHbIM OS
(3Ha4eHHe Oa (t) npH HacbIHyeHHH), AJIH 3HageHHf1 to < - IL
BbiXOA Tai me 6yAeT nOCTOHHHbIM H paBHbJM- Os. YroJi a,
IiPH KOTOPO? Oa (t) nepeCTaeT 6bITb npOHOpItHOHaJIbHbHM to (t),
paBeH
a = arc sin IL
I
M
(3)
3aMeTHM,I 4TO AM 9JIeKTpOHHoro yCNAHTeAH (popMa KpHBbix
Ha (4Hr. 2 H3Ha4eHHe a B HHTepecyioulef1 Hac o6JIaCTH 4aCTOT
LixoD,ia(t)=IM Sint
6uixoD, Oa (t)
(P H r. 2. BbixoA Oa (t) sneMeHTa C Ha-
CbiateHHeM KaK 4)y,'iKLIHH BpeMeHH AJIA
BXOAHOrO cHrHaaa la (t) = IM sin t, rAe
Int > IL (IL - npeAeabxoe 3HageHHe
Bxoua).
a=arc sin (ILIJM).
He 3aBHCHT IT 4aCTOTbI CHHyCOHAaJibHOrO BXOAHOro CHrHaAa.
RAH TaKHX C IHyCOHAaJIbHbIX BXOAOB OCHOBHas rapMOHHKa BbI-
xoAa Oal HaxbAHTCH B q)a3e c OCHOBHOf1 rapMOHHKOf1 BXOAa IM
H OTHOweHHe Me)KAy HHMH HBAHeTCH BeANgHHOf1, 3aBucBu(eft
OT a. TaKHM o6paaoM,
(4)
rAe G' (a) - dnHcblBaio[uas (lYHKE(NH yCHANTe.H C HacbnLUeHHeM.
LIOCKOAbKy aH IL/IM CBH3aHbl paBeHCTBOM (3), TO 04eBH)XHO,
4TO OTHOweHHe 0a1IIM H3 ypaBHeHHH (4) TBKB(e MO)KHO Bbipa.
3BTb 4epea IL',/IN, a He 4epe3 a.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
248
Hactauueaue .acomeuma deu2ameAu
IBnellle HacbnueHHSl MOMeHTa ABHraTenB B CHCTeMe perynFl-
FOBaHHl CKOpOCTH ABHraTenA nOCTOBHHOrO TOKa, H3o6pa-
)KeHHOl Ha 4 Hr. 3, MO)KeT OKa3aTb He)KenaTeJlbHOe BJIHHHne
Ynpaeanlouyua
gcunumcA6
4) H r. 3. CxeMa pcrynHpOBaHHH reuepaTOp - ABIlrareJlb
C HacbmteFHeM ABHraTeJIB HO MOMCHTY.
Ha pa60Ty CHCTeMbI. BcneACTBNe 3(p(!IeKTOB pa3MarHwlHBaHNfl,
Bbl3blBaeMblX HenoJIHOfi KOMneHCauuef 06MOTOK N MarHHTHblM
HacbnueHneM, MOMe1IT ABHraTenfl, BBnfllON1,NfC$1 (~yHKIjHefl TOKa
51KOp51, MO)KeT HMeTb NAeanH3HpOBBHHylO XapaKTepHCTHKY Hacbl-
Momenm dauzameAA LueHNfl, fOKa3aHHyIO Ha Or. 4,
rAe Ts - 311a'leHHe MOMeHTa
TS npN HacumenuN. Ha ( Nr. 5
npllBeae1Ibl rpa(pHKN TOKa S:KOpfl
_' N COOTBeTCTByIOl1(erO MoMenTa
L
(L Tort nnopsi A.BNfaTenfl KflK (~1y11K1(NN Bpe-
Menu npN CHHycoI1AaJlbnOM H3-
MeneHHII TOKa HKOpa C AOCTa-
-TS TO'HO 60AbW10ft aMNJINTyAOll,
npH KOTOpOR IIMeeT McCTO Ha-
4) H r. 4. I41 eaJlH3I4pOBaHHa- cbnueHHe MOMeHTa. OCHOBHafl
xapaKTepHCTHKa HaCbhEueHNH MO- rapmoHNKa MOMeHTa HaXOAHTCfl
McHTa ABHraTeJIA B 3aBHCHMOCTn B 4,a3e C TOKOM flKOpfl H HMeeT
(IyHKIjIe1 MaKCNManbHOrO TOKa HKOpfl IM. TaKHM o6pa30M,
OCHOBHyIO rapMOHHKy MOMeHTa RBHraTenfl MON(HO Bblpa3HTb
(lopMy.OR
MomenT = K TI,
(5)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/06/16: CIA-RDP80T00246AO45100330001-4
rAe K T- K09 4)HIIHeHT 9("eKTHBH01'O MOMeHTa, npHHNMalo-
LKHI1 cJleaylow a 3HageHHA:
K =KT 1PH -IL