MANUALS AND DOCUMENTS ON THE CZECH PRODUCED BK3 AND BK5 UNIVERSAL GRINDERS (SANITIZED)

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 78
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: April 29, 2010
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: January 15, 1958
• Content Type: REPORT

r Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
~1~~t1?~RZ~l~t1l/qP
CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
* 9
This material contains information affecting . the Natidpal Defense of the United States within the of the. Espir
18, U.S.C. Sep. 793 and 794, the transmission or revelation of which in any manner to an oft orul~d person is
SUBJECT Manuals and Documents on the Czech
Produced BK'~ and BK5 Thiiv trsa.l C,ri nders
NO. PAGES
REQUIREMENT
NO. RD
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE
ACQUIRED
s
4,
~vVLut:iiCii e.r,
15 January 1958
of BK3 and BK5 universal grinders produced in
STATE ARMY
NAVY AIR
(Note: Washington distribution indicated by "X"; Field distribution by
FBI
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25X1
 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
OPERATOR'S HANDBOOK
Model ........
........................................
Serial No. of Machine
- ............_..---
Manufacturer
.............................
This O p e r a t o is Handbook is to be passed first of all to the Operator
who will be entrusted with the attendance of the machine. If filed, it cannot,
of course, meet its purpose. That is why we are sending two copies of it with
each machine, of which one for the Operator, the other for your file.
As we are constantly improving our products, description, illustrations and
other data contained in this handbook may differ from the latest execution
of the machine and are not binding in details.
When ordering spare parts, kindly state serial number of the machine which
is stamped to the right at the face of bottom table.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
1. SPECIFICATIONS AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION
a) Specifications.
b) General Description.
c) Transport.
d) Erection.
II. OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS:
a) Care of Machine.
b) Lubrication.
c) Putting the Machine into Service.
d) Controls.
e) Work Headstock.
f) Compensation for Play in Wheel Spindle Bearings.
g) Setting of Plunge Cut Feed.
h) Hydraulic Control.
i) Electric Equipment.
III. ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS, MOTORS, BELTS:
a) List of Anti-Friction Bearings.
b) List of Electric Motors.
c) List of Belts.
IV. LIST OF LUBRICATING POINTS AND LUBRICANTS
RECOMMENDED.
Fig. 1. Dimensional Drawing.
2. Foundation Drawing.
3. Oiling Diagram.
4. Controls on the Machine.
5. Work Headstock - Spindle Alignment. Grinding in Chuck.
0. Work Headstock - Grinding between Dead Centres.
7. Quick Chucking.
8, 9. Wheel Spindle Alignment.
10, 11, 12. Feed Setting for Plunge Cut Grinding.
13. Hydraulic Control Lay-Out.
14. Wiring Diagram.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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Fig. I.
BK31500- f8f3 , 8KJ/ 750 - ?{00
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430
360
730
Fig. Ia.
BNS1750 -2400, 8K5/1000-2550, BK51 1500- 3385
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
Specifications of:Model BK 3
500
750
Distance between centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20"
30"
Maximum swing of work . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10"
10"
Standard wheel dimensions (diameterxwidth/hole) . . . . .
13314"X23/6"X5"
133/4"X23/R"X5'
Minimum diameter of wheel after wear . . . . . . . .
Clamping capacity of rests . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23/4
2,;'{
Taper in work spindle Morse No. . . . . . . . . . . .
4
4
Taper in tailstock spindle Morse No. . . . . . . . . . .
3
3
Diameter of chuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51/,
5'2
Diameter of internal grinding spindle . . . . . . . .
23/4
23/4
Work headstock swivels by
90?
900
Wheelhead swivels by . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300
300
Table swivels by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GO
60
Longitudinal travel of table . . . . . . . . . . . .
25'
351/"
Minimum movement of table, longitudinally . . . . . . .
/q"
Coarse feed of table per I rev. of handwheel . . . . . .
1"
1"
Fine feed of table per 1 rev. of micrometric screw . . .
0.02"
0,02"
Cross travel of wheelhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3'/2"
31/"
Quick withdrawal or approach of wheelhead . . . . . . .
13/
Wheelhead adjustable on wheel slide . . . . . . . . . .
4"
4"
RPM of grinding wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1850
1850
Speeds of work (infinitely variable) . . . . . . . . . . .
50 - 750
50 - 750
Table traverse per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4"- 315"
1."- 315"
Independent feed of wheelhead at reversal . . . . . . . .
.0002"- .0011"
.0002"- .0011"
Independent plunge cut feed of wheelhead . . . . . . . .
.002-04,
.002 - .04
Capacity of oil tank for hydraulic system . . . . . . . . .
11 galls.
11 galls.
RPM of workhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . .
100-2800
100-2800
RPM of wheelhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11,20
14.20
RPM of motor for internal grinding attacht . . . . .
2800
2800
RPM of hydraulic system motor . . . . . . . . . . . .
690
690
RPM of coolant pump motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2800
2800
Output of workhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
( l e v , J
0 'D1$
Output of wheelhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
2.4
Output of motor for the drive of internal grinding spindle .
,Y 014T
X 45$
Output of hydraulic system motor . . . . . . . . .
1.5
1.5
Output of coolant pump motor . . . . . . . . . .
0'2 5
0.2 0'
Floor space required (length x width) . . . . . . . .
8'16"X5'
10'10"X5'
Weight of machine with stand. equipment . . . . . . . .
4929 Ibs.
5070 lbs
Standard. Equipment
1 centre Morse No. 3. 1 centre Morse No. 4. 1 gri nding wheel with balancing flange. 1 device for dis-
mounting flange. 1 open rest. 1 closed rest. 1 diamond holder without diamond. 3 guards. 1 balancing
mandrel. 1 set of wrenches. 1 grease gun.
Optional Equipment
(supplied only on special order.)
Swinging-out internal grinding attachment. Internal grinding spindle and extensions. Three-jaw chuck
with flange. Quick-acting collet chuck including cooling attachment. Collets for quick clamping any
required work diameter from 6 to 20 mom (abt. 1/4"- 3/4").
Balancing flange for external grinding wheel. Grinding wheel. Balancing flange for internal grin-
ding wheel. Stand for balancing grinding wheels. Truing attachment. Micrometric stop. Spot light for
A. C. 220 Volts.
Elektro kgnetio ohuok,dia.200 mm, with rectifier-power supply
220 Volts - 50 per.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
Specifications of Model BK 5
750
1000 T
1500
Distance between centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30"
401,
60"
Maximum swing of work . . . . . . . . . . . . .
121/2"
112 '/2 "
12'/2"
Standard wheel dimensions (diameterxwidth/hole) . . . . .
20"X3X"8"
20"X3?X8"
20-X3-X8-
Minimum diameter of wheel after wear . . . . . . . .
121/2
21/2'
121 i2'
Clamping capacity of rests . . . . . . . . . . . .
4-
4-
4"
Taper in work spindle Morse No. . . . . . . . . . .
4
4
4
Taper in tailstock :spin d le Morse No. . . . . . . . .
3
3
3
Diameter of chuck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
51/2'
51/2'
51/2"
Diameter of internal grinding spindle . . . , . . . .
23/4"
23/4"
2"/4"
Work headstock swivels by . . . . . . . . . . . . .
90?
90?
90"
Wheelhead swivels by . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
30?'
300
30?
Table swivels by '.
6?
60
60
Longitudinal travel of table . . . . . . . . , . . .
32"
46"
6fi"
Minimum movement of table, longitudinally . . . . . . .
1/y"
Coarse feed of table per 1 rev. of handwheel . . . . . .
1"
i-
Fine feed of table per 1 rev. of micrometric screw . . .
0.02"
.02'
.02'
Cross travel of wheelhead . . . . . . . . . . . .
51/2
51/.,"
51/2'
Quick withdrawal or approach of wheelhead . . . . .
1-1/4
13/4'
13/4"
Wheelhead adjustable on wheel slide . . . . . . . .
5,/2"
51/a'
51/2?
RPM of grinding wheel . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1150
1150
1150
Speeds of work (infinitely variable) . . . . . . . . .
1 20, 30, 60, 95 150,
1 240, 380, 600
1 20, 30, 60, 95, 150,
240, 380, 600
120, 30, 60, 95, 150,
1 240, 380, 600
Table traverse per minute . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4" to 236"
4' to 236'
4' to 236'
Independent feed of wheel'head at reversal . . . . . .
.0002' - .0011"
.0002' - .0011'
.0002 - .0011
Independent plunge cut feed of wheelhead . . . . . .
.002 - .04
.002' - .04
.002 - .04
Capacity of oil tank for hydraulic system . . . . . . .
18 galls
18 galls
18 galls
RPM of workhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . .
1420
1420
2
1420
RPM of wheelhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1420
0
14
1420
RPM of motor for internal grinding attach( . . . . ,
2800
2800
2800
RPM of hydraulic system motor . . . . . . . . . .
690
690
690
RPM of coolant pump motor . . . . . . . . . . .
2800
2800
2800
Output of workhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . .
0.36
0.36
0.36
Output of wheelhead motor . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2
4.2
4.2
Output of motor for the drive of internal grinding spindle
1.4
1.4
1.4
Output of hydraulic system motor . . . . . . . . .
1.5
1.5
1.5
Output of coolant pump motor . . . . . . . . . .
0.20
0.2 W
0.5
Floor space required (length x width) . . . . . . . .
10'2"X6'10"
11'9-X6'10"
179'X6.10"
Weight of machine with stand. equipment . . . . . .
7165 lbs
7605 lbs
8487 lbs
Standard Equipment
1 centre Morse No. 3. 1 centre Morse No. 4. 1 grinding wheel with balancing flange. 1 device for dis-
mounting flange. 1 open rest. 1 closed rest. 1 diamond holder without diamond. 3 guards. I balancing
mandrel. 1 set of wrenches. 1 grease gun.
Optional Equipment
(supplied only on special order.)
Swinging-out internal grinding attachment. Internal grinding spindle and extensions. Three-jaw chuck
with flange. Quick,acting collet chuck including cooling att:aclTiilent. Collets for quick clamping any
required work diameter from 6 to 20 nun (abt. 1/ "- 3/4") -
Balancing flange for external grinding wheel. Grinding wheel. Balancing flange for internal grin-
ding wheel. Stand for balancing grinding wheels.Truing attachment. Micrometric stop. Spot,light for
A. C. 220 Volts.
81.ktromagn.tio ohuak,dia.200 mm, with rectifier-power supply
220 Volts -_50 per.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czec'hoslovakia)
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
b) GENERAL DESCRIPTION.
Fig. 3-4, 3a-4a.
This machine has been designed for precision grinding of cylindrical and
conical work up to max. length (20", 30"), 30", 40", 60", respectively, and is
especially suitable for continuous production. It is built to the Accuracy Limits
valid for Precision Machine Tools* Control by push-buttons is
located on control panel.
The machine allows for grinding between centres or in chuck and is as
well suitable for internal grinding after mounting a special attachment on
work headstock.
The internal grinding attachment may be swung out so that it does not
hinder at cylindrical grinding and, on the other hand, by simply swinging it
down the machine is instantly ready for internal grinding.
Machine bed 4 is of rigid proportions and amply reinforced by ribbing.
The table slideways are efficiently protected against grit and dust and are
automatically lubricated by oiling rollers. The interior of bed serves for oil
tank of the hydraulic system.
Table is of double design. Top table 67 is capable of being swivelled to
a scale provided on bottom table 66 by means of screw 98. An accurately
machined upper guide way guarantees for a perfect alignment of work head-
'lock with tailstock even after a long service. A T-slot is provided at the face
of bottom table in which there are located adjustable stops 73 for limiting
table travel'.
Wheel slide 608 is traversed along in its guide ways which are
arranged to swivel on bed. The guide ways of wheel slide are wide and auto-
matically oiled from a self-contained oil tank. Transmission of power for the
wheel slide traverse is over screw spindle and screw wheel 692. Backlash is
hydraulically eliminated by means of regulation piston 687. Wheel slide 608
together with its guide ways 607 may be swivelled on bed up to 60?.
Wheel slide can be quickly approached to and returned from work. The
new approach of wheel slide to work is accurate within .000 04". This
considerably reduces the working time and allows the operator to measure,
load and unload with safety.
Automatic withdrawal of grinding wheel by the amount of stock to he
removed at quick run-back prevents the grinding wheel from knocking against
work at the new quick approach.
Wheel headstock 797 is adjustable on its slide (by means of gearing 853)*
and is locked in position by two bolts 833. Wheel spindle 863 is of Nitralloy
Steel, ground and lapped and is running in adjustable plain bearings 820
which are automatically lubricated with oil delivered to them by pump 798
located inside the wheelhead. The supply of oil to wheel spindle bearings may
be observed in gauge 922. Wheel flange is fitted with a slot to take up balanc-
ing insertions 811.
Grinding wheel is protected by guard 814, which may be dislocated
towards wheel according to its wear. Wheel is easily accessible.
Motor 1653 for wheel spindle drive is of standard, bracket design.
V-belts may be tensioned, if necessary, by dislocating motor which is done by
means of screw 946, without tensioning rollers. Motor together with belt
drive are located under cover 809.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
Work headstock 998 is used both for external and internal grinding.
It may be swivelled on its baseplate to a scale up to 60?. Its zero position is
being secured by locking pin 1091. Work spindle of Nitralloy steel is mounted
in plain bearings 1020, 1021 and may be firmly locked, when grinding
between dead centres, by means of bolt 1047.
On model BK 3 the drive is by regulation motor 1652. There is no
gearing applied in workhead which contributes to the working accuracy.
The transmission of power from motor to work spindle is by V-belts which
may be tensioned by hand nut 1072 without it being necessary to apply any
tool. The speed of motor is infinitely varied thus allowing for the use of the
most suitable speed for the diameter of work machined. Transformer 1678 to
motor 1652 is housed in the machine bed 4. Hand wheel for setting the re-
quired speed of motor 1652 is fitted directly on the latter. The work is set into
rotation or immobilized by lever 1011 which operates the motor clutch. Lever
1011 is located at the workhead 998'.*) (Fig 5)
On model BK 5 the drive to work spindle is from flange motor 1652 over
gear box. Handwheel 1010 gives a selection of eight speeds of work spindle
1025. RPM of spindle are visible in an opening provided. Work piece is set into
rotation or stopped by lever 1095 located on workhead 998. The same lever
actuates also the brake so that work piece is stopped instantaneously.
An oil pump provides for automatic lubrication of workhead. Oil flow
may be observed in gauge 1180.**)
Tailstock spindle 1235 is ejected and pulled in by lever 1247. Tailstock
spindle together with centre 1270 are being pressed against the work by a
spring the tension of which is adjustable by screw 1251. Tailstock spindle may
be secured in any position by depressing lever 1247 and after releasing the
latter the tailstock spindle wll be ejected by the spring.
Centrifugal coolant pump with self-contained motor is located together
with coolant tank apart of machine for the sake of easy cleaning.
Swing arm 1835 of internal grinding attachment, supplied only to special
order, is mounted on wheelhead 797. In a simple fashion it is brought into
working position in which it is secured by lever 1852. The drive to internal
grinding spindle is from special self-contained motor.
Micrometric diamond holder 1,536 is mounted on the tailstock or hing-
ed on the holder which is fixed in the slot of top table 67.
Pressure pump 1308 providing pressure oil accepts its drive directly from
self-contained flange motor 1654. The three-way pump supplies pressure oil
for the drive of table traverse, independent wheel feed and eliminating backlash
in wheel slide gearing. The individual pressures may be adjusted by means of
valves 1340. An ample oil tank is housed in the machine stand 4. By this
arrangement pressure oil is conveniently cooled.
Table traverse is either hydraulic or by hand. Power feed is put on or
off by lever 269 which simultaneously engages or disengages handfeed. This
is carried out by pressure oil. Handfeed is either normal by handwheel 179 or
fine over screw transmission for facing. Power feed is infinitely variable from
4" to 19`8" per minute. Table may dwell for any period in the left or right
reversing point, or in both of them.
*) for model BK 3 only.
*) for model BK 5 only.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
Feed in cut is either by handwheel 174 or automatically. Besides, when
setting the machine or at finish grinding, wheel may be fed by .0002" by a
special push-button 298.
Automatic feed of wheel proceeds either at reversal, i. e. depending on
table traverse, or independently on it in plunge cut grinding.
Feed at reversal may proceed either in the left or in the right reversing
point or in both of them. Independent feed is possible both at table traverse
or when table stopped.
At any kind of automatic feed of wheel, i. e. at reversal or independent on
table traverse, the feed rate may be set from .0002" to .0008".
Speed of independent feed may be set from .002" to .04" per minute.
Hydraulic control is centralised on panel 173. All hydraulic operated
motions are infinitely variable and smooth. When grinding individual work
pieces the operation of the machine may be performed either separately for
each group or by a single lever i. e. after withdrawal of wheel the traverse
of table and workhead as well as coolant supply will be put off.
At large batch production the single lever operation is extended also on
approach of wheel by the amount of stock to be removed.
Electric equipment consists of:
1 electric motor (, W*) 4,2 kW for the drive of wheel spindle,
I electric motor , kW*) 0,36 kW for the drive of work spindle,
1 electric motor 1,5 kW for the drive of pressure pump,
1 electric motor W for the drive of coolant pump.
To special o der may be supplied:
1 electric motor (lkW*) 1,4 kW for the drive of internal grinding spindle.
All electric motors are fitted with remote push?,i?utton control in connection
with air contanctors. Motors are secured against overload by protecting relay
and warm release. protected against short-circuit by fuses.
Unless not otherwise desired, machine will be supplied with electric
equipment for A. C. 380 V, 50 cycles,
c) TRANSPORT OF THE MACHINE.
The machine is despatched in protecting packing, all live parts being
secured.
Size of packing according to distance between centress: (6'7" x 5'3" x b'1",
8' x 5'3" x 6'1"*), 9' x 6'3" x 6'S", 10'8" x 6'3" x 0'S",
13'7" x 6'3" x 6'5".
Weight of machine packed according to distance between centres:
(5.304 lbs, 5.965 lbs*), 8.046 lbs, 8.598 lbs, 9.920 lbs.
Net weight of machine according to distance between centres:
(4.629 lbs, 5.070 lbs*), 7.165 lbs, 7.605 tbs, 8.487 lbs.
Immediately after its arrival check machine and accessory according to
packing sheet enclosed. Make sure machine has not been damaged during
transport. Advise us of damages or lack of accessory without delay.
Provision is made for easy hanging the machine on crane.
*) for model BK 3 only.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
d) ERECTION.
Fig. 2-2a.
Generally, the machine is erected directly on the floor without it being
necessary to apply foundation bolts and then grouted with thin cement mortar.
Only if the floor could not dependably bear the weight of the machine,
provide foundation of bricks or concrete. Dimensions of it are given in
fig. 2-2a.
Machine is leveled in putting level (sensibility 0,03 to 0,05 mm on 1 m
which equals to .0004" on 1 ft) on bed ways. Use steel wedges (1:20) to bring
the machine into level. After the machine is level grout its bed with a thin
layer of concrete checking all the time the machine level and allow concrete
to turn thoroughly solid.
(Previous to leveling the machine traverse the table by hand to its middle
position and remove nut 558 of piston rod 539. Then traverse the table by
about 4" to the right to throw the piston rod 539 out of its guiding lug on
table 66. Now lift the table and push wooden blocks under it to prevent its
slide ways from being damaged.*)
When leveling the machine lift cloth cover 126 together with gib 91
protecting guide ways on bed. Then traverse table to either of its extreme end
positions to gain enough place for the level.
After solidification of the concrete foundation connect machine on service
I lines The rains are connected to switchboard in el.otria
I distributor.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY STRAKONICE
National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
Fig. 2.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
flu
G(n
on
BROJOVKA
Vw
0
STRAKONIC
r
8k51 750'- 2,00, BKS 111000 - 3200, EKS / y500 -41100
Fig. 2a.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
a) CARE OF MACHINE.
Provide all lubricating points on machine with respective lubricant.
Renew oil in wheel headstock after first month of service, i. e. after some 500
hours of work, later on each sixmonth. Clean tank at each oil renewal.
Pump out pressure oil each sixmonth and have it filtered. Clean tank and
refill it with oil. Tighten all threaded connections on piping after first two
months of service, later on each sixmonth. Loose connections allow air to get
in piping of cylinder which causes faulty working cycle.
In general, keep the whole machine as clean as possible. At least twice
a week clean table and put some grease under it as well as under wheel
headstock and tailstock to avoid corrosion of machined surfaces which are
exposed to coolant. At interrupted service of the machine clean and grease
table before each pause.
Avoid putting of wrenches and other objects on table. A shock may injur
its working surface and, consequently, affect the accuracy of the whole
machine.
Use duster for cleaning the machine, avoid applying of compressed air
or cleaning wool for this purpose.
Before starting the machine make yourself well acquainted with all its
controls. From the first moment care for ample lubrication.
The accuracy of each machine is carefully being tested before despatch
from our works. An Inspection Sheet covering all data of the test performed
is despatched with each machine.
b) LUBRICATION.
For lubrication of table and wheel slide guides, wheel and work spindles
and tailstock spindle use lubricant as per List of lubricants recommended,
page 43.
Check oil in oil pockets of the slide ways on bed each month, oil in tanks
of wheel slide, wheelhead and work headstock once a week and, if necessary,
complete the filling. (Oil work spindle each 8 hours, provided that grinding
between dead centres is not performed.*) Oil the tailstock spindle after each
8 working hours.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
c) PUTTING THE MACHINE INTO SERVICE.
Fig. 3-4, 3a-4a.
Before starting clean properly the whole machine, especially all slide
ways from anti-corrosion paint. Pour oil for hydraulic system into bed 4.
Tank holds about 85 liters = 183/4 galls. (50 liters = 11 galls'). Machine is
supplied without oill. Maximum and minimum oil level gives oil gauge 13 at
the front side of bed. Keep oil level always between the two marks.
Pour some 4 liters = 1 gal. (2,5 1 = '/2 gal.') of oil into wheel headstock.
Keep oil level between the two marks on bar of screw plug 838.
Pour about 0,3 liter = 20 cub. in. of oil into tank 609 of wheel slide for
lubrication of slide ways of wheel slide 608. Keep oil level in the middle of
gauge 725 located on tank at the rear side of wheel slide.
Oil the work spindle bearings.')
Pour .some 1,5 1 = '/3 gall. oil for lubrication of work spindle bearings
into workhead housing 998.
Oil level is to be kept about in the middle of oil gauge 1179 located to the
left at the workhead.
Oil the tailstock spindle.
Traverse wheel head 797 on wheel slide backward.
Stop oil supply into cylinder 525 of hydraulic drive to table 66 by means
of regulating wheel 224. Set wheel 225 which operates automatic feed of wheel
in cut to "off" position. This will put off the power feed and automatically
engage the handfeed. Lever 639 put to "return" position.
Start pressure pump motor.
By handwheel 174 traverse wheel slide 608 to extreme rear position and
then back it in the same way to the other end position. Repeat this several
times.
Make sure machine is correctly connected on main service line.
Electric motor 1654 for the drive of pressure pump 1308 has to run in the
direction of arrow provided on same. Set control lever 269 to "on" position
and traverse table by means of handwheel 224, in the beginning slowly, later
on faster.
Movement of table 66 must be smooth, without vibrations. Vibrations of
the table indicate presence of air in cylinder 525 from which it is to be driven
out. This is done in following way: Traverse wheel slide 608 with wheel
head 797 to its rear end position. Traverse table by hand from one extreme
end position into the other. Make sure the grinding wheel will not knock at
this against work headstock or tailstock. Stops 73 for limiting table travel put
off in depressing their upper end previous to knocking of the respective dog
against trip lever 195 so that table may move on to one of its extreme end
positions. In this way air is driven out when putting a new machine into
service. Later on at an interruption of work this defect will be done away by
simply traversing the table from one reversing point into the other one within
a short way in applying power feed.
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Fig. 3.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
Fig. 4
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
Fig. 3a.
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 A
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4QQQ'~ Q~
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 UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5 27
After traversing the table by hand to its end positions put on power
feed and allow table to traverse several times from one end position to the
other. Table speed, especially in end position, must not be too high to prevent
damaging of cylinder 525 or piston rod 539 by heavy shocks. Change direction
of table motion in its end positions by means of hand lever 195.
After making sure table motion is smooth, check power feed of wheel
head in cut in reversing points and also independently on table motion.
Stop table travel by setting control lever 269 to "off" position. Check
power feed of wheel slide in both directions by lever 639. In cylindrical
grinding traverse slide 608 forwards. If, at grinding a work of larger diameter,
slide will be backed up from work by hand, care is to be taken that the way
for its rapid approach will be at least 40 mm (13/4"). If the wheel slide has
been rapidly run back it must not be aproached by handwheel 174.
Rotate grinding wheel several times by hand. Start motor for wheel
spindle drive and observe oil gauge 922. Should no oil appear within a few
seconds stop motor and remove defect in oil flow.
If the lubrication of wheel spindle works well, firstly rough true the
wheel, then balance it together with its flange and finish truing. If the wheel
spindle is now running true without vibrations, it is sufficiently balanced. If it
is not the case, repeat truing and balancing until spindle runs perfectly true,
without any vibrations.
(By means of handwheel on regulation motor 1652, (Fig. 3), set lowest
speed of the work spindle driving motor and start this motor.*)
Set by handwheel 1010, (fig. 3a), lowest motor speed for work spindle
drive, start the motor and observe lubrication in gauge 1180 (fig. 3a). Work
spindle speeds are set always after disengaging the clutch by clutch lever
1095. (Fig. 3a.)
Fill coolant tank and start coolant pump motor.
If there are no more defects and the machine runs without vibrations, it
may be put into service.
In swivelling top table 67 for grinding tapers, loosen bolts 141 at both
table ends and by turning screw 98 set table according to the scale to the re-
quired angle and secure it by tightening bolts 141.
Let the machine run loose, hydraulic drive being put on, for about 2-3
hours and observe the function of the individual machine parts.
At each setting-up of the machine the pressure pump has to run.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
d) CONTROLS.
See fig. 3-4, 3a-4a.
73. Adjustable stop for limiting table travel.
98. Screw for swivelling the table.
141. Bolts for locking the table in position:
174. Hand wheel operating approach of wheel.
179. Hand wheel operating table traverse.
181. Hand wheel for setting fine table feed.
195. Table motion reversing lever.
214. Hand wheel for setting the speed of independent feed in cut.
221. Dead stop (to be pulled out when grinding against dead stop).
224. Hand wheel for setting the speed of hydraulic table feed.
225. Hand wheel for setting power feed in cut.
226. Lever for lifting the ratchet.
236. Lever to engage single-lever-operation.
241. Handwheel operating automatic run-back of wheel.
243. Hand wheel for stopping the table in reversing points.
269. Table motion control lever.
293. Screw for setting rate of feed in cut.
298. Push-button for fine adjustment of wheel by hand.
303. Hand wheel operating fine feed of table.
558. Nut of piston rod.
639. Lever actuating automatic withdrawal and approach of wheel slide.
645. Plug covering supply opening of oil tank in wheel slide.
725. Oil gauge indicating oil level in wheel slide oil tank.
833. Nut of wheelhead locking bolt.
838. Plug covering supply opening of oil tank in wheel head, connected with
bar which indicates oil stand.
853. Screw for adjustment of wheel head on slide.**)
916. Tap for stopping coolant supply.
922. Oil gauge (showing wheel spindle lubrication).
946. Screw for tensioning belts transmitting power to wheel spindle.
1010. Hand wheel for setting RPM. of work.**)
1011. Lever operating work spindle clutch.*)
1061. Nut of locking bolt to work headstock.
1072. Nut for tensioning belts of work spindle drive.*)
1091'. Locking pin for securing workhead in zero position.
1095. Workhead clutch lever.**)
1179. Oil gauge showing oil stand in workhead.**)
*) for model BK 3 only.
**) for model BK 5 only.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
1180. Oil gauge showing lubrication of work spindle bearings. * * I
1244. Nut of locking bolt to tailstock.
1245. Screw for securing tailstock spindle.
1247. Lever actuating tailstock spindle.
1251. Screw for adjusting the tension of tailstock spindle spring.
1589. Switch box cover (at the rear side of machine bed.**)
1590. Push-button panel (operation of motors for the drive of wheel and
work spindles as well as pressure and coolant pumps).
1652. Handwheel for setting the speed of workhead motor.*)
1673. Main switch.
1674. Switch to spot light.
1702. Socket for coolant pump (to the left at the rear side of the machine).
1703. Socket for spot light (next to the socket for internal grinding).
1707. Terminal board.
1955. Dog to micrometric stop.
*) for model BK 3 only.
**) for model BK 5 only.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
e) WORK HEADSTOCK.
1. Spindle Alignment, fig. 5 BK3, fig. 5a BK5.
Work spindle with driving motor 1652 are mounted in workhead casing
998. (Power is transmitted from motor shaft over cone clutch 1100 on driving
pulley and therefrom by V-belts 1168 on pulley 1004 mounted in ball bear-
ings 1175 on hub 1080 of work spindle 1025, fig. 5.)*)
The driving power is transmitted from motor shaft over gear box to the
driving pulley 1004 mounted in ball bearings on work spindle, (fig!. 5a.).**)
Bearings 1020, 1021 of work spindle 1025 are properly adjusted at our
work. Should the front bearing 1020 after some time call for compensation
for play, nut 1104 under the cover 1001 is provided for this purpose. Nut
1104 has R. H. thread and after re-alignment of spindle it is to be secured
by the locking nut. In compensating for play in front bearing 1020 the face
of nut 1105 on model BK 3 must not contact face of distance ring.
Belts for spindle drive are tensioned by nut 1072, (fig. 3.). Belts are ad-
equately tensioned at the factory. If, after a longer service, belts call for
tensioning, proceed in the following way:
Loosen bolts of cover 1000 and remove same. Loosen securing nut of the
screw of the tensioning roller feed rod and tension the belts by means of
nut 1072. Tighten the securing nut. Tensioning of belts requires care because
excessively tensioned belts are like to be damaged. (Fig. 5.) *)
Belts for spindle drive on model BK 5 are tensioned by tensioning roller
after removing the cover 1000, (Fig. 5a.)**)
1104 1171 ~~ ~~
o ~~) ?0 1011 1102 ~ ( 11( 4 1100
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
2. Grinding in Chuck, fig. 5, 5a.
In grinding in jaw-chuck or in collet-chuck arrange work headstock as
shown in fig. 5, 5a. Loosen spindle by nut 1105 so that it will rotate freely
in its bearings. A chart fixed at workhead indicates the direction of turning
of screw 1047 for loosening the spindle.
Connect firmly flange 1081 with hub 1080 by means of bolt 1094. Bolt
1094 is to be put on the place of bolt 1059, (see fig. 6.). With the aid of tube
1057 inserted into the spindle replace centre 1159 (fig. 6.) by flange 1082
which is carrying chuck 1163.
After this provision done spindle rotates in bearings, pulley 1004 being
firmly connected with spindle 1025. This procedure is applied in grinding
holes or in grinding short cylindrical work of a small diameter, which is held
in chuck.
To special order quick-acting chuck may be supplied for grinding large
batches which considerably reduces the time necessary for chucking.
Fig. 5a.
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3. Grinding between Dead Centres, fig. 5, 5a and 6.
When grinding cylindrical work between dead centres arrange work
spindle as shown in fig. 6. Mount driver 1015 on flange 1081 by means of
bolt 1059. Mount centre 1159 in spindle by means of tube 1057. Spindle 1025
is to be secured by tightening nut 1105 on distance ring by means of screw
1047. In grinding only the pulley 1004 rotates being firmly connected with
flange 1081 carrying driver 1015.
Fig. 6.
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
6 r ~i~- -~ ~ ~-. ~- ~ ~~~ ~ ~
a
Fig. 7.
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01,
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
4. Quick Chucking, fig. 7.
For chucking work in collet 1918 use insertion 1905 which is to be put
into the taper of spindle 1025. The insertion is extracted from spindle by
nut 1911. The collet is clamped by tube 1914 leaning at the other end against
spring 1919 the pressure of which holds work in collet 1918. For releasing
the collet to dismount the work use lever 1912 with pinion 1913 mounted in
holder 1904. Pinion mates with the toothing provided on sleeve 1515 resting
with ball bearing against the collar of tube 19141. By setting lever 1912 to
the right collet 1918 is released and work may be taken out. After inserting
new work piece release lever 1912 and work will be automatically gripped
by spring pressure.
Coolant is delivered through piping 1936.
I) WHEEL SPINDLE ALIGNMENT.
Fig. 8, 9.
Bearings 820 are accurately set at our works. Should it become neces-
sary, after a longer service, to compensate for play, proceed as follows:
Dismount wheel 923 with flange and pulley 840 by means of dismounting
device 1773, fig. 9. Nuts 844, 845 have L. H. thread, nuts 855, 857 858 and
859 have R. H. thread. Remove nut 855, remove bolts fixing the cover with
axial bearings 919. Set axial play by nut 855. Clean cover 804, paint the cont-
act area with packing compound and mount it on wheelhead body 797. Mount
wheel and pulley.
g) PLUNGE CUT FEED SETTING.
Fig. 10, 11, 12.
Adjust the stop on index collar 334 of handwheel 174 so that at knocking
of same against dead stop 221 the stationary zero mark will coincide with
the zero mark on index collar as shown in fig. 12.
Index collar allows to be quickly turned by a greater number of divisions
after having pulled by handwheel 322 the geared shaft 314 out of mesh with
the inner toothing provided on index collar 334. If in mesh with shaft 314
index collar may be turned by a few divisions, only.
Let work diameter be by 0,05 mm greater than required, then turn index
collar as shown in fig. 13. By turning the handwheel clockwise till the stop
will knock against dead stop 221, grinding wheel will be fed in cut and work
diameter reduced by 0,05 mm. Position of index collar after knocking of the
stop against the dead stop is shown in fig. 12.
After the first setting accuracy attained on work pieces next in operation
in plunge cut grinding against dead stop is within .0002" to .0004".
If power feed put off, lever 226, fig. 3, 3a has to point upwards. Should
it be necessary to turn handwheel 174 anti-clockwise at automatic plunge
cut grinding, lever 226 must be previously placed to point upwards.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
CZECH ARMS FACTORY 'STRAKONICE
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
Fig. 10.
j i
195 Q 5
Fig. It.
11111111111 Jill 1~
n5*7
Fig. 12.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
h) HYDRAULIC CONTROL.
Fig. 13.
Pressure oil circuit is shown in fig. 13.
Oil is sucked from tank N by three pumps:
P 1 for table traverse,
P 2 for independent approach and rapid run-back of wheel,
P 3 for the cylinder for eliminating backlash in wheel slide gearing.
Oil pressure in piping may be adjusted for each individual pump by
means of valves V1, V2 or V3, respectively.
Speed of table traverse is regulated by means of valve V4, speed of in-
dependent wheel feed by means of valve V5. The time for which the table
has to dwell in reversing points is adjustable by valves V6.
By delivering pressure oil to the left side of regulator S1, the passage
of pressure oil in piping 1 will be stopped and table motion interrupted.
At hand feed of table hydraulic table feed is put off by valve V7.
Regulator S2 is firstly actuated by table dogs over tripping lever P4 and
rapid table traverse from one end position to the other is caused owing to
the difference in oil pressures on unequal diameters of the regulator S2 from
piping 2 or 3. Regulator S3 distributing pressure oil into pressure cylinder
of table is actuated by oil pressure on regulator face. Pressure oil for this
purpose is distributed by regulator S2.
The feed in left or right reversal is caused by delivery of pressure oil
from regulator S3 through valve V8 to regulator S4 through piping 4, 5. Feed
in both reversals as well as independent feed are actuated by regulators S5,
S6 and valves V9, V10, VII.
Valve V12 operated by hand lever enables rapid approach and run-back
of wheel by pressure oil led on right hand or left hand side, respectively,
of piston 5.
Hand-operated valve V13 may be adjusted for stopping motors of work-
head or coolant pump at rapid run-back of wheel and for starting them at
rapid approach of the same. In this case pressure is developed on the right
hand side of piston P7 and thus limit switch K is actuated.
Ring piston P8 actuates withdrawal of wheel by the amount of stock to
be removed.
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m
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National Corporation (Czechoslovakia)
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246A039500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
Electric Equipment for Standard Tension 380 V, 50 cycles
fig. 14-BK 3, 14a-BK 5.
M1 1 electric motor (F 42 K 4*) F 52 K/4 for wheel spindle drive.
M2 1 electric motor F 51 K/8 for pressure pump drive.
M3 - 1 electric motor CRN 4 for coolant pump drive.
M4 - 1 electric motor F 22 K/4 for work spindle drive.**)
M4 - 1 regulation motor T 2022 E 4 for work spindle drive.*)
RTR - 1 Transformer NT 1500 for the regulation motor of workhead.
S1 1 contactor VSc 25 with protecting relay RT-11,5 (13,5) 7,5 (9,5)*)
for wheelhead motor.
S2 1 contactor VSc 15 with protecting relay RT 7,5 (9,5) for pressure
pump motor.
S3 1 contactor VSc 15 with protecting relay RT 0,65 (0,94) for coolant
pump motor.
S4 - 1 contactor VSc 15 with protecting relay RT 1,25 (1,75) 2,30 (4,20)*)
for workhead motor.
TZ - 3 (4*) green, connecting push-buttons Ta 4 1/0.
TC - 4 (5*) red, disconnecting push-buttons Ta 4 0/1.
Z - 3 (4*) signal bulbs, E 10, 3, 5 V - 0,2 A.
VH - 1 main switch VVD 25 - 31/3.
VPV - 1 switch PL No. 456042 for workhead motor.**)
VS - I switch to spot light.
KS - 1 limit switch PDa for automatic connecting and disconnecting of
workhead motor and coolant pump motor.**)
KSV - 1 limit switch SRB KPVa 1/1 for automatic switching off workhead
and coolant pump motors.*)
KSZ - I limit switch SRB KPVa 1/1 for automatic switching on workhead
and coolant pump motors.*)
PI - 3 fuses E 33 - 35 A.
P2 - 1 fuse E 27-4 A for switch control circuit.
Z_1 - 1 socket 3+1 pole 15 A for coolant pump motor.
Z3 - I socket 2+ 1 pole 10 A for spot light.
ZT1 - 1 plug 3+1 pole 15 A for coolant pump motor.
SV1 - 1 supply terminal board 4-pole up to 60 A.
SV2 - 1 terminal board in series 24-pole up to 15 A.
SV3 - 2 terminal boards in series 12-pole 6 A.
*) for model BK 3 only.
**) for model BK 5 only.
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UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
The wiring diagram is completed for the case of connecting electric
equipment for internal grinding which consists of:
M5 - 1 in-built electric motor (F2 - 19 K/2*) F3 - 14 K/2.
S5 - 1 contactor VSc 15 with protecting relay 1,75 (2,30)*) RT 5,5 (7,5).
TZ - 1 green, connecting push-button Ta 4 1/0.
TC - I red, disconnecting push-button Ta 4 0/1.
Z - 1 bulb 3+1 pole 15 A.
Z2 - 1 socket 31-1 pole 15 A for internal grinding.
ZT2 -- 1 plug 3+1 pole 15 A for internal grinding motor.
Following equipment is supplied standartly with each machine, except
motor M5 and plug ZT 2 which are supplied only in connection with inter-
nal grinding attachment.
The values given in parenthesis at the protecting releases apply to
voltage 220.
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z
O
x y
o
V) U
rx v
O a
w O
Fig. 14.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
M-2 1 1 M->
f]
z-3
~ F'
` J
s'11
Fi 14a.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
UNIVERSAL CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES Model BK 3, BK 5
IV. LIST OF ANTI-FRICTION BEARINGS AND BELTS.
a) Anti-friction bearings.
Group
Number of pieces
Manufacturers No.
applied
2
SKF 51102
Hydraulic unit
1
SKF 51110
Tables**)
4
SKF EL 9
Wheel slide
2
SKF 51106
Wheelhead
1
2
SKF 6201
(SKF 51107)* SKF 51110
2
SKF EL 9
2
SKF 16009
2
SKF 16012
Workhead BK 3
1
SKF 51107
1
SKF 51110
1
SKF 51101
2
SKF EL 9
5
SKF 6203
2
SKF 6204
Workhead 13K 5
2
SKF 10012
1
SKF 51107
1
SKF 51110
Pressure pump
1
SKF 6205
Internal grinding attacht.
2
SKF 16101
Quick chucking
1
SKF 51105
b) Belts.
Group
Number of pieces
applied
Manufacturer & Dimensions
Wheelhead BK 3
3
Bafa 13X9 internal length 930 mm
Wheelhead BK 5
3
Bafa 17X11 internal length 1200 mm
Workhead BK 3
2
Bafa 10X7 internal length 600 mm
Workhead BK 5
2
Bafa 13X9 internal length 705 mm
Internal grinding
attachment BK 3
1
Woven belt 35X2X1175 mm
Internal grinding
attachment BK 5
1
Woven belt 35X2X1415 mm
*) for model BK 3 only.
*) for model BK 5 only.
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Lubricating points on Cylindrical Grinders BK 3, BK 5
The lubrication of these machines, as of all precision machines, requires
special attention. The efficiency, safety in operation and long life of the
BK Grinders depend to a great extent on the proper application of well
chosen lubricants.
To facilitate your choice of lubricants we are giving the lubricants re-
commended by us in the below list.
Machine part
Way of
lubrication
Lubricant
recommended
Groupe
Note
workhead
wick
Gargoyle Vacuoline
12
Keep oil level to
(by hand*)
Oil C
oil gauge; renew
(Viscosity ?E/50?C 2,5)
oil each 3 months.
(complete lubrican'
each 8 work.
hours.*)
wheelhead
circulation
Gargoyle Vacuoline
12
Keep oil level to
Oil C 4
oil gauge; renew
('Viscosity (,E/500C *!5)
oil each 3 months.
tailstock
by hand
Gargoyle Vacuoline
12
complete lubricant
sleeve
Oil C
each 8 work. hours.
(Viscosity ?E/50?C 2,5)
table guide
oil bath
Gargoyle Oil
8
Keep oil level to
ways
Heavy Medium
oil gauge; renew
(Viscosity ?E/50?C 4,9-5,2)
oil each 3 months.
wheel slide
spraying
Gargoyle Oil
8
d t t o
guide ways
Heavy Medium
(Viscosity ?E/50" C 4,9-5,2)
hydraulic
pressure
Gargoyle Oil
8
Keep oil level to
drive
oil
Heavy Medium
oil gauge; renew
Viscosity ?E/50('C 4,9-5,2)
oil each sixmonth.
ball bearings
grease
Voco Grease BBK
22
Renew grease once
a year.
Coolant S/V Solvac Oil 100M Special 17 Emulsion with water
1:40 to 1:50.
Important:
Keep oil level at the proper height. After first month of service
drain all the oil containers and after having them cleaned fill in
clean oil; renew oil fillings regularly as stated.
Oil from hydraulic unit is to be drained each sixmonth; after
having it filtered and completed it is to be refilled.
*) for model BK 3 only.
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 Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2010/04/29: CIA-RDP80T00246AO39500400001-9
1. STEINBRENER N. A., VIMPERK.
Printed in Czechoslovakia.
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 F_
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HINTS FOR GRINDING
ON U UNIVERSAL GRINDERS
BK 3, BK 5
To meet the wishes of our customers we have decided to issue this handbook,
containing everything that an operator should know about grinding if he wants
to utilise successfully all the advantages of our machines. It is an important
supplement to the operating instructions of our universal grinders and will gui-
de you in your work and in the removal of any faults which may occur.
I. Methods of grinding.
II. Selection of grinding wheel, its speed, balancing and dressing.
III. Preparation of parts intended for grinding and allowances for grinding.
IV. Speed of rotation of the part being ground, depth of cut and speed of table.
V. Grinding with the help of steadies, chucking in the chuck and collets.
VI. Cooling.
VII. Hollow grinding.
VIII. Various examples of grinding.
IX. Grinding faults, their causes and remedies.
X. Removal of any possible stoppages of the machine.
CZECH ARMS FACTORY ST RAKONICE
NATIONAL CORPORATION (CZECHOSLOVAKIA)
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1. Methods of grinding.
1. Longitudinal grinding (see Fig. 1) is the most common method and is done
by fixing the part between the centres or in any other way and moving it along
a narrow grinding wheel. The stroke of the table is adjusted in a way allowing
it to travel '/3 of its own thickness beyond the edge of the part (see illustration!).
Thick grinding wheels may also be used to advantage for longitudinal grinding
using a quicker feed of the table which is particularly adviseable when grinding
hardened parts, where the cut depth has to be kept low to avoid excessive heat-
ing of the part.
The grinding wheel is fed into the cut at the end of the stroke of the table,
either in one or in both dead centres. When the grinding operation is finished
the part has to pass the grinding wheel several times without this feed (finish-
ing).
If the part has a step at the end of the ground diameter the feed is done at that
end of the stroke only. For this purpose the dwell in the dead centre may be
used to advantage to cut thoroughly down to the adjusted depth at this spot.
2. Cut-in grinding (see Fig. 2) is the latest and most important method of grind-
ing and a grinding wheel is used for it at least as wide as the length of the
ground diameter.
The grinding wheel is fed into the cut independently of the movement of the
table and if the shape of the part allows, the table is given an oscillating move-
ment which results in a faster and better cut.
If a grinding wheel of a width corresponding to the shape of the part cannot be
fixed in the machine, the following procedure applies: the grinding wheel is
moved into the cut close to the step with the table at rest until the required dia-
meter is reached and than the table is fed lengthwise. The grinding wheel has
to be tapered for the purpose (see Fig. 3.).
3. Simultaneous cutting-in at several points (see Fig. 4.) is a method giving the
largest output in quantity production. When using this method it is essential to
use slowly wearing grinding wheels and a convenient dressing attachment. The
grinding wheels are built-up with the help of spacer rings on a flange as re-
quired by the shape of the part.
In case the ground diameters are close to one another (see Fig. 5) a wide grind-
ing wheel may be used, dressed according to the shape of the part by means
of a convenient form-dresser.
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The great advantage of this method of grinding is that all the diameters are
concentric and the shape of all parts identical, because of the fact that the part
is fixed into the machine once only.
4. Multiple cutting-in side by side is used when a long part is ground by means
of a wide grinding wheel (see Fig. 6). After the part has been roughed by the
cutting-in method it has to be ground again to the required size by longitudinal
grinding. For this method of grinding the machine has to be in perfect condition
and the grinding wheel dressed strictly cylindrically.
5. Grinding by means of a grinding wheel set-up to the required diameter (with-
out any feed during the cutting operation) may be used when grinding short
shafts and very thin parts without steps (see Fig. 7). To achieve good results
it is essential to chamfer the leading edge of the grinding wheel an in case of
thin parts to use a steady. It is not recommended to use this method when grind-
ing hardened parts.
II. Selection of grinding wheel, its speed, balancing
and dressing.
1. Selection of grinding wheel. The selection of the grinding wheel is governed
by a number of factors and it is therefore impossible to lay down a hard and
fast rule, guaranteeing the best results. One of the conditions of successful grind-
ing is that the grain of the wheel worn during grinding breaks away. Since hard
material causes the grain to wear more quickly the following principles have to
be observed when selecting a grinding wheel:
1) The harder the material of the ground part, the softer the wheel and vice
versa.
2) For soft metals, which clog the wheel (brass, copper etc.) specially soft
and coarse wheels with an open structure have to be used.
3) The larger the diameter of the part, the softer the wheel and vice versa.
4) The higher the peripheral speed of the part, the harder the wheel and vice
versa.
5) Softer wheels for pipes to be used than for solid parts made of the same
material.
6) Harder wheels to be used for broken surfaces than for plain ones.
7) The larger and wider the wheel, the softer it should be and vice versa.
8) When the same bonding material was used, a wheel with a finer grain
works harder than with a coarser grain.
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9) A slightly harder wheel works more softly and efficiently when its peri-
pheral speed is reduced.
10) Generally speaking a softer wheel should be given preference over a hard
one, as its output is higher and power consumption lower.
11) When cutting-in with the table at rest a softer wheel should be used than
with the table moving. Form wheels, the edges of which should only wear
slowly have to be a little harder than cyllindrical wheels for the same
material.
12) For hollow grinding softer wheels should be used than for surface grinding
and for front grinding by means of a cup wheel a softer wheel with a more
open structure than for plain round grinding.
The above principles apply to the ?hardness" of the wheel. The ?grain" is equally
important. It is governed by the required quality of the cut. For roughing grain
36-46 is usually selected, which enables a deeper cut to be taken resulting in
a higher output. Nevertheless it is necessary to take special care not to damage
hardened parts by heavy roughing. A coarse grain may also temporarily be used
for finishing when the wheel is especially finely dressed.
For roughing and finishing by single fixing a grain of 46-60 is recommended.
It should be coarse for parts to which scale is sticking and finer for thin parts.
A grain of 80-100 is suitable for finishing only and still finer grain for fine
grinding. When using grain 100 or finer it is necessary to pre-grind with a coar ?'
ser grain, because a fine grain does only allow a very thin cut to be taken. Nc
less important is the ?structure" which expresses the ratio between grain, bond-
ing material and pores in 1 cm3 of the grinding wheel and has a certain influen-
ce on the results of grinding.
We are giving below a table intended as a guide for the selection of grinding
wheels for various kinds of material and purposes. The kinds of grinding wheels
listed in the table are products of the National Corporation Spojene zavody na
vyrobu karborunda a elektritu v Benatkach nad Jizerou (United Carborundum
and Electrite Factories in Benatky on Jizera).
Bronze hard
Round grinding
46
L
6
Electrite A
Bronze hard
Hollow grinding
60
J
6
Electrite 99
Aluminium
Round grinding
80
J
12
Elporite 99
Aluminium
Hollow grinding
46
J
8
Carborundum
Cast iron
Round grinding
36
J
5
Carborundum
Cast iron
Hollow grinding
36
- 46
1
5
Carborundum
Copper
Round grinding
46
- 60
L-K
5
Carborundum
Brass
Round grinding
36
K
5
Carborundum
Brass
Hollow grinding
36
J
6
Carborundum
Steel soft
Round grinding
46
N
6
Electrite A
Steel soft
Hollow grinding
46
L
5
Electrite 99
Steel hardened
Round grinding
46
L.
5
Electrite 99
Steel hardened
Hollow grinding
60
K
6
Electrite 99
High speed steel
Round grinding
50
K
5
Electrite 99
High speed steel
Hollow grinding
46
- 60
J
6
Electrite 99
Nitrated steel
Round grinding
before nitration
46
J
6
Electrite 99
Round grinding
after nitration
60
2. Speed of the Grinding Wheel. The most economical pheripheral speeds of
grinding wheels for grinding range from 25 - 35 m/sec. The drives of the grind-
ing spindles of our machines are so designed that the pheripheral speeds of
new wheels are
BK 3 with wheel 350 mm dia. - 35 m/sec.
BK 5 with wheel 500 mm dia. - 30 m/sec.
Consequently they are still working with an economical pheripheral speed after
a considerable amount of wear.
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In actual practice special cases may also occur requiring lower or higher pheri-
pheral speeds of grinding wheels. These requirements may easily be complied with
by altering the ratio of the drive from the motor to the grinding spindle. The ne-
cessary diameter of the motor pulley may be calculated by means of the follow-
ing formula:
dl = 6000xvxd2 where
3.14xnmotxD
di = stands for the diameter of the motor pulley in mm
d2 = the diameter of the grinding spindle pulley in mm
D = the diameter of the grinding wheel in mm
v = the required pheripheral speed of the grinding wheel in mm per sec.
nmot = the speed of the motor in r. p. in. (1420 r. p. m. for grinders Types
BK 3 and BK 5)
However we warn against the use of higher speeds than admitted by the manu-
facturing firm as marked on the label pasted to the grinding wheel.
3. Balancing of the grinding wheel. A perfect surface can only be obtained with
a well balanced and dressed grinding wheel. For this purpose the flanges of grind-
ing wheels are provided with balancing weights. The balancing is done on a
balancing stand consisting of a support fitted with two rods shaped into edges,
levelled perfectly by means of a circular spirit level fixed to the stand. The fol-
lowing procedure applies for balancing a new wheel:
The wheel, the hole of which has to correspond with the diameter of the center-
ing collar of the flange, is set on the collar which has been previously fitted
with a soft cardboard ring about 1-2 mm thick, the outside diameter of which
corresponds with the diameter of the flange. An other cardboard ring is fitted
on top of the wheel followed by the outside flange which has to be tightened
uniformly.
Before starting to balance the wheel it has to be roughly dressed on its peri-
phery as well as on its sides.
(1 " 7/7-771
Fig. 8.
It is then removed from the spindle together with the flange and the balancing
mandrel supplied with the machine is inserted in the flange, tightened and the
whole is pjaced on the rods of the balancing stand as shown in fig. 8. The wheel
rotates slowly in the direction in which it is drawn by the eccentric centre of
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gravity ?S" and stops with this centre of gravity below the centre line (see
fig. 9). Each one of the balancing weights acts upon the position of the centre
of gravity on arm ?a". The centre of gravity is moved upward by moving the
lowermost weights upward. The wheel is then moved slightly out of its position
and allowed to come to rest once more. The lowermost weights are moved up-
ward again and this operation is repeated until the wheel remains at rest in any
position.
The flange with the wheel is then fitted to the spindle, dressed and removed
again for re-balancing. After being fitted to the spindle once more the wheel is
dressed for a third time whereupon it is ready for grinding.
4. Dressing of the Grinding wheel. The grinding wheel has to be dressed with
particular care if a high output and accurate work is required. Star-wheels are
used for rough dressing, a diamond dresser for fine dressing. The size of dia-
mond is governed by the diameter of the grinding wheel.
Fig. 9.
We recommend to use a 1 to 1 %2 carat diamond for our universal grinders Type
BK 3 and BK 5.
The dressing attachment supplied with a stand is fixed on to the table of the
machine. The arm with the diamond swivels and is fixed in its working position
by an adjustable backing screw securing the position of the centre line of the
diamond holder in relation to the centre line of the grinding wheel. There should
be an angle of 3 - 5 degrees between the two centre lines (see fig. 10). A mi-
crometer screw is provided for the exact adjustment of the diamond. The dia-
mond is fed into the cut by moving the grinding slide. It is suggested, for the
sake of a longer life of the diamond, not to take a deeper cut then 0.02 mm in
one movement. A shallower cut should be chosen for soft wheels, with hard
wheels one may go up to 0.05 mm.
Speed of table when dressing:
For roughing a higher speed and sharp diamond,
for fine grinding the smallest possible speed and a slightly blunted diamond.
Dress the wheel principally under water and turn the diamond holder slightly
from time to time, so as to dress the wheel always with a new edge! When
grinding a larger number of parts (quantity grinding) adjust the diamond to the
required diameter - in doing this you will save considerable time when dressing!
On special order a whole range of special dressing attachments can be delivered,
the most common of which are;
a) Swivelling dressing attachment for dressing both sides of the grinding wheel;
it can be used also for slanting the wheel to any required angle (necessary
when working with an inclined wheel).
b) Dressing attachment for rounding the edges of the grinding wheel with any
radius (important for cut-in grinding where the ground diameter is connected
to a step by a round profile etc.).
c) Combined dressing attachment for dressing the wheel to obtain an outside
radius (runways for bearing balls) or an inside radius (grinding of, spherical
shapes).
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d) Form dressing attachments, fitted on to the table of the machine, copying
shapes according to patterns fixed on to the grinding spindlestock.
Fig. 10.
e) Hydraulic dressing attachment, fixed on to the grinding spindlestock with
automatic feed of diamond by any desired adjustable value, by which the
difference of diameter caused by dressing the wheel is eliminated when work-
ing against a zero stop so that when quantity grinding, always the same dia-
meter of ground parts is obtained without measuring (considerable saving
of time).
f) Hydraulic form dressing attachments, fitted on the grinding spindlestock,
copying shapes according to patterns fitted on to the dressing attachment.
The diamond is fed in the same way as when dressing according to para e).
therefore also the advantages of quantity grinding remain the same.
III. Preparation of Parts for Grinding and
Allowances for Grinding Down.
1. Preparation of parts. To enable the operator not to lose time with frequent
adjustments of table stops etc., it is essential to supply quantity parts for round
grinding in identical lengths especially in case they have a step in their diameter.
The corners should be made with special care, they have to be accurately round,
smooth in the angle which has to correspond to the angle of the centres (nor-
mally 600). For especially accurate work the corners are fitted with protective
countersinks, preventing then damaging by shocks. The corners of hardened
parts have to be ground on a special grinding machine for grinding corners or on
a drilling machine in which a small grinding wheel has been chucked. The sup-
porting centre of the machine must be exactly in the axis of the grinding wheel.
As a makeshift the corners may be also ground by means of a cast iron tapered
arbor, smeared with a mixture of emery and oil.
When help-stoppers with centring corners are used for centring hollow parts,
these stoppers should be pressed-in only slightly, because otherwise the ground
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diameter would, after removing the stopper be smaller in view of the distension
caused by the stopper. Parts with steps in their diameter if possible are fitted
with cut-ins, which facilitates grinding in corners and allows oscillation of the
table when cut-in grinding.
Broad, one-sided slots on thin parts are filled with hard wood, which is ground
simultaneously with the part. By doing so the start-edge is pretacted from grind-
ing down.
Hardened parts, still retaining remains of scale may advantageously be sanded
before grinding. The grinding wheel is then not so easily filled up.
2. Allowances for Grinding Down. The allowance for grinding down depends
on the following circumstances:
a) Diameter and length of part.
b) Shape of part (with steps or without, full or hollow shape).
c) Quality of material.
d) Heat treatment of the part.
Owing to the fact that no generally valid standards of allowances grinding down
have been issued to date, we recommend to use the following table, giving tested
and well-proved values.
Dla in mm
over to
Allowance A
from to .
Allowance B
length to mm from to
Allowance C
length to mm from to
1
3
0,08
0,10
50
0,08
0,15
50
0,15
0,25
3
6
0,10
0,13
100
0,10
0,20
100
0,20
0,30
6
10
0,12
0,15
150
0,15
0,25
150
0,25
0,40
10
18
0,15
0,19
250
0,15
0,30
250
0,30
0,45
18
30
0,15
0,20
400
0,15
0,35
400
0,35
0,50
30
50
0,20
0,25
600
0,20
0,40
600
0,40
0,60
50
80
0,20
0,26
600
0,25
0,45
600
0,45
0,70
80
120
0,25
0,32
600
0,30
0,55
600
0,50
0,80
120
180
0,25
0,33
800
0,30
0,60
800
0,55
0,90
180
250
0,30
0,40
800
0,30
0,60
800
0,60
1,00
Allowance A is always used, where the part is concentrically, chucked by its
diameter, having moreover an allowance for grinding (for in-
stance a bush which is ground out- as well as inside).
Allowance B is used for not hardened objects up to the length mentioned in
the table.
Allowance C is used for hardened parts with small deformations, further for
tubes, parts with several steps and for soft parts being longer than
admitted in column ?B".
IV. Revolutions of Ground Part, Depth of Cut and
Table Speed.
1. Revolutions of ground part. When selecting revolutions for the ground part,
the following principles should be followed:
a) When changing over on the ground part from one diameter to an other, the
revolutions are changed in reverse proportion to the diameters i. e. when
changing from a larger to a smaller one, the revolutions will be higher and
vice versa.
b) As the diameter of the wheel decreases, the revolutions of the part are re-
duced too, because the reduction of the circumferential speed of the wheel
acts in the same way as when a softer wheel is used. Therefore it is also
necessary to select lower revolutions of the part when only softer wheels
than required by the work in question are at disposal.
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c) When only harder wheels than required by the work in question are at dis-
posal, the revolutions have to be accelerated, because a slow run when grind-
ing with a hard wheel has an unfavourable influence on the quality of the
surface of the ground part.
Further we give you a guide-table for selecting circumferencial speeds of parts
for various materials and purposes according to the catalogue of Messrs. United
Carborundum and Electrite Factories, National Corporation in Benatky on Jize-
ra, as well as a table for determinating revolutions under a given circumferen-
cial speed and diameter of ground part:
Circumferencial Speeds in m/min.
Round grinding
Materiel
rough
fine
Internal grinding
steel weak
11-15
6-8
15-20
steel hardened
14-16
6-10
18 - 22
cast iron
12-15
6-10
18-22
brass, copper
18 - 20
14-16
28 - 32
aluminium
50 - 70
30 - 40
32 - 35
Approximate number of r. p. m. under a circumferencial speed in m/min.
Ground die
in m
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
30
40
6
320
475
640
795
955
1115
-
-
-
8
240
360
480
598
720
840
960
-
-
10
190
285
380
478
570
665
760
-
-
15
125
190
255
319
380
446
510
640
850
20
95
140
190
239
285
334
380
480
640
25
75
115
153
191
230
268
305
385
515
30
65
95
127
159
190
223
255
320
425
35
55
80
109
136
165
191
220
270
360
40
48
70
96
120
143
167
191
240
320
45
43
63
85
106
127
148
170
212
290
50
38
57
77
96
115
134
153
192
256
60
32
48
64
80
96
111
128
160
214
70
28
40
55
68
82
96
109
136
181
80
24
35
48
60
72
84
96
120
160
90
21
32
42
53
64
75
85
106
141
100
19
28
38
48
57
67
76
95
126
110
17
26
35
43
52
61
70
85
113
130
-
22
29
38
44
51
59
76
101
150
-
19
25
32
38
45
51
65
86
180
-
16
21
27
32
38
42
56
75
200
-
13
19
24
27
33
38
48
64
250
-
-
15
19
23
27
31
40
53
2. Depth of Cut. The following principles are decisive for the depth of cut:
a) The coarser the wheel is, the deeper the cut.
b) When using fine wheels, shallow cuts should be adjusted because the wheel
is easily filled up.
c) Hardened parts require a shallow cut and a rapid feed (speed of table), also
when using a coarse wheel. The same applies for slender parts.
d) Notwithstanding the fact that large wheels allow deeper cuts, a shallow cut
is recommended, because of the fact that the contacting surface is larger than
when using small wheels, and the chip therefore longer.
For longitudinal grinding with feeding of the wheel in one or both dead centres
of the table, it is recommended to use a feed of 0,005 to 0,05 mm when roughing,
and 0,002 to 0,005 mm when fine grinding (we point out that these data con-
cern the depth of single cuts, whereas the data divisions on the feed wheel of
the grinding slides of our machines concern the decrease of the diameter of the
ground part).
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The following feeds are well-proved for cut-in grinding:
Feed in mm per 1 revolution of ground part
Width of ground surface in mm
Dia. of part to 50 51-100 101-150 151 -200
15- 20 0,004 0,003 0,002 0,002
21 - 50 0,005 0,004 0,004 0,003
51 -100 0,007 0,007 0,006 0,006
101 -150 0,009 0,009 0,009 0,009
151 - 200 0,010 0,010 0,010 0,010
3. Speed of Table. The longitudinal feed of table per 1 revolution of the ground
part is chosen as follows:
a) when roughing 2/3 - 3/4 of width of wheel.
b) when fine grinding 1/4 - 1/3 of width of wheel.
c) when superfinishing 1/so-'/5 of width of wheel.
The shallower the depth of cut, the higher the speed of table and vice versa.
A higher speed of table, when using a shallow cut, saves the wheel, and when
grinding hardened parts there is no danger of damaging the material by overheating.
V. Grinding by Means of Supports, Chucking by Chuck
and in Collets.
1. Using supports. If we ascertain on ground surfaces of longer objects signs of
vibrations, this is usually caused by not using supports or not using sufficient
supports. It is therefore necessary to support the object correctly so that it may
suffer no vibrations resulting from the pressure of the grinding wheel. For sup-
porting objects ground on their surface, we use double-jaw supports. For sup-
porting long objects ground inwardly we use triple-jaw supports. The jaws are
adjusted by turning a milled button governing the respective jaw, which has to
be done carefully to avoid bending the object by undesirable pressure of jaws.
If the object has no suitable concentric surfaces for the supports it is necessary
to obtain them by careful grinding. The table below indicates the recommended
number of supports for a range of diameters and lengths of objects:
Length between Centres
Diameter of ground
objects In mm
100 150
300
500
150
1000
1200
1500
7-12
0-1 1
1-2
-
-
-
-
-
12-20
0-1 1
1-2
1-2
2-3
3
-
-
20-30
- 0-1
1
1-2
2-3
3
3
3-4
30-40
- -
0-1
1
1-2
2-3
2-3
3-4
40-60
-- -
0-1
1
1-2
2-3
2-3
3-4
60-80
- -
0-1
1
1
2
2
2-3
80-100
- -
-
0-1
1
1.2
2
2
100-125
- -
-
-
0-1
1
1-2
2
125-150
- -
-
-
0-1
1
1-2
1-2
150-200
- -
-
-
0-1
1
1-2
1-2
200-250
- . -
-
-
-
1
1-2
1-2
2. Chucking by Chuck or in Collets. Objects which cannot be ground between
centres are chucked by chuck or in collets. The 3-jaw chuck supplied against
special order is fitted with a flange with conical shaft by which the chuck is
fitted into the working spindle (see drawing 5 and 5a of the operating instruc-
tions).
The attachment for rapid chucking in collets can also be supplied against special
order and is fitted into the working spindle as described. by drawing 7 of the
operating instructions.
The mentioned systems of chucking are used almost exclusively for grinding
wholes,
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VI. Cooling.
Cooling is applied as far as possible with every kind of grinding as well as
dressing and it should be seen to, that the grinding wheel receives the current
of cooling water along its complete width where it contacts with the ground
object. The current of water should be sufficiently strong to absorb the heat re-
sulting from the grinding.
Grinding wheels of a width of 100 mm require 60 to 80 litres of cooling water
per minute. The water should always be clean as otherwise we should not achieve
a cleanly ground surface. Therefore a sedimentation tank is used for cleaning the
cooling water, in which the water separates from grinding wheel grains, metal
chips and other impurities. The cooling water is mixed with 2 - 5 ?/o soda as
protection against rust, and for diminishing the friction between the grinding
wheel and the ground object we add 1 -2?/o of oil or grease of a kind which
dissolves well in water.
The following mixture has proved suitable:
100 litres water, 2 kgs soda, 0,5 kg borax. 0,5 kg soft soap.
Since different places have varying degrees of water hardness, the composition
of the cooling water should always be tested.
VII. Grinding Holes.
1. Choice of grinding spindle. When selecting the grinding spindle it should be
observed that the spindle or elongation be as short and strong as possible, because
an excessive overhang of spindle or elongation causes vibrations or permits only
11
bV
Na fj IN
Na^jflto
N = ^' 1/3
N=1
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very shallow cuts, so that the output of the machine may very considerably de-
crease for reason of an unsuitable choice of spindle or elongation. The diameter
of the grinding wheel should also be chosen as big as possible. This is best shown
by drawing 11, giving side by side four examples of internal grinding with suit-
ably and unsuitably chosen spindles, indicating the relative capacities.
Picture 12 shows spindles for internal grinding which we can currently supply
with our grinders BK 3 and BK 5.
TYPE
n/min.
max.
A
B
D
C
N
P
No.
K
H
l max.
E
F
G
1
8
30
40
15
15
5
2
8
45
55
15
15
5
3
10
30
40
20
20
6
V 70
15.000
70
260
40
45
11
7
4
10
50
60
20
20
6
5
13
40
55
25
25
8
6
13
65
80
25
25
8
7
18
95
105
30
30
10
8
18
14.0
160
30 1
30
10
Fig. 12111,
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TYPE
n/min.
A
6
D
C
N
P
E I
FI
0I
MI
hhI
Hl
.
LmmI
Max.
Yk70xa50
5.700
450
65
7
5
50
20
250
70
55
3
100.130
0
75 1
16
WNW
4.000
650
90
I
450
2. Choice of Grinding Wheel. For grinding holes we usually use wheels which
are somewhat softer than for surface grinding and their width should be as big
as possible, enabling work under bigger table speeds.
The circumferential speed of the grinding wheels for internal grinding should
be 20 - 25 m/sec. and the circumferential speed of the ground object should be
chosen slightly higher than for external grinding, in order to balance the un-
favourable influence of a big contact surface. The cooling should be very ample in
order to drain reliably all loose particles resulting when grinding.
The table stops, when internal grinding, should be set so that the outer edge of
the grinding wheel protrudes by approx. 1/s of its width out of the hole; thereby
you safeguard against enlarging the hole at the ends, which is apt to result from
the increased surface pressure in the places where the grinding wheel contacts
the ground part.
3. Grinding-down Allowances. For internal grinding it is more important to
fix correct grinding-down allowances than for external grinding, because the
permissible depth of cut is considerably smaller, so that the grinding-down of a
certain allowance lasts considerably longer. It is therefore necessary to make that
allowance as small as possible. The allowance however does not exclusively de-
pend on the diameter and depth of the hole, but also on the heat treatment and
manner of chucking.
When chucking in a 3-jaw chuck calculate for holes of medium diameters an
allowance of 0,4 - 0,6 mm, but when using chucking collets an allowance of
0,2 - 0,3 mm is sufficient. For very small and long holes calculate allowances
of 0,1 mm and less, this however requires accurately centered chucks and objects
with a ground surface.
For currently fixing allowances for internal grinding, we recommend the follow-
ing table, giving well tested values:
Diameter
in mm
over to
Allowance A
from to
Allowance B
length to mm from
to
Allowance C
length to mm from
to
3
6
0,08
0,11
15
0,08
0,15
15
0,15
0,25
6
10
0,10
0,13
25
0,10
0,20
25
0,20
0,30
10
18
0,10
0,15
40
0,15
0,25
40
0,25
0,35
18
30
0,15
0,20
50
0,15
0,30
50
0,30
0,45
30
50
0,15
0,20
70
0,20
0,35
70
0,35
0,50
50
80
0,20
0,26
90
0,20
0,40
90
0,40
0,60
80
120
0,20
0,27
120
0,20
0,45
120
0,45
0,70
120
180
0,25
0,33
150
0,25
0,50
150
0,50
0,80
180
250
0,25
0,35
180
0,25
0,55
180
0,55
0,90
13
Allowance A to be used for objects having a machined surface which is con-
centric with the hole and which can be chucked in an accurately
centered chuck.
Allowance B to be used for objects which are not hardened, having a surface
which is not entirely concentric with the hole and which are
chucked in an accurately centered chuck. The same values are ap-
plicable for hardened parts when their length does not exceed the
data of the present table.
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Allowance C to be used for not hardened objects chucked in a 3-jaw chuck
as well as for objects which are hardened but longer than permis-
sible under column ?B", provided they are chucked in accurately
centered chucks.
4. Dressing. For dressing the grinding wheel we use dressing attachments as
described under para 11/3, as far as they are suitable for this purpose.
VIII. Various Examples of Grinding.
In the following we describe several cases of grinding, giving details beginning
with the correct choice of allowances for grinding-down up to completing the
work, with detailed instructions concerning the sequence of operations so that
an unexperienced operator could correctly handle our machines.
Example 1:
We are to grind a shaft as shown in drawing 13, made of material St 70. 11.
Fig. 13.
Allowance for grinding-down to be chosen according to table in para 111/2 i. e.
in our case according to column ?C".
For the diameters 70 and 50 we add an allowance of 0,5 mm, for the diameter
35 and the cone an allowance of 0,4 mm will be sufficient because in the proxi-
mity of the centres shaking is less likely.
The choice of grinding wheel should be made according to the table in para 11/1,
giving for mild steel a grinding wheel of Electrit A, grain 46, hardness N and
structure 6.
Circumferential speed. If we have a new grinding wheel of a dia. of 350 mm,
the circumferential speed for the grinder BK 3 is 35 mm/sec. The grinding wheel
fitted to the flange and balanced as described in para 11/3.
The preparation of the working-spindle-stock for centre grinding is done accord-
ing to drawing 6 and the respective description in the operating instructions.
We then move the tailstock so far in the direction of the working-spindle-stock
that the length of the shaft (700 mm) can pass between both centres when we
withdraw the tailstock sleeve by lever 1247 (see the operating instructions), and
then we firmly tighten the tailstock by means of the screws 1244.
According to the table in para V/1, it is recommended to use a steady rest for
objects of dia. of 70 mm and a length of 750 mm. We set it up in the middle
between both centres, however draw the ? jaws back.
How to bring the machine into operating condition is described in detail in the
operating instructions. We therefore now proceed to describe the further sequence
of operations:
We start the motor of the pressure pump by pressing the green button under
the label ?Hydraulics". By "operating the hand wheel 174 we adjust the table
so that the grinding wheel is placed between the centre of the working spindle
and the centre of the tailstock and then, by turning lever 639 to the right, effect
the approach of the grinding slides with the grinding wheel forwards. By turning
hand wheel 174 we adjust the position of the grinding wheel so that its distance
from the axis of the centres is bigger than half the diameter of the shaft in its
strongest place. (Before turning the hand wheel, lift the feeding pawl out of
engagement by turning handle 226 forwards). Turning the lever 639 to the left
effects the reverse of the grinding slides backwards.
We now fit the carrier to the cylindrical end of the shaft, inspect the corners,
clean them carefully, oil them or apply, vaseline or thick oil and insert same
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between the centres. Then we check whether the shaft revolves without resistance
and secure the tailstock sleeve by means of screw 1245. Finally we adjust the
position of the carrier 1098 so that the shaft is correctly carried by the revolving
working spindle.
Then we bring the grinding wheel forward and by turning hand wheel 174 adjust
the table so that f. i. the left edge of the grinding wheel overlaps by approx. 1/3
of its proper width the left end of the 70 mm strong part of the shaft and shift
the left table-stop to the lever 195 which we move to the right and then fix the
stop. Now we move the table so far to the left that the right edge overlaps by
approx. 1/3 of its proper width the right end of the 70 mm strong part of the
shaft and shift the right table-stop to the lever 195 which we move to the left
and then fix the stop (see dwg. 14).
15
Fig. 14.
Herewith the setting of the table stroke is completed so that we can put it into
operation by turning lever 269 to the right. The table speed is adjusted by turn-
ing the button 224 and for the roughing it should be 2/3-s/4 of the width of the
grinding wheel per one revolution of the shaft (see para IV!3).
The motor of the working spindle is started by means of the green press-button
under the label ,Working-Spindle-Stock" (on the BK 5, by turning the lever
1095), and by turning the wheel 1652 we adjust the desired revolutions (on the
grinder BK 5, by turning the wheel 1010 which has to be done before starting
the motor). If some position cannot be adjusted without overcoming resistance,
we start the motor for a second. The required speed is ascertained according to
table in para IV/1 which gives for roughing mild steel: 11-15 m/min. (We
chose 12 m/min.) and in the further table, for diameter 70 mm, we find the re-
quired number of revolutions: 55/min.
Now we start the motor of the grinding-spindle-stock by means of the green press
button under the label ?Grinding-spindle-stock", while watching the oil gauges,
to see whether the lubrication of the spindle functions correctly. If the lubrication
is in order, we approach slowly, by turning hand wheel 174 to the right, to the
shaft and the moment we see the first sparks we open up the cooling water supply
916. The spout in front of the grinding wheel cover should be set in a way that
the current of water should aim at the place where the grinding wheel and the
shaft contact.
By feeding the grinding wheel into cut by hand wheel 174 in the dead centre table
positions by 1 section (turning to the right) we grind the shaft down sufficiently
to eliminate all traces of machining by lathe. We then recede with the grinding
wheel (lever 639), stop the table movement by turning lever 269 to the left and
the spindle by drawing lever 1011 towards self (on the BK 5 we stop the spindle
by turning lever 1095 to the left).
Now we measure the shaft with a micrometer on both ends, to ascertain whether
the machine grinds truly cylindrically. If the shaft is f. i. thicker on the right side,
we losen screws 141, securing the table and turn the screw 98 slightly to the left,
correcting the deviation and then again tighten the screws. Then we put the table
and the spindle into motion, bring the grinding wheel forwards and grind-off a
further cut. Then we measure the shaft again and if necessary effect a further
correction which is to be continued until we obtain the correct measure on both
ends of the shaft.
We now feed the grinding wheel in each dead end position of the table into cut
(by means of hand wheel 174), by the value determined by para IV/2, recom-
mending for roughing a feed of 0,005 to 0,05. We chose 0,02 which means that
we advance the hand wheel 174 in each dead end position by four segments to
the right. The allowance for grinding-down is 0,5 mm. For fine grinding we retain
an allowance of 0,1 mm so that the roughing would be completed after 10 traverses
of the grinding wheel (40 segments calculated with the adjustment of the cylind-
rical shape).
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Thereafter the grinding wheel is withdrawn and the table and spindle movements
stopped. We measure the exact diameter and by turning button 322 (drawing 10
of the operating instructions) we turn the dial 334 of the feed wheel on to the
value by which the measured diameter is larger than the nominal dimension which
should be (70 k 6) 70,02 mm. If for instance measurement revealed 70,14 showing
that the present diameter was by 0,12 stronger than the nominal one, the grinding
wheel should be set to segment ?12".
Now we carefully tighten the jaws of the steady to the shaft and commence with
the fine grinding. The table speed should be modified as per para IV/3 to equal
1/4-1/s of the grinding wheel width per one revolution of the shaft, the number
of revolutions ;according to the tables in para IV/1 to 6-8 m/min., i. e. approx.
35 r. p. m. for a diameter of 70 mm and finally the feed into cut according to
para IV/2 to 0,005 mm, i. e. 1 segment in every dead end. The steady jaws should
constantly be carefully tightened. After the dial arrives at zero point, we let the
shaft pass a few more times along the grinding wheel without feeding into cut
(to complete the sparking) and then we withdraw the grinding wheel and stop
the table and spindle movements.
If we find the ground diameter to be correct, we remove the shaft from between
the centres, shift the steady aside and fix the dresser on to the table for rounding
the edges.
The stop for adjusting the diamond is fixed on the second segment from zero
(r=2) to the right, then tightened and the setting of the diamond effected accord-
ing to the stop. The stop is now withdrawn and the dresser turned to the right
as if we intended to dress the right side of the grinding wheel.
Now the grinding wheel is brought forward and the table position adjusted so
that the diamond is on the right side of the wheel and then we range. the fine
table feed by manipulating the handwheel 181. By turning the button 307 to the
left we slowly approach the grinding wheel until the diamond touches it and by
turning the handwheel 174 we dress the right side of the grinding wheel (the
dressing is effected under cooling water). Then we turn the dresser into the center
position in which we secure it by means of the respective screw and turn the
button 307 four times to the right (one turning equals 0,5 mm), whereupon we
slowly approach the grinding wheel to the diamond. As the diamond touches the
wheel, we release the turning arm of the dresser and by slowly turning to the right
we round the edge of the grinding wheel to the adjusted diameter (a larger dia-
meter must be preliminarily roughed).
After rounding the right edge of the grinding wheel we withdraw it by turning
the handwheel 174 to a distance bigger than one half of the diameter of the shaft
and by turning lever 639 to the left we remove the grinding slides backwards.
Then we detach the dresser, approach the steady and insert the shaft again bet-
ween the centres and carefully tighten the jaws of the steady.
Now we release the wheel 181 of the fine table feed and set the table for grinding
the left step of the shaft of a diameter of 50 mm (see drawing 14). We bring
the grinding wheel forward and by hand wheel 174 feed the wheel into cut. As
soon as the traces of machining disappear where the shaft was ground, we with-
draw the grinding wheel and measure the ground diameter (we find for instance
50,32 mm) and fix the difference between the measured ands nominal diameter
(50g6 = 49,99), which in the present case amounts to 0,33 mm and this value is
set on dial 334. Then we again bring the grinding wheel forward and feed it by
turning the hand wheel, by one segment per revolution of shaft into cut until reach-
ing zero.
Fig. 15.
We very carefully turn the hand wheel 179 to the left until the right side of the
grinding wheel grinds the left front surface of the large diameter of the shaft, then
slowly turn the hand wheel to the right until the left side of the grinding wheel
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reaches by approximately 1/3 of its width over the left edge of the ground dia-
meter and then we withdraw the grinding wheel backwards. By measuring we
satisfy ourselves that the shaft has the desired dimensions and if necessary take
off another cut.
When this side is completed, the shaft is taken off the centres, the carrier trans-
fered to the second end (fixing on threads is done by screwing a nut with a divid-
ing cut on to the thread and the carrier may then be fixed on to this nut) where-
upon the shaft is again fixed between the centres. The grinding of the second
side, stepped down to 50 mm is done in the same way as described above (see
drawing 15), care should be taken to maintain the length of 300-0,2. After
completing the grinding of this diameter we start grinding operations on the 35
mm diameter.
Fig. 16.
The speed of the working spindle is increased to approximately 75 r. p. m. and
the table adjusted so that the left edge of the grinding wheel does not yet touch
the right edge of the right 50 mm diameter (see drawing 16). Then we bring the
grinding wheel forward and by means of hand wheel feed it into cut. As soon
as the traces of machining disappear, we withdraw the grinding wheel, measure
the diameter (find for instance 35,27) determine the difference between 35m6
(35,02) and 35,27 i. e. 0,25, which we set on the dial under ?25". After bringing
the grinding wheel again into cut, we continue by one segment at a time down
to zero.
By carefully turning the hand wheel to the right we grind the right front surface
of the 50 mm diameter and then by turning the hand wheel to the left, we slowly
move the grinding wheel, until its right side overlaps the right end of the shaft
by approximately 1/3 of its proper width. Thereupon we entirely withdraw the
grinding wheel.
After completing the diameter 35 we take the shaft off of the centres, place the
carrier on the right ground end (to avoid the damaging of its surface by the screw,
use a split bush or a sheet insertion) and fix the shaft again between the centres.
It now remains to grind the cone 1:5. In the respective table we find that the
setting angle amounts to 5042'. We therefore loosen the screws 141 and by turn-
ing the screw 98 to the left, approximately adjust the desired angle and tighten
the screws. Then we adjust the stroke of the table as described before (overlap
of grinding wheel by 1/8 of its width to both sides, see drawing 17) and grind
the surface down to make all traces of machining disappear.
By measuring (best by means of a cone ring) we ascertain to which side a correct-
ion should be effected and after attaining the correct conical shape we continue
to grind in the known way.
17
Fig. 17.
Grinding a larger quantity of identical parts (series)'. When grinding a larger
quantity of identical parts, we proceed differently than when grinding only single
parts.
First we should on all parts grind the first operation (see drawing 14), then the
second operation (drawing 15) and so on, eliminating thereby the re-setting of
the machine for each part.
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The first part of every series is ground as described above to obtain data for the
necessary setting-up. For instance.when grinding shafts to a diameter of 70 mm
by longitudinal grinding, we proceed as follows:
The first shaft was ground down to the correct measure by feeding by means of
dial down to zero. By turning the lever 236 to the right and tightening the screw
241 (tighten the screw only softly) we set the control by one lever and the auto-
matic withdrawal of the grinding wheel being equal to the adjusted grinding-down
allowance. Then, by turning the button 322 to the left, we set a slightly bigger
measure than the allowance on the shaft (in the given case the allowance is 0,5
mm, and therefore we chose the segment ?55") and push in the stop 221. Then
we loosen the feed pawl by turning the handle 226 downwards and by means of
screw 293 we adjust the feed to the required number of segments (this adjustment
of the feed is best effected while the machine runs). We furthermore remark in
this connection that the setting of the dial and tightening of the screw must be
done when the grinding wheel is approached. When withdrawing the grinding
wheel backwards, the hand wheel 174 everytime returns by the set value so that
it is not necessary to withdraw the grinding wheel by hand. At the same time
the table, spindle and cooling water supply stop.
We now fix the next shaft between the centres and by turning the lever 639 set
all simultaneously, i. e. the approach of the grinding wheel forwards, the starting
of the spindle, table and cooling water. The feed of the grinding wheel into cut
is now automatic according to whether we have set the feed in the right, the left,
or both dead end centres and when reaching zero the feed stops. Then we only
have to turn the lever 639 to the left, causing the withdrawal of the grinding wheel
backwards, re-turning by as much as the allowance, the stopping of the table,
spindle and cooling water. When grinding the second operation (see drawing 15)
we set, after having ground the first ' part, the automatic withdrawal by the set
allowance as described above, withdraw the grinding wheel, fix the shaft and
approach by means of automatic feed, closely besides the diameter 70 mm, to zero.
Then we carefully grind down the front and by turning the lever 269 we start
action. At the same time good care should be taken that the switch-over lever 195
is in its left position. The table speed for this grinding operation should be as
small as possible and after reaching an overlap of the left edge of the grinding
wheel by 1/3 of its width over the left end of the ground object, we withdraw
the grinding wheel backwards.
The same applies for all further operations.
Example 2:
We have a task to grind a valve cone as shown in drawing 18, made of chrome-
nickel steel, cemented and hardened.
Allowance for grinding-down according to table in para 111/2, column ?C": to the
diameter 20 we add 0,4 mm and to the cone 0,5 mm.
Grinding wheel according to table in para 11/1 for hardened steel, of Electrite 99,
grain 46, hardness L, structure 6.
The circumferential speed: of the part according to table in para IV/1 for rough-
ing hardened steel: 15 m/min., for fine grinding: 9 m/min. This gives for a dia-
meter of 20 mm: 240 and 140 r. p. in., for the cone (medium diameter 40 mm) :
120 and 70 r. p. m.
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The grinding of the diameter 20 is done between the centres in the way described
in the first example. The cone can be ground in two ways: between centres or
chucked at one end only, in a chuck or in collets.
Grinding between centres (drawing 19): We chose a grinding wheel approxima-
tely 25 - 30 mm wide (for reasons of economy) and after balancing we dress
it to an angle, corresponding to the angle of the cone.
Fig. 19.
We loosen the screws of the revolving plate of the grinding slides and turn it 30?
left from zero and again tighten the screws. Now we fix the dressing attachment
on to the table and first roughly dress the wheel by means of a disc dresser and
then finely by diamond (under water). Thereupon we turn the grinding slides
back to zero and can begin with the grinding which is done with the table at
stand-still by plunge-cutting to the required measure.
Grinding of Objects Chucked at One End Only (drawing 20) : The grinding
spindle-stock is adjusted according to the operating instructions for grinding in
a chuck or in collets. The cone, previously ground down to the diameter 20 is
then chucked in a chuck or collet.
Then we loosen the screw 1061 in the axis of rotation of the spindle-stock (on
the grinder BK 5 two screws on the revolving plate, below front and back), release
the peg fixing the zero position by tightening the nut (on the grinder BK 3 at the
left of the screw 1061, on the BK 5 on the cover of the spindle-stock) and the
spindle-stock is turned to 300 left of zero, whereupon the screw is again tightened.
The grinding is effected by a straight grinding wheel by plunge-cutting method
or longitudinal grinding.
19
Fig. 20.
Example 3:
The task is to grind a shift-gear shown on the drawing 21, made of chrome-nickel
steel cemented and hardened.
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Allowance for grinding-down the plunge according to table in para 111/2, column
?C": to the diameter 35 we add 0,4 mm, on the sides 0,2 mm.
When grinding the opening according to table in para VII/3, column ?B": to the
diameter 24 we add 0,25 mm.
Fig. 21.
Grinding wheel for external grinding according to table in para II/1 for hardened
steel from Electrite 99, grain 46, hardness L, structure 6, and for internal grinding
from Electrite 99, grain 60, hardness K, structure 5.
The circumferential speed of the part according to table in para IV/1 for fine
grinding (plunge-cutting and grinding of the front) 9 m/min. and for internal
grinding 18 m/min. This results in 70 r. p. in. for external grinding (medium dia-
meter) and 230 r. p. in. for internal grinding.
Fig. 22.
Grinding of the Opening (drawing 22) : We chuck the wheel in the chuck by
means of rolls, which are inserted into the clearance between the teeth, whereby
we take care of correct centring of same by help of an indicator. According to
table on drawing No. 12 we choose the grinding spindle V 70 with internal taper
and ellongation No. 3, fitted with the wheel of dia. 20X20 mm.
We tilt the arm for internal grinding downwards and ensure same by means of
the lever 1852. Before we insert the spindle into the arm, we loosen the clamping
screws (internal hexagon) and by screwing-on the remaining two screws, we
extend the opening which we clean properly. Upon insertion of the spindle, we
loosen the extending screws and tighten correctly the clamping screws. Then we
put on the driving belt, which we carefully tighten by means of the stretching
pulley. Before we screw-in the ellongation with the wheel, we carefully clean the
opening in the spindle as well as the taper of the ellongation and oil the taper
slightly with tallow or oil, thus enabling an easier tightening of same.
The dressing of the grinding wheel is effected by means of a standard dressing
attachment, whereby we set the diamond on ground of dregrees to the required
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diameter of the opening, thus easily enabling grinding to be carried out in series,
because by setting the diamond per diameter of the opening measuring becomes
unnecessary. (This procedure may also be effected by setting the diamond for a
diameter smaller by 0,05 mm and then we polish the opening with a dressed wheel
progressively fed in by 0,05 mm - i. e. 5 segments, this bringing equal results.
When this method has been chosen one must be especially careful to withdraw
the grinding wheel in time before leaving the opening, otherwise the diamond
protruding above the ground opening by 0,025 mm would be run on).
Adjustment of the stroke of the table is executed in the same manner as when
longitudinal grinding, i. e. 1/3 of width of the grinding wheel rises over both ends
of the opening.
When roughing, we feed into cut approximately by one segment, then we dress
the wheel and feed by approximately biz a segment when finishing. When grinding
the first piece, it is however necessary to measure from time to time, because it
is quite obvious that the grinding wheel wears out much quicker than the grinding
wheels for external grinding.
Grinding of a Plunge-cut (drawing No. 23) : The wheel with the ground opening
is to be put on a slightly conical pin, which is chucked between the centres when
grinding.
lht~
EDF
why-.
Fig. 23.
The width of the grinding wheel has to be selected according to the width of the
plunge-cut, in our case 12 mm. We balance the grinding wheel and dress it. Should
the quality of the sides of the ground plunge-cut be decisive, we dress the grinding
wheel in such a way that it narrows to its centre (see drawing).
The grinding at the diameter 36 is done by plunge-cut and the grinding of the sides
of the plunge-cut by slow fine feeding of the table from the side (wheel 303).
21
O
O
'
55
2.
10
Fig. 24.
Example 4:
The task is to grind the bush shown on drawing No. 24 made from grey cast iron.
Allowance for grinding of the opening according to table in the para VII/3,
column ?C": 0,5 mm is to be added to the diameter, at the fronts 0,2 mm.
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Grinding wheel according to table in the para 11/1 for grey cast iron from Car-
borundum, grain 36, hardness J, structure 5.
The circumferential speed of the part according to table in the para IV/1 for
internal grinding 18 m/min., for grinding of the external front 12 m/min. This
results in 48 r. p. in. for internal grinding and 25 r. p. m. for grinding of the exter-
nal front (medium diameter 180 mm).
Grinding of the Opening (drawing No. 25) : We chuck the bush into a chuck and
by help of an indicator the bush is to be centred accurately.
According to table on drawing 12 we select the grinding spindle V 70X450
with external- taper and wheel dia. 120X50 mm which we balance properly.
The dressing may be executed both on the circumference as well as on the front
of the grinding wheel. If possible, we dress the front with the cross of 11' to 3?,
to obtain the flatness of the front surface.
The table is moved by hand when grinding whereby we take care not to overstep
'/s of the width of the grinding wheel. Should the distance between the internal
front surface and the external steadying surface (the surface contacting the chuck)
be decisive, it is advisable to use fixed table stop 1955 with micrometrical adjust-
ment 1951.
Grinding of the External Front (drawing No. 26): We grind the external front
with a grinding wheel for external grinding, the left side of which has been dressed
with the cross of 1' to 3? (see drawing). We feed from the front in full width,
whereby we use the fine feed of table (wheel 303).
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IX. Defects at Grinding, Their Causes and Eliminations.
1. Symptons of Vibrations, appearing in form of small surfaces, caused princip-
ally by vibrations.
Cause:
a) Vibrations of the machine.
b) Vibrations of the machine, caused
by external influence (heavy ma-
chines in the neighbourhood, cra-
nes, lorries paasing by, railway etc.)
c) The grinding wheel wobbles.
d) Grinding wheel is too hard, blunt
and soiled.
e) The grinding wheel is not properly
fixed on to the flange.
f) The grinding spindle-stock is not
properly set.
The cut is too deep, the part
vibrates.
h) The grinding spindle or the tail-
stock-sleeve is wrongly set.
i) Wrong fixing of grinding spindle-
stock or tailstock on the table.
j) The centres are not properly set
in the internal taper of the grinding
spindle or the tailstock-sleeve.
k) The revolutions of the part are
too high.
1) The part is loose between centres.
m) The part is not balanced.
n) The centring corners are too small
or covered with scale.
Balance the grinding wheel or the part,
control motors. The grinding spindle-
stock or some of the pulleys runs unqui-
etly, one of the bearings is loosened or
ball bearing worn out. Test the lubrica-
tion of the machine.
Better positioning of the machine, pos-
sibly on an insulated base of concrete.
Dress the grinding wheel on the circum-
ference as well as on its sides and ba-
lance it. The grinding wheel is too soft-
replace it with a harder one, lower the
revolutions of the part as well as the
speed of table and reduce the feed. Test
the setting of spindle and action of the
machine.
Use a softer or coarser grinding wheel,
respectively reduce the depth of cut.
Make the grinding wheel coarser by
means of a pointed diamond or raise the
revolutions of the part. Sometimes a
more frequent dressing does the job.
Tighten the flange-screws and balance
the grinding wheel again.
Tighten the bearings, control the spindle.
The temperature may rise - with good
lubrication - up to 60 degrees Celsia.
Support the part by means of steadies
(sometimes the jaws of a steady are loose-
ned), reduce the depth of cut or use a
coarser grinding wheel.
Tighten the bearings or the tailstock-
sleeve.
Tighten the screws.
Regulate the revolutions according to
the para IV/1.
Move the tailstock closer to the grinding
spindlestock or raise the pressure of the
tailstock-sleeve spring, eventually re-
move the tailstock-sleeve and clean it
and re-grind the worn centres.
Balance the part or reduce the revolutions
of same, or do both if necessary.
Keep the centring corners large, clean
and round.
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o) Ground without cooling, especially
when grinding tubes.
Cooled only by means of water
without additional grinding oil (this
happens when grinding certain ma-
terials).
Too small number of steadies on
hand.
Plentiful, properly divided stream of cool-
ing water.
See the para VI.
Distribute the steadies properly (see the
para V/1).
2. Beams running in the direction of surface lines in a distance of '/4 to 2 mm.
Same are usually so shallow that they cannot be measured and can be seen by
eye only. After the ground surface has been touched in its whole length by a ring
or pin, then they appear in the form of bright stripes.
a) The grinding spindle plays.
b) Vibrations of machine.
c) The grinding wheel wobbles or is
too blunt.
d) The grinding spindlestock or tail-
stock-sleeve are not properly set.
e) The geared wheels in the grinding
spindle-stock do not run properly.
f) The part is loose between centres.
g) The centring corners are too small.
h) Small number of steadies on hand.
Elimination:
Tighten the bearings, if necessary re-
scrape.
See ?Symptoms of vibrations" para a)
and b).
See ?Symptoms of vibrations" para c)
and d).
Tighten or re-scrape the bearings, tigh-
ten the tailstock-sleeve.
Replace all engaging geared wheels with
new, faultless ones.
See ?Symptoms of vibrations" para 1).
Enlarge the corners and grind same pro-
perly and spherically. Should the part be
too small, chuck same into a chucking
collet or between hollow centres.
See ?Symptoms of vibrations" para q).
3. Marks on the Surface of parts, similar to those of the chess-board etc.
a) The grinding wheel is partly soiled The grinding wheel must run symmetri-
by pieces of metal. cally - control the drive (see also the
paragraph ?Soiled grinding wheel").
b) The grinding wheel wobbles.
c) The cut is too deep, the grinding
wheel jerks.
d) The part vibrates, small number of
steadies on hand.
e) The steady-jaws are running dry.
See ?Symptoms of vibrations" pare c).
Decrease the depth of cut or use a coar-
ser grinding wheel with open structure.
Use more steadies or tighten their jaws
a little more.
Lubricate the jaws or regulate the stream
of cooling water better.
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4. Drawn marks at fine grinding.
Cause:
a) The cooling water is not clean.
b) The grinding wheel loosens prema-
turely its grains.
c) The grinding wheel is soiled by
pieces of metal.
Clean the water by help of a special sedi-
mental attachment and filter.
Re-dress the grinding wheel slowly with
a sharp diamond or use a harder grinding
wheel.
The grinding wheel must run symmetri-
cally. Use a shallower cut (see also para-
graph ?Soiled grinding wheel").
5. The Ground Part Is Not Round.
Cause:
a) The centring corners are not clean.
b) The centring corners are not round.
c) The part is not balanced.
d) The fronts of the parts are not
flatly turned.
e) The part does not revolve symme-
trically.
f) The grinding spindle is not round
(by chuck grinding).
g) The cooling is insufficient.
Clean the corners.
Surface the corners, grind them or lap
them with a cast iron pin and emery.
Reduce the revolutions or balance the
part (counterweight).
Re-turn the fronts of the ends of part.
Re-grind the spindle and re-set the bea-
rings.
More of cooling water (stuffed inlet).
a) The grinding wheel is too fine or
too hard and the cut is too deep.
b) The grinding wheel is unsymmetri-
cal and not properly dressed.
c) One side of grinding wheel grinds
dry.
d) Too high speed of table.
e) The table tilts in the guiding.
Use a corser and softer grinding wheel.
Often coarsing and chamfering of edges
does the job.
Re-dress the grinding wheel on its cir-
cumference as well as on both sides.
Sufficiently strong and properly divided
stream of water.
See para IV/3 about the speed of table.
Scrape and control the drive.
7. Burned Places and Cracks.
a) The grinding wheel is too hard or
fine, it is blunt and shines.
b) The cut is too deep.
c) The revolutions of the part are too
low.
d) The speed of table is too high.
Use a softer or coarser grinding wheel,
often coarsing with a pointed diamond
does the job.
Decrease the depth of cut.
See paragraph IV/1 about the revolutions
of the part.
See para IV/3 about the speed of table.
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e) Insufficient cooling.
8. The Part is in the Middle Thicker.
a) Small number of steadies on hand
or not properly tightened jaws of
the steadies.
b) The grinding wheel protrudes on
the ends too far above the end of
part.
9. The Part is in the Middle Thinner.
a) When grinding short parts: The
grinding wheel is not cylindrical.
b) When grinding long parts: the
table does not run straight on.
c) The jaws of steadies are tightened
too much.
Divide better and re-inforce the stream
of water, eventually increase the contents
of grinding oil.
Elimination:
See para V/1 about using of steadies.
Control the tightening of jaws.
Set correctly the, stroke of table.
Elimination:
Re-dress the grinding wheel.
Re-scrape the guiding of table (Has
be done by an expert).
Do not tighten the jaws so much.
10. Coarse Surface When Front Grinding.
Cause:
a) The grinding wheel has an axial
play.
b) The grinding wheel was not dressed
on its side.
c) The grinding wheel is too hard or
fine because the contacting surface
is larger than by round grinding.
Control the internal setting.
Dress the grinding wheel not only on its
circumference but also on its sides cross-
wise towards its centre.
Increase the revolutions of the part, use
a coarser grain, eventually a softer grind-
ing wheel or a more open structure.
11. The Openings Are Enlarged on Their Ends.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The Grinding wheel protrudes too See paragraph VII/2.
far above the ends of openings.
b) The grinding wheel is too hard and Use a softer or coarser grinding wheel.
fine.
12. Soiled Grinding Wheel.
Elimination:
a) The grinding wheel is too fine and Use a coarser grinding wheel or coarse
hard. same better. Increase the revolutions of
the part.
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Cause: Elimination:
27
b) The cut is too deep. Decrease the depth of cut or use a coar-
ser grinding wheel.
c) The surface of the part is soiled Use a coarser grinding wheel or coarse
by scale. it better. Clean the part in a sand spou-
ter.
13. Small Parts of Material Remain on the Grinding Wheel.
a) The grinding wheel does not run
symmetrically.
b) The grinding wheel wobbles.
c) The cut is too deep, the part over-
heats.
d) The part does not run symmetri-
cally.
Elimination:
Control the drive, tighten the belts.
See ?Symptoms of vibrations" para
c).
Decrease the depth of cut or use a coar-
ser grinding wheel with a more open
structure. Water more.
Control the drive of the grinding spindle,
especially the driving of part.
14. Untimely Blunt and Shining Grinding Wheel.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The grinding wheel is too hard or See para II about grinding wheels and
fine. The revolutions of the part para IV/1 about revolutions of the part.
are too low.
15. The Grinding Wheel Strikes.
a) The grinding wheel is not round, See ?Symptoms of vibrations" para c).
it wobbles.
b) The revolutions of grinding wheel See para 11/2 about circumferential speed.
Cause:
are too low.
The grinding wheel is not balanced.
d) The grinding spindle is loose in its
bearings.
e) The revolutions of the part are too
high.
f) The part vibrates.
g) The part shakes.
h) Insufficient supply of water.
Dress and balance the grinding wheel.
Limit the play.
See para IV/1 about revolutions of part
and para 11/2 about the circumferential
speed of the grinding wheel.
Support the part better by means of stea-
dies.
Control the setting of the machine,
working spindlestock and tailstock and
centres.
Strengthen the stream of water, see also
para VI about cooling.
16. Immoderate Wearing Out of Grinding Wheel.
a) The grinding wheel is too soft.
Use a harder grinding wheel.
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X. Elimination of Eventual Stoppages of the Machine.
When using the grinding machines, various disturbances may sometimes occur,
caused either by incorrect operating of the machine, insufficient lubrication or
using of inconvenient lubricating oil, penetrating of impurity into the oil, etc.
Further possibilities of disturbances are connected with the electrical outfit of the
machine. The most frequent disturbances in this respect are stated hereunder:
1. The Grinding Spindle Does Not Revolve.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The bearing bushes are tightened Loosen the bearing bushes.
too much.
b) Seized spindle in some of its bushes Dismantle the spindle (see Operating
resulting from immoderate tighten- Instructions), polish or re-grind the da-
ing or insufficient lubrication. maged spot on the spindlestock and re-
scrape the damaged bush again.
2. The Lubrication of the Grinding Spindle Does Not Operate.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The strainer on the suction-muzzle Let the oil of the grinding spindlestock
of the lubricating pump is stuffed flow out, clean the strainer and the in-
by impurities. side of the spindlestock, then re-fill with
new, clean oil.
3. Inaccurate Approaching of Grinding Slides.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The oil is too cold (when starting Switch the motor of the pressure pump
the machine). on immediately on coming to the machine
in order that the oil will have the proper
operating temperature when starting the
work.
4. The Feed Into Cut Does Not Operate.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The ratchet is lifted. Set the handle 226 downwards.
b) The ratchet remained lifted even The disturbances b) to d) can be ascer-
after turning the handle 226 into tained when removing the hand wheel
the correct position. 174 after loosening of four screws of the
supporting ring of the screw 241 and
screwing of same out. Then we at first
remove the hand wheel from the shaft
and thereupon the dial in order not to
damage the indicator of segments.
To point b) : push the ratchet down-
- wards and control the function of lifting
and sinking repeatedly approaching and
withdrawing of the grinding slides.
Should the ratchet still be hitched, re-
move the ratchet wheel and screw off
the closing nut of the lifting piston. Re-
move the piston with the spring and clean
everything properly.
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c) The ratchet of the ratchet wheel is To point c) : remove the feeding cog out
broken-off. of the ratchet, grind a new edge and
The spring of the feeding arm is
drawn out and this was caused by
turning the hand wheel to the left
without having disengaged the rat-
chet.
fit it in again.
To point d) : replace the drawn-out spring
with a new one.
e) The button 241 for switching-on Loosen the button 241 and tighten it
the reverse movement by the allo- moderately again.
wance for grinding-down is tigh-
tened too much.
f) When using independant feed into
cut, same is too slow (insignificant
passage through the choking valve
stuffed by impurities in oil).
Turn the button 214 serving for setting
the speeds of the independant feed into
cut to the right or the sign ?quickly"
whereby the outlet for the impurity will
be opened. Then turn the button into its
previous position again.
Insufficient lubrication of guiding
surfaces of the table (caused by
small strokes or inconvenient oil).
Faulty tightening sleeves (thin lea-
ther etc.).
Should the stroke of table be too small
give the table full stroke a few times in
order that the guiding surfaces can draw
the oil from the lubricating rollers. Ex-
change the inconvenient oil against en-
gine-oil of 16?E viskosity.
Remove the piston rod 539 from the table
and the right cover of the guiding sur-
faces as well (on the machine BK 3 the
spring 115, on the machine BK 5 the
front plate 91) whereupon move the ta-
ble so far to the left until it is made
possible to reach the left side of the cy-
linder. Support the table with a wooden
stand. Then remove the lid of the cylin-
der 525 (on machine BK 5 it is necessary
also to detache the inlet of oil from the
lid of the cylinder) and pull the piston
rod with the piston out. After exchanging
the sleeves re-built vice versa.
c) Loosened nuts 558, piston rods 539.
Tighten the nuts properly!
6. Engaging and Disengaging of the Grinding Spindle and Cooling Pump Does
Not Operate (one-lever control).
Cause:
a) Faulty function of the end contact
in the rear part of stand (see pic-
ture 4 and 4a in the Operating In-
structions - end contact 1682 and
piston 1328).
Remove the cover 1682 of the end con-
tact in order to be able to watch the
function when approaching and with-
drawing the grinding slides and set the
choking valve, pre-ranged to the piston
1328 into the position thus making pos-
sible the contactors to switch on and
off properly. Should it be necessary, re-
move the piston 1328 and clean it (coll-
ected impurities).
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a) The thermical relais of the concern- Open the door 1589 on which the electric
ed contactor is switched-off. gears are mounted and switch-on the
disengaged relais by pushing in the lever
protruding out below the round opening
of the thermical relais.
8. One of the Signal Bulbes Does Not Shine.
Cause: Elimination:
a) The thermical relais is switched-off Switch-on the relais.
(the motor will not start running).
b) Faulty bulb (the motor starts runn- Exchange the bulb. The transparent Go-
ing, the bulb does not shine). ver of the bulb may be pulled out by
means of a screw-driver inserted below
its border.
9. The Regulation Motor of the Grinding Spindle-stock at the Machine BK 3
Does Not Thrust well.
a) Faulty carbons of collector rings. Screw-off the cover of the collector rings
and replace the worn carbons with new
ones.
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1. Methods of grinding:
1. Longitudinal grinding . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Cut-in grinding . . . . . . . . 1
3. Simultaneous cutting-in at several points 1- 2
4. Multiple cutting-in side by side . . . . . . . 3
5. Grinding by means of a grinding wheel set-up to the required
diameter . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
II. Selection of grinding wheel, its speed, balancing and dressing:
1. Selection of grinding wheel . . . . . . . . 3- 4
Method of Grinding . . . . . . . 4
2. Speed of the grinding wheel . . . . . . . . 4- 5
3. Balancing of the grinding wheel . . . . . 5- 6
4. Dressing of the grinding wheel . . . . . . . 6- 7
III. Preparation of parts for grinding and allowances for grinding down:
1. Preparation of parts 7- 8
2. Allowance for grinding down . . . . . . . . 8
Allowance for Shafts . . . . . . . . . . 8
IV. Revolutions of ground part, depth of cut and table speed:
1. Revolutions of ground part . 8
Circumferencial Speeds . . . . . . . . . 9
Approx. number of r. p. in. under a circumf. speed . 9
2. Depth of cut . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10
Feed in mm per 1 revolution of ground part . . . 10
3. Speed of Table . . . . . . . . . . 10
V. Grinding by means of supports, chucking by chuck and in collets:
1. Using supports . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2. Chucking by chuck or in collets . . . . . . . 10
VI. Cooling:
VII. Grinding holes:
1. Choice of grinding spindle . . . . . . . 11-13
2. Choice of Grinding wheel . . . . . . . . . 13
3. Grinding down allowances . . . . . . . . . 13
Allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . 13-14
4. Dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
VIII. Various examples of grinding:
Example 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14-17
Grinding a larger quantity of identical parts . 17-18
Example 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18-19
Example 3: . . . . . . . . . . . . 19-20-21
Example 4: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21-22
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IX. Defects at grinding, their causes and eliminations:
1. Symptoms of vibrations . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. Marks on the surface . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. Drawn marks . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
5. The ground part is not round . . . . . . . . 25
6. Screw line of the part . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. Burned places and cracks . . . . . . . . . 25--26
8. The part is in the middle thicker . . . . . . . 26
9. The part is in the middle thinner . . . . . . 26
10. Coarse surface when front grinding . . . . . 26
11. The openings are enlarged on their ends . 26
12. Soiled grinding wheel . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
13. Small parts of material remain on the grinding wheel . 27
14. Untimely blunt and shining grinding wheel . . . . . 27
15. The grinding wheel strikes . . . . . . . . . 27
16. Immoderate wearing out of grinding wheel . . . . . 27
X. Elimination of eventual stoppages of the machine:
1. The grinding spindle does not revolve . . . . . . 28
2. The lubrication of the grinding spindle does not operate . 28
3. Inaccurate approaching of grinding slides . . . . . . 28
4. The feed into cut does not operate . . . . . . . 28-29
5. The table has a broken movement . . . . . . . 29
6. Engaging and disengaging of the grinding spindle and cooling
pump does not operate . . . . . . . . . . 29
7. One of the Motors does not run . . . . . . . 30
8. One of the signal bulbes does not shine . . . . . . 30
9. The regulation motor of the grinding spindlestock at the machine
BK 3 does not thrust well . . . . . . . . . 30
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-32
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IX. Defects at grinding, their causes and eliminations:
1. Symptoms of vibrations . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. Marks on the surface . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. Drawn marks . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
5. The ground part is not round . . . . . . . . 25
6. Screw line of the part . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. Burned places and cracks . . . . . . . . . 25--26
8. The part is in the middle thicker . . . . . . . 26
9. The part is in the middle thinner . . . . . . 26
10. Coarse surface when front grinding . . . . . 26
11. The openings are enlarged on their ends . 26
12. Soiled grinding wheel . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
13. Small parts of material remain on the grinding wheel . 27
14. Untimely blunt and shining grinding wheel . . . . . 27
15. The grinding wheel strikes . . . . . . . . . 27
16. Immoderate wearing out of grinding wheel . . . . . 27
X. Elimination of eventual stoppages of the machine:
1. The grinding spindle does not revolve . . . . . . 28
2. The lubrication of the grinding spindle does not operate . 28
3. Inaccurate approaching of grinding slides . . . . . . 28
4. The feed into cut does not operate . . . . . . . 28-29
5. The table has a broken movement . . . . . . . 29
6. Engaging and disengaging of the grinding spindle and cooling
pump does not operate . . . . . . . . . . 29
7. One of the Motors does not run . . . . . . . 30
8. One of the signal bulbes does not shine . . . . . . 30
9. The regulation motor of the grinding spindlestock at the machine
BK 3 does not thrust well . . . . . . . . . 30
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-32
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IX. Defects at grinding, their causes and eliminations:
1. Symptoms of vibrations . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Beams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. Marks on the surface . . . . . . . . . . 24
4. Drawn marks . . . . . . . . . . . . 24-25
5. The ground part is not round . . . . . . . . 25
6. Screw line of the part . . . . . . . . . . 25
7. Burned places and cracks . . . . . . . . . 25--26
8. The part is in the middle thicker . . . . . . . 26
9. The part is in the middle thinner . . . . . . 26
10. Coarse surface when front grinding . . . . . 26
11. The openings are enlarged on their ends . 26
12. Soiled grinding wheel . . . . . . . . . . 26-27
13. Small parts of material remain on the grinding wheel . 27
14. Untimely blunt and shining grinding wheel . . . . . 27
15. The grinding wheel strikes . . . . . . . . . 27
16. Immoderate wearing out of grinding wheel . . . . . 27
X. Elimination of eventual stoppages of the machine:
1. The grinding spindle does not revolve . . . . . . 28
2. The lubrication of the grinding spindle does not operate . 28
3. Inaccurate approaching of grinding slides . . . . . . 28
4. The feed into cut does not operate . . . . . . . 28-29
5. The table has a broken movement . . . . . . . 29
6. Engaging and disengaging of the grinding spindle and cooling
pump does not operate . . . . . . . . . . 29
7. One of the Motors does not run . . . . . . . 30
8. One of the signal bulbes does not shine . . . . . . 30
9. The regulation motor of the grinding spindlestock at the machine
BK 3 does not thrust well . . . . . . . . . 30
Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31-32
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1.- I
Aalk
hapaetion Shat (acaiiracyY Wait's on meatilft tools)
CYLINDRICAL GRINDING MACHINES
wo,
What
I
measured
Figure
Measurement
taken by
Error
admissible
Error
actual
Testing method
Cone of work
Dial indicator
0.01 mm
0. Q
Indicator set perpendicularly
spindle runs
upon the surface line. of cone.
out on i
circumference
Turn spindle and read decli-
nations.
6
Wheel
spindle
Dial indicator
0.01 mm
0. 01
In fixed in table and
xi
for
Turn spindle and read decll-
nations.
7
Wheel spindle
Dial indicator
0.01 mm
Q* Q]
Indicator fixed on table and
parallel with
^
adjusted.
table movement
Vreverse table by measured
a) to vertical
amount and read declination.
plane
- - - L.N
b) in horizontal
plane
8
t
t
t
Movement of
Mandrel with
0.01 mm
Qe Q
Top table in sero post,
Wheel slide
centre holes
on the entire
Wheel slide An rear
perpendicular
to work
Angular gauge
length . .
of wheel'silde
Mandrel' held in cxa
headstock
Dial indicator
travel
lm gauge set
and tagetock
and ca
on f
~
sn
9
se
te
e
o
gauge.
Traverse wheel slide by
longest way possible."
Axis of wheel
Mandrel with
?0.5 mm'
0* 04
Wheel slide in midi!. position.
s lndle at one
height with
100 mm long
cylindrical part
Mandrel held ln work spindle.
work spindle
---
Dial indicator
Indicator located on. top table
axis
and set on free ends of mend-
rel and shaft.
Read declinations
.
_.
Swivel top table according to
l
scale and repeat measurehteiit:
r In
10
r
.ir
0
Height of wheel
Mi~pdrel with
0.06 mm
Wheel slide. In rear ppdtl'on.
spindle over
table equal in
100 mm long
cylindrical
on the entire
length
Mandrel fixed on rAlilsi epl~ld-
both extreme
end positions
part')
of wheel slide :
traisl
Indicator on top table and rat
of wheel slide
1
(way of as
tt
tin
On maebtues
`
on mandrel.
11
g
pe =
per of
ty
wlt~ swiveitinK
ebI slide
Seed deal Lion
machine tested)
error allowed
.
Traverse wheel slideriMo fryry*
Dial indicator
only to be
ithi
0
02 m
0
01
position and repeat measlrow
ment ii
w
n
.
m
.
') Measurement may be taken directly on spindle if the latter is fitted with special collars. .r
C l r v,
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Inspection Sheet (accuracy limits on machine tools)
25X1
CYUNDRICA'L GRINDING MACHINES
?
z
What
measured
Figure
Measurement
Error
Error
,
taken by
admissible
actual
Testing method
Cone of work
spindle runs
Mandrel with
conical shaft
In poe. A
0
01
0.01
Mandrel held in work spindle.
out on its
circumference
A B
and with
,
mm
In os.
B
Indicator set on mandrel.
12
cylindrical part
02.m
0. 02
Turn spindle and read decli-
nation.
Dial Indicator
Measurement to be taken in
pos. A, B.
Centre of work
spindle runs
Dial indicator
0,01 mm
0 . 0 O
f I Set indicator on centre per-
out on its
pendicularly to surface line
circumference
of cone.
13
Turn spindle and read decli-
nation.
Wor spindle
and face of
and face
?
Dial indicator
0,01 mm
0.01
Set indicator on face of back-
back-
W.
Plate or on spindle nose.
of chuck for
Turn spindle
simul-
d exerting
14
axial slip
axial
taneously
hrst on
spindle in the direction tow-
ards grinding wheel,
Read declination.
Measurement to be performed
in both opposite lying posi-
tions.
Height of work
spindle axis
Mandrel with
0.02 mm
0.01
Mandrel held in work spindle.
remaining
conical shaft
and with
Indicator on top table, set on
the same if
100 mm long
free end of mandrel,
work headstock
----
cylindrical part
Read declination.
swivelled to
46a position
Dial indicator
Measurement to be taken in
poe. A (axis of work spindle
parallel with slide ways).
15
8
Loosen work headstock, swivel
same by 450 and lock it in this
~+ s
J
~
position.
? v
a
Repeat measurement in this
new position of work head-
JIMA
stock.
Axis
of internal
i
di
Mandrel I
with 100 mm
0,02 mm
Oe O2
Mandrel I held in hole for in-
ternal grindin
i
dl
gr
ng
n
long
g sp
n
e.
spindle
coinciding
cylindrical part
Mandrel II held in work
with axis of
and with
spindle.
work spindle
~
cylindrical part
to be held by
Dial indicator on top table
?~
in the hole for
and set alternatively on man-
internal
grinding
drel I and IT.
spindle
Read declination.
Mandrel II
with conical
16
shaft and with
i I
100 mm long
cylindrical part
1 1
Dial indicator.
1 1
i 1
of innteirnal
a
Mandrel
ith 1
a) 0,02/100 mm
Q
O1
Mandrel held in hole for inter-
grinding
w
00 mm
?
nal grinding spindle.
spindle
2
long
b) 0,02/100 mm
parallel with
JJ
Ob
cylindrical part
O
.03
Indicator located on top table
table movement
a nd with
ands et on mandrel.
a) in vertical
r`'}
cylindrical part
to be held by
Traverse table by the measu-
plane
in hole for
red amount and read declina-
17
?_~
tion.
b) in horizontal
grinding
plane
1
spindle
1
1 1
1 1
Dial indicator.
1
1
?) Tests under Nos. 16 and 17 are to be performed only on Universal :Grinding Machines fitted with Internal Grinding and Facing Attachments.
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What
ineaaured
Error
admissible
b) 0.01/300 mm
0,01/500 mm
0.016/760 mm 'j
0,02/1000 mm
Error Conditions
actual of work
Manufacturer
figs tti state :
. kind of
grinding wheel
(grain,
hardness),
material of
teat piece,
circumferential
'speeds and feed.
To be ground
between
dead centres.
Test piece must
not be
supported
by steady.
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max. grinding length
of the machine
d
model BK 400 . .
800
46
600
800
45
.... 760
60
1000.
700
- 80
1600
1000
100
b) Finish-ground
work .piece must
be accurately
cylindrical.
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