STRATEGIC MISSILE BULLETIN: THE ESTABLISHMENT OF A TRAINING MATERIALS BASE FOR SPECIAL TRAINING IN MISSILE REGIMENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A029500370001-4
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 12, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: April 19, 1962
• Content Type: MEMO

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The Establishment of a Training) terials Base
for Special Training in Missile Regiments
The modern missile weapon is a complex of diverse and complicated
equipment, mechanisms, and assemblies, created as a result of the latest
achievements in a whole series of scientific and technical fields.
The complexity of the equipment, the high demands for precision
in its manufacture, and the great stability of the parameters, given by
the basic instruments.-- all this has a definite impact on the operation
of missile complexes.
The process of preparing missiles for launching is very complicated,
protracted, and completely taken up with different operations, the per-
formance of which demands great skill and attentive and laborious work
by the personnel. The slightest negligence, by any member of the crew
who does not possess sufficient skill at-his work may lead, at best, to
a delay in the launching of the missile. Therefore, the designers are
confronted with the task of simplifying to the maximum the technology
of preparing missiles for launching.
The inadmissibility of a violation of the instructions during the
performance of technological operations, and even more, of breakage of
materiel and of the putting out of commission of expensive instruments
and assemblies, and, at the same time, the demands for high speed in
the work of preparing missiles for launching, imposes great responsi-
bility f o r his own sector of the work on each member of a crew. There-
fore, the operation of missile equipment, which constitutes most of the
everyday combat work of subunits, is impossible without the appropriate
special training of the personnel.
In many cases, missile units are reinforced with officers who have
no previous training in missile specialties. Officers who have com-
pleted courses of short duration at higher educational institutions and
at industrial enterprises. must constantly renew and increase their
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knowledge directly in missile regiments.
Thorough knowledge of the materill, of the physical nature of the
processes and phenomena which take place during the work of the instru-
ments, units, and assemblies and a knowledge of the procedure and rules
for preparing them for work are needed, not only by the officers, but
also by the enlisted men and noncommissioned officers. The latter must
have the requisite knowledge, both of their own sector of work and of
those allied to it. These requirements are imposed because, first of
all, an officer is not able to check the correctness of all the
technological operations carried out by the crew members constantly;
and secondly, because in the organic structure of subunits it is some-
times necessary to replace engineers by technicians and technicians by
enlisted men and noncommissioned officers (in secondary sectors of work).
In addition, enlisted men and noncommissioned officers who have not
acquired thorough knowledge and experience in working with the equipment
may quickly lose these skills after their demobilization from the army,
which will undoubtedly have an adverse effect on the preparedness of
reserve cadres. Therefore,%'missile units, even in peacetime, must be-
come a school for the special training of personnel.
This task can only be accomplished by having a complete training
materials base in missile regiments which fully supports the normal
course of combat training.
Experience shows that a good training materials base, even if it
has no organic equipment (vooruzheniye) at all, allows the training of
personnel in the use of equipment in a sufficiently short period of time
(this is very important in the formation of military units before they
receive new types of missile equipment).
The training base ensures deeper study of the materiel by personnel,
and helps them to acquire practical skills in work with materiel. In
turn, work with training equipment excludes the possibility of the pre-
mature exhaustion of resources of equipment and also of breakages and
faults and of the putting out of commission of the various assemblies of
a combat missile.
What should the nature of a training materials base for specialized
training in a missile regiment be?
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First of all, beginning with the stages of training personnel, a
training materials base should provide:
-- the preliminary training of personnel in applied subjects,
such as electrical engineering, radio engineering, mechanics, chemistry,
optics, etc., regardless of the fact that these subjects may have
been studied before or during familiarization with missile equipment;
the study of applied subjects is essential for thorough understanding
of the principles for setting up instruments and assemblies and of
the physical nature of the processes and phenomena which occur during
the work of the personnel;
-- complete and thorough study of the mechanism and workings of
the separate instruments, components, systems, and assemblies of the
missile and of the whole complex of ground equipment;
-- the thorough perfection by the personnel of methods and of
practical skills in the execution of each technological operation
specified in the Technical Conditions for the Operation of a Missile
(Tekhnicheekiye usloviya na ekspluatatsiyu rakety);
-- the coordination of combat subunits through the carrying out
of an entire complex of training work in the preparation (or simulated
preparation) of a missile for launching, checking that technological
operations are performed correctly;
-- the working out of problems of the storage and preservation
of material, the carrying out of technical inspections, of preventive
(profilakticheskiy) work, and of routine maintenance work
reglamentnaya rabota);
-- the firm mastery by personnel of all the rules of the safety
techniques in work with materiel.
The training aids and equipment of a training materials base are
divided into the following main groups.
Technical documentation and literature: The constitution of this
group of training aids is determined by the complexity of the equipment
available as armament. Besides classified (grifovannyy) technical
documentation and literature about missile equipment, an adequate quantity
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of regular and universally available textbooks on electrical engineering,
radio engineering, and on other applied technical subjects should be
held in a regiment.
Training posters. Posters should occupy one of the most important
places in a training materials base, because the use of visual educa-
tional aids is a very important factor which helps in the study of equip-
ment. Furthermore, the availability of posters helps those who are
directing studies but who lack adequate experience to carry out the
stucbee correctly, according to methodology, and frees them from the
unnecessary expenditure of time in drawing complicated sketches and
diagrams on the blackboard. Posters allow the intelnel mechanism of
devices and assemblies to be shown.
Posters depict the most important diagrams, schedules, tables and
complicated instruments and mechanisms, and their separate parts,; de-
tails, and components. Posters should be prepared in several colors.
The use of several colors,%as a rule, increases the clarity of the
training aids and simplifies assimilAtion of the training material.
It is necessary to have posters showing the structure of all the
assemblies of the missile complex, and-- when organic equipment is not
available-- the general appearance of the separate assemblies, control
panels (pult), etc., as well.
Electrified diagrams (stands). In order to simplify the study of
complex electric, electronic, kinematic, hydraulic, or pneumo-hydraulic
diagrams of instruments and systems, electrical lighting of the basic
elements of a diagram is normally used. The switching of the lighting
in order, as the elements are worked through, may be carried out both
manually and automatically by means of time mechanisms and relays in-
corporated in the lighting circuit.
By improving the lighting circuit and by introducing additional
automatic units, it is possible to achieve the visual representation
of the workings of such processes as the flow of liquids in pipelines,
the movement of mechanisms, burning, etc. Although the production of
electrified stands is difficult and takes up a lot of time, they
justify themselves,because they help with the better assimilation of
the material which is being studied.
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Mock-ups and models. In order to demonstrate the structure
and working principles of the main instruments, mechanisms and
assemblies of missile equipment, mock-ups and models are prepared.
These may be in one plane, built up on panels, or three-dimensional
(obyemnyy), and static or working.
Mock-ups and models are indispensable in the absence of cross-
sections of actual elements of equipment. It is probably impossible
to give a better demonstration of how a type of mechanism works, or
of the coordination of its parts while it is working with any equip-
ment other than working mock-ups and models.
Working mock-ups and models may be used not only to show the
work of individual instruments and mechanisms, but also to demonstrate
coordination in the work of several assemblies (for example,. the
coordination of the pad (atol), carrier (telezbka), and erector
(ustanovshchik) in the installation of the missile on the launching
pad, etc.).
Specialized training aids (trenazher). Training aids are con-
structed for the carrying out of separate technological operations
and to impart practical working skills to personnel.
In their purpose, construction, and complexity, training aids
may vary quite widely. Training aids range from the very simple
(for example, the device for training in the plugging in of connectors
(podklyucheniye shtepselnykh razyemov) and fueling hoses) to the very
complicated (for example, the trainer for 5 to 7 words missinil pad).
Training aids should be created for the mastery of such operations
and work as the adjustment (nastroyka) of pressure regulators (reduktor
davleniya), the adjustment of the throttles (drossel) of the system
for emptying the tanks, the installation of the powder charge ignition
(pirozazhigatelnyy) device, checking the resistance of the insulation,
checking the powder squibs (pirozapal), checking the pressurization
(germetichnost), adjusting the automatic range controls (avtomat
upravleniya dalnoatyu) checking the gyroscope devices (giropribor),
laying the cable network (razvertyvaniye kabelnoy seti) at the tech-
nical and launch sites, etc.
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Actual instruments, components, and parts of missile equipment
assemblies. The availability of cross-sections of instruments, com-
ponents,, and other elements of missile equipment considerably enriches
a training materials base and facilitates its establishment to a cer-
tain extent. Thus, for example, the need for the preparation of cer-
tain posters giving a general view and cross-sections, and of certain
mock-ups, etc., disappears. In addition these elements can be widely
used for the preparation of stands, models, and training aids.
Training sets of missiles and ground equipment assemblies are
used to perfect the practical skills of personnel in their use of
missile equipment, to bring the methods for carrying out tech4logical
operations to the point where they are performed automatically and
primarily for the coordination of the operations of combat subunits.
The correct distribution of equipment to training classes is of
great significance in the organization of special training. A list
of these classes has already been given to the troops.
For the special training applicable to intercontinental
(mezhkontinentalnyy) ballistic missile units, the following list of
equipment is recommended for training classes.
The -class -on missile construction and propulsion systems (there
are two classes to a regiment :
-- a set of training posters on the construction of a missile,
of the propulsion system (dvigatelnaya ustanovka) and of the auxiliary
equipment and on operation and safety techniques;
-- working mock-ups and models, which demonstrate the coordination
of parts when the pressure regulators, the electro-pneumatic valves
(elektropnevmoklapan), the pressure relays (rele davleniya), and other
automatic elements in the propulsion system are working;
-- a working mock-up showing the nose cone separation process of
the missile;
-- a working mock-up of the system for emptying the tanks;
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-- an electrified pneumo-hydraulic diagram of the missile;
-- an electrified assembly diagram (blok-skhems) of the system
for regulating the apparent speed;
-- a training aid to carry out the pneumatic testing of the missile;
-- training aids for the adjustment of the pressure regulator and
of the throttle of the system for emptying the tanks;
-- a set of cross-sections of the. instruments, components, and
assemblies of the missile and of the propulsion system;
-- a set of samples of the tools, accessories, and devices used
during operation.
The class for complex testing of the missile (one class to each
-- a set of training posters showing overall views and the front
panels of the NIPEO control consoles (in the absence of organic equip-
ment), overall views and the layout of the elements of the electrical
equipment, and of operating and safety techniques;
-- posters showing the pneumo-hydraulic system of the missile,
a general diagram of the missile-borne (bortovaya) guidance system,
the system of the cable connections of the technical and launch sites;
-- working models to demonstrate the work of the timing mechanism,
the relay, the programmed current distributor (programmnyy tokoraspre-
delitel) and others;
-- an electrified diagram of the complex testing of the missile
guidance system (with a simulation of the preparation for a launch
and of a firing.);
-- an electrified stand simulating the movement of the missile
in trajectory;
-- a training aid for carrying out self-contained and complex
tests on a missile;
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-- training aids for work on the plugging in of connectors and
for the laying of the network of cables at the technical and launch
sites;
-- a set of the components of the missile-borne electrical
equipment and NIPEO (tables, connectors, relays, timing mechanisms,
programmed current distributors); switches, and others).
The class on the self-contained guidance system (one class to
each battalion :
-- a set of posters showing overall views and the arrangement
of the main instruments of the guidance system (when actual samples
are not available), filmed and electrified diagrams of the principles
of the missile-borne instruments, of sources of power, and of elements
of the commutation apparatus;
-- working mock-ups and models demonstrating the work of the
gyroscope, of the control actuator (rulevaya mashinka), of the speed
regulator gear (privod regulyatora skorosti), of the gyroscope-
stabilized platform (girostabilizirovannaya platforma), of the pro-
grammed impulses gauge (datchik programmirovannykh impulsov), and
others;
-- electrified diagrams of the automatic stabilizer (avtomat
stabilizatsii) of the normal and lateral stabilization systems (normal-
naya i bokovaya stabilizatsiya), of the programmed impulses system,
of the system for regulating the apparent speed of the automatic
range control (avtomat upravleniya dalnostyu), of the system for
emptying the tanks and of the emergency destruct system of the missile
(avariynyy podryv rakety);
-- training aids for checking the gyroscope-stabilized platform,
the tuning of the automatic range control, and for checking the re-
sistance of insulation, and of the powder cartridges (piropatron);
-- a collection of cross-sections of the instruments and elements
of the electrical circuits.
The class on launching equipment and on the aiming of the missile
(two classes to a regiment :
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-- a set of posters on the launching equipment materiel, and on
operating and safety techniques;
-- a set of posters on the aiming instruments;
-- a stand disp1 rwindow on "The Transport, Storage, and Trans-
shipment of Missiles";
-- a mock-up of a launching platform with equipment disposed on
it in one of the degrees of readiness;
-- mock-ups of ground equipment assemblies (in the absence of
organic equipment);
-- an electrified diagram of the electrical equipment and
hydraulic system of the erector (ustanovshchik);
-- an electrified diagram of the electrical equipment of the
crane (kran);
-- a training aid stand for the operator of the hydraulic system
of the erector, on the erection of the missile on the launch pad;
-- a training aid stand for the mechanic-crane operator on the
transshipment of the missile;
-- a collection of cross-sections of the assemblies, instruments,
and other elements of the launching equipment;
-- a training set of ag instruments.
The class on fuelin a ui ment and missile fuel (one class to a
regiment
-- a set of posters on the fueling equipment and missile fuel
material, and on the operation of assemblies and safety techniques;
-- a working mock-up demonstrating the work of the level gauges
(datchik urovnya) and of the devices for signalling filling limits
(signalizator predelnogo napolneniya);
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-- an electrified stand on "The System for Controlling Fueling
from a Distance";
-- electrified diagrams of the electrical equipment and hydraulic
systems of the fuel and oxidizer servicers (zaprcvshchik)i
-- a training aid stand on the fuel servicer;
-- a training aid stand on the oxidizer servicer;
~~. a training aid for instruction in the connecting of hoses;
-- a chemical laboratory training set;
-- a panel on "Samples of Missile Fuels in Use";
-- a collection of cross-sections of instruments.com;ponents,
assemblies, and other elements of the fueling equipment.
The class on compressor and nitrogen-extracting stations and
diesel electric stations (one class to a regiment :
-- sets of posters on each type of material equipment, on opera-
tional and safety techniques;
-- an electrified diagram of the electrical equipment of a com-
pressor station;
-- an electrified assembly-diagram of the air system of a com-
pressor station;
-- an electrified diagram of the electrical equipment of a
nitrogen extracting station;
-- an electrified stand on "The Work of the Technological System
of a Nitrogen Extracting Station";
--.electrified diagrams of the electrical equipment of a diesel
electric station and of an electrical transformer assembly;
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training aid stands on each type of equipment (with control
panels, simulating the work processes);
-? training instruments for the analysis of special fuels;
-- collections of cross-sections of the assemblies, instruments,
and mechanisms for each type of equipment;
-- working models and mock-ups demonstrating the work of in-
dividual elements of the equipment.
The class on radio-telemeterin equipment (one class to a
regiment :
-- a set of posters and diagrams about the structure of the
radio-telemetering equipment, its operation and safety techniques;
-- a set of working mock-ups and models, demonstrating the work
of separate elements and instruments of the radio-telemetering equip-
ment (an electronic tube, an electronic amplifier, a multi-vibrator,
a generator, the simplest receiver,ac1 others);
-- an electrified assembly-diagram of the equipment of the radio-
telemetering station;
-- a set of electrified diagrams of the most distinctive assemblies
of the radio-telemetering equipment;
-- a collection of the elements, instruments, and mechanisms of
the radio-telemetering equipment.
A similar list of equipment for the training of classes, with some
changes, is also quite suitable for intermediate range missile (raketa
sredney dalnosti) units. However, the proposed list should not in any
way hinder the showing of initiative locally. On the contrary, such
initiative will help to improve the equipment of the classes, and
will stimulate the personnel to a better' understanding of their
specialty.
Here the minimum necessary number of training classes for the
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special training of a regiment of intercontinental ballistic missiles
is reviewed. The equipment of classes in each individual case depends
on a whole series of factors -., the organic structure of the subunits,
;or example, on the availability of training equipment, on the number
and size of rooms set aside for the classes. The number of training
classes must always provide for the normal progress of the combat
training of all subunits.
Diagrams, posters, tables, and panels must be of such a size
that the parts and texts shown on them are visible from all the seats
in the classroom. Sketches drawn on paper should be pasted on card-
board or on cheesecloth for durability. Posters which are to be hung
must be equipped with special loops or rings.
In all training classrooms it is advisable to arrange devices for
hanging posters on the walls or on stands.
For the demonstration of small eLements,,for example, electrical
circuits, automatic equipment of a propulsion'system, or of flat
models, panels are prepared. Large or heavy instruments, assemblies,
and mock-ups are stored in the classrooms on stands or supports.
In the preparation of training equipment (regardless of its type),
the possibility should be considered that some changes in its struc-
ture without basic rebuilding, may be necessary, as should the
feasibility of partial disassembly for transportation, and of buil4;ing
the equipment from available (not scarce) materials.
Training equipment must not only completely represent the subject,
but should also be attractively and well made up, because well pro-
duced stands, posters and training aids increase the interest of the
pupils in the subject being studied. However, improving the standard
of preparation does not at all mean that it is necessary to install
massive stands and supports finished in rare varieties of wood. Ex-
pensive construction in equipment may be justified to a certain
extent for study rooms and auditoriums in institutions of higher
learning, but not for classes in units. Such stands need a great
expenditure of forces and means, which often far exceeds the cost of
the mock-up or diagram itself.
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The basic requirement made of training equipment is that it
should ensure the maximum intelligibility of the material being
studied. When preparing the equipment, this requirement should
not be forgotten. If, for example, in an automatic electrified
diagram, the possibility of stopping it at a given operation is
not foreseen, or the possibility of independent (separate)
illumination of its elements, if a diagram is prepared on a dark
background, without clear lilting of the elements using ended
terminology, then the diagram may lose its value as a training aid
to a significant degree.
The greatest difficulty in setting up a training materials
base will be presented by the development and preparation of
working models, electrified diagrams and training aids. Tech-
nical guides to the preparation of this equipment consist mainly
of technical and operating documentation, describing and directing
the work of the respective missile equipment assemblies. For
example, electrified diagrams of the respective systems are
drawn on a large scale, and for clarity certain additions are
introduced (different colors for individual elements, relief,
etc.). The installation of electrical illumination depends on
the purpose and the availability of the various automatic elements
of the diagram being prepared. Thus,the design collective of
units, must be able to carry out the development and preparation
of similar diagrams without any additional documentation.
The activities of the design groups: of rationalizing and
inventing collectives in the regiments must at present be directed
mainly toward the solution of the main task of supplying training
materials bases with special training aids.
As has already been said above, the technological process of
preparing a missile for launching consists of a large number of
different operatives, for the correct and rapid fulfillment of
which a good standard of training is needed in the personnel. For
this, the best training aids will be actual examples of missile
equipment, but in practice, the requirement for the high combat
readiness of material and for the preservation of its resources
excludes the possibility of frequent training with it. Additional
training of personnel must be carried out on specialized training
aids.
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Specialized training aids cannot be examined in isolation from
other types of training equipment. It is sufficient, for example,
to put the elements for controlling the illumination of the
electrified hydraulic and electrical diagrams of the fuel servicer
on a separate panel, arranging them in the same order as in an
actual assembly, and one has a training aid which will permit the
members of the crew to perfect the work of fueling. The same applies
to the working model of an erector. An electrified pneumo-hydraulic
diagram of the missile will make an original training aid if the
possibility of sl$Mlating prelaunch preparation is taken into con-
sideration during its construction.
In order that a crew member, working with a training aid, can
follow the results of his actions, it is advisable to develop
training aids which are combined with electrified diagrams and
working mock-ups. In training aids which are being not up it is
essential to foresee the possibility of havjng the instructor
artificially introduce various malfunctions, in order to train the
personnel in their quick detection and correction.
Thus, for non-organic design organizations and for the
rationalizing and inventing collectives of missile regiments the
field of activity in the problems of development and preparation of
training aids is very wide.
In setting up a training materials base, the problem of finding
materials for the preparation of training equipment assumes a
special place. Elements and assemblies of missiles which are of
obsolete construction and aircraft equipment, delivered to units for
mounting by classesare a big help in the preparation of training
aids.
For most samples of equipment only general commercial materials
are needed, but for some samples elements in short supply are used--
relays, timing mechanisms, small electrical motors and other elements
of automation, which are general purpose products and are not pro-
duced at missile equipment enterprises. Attention should be drawn
to the initiative of certain unit commanders,, who managed to organize
the receipt of sub-standard (nekonditsionnyy) production samples
(relays, electric motors, etc.) from enterprises of the electrical
industry, located close to their disposition areas.
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Part of the equipment of training classes (from the list
given above), intended for manufacture by the forces of regiments,
was entered in the Table of Norms for the Supply of Military
Training Equipment to Units of the Missile Troops (Tsb 1, norm
snabzheniya voyenno-uchebnym imushchestvom chantey raketnykh
voysk). Materials in short supply will be supplied by the Chief
Engineering Directorate of the Missile Troops (Glavnoye
inzhenernoye upravleniye raketnykh voysk--GIURV) on application
by units.
The Table of Norms for the Supply of Military Training
Equipment envisages the preparation of the following equipment at
the repair factories of the Chief Directorate of Missile Troop
Equipment (Glavnoye upravleniye raketnogo voyskovogo oborudovraniya--
GURVO) and its supply to units.-
-- training aids for carrying out the pneumatic testing of
a missile;
-- training aids for carrying out independent and complex
testing of the control system;
-- training aid stands on the oxidizer servicer;
-- training aid stands on the fuel servicer;
-- training aid stands on the erection of a missile on a
launch pad.
Some of the samples of this equipment are already prepared
at troop units and handed over for adaptation and perfection to
the repair factories of GURVO, and part is still being developed
at institutions of higher learning and in troop units in accordance
with subjects of scientific research which have been assigned.
But these are only the first steps. It is possible to evolve
and prepare all the samples of training equipment, including simple
training aids for the perfection of individual operations in the
technological process of preparing missiles for launching, with
the forces of the design collectives of units.
In view of the need for the quickest possible equipment of
missile troops with high quality training and practice equipment..
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 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO29500370001-4
50X1-HUM
it is advisable to set up a special experimental-design organization,
supplying it with an experimental and a production base. Great
assistance must be rendered to the units in the evolution and prepar-
ation of training equipment by the workers of the directorates and
services of the Commander-in-Chief of the Missile Troops.
In certain missile regiments, the construction of training
buildings to house the special training classes is being carried
out with initiative. This is a very good start. It is advisable
to encourage this initiative in every way.
The constant exchange of experience of work and of periodic
information about achievements in setting up a training materials
base is also not unimportant.
The commanders and political workers of large units and units
are responsible for setting up a model training materials base for
special training. However, there have been some cases in which
commanders of regiments who did not have a training materials base,
on receiving instructions on the establishment of a non-organic
design bureau, have limited themselves to writing into the instruc-
tions the names of several officers who have entered the composition
of these bureaus.
In their content, composition, and work, non-organic design
bureaus must conform with their designation. The preparation of
training aids greatly facilitates the improvement of the special
training of those who are to carry out the work directly. It is
necessary to bring the most skilful craftsmen (master) and handy
men (umelets) from among the enlisted men and noncommissioned
officers into the design bureaus. The design bureaus must be
supported with all means, material and tools, and special premises
and a production base must also be allotted to them, even at the
expense of existing repair shops. Specific tasks with time limits
for their performance and for the preparation of this or that sample
of training equipment, should be assigned to the design bureaus after
the status of the training materials base has been csr#ied and
after the availability of means and materials has been determined.
It is necessary to search more persistently and locally for
all the ways and means to combat this task, directing party and
Komsomol organizations toward. its accomplishment, and enlisting
tue whole group spirit of units.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO29500370001-4
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO29500370001-4
50X1-HUM
The establishment of a model training materials base in each
missile regiment within a short period of time is the duty of all
commanders and chiefs at dil levels.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/12 : CIA-RDP80T00246AO29500370001-4