STRATEGIC MISSILE BULLETIN: THE BASIC MEASURES FOR THE PROTECTION OF MISSILE TROOPS AGAINST INJURY BY TOXIC AND RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES AND BACTERIOLOGICAL AGENTS

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A029500100001-3
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 24
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 13, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 29, 1962
• Content Type: MEMO

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CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY
WASHINGTON 28. D. C.
2 9 MAR 1962
MEMORANDUM FOR: The Director of Central Intelligence
SUBJECT . STRATEGIC MISSILE BULLETIN: "The Basic Measures
for.the Protection of Missile Troops Against
Injury by Toxic and Radioactive Substances and
Bacteriological Agents"
1. Enclosed is a verbatim translation of an article which
appeared in a Soviet Ministry of Defense publication called
Information Bulletin of the Missile Troops (Informatsionyy
yulleten Raketnykh Voysk . This publication is classified
TOP SECRET by the Soviets and was first issued in 1961. It is
intended for generals and officers of the Missile Troops.
2. In the interests of protecting our source, this material
should be handled on a need-to-know basis within your office.
Requests for extra copies of this report or for utilization of
any part of this document in any other form should be addressed
to the originating office.
Richard Helms
Deputy Director (Plans)
Enclosure
F F
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Original: The Director of Central Intelligence
cc: Military Representative of the President
Special.Assistant to the President for
National Security Affairs
The Director of Intelligence and Research,
Department of State
The Director, Defense Intelligence Agency
The Director for Intelligence,
The Joint Staff
The Assistant Chief of Staff for Intelligence,
Department of the Army
The Director of Naval Intelligence
Department of the Navy
The Assistant Chief of Staff, Intelligence
U. S. Air Force
The Director, National Security Agency
Director, Division of Intelligence
Atomic Energy Commission
National Indications Center
Chairman, Guided Missiles and Astronautics
Intelligence Committee
The Deputy Director of Central Intelligence
Deputy Director for Intelligence
Assistant Director for National Estimates
Assistant Director for Current Intelligence
Assistant Director for Research and Reports
Assistant Director for Scientific Intelligence
Director, National Photographic Interpretation Center
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SET
COUNTRY a USSR
.SUBJECT STRATEGIC MISSILE BULLETIN: "The Basic Measures
for the-Protection oM ssile-Troops Against
Injury by Toxic and Radioactive Substances and
Bacteriological Agents"
DATE OF INFO: July 1961
APPRAISAL OF
CONTENT Documentary
Following is a verbatim translation of an article
titled "The Basic Measures for the Protection of Missile
Troops Against Injury by Toxic and Radioactive Substances
and Bacteriological Agents",;, which appeared in the 1961
.First Issue of a TOP'SECRETSoviet publication titled
Information Bulletin of the Missile Troops (Informatsionnyy
Byulleten a etny Voysk . The st ssue was sent
o press on u y
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The.Basic Measures for the Protection of Missile Troops
Against Injury by
Toxic and Radioactive.Substances and Bacteriological Agents
A.future war, especially in its initial period, will
be characterized by. the widespread use of weapons of.
mass. destruction and primarily of nuclear/missile weapons.
Our probable enemies are paying particular attention
to.the development of these weapons. They do not conceal
the fact that they intend to use them on an extensive
scale from the. very beginning of combat operations and
principally against the siting ireas.of the missile
.troops. Thus,'the majority of missile troop units and
large units will be compelled.to operate on terrain
contaminated with radioactive. substances .with. high levels
of radiation;. At the same time,, one cannot discount
the possibility that chemical and bacteriological weapons
will be used by the, enemy. Chemical and bacteriological
weapons are regarded by our probable enemies as one.'of
the means of mass destruction; which can be used, in
combination with other.. types of weapons (nuclear included),
against..both'operational-tactical and strategic
objectives
:In the, opinion of the Americans, forestalling. an
enemy in the mass use of weapons of mass. destruction
will result j; such..,losses' and in such disorganization
of the ' enemy's' troops that the latter's capability
for resistance' will be considerably reduced and a
decisive influence will be exercised on the outcome
of the. initial period of military operations and, of
the'war as a'whole.
The creation of..large areas of contamination will'
seriously impede missile troops in the performance of
their combat tasks. At present, the methods of ensuring
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the combat,operations of missile troops while the enemy
is making widespread use of weapons of mass destruction
have still not been sufficiently mastered or worked out.
Thus, one of the most important tasks in the combat
preparation of missile troops is that of ensuring their
constant combat readiness.to deliver a mass strike
against the enemy, under complex conditions, when the
latter is ;using weapons of mass destruction. The 'per-
formance of this task depends largely on the degree to
which commanding'officers, political organs, and the
chiefs of the appropriate services purposefully and
specifically organize and conduct the training 'of
personnel of subunits and units in peacetime for
constant readiness to fulfil a combat task under any.
conditions.
The contamination of terrain by radioactive
substances is one of the features of a nuclear burst
and is caused mainly by the fallout of the products
of the fission of uranium and plutonium nuclei and
also by the rise of induced radioactivity in the soil.
As they disintegrate, radioactive substances give
off gamma rays and alpha and beta particles which have
a harmful and injurious effect on the human organisim
The amount of radioactive radiation received by
a human organism depends on the duration of irradiation
and on the level of radiation and is measured as an
irradiation dose in roentgens (r),,
The degree of injury depends on the irradiation
dose received by the human organism. Under wartime
conditions,: the maximum dose permissible for a human
being in a single irradiation in one period of twenty-
four hours is 50 roentgens, in repeated irradiations
over 5 periods of twenty-four hours it is 75 roentgens
and during. 10 twenty-four hour periods it is 100
roentgens. A further increase in the dose results
in the loss of combat effectiveness. Irradiation
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with doses of more than 250 roentgens over notmore
than one period of twenty-four hours, as a,-rule,
causes all of the personnel to lose combat effective-
ness,` during the actual process of irradiation or
following irradiation.
Radioactive substances striking the skin and
mucous membransss can cause the appearance of ulcers
and of inflammations which are difficult to treat.
The maximum permissible contamination of the surface
of the human body by radioactive substances is 50
thousand particles (raspad) per minute per square
centimeter; on the hands - 200 thousand particles per
square centimeter; on clothing or on the means of
antichemical..protection - 200 thousand particles per.
minute per square centimeter, and the maximum permissible
contamination. of armament and combat materiel is
500 thousand particles per minute per square centimeter.
It is. necessary to bear in mind that the density
of contamination of terrain is.defined by the amount
of radioactive substance. found on a unit of its.
surface and is expressed in curies* per square meter.
'Approximate.ly-0'>2 curie/square. meters or 30 to 50
million particles per minute per 'square centimeter
corresponds to,the level of radiation on terrain in
l roentgen/hour. The above data allow one to take
into consideration the maximum time for which persons
.can safely stay on contaminated terrain and the degree
of contamination permissible'for Various objects.
It is known that oir probable. enemies attach very
great significance to the use of surface nuclear bursts,
with the aim. of contaminating terrain.
With the beginning of military operations, the
use of nuclear weapons with ground. bursts will greatly
increase the effectiveness. of these.weapons, will
result.in.a significant increase in losses of personnel,
and during a, prolonged operation on the contaminated
terrain troops may completely lose their combat
effectiveness.
*A curie 'is a quantity of any radioactive substance
undergoing exactly 3.700 x 1010 disintegrations
(raspad) per second.
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The Americans believe. that the f irst?strike of
their probable enemies against various and, for the
most part, important military targets, located on
US territory, will produce over 260 nuclear bursts,
as result of which radioactive contamination of
terrain with radiation levels. of up to-3,000
roentgens/hour one hour after,the bursts will account
for approximately 10.percent of the territory of the
country. Seven hours after the bursts, contamination
with radiation levels of up to 300 roentgens/hour will
account for 30 percent of the territory of the country.
An increase in the'extent of the contaminated territory
will also continue during the next two days. Forty-eight
hours after the bursts, the contamination by radioactive
substances with dangerous levels of radiation of.up to
30 roentgens/hour will account for approximately 46
percent of the, territory of the country
With the infliction of such a nuclear strike, the
possible loss of human life, according to an estimate
by the.Ameri.cans, will be roughly 70 million. Of the
total losses, approximately 75 percent will occur as
a result of, the effects of the shock wave, the light
radiation, ,and the penetrating radiation,,while 25
percent will be due to the effects of residual. radiation
caused by the fallout of radioactive dust. Loss of life
may be considerably greater if chemical and bacteriological
weapons are used in combination with nuclear weapons.
At present, new toxic substances which belong to
the class of phosphoro-organic compounds, and which
far surpass. Sarin and Boman in toxicity especially in
their action through the skin in droplet (kapelno-
zhidkiy) form, have been accepted as part of the
armament of the US-Army .
It should be noted that modern toxic substances
are capable of causing death after an'exposure.of
several minutes to concentrations of hundredth and
thousandth parts of a milligram to a liter.
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. The, primary means of delivering toxic ' substances
.to targets located in the deep-"rear area are the
guided cruise missiles "Matador".(maximum'range 1,240;
kilometers)?and "Snark (maximum range.10,000 kilometers).
The basic method of delivering toxic substances to a
target with these missiles is by equipping the cruise
.missiles with small chemical bombs which are ejected
.from the warhead in flight at a specific altitude,
thus ensuring their effective dispersion and the
creation of an injurious concentration of toxic
substances in the target area.
.Of the types of mUsile .used to scatter bacterio-
logical ('bakterialnyy) agents. from the air, the
cruise missile "Regulus-1" (maximum range 800 kilometers)
can be used, pilotless aircraft are also used for
dispersion o
The Americans believe that with ten B-52 bombers
it is possible to cont.aminate.an area of up to 3.9
million square kilometers with 'pathogenic agents
(v.ozbuditel'bolezni)e The losses of life in this area
from the use of bacteriological agents may amount to
70, to 74, percent.
Thus, the possibility of the mass use by the enemy
of weapons of mass destruction makes it necessary to
organize and to put into effect an orderly system of'
antiatomic and antichemical protection among the
missile troops.
The Organization of Troop Protection
Against Radioactive an .Toxic Substances
The protection of missile troops against weapons
of mass destruction consists of a complex of measures
concerning protection against the destructive factors
of a nuclear burst - the shockwave, light radiation,
penetrating radiation, and radioactive contamination -
and also concerning protection against toxic substances
and bacteriological agents. In view of the special
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combat characteristics of weapons of.mass.destruct.ion,
the carrying out of 'these measures requires the use . of
special technical. means and ofa special organization..
.Antichemical protection is part of the whole
complex of measures concerning protection from the
weapons of mass destruction and is aimed at averting
injury to troops by toxic and radioactive substances
and to a large. extent by bacteriological agents.
Antichemical protection. must be organized in such.a
way as to afford reliable protection for the troops
against the direct. effect of toxic substances. and at
the same time to protect them against radioactive
substances and bacteriological agents.
To attain this goal, the following measures must
.be carried out.
-notification of the troops of chemical attack,
of radioactive contamination, and of the use of
bacteriological agents;
-the conduct of continuous radiation and chemical
reconnaissance;
-the antichemical preparation of a variety of
shelters;
-the supply to the troops of means for protection
and the carrying out of measures concerning the
protection of troops against injury by toxic and
radioactive substances;
-the protection against contamination of armament,
combat equipment, and other objects;
-the decontamination of various objects and checks
on'the condition of personnel subjected to the effects
of toxic and radioactive substances.
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Together with measures for antichemical protection,
equivalent measures'for antiatomic and ant ibacteriological
protection.are taken.
The organization of measures for the antichemical
protection of the missile troops has some special
features. The following can be numbered among these:
-the disposition of units and large units in
permanent (fixed) siting areas;
-the isolation of units and subunits, their
independence in carrying out combat operations;
-the limitation or complete absence of maneuver;
-the necessity to remain in contaminated terrain
for a prolonged period.
The fixed disposition of the siting areas of missile
troops. allows one to prepare more fully for antichemical
protection in peacetime, taking into account all the
features of the conduct of combat operations by missile
units and subunits.
Notification is an important. measure in the system
of protecting missile troops against the danger of
injury by toxic and radioactive substances and
bacteriological-agents. It.is organized with the aim
of carrying out the steps necessary for'protection in
good time.
Common notification signals for all subunits, units, and
large units of nuclear attack, chemical attack, radioactive
contamination,.and the use of bacteriological agents should
be established in the interests of timely and rapid
notification of the missile troops and of avoidance of
confusion with other signals.
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. The greatest danger of troop injury by nuclear,
chemical, and bacteriological weapons arises during a
surprise. attack by the enemy. The decision concerning
the timely performance of measures for the immediate
protection of the personnel of any missile troop units.
and large units at.the threat of a nuclear attack must
be the function of the Main Staff of the Missile Troops
of the army staffs, and of independent corps.
A. signal concerning a chemical attack, radioactive
contamination, or the use of. bacteriological agents can
be given by a divisional commanding officer,by unit
and subunit commanding officers, by chemical observation
posts, or by observers.
'A signal giving notification of a chemical attack
is given by a unit (subunit) commanding officer if the
enemy has carried out a chemical attack in the unit's
(subunit's) disposition area or if there is danger of
the spread of contaminated air from other sectors which
have been subjected to a chemical attack, and at the
threat of. contamination of the unit's (subunit's)
disposition area by radioactive substances formed as the
result' of surface nuclear bursts.
Immediate notification of'the personnel of subunits
up to and including, battalion (divizion).level can be
provided,by audible signals (loudspeaker communications
and sirens).
Light signals made. with flares give away the static-
(pozitsionnyy) combat formation and are therefore
unacceptable for missile troops.
Radiation and Chemical Reconnaissance
Knowledge. by commanding officers of the chemical. and
radiation situation has particular significance. when the
enemy is using weapons of mass destruction. Chemical and
radiation reconnaissance is conducted with the aim of
timely detection of the onset of radioactive contamination,
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of enemy use of toxic substances and bacteriological.
.agents, and of the rapid determination of the contaminated
areas and of the nature of the contamination. Reconnaissance
data on enemy use of toxic substances and on radiation
levels must be conveyed to the troops.in a very short
period of time in order to avoid severe injury to the
personnel.
These tasks can be performed only through the.employ-
ment of intricate technical'equipment with great
sensitivity and automatic operation. For the servicing
of.the equipment. specially trained chemical and radiation
reconnaissance subunits, which are not occupied with the
performance of other tasks, are needed.
Timely warning of personnel of the.danger of injury
from toxic and radioactive substances is possible through
the availability of chemical reconnaissance patrols.or of
chemical observation posts from the chemical. and radiation
reconnaissance subunits in the immediate areas of the
battalion's launching'.sites, at command points, and also
along supply and evacuation routes.
The principle of independence must form the basis of
the organization of chemical, radiation, and bacteriological
reconnaissance in the missile troops, because of the-wide
dispersion of subunits and units throughout the siting
area. As a rule, subunits and units will decide
when it is.'necessary to put on or to take off means for
individual protection and when to take measures for the
elimination of contamination. This requirement can be
fulfilled only when the necessary forces and means of
chemical and radiation reconnaissance.are available.
In launching batteries, chemical and radiation
reconnaissance must be conducted by a system of chemical
observation posts, which an a battalion and a regiment
must be conducted by a system of chemical observation
posts and patrols.
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In a missile. regiment it is necessary to have chemical
and radiation. reconnaissance down to platoon level. Since
.a missile battalion usually operates.in an area of
1 to 2 square kilometers, and a missile.regiment in an
area of up to 20.square kilometers, it is necessary~to
carry on constant and direct reconnaissance at the
launching sites, in the command post;areas, in the
dispositions, of the rear area subunits and along the
supply and evacuation.routes, for the timely receipt of
data on the chemical and radiation situation.
At present, missile. units do not include in their
composition the necessary quantity of organic forces
and means.for chemical and radiation reconnaissance.
Consequently, it is necessary to use supernumerary
(chemically equipped). '(khimizirovannyy) sections and
groups in launching batteries and battalions for the
organization of chemical, radiation., and bacteriological.
reconnaissance in subunits.
An organic section of a regiment's chemical and
radiation reconnaissance carries out radiation and
chemical observation at the command post and, incase
of necessity,. it is used to conduct chemical and
radiation reconnaissance of routes and.of the launching
.sites in the primary and alternate siting areas. 'In
addition, it can conduct a dosimetric check on the
irradiation of personnel and on the radioactive contamination
of armament and combat materiel.
Radiation and chemical observation. in a battalion
and in launching batteries must be carried out by the
chemical observation posts to which some of the trained
soldiers and NCO's of the subunits are detached. The
.observation posts and observers must be provided with.
instruments for radiation and chemical reconnaissance.
In order that sufficiently accurate reports on
radiation. levels , may be received from the chemical .observation posts of the subunits and.units, their locations
.must ',be so equipped that, in the event of contamination
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of. the terrain. by high levels of radiation, the measure-
ment of, contamination can be'carried out without'leaving
the post. For.this, the absorption coefficient of the
overhead cover (koeffitsient oslableniya perekoytiya).
of the shelter in which the personnel of the chemical
observation post are located should. be accurately known.
The experience of a series of operational, exercises
indicates that under conditions of radioactive
contamination the receipt of information on the radiation
situation solely from chemical observation posts or
chemical reconnaissance patrols takes a long time and
cannot satisfy the command, mainly at the divisional
or army level. The method of evaluating the radiation
situation by graphic computation (raschetno-graf icheskiy)
can provide a considerable gain in time.
The forecasting of the radiation situation by the
method of graphic computation permits the determination,
comparatively soon after the delivery of enemy nuclear
strikes, of approximate data on possible radioactive
contamination 'And the determination of the units, which may
very shortly find themselves on contaminated terrain.
The receipt of.such data allows appropriate orders on
the timely adoption of the ne.cessar.y protective measures
to be given to troops who are threatened by radioactive
contamination.
To determine the approximate overall situation.on
radioactive' contamination-.from surface nuclear bursts,
the following data are necessary; the area and yield.'of
the nuclear burst, the direction and the speed of,.the
average wind up to the altitude to which the radioactive
cloud is rising.
Data an the time, place, and yield of the nuclear
.burst 'can be received from the PVO posts,'which data on
the speed and direction of the average wind should be
,;systematically received from the meteorological service
of ' the missile troops.
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On the basis of the method of graphic computation,
the anticipated contamination level of the missile troop
units and large units is ascertained, and it is established
which troops may find themselves on terrain with high
levels of radiation, after which a decision is reached
with the respective commanding officer on the future
operations of the troops.
The use of the graphic computation method for the
evaluation of the radiation situation of missile troops
can be of particular use to the staffs of units, large
units, and formations.
For the appraisal of the radiation and chemical
situation, for the preparation of proposals for the
respective commanding officers concerning troop operations
when the enemy is using weapons of mass destruction and
on procedure for the elimination of the after-effects of
a chemical attack and of radioactive contamination, a
radiation and chemical situation map is drawn up: a
1:100,000 scale map for the staff of a missile regiment,
a 1:100,,000 to a 1:500,000 scale map for the staff of an
army (of an independent missile corps').
The following are entered on the map:
-the siting areas, up to missile battalion inclusive,
and the disposition of chemical observation posts;
-the limits.of areas contaminated by radioactive and
toxic substances, the levels of radiation and the types
of toxic substances,. and the fallout time of the radio-
active substances;
-the depth of the spread of toxic vapors;
-the abatement of radiation levels;
-data on the weather.
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The map should have a legend showing:
-the possible radiation doses of personnel;
-the time for which units and subunits are to be
permitted to remain in contaminated areas;
-the approximate time for which the personnel of
subunits are to stay in shelters to work subsequently
on contaminated terrain, until they have received the
radiation dose which has been established as permissible.
After working out and entering the data on the
radiation and chemical situation map, the chief of the
chemical service (of the unit, large unit, or formation)
reports to the commanding officer the brief conclusions
from his evaluation of the radiation and chemical situation
and proposals for future troop operations which arise from
this situation.
The following questions must be dealt with in. the
report:
-the effect on the troops of the enemy?s use of chemical
weapons and radioactive contamination (approximate radiation
levels in the troop disposition areas, possible radiation
doses of personnel and of units subjected to contamination
by toxic substances, the stability of the toxic substances
on:;.the terrain) ;
-measures to preserve the combat effectiveness- of the
troops;
-the time necessary to carry out measures concerned
with the elimination of the after-effects of radioactive
contamination and of the enemy's use of chemical weapons;
-the forces and means which are necessary.
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After the respective commanding officer has reached
a decision, the chief of the chemical service obtains
more precise data on the radiation levels and on the
chemical situation through the chemical and radiation
reconnaissance subunits and the chemical observation
posts of the units and large units and organizes the
elimination of the after-effects of the enemy's use of
chemical weapons and radioactive contamination.
The''?;," Antichemical Preparation of Siting Areas
and the Supply to the Troops of Means for Protection.
With the view of protecting personnel against weapons
of mass destruction collective means of defense must be
prepared in advance in the siting areas of missile units.
When the enemy is using weapons of mass destruction, only
prepared structures will provide reliable and lasting,
protection without the use of individual means of.
protection. Since missile subunits and units may be
forced to operate fora prolonged time under the effects
of radioactive and toxic substances the anti-chemical
preparation of shelters takes on particular significance.
Collective means of protection are the most important
means for troop protection against nuclear weapons and,
furthermore, are a reliable means of protection against
chemical and bacteriological weapons and radioactive.
substances.
The siting areas of missile troops must have a
different type of shelter, prepared against chemical
effects and providing simultaneous protection for all.
personnel. This requirement is dictated by the fact
that, with surface nuclear bursts, the siting area of
a missile regiment or of a division may be contaminated
with radioactive substances with radiation levels of
500 to 600 roentgens/hour and more. In an area with such
radiation levels, personnel will receive the permissible
radiation dose of 50 roentgens within approximately 8 to
10 minutes. Consequently, if there are no. shelters,
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personnel who have survived the shockwave and the: light
radiation will be injured by the radioactive substances
and will lose combat effectiveness.
Filter ventilation units (filtro-ventilyatsionnyye
komplekty), FVKP-M-l and FVKP-M-2, by means of which
the air supply in the premises is renewed, are used for
the antichemical equipment of the shelters. The air
fed into the structure is first cleansed of toxic and
radioactive substances and of bacteriological agents.
In addition, the shelter protects the personnel from
radioactive radiation in a practical way.
While shelters are being used, all the rules for their
operation must be strictly observed. Responsibility for
the serviceability and safekeeping of the shelter's
internal equipment and for its proper operation rests with
the commanding officer of the subunit occupying the shelter.
The personnel of the subunit must know definitely
which shelters they are to occupy upon signals of the
danger of nuclear attack and of chemical attack.
When personnel are operating on contaminated terrain
and subsequently enter a shelter, the outer clothing
and equipment are left in the air lock antechamber
(predtambur) after preliminary and partial degassing or
deactivation. Personnel are categorically forbidden to
enter the shelter with visible drops of toxic substances,
or, during radioactive contamination, with dirt and snow
on their clothes or footwear.
One may leave a shelter only with the approval of
the commanding officer of the subunit after determining
the contamination level of the terrain and the air. The
shelter detail (naryad) watches the contamination of the
shelter. The contamination by radioactive substances
of the internal surfaces of a shelter and of its internal
equipment must not exceed the maximum permissible level
(1.10 particles in a minute per square centimeter of
surface area).
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Thus, the proper use of shelters while the enemy
is using weapons of mass destruction, ensures reliable
and lasting protection for personnel. It is therefore
necessary for commanding officers at all levels to give
great attention during troop training to questions of
/the use of means for collective protection.
Missile troops are provided with;the same means
for antichemical protection as ground troops. The
expenditure of individual means of antichemical'protection
by missile troops will not exceed the expenditure of these
means by the ground troops, and in a number of cases it
will be considerably lower. This is explained by the
fact that missile troops can make wider use of means of
collective protection than ground troops. In addition,
the protective power of the existing filter gas mask
ensures the protection of the respiratory organs, in
practice, for the whole period during which a missile.
operation is being conducted. It is therefore necessary
to provide a reserve of gas masks for the replacement of
losses because of mechanical damage and technical defects.
In setting up reserves of means of antichemical protection
for the period of missile operation, one must start from
the time when they are received for replenishment from those
district (front) depots of the district (front) on the
territory of which the missile troops are located.
In view of the great dispersion of missile troop units
and subunits, the reserve of means of antichemical pro-
tection should be created basically 'in battalions and
regiments and not in divisions. This will ensure the
rapid replenishment of chemical equipment during combat
operations.
The sizes of reserves of chemical equipment. must be
established on the basis of covering losses in the course
of a ~missile::operation.
Proceeding from the average daily expenditure of
chemical equipment in amissile regiment, approximately
the following reserves are needed at the beginning of an
operation:
I
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gas ma$ks
Missile Regiment
Missile Battalion
6 to 8
3to4
Total in a Regiment
9 to 12
Sizes of Reserves in Percentages
of T.0.E.
Protective
.Clothing
(Set No. 1)
15 to 20
10 to 15
25 to 35
Chemical
Radiation
Reconnaissance
mans
Degassing
Substances
1 unit
(zaryadka)
1 unit
Note: A combined as protective raincoat, protective socks and
gloves are included in set No. 1 of the protective
clothing.
_Decontami-
nation
Substances
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If the reserves shown in the table are available in
a regiment and a battalion, the covering of their
expenditure during a missile operation, until the
receipt of chemical equipment replenishments from
district (front) depots is ensured.
The protection of personnel against injury by
radioactive and toxic substances is ensured by timely
and complete supply of means of antichemical protection
and also by the constant maintenance of these means in
good condition. This requirement applies particularly
to gasmasks, which must not only be hurried to the
personnel but also checked on the premises with toxic
substances.
Eliminating the After-Effects of Chemical
Attack and Radioactive Contamination
For restoration of the combat readiness of troops
subjected to the effects of chemical attack and radioactive
contamination, the timely and rapid conduct of measures
for the elimination of the after-effects of this attack
has great signif icance.
A feature of the organization and execution of
measures for the elimination of the. after-effects of
chemical attack and radioactive contamination in missile
units and large; units is that there are no chemical
protection subunits for this purpose in their organiza-
tional structure. Missile troop units and subunits must
therefore rely exclusively on their own forces and means
in carrying out, measures to eliminate the after-effects
of chemical and radioactive contamination.
The elimination of the after-effects of chemical attack
and radioactive contamination directly in the combat
formations of missile troops consists essentially of the
medical processing of personnel and of the degassing and
decontamination of armament, of combat materiel, and of
launching sites, using authorized and improvised means,
and is carried out by the forces of the subunits them-
selves.
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SE
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The supply to the troops of the necessary quantity
of individual and group outfits (komplekt) for the
special processing of tractor equipment and the use
of cleansing and neutralizing (obmyvochno-neytralizatsionnyy)
and fire trucks for the special processing of armament
and combat materiel will permit the complete degassing,
decontamination, and disinfection of combat materiel,to
be carried out directly in the subunits.
Organization of the complete elimination of the
possibilities of contamination,of`personnel with
radioactive and toxic substances and bacteriological
agents directly at the launching platforms and on the
routes connecting the launching platforms with the
various storage places and shelters is the most important
task for the missile troops during wide-scale contamination.
The basic aim of complete special processing is to
decrease contamination to the level at which the
possibility of working without protective means is
created for personnel servicing combat materiel and
ground equipment over a long period and at which, during
the occupation .of shelters,r the possibility that the
products of nuclear burst might drift into the.internal
premises of the structure will be excluded.
To supply the troops with a sufficient number of
group degassing sets, these must be prepared by work-
shop.units, using standard barrels with a capacity of
100 to 200 liters.
The use of cleansing and neutralizing and fire
trucks for complete special processing ensures that
radioactive and toxic substances, together with the
surface layer of dirt, are almost completely washed
from the surfaces. Washing with a stream of water
under pressure, using washing materials, makes the
servicing even more effective.
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The special servicing of combat materiel and ground
equipment will be carried out, as a rule, at the launch
sites and not at specially appointed platforms and posts.
This is connected with the fact that missile combat
materiel and the special vehicles will be serviced with-
out being withdrawn to uncontaminated terrain.
Estimates show that a division will require not
more than 1.5 to 2 hours for the complete special
servicing of armament, combat equipment, and transport,
by the forces and means of subunits.
It is advisable to organize the degassing and the
disinfection of clothing, equipment (snaryazheniye) and
of the means of antichemical protection on the scale of
a missile division. In the subunits of a missile
regiment only the exchange of contaminated items of
clothing and of means of antichemical protection for
noncontaminated ones should be carried out.
The complete medical processing of the personnel
of the launch battalions must be conducted in
stationary bath houses. The existence of stationary
bath houses at combat complexes makes it comparatively
easy to organize.and conduct the complete medical
processing of the personnel by the forces and means of
a regiment's subunits.
The decontamination (obezzarazhivaniye) of terrain
on combat complexes without chemical subunits can be
carried out on a limited scale, since the decontamination
of all the routes to the launch sites is in practice
impossible for the subunits of a missile regiment. It is
therefore necessary to carry out the degassing and
decontamination solely of the launching platforms and of
the road sectors leading from the launching platforms to
the different storage places, to the locations of
personnel, of power units and servicing equipment, of
control points, and of the separate sectors of storage
places.
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The total area of these installations in a missile
battalion may exceed 3 to 4 hectares. Since missile
units do not have chemical subunits for the degassing
of terrain, cleansing and neutralizing trucks can be
brought in for this purpose.
It should be remembered that in the process of
complete decontamination of materiel and armament,.a
great quantity of decontamination substances or water
will be required. For example, for the decontamination
of the entire surface of the body of a (kuzovnoy)
vehicle nearly 100 liters of solution or more than 600
to 700 liters of water are needed, while for the complete
decontamination of materiel and ground equipment
approximately 4 to 5 cubic meters of decontamination
solutions or over 45 cubic meters of water will be
required for a missile battalion.
Thus, for the elimination of the after-effects.of
chemical attack and of the radioactive contamination of
launching subunits, the most urgent task is to ensure
the complete elimination of contamination of personnel
and combat materiel in the place where the contamination
occurs. The performance of this task can be achieved only
if special servicing is conducted independently by subunits.
These, basically, are some of the questions of the
protection of missile troops against radioactive and
toxic substances.
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