MILITARY NEWS: FIRING FROM A MOVING ARMORED PERSONNEL CARRIER, BY MAJOR-GENERAL S. SAVCHENKO AND COL. A. GRECHIKHIN

• Document Type: CREST
• Collection: General CIA Records
• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A029400540001-6
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: S
• Document Page Count: 18
• Document Creation Date: December 22, 2016
• Document Release Date: January 11, 2012
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 15, 1962
• Content Type: MEMO

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Firing from a Moving Armored Personijit Carrier
by
Major-General S. Savchenko
and
Col. A. Grechikhin
In training troops to fire from a moving armored personnel
carrier (APC) it is essential to take into consideration certain
characteristics which affect the rules of firing.
First characteristic. The constant swaying of the APC
renders observation of the battlefield more difficult, especially
through the ports, inasmuch as they limit the field of view. To
obtain better conditions for observation the men must be placed
as near the ports as possible.
Second characteristic. The range to the target is constantly
changing irrespective of the movement of the vehicle in relation to
the target.
Therefore pointblank range should be utilized to the full, as
in battle it will be impossible to change the sights often from one
setting to another.
Third characteristic.. During a flank movement across the
target flangovoye dvizheniye) and oblique movement by the APC,
each bullet deviates in the direction of the movement. This de-
flection is caused because a bullet leaving the barrel at a given
muzzle velocity retains, owing to inertia, the speed of the vehicle
at the moment of firing. The importance of angular deflection
(uglovoye otkloneniye) grows with the increase of speed and of the
angle of approach (kursovoy ugol) of the APC. The table below
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gives, in, round.numbers, the. deflection in mils (tysyachnaya) during
a flank movement of the vehicle (at 900 to the plane of fire).
Type of Weapon
Speed of the vehicle in kph
5
10
15
20
AK (AKM) RPD (RPK)
2
4
6
8
:RP-46, SGMB
1.5
3
4.5
It will be seen from the table that when the vehicle is moving at
(for example) 20 kph, the angular deflection of a bullet fired from a
submachine gun (avtomat) or light machine gun (ruchnoy pulemet)
will equal 8 mils. Therefore, if the aim is taken directly at a stationary
or bobbing (poyavlyayushchiy) target, then at a range of 200 meters
the bullet will be deflected 160 cm from the target and will not strike it.
Therefore, to increase the accuracy of fire it is necessary to allow
for the deflection by shifting the point of aim a corresponding distance
in the opposite direction to the movement of the vehicle.
It should be noted that the above recommendation is of practical
significance only when the vehicle is not swaying much, so that it does
not hamper the taking of aim.. Given considerable swaying, it would
be impossible in practice to take accurate aim. Experimental firing
has shown that even at an average combat speed (about 10 kph) errors
in aiming reach 20 mils. Therefore, when moving over uneven
ground, especially at high speed, changing the point of aim is not to
be recommended. Under these conditions directional (napravlennyy)
fire should be used.
It may be asked whether, since the swaying of the vehicle leads
to gross errors in aiming, it would not be better to compensate for
it by firing long. bursts. To improve the accuracy of fire it is essen-
tial that the bursts should be aimed. The swaying of the vehicle
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permits the holding of the line of aim with comparative accuracy only
for a short time (a..moment). Therefore, aimed bursts under these
circumstances can only be short ones. Firing long'bursts, as was
shown by experimental firing, reduces the results 1. 5-2 times as
.compared. with firing short bursts (using the same number of rounds).
. During a flank. movement by the APC and the target in the same
direction (parallel to each other) at equal speeds there is no need to
change the point of aim. The point of aim during lateral movement
in this case will be the center of the target. If, however, the APC
and the target are moving in different directions, then lead for the
movement of the target must be added to the correction for the
movement of the vehicle.
.Fourth characteristic. The swaying of the moving: APC has
an adverse effect on the steadiness of the firer and of his weapon.
The scat tering. ;of. shots is increased and consequently the accuracy
of fire is reduced. To reduce the swaying of the vehicle the driver
must select the most suitable route (level stretches) in a particular
direction. The effectiveness of fire grows if firing is carried out
at the most favorable time, when the vehicle sways the least. The
trainees ,should, therefore, develop a "feel for the vehicle" and
carry out the firing drill in the shortest possible time.
To determine what should be included in training let us consider
when, with what weapons, and how it is possible to fire from, for
example, the BTR-152K, APC.
While crossing a contaminated sector of an area in battle in
a. town, in woods, in the mountains and when under intense enemy
fire, firing is done with submachine guns (SMG), light machine
guns (LMG), and company machine guns (CMG) through the ports.
The hatches. in the roof of the APC should, as a rule, be closed.
The ports in the right and left, sides permit fire over a sector
of approximately 900.. Consequently they are used chiefly during
flank and partly during oblique movement (with an angle of 'approach
to the BTR of up to 450) of the APC. The right and left ports in the
back plate (stern) are used for firing to the rear. Finally, the
top ports are used for firing upwards.
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In some cases (for example, in pursuit of the enemy, destroying
descending parachutists during a parachute landing and also when
the enemy's defense is broken and he no longer offers organized
resistance), .firing by-the SMG, the Kalashnikov LMG, and heavy
machine gun tankovyy. pulemet) can be carried out over the sides.
In this case..the._hatch covers. in the roof are kept open. It is not
safe to fire the Degtyarev LMG or the CMG over the side of the
vehicle, as their great weight renders them insufficiently stable.
The infantry antitank grenade launcher (ruchnoy protivotankovyy
granatomet) can also be fired from an APC, over the side. In this
case one roof hatch cover, either the front or the rear, is kept open
and the others are closed to protect the personnel in the APC from
the exhaust gases when a round is fired.
Let us consider the best methods of firing the various types
of small arms from a moving BTR-152K.
Firing with SMG through the ports in the left (right) side is
carried out as shown in Photographs la and b. For greater steadi-
ness the firer presses his left side into the back of the seat, the
right foot is placed under the opposite seat and rests against the
floor of the APC; the left hand grips the SMG by the magazine with
the left arm behind the back of the seat and pressed against it from
the back; the right hand grips the SMG by the pistol grip, the right
arm also being pressed to the back of the seat. Inside the port the
SMG is laid on the strap to protect the fore stock (tsevye) from
shocks.
When firing the LMG through the ports in the left or right
side (Photo lc the position of the machine gunner is different from
that of the submachine gunner. First, his left hand retains the
machine gun by the butt and is placed behind the back of the seat;
second, the right hand is not pressed against the back of the seat,
but for greater steadiness the right hand is held touching the left
hand, thus forming the so-called "lock" ("zamok"). The barrel
is pushed through the port till the recoil guide key (polozok) is
pressed against the side of the PAC from the inside and the legs
of the bipod are folded. The position of the LMG in the port can
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be shown in.photograph lb. In this case, either the strap or the cover
of the LMG should be placed under the fore stock (tsevye).
he CMG is fired through the ports on the left or right sides
from basically the same positions as the LMG, the difference being
that the CMG can be fired through a port only with the bipod open.
In addition, the CMG is of considerable length and therefore it is
impossible to get it at 900 to the side in a horizontal plane. Because
of this the gunner using the CMG must take his place farther to the
left (in relation to the port) compared with one firing the LMG.
It is most convenient to fire through the middle or rear port
on the left side. When firing through the middle port on the right
side the gunner kneels on the floor of the APC and support his left
elbow on the back of the right-hand seat, as shown in photograph 2.
The belt box is placed behind the back of the seat, on the
seat,or on the floor of the APC, depending on which port is used.
In movement the box is supported by the assistant gunner, who takes
his place wherever it is most convenient for him.
Forward fire from the SMG, LMG and CMG is best carried out
from the third (rear) port on the left side, from the left small (rear)
seat (Photo No. 3). The submachine (machine) gunner sits with his
left side to the side of the PAC. His right hand, gripping the pistol
grip, rests on the back of the side bench or is raised, To fire the
SMG, the gunner holds the SMG by the magazine with his left hand
and presses it against the back of the small seat. The machine
gunner supports the butt with his left hand, pressing or placing the
elbow on the corner of the side seat. The right leg is extended and
rests against the right side seat, and the left leg is bent at the knee,
shin resting against the left bench.
Fire through the ports in the back panel (stern) is carried out
from right and left side seats using the SMG, the LMG, or the CMG.
Firing from the right-hand seat, the submachine gunner (machine
gunner) presses his left side to the back of the seat, bends both
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legs at the knee, pressing his left shin against the-small right-hand
seat (Photo.4) .
Firing from the left;-hand seat, the gunner rests his right
armpit on the back of the seat. The left elbow either drops free
or rests on the right knee. Both legs are bent at the knee with
feet resting on the floor of the APC,
The SMG can also be fired to the rear from the right small
seat, but it is advisable that in such cases the gunner be a short
man, as a tall man would have to assume an uncomfortable position,
bending his back.
Fire through the upper ports can only be carried out with
SMGs. It is used against windows of upper stories of buildings,
against the enemy in trees and on upper slopes of hills, and also
against descending parachutists, from the position shown in
photograph 5.
Fire over the sides can be carried out with the SMG, the
Kalashnikov LMG, the HMG mounted on the APC, and the infantry
antitank grenade launcher.
Fire from the SMG (and also the Kalashnikov LMG) is
carried out from the shoulder. A soldier of medium height
(as in photograph 6) standing on the floor of the APC can, for
greater steadiness, rest his legs against the seats, place his
left elbow on the roof, and press the right forearm against the
inner edge of the roof. A tall man using the SMG can place both
his elbows on the roof and fire from the position used in trenches.
A soldier of short stature will be forced to stand on the seats.
This will enable him to fire resting both elbows on the roof.
Notwithstanding this, the position is unsafe, given any considerable
swaying of the APC or any sudden alterations of its speed. There-
fore short :m ,.should not be detailed to fire over the sides, or else
they should be stationed at the corners of the hatch where greater
steadiness can be achieved.
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The Degtyakev LMG and the HMG cannot be fired over the side
from the shoulder, as .it. is impossible to hold them firmly during
movement. It .is also unsafe to use them with the bipod, as it is
difficult to ..hold the MG on the slippery metal surface of the roof of
the. APC while in movement.
Fire from the Degtyarev LMG,. CMG,and HMG over the side is
possible.from the front and rear mounting, using special adaptors.
The most effective.is_.the fire from the` HMG. It is fired with the
transversing and elevating gear disconnected.
Firing the LMG and the CMG from the mounting does not
give such good results as when they are fired through the ports.
This is due to the position being less comfortable and not so steady
when firing from the mounting. Consequently LMG and CMG should,
as a rule, be fired through the ports.
The, infantry antitank launcher is fired over the sides, at a
halt (s mesta , and is safe when only one cover of the roof hatch
of the APC is open (either front or rear). The man firing must
assume such a position (photo 7) that when the launcher is fired
the rear exhaust gases are directed over the side. The man
firing the launcher stands on the floor of the PAC and rests his
back against the edge of the hatch and of the hatch cover. It is
most convenient to open the rear hatch cover for firing.
Therefore,14 men can fire simultaneously from a BTR-152K
APC, five over the right and left sides, six through the ports in
the right and left sides, two through the ports in the back panel, and
one firing the SGMB machine gun installed on brackets.
To train personnel in methods of firing from an APC, it is
necessary to have special equipment located at a small arms
training center near the unit's range. Equipment of this type held
by one of the large units in the Leningrad Military District permits
simultaneous training in firing from an APC of a group of 18 men
(armed with SMG's and LMG's) or of a platoon of infantry with its
standard weapons.
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The-first training po.int holds a cutaway-mock-up of an APC
(.photo.8 . The body of. themodel...is-made .of angle iron and is the
same. size as .the. BTR-152K. The.-mock-.up. is fitted inside with
seats and flooring. For better observation of. the trainees, the
left side, the back panel, and the greater part of the roof are not
covered. The body of the mock-up is covered only on the right
side and partly from above (to_provide rest for elbows when training
to fire over .the sides). -The ports are cut out on the right side and
on the left are represented by rings held by struts welded to the
body.
The mock. up at this training point is stationary. Here a rifle
squad or a group of soldiers can work out the drill following the
commands :"Fall in by the vehicles" ("k mashinam") and "take
places" ("po mestam") and carry out preliminary training in methods
of;.firing through-Lthe ports and over the sides. Observation of the
accuracy of fire from SMGs and MGs can be carried out by an
orthoscope (ortoskop) with colored lenses (steklo) (one of the
instruments in the Commander's Box, 1956 model).
To check the accuracy of the aim at the moment the trigger
is pressed, a training sighting device. (iritselnyy stanok) PS-54
is used, which has been electrified by extended-service. Sergeant
Bolenko. 'Privates Ulyanov and Pocheguyev suggested using the
electrified sighting device in conjunction with automatic target
installations EPM-2, which they modified slightly (fig. 9). Firstly
the "control" wire is put in phase and the "release" wire is con-
nected to the RKM coil; secondly, the pick ups (datchik) are
bypassed and the sockets closed. The automatic target installa-
tion EPM-2, working together with the electrified PS-54, permits
the training of personnel in firing from an. APC at both bobbing and
moving targets.
To set up the electrified PS-54 for operation, the submachine
gun, for example, must be fastened to it, the screw-clamp (strubtsina)
of the firing mechanism of the PS-54 must be attached to the trigger
guard of the SMG, and the tension of its control linkage so adjusted
that when the trigger is pressed the screen of the PS-54 is set in
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is pricked by the needle. Having done this,
late
tact
th
p
e. con
motion an
-
it is necessary to remove the canting 'of the wapon, fasten the iron
ring othe breech-.operating . lever by means of the clamping
screw, bring.the. indicator of the cant-registering... mechanism against
the graduation..mark-on.-the scale, and set the screen.in the rear
position. (at..this point current.is supplied), the relay MKU-48 comes
into action, the motor starts up and raises the target and the end
switch, (kpntsevoy pereklyuchatel) fixes the target in the raised
position. Then the sights are set at graduation mark "P" (or "Z" ),
the breech-operating cam is secured and the needle is brought in
line with the center of the contact plate. The PS-54 is secured in
the position where the submachine gun is fixed on the point of aim,
for example, the middle of the target.
In order to check the setting of the electrified PS-54 for opera-
tion, the commander frees the breech-operating cam from the "rigid"
position and then, without changing the setting of the PS-54 in the?-
mock-up of the APC, aims the weapon at the point of aim and presses
the trigger. If the aim is correct, the needle must hit the contact
plate and the target must drop he RKM relay comes into action and
breaks the feed circuit to relay MKU-48, the motor starts up and
lowers the target, the end switch then fixes the target in the lowered
position).
The light target installation AML-1 may be used instead of
EPM-2, with the use of an attachment developed by Privates Fedotov
and Lado (fig. 10). The attachment is of simple construction and
does not require any adjustment (naladka) during operation. It
includes an RKM relay, a selenium resistor (selenovoy stolbik),
a.condenser, and a direct current supply. The rectified current is
fed through the dropping resistor (gasyashcheye soprotivleniye) to
the contacts of the sighting devices, and across the normally
closed contacts (NZ-normal'nb 'amknut) of the relays a current
from the phase is fed to the third terminal of the target installation.
While the contacts of the sighting device are open (razomknutyy) the
target remains in the raised position. The closing of the contacts
feeds the current into the circuit of the coil of the RKM relay, the
relay armature is pulled up, breaks the normally closed contacts,
and the target is lowered. The attachment may be operated with
d
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target installations, moving on rails (on a narrow-guage railway) as. well
as with stationary Installations.
The second training point is equipped with ar swaying platform
brought ..into .motion by an electric.. motor developing 2. 8 kilowatts at
1420 rpm. A reduction gear turns. the eccentrics and also the cams
imparting the vertical and the horizontal swaying motion.
An APC, or a mock-up of one, similar to that at the first
training point, is mounted on the swaying platform. In order that
the mock-up should provide the best facilities for observing the
action of the trainees and give training in firing under conditions
approaching those in a standard APC, it is necessary to prepare from
sheets of plywood, parts of an APC with which the whole body of the
mock-up could rapidly be covered at the required time.
At this training point the men are taught firing from a stationary
APC (the electric motor of the swaying platform is not switched on).
Later on, using the swaying device, which is set in motion by an
electric motor or by hand, the oscillating movements of the target
(in one or several directions) are produced. These oscillating move-
ments are similar to those experienced by a soldier during firing
from a moving; APC.
The oscillating device, on the supplementary screen (dopolnitelnyy
ekran) of which a reduced target or targets are fixed, is set up approxi-
mately 10 meters away from the weapon. Training in firing is carried
out with the aid of a sighing device PS-51, which, together with the
weapon, is made fast to the roof of the mock-up or the back of the
seat so that the barrel of the SMG (LMG) is pointed at the supplementary
screen of the swaying device through one of the ports of. the mock-up.
To register the hits, an automatic pricking device is employed.
This is fixed to an inverted L-shaped post T. e. , cyrillic G7. When
the trigger is pressed on the weapon, the needle of the pricking device
makes a prick on the main.screen (osnovnoy ekran) of the oscillating
device set before it. The action of the piercing device is based on the
use of a solenoid, which at the moment of the closing of the electrical
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circuit, operates a plunger with a needle fixed to it.----To cause the
circuit to close when-the trigger of. the weapon is pre-sged, a con-
tact insulated from the...metal of the weapon is mounted on the trigger
guard (behind the trigger). A wire is led from it to some metal part
of the weapon, for example, the cleaning rod (shompol). The current
is supplied from a 24 v battery.
The swaying platform is used to train in firing at effective
ranges (deystvitelnaya dalnost). The accuracy of fire from the
SMG (LMG) is checked with the aid of an orthoscope.
. The third training point is equipped with two mock-ups of
APC, moving along a narrow-gauge railway. Each mock-up is
powered by an electric motor and can be propelled along the rails
at varying speeds by the use of reduction gears.
One of the mock-ups has no springs, moves along a level
track, and is used for preliminary training in firing from a
moving APC.
The other mock-up differs from the first, inasmuch as it
is fitted with springs and the track on which it moves is uneven
(in places, metal is welded to the rails), thus creating more
difficult conditions for firing.
The situation created at the third training point closely approxi-
mates the conditions of the exercise for which the men are being
trained. Thus, for example, if the men are being trained to carry
out the first exercise, then runnipg figures (target no. 8) are set
at a given range on both sides of the narrow-gauge track. This
permits the men to be trained simultaneously in firing through the
ports and over the sides on both the right and the left side, in the
course of one trip.
The personnel of rifle (reconnaissance) subunits should be
trained to fire from an APC after they have completed corresponding
training in firing on the ground. For example, they should have com-
pleted training in "Firing the SMG (LMG) at Bobbing Targets by Day"
followed by training in "Firing the SMG (LMG) from an. APC at Bobbing
Targets, by Day".
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vd _swaying mock-
During..the.fixst stage, when the stationary a.
ups.of an.APC are..used.for training.__in..firing throughi a ports, it is
essential to insist that the trainees carry out the following require-
..ments: in the interests of safety, .loading and unloading--must be
carried out only. when the barrel of the weapon is pointing through
the port; after loading, the safety catch must be applied; a firing
position. must be.assumed which ensures that the gunner is steady
and.his aiming position is firm; fire at isolated targets Must as a
rule, be carried out in short bursts. When training in firing over
A he. sides, the .commander's chief concern should be the attainment
by .the trainees of a position which ensures the steadiness of the
gunner, and, consequently, of his weapon.
When using the moving mock-ups of the APC, it is necessary
to .insist that when firing through the ports or over the sides, the
trainees should be able to change the positions of their weapons
and of their own bodies while firing on the move at a target.
The knowledge and skills acquired.by the men during weapon
training.must be consolidated and improved with the men in standard
APCs. Every opportunity to do so should be utilized, including the
time spent in moving to or from training or exercises.
battlefield obser-
vation during this time the men can be
vation and in estimation of distances. To do this, the commander
should measure. beforehand, by a more exact method, the distance
to objects and landmarks from points along the route from which
the men will have to estimate the distance by eye. Later on, this
training should be carried out during special exercises and combined
with other tasks, such as the selection of settings for sights and
rear sights (ustanovka pritsela i tselika) and also the selection
of the point of aim and the conduct of firing.
So far as the organization of firing training is concerned,
it is essential to stress that the training should be carried out,.
as a rule, at company level and by types of weapons. The train-
ing should be so organized that the trainees acquire new knowledge
and new skills from year to year. This can only be achieved if the
year of the men's service is taken into consideration. For example,
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during,_their..first year .the.-men should be..taught shooting at bobbing
targets from an.APC by -day and do .the -first exere--in single-shot
firing...(uprazhneniye_odinochnykh strelb - UOS) fino cism an ",C; men
..in their second year should be taught shobtingat bobbing targets at
.night and do the second exercise in single-shot firing .from an APC,
and finally, in their third year, the men should be taught to fire at
moving targets and .do the .third exercise in single -shot.fir.ing from
an. APC. This system of training not only promotes a steady growth
of the::knowledge and skills of the
out by plservice atoons at
.permits combat .firing to be carried Y sections or
any time during the training year.
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it
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Fig. 9?
Basic diagram of operation of the EPM-2 with the
electrified PS-51+ sighting device (dotted lines
indicate modifications).
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11: CIA-RDP80T00246AO29400540001-6
 Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11: CIA-RDP80T00246AO29400540001-6
DVS-3.5~
Phase ---c --'- a - -
127
Commgn
To terminal
"Z" of the
plug of
AML-1
0 x 300
5 Ko, 20 v (?)
Fig. 10. Basic diagram of connections of three PS-54
electrified sighting devices to automatic
target AML-1
To
s-54
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2012/01/11: CIA-RDP80T00246AO29400540001-6