PRECIPITATION OF ZINC OXIDE AEROSAL IN A SOUND FIELD/ASSESSMENT OF SOVIET PAPER BY DIANOV, MARKULOV AND NIKITENKO.

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• Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP80T00246A021400410001-8
• Release Decision: RIPPUB
• Original Classification: C
• Document Page Count: 15
• Document Creation Date: December 23, 2016
• Document Release Date: July 19, 2013
• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: May 6, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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ION REPORT
.,.Thi motstial. contains infonnolien
Secs. 713,end 794, the Iron
*PUIsrritY
SUBJECT
DATE OF
INFO.
MACE &
'DATE ACQ.
USSR
tiv=i9 of sh. bpienppe Lowe, Title .
en person- le prohibited by. 10...
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REPORT
Precipitation of Zinc Oxide Aerosol in a DATE DISTR.
Sound Field/Assessment of Soviet Paper by
Dianov, Wrkulov and Niktte.nko. NO. PAGES
REFERENCES
614,7,63
? 2
THIS is UNEVALUATED INFORMATION
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12 page article in English
entitled, "Precipitation of Zinc Oxide Aerosol in Sound Field, by D.B.Diturov,
L.G.Merkulov, and. V./.Nikitenko of the leningrad Electrotechnical Institute
immini V.I.Lenin (Uryanov), which appeared in the Akusticheskti Zburnal,
VIII, No. 1, 1962, pages: 60-66, a paper submitted to the Eighth AM-Union
Conference for the Uses of Ultrasound in Testing of .Materials, February 19602 _
UNCLASSIFIED
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2. This important paper deals with the precipitation of an aerosol of zinc Oxide
particles in an adjustable resonant volume (1.15 X 0.55 1 0.75 X 0.140 a) under
static conditions. With a view to cover a vide frequency range (0.2 to 21
keps) at constant irradiated power, the authors use three different types of
sound sources: Hartmann Whistle, Acoustic Siren Type UZG-14-A end an Electro.
dynamic Generator. The sound sources irradiated. inside the processing chamber
through a membrane.
3. An.tinode sound pressures up to 14.104 bar (1661Th) -were reached under resonant
conditions. The zinc oxide particles size distribution patalced around 3.6
microns. Initial aerosol concentrations averaged 3-7 grs/m2. The coagulatior
rate was followed by means of a nephelometer and. a technical discussion or this
device is presented. Precipitation tine without sound. ranges 110.4140 tO 50
minutes. With sound for all frequencies tested, the Una is reduced. to
approximately 33 seconds.
TATE ?
1 ARMY
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.132.e important conclusion of this work Wei that there is little difference
in precipitation time over the whole' frattleneY range ?investigated' Thie
the first isignificant work =Mitosis= at constant irradiated
power for aexvsol coagulation ,studies. rims the scieutitia view point, it
melma that hydrodynande forees,of the ()seen type predominate, in the Us
frequency rangei over orthokinetic neehanisma.. This had already been forcested
but not proven by pshenai-Severiin 1959.
5. .Frota the practical view point this Watt can be considered as a breakthrough
since low frequency sound, sources wad be far more eca2amical to operate than
any high frequency industrial siren. It opens the way to large scale aerosol
agglomeration processes in industry.
001fT1OLIED IXESSEII 111211211CAMOAD
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PRECIPITATION OF ZINC OXIDE AEROSOL IN SOUND FIELD*
by D. B. Dianov, L. G. Merkulov, and V. I. Nikitenk0
Leningrad Electrotechnical Institute V. I. Lenin (Ullyanov)
Akusticheskii zhurnal, Vol. VIII, No. 1, 1962, pages: 60-66
The results of tiLe investigation of sound
precipitation of polydispersed zinc oxide aerosol under
static conditions within the 200-1,000 cycles frequency
limit hsve been presented.
The dependence of the precipitation time from the
magnitude of the sound nressure inside the sound chamber
has been shown. The precipitation time has been found
not to be significantly influenced by the frequency of
the sound.
It is well known that strong sound and ultrasound oscillations
accelerate the coagulation process of aerosol particles and may
substantially increase the efficiency of precipitation. In spite of
the considerable number of narers devoted to the investigation of the
accelerating influence of sound oscillations on the coagulation and
precipitation of aerosols, there arestill not available at the
present time reliable luantitative data about the dependence of these
processes on various parameters (sound frequency, sound Pressure
amplitude, particle concentration, tyne of aerosol, etc.). A
clarification of these relationshins is of considerable practical
interest since knowine all the relevant facts one could approach
efficiently the problem of designing industrial devices for sound
Precioitation of aerosols.
*Parer submitted to the Eighth All-Union Conference for the
Uses of Ultrasound in Testing of Materials, February 1960.
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We investigated the role of the frequency and sound pressure
amplitude on the sound precipitation of zinc oxide aerosols (zinc
white 14-1). Tests using ordinary and electron microscope showed that
zinc oxides are polydisaersed aerosols consisting primarily of '
aggregates of primary particles. Linear dimensions (r) of p-rticles
immediately after the formation of aerosol in the chamber.are
logarithmically sufficiently approximated by the normal distribution ig
(114, r ? Ig r)2 1
(r) dr v exp[ d igr
with lv rm = 0.48 (rm = 3/(,), lg 9. 0.1g. Fi . 1 presents the
curve rfo(r) as function of lg r.
Experimental investigations of the nrecipitation under the
influence of sound were nerformed usinv the laboratory apparatus
indicated on Fig. 2 under static conditions. Zinc oxide was introduced
into the upper part of the chamber 1 using a special atoms er. The
working chamber constituted a resonant volume which could be varied by
means of tie movable rear wall (11 max . 1,150 mm, 12 = 550 mm,
13 = 750 mm, h = 400 mm)., The walls were made of organic glass
permitting a visual observation of nrocesses inside the chamber.
We used for the sound source 3 a gas -flow generator (type
Hartman) with a selection of resonators and lets designed for operation
at frequencies between 5 and 21 kc, an acoustic siren UZG-4a, and for
the low-frequency region a source of electrodynamic design. To
eliminate the influence of inner air currents on the precipitation
process of aerosols, the working volume of the chamber was separated
from the s.ound source by a thin sound transmitting partition 4. The
acoustical matching of the whole system was achieved by choosing the
separation between the front wall of the chamber and the exit opening
of the source. Because of such tuning re achieved effective magnitudes
of antinode sound pressures up to 4.10' bar (166 db). The pressure
ratio between the nodes and antinodes was about 10 on the average
(at a 5 kc frequency). With an additional damping of the chamber
wall it would decrease to some 3-4.
The comnressor (ZIF-55) 5 nrovided compressed air for the
vas -flow venerator and siren. Pressure and air consumption were
measured by means of a manometer 6 and a flowmeter 7 respectively.
amIN.
2
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0.-
Fig. 'I
a r,
Preliminary acoustical measurements in the damned chamber sunnlied
optimum oneratin7 conditions for the sound sources used and their
acoustic?mechanical efficiency.
.11
Fig. 2
a ? Cross?section across AA.
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During the actual tests the amplitude of the sound pressure
and the frequency were checked by means of a spherical barium-titanate
micronhone* 8. The microphone output was amplified and then fed to
a voltmeter, frequencymeter, and oscilloscope. Nonlinear distortions
were estimated from the shape of the oscilloscope curve. The
microphone could be moved along the vertical as well as along
horizontal planes, and we were able in this manner to check the
distribution of the sound field inside the chamber.
Nephelometer aprsratus measured the coagulation speed in the
precipitation of the aerosol. A light beam from the light source 9
traveled through a system of condenser lenses and landed on the
nhotomultiplior 10, connected to a highly stabilized power supply 11.
The output sippal,of the nhotomultiplier proceeded to the compensating
circuit 12 nnd then to the stretched wire oscillograph 13 and
micros-. Using the readings of these instruments one
could follow the variations of the light beam intensity and,
consenuently, the variations in concentration of the aerosol inside
the chamber. To eliminate the influences of wall dust deposits on
readings of the nephelometer the chamber had opening along the light
beam path covered with detachable optical glass covers 15. The glasses
were changed after every test and their dust contamination, which was
much lower than that of the walls, was taken into account during the
final evaluation of results.
"Nt, ZZOZO!"4111k,,,L;
4
Fig. 3
*The micronhone was calibrated at the All-Union Scientific
{...Research Institute for Z!:etrology D. I. liendeleyev.
4
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As long as the aerosol precipitation proceeded at low speed
(low sound pressures) the nenheloTram was obtained using the
micrometer and stop watch. Fast processes were registered on the
oscillograph plates. Fig. 3 shows a nephelometer recording plate
(sound pressure 20.103 bar, f = 5 kc;-time marks are every 15 sec;
sound was turned on at the double mark).
Let us investigate basic relationships connecting the
nenhelometer readings with the characteristics of the aerosol being
precipitated. The photomultiplier current I is connected at every
instant to the intensity of the light beam by an approximately linear
relationship I,* = kT. The attenuation of light inside the volume
occuPied by aerosol is due to scPttering on particles and for
77> di (AL- wavelength of light) is proportional to nr2, where n
is the particle number density. The photomultinlier current is then
expressed at the initial instant and at time t by the two expressions
1 ,c,?'rv.lNI ( 101,n4,r?-),
1,1,, p blot 1-r;'2)
Eliminatin7 exp (?b12) from the above eauations one gets .
1,10)"1 1, )
It = (
(2)
The quantity0( (t) determines the time variation of the Photocurrent
as function of the particle number density and the average radius
seuared. The lntt:ir is a fuction of time because of the co:Tulation
and nreciaitation processes. Since one lacks the exact knowledge of
the coagulation nrocess, one can theoretically take account only of
the (stockesean) nrJcinitation and we c.:lculated (t) for this
sirlest case. Takin the element of volume at a distance h from the
too nart of .L1,3 chamber one may write
f(rt)
ifo (r) for r 4 rt
0 for r ?* rt
OWN.
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r__
Here Jo (r) is fixed by equation (1) while rt 117.17?)./2!7-ft9i
corresnonds to the stockeSeen radius of those particles which in the
instant t reached the level h end crossed the beam (iv - air viscosity,
3 - particle density, g - acceleration of gravity). "Note that the
annarent density of particle clusters (entering the exnression for rt)
may be significantly lower than the true 5.5 g/cm3 density of zinc
oxide and anrroach the npoured on" density of 0.5 g/cm3. :Zunntities
entering the exnonent of equation (2) are determined from the
following exrrossionst
ri
S ?2/(r)dr S r'/0(r)dr
1.2 0
0 -- co.
Pi
(?) dr
5 /o(r)dr
Using these relations we get
?2-
nir
nor2
(3)
( 4)
,In cese of the logarithmically normal low of narticle dimension
distribution obtain after intecTrotion of (4)
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(t) I+ Erf (x).
where
(5)
1
ExPression (5) fixes the nhotocurrent in case of a spontaneous
(purely stockseen) Precipitation as function of time, of the parameters
of the aerosol, and the height of the nenhelometer liJit beam.
We used a compensatin7 circuit for the nenhelometer to increase
the precision of reedings and for convenience. Here, at any moment
the measured current is obtained from the difference of the
compensatinp current Ik nnd the photomultiplier current It = Ik
'If 1t4 = Ii. Ioo denotes the current for a zero concentration of
the aerosol nnd I = Ik ? I. is the current at time t = 0 when
the concentration is the 1!.rt, one obtains easily from (2)
r
Er/(x) - 2 ? d ,
igrc-1grm--1,64eci
V11g
(6)
In the circuit used Ik = 500)An, I',02= ?95,444. Values of It'l for
various berj_nninr concentration were determined from the calibration
curve on Fir. 4. The latter was obtained by weighing a zinc vapor
receiver after accePting samples of air from the chamber.
The stability of calibration of the entire nenhelometric
device was checked again nrior to every particular test usinc:
standard optical filters..
For the nuantitative examination of sound coagulation of
aerosols it is desirable to have a best possible uniform distribution
of the sound field in the working chamber. It is not possible to
reduce the dimensions of the chamber since it reduces the precision
of the nerhelometer (one reduces the "basen of the lirht beam). One
obtains a sufficiently uniform sound field When X ?. 11, 12, 13, i.e.,
if there are many wuve lenrths fitted into the length, width, and
height of the chamber, or when A) 12, 15, i.e., When the working
conditions approach the plane wave situation. With the values of
L11, le, and 13 g-iven above the first case is realized for f :',0). 5 kc
i
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r-
and the second for f 200 cycles (i)k 1.7 m).
mfg 0
--T -
4 g
ef?
(.1)
? Fig. 4
a - ; b - g/m3
"MAO 0
200
,
20 170
mei
Fig.. 5
a _pa; b - min
Let us look at the results. Fig. 5 presents the nerhelometer
current as function of the time for the snontaneous nrocoss.
Precinitation time (un to a concentration of 0.6 g/m3) is quite
appreciable, of the order of 140-50 min. This is compared on the same
granh with the dotted theoretical curve calculated using Equation (6).
The initial aerosol concentration was taken as of . 77/m5 (1,1 . 280)ka),
particle density as jp . 1 g/cm5, while the values for rm and 0? were
taken from the distribution function (Fig. 1). The comparison of the
theoretical and experimental curvs on Fig. 5 indicates that the
convection air currents play an important role and significantly
retard the precinit,Aion of aerosols. The observed curve fluctuations
should be likewise a consequence of the air currents.
The aerosol precipitation is accelerated under the influence
of sound oscillations. Fig. 6 shows the precipitation curves taken
at e 5 kc frequency and different sound nressures (1 - n .. 0;
2 - 2.105 bar; 3 - 5.5.103 bar; 4 - 11.2.103 bar; 5 - 15.103 bar;
6 - 25.105 bar; 7 - 2-r.5.103 bar; 5 - 54.103 bar). At low pressures
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1
the rreeiritstion is qualitatively close to the spontaneous process.
The decrease in tine of nephelometer current is relatively slow,
particularly during the starting interval, and one explains this
behavior by n weak coneulation of the aerosol and slow nrociritation
of those 'articles which are located above the nenhelometer beam. At
larger sound rressures the trensnerency of aerosols increases ranidly
on the account of fest growth in rerticle size and the subsequent
erecinitation.
A visual observation of the aerosol precipitation nrocess
uncovered the following neculiaritiee. With undamped chaeber walls
one sees a violent eroduction of vortices and a noticeable nroduction
of sizeable nerticle eeereeates. The aerosol precieitation occurs
almost uniformly across the whole surface wi-"ji the earticles collecting
at the velocity nodes at the floor of the cheeber. A nertiel damning
of the wells sharnly reduces the vortices which, however, does not
reduce significantly the erecipitetion seeed as reeietered on the
neuhelometer (keeing the n-values the sane). A diseleceeent of the
neuhelometer beam alone the horieontel does not nrectically influence
the course of the cruvee.
The relotionshie between tee ceroeol ereci,itntien tie? tc es
function of e for f = 5 1:c is -resented on Fie. 7. i.t.h n = 34-102 bar
one finds tc f:t1 55 sec, i.e., elmet to orders of leenitude seller
than the time for the spontaneous erocess. It is intereetine to note
that et 7 elven freeeency 3n tee case of lamer soend ereseures
(n 3), 104 bar) one finds a close '-'reement with the exeression
tcp2 = coast. The latter indicates a very strong influence of sound
ores sure on the nrecieieetion speed.
We investieeted the freeuence deeeedence of the nrecieitetion
speed in a wide renee from 200 to 21,000 cesec. eie, e shows the
freeuency derendence at e,conetent a . 5,500 Per and an aerosol
concentration of ^d 5 T/m2. 2he ordinate indicates the veratice of
the nenh'doeeter current nor unit tine. &3 obeerved a weak frequency
effect and en insienificent rise of curves in the low frequency region
even at hieher sound fre.uencies. Althoueh, eenerelly, we did not
find any erecticel frexaAncy dereneence on the relydieeersed aerosol
under consieeration, the ehinly diseereed fraction (r 4: 1 iik.-) did
ereciritete at low frequencies eienificently slower than at hieher
frequencies. From this eoint cf view it !13, seem erobeble that a
wide distribution of nerticle sizes leads to e certain smoothine out
of the froluency denondence of the -recinitation nosed.
Our results are of ie]ediete -recticel interest. A sufficiently
hieh nreciritetion sreed ?et low fre-uencies lediceLee the way in which
to increase the econoeic officience oe the ecaustic eethod of eerosol
oaeuleticn by desiening low fre-ueecy eevicec eite hi ii lecheeicel
Lc
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efficiency. The use of frequencies in the hundred cycle ranfe may
prove to be quite efficient. ,
Ficr. 6
Fi 7
At the nrepent time we do not possess a definitive theory
exnleining the acouAicel coaculation of aerosols. In view of this,
our exteriment71 rosults .e of particular interest. The hip-h
treciitstion steed at low frequencies compel us to conclude thnt
the collsticn mechanism cannot be exnl.Aned by Kinc- forces /2/.
As is well known, these lt.tter forces vury inversly with the wave.
lerrth (of the atandinr wave). Elerientary estim9tes indicate that at
fre-;uencies of the order of 8 few hundreds cycles per second the King
forces are too weal: to cause a si-nificnnt E:nnroech of zinc oxide
aerosol particles. The relFitively uniform rrecinitation of aerosol
inside the entire volume of the chamber indicates also that there is
t...only a smell effect due- to the rediation nressure.
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etS
-if MO
CON
425
mov(4)
Fig., 8
a imelsoc; b - kc/sec
1
Particle motions under the influence of stronc. sound oscillations
corresrond to the Reynolds numbers of Re ', 1 and one elust treat them
considering the Oauen attractive forces. In this case the effective
coagulaticn TocaniL.-1 ,nev be Q11_0 to the hydrodynamic interaction, as
was shown by Pshehai-Severin /3/. Under the Oseen conditions the
hydrodynamic interaction is much stroneer than durine the notential
flow. In perticular,the R dependence cf the forces becomes R-1 instead
of R-4. Pshenai-Severin estimated the time of approach of two particles
of equal radius r = 1-1514-and SP = 1 p:/cm3, p = 16.103 to 40.103 bar
with f = 100-15,000 c/s, which numbers are close to the conditions
durine our exreriments. At highest values of a the time of a-orosch
may reach fraction of a second. This is a fully acceptable value for
the qualitative explanation of the fast precipitation of zinc oxide
aerosols which we observed at hih sound pressures. One should
emphasize, howevel., that in the case of small interparticle distance
these calculations cannot be accented. Hydrodyn3mic forces in the
Oseen annrcximation as well as the orthokinetic'nechanism /4/ should
lead to the observed mexims in the frequency denendence of the '
coegulation sneed. The ontinum values of f in both cases, as fixed
by the size of the coagulating particles and their order of maenitude,
are not very different. Hydrodynamic forces for r Po 2/particles
give for our case an folot f.ko 5.105 c/s end for r 040 6/0.. an
font ^40 5.102 c/s. It is suite natural that the nolydispersed
charcter of aerosols leads to a smoothing out of the frequency
derendence. One must regret that both the orthokinetic and
1.- 2
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and hydrodynamic coagulation mechanisms -Ire not nresently developed
for the case of nolydisnersed aerosols. This fact does not permit n
qualitative comperison with exr'erimental results.
Entered
November 15, 1960
Biblio7ra'hy
1. N. A. Fuks, Aerosol Mechnics, Moscow, AS USSR, 1955.
2. L. King, "Cn the Acoustic Radiation Pressure on Snheres," Proc.
Rov. Soc., 1934, A 147, 212-240.
3. S. V. Pshenai-severin,"The Arprosch of Aerosol Particles in Sound
Field Under the Influence of Hydrodynsmic Oseen Forces", Dokl.
AS USSR, 1979, 122, 775-77i.
4. O. Brandt, H. Freund, r-rld E. Hiedemann, "Zur Theorie der
skustischen Koa7u1rtion," Kolloid. Z., r7)6, 77, 1, 103.
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