RESEARCH CONCERNED WITH APPLE DISEASE

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• Document Page Count: 33
• Document Creation Date: December 27, 2016
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• Sequence Number: 1
• Publication Date: March 18, 1963
• Content Type: REPORT

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SUBJECT
DATE OF
INFO.
PLACE &
DATE ACQ.
Poland
REPORT
Research Concerned With Apple Disease DATE DISTR.
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REFERENCES
18 Mar 63
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THIS IS UINCV/AWATED INFORMATION
5
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ISTATE
report (31 pages, Eng_ ish)
of a Polish research project entitled "Epiphytology of Apple Scab"
/which was I:r:.gnducted at the Research Institutes of Ponology located in
V Skierniewicej Research efforts were made in the following areas:
(A) Ripening of the perfect stage of the fungus
(13) Dissemination of ascospores and conidiospOres
(C) Methods of determining the critical periods
(D) Protective and eradicative effectiveness of different fungi-
cides
(E) Evaluation of different spraying programs to control apple
scab OFFiCIAL USE ONLI7
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RESEARCH INSTITUTE pr POMOLOGY
Sktexniewine ? Poland
nigniew Boxeoki, Ph.D.
EP/P.HYTOLOGY OP APPLE SCAB
21?OR ? 8.
PG ? Po ? 103 ? 60
1.1.1962 ? 31X11.1962
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Summary
During the thirth year of atudies en epidemiology
of apple sub, started in 1960, the following observatiqn3
were continued: 1/-en ripening of the perfeot stage of .the
fUngUst 2/-on dissemination of asoospores and conidiospD..
3/-et methods of determination of the oritioal peri.
4/-on proteotive and eradioative effeotivness of diffexn-;
fuogioides, 5/-on evaluation of different spraying program
to oontrol apple scab.
The observation en ripening of peritheois, which
were continued at six experimental stations l oonfixmed ti'.results mbtained in the previous seasons. The asoospores
were ripe and ready for dissemination two to three weeks
before the apple buds started to swell. The present studies
also oonfirmeti the theory developed by Holz, namely that
there is a relationship between the sum of average daily
temperatures /oounted starting from January 1st/ on one
hand and the date of ripening of the perfect stage of the
fungus on the other. The asoospoxes were ready, for disse-
minatimyhen the sum of the average daily temperatures
/above 0"0/ reached about 150?C,
In 1962 the Observation en dissemination of
asoodperes were conducted at fire wxperimental stations;
and those en dissemination of oonidia at one station. Due-
t* favourable weather conditions dissemination of asoospo.
res was very abundant. In the orchard at NOW& Wied on
April 27th.at 8.9 A.M. 92,000 of asoospoxes were found in'
1 oubio meter of air. Om that day, within few hours, in
the whae oountry dlisseminated majority of the asoospores.
The studies on dissemination of oonidia were
preliminary ones. They showed that ?opiate can be dissemina-
ted in small drops of water on short distanoes; practically
within the limits of the tree crowns.
Determination of the oritioal periods was the main
ebjeotiVe in 1962. Three methods of determination cf the
periods during which apple leaf surface remains wet) after
rain, were being compared in field conditions. The first?
method was based on records with the help of the apparatus
constructed at the Research Institute of Pomology /AnnUal
Report II/. The seoond method was based en records with
the help of the Sohnells-Breuer apparatus. The thirth ene
was based on the Smith s method /oritioal relative air
humidity-90 per pent/. Since the first method was prooved
earlier to be the most oorreot one, it was oonsidered as
a standart. In comparison to that standart usefullness of
the other two methods for forecasting of the critical
periods was being compared. The readings obtained with the *
VP? r-flfg !'SSZ,
C,
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of
help the two first methods were identioal in 96,5 per oen'l.
The readings oltained with the help of the first apparatus
and those annulated on the basis of Smith's Method did
agree in 589 per. cent, The First method was found to be
the beat adopted fox resecxoh work. The second method
appeard to be very good fox the obserVatioos in forecasting
stations. The Smith s method could be used fox an approximate
determination of infection of apple trees by apple Boa.
Out of five field experimentson apple scab control,.
three experiments were devoted to evaluation of effeotivness
of different fungioldes; two experiments were conduoted to .
compare different spraying programs.
The most effective fungicide in apple scab ?patrol was
found to be 0.1 per cent Cyprex /Dodine/, Satisfactory
results were also o!-tained when the following fungicides
were applied: 0.2 per cent Captan, 0,15 per. cent Mexcutal,
1.5 per cent lime sulphur, 0.2 per cent DNEB. TM TD at the
oonoentration 0.2 percent showed insufficient effeotivness.
Applioation nf copper?oxychloride resulted in severe injUxies'
of leaves and fruits. All the fungicides were applied at .
the time of infection of apples by spores or immediately '
after infootion. Some fungicides were also tried as prote?
?tants.
'Different spraying programs of apples were studied
in order to find out whether it is necessary to replace :
spraying .program based on phenologioal dates by some more
modern programs. Spraying prograr based oa pllenologioal dates
was compared to three othen programs, namely: sohematio one; ?
aonaxding to which apple trees were sprayed for the first ?
time when in green bud stage, followed by 3 sprays at seven..
days interval and then followed by 3 sprays at twelve to
fourteen days interval, The other two spraying programs ,
studied were based on forecasting of the oxitioal perinds.
Is was found that spraying of apples according to the all
four above mentioned programs seouxed sufficient pro6ection '
of the Collage and of fruit, Nevetheless the spraying prograpi
based cn phenologioal dates was the poorest one.
/I/. Dpteiljed ropot
1. Introduction . The aim of the studies involved is to .,
WIEFOliaraireTriotixe method of apple scab control, This
method should also permit apllioation of possibly small
numbez of sprays, The studies are divided into thee parts.
Part one involves epidemiology of apple scab in Poland; '
part two involvea field experiments on comparison of diffe?
rent spray programs; pert three considers some technical
problems releAd to forecasting of oxitioal periods by
forecasting stations, ?
The observations dh epidemiology of apple sub,
oonduoNlt earalsr, showed that climatic conditions of
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Poland are.very favourable for the development of VentUria
inaequalis. Previous observations showed that apple soab
ovexwinters in Poland in perfeot stage; ripening of whioh
depends on temperature and is typioal for he olimatlo
Conditions of the Central Europe. This oonolusion is being
drawn basing on the agreement of our own observations, on
the relationship between the sum of daily temperatures /0(AD?
ted.trom January lst/and time of ripening of the perfeot
stage of the fungus, with those mode by Holz /1939/. The
observations on dissemination of asoespores, oonduoted in
the first year of tbe studies, showed that number, of the
ascospores found in air, during dissemination, was higher
than ever noted in the literature Annual Report If; those
findings were oonfirmed by the 1962 observations, when the
number of the asooaporea found in 1 +cubic meter was sevex:l
times higher than in has been reported in the literature.
The epidemio of apple goal in 1962 in Poland Wats extxemolly
severe. In the whole country yield of apples was destrcyed
by apple soab in about 70 per went. There is no reoord of
a similar infestation of apples by apple !malt in ohroniales'
of the Polish plant pathology.
Our observations made in 1962 are in full agreement
with the oonolusions drawn by Preeoe /1961/. That Author)
lasing on reoords oempiled for the period from /915 to 196C,
showed that intensity of apple.sub infestation, in a given
years depends primarllly on the amount of rain in April and
in May.
? Seoond part of the present studies was devoted to
evaluation of different sprayingprograme of apples. trigitally
most of the attention was being paid to evaluation if dif?
ferent fungioides applied before ex after expeoted infeotlon.
It was found, in the first year of studies, that number of
fungicides, known as typioally preteotive ones like DUB,
Captan or lime sulphurs are very efieotive in apple soab
oontrols when applied immediately after infection. It was
also found that spraying program lased on phenlogioal dates
and not related ,to development of the fungus 4o not seoure
Aatisfaetory oontrol of apple soalt. More of the time was
spent therefore on elaboration of a more modern spraying
programs based on toreoesting of the oritioal periods.
In the firth part ef the studies desoribed here,
attentlen was being paid mainly to an aoourate determination
of the period during which the aurfaoe ef apple leaf remains
wet otter rain. CQntrazy to determination of temperature,
determinations of wettness of leaves to field conditions,
whioh was indispensable if the Mills table /1952/ had. to be
used, was very diffioult. Number if a Very precise apparatus
was being easily damaged 11 rain clod wind. An approximate
method of determination of wettnesa ef leaf sumfaoe, based
on oritioal relative humidity if air was often leading to
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erranous oonclusions /Report II/. In the preliminary stage
of the studies the exitioal periods were being determinabd
basing an rainfall and on air humidity; latex on a surfacte
wettness reoorder was being construoted at the Institute.
That apparatus is well adopted to work in field rod reocrOs
of it are very preedse. Desoxiption of that apparatus was
given in Report No II. In the literature are described ri.-xe
simple surfaoe wettness recorders, /Soenen C.A. and Aerts
2.960/, ono of suoh surfaoe wettness reeorders, whioh in
fact is a modified termohygrograph /Lemboke 1961/ was txlcd
in ova studies. Comparison in field conditions of those two
surfaoe wettness reoorders enabled us to determine their
usefullness for the foxenaating stations,
AD? Observe tiono on_ripe nag.21.14.291fett.ttaraLit
Yentuxia inaemalis
20Eacvarimenta1_prooedures. Observations on ripening of
gifThiaN Orappri?BITIV?bere oonduoted at six experimental.
stations: Nowa Wie6, Swierklanieo, Sinoblka, -Skierniewioe
Dabxowioe, and Brzezna. Geographioal looa/isation of those
stations was given in Reports I and II. Sinoe the observa?
tions at Brzesne had to be steped, because of spoilage of
some weather recording.apparatus, results were obtained only,
from the remaining five stations.
The experimental prooedure used in those experiments:
was desoribed in Report sa. I. It was not ()hanged in 1962. .
Developmental stages of peritheola were being determined at
7 days interval, starting on January 1st. At (mob sampling .
date 103'1eaves were being oolleoted in the oxoherd; then
10 leaves were being randomly Chosen and 10 pexitheoia in
eaoh leaf were being cheoked. The total number of perithecia.
cheeked on each sampling date was 100 for each of the five
orchards. The following four developmental stages of perithe?
cia were being distinguished: 1/?peritheoia without asoi,
2/? peritheoia with asoi just beginning to form, 3/?perithe?.
ola with thebeginning of asoospores formation prooess,
4/?pexithecia with beginning of asoospores ripening. At the
moment when 95 to 100 per. cent of peritheola wore found to
,be ripe, the sum of average daily temperatures above 0?C
/starting from January 1st 1962/ was being calculated. Thds.
was done to find out whether there is any relationship.
between temperature end time of ripening of pexitheoie.
3. Results. As it is shown in Tables 1 and 2, time of
YIFRIBE-15f peritheoia in 1962 was very closely depending ot,
temperatures in January, February and March. Sinoe those
months were cool, formation of asoi, as well as ripening of
psoospoxes was delayed. The first asci were found on January
15th at Swierklanieo and. on January 22nd at the other -
Ofil
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gsmaistnis stations. The first aSsospores were found on
fiftvasp 12th at Swierklanieet on February 19th et Skier.
41$110$ and 1ino4ka and on February 26th et Deibrowice
and Nbwa Wise. The first ripe asoosporesorempfound on
Mbroh 5th at Nowa Wied and on March 12th otal stations
In the first part of Naroh development of the fungus was
very slow; an increase of temperature in April hastened
ripening of the asoospores.
On April 10th, at all stnztiona, the asoospores
were ready for dissemination. On April 16th about 100 per
sent of the perithecia was ripe at all stations, excert
for Nowa fted where peritheoia ripened few days latex.
Results of the observations on ripening of
perithecia are giVen in table 2. Table 3 shows the relatict,
ship between the sum of average daily temperatures
ilbOlre 00C/ on one hand and the time of ripening of penit?
sole on the other. In 1962, similarly like in 1961, the
eVerage sum of daily temperatures needed for ripening of
peritheoia was clos9 to 1,00C. It varied from 144,20C for
Skierniewloe to 1582,C for Swiexklaniea. The differences
in the total of average temperatures between stations were
larger in 1962, than in 1961. This was probany oaused
by prolonged develtpment of perithecia. It Is interesting
to note that in 1961 peritheoia ripened after 62 to 72
days /Counting from January lst/, whsreesz;r in 1962 they
ripened after 101 days,
B. Observations on dissemination aeooskoalte4nd o2nidie
of aule.12ab_
2 Rx erimental_prooedures, Observation on dissemination
asonpBM were Talirolid at five experimental stations:
Deibrowioe, Now Wied, Sino41ca, Swierklanieo i Brzezna.
The results obtained at Brzezna could not be taken under
consideration, however, because the air suoking pump got
.brooken.
In 1962, similarly like in 1960 and 1961, Dhe
dbservations were oonduated with the help of Hirst s
apparatus. The apparatus was located in a block of apples
of McIntosh variety 0.5 in above the ground level. In each
case the size of the experimental orohard was above 10
hectare /about 23 acmes/.
0beerVations on dissemination of conidia were
conducted at Dapxowioe. Those observations died not ()over
the whole season of spores dissemination. This experiment
was aimed to give a preliminary answer. to 'Ole question, to
what distances 900idia can be: disseminated, Conidia were
traped in Hirst s apparatus, whioh were located at three
different plaaes: a?in the crown of apple tree) b?five
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meters apart from the erown of apple tree, a?fiveteen
meters apart from the crown of apple tree. It should be
pointed out here, that the tree involved was not sprayed
with any fungicides and that it was severly attpoked by
apple scab. In order to trap larger numbers of oonidia; tLa
slinking capacity of the pump was increased to 60 liters of
air per minute. Sinoe conidia were often traped on the
glasses in .drops of water it was diffioult to determine
exaotly the time of dissemination. For that reason was
calculated only the total number of conidia traped in 24hxs
period,
'21.Results, In 1962 the pattern of dissemination of the
'apple soarasoospares were very much alike at all the
atations involved. This was in spite of a fast that those
stations ate located in different parts of the country.
Majority of ascospores had dissemiaated on April 27th from
8 to 11 A.M. At that time had disseminated 78 per cent,
65 per dent, 30 per oent, 30 per. ?ant of the total amount ?
of aaeospotes at Nowa Wied, SinoZaka, Swierklaniea end D/f-r,?%
wioe.respeotively. Dissemination of ascospores, whioh took
plane on April 27th resulted in an extremally heavy 'epidemic,
of apple scab observed in Poland in 1962. Explanation to
that fact is not very difficult. Due to a cool and moist
weather the asoospores were not rcady for dissemination in
March, In the middle of April, wlvn peritheola were ripe,
appeard a spell of a dry and very warm weather. During that
period only very small numbers of lscospores were foreed by
dewcto disseminate. On April 26 th started a period of rains,
which lasted until June' 5th, Out of 41 days, in that period,
33 days were rainy.
Pattern of dissemination of escospores at the stations
inVolVvd are shown in Fig.', 2, 3 and 4. At DEll)rowice the
latest heavy dissemination took place on May 13th; rains
which oeculed on the following days vould not result in
dissemination of ascospores because there were no more
asoosporea in peritheoia. A detailed studies of perithecia
under, the mioroseope showed, that contrary to the previous
yeaxa, in 1962, at the end of dissemination period,peritheoia
were containing only 108 per cent of asci with. 8 asoospores.
At the end of dissemination period in 1960 and in 1961
peritheoia were aontaining about 12 per cent end about 10 per.
cent of asoi respeot!vely.
At Nowa Wieti dissemination of asoospores was lasting
fox a longer: period of ttme. Very large numbers of nsoospores,
found in air at that station, resulted not only rtom looal
climatic conditions. It Was found that up therm ocoured
relatively the laxgest numbers of pexitheoia on the previous
years leaves; besides accumulation of the old leaves in that
orchard was very large. A block in which the spore?trap was
boated consisted of low?headed apple trees of McIntosh
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wariety. The oxowns of the trees were not pruned and there-,
fore they were very dense. The trees were 16 years old and
they were planted rather densly-6 i 6 in. That blook of
apples formed a ITery favourable mioroolimatio oonditions
to develtpment of apple 5003. In that orohard on April
27th at 8-9 A.M. 92.000 of asoospores were found in 1 oul.io ?
meter of air. It was an explosion tips dissemination, ';ecrusee
the number of asoospores in 1 oubio meter of air wes euc.1
42 at 7 A.M. and 480 asoospores in 1 oubio meter. of atx at
11 A.M.Dissemination of asoospores on April 27th was takicg
plane in optimal humidity; at besides the might prooeeeirg
that dissemination there was a heavy rain. Temperature on
April 27th was 14.8?C.
The pattern of asoospores dissemination at Sinc/kn
were similar to those at Dtiblowioe. In Swierklonieo dis.A-
mination of asoospores was lasting until the end of May.
A positive effeot of light on dissemination of
asoospores waa revealed in 1962. It was partioulary oleer
at Deiblowice on April 26th to April 30th/V14505/, It is
oommonly known that dissemination of asoospores starts
within 13-30 minutes after the leaves get wet. Dissemination
of asoospores oan be restrained either by low temperature
or by look of a light. On the night between April 26th and
April 27th leaves were remaining wet for five hours and
only at 7.A.M. appeard the first lsooapores in air. The
same phenomonon took plaoe on April 28th. Prom Pig., it is
also ikmt olear that dissemination of asoospores is an .
extremally dynamic prooess. Mass lissemination on April
27th oausedlthat on April 28th? 29th and 30th only a small
numbers of asoospores were 000uring in air.
Observations on dissemination of oonidia were
oonduoted on thave different periods, namely: June lot to
June 10th, June 26th to July 2nd and August 16th to August
26th. Results of those observations are presented in table 4.
The largest numbers of oonidia were traped /with the help ?
at Hirst s apparatus /in August, during the period of prolon-
ged rains and heavy winds. Majority of oonidia were spreadine
within the limits od tree orown; small numbers of oonidia
were traped at the distance of 5 meters from the tree urown
and only a sing 14 oonidia oould have been traped at the
distanoe of 15 meters from the tree crown.
.2.1_21210xvatiOns_Rn_methods_of.deter.min'atloti_of critical
miods
gljxperimental_pprodnglgetwi Observations on 000urrenoe Lf
the orniiiiirp'Jrion were conduoted at four experimental
stations: DEibrowice, Nowa nog, Sinavka and Swierklonieo.
The aim of those experiments was evaluation of different
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methods.?of determination of a period during whioh leaf
surface remains wet and determination of the periods .of
apple leaf infaotion by apple scab.
Three methoda of determination of a period during
which leaf surfa5e remains wet were studied, namay: 1/?with
the help of an electronic we ttnesa reoording apparatus,'
desoribed in Rapt No II, 2/?with the help of 8olhnelle?
Breuer apparatus /Report No II, Lambs:Ike 1961/, 3/?with the
help of Smith s method, based on oriticsl. relative air
humidity equal 90 per cent /Report No Smith 1961/. At ?
each oat the above 1/16Dtioncd expeximantal station Was organi?
sed a forecasting station. The forecasting atations
possessed leaf surface wettness recorders; besides they
possessed equipment fox recording weather ?auditions,.
Critical periods were being determined according to the
Mills table, .11assing on moords of the above listed
tquipment. Since preliminary experiments showed that elec. tx--
DiO: wettness recorder gives the most correct readings,
that moordez was considered as a standert. To inorease
aeouratertsa on the roc:lords obtained two eleott.oni:. wetto2as
recorders were placed in the Dabrowice orchard.
Results. In 1962 the following numbers of critical
ex on Vero found to take place at the stations involved:
Dtibrowice 14, Nowa Wise 16, Sincaka 15 and Swierklanieo 13
Detailed data on .numbers and intensity of the eritical
periods are presented in tables 5, 6,7 and 8. Majority of
the oritinal periods otcoured in M.:1y.
A detailed analysis of thf: data obtained showed
that, out of total 58 critical periods observed, the
electronic, wettness recorder and that of ?ohnelle?Breuer
construction predicted the critical periods in 56 oassa
identically and oormo.tly. With the help of the Smith a
method the oritioal periods were predicted oorreetly only
in 36 oases. In the remainpg 22 canes the moords obtaine4
with the help of the Smith a method did not agree with
those obtained with the help of the standard wcttnesa
recorder. Those differenoes were pertaining minly to a
dopes of infection. Whey the temperature amplitude was
not large then the Smith s method was giving correct resetlts4,
Large daily temperature amplitude were resulting in g2i.eat
changes of the relative humidity of air It what sulse quenttly
was deomaiing acouratness of the Smith a methods. There:
wee also periods of time, without any rain, during which
the relative air b.umiqty equal 90 per cent /oritical
acoordinif to the Smith a matb.od/ was persisting.
Results of the observations on oritioal periods .
were being used in field experiments on apple scab control.
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D. Prelimioarl observations on inorease of the leaf --
in aie
aa related to ina21122aLtall.goop
In the Deibrowice experimental orchard preliminary
observation were conduoted on inerease of leaf area in
apple. Those observations were carried out on ?hook trees
located in expeximents on effeotiVness of different fUngt?.
()ides and on different spraying programs.
The observation on inorease of leaf area were
?conduoted on eight trees. On each of those trees one three
years old branch, possessing also two?and one year old
wood and spurs, was choosen. The observations were started
at the biginning of 'buds development, namely on April 26th
and were oontinued until July 23th. At 7 days interval leaf
area' of ell leaves was measured. This was being done by
measuring the lenght end the wideness /in the widest polo/
of the leaf blades.
Leaf area was caloulated by multiplying lenght x
wideness and then by a faotor 0.68. Thelealues (Attained
for the single leaves on a branch were then summarised t'!
get a total leaf area. This was being done for eaoh of
eight-branohes.
Those preliminary observation were expected to
demonstrate some weak points of the proteotive methods of
apple scab control. Namely, they were expected to show that'
there is a need of almost oontinuus supplement of a fungifq.?
de to protect rapidly growning leaf surfaoe. ?
Results of the observations are presented in Fig..
The rate of increase of leaf area was depending to a great
extent on temperature. Befota the i'loom time leaf area
inoreaoed within a week three times. At that time tempera?
ture was rather low. Determinations of leaf infection by . ?
apple soeb showed that starting from May 17th the area of
leaves covered by the spots of epple scab was inozeasing'
rapidly until the end of June, In the second part of sum. ? ?
mar there Were no larger changes in a degree of leaf ???
infeotiony except that the sevarly infeoted leaves were tail's.
shaded,
Preliminary Observations on a relation Iretweep
the number of ascospores in an inoculum on one hand and '
subsequent degree od leaf infection on the otherr. failed*
This was due to a very severe natural inteotion with apple
saab Observed in 1962 on all trees involved in that expeximenti
E. Effeotivniss of______ different funglIalm.aulied
12.1h1.211112212.mes of the trees and amoordigg to the oxitital.
.21Ziode
Everimentql.32rooedures. These experiments were startee,
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in 1961 at the Sinoleka Experimeotal Station. Experiment:411
ptooedure of those experiments was dasoribed in Rexport
NopII.
In the first experiment six fungicides /table 9/ '
were being applied as proteotants and in the seoond experi-
ment the same fungicides were being applied as eradioants
to oontrol apple scab, Those two experiments were oonduot.c.
in two different apple blooks, When used as protootants ti.oe
fungicides were applied aocOrding to the phenologioal
program/fixst sign of green tissue, early pink bud, pr
bloom, period of blooms. petal fall and five ?over sprayinrs/.
The fungicides used as exadioacts were applied within 24-36'
hrs after the determined oritioal period, on April 28th,
May 10th, 16th, 2.3th and 27t11 and July 21st and 26th.
In the first experiment the fungicides were applied
10 times and in the second experiment 9 times. It shlad be
pointed out. here, that the definition of proteotive and
eradioative method Gf apple soab 000trol, applies to to the
method of aplioation of fungioides and not neoessaxly to
the mode of their. action on the fungus, Number of exadimative
sprays were also noting as pr&beotants it in a Short time
after applioation of it suomessive infection coo:Ilea.
Basides the eove.mentioned experiment, oonduoted
at Sino/eka, in 1962, a new experiment on exadioative
effeotivness of different fucgioides was started at
wioe. In that experiment the following fungicides were belay
compared: 0.1 per cent Cyprex /bodl.ne/, 602 per ?Got 0aptan,
0.2 per oent DNRB, 1,5 per cent lime sulphur and 0,15 pox
cent Mexoutal. The experiment waa itonduoted on 12-years 0.4
apple trees of McIntosh variety end it was layed down
0i:wording to the randomized blocks method. A plot oonsisted
of one tree, which was isolated by quared trees. There were
four replications in the experiment All the fungicides
studied were applied eight times.
? In the experiments on affeotivness of diffexont
fungioides the following data were oolleoted:
1rNutber of infected leaves in per cent
2rLeaf area ocvered by spots of apple aoab in per can
.31-Num1er of infected fruits in per cent
4-Area of fruits 'covered by spots of apple Raab in
per cent
5:-Total yield
61-Number of a first grade fruit in pox sent
7-Injuries of leaves and fruits caused by the
fungicides '
To determine infeotflon of foliage 200 leaves were examined;
determination of fruit infection was based on examination
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tgle wit,f
-?
of a sample consisting c)f 100 fruits.
3.,.Rasults& Results of theabove described experiments are
tblcs 940 end 110 In the experiment cn
protective erplication of fungioides Mble 9/ the best
results gaVe Captan, It should be pointed out here that
the data on yield in this experiment possess only a very
limited value) because the trees were yielding very unevenl?
The dote on a degree infeotion of foliage sad fruit are
the most representive ones. Good results produced applioatiza
of the f-.'llowing fungicides: DNB and Mercutal0 Mercury
ocntaining Meroutal howeverl, was applied only to the. pet-1
fall stage; later it was replaced by 002 per oent THTD0 It
was probably the reason: why in that treatment a large
increase of infection was observed in the second part c..Z
summer&TMTD was less effeotive than min or Meroutal& IAme
sulphur very effectively controled scab, but at the same
;1.1me it oaused ohlorosis of leaf margines, incomplete deve?
Mpment of the leaves and depression of growth of the sh:tze
Moreover applioation of lime sulphur resulted in lower yiele,s?
and in poor oolor of fruit, Application of copper arlubloals:e
resulted in a very severe injuries of foliage an of frit.
Lenve&on.the trees sprayed with that fungicide possessed
xumerous ema1. neortio sp,:ts; besides the lower side of
:he leaf blades was ylel-ming?brown in color) what was .due
i;o dying cut of ;he hairs ,v The severly injuried leaves were,
eing sheded abundantly, Up to the end of July the treeS
.,prayed with oppe7r. lost about 70 per cent of
their. leaves, Fruits cn those trees were strongly =meted
and deomed0 Beverly injuxied fruits were droping prematurely.
This was the main fause of decreased yield in that treatment.
Fruits whioh remained on the trees Until harvest time. were
11-A or .very litUe inSuried by copper. oxichloriderthezefoe
8317 per. cent ::f them were eValueted as grader?I,Because #
't premature she ding cf leaves it was very difficult to
determine deztee of tnfec;ttln of foliage on the trees spraled
with copper exiohride, For that reason those results have
-,nly a ltmited.meaninT?
Applioation of DIM resulted in only very moderate .
r,7.sectting of fruits.
In the experiment on exadicative effeotivness of
fzingioides on apple scab /Tale 10/ the best results gave
Meroutal0 Captan, DM and lime sulphur were fairly effedtivc;'
ite least effective was TMD, Copper oxiohloxide resulted)
similarly like in the above described experiment, in severe
injuries of foliage and fruit, Quite AOYere iajuxies of
foliage 000Nrsd also on the trees sprayed with lime sulphur
and light injuries of fruit were found on the trees sprayee
with DITRIS.0'
.The atm tf the experiment conducted at Daibrowice
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?12 ?
was to oempare effeotivness ef the fongioide Cyprex /thet
fungioide wos never before studied in Poland/ with the
effectivness, in apple soab control, of the meet imptatant
in this oountry fungicides, Results of that experiment ore
presented in Table 11. Ls it onn be seen from this table,
Cyprex was prcoved to be the most effective fungicid0; it
slightly surpassed Captan or Meroutal and definitely:so
DNRB or lime sulphur. Cyprex, Meroutal and Coptan dia rjt
(muse injury on foliage ox fruit apples, whereas applior!ti::r
of lime sulphur or DNRB resulted in injuries, similarly
like it Was desoxibed above, for the experiments oonduoted
at Sino/cka. Partioularly interesting results were Ootoined
for Meroutal; the trees sprayed with that fungicide Showed
substantial inorease in foliage infeation by apple scpb in
the second part of summer. This can be explained.by shrtlived
efteotivness of mercury oontaining fungicides..
Pajeximes000rnari .9.?11ZIRL.A.P.I2L.P..reZrams
2. Ex2erimental.p.rooedures1 Experiments on oompartsan of
ZITTerenT spray pxgrams were conducted at twe stations:
Dgbrowice and Swierklanieo. In Deibrowtoe this experiment waa
omnduoted on twelve years old apple trees of McIntosh
variety, It was arranged acoording to the randomised blocks
methods with four replioatiens. In Swierklanieo the experi?
ment was conduoted on fiveteen years old apple trees of Sizse,
Tillisoh variety. It was also layed down according t* the
randomized blcks methods, but with six re)licatiens. In each
of those two experiments six following treatments wore
involved:'
1?Spry program based on phenophases of the trees
/first green tissue, early pink bud, period of bloom, petal
fall and three oover sprays/.
2?Sohematio spray program /three application of
fungioides nt 7 days interval, followed by four sprays at
12-14 days interval. The first spray was applied at the stage
lf first green tissue/,
3? Protective spray program. The number tef sprays
was not decided a priori; sprays were applied just before
the expeoted critical periods.
4?Eradioative spray program. $preys vivre applied
immediately after the determined critiaal period; except
that protective nativity of the fungicides lasting for 7
days after appliontion was also considered.
5?Mixad7 pro4eotiVe and exadioatives spray: program.
A000rding to that program trees were supposed to be sprayed
immediately before infeation; bUt if it oould not have 'Leen ?
done then, the zx trees were sprayel after infection.
6-!Check treatment-trees were, not sprayed at all.
The aim of those experiments was: ab.te oempara effeotiviless
of chemical oontrol of apple scab applied according to a
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different spxey pxnerams, b/-to evaluate adaptatif,n, fr
laxaltioe, of these different spray programs. In all 6f the
aboYe mentioned programs the same fungicides were being
used. Namely fox the early sprays, until the and of
period, a mixture of 0,2 per oent DNBB with 0,1 per cent,
Mezoutal was bezing used. For all the following sprays wcs
applied exolusively 0.2 per cent DM.
In this experiment similar data were collected as
it was desoribed above, for the experiment oonducted at
Sinebeca. In 8wierklanieo,'however, the trees were not
blooming /year off/; therefore at that station only infe.,?1;1_,
of foliage by apple soab could. have been determined.
49.2.1.4.. Results of the experiments on comparison of
4
eretT-spray programs are summarized in Tables 12 end 13,,
In Detbrowioe orchard all the spray programs studied pxodtv-
oed satisfactory results. The lightest infection of folia-
ge and fruits was observed, when the trees were sprayed
according to the schematic program, The most severe infection
of foliage and fruits was on the trees sprayed acoording
to the program based on phenophases of the trees. From .the
Point of view of praatioe, the moat difficult was the
prebeotive program.
In the Swierklanieo orchard the best results gave
exadioative spray program; the worst results were oltainci
when it was tried to spray the trees just before infeeti'Tr.
The mixed: proteotive-eradioativeprogram was also satizi-
factory,
4,Discussion. The results of studies on ripening of poxitnid
IMETala-inaequalia obtained in 1962 axe in agreemerat
with those obtained in 1960 and 1961. They also agree with .
the results obtained by Holz/1939/. Egzistanoe of a xelatita-
ship between temperature and time of ripening of peritheoia
appears to be sufficiently prooved. It is doubtful however, ,
whether studying of this relationship has any larger Value
fox praatioal control of apple soalii It is particularly
oleax when one refill:ors that pertitheoia ripen 2-3 weeks
before the buds start to show any men tissue. These fir-
dings seem contradict the Friedrich s opinion /1952/, who
proposed the first spring spray of apple trees when the
asoospores are ready fox dissemination.
The observations on dissemination of asoespores
showed that in favourable conditions the number of dissemina-
ted asoospoxes can be several times largex, than it was
reported in the literature. The most important faotors,-
whioh enabled in 1962 such a mass dissemination oar asoespo-1
res were: rain, which moistened leaves, with fully ripe
perithecia in them, on one hand and the temperature, optimal .
for dissemination on the other. A gieat value cf Hirst a
apparatus fot the studies on epidemiology of apple scab was
prooYed at.all stations involved.
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1107'
?14?
Studies on spreadinc of oonidia indieate, that conidiix
oan hardly be disseminated to any larger distanoe.
Field experiments on of periods dtai9g
whioh leaves remain wet; after rain, showed that the Smith s
method based on determination of 4 relative air humidity is
only an approximate one. In majority of oases this methoL
was giving correct indications; nevertheless it is not
sufficiently accurate for the purposes of foreoasting sta?
tions. The ? Sohnelle?Breuer aurfaoe wettness recorder was
found to the best adopted for forecasting stations. It is
very simple in Oonstruotion and very easy in operation; it
also determines very accurately periods during?whioh lepf
surface remain wet after rain. The electronic surface
wettness recorder. nonstruoted at the Institute was fon2d
be very well adopted to research work,
Comparison og the course of critical periods in 19.62.;
with that in the previous years indicates on a number of
weak points of the spray programs, which are not based on
observations of development of the pathogen. In 1962 the
exadioative sprays applied during infeotion or immediately
after infection were playing a partioulerly important x...A.c
in apple soab (control. ?
The field experiments oonduoted in 1962 showed thp.t
number of typically proteotive fungicides, kike lime sulI)Lny,,
Captan or DNRB, when applied immediately after infection,
give satisfactory results in 414 le soal control. This
finding confirms the resUlts obtained in 1961 /Report No.ilk
but it.is cont?ary to the oonolusilns drawn by Hadorn /19,7/
and at least partially contrary to the opinion mxpxxxxxvnx
expressed by Roosje /1939/..This last author states that .
theoretioaly Captor), TMTD and DNRB can control apple scab
within a short period after infeotion; nevertheless in
praotioe..that period is to short in order to reotmende the
above listed fungicides as exadioants,
Field experiments on comparison of different spray
programs showed, once more; that spray program based or
phenophases of the trees does not insure the most effective
protection of apple against apple soab.It is so, because
pattern of apple development and those of fungus development
are not related in such a manner which could enable detexr,i?
nation of spray dates- according to the phenophases of t'ce
tree. When at spring time the weather is cool and wet the:
apple tree developes very.slowly and possibility of infeotion,
of it by apple scab inoreases; oontrail when at spring time
the weather is warm'and dry then phenophases of the tree ?
follow guiokly one each other and there is no need to spry
orchard against apple scab,
,54 9011010121a_
1/?The results On ripening of perithecia, presented
Ok
Og011. 'LI mu
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1 '4
in this Report; axe ia full agreement with th/se obtained
in,ADdff'dthe2-bratxim. cl? Centro], Burope. Thine reaulte
_,Ductutess only a limited value for forecasting,stationa4 the
? argaal,ae,a2ple .scab control.
21:? Results cf the-obeervations on disseminotico
of asoospores indioate on a large caluz?ot this method f.7*x
theoretioal and for practical purposes
3/?Comparison of a work and of the records done
by different leaf surface wettness recorders permitted to
evaluate their value forl a?soientifio
control of apple soab; o?approxlmate determination cf ori? -
tioal peripds,
? 4/?The re9u1ts obtained up to date indicate on a.
need of further researoh work on comparison of effecti?
vness, in apple scab oontrol, s.f lifterent fungicides '
applied as exadicans7 they also indicate that spray pro?
grams based on phenopflases of apple tree should be replcoed
by spray programs based on forecasting of critical periods.
6. Plan of work for 196.3 . In 1963 studies will be oenti?'
Far oirZETFgart'iYtr3IT rasoospcxes and conidia. Besides. .'
field experiments also the laboratory studies. will be
started on the effect. of temperature, humidity and light en
dissemination of asoc spores.
Llso the observations on distances of spreading .
of conidia will 176 coottnued in 1963; they will be *3ubstaini:143:34
broadened by use of modified spore?trap.
Experiments on determinatl.on of critical peried.n
will be extended 1.:y o'servations ..11 the effect of micro?
climatic oondiUow3 on J.nfeotion (,f apple foliage by apple
scab.
Similarly like in the previous years, also in 1960)
the field experiments will be devoted primaxilly to evalu-
ation of protective and exadioatitoe effeotivness of fungi?
cides. Moreover field studies will be continued on comparison
of different spray progunms.
In :'63 will be renovated stftdies en finding out
the relati,aship between the number of asoospores on
,leaves and a degree cf their infection by apple soeb.
-
/Doc;Dr Z.Boreakii
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Literature References
ea* ???? ? 111... ???? ---..????? ? ?? ????? ?? ????? ? ????? ^ -
la Boreoki Z? 1961, Epiphytology of
I/E21.CR-8, FG..Po.-103.60/.
2. Boreoki Z., 19611 Epiphytology of
II/E21-019.8? PG-Po-103-60/.
3. Friedrioh G., 1952, Molex die Mbgliohkeitem einer Prognol:e
von Krankheitem umd Sohgdlinge im Obstbau, Pflanzen-
sehutztagung in Berlin, 12.14 Marz 1952, s. 20.
4. Hadorn V41 1957, Die Shorfkaskaden von 1956, Sohweizeon
Zeitsohrift fiir.Obst- und Weinbau, Nr 2, 1957,
5. Holz We, 1939, Die Bedeutung der Bebaohtung des Askosporen-
fluges von Fusicladium dendritioum fur die Terminawahl
bei den Vorbluhenspritzungen, Verlaufige Mitteilung,
Naohr Bl, dtsh. Pfl. Sohtz. Dienst, 19.
6. LeMboke G., 1961, Zum Problem der Fusioladium.sprttzungen
unter besonderer Beruoksiohtigung dee Blattbefeuohttungs-
daVI.sohreibers, Aus der Biologisohen Zentral Anstalt ?
.Berlin der Deutsh. kad. landwirt. Potsdam, 8.127-134,
7. Mills W.D. and La Plante 11.11*, 1951, Diseases and Inseots in
the Orchard, Cornell Ext. Bull. 711, pp.21-27.
apple soab, Annual Report
apple soab, Annual Report
8.Preeoe T.F., 1961, Spring rainfall and apple soab in England
1915.1560. Plant Pathology ICI 2.
9. Rooaje GS,, 1959, Een sohakel tussen laboratorium toetsing
en veldtoetsing von fungioiden tegen aPPelsoburf /Ventu-
ria inaequalis6 Lledelingen van de Landbouwhogesohol:),
en de opzoekingsstatinns van de staat de Gent, Dl
XXIX, No 3-4, pp. 628.336,
10. Smith L.P.7?1961, The duration of surface wetness /aocording,
to Plant Pathology V.10, 2, pp,43-51/.
11. Soenen C.A., and Aerts B. 1960, Enregistrement d la
prriode d'humeotation du feuillage du Pommier, Agri:ulture
Louvain, Ser. 2, 8, 3 pp. 421-434.
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?
able I. ,
Wewther monditions at nierniewice during the
period January 1962 - December 1962
11
0
months
Temperature of air in C''' Rainfall
H
u - ...
u
u
t
Mean Deva- Maxima I Minimai mm ! De ve t :Icon 11
st tion f 'index 0
? D
I I H
0 ; 1
0 I 1 i riu per till
u i ;Gent 0
A
Il ,
0
it
U.r ; H
H anuary 0108 J +1180 2 3 2, 7-2, 4
II ! 1.9$.3 i 919
I 4
P f 1 n
N February -2,9 - 07,37 075 ???5,0 ? 23,5 ; ].01,6 0
P I
: 0
" Itterctb.
h -.1,4 - 2,88 1)7 -475 ? 49,9 219,3a
H
II i H
'au
Aril 10,6 + 3,52 15,6 6,0 I
r 3573 i 95:7 0
0
0 I ft
: May 1110 - 2,45 15,0 7,0 1
) 166,2. '3864 n
s t t
0 I I ft
140 57)0 88)7 - 1,99 19,4 10,2 1 a
P : 1
1 .
u i i J
16:3 - 2,23 21,5 11:3 t 23,2 ! 29,0
n . 0 t 1
II
i 1
0
; , 1
n Auz 51,2 717
ust 16,7 ... 0,84 22:3 12,5 ; 1
ti I 1
If i
u Sertember 12,1 --1,50 Z7:5 8,0 t 60,1 1 133,4
11; .
H I f
u Oc toter 8:1 1 .- 0:10 13,0 4,1 t 10,4 1 32,6
n
I t !
ti o
1 Nember 4:1 . 0,90 . 5,8 2,3 I 32,5 I 96,3
n
I 1
0
111 December .41.3. si? 3,43 ... 1,7 , ....6, 8 i 14,4 1 56,2 1
. t i 1
0 '
f i
mm=====ms==== ===umrs=1====ntsc=a=4=m======*104=Imuum=a====qm===
?rq'
t??titj.ot., 1/4'4'4?
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Ripening of the pert Jecis of, Venturia inaequaLiA
fungus in different avian of Poland during 1962
wammlant*autoulguy==%===,===au======1.====ux===u======w=====.:
IIii
"Data of. I .Number of the ripe perithcoia in % at t ? if
11 i
u observation 1,------------ ..? ... ,??? p.................. ..... ........A
u ; Nowa I twier- Sinobtka Skier? 1 Depro? 11
u
u1 Uteri ! klaniea niewlas 1 wlae T
0 1
!T
0 I II
11 2641 ? '' 0 i 0 1 0 o P 1,
H 1' 11
11 5.III2 )
I 0 i 0 0 0
I 11 I I
u
il
i p
11
.11
12.I/r 3
I , 4 1 8 9 I 4
A 1 Ii
1
11 19.1/1 3 4 36 2 0 u 11 I i
1 i
0
0 I 26.111 3 19 1 49 1 12 / 10 u
3
11 i I 1 N
68 1 73 26 /
1 18 u
u 2.IV 38
I
11 II
110 I I-
9.IV 75 92 r 7,
93 ? 91
o I 4
II 16.v.
I 86 I
! 100 100 1 /00 i 100
u )
u
100 /00
0 24.IV 97 i 100 100
I it
o u
(I 4 r 30?IV 99 1 r r
i . u
0 11
1 ?I1
i0 i ? 100 . " . .
u
0 7.V.
0
*===u=aiumwomu =======w1x=elmmummi. ammft==m.lt=
Table..2
Relation between the total of dayly temperatures
since let January and the date of perithecia ripening
If
0 Experimental Total of dayly ' 1 Number of.days since
1/ temperatures since ; let January to u
o I. .0
n atation !___ let Januarz to: ? I ? 0
II r WO 10 10 alle 11.
!I ? . 11
II I The date of perithecia ripening u
tv..,..,==w,..r.manor=x-t======z-..mtelnutrmr.=====,====tamtukut.==..r.=:.%-.=ut-..=,....= 0
o LI 1 10 ; 11
if Nowa Wiei 1484C 1 101
II i
1
/I
0 gwiseklan 138,9?C 98'
ieo I
I n
0
Io ) u
u SinoZeka 133,6?C r 101
0
It u
It 1 II
It
149.,2?C ) u
0 Skierniewide 1 i 96
0 ) 11
11
13613?C
u Deibrowice I
I 100 g
u
u 11
11 U
111=Uv=mmist==410===mmt ==0======1,========**46144114===Zftm=ft*fttlismerv==z-==-J1
? FOROMCILUSEOM
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Teble_4
Observation results on the souidia spreading
at DeOrowioe in 1962
w=======t== awatitaimumw====u====uvmun==ft= wat*tme== immusscurft==-========
H 1 Number of oosidia traped illeinfaa: Average Wind 1
/I 11
II Time 1 during 24 hoursmeters/
i in mm daily
/ II
0
II
.?47
II
fi . 11
U in the , 5 metersi 15 mete-1 tempera- II
n crown 1 beyond ire bey-I tura If
U f of tree 1 the fond the 1 Is
II
II 1 1
11 1 1 crown ; frown ; n
11 ' ? L ti
lir...====umsesamht====mumFsmulmso=1:4ftu==ftuauu===umismimm==y=====.1======.
H 1 1 1 4 I
II
11 1 1 II
11 1 .V14.62 820 1 24 I 0 t 1.4 9.1 ' ' 5..0
. n
u I r .
11
/1 2 " 23 1 0 ? 1 0 1 1.1 4
1 8.9 - ?
ti 1 II
II 1 1
.3,0 I 94 II
0 3. 1, 379 1 11 1 0 ? 3 , 3 u
rr t i ..
: 11
11 44 0 '60 1 2 1 0
1::0 0 8.4 .? 4.3 it
it I. .? 11
11 1 / 11
II 5. n 480 i
i 4 I 0 8.3 3.0
n
un0u 6. f 31 1
0
0!$ 8.8.: :.
6.3
7 1 28 0 0 110. 6.7 Iu1aut1
11
II 1 1
1 11
3 8 it 0 I 0 1 0 13.5 . ' 2.7 u
II 1
0
16.1 .
it 1
n 9 II .0 f 0 i 0 , 1 3.3 ."
1
li 1 i ..1
? .., 11
11 111C 11 a I 1 1 0 i 14.3 ? ; ? 1.7 it
1
1 -.1 II
III II
11 1 i II
11?
3260'1052 1 U0 3 0 0.9 17.5 I ? 3.0
1 6 1 0 t 6 1 ? .
13.8 ' 1
5.0 11.
11
II
1 1
,I.
i ,s3 tr 1 780 I 0.9 10,2 i 10 1 1 5.0 u
A 1
i i
. i 0
1 1.220 1 39 / ,3 9.3 i
121:5 7 i. 6.0
1
1 11
i 1 U.
!I i I 1 11
1: 30 11 1 96 1 5 0 0.0 1 I 4.0 II
f! 1 $ : i 11
ii 1.V11,62 14 t 1 1
I 0 1
i 12,1 1
1 300 tt
U
ff s z
1 u
a 2' 11.1 ft i 7, / 1 i 0 2.7 ; 1 2.3 n
i
/./
I I 1 1 0.
'I / i H.
ii i I II
"
0 0 18, 2.0
0
160/111062 i 0 i t i it
IS
1 I
1 11
1117. it I . 41 1 t 410
II 1 2.500 2 t 1 17.1 18.3 3
4
it:
11 I 1
1 t u
1 720 1 9 r 1 I 1.9 18.4 v 2.711
4
4119 0 I 3,4700 I 76 s 2 4 2.0 i 15.9 i 5.0 11
;i 1 I i 1 n
i I t 1 II
1 20 u 1 1.200 1 26 i 0 0.0 1 12.7 5.0 II.
II 1 1 1 II
I ?a
1 11 1 64- I 0 ! 0 i 13.1 t 1.3 it
t 1 r 1 f
I 11
1 / u 1 940 1 4 1 I 4 3.0 14.3 '.2.)
I II
t I I u
a.1,-) n I 320 0 1 0 0.0 1 14.8 ? 5. C II
? 0
V
...-----=mwmitusommusivitm =*======= =====mum ftlemaxmlesc4mum=ww=au u========*
RR OFFICIAL IISE Ztal
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Tabl
Critical periods observed at DqbrowIce orchard in 1962
:
1I 27.IV
u
u 2 1 7.V
If f
O r
H 3 1
0 8r9.V
1
n 1
IS 4 r 137-174V
it 1
41 5 1 20:-.214V
II j
ft $
0 6 1 241--25.V
U f
U
71 26.,-.2747"
u f
^ t
n 8 1 287.28,V
u 1
II 9 1 4-6.VI
it i
it f
O10 1 24,,VI
If $
X i ? ?
1 a
12 I 6.7m1 .
oil 15-16.v111
A
n
n _ I
n -In
n
u 1 ,
11:14 I
at
=...=
17-18 ,VIII
Average
temperature
= =
12.0
12.0
1445
10.2
96
1.1.0
9.4
13.5
645
14.0
12.0
194
16.4
16.4
Conformity
of readings
= = = _= 41
I Period of wettness of leaf surfaee It
It
I and intensity of infection
.L..-...--.M..??????IV.b..gl?.?.i.,....e.....somwt?owa..o.ea......r?Sv....eo.a..I.+?Ia
I 0
i Electronic I Schnelle- ? Smith' a 8
t
1-2-3 =_=r ..... 4_._.....44=====.1,====__p===,.......?,
1 ap::::::mus 4 Breuer-
I_ 1 apparatus
1
2_ u
n
li
It
method 0
27-3.
17-27-3
1'
15.07-M
23.07-11
15.0741
1400-11
18.07-M
1114484:074i?74%.41 it
II
II
IIII
II
0
0
1.rat'.3 5239:e07.11 54.0741 5217 :00741 u
0
0
It
1r2r3
.25.01-11 n
n
11-27-3 17.07-M 18.0711 19.07411 II
0
II
17?27"3 36.40reIt
Ir27,3 16.0741 36.0141 34.071I
-
II
15.0144 14.041 It
9
17-42.-t3 ?36.0-44 36.0.M 0
11
1-2 26.00-441
11.0-L 10.0-14
4
144.0-M
4
IIIt
9
.?, ? 4
17-2-.3 12a0-1, 11.0-I, 0
n
, 3.3.0-1 0
a
0
1-20
12.0-41! 1 11.0-M 16.0-H a
3.
I , a
II
1-2.
9.0-1, I 10.0-1, It
3, t 14.0-41 n
U
1-2
20.0-F II
,...2 1400-M 15.0-M I II
It
Intensity of inf_!:tion:
ConfLrmit: of 1.i;L:ags:
-
Ii-modeTt;
three readinJ,'s conform
1-2 -? readings 1 and 2 (rotifer% reatitinz Arisrattrozat
3-
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Table 6._
e=:=9P /2= =
4
n DO Data
11
I
I
114==o6 =rasp tx=tc=Ulgs.==.
1 I
- )
Critiaal oserved et Kowa i'ie 6 Orchard in 1962 .
2-27,IT
7-84"
1 3 8-9J
;
n 13A-16J
# 6 4 ?241.25,Y
11 I
0 7 1 254-26,V
# 81 3os-ta.v
P- 91 41-6,VI
0_01 11-12.VI
1I I 24-V1
1 12.!
; 14 1 22-23.'711 .
I15 4-5,VIII
24.V111
1 14,3
=?-
Ittensity of infection:
Conformity of readings:
e9-30.VI
3.VII
--
Aeraga
:conformity
t.mperature of roadings
?-=====-7--Irl,==pc=p===-1=
10., i 1*-2 '
1 .3
t
11.7
t
1eZ-3
8,4
8.8
10.1 1 1$24.3
10,9 I It-2-3
9,6
7.3 1 11-0-3 1
10,1 s
1-2
'3
17.1 1-2
. '3'
Dc.4 1. 3142-3
942 1-2
.3. ,
19.641
1505 1-2 134,0-M
'3 .
===...?========,...====ft=?WWC...?...= = 911014..,ftmet==.===y
Period of wettness of loaf surf000 ? 0
.?
and intensitz.of infeotior. u
. ..........
--- ---__--_--...................--_-_-.....--11.
Bleotronis: Schnell? -Breuee 1 Smites r
? u
apparatus 0 apparatus method i?
. 1
I 2 3 1
?
15.0=41
62.04-H
11.044
20.0=-M
36.0g-H
18064/
42,01-H
18.0-41
12.0-M
4810-H
30.0-E
213,0-2 3410.0-11
26.0-2 1740-411
1
1
s .1.6.0:-M
1 66.0-E t 67.0,-H
i 36.0,-H 1
s 33.04(
t 19.014 ; 15.--,044
1 34,0,4H 1
1 36.0A-H
18,0441 1 16.041,
40.04-H 3a.0s-H
20.041 15.0-11
44.01-H ? 39.041
28.0-H 24.0-M
?
20,0LE 19.5141
1240-M
,
1.2 20.0-H 21,0-H 16 0-M
3
a.
if
II
11
It
0
0
1:
1;
Is
It
11
fl
ft
: 117-moderate; H-heavy
all thr2c
.r-:1..:12gs 1 and 2 nonform. 7Teadtag.3-mno=ffIrm-
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7
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
=----=- =
it I
9 I '
n - $
nao 4 Date
H 1
U I
n I
H I
U I
w=u=p-==,
Critical periods observed at SinolOta orchard in 1962
9 = _
t,Period of wettneas of leaf surfac
Average ;Conformity Landinten8ity of infection
?
temparature, of readings; Electronic I
;apparatus 1
1
0 u .1 1 26r27.IV 11.3 12r3 t
1 17.0rM 1
i
14
2 89 ,2
15.0r11
0 i / 1r2..43 1
A i -.V. .
n I
r
st 1
0 , 2
12
V .
9
s
3 1 ' . - s
s 14,0-M
4 lOrll
164;41
. :
:
II 1 I 1 i _ 1 a . i /7.2-3 :
u 10.8
,
11 5 1 13-14,V 10,2 ! 1-2. 1
^ ! 3840-K
n I # I i . 3, I
II I I
u 6 : 147-16.T I 9.0 ' 1 1r2-t3 Is 1130:Z
t; 11
s t s . 1
s 7 1 21w2.2.V 9.8 ) 1,3
i 1
X i i
i
^ i i i 23,0-ill
is V j 24-25a 1 9.9 , i 1-2
n 1
i I t , 3 i
tt ,
n 92.5.26.y. i 11.2 1 12 s 17.0-4
1
A i I i
s I , ; ? 3,
it
It
st 10 1 4-.6rVI 7:0 1,44-3 4
t 47.0ril
I i I
7
24.VI : 15.1 Ai-era 1 I0.04
1 1 1
i 10,0 I 17.2,3
1 t
s 12 i 2900.'1 :
1 38.0rE
1
1 i 1 I
2 13 / 23.44.v111 16.0 i 1,....e i 15.5711
ile I
/ j,3' 1
I
b
1
' 14 I 5,.VIII 1 18.2 Ilr2-3
: Is 14.0,4.4s I 14.0r 15 ' 16-17.VIIII 16.6 1,..72-3 26.0-H
1
.16. . L k ,..?
Intensity of infection; 1-light
Conformity of readings: 1'.2-3 4
3me.
Sahnelle-Breuerl
apparatus 1
2 1
= v
,
16,0rM
I 14*OrM
14.0-11
Smith's
method
44.0rH
15.0,L
22.0,M
40.0,4!
10.0rL
36,074!
16.0,U
===2=p-4=.==
16,57-M
15.5741
16,0rM
21.0-41
.44.0rH
1840,M
36.0-H
24.0,E
46.0741
11?OrI
360741
19,Q-'E
13 #01-11
3-8.0-H
:_.-moderate, 11-11ea-v7
all three readings conform
readings, 1 and 2 cOnformvreading.) uneonform
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Table 8
Critioal period otserved a' 1]...L3rkleniec orohard in 1962
Tr...i............... - ..=. ======*=====. *
1 Period of wettness of leaf surface II
V 1 I Conformity m
NEW I Date
k r I Average 4 I and intensitx_g_infection _ ____ V
1 i
^ 4 Itemperature o eadings
t f r
? 1 : 1 1 Electronic f Schnelle -Breuer' Smith"s 11:
s I
; 4 t ) $ apparatus 1 apparatus I method 0
) I 1N
i ) f i
....==Wit'=UikW==..=..=..W==qU.....-r....r.....=..==,==t== C=p===34======= /======= ==*===p =C=1:111
1 $ t
1.5.5rM s
, 16.0rM u
i a $ 8r9.V I 1 2545-SE t 24.0re
:34:Zrr:
1 1 27.IT 1
4 14.1 /r2) 1 16.O-'M t 0
......: 15,6 1r2r.3 1 1 i :
? t t
47.5rH t
s s
-....t-z
cr, A
1 3 1 3.21-14.9
s t
t
t 12.1 1
i 1:4-3 I
t
; 48.5r0 t
t
t
1
1 23,541 s
a
n
P
...-el if 4 s .20-220X 1 9.8 1-2 28.0-41 t 0
--fa s 4 1 .3 ! 31.0-4H f. t. 0
, t I s t I 21.0-41 s
ft 1 . I i I - .
a
1---
".? 7.: C i
g , g
g
g g
2
1 . 3, i
r . 4
r
I
224;701-H4 1
1
I u
11
3 -
: ? 5 ; 25-26.V
i 1 10,3 t 1.2 1 23.5-11 4
C" a 6 : ! 13.9 ; 11-2-3 / 22.5rH 4 i 22,0FH
? rvl ? t 17r28.1r
i1 12 36.41 4 1 1
27.0.4 s
n
:
I -6 t
1 0- t
34.5
I -M 1
t
c, : 7 1 1.-2on , 6.3 t
...-.0
. 3
$ I z
....... n i I 3:-.2 1 30.0-M v 29 1 it
0 22., -I.
t
? 1 ; :0-11 , s
0 8 1 4....5.PI ; 7.4 7 1 1 1 0
::? 9 i! 29.VI !4i 11.3
1:-3 1 14.54 ! _ - , s
1.074
10 6.1.VII. 12.9 14 18.0-M . 17.04! I2240.H . ussus
-_,
a
3 f Ii
s r I $ i a
:Li 1 23:VII 1 18.4 s 1/4 i 11.0-M t 12.0-U
I s
s II 1 t
t , 3 ? I , a
s 1 1501111
. - .
s t 193 I 12 i 14041 t . 1.3.,-41 10.0-1, tit
$ t t s
i I s
a
1112 t t
* t 1 1 ? 3 r . 4 1 .
i r t 14
so 1
li
al 1 18./II J. 17.1 . # 14
.1, 19.0-H ;
s 18.0-H t 130.4
Intensity of infection: 1.-light p M.-moderate, H-heavy
CoEformity of readings: 1:.2-3 i??? all three readin::.s conform
Xitadia4sI 812 2 rnconfo7711
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
Table 9
ENTertments results on apple scab aontrol at Sino/cks
/Fungicides applied as a proteotant/
=
a k
Percentage of areas clover
0 Fungicides I
If
k............)1X. soak on:
X
N I i leaves ' fnitl
O I 7?VI
X
10==============u======
Of Captan
0
1.595 lime sulphur
0,15% Merautal
0
a
? y 2% DNRB
0
0
11
0.
O
0,2% TMTD
0,1% Copper
oxyuhloride
Chezk-no spray
The lowest si-
gnifioant diffe-
s relive for t=0,05
r"
ed ;Peroentage of
infested
leaves fruits
r
, I Yield 1 Persottageg
r
1 from oner of first 0
1 tree !grade 0
II
in kg r fruit 0
I 9.VII 4.X %XII 4.X 1
L , .
, .
1.====.===,........ ....... f
? 1 r =-=w====t=tmulp=u=up=========mi
1
I 0,27
1
I
1 0,32
'
1
; 0,10 1
1
f
i
1 0:28 fI
1 I
1 i
I 0,32 /
r
1 t
1 0: 09 J
I I
; 1
I 21,47 1
1 2,78
1 4,82
4,64
6,69
15,77
5,03
51,80
:1
1
1,03
0,97
2,78
2,64
4,60
1,04
;
1 28,75 22,63 I
r 1
11 34,12 34 32 1
/ r
t t
t 1
; i
41,50
43,37
77,00
29,87,
98,25
54,80
38,90
59,27
36,98
t
0,75 6,36 I 1,45 1 21,80
31.05
19,37 83,72
35,57 I 88,17
61,10 877,85
41,47 1 69,17
31,17
52,02
13,27 4 83,17
opoo f
1
? 1
1 .
? 1 12,36
0
= WW=U1==== ========4===
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25 : CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001,-3
Table 10
Experiments results on apple soab *antral at Sinolgka
Aunginidea applied es a eradicant/
= =====U======
*Percentage of areas covered
It Fungicides r ' az scab on:
leaves fruits
????????????11.04...
U
a 1 7.71 I 11:711 4.X
Ift===u===============4===ecrtm==4=========
it
n 0,2% Captan 1 0,16
I
n 1 01 63 =========
X
6
t
a
It 1:5% Lime sulphur
1 0,01 t 4,70
n 1 I
u
u 0,/5% Meroutal 1 0,29 f 2,38
I
0 1 I
0
n 0,2% DNRB i 0,26 / 2,71
tt 0,2% TMTD 1 0,40 I 7,34
m
m
tt 1 t
n s
m 0,1% Copper I 1
II i
n oxichloride 0/01I
V ?1
V
t ''
Check-m-spray . 22,31
1 45/56
m
nal.s?oramms?Es...Nao.nirarmroraraorraW...r.ew..p..r .................***
0
ft
1
1
1,04
J 1,39
1/75
1/55
4,28
4,76
6,16
.The lowest si-'
g gnificant diffe- 0,30 3,11
1111 rence for t=0,05
===.====f=======..======.=mum
Percentage of Arield - tercentage III
infected ; 'from obsfof first ;
leaves .1 fruits1 t16 e V
igrade u
1 lin kg 'fruit u
9.711 1 1 4.X r 1 u
u
======em.b..........r.v....=...Inv.....c...mt.-..0
. t . 0
s s u
26,50 41,20
t
1 31,25 I
t u
1
9,50
s 1 ::::: :
38,64 7/35
44,75 1
t a
* 1
49/37 70,04 78/67
n
0
1 t a
s I u
51,50 71,13 1 19,92 1 50,30
1 I V7.)
70)00 87:06 t
s 9,22 1
t 40,52
27?62 29,63 5,22 1 35,50 0
ft -"rst
1
99,00 . 0,00 I AIM
I
D ? e-
h.
I . IR
- _ ,,,......
,
18,00 25,74 1 . I 32,31 u
0
a
I I n
2,09
=
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able 11
Experiment results on apple scab aontrol at Nbrowioe
/Fungicides applied as a eradicant/
Xftrz========wmvxmlimm===
X
X Fungicides
-
If
? 1 Peraenta.ge of
0,1% -Cyprer
u 0,15% Merautal
0,2% Captan
0,2% DNRB
II
1,5% Lime sulphur
Cheak no spray
=
areas covers
scab on:
dby
leans fruits
leaves fruits in kg u
; ? . 5.X ign
14 VI 16.V1I I 10.VIII 4X
Is
0
0
II
11
II
I .1. ==.___=ftnp Percent9ge of 1Yield Percents -0
0
8 :
. infected : ;from one ge of
tree Ifirst
1
0:69 079
0:22 1:66
0,49 1,76
0,63 3,05
i 0,95. 3,69
114:99 33:77
AA.
The lowest signi-
ficant difference 1 0:15
- 1
fbr t0.05
1,76
3:12
1,42
4:12
4:03.
' 33,9
0:31
0233
0247
1207
0267
118:91
; 15:50
20:00
28,50
=
4,92 70 93 1 96:55
9102
903.0
9 0,71
I 68? 85
I 0 00
/
2.4 22121 1 16269
70,07
; 7202
58)92
4,06
0
35162 0
! 0
0
1 37 12
0
9
o
i 98 50 . .:
1 2
i
.1
? ,v
,................................................... ..)
1 i
i 1 I
1279 i 2:68 1 2,08 - 4
! 0
1.!
?L?===?=-:===========ft===
21)88
118:91
1'00,00
7,78
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17,
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f ?
Table 12
Experiments results oii comparison of different spray
-=- -=======
0
ft
Spray program
V
II
==. ==== ===
Schematic/ program
O Bradicative program
UTtoteotive program
programs at Ditbrowice
=====
Percentage of areas aovero
by scab on
???????????????????
II
a? U
: ? j from on.el ge of
d I Percentage
infected
tree
= fruits t
'first: a
??????????????filmf?mtsfo?
leaves fruits I in kg grade
--------r
==t=?
U
U
1 !fruit u
0
n
i 6.VI I 2301'11
...1..............._4=.___=__."__== . -.
t r tw=
t 1. u
n
1 1 1 1 1 . It 01008 ;
# 0117 I
I 0 1
, 70 I 6;50 1 9;73 j 52;44 92 11 u
1 i n
n
I 1
1
0,013 f 0159 ! 0 I 142 i 13)00 1 33;40 I 56;90 90;12 u 1 t n
I 0 066 I
t 7 2 0;73 i
2 0;82 14;25 i i 29;11 1 35;56 93,53 u
0
I I I I 0
I i
I 1,14 1 0;91 15;25 Ii 3368 I 51;450
I 2 I I 94 7 20 u
II
I I I I II
II I I
I 0
I 2.8793 1 57, 69 91,07 0
1 1;54 2 1;10 I, 20;87
I I i ff. 1- I 11
8.390 I 20.97 i. 26 .7
.70 i 735 1100.00 i 3.31u
I 1 I 0.00
.0
0
-7 + L
I- I .......11
I 0.159 I I I I It
I , I 1 0
8220 i 21,81 ' I 32;51 Il 3.81
I I n
1 n
2 1
1 1. a
i
0
=
1 =
Bradie.prot.program j 0;021
0
? Phenologiaal program 0;338
0
n check?no?spray
5.1111.WW.
. ormommorpbawfmtAftftEml?......111..me..1
The lowest signi?
n ? ficant difference
um for- t=0.05
= ==
0;83
1 0;78
=...=====
npriacsified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25 : CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
ffu-n.
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
,
Tabgts 13
?
Experiments results on comparison of diftferent
spray programs at gwierklanies
-.:======umumumustuouttr
,Spray program
f
W ifirce msImmum.0
0
11
11
11
,?
;I
it
ft
11
Soliematio program
Eyiadimating program
Piotective prograM
Exidicoprot.program I
Ph:nologioal progra4
- ?spray
T'e lowest signi-
-.,.ant differenae
r t=0.03
t==========WWWWWWWWW
======cOmmessoommtsummUiromenWUNIonamftwoosc====.160
Percentage of areas covered r Percentage0,
b seab on learns01.1.00_of infeutedg.
041???
11

A
? 11
11
fl
11
11
B
It
a
li
o
11
11
11
11
A
It
11
11.
Ii
.0
7.VI
1======
01249
0)234
0,751
0,087
0,19.3
12.110
22aI
Ion ==
6.71
2)98
17,0
4,15
5,71
37)43
10000.
7.V71
unietwe..= =a=
7.82
2,58
13,64
4,15
707
29,16.
'eaves.
7sVII
46.83
24,67
.74,67
32.,50
5808
97,33
?
0.386
=====u=not
4.60
swimammummagmultuvumwmuliw4uwwmw.........Ap
4.13 17,29 ?
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
FLi. Dty,ont,tation 01 9/4 Ica ascortis - Dclbtowict, 1962.
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
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Declassified in Part - Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2013/03/25: CIA-RDP80T00246A020800070001-3
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